Skip to main content

Full text of "The history of the state of Maine; from its first discovery, A. D. 1602, to the separation, A. D. 1820, inclusive. With an appendix and general index"

See other formats 


HISTORY 


STATE  OF  MAINE; 

FROM 

ITS  FIRST  DISCOVERY,  A.  D.  1602, 

TO 

THE  SEPARATION,  A.  D.  1820,  INCLUSIVE. 
With  an  Appendix  and  General  Index. 


By  WILI^TAM  D.  WILLIAMSON, 

Corresponding  Member  of  the  Mass.  Historical  Society; 
and  Member  of  Hist.  Soc.  in  Maine. 


A  NEW  IMPRESSION. 


IN  TWO  VOLUMES. 


VOIi.  II, 


GLAZIER,  MASTERS  &  SMITH. 

1839. 


r; 


1 


.V/7. 


'^^u^^<^ 


^ 


CONTENTS  OF  VOL.  II. 


A.  D.  CHAPTER  I.  Page  9  to  37. 

169x.         Oct.  7,  Provincial  Charter  of  William  and  Mary  granted;  em- 
bracing'Massachusetts,  New-Plj'mouth,  Maine  and  Sajadahock. 
1692-3.        The  first  administration. 
1694.         Feb.   Death  of  Sir  William  Phips,  first  Royal  Governor. 

1696.  Nova  Scotia  conceded   by   Massachusetts   to  the  British  Crown. 

Distress  of  Yorkshire. 

1697.  Sept.  11.     Treaty  of  Ryswick.    Nova  Scotia  resigned  to  France. 

1698.  Villebon,  the  French  Governor,  claims  westward  to  Kennebeck. 

1699.  May    26,   Lord   Bellamont    arrives,    Provincial   Governor.      J. 

Bridges,  first  surveyor  in  the  King's  woods. 

1700.  Resettlement  of  Maine  promoted.     A  Committee  of  Claims. 
1701-2.     Deaths  of  Lord  Bellamont,  Lieut.  Gov.  Stougliton,  James  II.  and 

William  IIL 

1702.  Joseph  Dudley,  Provincial  Governor.     Population  in  Maine. 

CHAPTER  IL  p.  38—70. 

1703.  Queen  Anne's  war.     The  French  draw  the  broken  tribes   to  St. 

Francois.      Several    eastern    towns    attacked    by  the    Indians. 

1704.  Church's  5th  eastern  expedition.     Colonial  suiferers   in  this  war. 

1706.  The  Indians  consider  the  war  a  burthen. 

1707.  All  the  remaining  eastern  settlements  assailed. 

1709-10.  Expeditions  against  Port-Royal.     Nova  Scotia  subdued  by    Col. 

Nicholson; — an  event  important  to  Maine  and  Sagadahock. 
1711-12.  The  war.     Last  skirmish  at  Wells. 

1712.  Oct.  27,  Hostilities  cease. 

1713.  March  30,  Treaty  of  Utrecht ;  and  July  11,  of  Portsmouth.  No- 
va Scotia  resigned  to  England  and  made  a  British  Province. 
Castine  the  younger. 

CHAPTER  III.  p.  80— no. 

1713.  The  administration  and  prudentials  of  Maine.  Three  towns  sur- 
vive the  war.  Ecclesiastical  affairs.  Order  for  the  resettle- 
ment of  several  towns. 

1711.  Five  towns  revived.  Paper  money  floods  the  countrj'.  Samuel 
Siiute  commissioned  Governor. 

1715.  A  road  ordered  from  Berwick  to  Pejepscot.      Three  townships 

projected  in  the  Pejepscot  purchase.     Georgetown  resettled. 

1716.  Settlement  of  Kennebeck  attempted.      Yorkshire   extended   to 

St.  Croix. 

1717.  Treaty  with  the  Indians  confirmed  at  Arrowsick.     Timber  trees 

protected. 

1718.  Armstrong's  project  to  settle  Sagadahock. 

1719.  Settlements  between  Kennebeck  and  St.  Georges  revived.     Fort 

Richmond  built.     Th(!  Governor  and  House  differ. 

1720.  Coram's  project   to  settle   Sagadahock.     Affairs  of  Nova  Scotia. 

Rale's  character  and  conduct.     Notaries  Public. 

1721.  P.  Dudley's  case  as  a  Councillor.     Mast  trees   protected.     The 

Indians   denounced  as    rebels.      Castine    the   younger   seized. 
Rale  escapes. 

1722.  North-Yarmouth  resettled. 

CHAPTER  IV.  p.   Ill— 15L 

Lovewell's  war.  The  first  reprizals  and  attacks  by  the  Indians. 
Brunswick  burnt.  July  25,  war  proclaimed.  Events  of  the 
war.     Part  of  Georgetown  burnt. 

1723.  Oldtown  destroyed  by  Col.  Westbrook.     Attacks  of  the  Indians. 

1724.  Col.  Moulton's  attempt  to  take  Rale.     Successes  of  the  Indians. 

Nor*i-lgewock  taken  and  Rale  killed.     Lovewell's  excursions. 


IV  CONTENTS. 

A.  D. 

1725,  The  battle  of  Pegwacket.  The  Indian  villag'e  at  Fort  Hill  d 
stroyed.  Dmnmer's  treaty,  Dec.  15,  at  Boston.  Its  ratific 
lion.     Sag-ainores'  sentiments, 

CHAPTER  V,  p.  152—17^ 

Dmnmer's  adiilinistration,     Tliree  trading*  houses  established. 

1727.  A  mission  sent  to  recover  captives.     Earthquake.    A  back  tier 

towns  proposed. 

1728.  July    13,  Governor  Burnet  arrives.     Councillors.     His  dispute 

with  the  House.     Death. 

1729.  Political   clianiif-es  in  Sagadahock.     David   Dunbar,  surveyor 

the  woods,  takes  possession  of  that  Province  ;  rebuilds   the  foj 
at  Pcmaquid  and  surveys  lots. 

1730.  Gov.   Belcher's  administration    commences.     Officers  in  YorJ 

shire.     Complaints  ag-ainst  Dunbar.     He  is  appointed  Lt.  Go 
of  New-Hampshire. 
1732-3.     His  removal  effected. 

CHAPTER  VI.  p.  179— 19J 

173.3.         Terms  on  which  new  townships  were  g"ranted.     Grants  made. 

1734.  Paper  money  overflows  the  country.     Salary  question  put  tores 

1735.  Falmouth  made  half-shire  with  York.     Coimty  officers.     A   ne^ 

valuation  finished.     Census.     Throat-distemper  rag'es. 

1736.  Trade  extended.     Right  to  the  woods  discussed.     Natives  coni 

plain  of  encroachments  by  Mr.  Waldo.  Dormant  claims  revivee 

1737.  Great  dearth  of  provisions. 

CHAPTER  Vn.  p.  194—214 

1737-8.     Dispute  with  New-Hampshire  as   to  dividing-   lines,  referred,  dii 
cussed,  settled. 

1739.  William  Peppercll  and  Samuel   Waldo  command  the   two  Yorl' 

shire  regiments. 

1740.  News  of  the  Spanish  war  received.     Specie  scarce.     Land-bam 
■  formed — dissolved. 

1741.  Governor  Belcher   removed   from    office;    and   appointment 

Governor  Shirley,  George  Whitefield.  New  tenor  bills  issueq 
First  instance  of  impressment. 

1742.  Ship-building,  trade  and  fisheries  flourish.     Settlements  promoted 

New  valuation. 

1743.  Fears  of  war  and  measures  of  defence. 

CHAPTER  Vni.  p.  215—233 

1744.  The  Spanish  war.     The  French  join  against  England.     War  del 

clared  against  the  Indians,  from  Passamaquuddy  eastward! 
Eight  eastern  scouts.  Defensible  men  in  Maine,  2,85;').  Lou! 
isbourg  described.     ExjK'dition  against  it. 

1745.  The  officers,   the  t^eet,  and   the  army.     Assistance  of  a  Britis 

squadron.  The  siege.  Ijouisbourg  capitulates.  Its  grea 
strength.     Expenses  of  the  expedition  repaid  by  Great  Britain 

CHAPTER  IX.  p.  234— 25C 

Fifth  Indian  ivar.     A  defensive  force  of  450  men  raised.     Depre 

dations  by  the  savages. 
174G.         A  French  fleet  of  70  sail,  under  Duke  d\4nvilie,  arrives  at  Hali 

fax.     Its  disasters.     A   force   of  470  men  from    this  Provinc 

capitulates  at  Minas. 
1747.         A  naval  victory  achieved  by  two   English  Admirals,  Anson  an 

Warren.     Defence  of  the  eastern  people   provided.      News  c 

peace  arrives. 
174S.         Oct. 'J'reatv  of  Aix-Ia-Chapelle.     In  tliis  war,   the   Province    los 

3,000  etfeclive  men. 
1749.         Treaty  with  the  eastern  tribes  at  Falmouth. 

CHAPTER  X.  p.  2G0— 273 

1749-50.  Claim  of  the  French  westward  to  Kennebeck.  Governor  Shii 
ley  goes  a  Commissioner  to  Paris,  on  the  subject  of  boundaries 
Money  due  received  from   England,   and  the   paper  money  a 


CONTENTS. 

A.   D. 

redeemed.  The  Fi-ench  Neutrals  join  the  troops  from  Canada 
at  the  Isthmiis  of  Nova  Scotia.     Haliftxx  settled. 

1750.  Cornwallis  attacks  the  French  belov7   tlic  Isthmus.     The   homi- 

cide of  Albee  and  accomplices,  at  Wiscassct.  The  Indians  from 
the  north,  commit  mischief. 

1751.  Aug-ust,  Treaty  with  the  Natives  confirmed. 

CHAPTER  XI.  p.  274—303. 

1750-2.  The  people — conspicuous  for.  their  merits,  and  tolerant  in  their 
sentiments.  The  ministr}^  of  the  gospel  is  able  and  pious.  The 
British  American  s^'stem  enforced,,  by  acts  of  Parliament, 
Settlement  of  the  eastern  country  encoijraged. 

1752.  Nevf  valuation.    New  Style  adopted.     Petition  for  a  new  County. 

1753.  The  Indians  disturbed   by  encroachments,    and    by    fires   in  the 

Wfxjds.  Obstacles  to  settlement  were  the  fears  of  savag-e  hos- 
tilities and  the  question  as  to  land-titles.  Vassal's  project. 
Governor  Shirley's  return.  The  claims  of  the  English  and 
French  to  the  eastern  country  specified.  Frenchline  of  north- 
ern forts,  and  aggressions. 

1754.  Defensive  measures   enlarged.     General  Union  of  the  colonics 

projected.  Fort  Halifax  at  Kennebeck  erected.  Measures  of 
defence.     War  inevitable. 

CHAPTER  XII.  p.  304—345 

French  war  and  Gth  Indian  war.  The  French  forts  built.  The 
eastern  fortifications. 
1765.  Four  expeditions  against  the  French,— three  being  unsuccessful. 
The  French  driven  from  Nova  Scotia,  and  the  French  Neu- 
trals removed.  War  declared  against  all  the  eastern  tribes, 
except  the  Tarratines.  The  people  jealous.  Cargill's  aflair 
War  upon  the  Tarratines.     An  Earthquake. 

1756.  Four  expeditions  against  the  French.      Public   burthens  great. 

War  declared  against  France,  Governor  Shirley  leaves  the 
Province.  The  Indians  attack  the  eastern  towns  and  settle- 
ments.    The  expeditions  all  unsuccessful. 

1757.  The  Indian  war.     Governor  Pownal  arrives.      William  Pitt  put 

at  the  head  of  the  British  ministry, 

1758.  Three   expeditions— all    crowned    with  success — Louisbour<r  and 

other  places  taken.  The  last  efforts  of  the  Indians  against  the 
English,    at  St.  Georges. 

1759.  A  general  attack   upon  the  French.     General  Wolfe  proceeds 

against  Quebec,     A   fortress   built   at  Penobscot,   and   named 
Fort  Pownal.     Death   of  General    Waldo.      Sept.   1;},   Quebec 
capitulates.     Major  Rogers  destroys   the  Indian   village  of  St. 
Francois.     Death  of  Generals  Peppercll  and  Waldo. 
17C0.         Peace  with  the  eastern  tribes.     Canada  finally  conquered. 

CHAPTER  Xni.  p.  346-36S. 

Limits  of  the  Eastern  Patents  and  great  Tracts  reviewed.     Gov 

Pownal  leaves  the  Province.     Members  of  tlie  Council  for   the 

last  30  years.     Cumberland  and  Lincoln  Counties  established. 

Francis  Bernard    arrives,    Provincial    Governor.     George  III! 
1761.         New  valuation   completed.     Political  parties  noticed.     Disputes 

between  the  Governor  and  House.     York  bridge  erected. 
17G2.         Twelve  townships  granted  at  Union  river.     Line  between  Maine 

and   Nova   Scotia,    considered.      Drought,    fires   and    scarcity. 

Three  new  towns  established. 
1763.         Feb.    10,  Treaty  of  Paris,— Canada,  resigned  to  Great  Britain. 

Quebec  Province  established. 

CHAPTER  XIV.  p.  3G9-407, 

Measures  to  raise  a  revenue  in  America. 

Governor's  view  of  the  eastern  tribes.     Census  of  Maine. 

Jan.    10,   Stamp-act    passed.      The    first    Continental     Cono-ress, 
btamp-act  repealed.     Crown  lands  and  timber,  considered 
A  Hurricane.     Parliament  lay  duties   on   tea,  glass,  paper,  &c 
and  regulate  salaries. 


VI  CONTENTS. 

A.    D. 

]7C0.         Colonial    circulars  offenJ  the    British    ministry.      A  Provinci; 

(convention.     British  troops  stationed  in  Boston. 
17o9.         Gov.  Bernard  leaves  the  Province.  Duties  repealed,  except  on  tea 

1770.  Boston  Massacre.  Public  lands  and  incchanica!  arts,  in  g^rcat  repute 

1771.  'J'hoinas  Hutchinson  cornniission.ed  Governor.      He   opposes   th 

settlements  in  Hag-adahock.  They  inci'easc  on  the  Kennebecl'; 
Govcinor  disputes  ^vith  the  Flouse.     Judges'  salaries. 

1773.  About  300  families  leave  Waldoborough.    i?ymptomsof  revolutio 

noticed.  Ministers  and  lawyers  opposed  to  Bi'itish  taxation 
The  dispute  well  understood  by  the  parties. 

1774.  Dec.  16,  Teas  destroyed  in  Boston. 

CHAPTER  XV.  p.  40S— 420( 

1774.  Acts  passed  by  Parliament,  to  close  the  port  of  Boston,  alter  thf, 
charter  of  .Massachusetts,  and  make  other  changes.  Gen.  Gag«i 
appointed  Governor.  He  dissolves  the  General  Court.  A  Proi 
viiicial  Congress  meets.  Second  Continental  Congress  convenes: 
County  Conventions.  Committees  of  Safety  and  Supplies.  Af 
fairs  of  Coidson  and  Mowett. 

177.5.         April  19.     Battle  of  Lexington.     Gen.  Gage  denounced. 

CHAPTER  XVI.  p.  421—448 

The  war  of  the  Revolution  commenced.  Capt.  Mowett  seized  at 
Falmouth.  First  Bills  of  Continental  money  issued.  George 
Washington  coirimands  the  American  Army.  June  17th,  Bunk'< 
er  Hill  battle.  Eastern  afiairs.  Provincial  charter  resnmedJ 
Members  of  the  Assemblies.  Massachusetts  issues  paper-money/ 
Falmouth  burnt  by  Mowett.  Arnold's  expedition  througlil 
Kennebeck  to  Quebec.  Repulse.  General  Post-office  estab 
lished.    New  appointment  of  Civil  officers.    Militia  reorganizedj: 

1776.  Defence  of  Maine.     Declaration  of  Independence. 

CHAPTER  XVII.  p.  449— 485.il 

The  amit}'  of  the  eastern  Indians  confirmed.  Measures  of  de-i; 
fence.  Eddy's  retreat  to  Machias.  A  Continental  Army  raised. 1. 
Firearms  arrive  from  France.     Battle  ot  Trenton. 

1777.  A  garrison  established  at  Machias.     The  enemy  there  repulsed.!' 

Capture  of  Gen.  Burgoyns's  army. 

1778.  New   Constitution    rejected.     Estates    of  Absentees  confiscated.! 

Paper^money  depreciated,  30  to  one.     Arrival  of  a  French  fleet.  . 
Maine  and  Sagadahock  formed  into  a  District. 

1779.  The  British  seize  upon  Penobscot  and  occupy 'Biguyduce.     The! 

American  fleet  and  troops  sent  to  remove  the  enemy — defeated, 
The  losses.     Saltonstall  cashiered. 

1780.  Troubles  in  Maine  : — GOO  men  raised    for  the  eastern  service 

Gen.  Wadsworth  commands  the  Eastern  Department.     Arnold's  i 
treason.     Constitution  of  the    Commonwealth  adopted.     Mem- 
bers of  the  Council  for  the  past  20  years. 

CHAPTER  XVIli.  p.  486—505. 

1781.  Administration  under  the  State-constitution.     Gen.  Wadsworth 

carried  a  prisoner  to  'Biguyduce.  Maj.  Burton  made  prisoner 
also.  Tiiey  escape.  Defence  of  the  eastern  inhabitants.  Gen. 
McCobb  succeeds  to  the  command  of  Gen.  Wadsworth.  Pub- 
lic credit  low,  and  public  burdens  great.  First  Commissioners 
of  Eastern  Lands.  October  27,  surrender  of  Cornwallis  and 
his  army. 

1782.  Cessation  of  hostilities.  Judicial  and  militia  systems  new  modelled, 

1783.  Sept.  3.     Definitive  treaty  of   Paris,     The  American  army  dis- 

banded.    Losses. 

CHAPTER  XIX.  p.  506—520. 

1784.  Great  and  immediate  increase  of  settlements  and  population  in 

Maine.  Committees  of  Eastern  Lands  appointed.  Lumber  and 
other  articles  of  export.  Disputes  between  the  borderers  on 
the  river  St.  Croix. 


CONTENTS. 


vu 


A.  D. 


niyo.         Body  of  Statute-law  revised.     Expenses  of  the  Penobscot  expe- 
dition considered.     Governor  Hancock  resig-ns,  and  J.  Bomloin 
elected  Governor.     Demand  fur  eastern  lands.     Twelve  town 
ships  conarmed.     Provision   made   for  qiiietin"-  the  Ishnders 
Treaty  with   the  Tarratines.     Towns  and  plantations  revived 
Great  freshet. 

CHAPTER  XX.  p  5-^  1—547 

1785-6.  Sq^aration  of  Maine,  from  Massachusetts,  discussed.  Falmouth 
Gazette,  tirst  publisiied.  Address  to  the  people.  Kosuit  of 
measures  taken  for  Separation.  Three  new  towns.  Shav's  in- 
surrection.    Land  lottery  instituted. 

]lol'         I^ancock  re-elected  Gov.     Economy  and  industry  encourao-ed 

1788.  Federal  Constitution  adopted.   FirstRepresentatiVcs  to  Con^o-res^ 

and  Hectors.     Slavery  abolished.     A  Colle-e  in  Maine  project- 
ed.    Twenty  new  towns.  ^    ■' 

1789.  George  Washington,  first  President  of  the  U.  Stales,  inaugurated 

CHAPTER  XXI.  p  54S— 557 

1790.  Counties  of  Hancock  and  Washington  established.     Maine  a  Dis- 

trict,    A  Census  taken.     Officers  of  the  District  Court       Dis- 
putes between  the  eastern  borderers  and  British  provincials  qui- 
etetl.     A  law  to  preserve  game. 
1791-2.     Wine  new  towns.     Objects  of  eastern  enterprise. 

1793.  Death  of  Governor  Hancock.     Two  new  towns  incorporated. 

CHAPTER  XXII.  n  55^— ^.9fi 

1794.  Political  parties-Federalists  and  Anti-federalists.  ^T^ie  French 

revolu  ion      The    Americans   take    sides.      Mr.    Jay's   t rertv 

Samuel  Adams  elected   Governor.     Three  Ren  -csCuativcs  To 

.r..  .       Congress  elected.     Bowdoin  College  established  ^^^'^"^o 

1794-5.     INineteen  new   towns  incorporated.     3,500,00j  acres  of  eastern 

lands  sold  since  the  peace  i-asiern 

1795.  Emigrant  Society  formed.    Metalic  coins  regulated-ea-les  dol- 

lars and  cents,  adopted  in  compulation  ^-^a'cs,  aoi 

1796.  A  3d  Mihtia  Division  formed.     Law  as  to  Shell-fish.     By  a  treaty 

witn    he  Tarratines,  9  townships  relinquished  by  th2      Seven 
new  towns.     Academies  endowed  ^ 

1797.  Records  of  Supreme  Judicial  Court  removed  from  Boston  to  their 

respective   counties.      1.   Sumner  elected  Governor      Partie 

1798.  The  tru.  St.  Croix  determtnet  ^fe^ht'^e-w  Towns""  W^rmeas 
17QQ  "res-Land-  ax,  sedition  law  and  alien  bill.     Envoys  to  France" 

mon  rvVo',?"^'-  1  ^^^""'^b^-k   County  established   Vdvul 
rnnerll^GemVIX^^tn^^^^'"'^'''^^^^^'-     ^^^^^  °^  «-• 

1800.  The   Supreme   jlid^cfafy^^^isei^'c'Jieb    S^on.'^^^^' 

ernor.      Electors   of  President   and    Vice-Pre"sidenf    nl.n.r 
Opposition  of  the  Democrats  to   the  meas.irfs  oflhe  n.  Z"; 
administration.     Treaty    negociated    with  France      The    FpH 

jSe.tfa7d' A^'r-     "73^^-^^  "^  ^«  -^"dges  establil led.     T 

Jetleisonand  A.   Lurr,  President  and  Vice-President       A    9,4* 

1801  T    r*!?-     ^^T^i'"^"°°-     Six  new  towns.    '''''•^"°^-      A2d 

1801.  J.  Read  and  P.  Coffin,  Land-a"-ents      HtIp^  nf  «v.-. 

i«n,  "M  i^liecp  imporlej.     New  towns.        ""'«'"^«  »J°l>'e<i.     Me- 

moft         TK       ^""""-J  <-siaDiisned.     Ihc  era  of  incornoratinnc 

1S06.         Though  Governor  Strong  was  re-elected,  eaci'l^eglslaUve  branch 


Vlll 

A.  D. 


CONTEN'1'tf. 


was  democratical.     The  British  insult  our  flag.     Non-importa- 
tion Act  j)assed.     Berlin  and  Milan  decrees. 
1807.         British  impressments.     Embarg-o  laid.     Twenty-four  new  towns 
incorporated. 

CHAPTER  XXIV.  p.  605—027. 

1807.  J.  Sullivan  elected  Governor.  His  administration — County- At- 
torneys,  Courts  of  Sessions  and  Jury  act. 

1803.  Betterment  Law.  A  4th  militia  division.  Sullivan's  death.  Six- 
teen new  towns. 

1809.  C  Gore  elected  Governor.  Somerset  Ccunty  established.  Mr. 
Gorc's  administration.  J.  Madison,  President  of  the  United 
States.  Erskine's  arrangement.  Rambouillet  Decree.  The 
affair  of  Chad  wick.  Vaccination  recommended.  Maine  Bible 
Society  established. 

]S1U.  E.  GerrV  elected  Governor.  TheSd  Census.  Exports,  tonnage, 
valuation,  and  lishery. 

ISU.  Religious  freedom-bill.  Measures  of  Mr.  Gerry's  administra- 
tion. Skirmish  between  the  Little  Belt  and  the  President. 
Two  new  militia  divisions  established. 

1812.  Mr.  Strong  re-elected  Governor.  Tax  on  banks.  Corporeal 
punishment  abolished.     Land  controversies  in  Lincoln  settled. 

CHAPTER  XXV.  p.  628—638. 

1812.  The  European  belligerents.  Embargo,  and  measures  of  defence. 
June  IS,  war  declared  against  G.  Britain.     Events  of  the  war. 

1G13.  Politics.  New  towns  and  Banks.  Washington  Benevolent  Socie- 
ties.    Direct  tax  imposed. 

1S14.  March,  all  restrictive  laws  repealed.  Factories  established. 
American  successes  in  the  war. 

CHAPTER  XXVI.  p.  639—657. 

1S14.  The  war  in  Maine.  The  enemy  seize  upon  Eastport,  Castine, 
and  Machias.  The  government  instituted  there  by  the  British. 
Their  other  measures.  Trade  at  Castine  and  Hampden.  Clos- 
ing events  and  incidents  of  the  war.  Battle  of  N.  Orleans. 
Measures  of  the  Hartford  Convention.  Castine  and  the  eastern 
coast  evacuated  by  the  British,  as  far  eastwardly  as  Eastport. 

CHAPTER  XXVII.  p.  658—679. 

1815.  Feb.   11,  news  of  peace   arrives.     Trade  and  Commerce.     The 

condition  of  the  cod-tishery.     Public  morals. 

1816.  New  towns.     County  of  Penobscot  incorporated.     A  land  office 

established.  J.  Brooks  elected  Governor.  Measures  resumed 
to  separate  Maine  from  Massachusetts.  Brunswick  Conven- 
tion.    Parties.     Emigration  westward. 

IS  17.  Cold  Seasons.  Emigrations  partiallv  checked.  Moose  Island 
decided  to  belong  to  Maine.     Our  northern  boundary  discussed. 

1S18.         Treaty  with  the  Tarratines.   Probate  Code  revised.   Sea-Serpent. 

1819-20.  Maine  separated  from  Massachusetts.  Its  Constitution  framed 
and  adopted.  It  is  admitted  into  the  Union.  Its  political  ad- 
ministration. 

SUPPLEMENTAL.— CHAPTER  XXVIII.   p.  680—705. 

1623  to      The   periods  of    our  history.     The  Militia.      Expenditure   and 
1820.  revenue.     Taxation.     Coins.     Education,  arts,  studies  and  pro- 

fessions. The  religious  denominations  and  their  ecclesiastical 
polity.  Industry,  trade  and  manufactures.  The  various  insti- 
tutions, established.     Domestic  life  reviewed. 

APPENDIX. 

No.  1.— List  of  Councillors  under  the  Provincial  Charter.  Page  707. 

2. — List  of  Councillors  and  Senators,  under  the  Constitution.  708. 

3. — List  of  Members  of  Congress  from  Maine.  709. 

4. — The  Rulers  and  Governors  of  Maine  from  its  first  settlement.  710. 
5. — List  of  Counties  and  corporate  towns.  712. 


CHAPTER  I. 

Provincial  Charter — Governor  and  other  Public  Officers — Legista- 
ture--Council— House  oj  Representatives — Voters — Statute  enact- 
ments— Judicial  Courts — Justices  of  the  Peace — Appeals  to  the 
Crown — Militia — Ecclesiastical  affairs — Education — Land-titles 
— Rights— Laws—  Crimes  and  Punishments —  Witchcraft — Death 
nf  Gov.  Phips — Nelson,  Governor  of  Nova  Scotia,  seized  by  Vil" 
lebon,  the  French  Governor — Massachusetts  resigns  the  Govern." 
mcnt  of  that  Province  to  the  Croicn  of  England — Her  measures 
protective  of  Maine — Restrictive  acts  of  PciTliamcnt — Board  of 
Trade  and  Plantations — Treaty  of  Ryswick-^Nova  Scotia  re* 
signed  to  the  French-^-They  and  Massachusetts  both  c'aim  Saga- 
dahoclc — Conduct  of  Villcbon,  the  French  Govemor-^-Dispute 
about  the  jurisdiction  of  Sogadahock-^J^ord  Bcllamont  succeeds 
Governor  Phips-— His  Speech — John  Bridges,  Surveyor-Gtueral 
of  the  woods — The  eastern  towns  revived — Rumors  of  war  and 
measures  of  defence — Great  Island  to  be  fortified — Committee  of 
Claims — Fears  of  tear — Deaths  of  Lord  Bcllamont,  William 
Stoughton,  James  IT.  and  William  III. — Measures  of  the  French 
—Governor  Dudley  succeeds  Lord  Bellamont — Meets  the  Indians 
at  Casco — The  conference  and  its  incidents. 

The  celebrated  Charter  of  William  and   Mary,  dated    Octo- ^ .  d.  ic92. 
ber   7th,  1691,   was   brought  hither   from  England  by  Sir  Wil- f'|^^j:,pr  of 
LiAM  Phips,  the  first  royal  Governor,  and   went   into  operation  jj'"',^""*^ 
on  the  14th  of  May,  1692.     It  embraced  the  whole  territory  of 
this  State,  in  two  great  divisions; — one,  extending  from  Piscata- 
qua  to  Kennebeck,  was  called  the  Province  of  Maine;  the  other,  Maine  nnd 
including  all  between  Kennebeck  and  the  St.  Croix,  was  usually  ?''^j?''''" 
denominated   Sagadahock* — As  the  political  connexion  between 

*  See  \stvoL  chap.  xxii.  Ji.  D.  1691.— Thoug-h  Nova  Scotia  was  embraced; 
Massachusetts  resigned  the  government  of  it  to  the  crown,  A.   D.   1696, 
about  a  year  before  the  peace  ;    and  it  became  a  British  Province. — The 
Vol.  II,  2 


eriior. 


10  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II, 

A.  I).  1692.  Massachusetts  proper  and  the  present  State  of  Maine  continued 
about  130  years;  it  becomes  important  to  give  a  general  outline 
of  the  Province  government  under  the  new  Charter. 
TheExccn-      Its  features  bore  a  resemblance  to  tlie  government  of  England, 
and   its  departments   were  nearly  as  distinct.      The    Governor, 
Lieutenant-Governor  and  Secretary  of  State  were  appointed  and 
commissioned  by  the  crown, — to  hold  their  respective  offices  dur- 
ing their  sovereign's  pleasure.     The  two   first  officers  primarily 
took  their  oaths  before   each   other  ; — afterwards,   they   and   the 
Secretary,  also  other  officers,  were  severally  sworn  by  two  of  the 
Council. 
The  Gov-        The  Governor  was  chief  magistrate,  and  invested  with  supreme 
executive  authority.     He   had   power  to   convene,  adjourn,   and 
even  dissolve  the  Legislature,  and  to  nominate,  and   with  advice 
of  Council,   appoint  all  judges,   sheriffs,  justices   of  the   peace, 
and  other  civil   officers  ; — their  names  being  first  placed  seven 
days   upon  a   nomination-book.      To  him  and   the  Council,  was 
given  jurisdiction  of  all  probate  matters,  and  the  right  of  drawing 
by  warrant  from  the  Provincial  treasury,  all   appropriated  public 
monies.     As  Captain-General,  he  was  empowered  to  organize 
the  militia,  and  appoint  and  commission  all  military  officers  ;  also 
to  erect  and  demolish   fortifications ; — but   he   could  not  march 
any  inhabitant  out  of  the  Province   without  his  own  consent,  or 
that  of  the  Legislature  previously  obtained.    He  could  negative  as 
many  as  thirteen  of  the  Councillors  chosen,  and  also  the  Speaker 
of  the  House,  if  they  were  displeasing  to  him  ; — a   prerogative 
often  exercised  by  him  in  high  party-times.     The  two  Legislative 
branches,  after  organizing  themselves  in  the  spring,  were  usually 
addressed  by  him  in  a  speech  ;  at  other  sessions,  his  communica- 
tions were  by  written   message.     He  presided  at  the  Council- 
board,*  and  no  law  or  order  passed  by  the  two  houses,  or  by 
either,  was  valid  till  approved  by  him. 

The  .Lieutenant-Governor  always  filled  the  executive  chair, 
when  the  chief  magistrate  was  absent ;  but  at  other  times,  during 
a  series  of  years,  he  sat  and  voted  with  the  Council. 


charier  also  included  the  five  northerly  Isles  of  Shoals  ns  embraced  in 
Gorges'  charter:  viz.  IJog  Island- 1  lay  let/ s,  or  Smutty-nose  Island— Luck, 
Cedar,  and  JIalaga  Islands.—  See  1st  vol.  chap.  v\.  A.  B.  1639. 

*  He  pi-esided  during'  executive,  not  legislative  debates; — though  Lord 
Bellamont  did  in  both — 2  Hutchinson's  History,  p.  107.— The  places  of 
Councillors  negatived,  were  not  filled  that  year. 


Chap,  i.]  of  maine.  1 1 

The  Legislative  power  was  vested  in  two  distinct  branches —  A.  d.  i692 
each  having  a  negative  upon  the  other.      Ihe  upper  House  was  .j.j^^  ^^  .^_ 
called  the    Council,   or  Board  of  Assistants,  consisting  of  28  laiure. 
members  ; — the  other  was  the  House  of  Representatives. 

By  the  charter,  three  of  the  Council  were  always  to  be  taken 
from  the  Province  of  Maine,  and.  one  from  Sagadahock  ; — who  cii. 
must  at  the  time,  "  be  inhabitants  or  proprietors  of  land  within 
*'the  territory,"  which  they  were  chosen  to  represent.  The 
whole  number  of  Councillors  were,  at  first,  by  name  inserted  in 
the  charter,  who  were  to  hold  their  places  till  the  election  in 
May,  1693.  Those  in  Maine  were  Job  Alcot,^  Samuel  Donnell, 
and  Samuel  Hexjman  ;  and  for  Sagadahock,  Sylvanus  Davis. 

Mr.  Alcot  and  Mr.  Donnell  both  resided  at  York,  and  both 
of  them  were  afterwards  sometime  Justices  of  the  Inferior  Court 
or  Common  Pleas. — Mr.  Alcot  was  one  of  the  ancient,  most  ^i^,,, 
substantial  and  wealthy  inhabitants  of  his  town,  and  had  been 
commander  of  the  militia  company  twenty  years  before ;  never- 
theless, being  somewhat  advanced  in  years  he  was  never  rechosen 

into  the  Council.     But  Mr.  Donnell   was   elected   the  next  year 

1  1  "     1  TT        1  11-  Dounell. 

and  once  subsequently.      He  also  represented  his  town  two  years 

in  the  House.  JMr.  Heyman,  having  an  oversight  and  interest  in  Heyman. 
the  public  affairs,  at  Berwick,  received  this  mark  of  distinguish- 
ed respect  on  account  of  his  personal  worth  ;  yet,  owing  proba- 
bly to  his  short  life,  or  to  his  bhort  residence  in  Maine,  he  is  not 
known  to  have  been  a  member  of  the  Board  after  his  charter- 
term  expired,  nor  to  have  filled  any  other  public  ofiice  in  Maine. 
Mr.  Davis  was  a  gentleman  of  good  capacity  and  great  fidehty.  Davis. 
He  had  been  an  inhabitant  of  Arrowsick  :  and  in  superintending 
the  interests  and  affairs  of  Clark  and  Lake  upon  that  Island  and 
in  the  vicinity,  he  acquired  an  eminent  character  for  integrity, 
business,  and  prudence.  When  that  Island  was  laid  waste,  he 
removed  to  Falmouth.  No  other  man  was  more  thoroughly  ac- 
quainted with  this  eastern  country,f  or  with  the  Indians,  and  while 
a  prisoner  at  Quebec,  his  reputation  commanded  particular  re- 
spect. He  was  a  worthy  magistrate,  and  the  next  year,  was  elect- 
ed a  member  of  the  Council. 

To  fill  the  places  of  Messrs.  Alcot  and  Heyman  at  the  Coun- 

*  Written,  or  spelt  sometimes,  "  Alcock,"  and  sometimes  "Alcot."— See 
;inte— the  burning  of  York,  1692.  t  Sullivan,  p.  390. 


J  2  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II. 

A.D.  1592  cil-board,    ia    1693,    Francis    Hook  and    Charles  Frost    were 

to  1693. 

elected.     They   had    been    members  of    President    Danforth's 

Messrs.  _ 

Hook,         Council,  and   were  two  of  the  most  popular  and    useful   men   in 
Wheel-       the  Province  of  Maine.     In   the  first  Inferior   Court,   or   Com- 

wrighi,  and  _  i       i       t     i  i     m         tt       i 

Lyude.  mon  rleas,  they  were  both  Judges  ;  and  Mr.  Hook  was  two 
''years  Judge  of  Probate.  In  1694,  they  were  re-elected.  The 
same  year,  the  places  of  Mr.  Donncll  and  Mr.  Davis  were  filled 
by  Mr.  Samuel  Wheelwright,  of  Wells,  son  of  the  Rev.  John 
Wheelwright,  the  original  and  principal  proprietary  settler  of  that 
town  ;  and  by  IMr.  Joseph  Lynde,  who  was  a  non-resident  proprie- 
tor of  lands,  within  Sagadahock.  He  lived  in  Boston  and  was 
Province  treasurer.  Indeed,  the  Sagadahock  territory  was  rep- 
resented in  the  Council  by  a  non-resident  landholder,  with  a 
few  exceptions,  through  a  period  of  sixty  or  seventy  years. 
When  elected,  and  before  taking  the  qualifying  oath,  he  usually 
made  affidavit  at  the  Board,  that  he  was  such  proprietor. 

Anmini  The  Council  were  annually  chosen  on  the  day   of  the   general 

tiircoundi  election  in  May,  by  the  members  of  the  old  Board  and  the  new 
House  of  Representatives,  assembled  in  convention ;  and  if  any 
vacancies  happened,  during  the  political  year,  they  might  be 
filled  in  the  same  way  by  the  two  branches  united.  Seven  form- 
ed a  quorum  for  transacting  business  ;  the  Board  being  both  a  co- 
ordinate branch  of  the  General  Court,  and  an  advisatory  Coun- 
cil of  the  Governor.  Nay,  when  the  offices  of  both  the  Gov- 
ernor and  Lieutenant-Governor  were  vacant,  all  acts  of  executive 
power  were  exercised  by  a  majority  of  the  whole  Council;  and 
there  have  been  many  instances,  especially  in  the  Revolution, 
.  when  commissions  were  signed  by  fifteen  Councillors. 

Hifiisft  of         'pj^g  other  branch  of  the   General  Court,  called  the   House. 

aiives,  V7as  constituted  of  deputies,  or  representatives  elected  by  towns- 
corporate.  Governor  Phips,  for  the  first  time,  issued  warrants, 
May  20,  1692,  unto  every  town,  to  choose  'two  and  no  more;' 
and  appointed  a  session  on  the   8th   of  June,   when    153*   were 

MfmhRrs     returned.    In  this  Legislature,  eight  appeared  from  Maine ;  Kittery, 

f.om  .Maine,  y^^j^^  Wells,  and  the  Isles  of  Shoals,  [Appledore,]  severally  re- 
turning two  representatives. f     Subsequent  to  the  first  year,  how- 


*  That  is  to  say,  from  Plymouth  12;  Essex  .^0;  Middlesex  35;  Suffolk 
25;  Hampshire  12  ;  Barnstable  11  ;  Bristol  16  ;  Martha's  Vineyard  2  ;  Nan- 
tucket 2;  and  Maine  3;==15J. 

t  In   1692,   from   Kitle.ry,  James  Emery  and   Benjamin   Ilodsdon  ;  fronj 


Chap,  i.]  OF  MAINE.  13 

ever,  those  Isles  were  never  represented  in  the   General   Court :  a.d.  ig92 

'  ,  .  tolL-93. 

nor  did  any  town  in  Maine,  afterwards,  for  sixty  years,  return  at 
the  same  time,  more  than  a  single  member  to  the  House.  Some 
of  its  towns  were  always  represented,  during  that  period,  except 
in  1 697  ;  though  the  whole  delegation  from  this  Province,  in 
ttny  single  year,  never  exceeded  ten  or  eleven.*  The  entire 
number  in  the  House  for  the  first  ten  years,  was  usually  between 
60  and  80;  never  till  1735,  exceeding  100  members.  Forty 
constituted  a  quorum  for  doing  business ;  and  every  one  was 
entitled  to  a  daily  compensation  of  3s.  for  his  attendance,  but  was 
finable  5s.  if  absent  a  day  without  leave. 

To  be  entitled  to  the  right  of  suffrage,  a  man  must  be  21  years  ^"'^""^  ^"'* 


ratio  ol 

seiita- 


of  age,  own  an  estate,  worth  £40  sterling,  or  a  freehold,  which  J.'^i^^'-' 
would  yield  an  annual  income  of  40  shillings.  In  the  first  leg- 
islature, the  ratio  of  representation  by  towns  was  graduated  to 
the  number  ot  their  respective  voters  ;  every  town  having  120 
might  return  two ; — 40  and  upwards,  one ; — 30  and  less  than 
40,  one,  or  in  the  latter  case  the  town  might  elect  one  or  none 
at  pleasure  : — having  less  than  30  voters,  it  might  unite  with  the 
next  adjoining  town  in  the  election  of  a  representative. 

To    the   General    Court,   was   given    full   power  to    establish  Powers  of 
with  or  without  penalties,  all  manner  of  wholesome  and  reasona-  coun. 
ble  laws,  statutes,  ordinances  and  orders,  not  repugnant  to  those 
of  England, — to  name  and  settle  annually,  all  civil  officers,  whose 
appointment  was  not  otherwise    prescribed, — and  to  levy  taxes 
needful  for  the  support  of  government,  and  the  protection   of  the 
people.     But  all  "  orders,  laws,  statutes  and  ordinances''''  were  Lnws  to  be 
to  be  transmitted  by  the  first  opportunity  after   enactment,  to   the  i.v  Uje  king. 
king  for  his  approval,  under  the  royal  signature. f      If,  however, 


York,  Jeremiah  Moiiltoii  and  M.  Turfrej' ;  from  Wells, 'EAizb  Hutchinson 
and  John  Wheelwright ;  and  from  the  Isles  of  Shoals,  Roger  Kcllej'  and 
William  Lakeman.  In  1693,  from  Killery^  James  Emer}'.  In  1694,  from 
the  same  town,  William  Screven;  and  from  York  and  Wells  united,  Eze- 
kiel  Rogers,  Jr.     In  1G95,  from  hiltery,  James  Emery,  and  in   1G96,  John 

Shapleigh.     In   1 097,  .     In   lG9b',  from  Eillery,  Richard  Cutts,  and 

from.  York,  Abraham  Preble. 

*  The  non-resident  act  was  passed  in  1691,  by  which  no  man  might  "  serve 
"  in  the  House  for  any  town,  unless  where  he  did  at  that  time  live  and 
dwell."— 2  HiUch.  Hist.  p.  78. 

f  Hence  these  were  denominated  the  Slatiiles  of  the  reigning  monarch 
jffho  approved  them,  as  '  ike  Statutes  nf  William  and  J^Iary  /'     '  Anne,  SfcJ' 


14  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.    II, 

A.  I).  1GD2  any  one  of  them  were  not  expressly  disallowed  by  him  in  privy 
council,  within  three  years,  from  the  day  it  reached  the  Board, 
it  had,  after  that  period,  full  force  and  effect  by  lapse  of  time. 
Manifest  inconveniences  attended  this  process  and  requirement, 
though  not  witliout  some  beneficial  effects.  For  great  pains 
were  taken  to  render  the  enacted  bills  perfect ; — besides,  a 
needless  multiplication  of  them,  so  reprehensible  in  later  times, 
was  greatly  prevented.  In  legislation,  the  General  Court  soon 
became  more  parliamentary  than  formerly, — each  house  sending 
bills  to  the  other  for  concurrence,  amendment  or  rejection.  How- 
ever, to  avoid  transmitting  every  minor  legislative  measure  across 

Rcioives.  the  Atlantic,  the  General  Court  often  acted  by  '■'■  Resolves  f^  and 
in  this  way,  introduced  an  anomaly  into  legislation,  still  exten- 
sively practiced,  though  the  reason  has  long  since  ceased. 

ar.^  "  "^'*  The  General  Court,  being  authorized  by  charter  to  erect  Courts 
of  Justice,  for  the  trial  of  all  cases,  criminal  and  civil,  arising 
within  the  Province,  immediately  effected  a  thorough  revision  of 
the  judiciary  department.  Some  of  the  first  legislative  enact- 
ments provided  for  the  erection  and  establishment  of  five  judicial 
tribunals  ;  a  Supreme  Court,  Common  Pleas,  Quarter  Sessions, 
and  Justice's  Courts  j— «-and  afterwards,  Probate,  Chancery,  and 
Admiralty  Courts. 

The  Su-         1-  The  '•  Supe)-ior  Court''^  consisted  of  one  Chief  Justice  and  four 

Co'ilru  '  puisne,'  or  Side  Judges,— any  three  of  whom  formed  a  quorum. 
It  was  a  tribunal  of  law  and  justice  in  all  civil  and  criminal  cases, 
through  the  Province,  and  of  assize  and  general  gaol-delivery  in 
each  county.  But  the  statute  establishing  it,  was  not  approved 
by  the  crown,  till  three  years  had  nearly  elapsed,  subsequent  to 
its  passage  by  the  General  Court ;  so  that  none  of  the  judges, 
except  the  chief  justice,  was  permanently  commissioned,  till  1695, 
nor  before  Governor  Phips'  return  to  England.  In  the  meantime, 
the  jurisdictional  powers  of  this  tribunal  were  exercised  by  special 
commissions  of  Oyer  and  Terminer,*  one  of  which,  for  instance, 
was  issued  by  the  Governor,  June  2d,  1692,  to  try  witches.  But 
after  the  statute  took  effect,  it  was  found  in  its  practical  operation 
not  to  be  sufficiently  broad  and  explicit  ;  and  another  was  passed 


*  One  special  commission  was  filled  with  Lieut,  Gov.  Stoughton,  Major 
Saltonstall,  Major  Richards,  Major  B.  Gedney,  Mr.  Wait  Winlhrop,  Capt. 
Samuel  Sewall,  and  Mr.  Sargent. — 1  Doug.  Summ.  p.  450. 


Chap,  r.]  OF  Maine.  15 

in  1699,  which  gave  to  the  Court  a  jurisdiction  of  all  matters,  A.  t).  1G92 
civil  and  criminal, — including  appeals  from  the  lower  courts,  re- 
views and  wriis  of  error,  as  fully  to  every  intent,  as  the  courts  of 
king's  bench,  conmion  pleas  and  exchequer  had  within  the  king- 
dom of  England.  The  judges  were  appointed  in  1695,*  and 
held  terms  in  most  of  the  counties,  twice  in  every  year.  June 
was  the  month  for  the  sessions  of  the  Court  in  Yorkshire  ;  and 
the  shire  town,  till  the  close  of  the  present  Indian  war,  was  Kit- 
tery — subsequently  York. 

2.  An  "  Inferior  Court;'  or  [Common  Pleas]  was  established  prJaT" 
in  each  county,  consisting  of  four  Judges,  who  had  cognizance  of 

all  civil  actions,  arising  within  its  limits,  "  triable  at  the  common 
law."  The  statute  constituting  this  Court  was  also  revised  in 
1699,  but  not  essentially  altered.  The  first  bench  of  Judges^ 
commissioned  in  Yorkshire,  now  more  commonly  called  '  the 
county  of  York,'  were  Job  Alcot,  Francis  Hook,  Charles  Frost  V'"  ^",'^s^^ 
and  Samuel  Wheelwright.  The  high  sheriff  was  Joseph  Curtis,  'y  of  York". 
The  terms  in  this  county,  were  holden  at  York,  on  the  first  Tues- 
days of  April  and  July ;  and  at  Wells  on  the  first  Tuesdays  of 
January  and  October.  Appeals  lay  from  the  decision  of  this 
Court,  to  the  next  Superior  Court  sitting  in  the  same  county. 

3.  The  Court  of  General  Quarter  Sessions  of  the  peace,  wasTheQunr' 
holden  by  the  Justices  of  the  Peace   within   the  county,  at  the"" 


fs  tjessioii*. 


*1.  The  Chief  Justice  was  William  SlovghUm,  lorn  at  Dcrchcs(cr,  A.  D. 
IG32,  graduated  at  Harvard  Colleg-c  1650,  and  was  appointed  the  first 
Lieut.  Governor  under  the  charier  of  William  and  Mary.  Thougli  he  was 
in  tiie  executive  cjiair  alter  Governor  Phips  left  it,  he  was  appointed 
Chief  Justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  in  1695;  wiiich  office  he  held  till 
1700,  when  lie  ag-ain  took  the  chair  on  the  death  of  Lord  Bellamont.  He 
died  1702.— 2.  Thomas  Banforlh,  late  President  of  Maine,  was  a  man  of 
great  probity  and  stern  political  virtues— the  idol  of  republicans.  His 
name  ^vas  not  inserted  among  the  chai  ter  Councillors,  though  expressly 
desired  by  the  agents.  '•  The  people  received  the  intelligence  with  sur- 
prise and  grief,"  He  held  the  office  of  Judge  till  his  death,  1699.— 3.  Eli. 
sha  Cook,  a  physician  of  Boston.  H3  was  a  "  high  liberty  man,"  and  a 
popular  leader  in  (he  General  Court  near  40  years.  He  was  an  assistant 
in  1681  ;  and  appointed  Judge  in  1695  ;  left  the  bench  1702  ;  and  died  1715, 
—aged  78.— 4,  Samuel  Scu-all  of  iS'ewbury,  a  graduate  of  Harvard  College, 
1671,  was  put  into  the  special  commission  in  1692;  appointed  Judge,  1695; 
and  Chief  Justice,  1718:  and  left  the  bench,  1728.— 5.  Wait  Winihrop, 
appointed,  169S  ;  left  the  bench,  1717.  Each  Judges'  pay  was  a  grant  of 
£40  a  year,  till  1700,  when  it  was  raised  to  £50.— Jlass.  Rec.  p.  S91. 


16 


THE  HISTORY 


[Vol.  II. 


Justices  of 
Uie  Peace. 


A.D.  IG92  same  times  and  places,  the  Court  of  Common  Pleas  held  their 
terms ;  having  authority  to  "  hear  and  determine  all  matters  re- 
lating to  the  conservation  of  the  peace,  and  punishment  of  of- 
fenders, cognizable  by  them  according  to  law."  But  it  being  a 
needless  expense  for  all  the  Justices  of  the  county  to  attend 
court,  four  times  in  the  year,  merely  for  the  trial  of  a  few  minor 
offences;  they  were  made  by  the  revising  statute  of  1699,  to 
consist  OTily  of  those  designated  for  the  purpose,  in  the  commis- 
sion itself  Still,  though  the  list  of  Justices  was  not  large,  it  was 
a  ninnerous  and  expensive  court,  till  the  Revolution.  Appeals 
were  allowed  from  this  tribunal,  to  the  Superior  Court — the  ap- 
pellant being  put  under  recognizance  to  prosecute  the  cause,  to 
file  his  reasons,  and  produce  copies  of  the  process,  and  of  the 
evidence  adduced  at  the  trial. 

4.  Justices  of  the  Peace  were  civil  officers  known  under  the 
charter  of  Gorges, — never  hitherto  in  the  Colony  of  Massachu- 
setts ;  the  Assistants  acting  as  Justices  through  the  jurisdiction. 
An  indefinite  number,  though  not  great,  was  now  appointed  and 
commissioned  for  each  county  by  the  Governor  with  advice  of 
Council ; — to  hold  their  offices  during  good  behavior.  Each 
one  had  jurisdiction  of  all  civil  causes  to  the  amount  of  40s.  and 
of  all  crimes,  so  far  as  to  commit  or  recognize  to  a  higher  tribu- 
nal, if  they  were  heinous,  and  to  punish  such  offences,  as  assaults 
and  batteries — violation  of  the  Sabbath — gaming — drunkenness — 
profanity — and  breaches  of  the  peace, — either  by  the  stocks, 
cage,  a  fine  of  20s.  and  even  stripes  not  exceeding  ten. 

5.  Probate  business,  until  the  colony  charter  was  vacated, 
was  transacted  in  the  County  Court.  But  in  1 687,  amidst  the 
changes  of  government,  Joshua  Scottow*  of  Scarborough,  was 
commissioned  Judge,  and  his  son  Thomas,  a  young  graduate  of 
Harvard  College,  was  appointed  recorder  for  Yorkshire. — Now, 
under  the  new  Province-charter,  a  Judge  and  Register  were 
commissioned  by  the  Executive,  during  good  behavior,  for  each 
County;  and  in  Yorkshire,  1693,  Francis  Hook  was  appointed 
Judge,  and  John  Wincoln,  Register.  Any  appeal  made  from 
this  Court,  went  directly  to  the  Governor  and  Council. 

6.  A  Court  of  Chancery  was  established  with  power,  "  to  hear 


*  Previously,  under  President  Danforth's  administration,  Mr.   Scottow 
had  been  one  of  the  Provincial  Council  of  Maine. 


Chap,  i.]  OF  MAINE.  17 

all  matters   of  equity,  not  relievable  at  common   law."     It  was  A,  D.  1692 
holden   in    Boston,    by    three    Commissioners,    assisted    by    five 
Masters  in  Cliancery, — all  of  whom  were  appointed  by  the  Gov- Chancery, 
ernor  and  Council. 

7.  There  was  likewise  an  American  Vice-Admiralty  Court ; '^'^^'^^^^^^ 
and  Wait  JVinthroj)*  was  appointed,  May  22,  1699,  by  the  crown, 
or  by  the  high  admiral  of  England,  the  Judge  for  New-England 
and  New- York.  Besides  this,  there  was  a  Provincial  Justiciary 
Court  of  Admirahy,  holden  by  the  Governor  and  Council,  sit- 
ting with  that  Judge  and  the  Secretary  of  State, — for  the  trial  of 
piracies  and  other  crimes,  committed  on  the  high  seas. 

From  any  decision  of  the  Provincial  judicatories  or  courts,  in  Appeals  to 
any  personal  action,  wherein  the   matter   in   difference   exceeded  ^''^ '^'■°^'"' 
£300  sterling,  an   appeal  was   allowed,   by  the  charter,  to  the 
king  in  council. 

To  revise  and  regulate  the  Militia,  a  statute  was  passed,  in  The  Miliiia. 
1693,  which  directed  all  the  male  inhabitants,  between  16  and 
60,  other  tiian  specified  exempts, f  to  be  enrolled  and  to  do 
military  duty  four  days  in  a  year  ;  who  were  all  to  be  well  armed 
and  equipped  wiih  a  firelock,  and  its  appendages,  furnished  at 
their  own  expense.  They  were  organized  by  the  Captain-Geti- 
eral  and  Commander-in-Chief,  into  companies,  severally  of  60 
men,  and  classed  into  regiments,  whose  musters  were  directed 
to  be  triennial.  All  military  officers  of  and  above  an  ensign's 
rank,  he  himself  without  the  advice  of  Council,  appointed  and 
commissioned  ;  and  all  under  that  rank  were  appointed  by  the 
captains.  On  any  alarm  given,  which  was  understood  to  be — a 
discharge  of  three  guns  in  succession  at  measured  intervals, — all 
the  soldiers  in  the  same  town  were  required,  under  heavy  pen- 
alties, to  convene  in  arms  at  the  usual  place  of  rendezvous,  and 
await  the  orders  of  iheir  officers.  But  no  officer  could  quarter 
or  billet  a  soldier  upon  any  other  inhabitant  than  an  innholder 
without  his  consent. 

All  christians,  except  papists,  were   expressly  allowed  by  the 


*  The  successive  Jiidg'es  of  tljis  Court  were  Messrs.  Atwood,  Mempes- 
son,  Nathaniel  Byfielri,  John  Menzis,  Robert  Achmiity,  and,  in  1747, 
Chambers  Riissel. — 1  Doug.  Summ.  p.  494. 

f  These  exempts   were  many — extending'  not  onlj'   to  all  members  of 
the  leg^islature,  ministers,  deacons,  and  all  judicial  and  executive  officers  ; 
but  to  Masters  of  Arts,  herdsmen,  and  sea  captains. 
Vol.  II  3 


Educailon 


18  tftl:  history  [Vol.  ii. 

A  D  KiB-i  charter,  "  liberty  of  conscience  in  the  worship  of  God."  No  at- 
tempt  to  legalize  the  old  platiorm  ot  church  government,  met 
caiaffairv  With  any  success  ;  nor  would  the  General  Court,  after  this  period, 
be  persuaded  to  interfere  in  any  ecclesiastical  disputes,  otherwise 
than  to  recommend  an  arbitrament  or  compromise.*  To  every 
church,  however,  was  given  and  secured,  by  a  new  law,  all  its 
former  rights  and  privileges  in  worship  and  discipline — also  the 
power  of  electing  its  own  niinister.  But  if  the  choice  was  non- 
concurred  by  the  town  voters,  a  council,  consisting  of  three  or 
five  neighboring  elders,  or  delegates  from  their  respective 
churches,  was  to  be  called, — whose  decision  was  by  the  statute 
of  1695,  to  be  conclusive.  One  great  and  important  duty  was 
still  enjoined  upon  towns  by  law, — which  required  them  to  be 
constantly  provided  widi  an  able,  learned  and  orthodox  ministry. 

In  defence  of  government,  justice,  liberty  and  religion,  the 
corner-pillars  of  the  community,  there  were  now  provided  with 
no  less  assiduity  than  formerly,  what  were  esteemed  their  indis- 
pensable safeguard  and  panoply,  viz. — schools  and  early  educa- 
tion ;  the  ardor  for  mental  culture  and  improvement  having  no- 
where undergone  any  abatement.  Nay,  such  was  still  the  public 
zeal  for  learning,  that  every  town  of  50  householders  was  by  a 
new  law  finable,  that  failed  to  employ  a  schoolmaster  constantly  ; 
and  when  the  town  embraced  twice  that  number  of  families,  the 
instructor  must  be  capable  of  teaching  the  sciences  and  learned 
languages. 

Land-titles  were  a  subject  of  great  importance  and  early  con- 
sideration. By  a  colony  ordinance  of  1652,  confirmed  by  stat- 
ute in  1692,  peaceable  possession,  five  years,  acquired  a  title  in 
fee-simple.  As  the  limitation,  however,  was  very  short,  the  law 
provided,  that  the  owner  should  not  lose  his  riglit,  if  he  pursued  his 
claim,  within  that  length  of  time,  after  the  close  of  the  present  or 
second  Indian  war.  This  provision  was  intended  for  the  particular 
benefit  of  the  settlers  in  Maine.  But  no  territorial  purchases  of 
the  Indians  were  considered  valid,  unless  they  were  sanctioned 
by  the  laws  and  usages,  extant  within  the  constituent  sections  of 
the  Province,  where  the  lands  lay. 
g;„  ^j.  In  short,  the  political  axioms  of  this  period,  drawn  into  a   stat- 

ute bill  of  rights,  and  passed  in  1692,   shew  in  a  more  peculiar 


t.and-i'tlej. 


ri;;!!!*. 


*  Nor  lias  any  SynoJ  since  been  called. — 2  Hutch.  Hist,  p   18. 


Chap,  i.]  of  Maine.  19 

manner  the  sentiment,  sense  and   intelHsence   of   the  federative  a,  D.  1692 

•  r   1  •      ri  '"  1<j93. 

community.  By  these,  no  one  might  be  despoiled  of  his  hber- 
ties,  or  rights,  except  by  the  judgment  of  his  peers  or  the  laws 
of  the  land.  Justice  shall  never  be  sold,  denied  nor  deferred  ; 
nor  shall  any  one  be  twice  tried,  or  sentenced  for  the  same  of- 
fence. All  trials  shall  be  by  juries  of  twelve  men,  or  by  prior 
established  law.  Bail  shall  always  be  allowed,  except  in  cases 
of  treason,  and  in  capital  felonies  ;  wherein  reasonable  ch'illenges 
shall  be  granted  at  the  trials.  Writs  of  habeas  corpus  shall  never  [l^^^l'^^J'^* 
be  prohibited, — 'nor  shall  any  tax  be  levied  or  laid  upon  the  Taxes, 
people,  without  an  act  of  the  legislature.'* 

Former  laws  were  perpetuated  for  a  period,  by  a  special  statute,  ^ ,     , 

'       '         _  '  "^        _  '  Oilipr  Laws 

till  opportunity  was  given,  either  to  amend,  to  revise  or  re-enact  and  usages. 
them  ; — all  usages  retained  and  practices  approved — as  the  legal 
expletives  of  such  legislative  acts  as  remained  unrevived,  if  not 
inconsistent  with  the  charter,  becoming  in  after  time  the  accredit- 
ed parts  of  our  '  common  law.'  For  the  furtherance  of  justice, 
any  judgment  rendered  in  the  courts  of  Yorkshire,  since  1686, 
might,  by  a  provisional  law,  be  reviewed  in  the  new  court  of  Com- 
mon Pleas.  Judicial  process  and  legal  remedies  became  as- 
similated, by  degrees,  to  the  free  principles  of  the  English  com- 
mon law ; — a  code,  in  most  of  its  parts,  too  sacred  in  the  peo- 
ples' view,  ever  to  be  touched  by  a  despotic  hand.  Inheritances 
were  made  divisible  or  partible,  equally  among  heirs,  excepting 
to  the  oldest  son  a  double  portion.  Every  justice  of  the  peace 
was  authorized  to  solemnize  marriages  within  his  county  ;  and 
every  settled  minister  within  his  town.  But  all  questions  of  di- 
vorce and  alimony,  were  committed  to  the  decision  of  the  Gov- 
ernor and  Council.  Rules  were  given  to  counties  for  the  man- 
agement of  their  prudential  affairs  ;  also  particular  duties  and  re- 
strictions were  prescribed  to  licensed  houses.  The  powers  and 
obligations  of  towns  were  revised  in  the  choice  and  number  of 
town  officers ;  in  the  support  of  their  poor  ;  in  the  repairs  of  their 
highways ;  and  in  the  regulation  of  public  ferries,  and  even  of 
fences  between  man  and  man.  Nay,  almost  every  object  of  con- 
siderable importance,  or  public   utility,  received  the  particular 


*  But  the  Crown  refused  to  approve  this  Bill,  for  the  ministry  foresaw 
that  if  the  act  was  approved,  it  would  be  a  security  against  parliamentary 
taxation. 


20  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II. 

A.  D  1692  attention  of  the  General  Court,  within  its  first  three  or  four  years 
of  legislation,   under  the  province  charter.     Nor   will  the  writer 

Remarks,  be  charged  with  a  needless  multiplication  of  remarks  upon  the 
form  of  government,  and  the  general  administration  of  affairs — 
when  their  importance  is  realized,  and  when  it  is  further  consid- 
ered, many  of  the  most  prominent  laws  and  regulations,  occasion- 
ally revised  and  amended,  were  not  only  continued  in  operation 
till  the  American  revolution,  but  are  the  foundation  of  the  "  acts" 
that  fill  our  present  statute  books. 

In  no  department,  it  is  said   by  able  civilians,  do  the  lights  and 

Criminal         ,      t  r  i    ?  i  i-        i 

Laws.  shades  oi  a  people  s  ])ublic  cliaracter  appear  more  conspicuous, 
than  in  their  code  of  '  crinunal  law,'' — in  the  scale  and  species 
of  penalties  and  punishments.  If  European  governments,  in 
their  progress,  tarnish  its  pages  with  more  and  more  blood,  it  is  a 
happy  consideration,  that  with  us,  practical  experience  and  im- 
proved policy,  have  taken  a  juster  view  of  crimes,  and  pursued 
them  with  a  correspondent  moderation  as  to  penalties.  By  ed- 
ucating the  mind,  and  deepening  the  moral  sense,  crimes  may  be 
prevented — not  by  aggravating  the  forfeitures,  or  sliarpening  the 
punishments.     According   to  a  classification  in  the   code   at  that 

offences^'"' ^^'^^  enacted, — murder,  treason,  piracy,  rape,  robbery  on  a  sec- 
ond conviction,  bestiality,  arson,  polygamy,  and  witchcraft  were  all 
capital  crimes :  Burglary,  forgery,  blasphemy,  perjury,  adultery 
and  larceny  were  public  offences  of  the  second  class  :  and  the 
third  embraced  assaults  and  batteries,  gambling,  drunkenness, 
frauds,  usury,  sabbath-breaking,  and  ail  breaches  of  the  peace. 

Though  among  the  penalties  and  punishments,  torture  no  lon- 
ger makes  its  appearance,  ingenuity  seems  to  have  been  not  a 
little  exerted  in  the  work  of  inventing  new  and  various  kinds  and 
modes  ; — some  of  which  were  cruel  if  not  barbarous.  In  truth, 
that  age,  mistaken  as  it  was,  appeared  determined  to  try  by  tests 
of  experiment,  what  indelible  marks  of  disgiace  upon  the  body 
could  effect,  towards  preventing  crimes,  and  reforming  the  heart 
and  habits  of  the  offender.  For,  besides  a  confinement  in  the 
pillory,  stocks  or  cage,  and  sitting  on  the  gallows,  convicts  were 
whipped  ;  their  foreheads  branded  ;  their  ears  cut  off  or  nailed 
to  a  post ;  and  the  tongue  of  a  convicted  blasphemer,  perforated 
with  a  redhot  iron.  Even  ten  stripes  might  be  hiflicted  by  a 
constable,  in  execution  of  a  sentence  awarded  by  a  justice  of  the 
peace. 


Chap,  i.]  of  Maine.  21 

Idolatry  and  heresy,  which  had  been  capital,  were  no  longer  A.  D.  1692 
considered  offences  punishable  by  law  ;  and  it  is  greatly  to  be  re- 
gretted, that  a  page  of  the  statute  book  should  be  again  sullied,  by 
a  re-enactment  recorded  against  witchcraft, — more  especially  since 
the  penalty  affixed  was  death.*  If  such  a  crime  were  ever  com- 
mitted, the  difficulty  of  proving  it,  necessarily  borders  on  utter 
impossibility.  The  trials  of  the  accused  were  principally  in  Sa- 
lem (Massachusetts);  and  the  height  of  t!ie  delusion  was  in  1692, 
when  the  country  was  involved  in  a  bloody  v/ar  with  the  eastern 
Indians.     Of  the  whole  number,  convicted  of  witchcraft,  19  were. 

Witchcrart. 

executed  ;  and  fifty  others  were  prisoners  in  close  confinement, 
when  the  spell  was  dissolved,  and  this  master  spirit  of  delusion, 
became  effectually  expelled  from  distempered  and  credulous 
minds,  by  force  of  good  sense  and  sound  principles  in  religion 
and  reason. 

Though  we  have  no  record  of  a  conviction  for  this  crime  in 

Ciieor*^e 

Maine  ;  a  single  case  of  one,  formerly  an  inhabitant,  may  without  Hurmughs' 
impropriety  be  mentioned.     George  Burroughs,  a  native  of  Essex 
county,  and  a  worthy  minister  of  the  gospel,  who  preached    at 
Falmouth  between  1(385  and  90,  was  arrested  at  Danvers,  and 
tried  for  whchcraftf  at  Salem,  in  1692,  on  three  indictments  ;  and 


*  To  encounter  a  '  demoniacal  spirit  of  delusion,'  a  colony  ordinance  was 
passed  against  ivilchcrafl  in  1646.  The  first  execution  under  it,  was  at 
Charlcstovvn  in  1650.  There  were  several  otlier  cases  in  different  parts  of 
New-Eng-land  before  ]68S,  when  the  infatuation  became  more  dreadful; 
and  in  the  course  of  three  or  four  successive  years,  fdied  Massachusetts 
with  misery  and  alarm.  The  sufferers  said  tliey  were  pinched,  pressed  and 
otherwise  tortured  by  an  invisible  hand— accusing-  some  one,  who  was 
hence  soon  arrested  and  tried. — See2  Hutch.  Hist.  p.  22-62. 

t  The  Indictment  alleged— '  that  the  said  Burroughs,  late  of  Falmoiilh, 
'  Clerk,  on  the  9th  day  of  May  current,  and  divers  days  and  times  before 
'  and  since  at  Salem,  certain  detestable  acts,  called  witchcrafts  and  sorce- 
'  ries,  wickedly  and  feloniously  hatli  nsed,  practised  and  exercised,  in  and 
'  upon  one  Mary  Walcot  of  Salem  village,  singlewoman  ;  by  which  said 

*  wicked  acts— she  is  tortured,  afflicted,   wasted   and  tormented against 

'  the  peace,  and  contrary  to  the  form  of  (he  statute  in  such  case  made  and 

'provided.' He  pleaded,  that  he  was  '■'■  not  guilty.'" — On  the  trial  the 

evidence  was  such  as  follows  : — One  witness  said,  upon  oath,  '  I  have  seen 
'  Burrougtis  put  his  finger  into  the  muzzle  of  a  gun  and  hold  it  out  straight: 
'  and  though  he  said  an  Indian  present  did  the  same,  none  of  us  could  re- 
'  collect  an  Indian  was  present,  and  we  supposed  the  being  must  have  been 
'the  blackman,  or  the  devil,  who' (they  swore  they  had  no  doubt)  '  looks 
'like  an  Indian.' 


22  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II. 

A.D.  1693.  though  the  evidence  was  of  a  most  extraordinary  and  incredible 
character,  the  jury  returned  verdicts  of  Guilty  on  each  of  them  ; 
— and  he  was  executed.*     Fortunately,  however,  for  the  honor 
of  humanity,  he  was  among  the  last  suiferers.     The  doors  were 
soon  thrown  open  to  the  wretched  prisoners  ;  and  all  witcl;craft, 
with  the  prosecutions  ceased. 
Gnv.  piiips       The  administration  of  Sir  William  Phips  continued  only  about 
letaiied      ^^^^  years  and   a  half.     To  answer   for  some  personal    violence 
done  to  Brenton,  the  collector  of  the  customs,  and  to  Short,  cap- 
tain of  the  Nonesuch  frigate  in  Boston-harbor,  both  of  whom  had 
refused  to  obey  the  Governor's  orders,  he  was  required  to   make 
ii's4 '^■'      his  appearance  at  Court.     He  embarked  for   London   Nov.    17, 
H.sdeaih.    i(394^-j-  vvlicre  he  died  the  ensuing  February.     He  was  a  man  of 
benevolent  disposition  and   accredited    piety,   though  sometimes 
unable  to  repress  the  ebullitions  of  temper.     He   was  not  only 

Samuel  Webber  testified  (hat  he,  while  living-  at  Casco  bay,  conversed 
with  Burroughs  about  his  g-reat  strength,  when  he  said — "  I  have  put  my 
"  fingers  into  the  bunghole  of  a  barrel   of  molasses,  and  lifted  it  up,  and 

"  carried  it  around  me  and  set  it  down  again." Susannah  Shelden  swore, 

that  '  Mr.  Burroughs''  apparition  came  and  told  her,  he  had  killed  both  his 

'  wives,  two  of  his  own  and   three  of  his   neighbors'   children.' Jlercy 

Lewis  testified  thus — "  Mr.  Burroughs  took  me  up  on  a  high  mountain 
"  and  shewed  me  all  tiie  kingdoms  of  the  earth,  and  offered  them  to  me  if 
"  I  would  write  in  his  book;" — declaring,  lic'd  '•  throw  me  down  and  break 
"  my  neck,  if  I  would  not."     '  I  keep,  (said  he)  the  devil,  a  servant  in  my 

»  shop.' Ann  Pulman  stated  on  the  stand,  to  this  purport. — '  On  the  8th 

» of  May  instant,  I  saw  the  apparition  of  Burroughs;  it  grievously  tortured 
'  me  and  urged  me  to  write  in  his  book.  Presently  the  forms  of  two  women 
»  appeared  to  me  in  winding  sheets  with  napkins  about  their  heads.  They 
'  looked  very  red  and  angry  on  Burroughs,  and  said  tlieir  blood  cried  for 
>■  vengeance  against  him ; — and  thetj  should  be  clothed  in  heaven  with  while 
'  robes,  and  he  would  be  cast  down  to  hell.  His  spectre  then  vanished  away  ; 
'  and  they  told  me  they  xcere  Burroughs''  (wo  wives — he  had  murdered  them  : 
'And  Jhs.  Lnioson  and  her  daughter  told  me  this  morning,  he  had  murder- 
'ed  them.'— Sec  6  Coll.  Mass.  Hist.  Soc.  265— 271.— Also  trials  (f  witches 

VI  Suffolk  [En g.)  published  A.  D.  1684 Mr.  Burroughs  was  graduated  at 

Harvard  College,  A.  D.  1670,  late  in  life  for  a  man  to  close  a  classical 
course: — yet  it  seems  his  object  was  to  qualify  himself  for  the  ministry. 

*  J^eaVs  JVew-England.—2  Hutch.  Hist.  b8-G\.—Sull.  208-12.— One  ac- 
count says  he  was  80  years  old. — [6  Coll.  JIass.  His.  Soc.  26S  ;]  but  this 
must  be  a  mistake. — 1  Doug.  Sum.  450-1. 

f  Governor  Phips  was  at  Pemaquid  in  May,  1694,  and  there  obtained 
from  Madockawando,  a  deed  of  the  lands  at  St.  Georges'  River. — 2  Hutch. 
fJiif.  p.  72 


Chap,  t.]  of  maixe.  23 

energetic  and  exceedingly  persevering  in  his  purposes;  but  he  A.  D.  1C94. 
possessed  good  abilities,  unsullied  integrity  and  strong  attachments. 
His  unremitting  assiduities  to  promote  the  best  interests  of  Maine, 
the  Province  of  his  nativity,  and  to  enforce  measures  devised 
for  its  defence  and  relief,  are  evidences,  monumental  of  his  pat- 
riotism and  his  high  sense  of  obligation  and  duly. 

After  his  conquest   of  Nova   Scotia,   in    1690,  Massachusetts  NWa  Sco- 
assumed  the  government  of  that  Province ;  appointed  John   Nel-  j  ^^]^^„^ 
son,  Governor ;  and  gave   commissions  to  judges,  justices   and  <^o^- 
other  officers.     But  the  Acadian  Provincials  consisted  of  a  mixed  ^j^^  ^^^^j^ 
race,  some  born  in  the  country, — some  French  emigrants — some  «"*• 
resident  traders — some  half  breeds  of  Indian  extraction,   with   a 
few  English  ;  and  the  most  of  them   were  lamentably   ignorant, 
poor  and  miserable.     Naturally  attached  to  the  French   interests, 
and  bigoted  to  the  Romish   religion,  they  were   under  the   des- 
potic influence  of  the  Jesuit  missionaries ;  and  though  they  took 
the  oath  of  allegiance  to  the  English  crown,   they   had    changed 
masters  so  many  times,  that  no  confidence  could  be  placed   in 
their  fidelity.     Required  by  both  to  obey   and  yet   protected   by 
neither  ;    they    became    dispirited, — and   tamely    obsequious    to 
any   power,   that  would  permit  them   and  their   families  to  live. 
Even  they  had  in  a  partial  degree,  corrupted  their  language  with 
half-English  words.* 

Villebon,  appointed  Governor  of  the  country,  established   him-^. 
self  at  St.  John,t  seized  Nelson  and  sent  him   to  Quebec;!  or- Cov.aiSi. 

John. 

dering  the  English  flag  to  be  struck  at  Port-Royal,  Nov.  26, 
1691,  and  the  French  flag  hoisted.  He  then  opened  a  lucrative 
trade  with  the  Indians ;  supplying  them  with  arms,  provisions  and 
warlike  stores,  without  which  they  could  not  have  continued  the 
war.  In  1692  and  5,  unsuccessful  attempts  were  made  to  re- ^  ^  jg^^ 
move  Villebon  ;  as  Massachusetts  considered  herself  in  virtual 
possession  of  the  Province,  especially  the  great  peninsula.  The 
people  chose  deputies,  and  in  some  places,  selectmen — being 
officers  borrowed  from  the  New-England  colonies ;  yet  there  was 
no  regular  system  of  government.  In  case  of  a  general  disturb- 
ance, or  any  affair  of  public  interest ;  a  village  or  district  was 
convened,  a  consultation  had,  and  a  messenger  sent  with  prayers 
or  complaints  to  their  Governors. 


*  2  Hutch.  Hist.  p.  13-37-93.        f  Called' Naxoat.— 2  Hutch.  Hist.  p.  98. 
1 1  Coll.  Mass.  Hist.  Soc.  p.  136,  3d  Series. 


24  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  11. 

A.D.  1G95.  But  after  the  capture  of  Fort  William  Henry,  and  a  nominal 
Massac-iui-  repossession  of  Nova-Scotia,  in  1696,  by  the  French  ;  Massachu- 
Nova  Sco-   setts  was  convinced   of  her  inability  to   recover  or   protect  the 

tin  10  the  _  ■' 

Crown.  country,  though  within  her  charter ;  and  therefore  she  suppli- 
cated the  crown,  to  be  relieved  from  any  further  expense  in  de- 
fending it;  praying  that  Port-Royal  and  St.  John's  might  be  gar- 
risoned at  the  national  charge.*  This  was  equivalent  to  a  resig- 
nation of  her  jurisdictional  rights  to  JVova-Scotia,  which  were 
never  afterwards  reclaimed  by  her.  She  permitted  an  inter- 
course with  Port-Royal  and  other  places,  till  she  found,  that  ves- 
sels, under  color  of  carrying  provisions  and  necessaries  to  the 
suffering  inhabitants,  were  actually  freighted  with  military  sup- 
plies,— when  she  forbade  all  trade  whatever  to  that  Province. f 

Protects  On  the  contrary,  Maine  and  Sagadahock,  not  only  united  with 

Massachusetts  by  the  charter,  but  by  the  stronger  ties  of  com- 
munity and  attachment,  were  objects  of  her  unremitting  care  and 
protection.  Though  she  was  herself  in  a  distressed  condition,^ 
her  treasury  exhausted,  her  public  credit  low,  and  her  expendi- 
ture great ;  and  though  perplexed  with  an  uncommon  maledic- 
tion, produced  by  the  inftituations  of  witchcraft  mentioned,  she 
constantly  exercised  a  provident  liberality  towards  this  eastern 
country.  In  the  new  and  equal  administration,  she  extended  to 
it  and  its  inhabitants,  where  any  remained,  all  the  favors  of  a 
good,  a  protective  and  a  watchful  government.  Troops  were  sent 
hither  from  year  to  year,  whose  support  and  supplies  incurred 
great  expense.  Besides  the  erection  of  Fort  William  Henry, 
Major  Converse,  in  1693,  built  a  strong  stone  fort  at  Saco  falls, J 
in  which  a  small  garrison  was  kept  till  the  close  of  the  war.  The 
next  year,  the  zeal  of  Gov.  Phips  carried  him  too  far  for  his  own 
reputation,  in  his  endeavors  to  urge  Short,  captain  of  the  None- 
such frigate,  to  cruise  upon  the  eastern  coast,  in  search  of  pica- 
roons and  privateers.  Every  expedient  was  adopted  to  preserve 
and  defend  the  country.  A  bounty  of  £50  was  offered  in  1695-6, 
for  every  Indian  woman  or  child  under  14  years,  taken  prisoner, 
or  for  an  older  Indian's  scalp,  produced  at  the  board  of  vvar.§ 
For  three  years  or  more,  the  portion  of  the  public  or  Province 
taxes  assigned  to  Yorkshire  were  wholly  remitted.      Special  en- 


*  5  Mass.  Rec.  p.  579,                 |  1  Halliburton's  N.  Scotia,  p.  79. 
I  Fort  Mary.  ^  5  Mas.s.  Rcc.  p.  437 2  Hoi.  A.  Ann.  p.  10. 


Chap,  i.]  OF  Maine.  25 

couragements,  in  the  midst  of  the  war,  were  offered  the  people  to  a.  d.  ifi9G. 
abide  in  their  habitations  and  defend  their  remaining  possessions. 
The  plantation  of  Newichavvannock  was  revived  in  the  very 
heart  of  the  war.  To  encourage  the  pious  settlers,  so  struggling 
with  war  and  want,  the  General  Court  made  them  a  gratuity 
towards  the  support  of  a  gospel  ministry ; — religion  being  pat- 
ronized as  indispensable  to  the  welfare  of  every  new  settlement. 
The  emigration  also  of  French  protestants  was  much  favored ; 
who,  fleeing  from  the  sword  of  persecution,  were  received  with 
open  arms  ;  while  those  of  that  nation  who  were  "  of  a  contra- 
ry religion,"  had  been,  in  1692,  forbidden  by  a  legislative  statute, 
to  reside  or  be  in  any  of  the  seaports  or  frontier  towns  i.n  the 
Province,  without  license  from  the  Governor  and  Council. 

A  few  facts  will  show  the  indigence  and  distress  of  the  re-  indigence 
maining  inhabitants  in  Yorkshire  towards  the  close  of  the  war.  gj^ii^e'"^'' 
They  were  even  unable  to  pay  their  county  taxes.  Nor  could 
they  so  much  as  repair  their  gaol,  and  render  it  sufficiently  strong 
and  secure  to  hold  culprits,  till  the  General  Court  had  given  or- 
ders to  Joseph  Curtis,  the  sheriff  of  the  county,  to  expend  the 
fine-money  in  his  hands  for  that  purpose.  So  feeble  and  strait- 
ened were  the  people  of  York,  two  or  three  years  after  the  town 
was  ravaged  and  despoiled  by  the  enemy,  that  they,  in  their  cor- 
porate capacity,  contracted  with  a  gentleman  from  Portsmouth,  to 
erect  a  mill  for  grinding  their  corn  ;  giving  him,  as  a  reward,  the 
site  itself,  the  use  of  the  stream,  and  a  lot  of  land,  with  some 
peculiar  privileges  in  cutting  timber,  and  agreeing,  that  they  and 
the  inhabitants  would  always  afterwards  carry  their  corn  and 
grain  to  that  mill,  so  long  as  it  were  kept  in  repair.*  A  similar 
enterprize  was  undertaken,  in  1693,  by  John  Wheelwright  of 
Wells,  upon  Cape-Porpoise  river.  He  proposed  to  erect  a  saw- 
mill there,  and  the  General  Court  thought  it  expedient  to  encour- 
age him,  by  permitting  him  to  take  board-logs,  from  the  public 
lands. f  To  persuade  the  people  of  Wells,  either  to  rebuild  or 
repair  their  principal  garrison,  all  their  taxes  were  remitted  to 
them,  in  1 696 — beside  the  supplies  actually  furnished  for  their 
support  and  defence. 

The  great  interests  which  Massachusetts  possessed  in  Maine, 


*  .3  Coll.  Mass.  Hist.  Soc.  p.  S.  f  5  Mass.  Rec.  p.  287. 

Vol.  II.  4 


26  TFIE  HISTORY  [VoL.    II. 

A.D.  ifi'JG.  were  not  only  affected  by  the  war, — they  were  indirectly,  though 
Actsof  Par- sensibly  touched  by  Parliament.  For  that  legislature  enacted, 
iriandsand  (in  1 G96)  that  no  charter  proprietor  of  lands  in  America,  should 
nav.fjaiion.  ^^jj  ^j^^^^  ^^  ^^^^  ^^j^^^  ^^^^^  natural  born  subjects,  without  a  license 

from  the  crown.*  Another  act  of  equal  importance,  though  of  a 
different  character,  renewedly  required,  that  all  ships  in  the  plan- 
tation trade,  should  be  English  or  plantation  built,  and  their  car- 
goes registered  as  English  or  plantation  property.  About  the 
Hnarii  of  ^j^^^g   ^1-,^  <  ]\j-g^  Board  of  trade,'  styled  "  The  Lords  Com- 

irade  ami  '  •'  t-«       i        i 

piaiiiaiions.  missioners  for  trade  a7id  plantations,^''  was  estahWshed  in  England 
consisting  of  seven  members.     To  these  the  Provincial  Governors 
were  to  make  all  their  communications,  and  from   them    receive 
their  instructions. 
A.D.  IC97.      These  colonial  regulations  were  followed  by  the  treaty  of  Rys- 
Treatjnf    wick,  Sept.   11,  1697,   before   mentioned,  which  happily  put   a 
Rvswick.     gpggjy  period  to  the  war   in   America. — By    the   7th    article,    it 
Nova  SCO-  was  stipulated,  that  mutual  restitution  should  be  made  of  all  the 
tiamiceded  ^^j^^j^,.  "^^^   colonies  and  forts,  taken  by  either  party  during  the 
'''■'""'''•       7var;  in  virtue  of  which,  unfortunately,  Acadia  or  Nova  Scotia, 
without  any  definite  boundaries,  returned  once  more  to  the  undis- 
puted possession  of  the  French.     Neither  in  the  war,  nor  in  the 
treaty,  was   any   thing  effectually  done  towards  determining  the 
western  limits  of  that  Province.     Only  in  this,  as  in  the  treaty  of 
Breda,  provision  was  merely  made  for  the  appointment  of  com- 
missioners to  setde  that   question.     Meanwhile,  the  state  of  the 
Boll,  they    case  spontaneously  revived  the  controversy  j—JPmnce,  by  treaty,  and 
chuseur""'  Massachusetts,  by  charter,  both  strenuously  claiming  the  Sagada- 
dahock^"'" hock  jrrovince,    or  country  between  Kennebeck  and  St.    Croix. 
Moreover  the  French,  not  content  with   their   territorial   posses- 
sions eastward,  presently  undertook  to  make  themselves  sole  pro- 
prietors of  the  eastern  fisheries,  and  even  proceeded   to  take  pos- 
session of  Louisiana. f 
A.D.  1693.      In  the  summer  of  1698,  a  frigate  on  her  passage  from  France 
to  Port-Royal,   meeting  with  an  English  colonial  fishing  vessel, 
near  Cape  Sable,  gave  the  master   a  translated  order  from  the 
French  king,  authorizing  the  seizure  of  all   English  vessels  found 

*  2  Holmes'  A.  Ann.  p.  32. 

•i- Origin  of  the  French  claim  to   the   river  JVlississippi.     Counfry    pur- 
chased by  the  United  States,  A.  D.  1803. 


Chap,  i.]  of  Maine.  27 

fishing  on  the  coast.     He   was  also  told,  to  give  all   other  vessels  \.  D.  )698. 
notice  of  the  order  ;  Bonaventure,  in  the  Enviux,  soon  afterwards 
boarding  several  and  sending  them  to  their  homes,  with  a  similar 
errand. 

'  Governor  Villebon  was  more  definite.  In  his  letter,  Sept.  5,  yXbon 
from  St  John,*  to  Lieutenant-Governor  Stoughton,  he  stated,  g^™^^,|°^^ 
that  he  was  directed  by  his  royal  master,  to  maintain  his  claim  j;;;j^jj,'g^'g*;' 
to  the  country,  as  far  westward  as  Kennebeck  river  from  its 
source  to  its  mouth — leaving  the  course  of  the  river  free  to  both 
nations ;  that  the  Indians  dwelling  upon  its  banks,  must  no  longer 
be  considered  subjects  of  the  English  crown  but  free  natives  ; 
and  that  all  American  fishermen,  on  the  coast,  or  traders  to  the 
French  ports,  eastward  of  that  river,  will  be  seized  :  For,  said  he, 
you  cannot  be  ignorant  how  plainly  "  it  is  prohibited  by  the  treaty 
"  between  the  two  crowns,  which  you  yourself  sent  to  me."  To 
strengthen  the  claim  and  secure  the  alliance  of  the  Canibas 
tribe,  the  French  this  year  built  at  Norridgework,  a  catholic  chap- 
el ;  and  this  was  followed  by  a  frequent  epistolary  correspondence, 
between  Ralle,  the  '  resident  missionary,  and  the  Governors  of 
Canada  and  Nova  Scotia. 

When  complaints  of  these  encroachments  were  presented  to  Pemaquid 
the  Lords  of  Trade  and  Plantations,  they  replied,  that  they  should 
always  insist  "  on  the  English  right  as  far  as  the  river  St  Croix  ;" 
and  strongly  urged  the  government  of  Massachusetts  "  to  rebuild 
"  the  fort  at  Pemaquid ;" — a  work,  they  said,  "  which  ought 
"  long  before  to  have  been  done." 

The  controversy  was   renewed — proceeding   upon  the  former  Therio-lu  to 
grounds  taken  by  the  disputants.     The  French  still  insisted,  that j^o^k Indis- 
"  Acadia'^  was  expressly  conceded  to  them  by  the  treaties  of  P"*^' 
St.  GermainSjf  of    Breda, J   and  now  of    Ryswick — a  country 
which  in  fact  extended  much  farther  westward  than  Kennebeck ; 
and  that  they  had  always  claimed,  and  frequently  occupied,  as  far 
as  that  river.     But  the  English  contended,  that  ^^  JVova  Scotia*^ 
was  the  Province  resigned,  and  no  more  ;  and  that  when  the  two 
crowns  were  in   alliance,  and   Andros   was   Provincial   Governor 
under  James  II,  he  established  a  garrison  at  Pemaquid,  and  took 
possession  of  Penobscot.     It  is  true,  the  question  was  somewhat 


*  In  1700,  the  entire  garrison  and  settlement  removed  to  Port-Royal, 
t  Ante,  A.  D.  1632.  f  Ante,  A.  D.  1668. 


28  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II. 

A.  D.  1699.  embarrassed  by  Lord  Cromwell's  charter  of  the  country,  granted 
forty-two  years  before,  to  Sir  Thomas  Temple  ;*  by  which  the 
western  limits  were  fixed  at  St.  Georges'  river,  or  perhaps  Mus- 
congus.  Even  John  Nelson,  before  mentioned,  when  a  prisoner 
in  Paris,  wrote,  January  26,  1G98,  that  though  the  French  and 
Indians  should  claim  to  Kennebeck,  they  might,  without  much 
difficulty,  be  restrained  to  the  river  St.  Georges,  "  for,"  added 
he,  "  this  was  always  the  ancient  boundary  in  my  late  uncle 
Thomas  Temple's  patent. "f 
i\iny  26.  RicHARD  fiff?'/ Bellamont  arrived  at  Boston,  May  26,   1699, 

„;„[,',  ^„^..^' from  New-York,  of  which  he  was  the  Governor,  and  now  also 
Piiips^  '^'  ^^^^  successor  of  Sir  William  Phips.  Thoroughly  acquainted 
with  the  nature  and  extent  of  the  eastern  claim,  as  pursued  by 
the  officers  of  the  French,  and  knowing  the  intrigues  of  that  cab- 
inet widi  the  Stuart  succession  of  kings,  he  in  his  speeches  to 
the  General  Court  expressed  himself  with  warmth  upon  those 
subjects  ;  not  failing  at  the  same  time  to  exalt  his  royal  master. 
Divine  Providence,  (said  the  Governor,)  in  bringing  to  pass  tiie 
late  happy  and  wonderful  revolution  in  England,  has  been  pleased 
to  make  king  William,  the  glorious  instrument  of  our  deliverance, 
from  the  odious  fetters  and  chains  of  popery  and  despotism, 
which  had  been  artfully  used  to  enslave  our  consciences  and 
subvert  all  our  civil  rights.  It  is  too  well  known  what  nation 
that  king  favored,  of  what  religion  he  died,  and  no  less,  what 
must  have  been  the  execrable  treachery  of  him,  who  parted  with 
Acadia  or  Nova  Scotia  and  the  noble  fishery  on  that  coast.  But 
his  present  Majesty,  a  true  English  king,  entirely  in  the  interest 
of  his  people,  has  restored  to  our  nation  the  character  of  valor 
and  greatness,  exposing  his  royal  person,  in  the  fronts  of  our 
batdes. 
J.  Bridges,  In  tlic  short  administration  of  Lord  Bellamont,  the  public  atten- 
vcyor  Gen-  tion  was  particularly  turned  towards  the  Provinces  of  Maine  and 
Sagadahock.  By  the  charter,  all  timber  trees  upon  the  crown 
lands,  two  feet  in  diameter  12  inches  from  the  ground,  were  re- 
served for  the  use  of  the  royal  navy ;  and  any  person  felling  a 
tree  of  that  size,   without  license,  incurred   a   penalty   of  £100 


*  Ante,  A.  D.  1656-7,  p.  .-503. 

1 1  Coll.  k'^Iuss.  Ilisl.  Soc.  \}.  136, 3d  scries.— 3  Charlevoix's  JV.  F.  \\  348-9. — 
He  says  Villieuand  a  British  envoy,  agreed  upon  St.  Georg^es  as  the  boun- 
<lary.     But  quere  ? 


Chap,  t.]  of  imaine.  29 

sterling.  The  first  surveyor-general  was  JoAn  ^riofg-es.  He  was  A.  i).  if/J9. 
commissioned  by  the  king,  and  came  over  with  Lord  Bellamoiit. 
His  jurisdiction  embraced  New-England.  He  usually  had  four 
deputy  surveyors;  and  in  a  few  years,  the  annual  charge  was 
about  £800  sterling.*  Often  called  in  the  course  of  their  duties, 
to  deal  with  wood  cutters  and  rough  men,  they  found  the  respon- 
sibilities of  their  trust  creat,  and  its  performance  sometimes  diffi- 
cult. 

But  it  was  among  the  greatest   anxieties  prevailing  on  the  re- 
turn of  peace,  to  revive  the  wasted  and  weakened  towns  and  set- 
tlements of  this  eastern  country.     Destitute  of  homes,  yet  attach- 
ed to  the  places  of  their  birth,   hundreds   of  freeholders,   or  the 
heirs  of  deserted  realties,  returned,  during  the  season,  and   visit- 
ed former  abodes,  or  half  wilderness  lands  ;  many  repaired  their 
dilapidated  cottages,  and  more  perhaps  constructed   new  habita- 
tions.    Men  with  their  families  removed  to  the  peninsula  of  Cas-  Falmomh, 
CO,  Purpooduck  and  Spurwink,  in  Falmouth;  to  Black-point  and  .sa'co  and' 
Blue-point    in   Scarborough  ;    to    Winter-Harbor  and   the    Falls  vived.^ 
in    Saco ;    to    Cape-Porpoise  ;    and    to    Cape-Neddock ; — and 
during  the  present  and  succeeding  summer,  those  places  were  re- 
peopled   with   several  abiding  families.     To   assist  York,  Wells,  y^^.,^  ^^|j_ 
and  Kittery,  "  including  the  precinct  of  Berwick," — towns  which  \y^'iu"^ 
had  survived  the  war,  and  were  struggling  with  embarrassments  ;  s's'^d. 
the  General  Court,  within  the  period  of  three  or  four  years,  grant- 
ed them  more  than  £100,  out  of  the  public  treasury,  towards  the 
support   of  a   gospel   ministry.     Besides  these   encouragements, 
Wells  in   particular,  was  aided  in  building  a  meeting-liouse  by  a 
generous  public  donation.     Settlements  were  also  undertaken  on 
both  sides  of  Pejepscot  Lower   Falls, f  by  gentlemen  of  energy  I'cjepsrot. 
and  pecuniary  ability  ;  and  those,  as  well  as  the  preceding  towns, 
might  have  risen  and  flourished,  had  not  some   adventitious  cir- 
cumstances soon  prevented. 

A  false  and  malicious  report  was  fabricated  and  sent  into  cir- xheindans 
culation  among  the  Indians,   representing,  that  though   they,  by  foi^eTeiwru 
the  late  treaty,  were  the  king's  subjects,  and  had  a  pledge  of  his 
protection  ;  his  Majesty's  colonists  were   preparing  to   fall   upon 
the  tribes  and  utterly  extirpate  them.     So  much   were  they  pro- 

*  1  Dou<v.  Sum.  p.  484. 

t  3  JJass.  Hist.  Soc.  p.  141. — F]speciall\'  To^jsliarri. 


30  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  11. 

A.  D.  1699.  voked  and  incensed  by  this  story,  that  many  of  them  strove  to 
excite  a  general  insurrection.  The  rumor  probably  originated 
among  the  French.*  Callieres,  successor  of  Count  Frontenac,f 
now  engaged  in  establishing  a  treaty  with  the  Five  Nations,  or 
Mohawks,  was  determined  to  destroy,  if  possible,  the  subsisting 
harmony  and  peace  between  the  English  colonists  and  the  eastern 
natives.  These  he  intended  to  make  his  own  steadfast  and  per- 
petual allies  ;  and  his  emissaries,  more  malevolent  than  himself, 
were  the  authors  and  heralds  of  the  false  and  mischievous  story. 
The  (jov-  As  it  could  not  be  foreseen  to  what  height  this  excitement 
ciamaiioii.  might  rise,  the  Governor  issued  his  proclamation,  cautioning  the 
people,  and  requiring  them  to  give  the  Indians  no  just  provoca- 
tion ;  to  watch  their  motions  and  behavior  ;  and  to  adopt  all  prac- 
ticable means  for  their  own  safety  and  defence,  if  any  injury 
should  be  offered. J  Town-watches  were  also  required,  by  stat- 
ute, to  be  kept  from  nine  in  the  evening  till  morning.  The  pub- 
lic, however,  being  disturbed,  nothing  could  fully  allay  their  fears. 
They  entertained  strong  suspicions,  though  without  cause,  that 
the  frontiers  were  actually  infested  with  hostile  savages. 
\  \)  1700  1"  March,  1700,  there  was  a  special  meeting  of  the  General 
Marci).       Court,  whcn  provision  was  made  for  a  levy  of  soldiers,  and  for 

1  ippara-  '  '  j  ' 

lions  lor  de-  holdins:  the  militia  in  constant  readiness.     Eliakim  Hutchinson^ 

fence.  ^  _  -^ 

was  appointed  purveyor  of  supplies, — 30  soldiers  were  posted  at 
York,  15  at  Kittery,  and  15  at  Wells  ;  and  the  legislature  allowed 
to  12  or  13  men  in  the  county  of  York,  £137  for  their  indefati- 
gable services  during  the  late  alarm.  To  terrify  or  remove  the 
popish  missionaries  from  the  eastern  parts,  who  were,  by  report, 
seducing  the  Indians  from  their  allegiance  to  the  king,  and  exciting 
them  to  a  rupture ;  a  legislative  act  was  passed,  which  required 
them  to  depart  the  Province,  before  the  10th  of  the  ensuing  Sep- 
tember, otherwise  they  would,  if  taken,  be  the  subjects  of  exem- 
plary punishment, 
moludiecks  -LiOi'd  Bellamont,  after  a  year's  tarry  in  the  Province,  returned 
piracy.       iq  New-York  :  and  what  rendered  his  administration  memorable, 


*  2  Hutch.  Hist.  p.  113. 

f  Frontenac  died  in  169S,  aged  78.  |  6  Mass.  Rec.  p.  57. 

5  Eliakim  was  tlie  son  of  William  Hutchinson,  who  came  over  to  Boston 
in  1636,  and  who,  in  1673,  purchased  of  William  Pliiliips,  a  large  tract  of 
land  on  the  westerly  side  of  the  Saco,  and  owned  mills  at  Newichawannock. 
In  1750,  Kiiakim  sold  the  Saco  estate  fo  Mr.  Allen,  for  £l.2O0. 


Chap,  i.]  of  maine.  31 

were  his  judicious  measures  and  uncommon  successes  against  the  A.  I).  1700. 
pirates  and  bucaneers.  Tliey  had  infested  the  coasts  for  thirty 
years,  and  now  became  bold,  since  the  late  war,  to  a  fearful  de- 
gree. The  chief  freebooters,  Kidd  and  Bradish,  also  several 
other  desperadoes,  were  seized,  sent  to  England,  and  executed  ; 
and  happy  it  was  for  the  eastern  coasters  and  fishing  vessels,  that 
they  were,  at  length,  delivered  from  such  a  pestiferous  annoyance. 
It  was  another  proposition  of  the  Governor's  enlightened  policy,  to 
fortify  Great  Island  in  the  mouth  of  the  river  Piscataqua.  For  Proposes  to 
either  if  piracy  were  not  wholly  subdued,  or  war  should  be  the  Great  isi- 
alternative ;  or  if  there  were  a  desideratum  for  a  military  depos- 
itory upon  the  eastern  coast,  or  for  a  place  of  naval  resort  in 
peace  ;  he  thought  the  Island  when  strongly  fortified,  would  be  of 
great  public  importance,  especially  a  defence  to  New-Hampshire. 
But  the  latter  considered  it  an  enterprize  of  equal  interest  to 
Maine  ;  and  as  she  had  been  impoverished  by  the  late  war,  she 
felt  herself  inadequate  to  the  undertaking,  without  the  assistance 
of  Massachusetts.* 

The  apprehensions  of  a  rupture  with  the  Indians  gradually  sub-  Kesettle- 
sided ;  and  the  hopes  of  a  contmued  peace  gave  encouragement,  country. 
and  even  an  impulse  to  those  engaged  in  the  resettlement  of 
Maine.  But  an  undertaking  so  broad  and  difficult,  after  the  deso- 
lations ol  ten  years  war,  was  attended  with  every  discouragement. 
No  mills,  no  inclosures,  no  roads ;  but  on  the  contrary,  dilapidat- 
ed habitations,  wide  wasted  fields,  and  melancholy  ruins : — These 
were  the  dark  shades  with  which  to  portray  a  map  of  this  ill-fated 
country,  at  the  present  period.  Deeds  and  the  muniments  of 
land-titles  were  either  mutilated  or  destroyed  ;  and  therefore  to 
remedy,  as  far  as  possible,  this  singular  evil,  and  prevent  contro- 
versies, the  General  Court  established  a  Committee  of  Claims,  ^,??!,'".'*"^^ 
consisting  of  seven  members,f  some  of  whom  were  acquainted 
with  the  law^,  and  all  of  them  were  men  of  intelligence  and  repu- 
tation. They  appointed  times  and  places  for  their  regular  ses- 
sions ;  and  after  receiving  and  examining  all  titles  and  claims  to 


■*  1  Belk.  jV.  //.  245.— Great  Island,  however,  was  fortified  not  long  after 
this  period,  and  became  a  strong  fortress.  It  was  called  "  Fort  TVilliam 
and  Mary.'"' 

t  The  committee,  were  Samuel  Sewall,  John  U'ajley.  Eliakim  Iliitchin- 
son,  JXalhaniel  Bjfield,  Timothy  Clark,  Samuel  Phips,  and  Israel  Tay.— 6 
JSlais.  Rcc.  p.  15S. 


32  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II. 

A.  D.  1701.  lands  in  these  eastern  provinces,  they,   in   obedience  to  their  di- 
rections, reported  their  proceedings  with  facts,  to  the  legislature. 
i^iay.  But  the  aspect  of  affairs,  the   next  spring,    1701,  being  more 

apprehends  dark  and  portentous,  gave  new  and  fresh  damps  to  the  ardor 
and  fortitude  of  settlers.  The  peace  in  Europe  appeared  not  to 
be  settled.  On  the  contrary,  Lieut.  Governor  Stoughton,  in  his 
address  to  the  two  branches  of  the  legislature,  at  their  May  ses- 
sion, told  them,  that  from  intelligence  received,  the  clouds  gath- 
ering over  the  eastern  continent,  seemed  to  forebode  a  returning 
storm ;  and  that  extensive  hostilities  among  the  nations  were  se- 
riously apprehended.  In  such  an  alternative,  it  was  foreseen, 
he  said,  that  this  country  must  be  a  large  and  suffering  partaker  j 
and  it  would  be  gaining  a  great  point  "  to  fix  the  natives  in  his 
"  Majesty's  interest,  and  to  prevent  them  from  joining  with  the 
"  French." 
the^eas'ein  ^°^  ^'^'^  purpose,  several  gentlemen,  early  in  the  season,  visited 
tribes.  j]^e  eastern  tribes ;  and  in  the  important  labors  of  reconciliation, 
met  with  considerable  success.  It  was  believed,  much  might  be 
effected  by  sending  protestant  missionaries  among  them  ;  and  in 
aid  of  this  policy,  king  Wilham  established  "  A  Society  in  Eng- 
land for  propagating  the  Gospel  in  foreign  parts.'''' 
Jeaiou.sy  of      Never  had  the  American  French  looked  with  a  more  invidious 

the  French.  ,  •  mi       t     ,. 

eye  than  at  present,  upon  this  eastern  region.      Ihe  Indians  were 
tranquil ;  settlements  were  reviving  ;  and  the  English  people,  en- 
gaged in  the  Newfoundland  fisheries,  were  making  great  voyages. 
About  2,700  fishermen,  and  220  vessels  were  employed  this  sin- 
gle   year  ;  and    they   took   and   cured  200,000   quintals  of  fish, 
besides  4,000  hogsheads  of  train  and  liver  oil.     Old  jealousies 
were  not  only  awakened  but  increased  ;  and  while  the  English 
colonies  deprecated  a  war,  the  French  seemed  to  desire  it. 
Wd  Bella-      ^^^^^  added  peculiar  interest  to    this    important    crisis,    were 
GoveiMr    ^"^^  deaths  of  several    distinguished   persons; — happening  with- 
stoughton,  in  a  period,  short  of  thirteen  months.     Earl   Bellamont  died  at 

James  II,  ' 

and  Wii-     New-York,  March  5,  1701 ;— the  Governor  of  that  Colony,  Mas- 

liam  HI.  1  TVT  TT 

sachusetts,  New-Hampshire  and  Maine.  Always  "  condescend- 
ing, affable  and  courteous ;"  and  professing  to  be  "  of  the  most 
moderate  principles  in  religion  and  government,"  he  rendered 
himself  universally  popular.  His  death  was  followed  by  that  of 
Lieutenant-Governor  William  Stoughton,  who  deceased  July  7th, 
leaving  a  character  justly  ornamental  of  the  various  important 


Chap,  i.]  OF  maine.  83 

offices  he  had  so  honorably  filled.  These  events  committed  the  A.D.  17C2. 
executive  reins  and  management,  for  the  first  time,  to  the  Coun- 
cil, acting  by  majorities  of  members  present,  never  less  than  a 
quorum.  Also  at  St.  Germains,  Sept.  16,  died  Jnmes  II.  having 
now  more  than  twelve  years  since  abdicated  the  British  realm. 
His  son,  surnamed  in  England,  the  "  Pretender,''''  immediately 
aspired  to  the  throne  of  his  father ;  and  the  French  monarch  by 
declaring  in  Jiis  favor,  enkindled  anew  the  flames  of  war.  For, 
as  the  Pretender  was  a  catholic,  the  English  nation  had  resolved 
to  limit  the  crown  to  the  protestants  of  the  royal  line,  and  finally 
concluded  to  settle  it  upon  Anne,  princess  of  Denmark,  another 
daughter  of.  James,  and  sister  to  Mary,  the  late  wife  of  William, 
— whenever  there  should  be  need  of  a  successor.  The  event  was 
at  hand,  as  king  William  died  March  8,  1702;  a  monarch  deeply 
lamented  by  his  American,  as  well  as  British  and  Dutch  subjects. 
As  Anne  immediately  ascended  the  throne,  she  only  delayed  till 
the  4th  of  May,  to  publish  a  declaration  of  war  against   France,  ''^'^y  •* 

•         1   •  •  Queen 

Her  ministry  persisted  in  asserting  an  exclusive  ownership  of  the  Aimcswar 
Sagadahock  Province,  and  a  common  right  with  the  French,  to  Franco 
the  navigation  and  fisheries  of  the  Acadian  seas. 

This  doctrine  so  much  disrelished  by  Villebon,  was  utterly  con-  rvo;    ,.• 
temned  by  Brouillon,  his  successor.     Countenanced  by  him,  the '''""''^ 

•^  _  •'  '  easlern 

son  of  le  Bourgne  revived  an  ancestral  claim  to  the  easterly  sec-  f''it;iitii. 
tion  of  the  great  Acadian  peninsula  ;  and  as  soon  as  he  heard  of 
war,  he  exacted  of  every  English  vessel,  50  crowns,  for  license 
to  trade  on  that  coast.*  The  New-Englanders  were  so  highly 
affronted  by  this  and  other  aggressions  of  a  similar  character, 
that  they  sent  out  vessels,  with  orders  to  make  a  general  sweep 
over  these  waters.  Consequently  some  of  the  wrongdoers  they 
seized — some  they  drove  into  the  woods, — nor  were  they  hardly 
restrained  from  hanging  up  one  Capt.  Baptiste  as  a  pirate. f  Even 
the  Nova  Scotia  Indians,  on  the  rumor  of  war,  seized  three  fish- 
ing vessels,  belonging  to  Massachusetts ;  and  if  they,  through  the 
interposition  of  Brouillon,  were  restored,  Callieres  fully  justified 
himself  for  exciting  the  Indians  to  hostilities. — By  his  treaty  with 
the  Five  Nations,  three  years  before,  he  had  acquired  great  credit 

*=  40  Univ.  Hist.  p.  135. 

t  Univ.  Hist.  p.   148.— Brouillon,  declared,    '  if  they  did  not  desist,    ho 
'  would  amply  avenge  himself  by  reprisals.' 
Vol.  il.  5 


34  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II. 

A.  D.  1702.  as  a  negotiator  ;  and  he   said,  the  Indians,  who  were  proprietors 
of  the  eastern  country,  had  long  since  committed  themselves  to 
the  French  as  their  protectors  ;  while  the  English  were  intruders 
upon  their  property,  and  invaders  of  the  French  jurisdictional 
rights. 
i*e'/s" arriVal      Qucen  Anne  commissioned  Joseph  Dudley,   Esq,.  Governor 
at  Boston.    ^^    ]Massachusetts,    Maine    and    New-Hampshire,    and    Thomas 
Povey,  Lieutenant-Governor  ;  both  of  whom  arrived  at  Boston  on 
the  11th  of  June.     Mr.   Dudley,   a  native  inhabitant  of  Massa- 
chusetts,  had   been  as  well  her  agent  at  the  British  court,   as  a 
colonial  assistant,  and  the  president  of  New-England.     He  was 
one  of  the   mandamus  Council  in   Andros'   administration,  who 
was  seized  in  the  revolution  of  1689,  and  confined  twenty  weeks. 
He  was  afterwards   Chief  Justice   of  New-York  ;  and  returning 
to  England,  was   appointed  Lieutenant-Governor  of  the   Isle  of 
Wight,  and  elected  member  of  Parliament  for  Newtown,  before 
he  received  his  present  commission. 
TiieGn-.         Govemor  Dudley,  according  to  instructions  from  the  crown, 
meiiHs  re-    yerv  strondv  ursed  the  Genera]    Court,   in   his   first  speech,  to 

huildiiifr  (he  .'  .      .  .      .  . 

fort  nt  I'em- make  appropriations  for  rebuilding  the  fort  at  Pemaquid.  The 
foundations  (he  said)  were  entire. — most  of  the  walls  were  stand- 
ing,— lime  in  great  plenty  could  be  made  in  the  vicinity ; — the 
entrenchments  remained,  and  if  a  garrison  were  established  there, 
it  would  be  the  means  of  keeping  possession  of  the  country,  and 
affording  relief  in  emergency.  Besides  all  this,  he  expected,  the 
Queen  would  probably,  at  the  expense  of  the  crown,  man  it  with 
a  hundred  soldiers.  He  wished  to  see  the  eastern  provinces  in 
a  flourishing  and  safe  condition  ;  and  he  did  not  hesitate  to  say, 
that  in  his  opinion,  Port-Royal  itself  might  be  captured,  by  two 
ships  and  a  thousand  men.  But  the  House  of  Representatives 
opposed  building  the  fort.  They  thought  the  Province  unable  to 
bear  the  expense  ;  and  if  the  establishment  were  renewed,  it  must 
be  maintained,  and  a  wider  seaboard  defended  ;  Falmouth  being 
the  remotest  eastern  settlement  yet  revived  since  the  last  war. 
May,  1703.  At  the  general  election  in  May,  1703,  the  Governor  gave  his 
b  Council-  negative  to  five  of  the  new  elected  Council  \  who  were  men  of 
talents,  popularity  and  influence.  But  he  remembered  the  part 
they  acted  in  his  arrest  and  imprisonment,  fourteen  years  before, 
and  he  was  not  disposed  to  repress  his  resentments.  In  other  re- 
spects, he  manfully  applied  his  splendid  abilities,  his  courtly  man- 


Chap,  i.]  of  MAINE.  36 

ners,  and  his  extensive  knowledge,  to  render  all  the  acts  of  his  a.d.  1703. 
administration  acceptable  to  every  class  of  people. 

As   hostilities  between   the   Enslish   and   French  crowns  had  ^  rumor  of 

,  ,  ,         _      Indian  lios- 

commenced  in  Europe ;  a  war  with  the  Indians  appeared  inevit-  tiiities. 
able.  The  first  intelligence  he  received  of  a  meditated  attack, 
was  from  Lord  Cornbury,  Governor  of  New- York.  He  stated, 
that  if  the  stories  of  the  christian  natives  were  worthy  of  credit, 
a  mixed  army  of  French  and  Indians,  were  preparing  to  make  a 
descent  upon  Deerfield,  and  perhaps  upon  some  other  frontier 
settlements  in  Massachusetts,  or  possibly  in  Maine. 

Full   of  solicitude  to   know  the  temper  and  disposition  of  the  Gov.  Dud- 
eastern  Sagamores,  Gov.  Dudley  sent  them  messages,  by  which  wfiiMhe*^" 
he  requested  them  to  meet  him  on  the  20th  of  June,  upon  Casco  junJ* JiOih"' 
peninsula  in   Falmouth.      Attended   by  a  considerable  retinue,  ^'  ^"'^o- 
consisting  of  gentlemen  belonging  to  the  legislatures  of  Massa- 
chusetts and  New-Hampshire,  and  many  other  respectable  indi- 
viduals, he  had  the  pleasure  of  a  conference  with  a  large  delega- 
tion  from  the  Penacooks,  the  Sokokis,  the  Anasagunticooks,  the 
Canibas,  and  the  Tarratines.*     All  the  Indians  appeared  to  great 
advantage.     They  were   well   armed, — handsomely  clad, — some 
of  them    fancifully   decorated — and   the  most  of  their  faces  so 
painted,  as  to  give  them  looks  truly   terrific.     Probably  no  one 
tribe  was  so  fully  represented  as  the  Anasagunticooks ;  for  about 
250   of  them   arrived,   in  a  flotilla  of  65  canoes.     A  tent  was 
spread,  large  enough  to  enclose  and  accommodate  the  Governor 
and  his  attendants,  with  the  principal  Sagamores  and  Sachems. 
Among  these,  when  seated,  the   English  promiscuously  dispersed 
themselves ;    being  not  wholly  without    apprehensions  for  their 
own  safety. 

The  Governor,  arising;,  addressed  the  Indian  assemblage  to  this  ^, 

■^  _  °  The  confer- 

purport : — /  have  come  to  you,  commissioned  by  the  great  and «"«. 
good  queen  of  England.     I  would  esteem,  you  all  as  brothers 
and  friends.      Yes,  it  is  even  my  wish  to  reconcile  every  difficulty, 

whatever,   that  has  happened  since  the  last  treaty. After  a 

short  interval,  Capt.  Simmo,  the  chief  speaker,  gravely  replied  ; 

*  The  Sagamores  were  Adiwando  and  Hegen,  Penacooks  ;  Waltanum- 
mon,  of  Pegwacket  [Saco]  ;  Jlesambomett  and  Wcxar^  from  Androscog-gin  ; 
Moxus  and  (another)  Hopehoud,  of  Norridgewock  ;  Bomuseen  and  Capt. 
Samuel,  of  Kennebeck ;  and  Warrungunt  and  Wanadvgunhuent,  from 
Penobscot— PenAaWow'*  Indian  Wart.—  l  Coll.  Jf.  H.  Hitt.  Soc.  p.  20. 


36  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.    II. 

A.  u.  1703  — TVe  thank  you,  good  brother,  for  coming  so  far  to  talk  with 
us.  It  is  a  great  favor.  The  clouds  fly  and  darken — hut  xve 
still  sing  with  love  the  songs  of  peace.  Believe  my  words. — 
So  far  as  the  sun  is  above  the  earth; — are  our  thoughts  from 
war,  or  the  least  rupture  between  us.  They  then  presented  the 
Governor  with  a  belt  of  wampam, — the  usual  token  of  sincerity 
and  good  faith  ;  and  received  at  his  hands  several  flattering  pres- 
ents, with  much  apparent  satisfaction.  The  parties  then  repaired 
to  two  stone  pillars  or  heaps  of  portable  rocks,  pitched  at  a  former 
treaty,  called  by  the  significant  name  Two  Brothers,  where  the 
solemn  professions  of  friendship  were  further  ratified  by  the  addi- 
tion of  other  stones. 

The  parley  had  evidently  been  commenced  by  the  Sagamores, 
with  some  degree  of  reluctance.  Wattanuramon  said,  their 
council  was  incomplete.  Consequently,  washing  to  have  the 
treaty  embrace  as  many  tribes  as  could  be  drawn  into  it,  the  Gov- 
ernor submitted  to  some  delays  in  the  negotiation,  which  was  in 
progress  two  or  three  days,  before  it  was  finished.  Several  sub- 
jects were  discussed  ;  and  it  was  finally  agreed,  that  trading 
houses  should  be  established,  the  price  of  commodities  stated  and 
settled,  and  an  armorer  provided  at  the  public  charge.  Boma- 
seen  and  Captain  Samuel,  frankly  acknowledged,  tliat  "  several 
"  missionaries  from  the  friars,  lately  among  them,  had  endeav- 
"  ored  to  break  the  union  and  seduce  them  from  their  allegiance 
"  to  the  crown  of  England,  but  had  made  no  impressions  on  them, 
"  for  they  were,  (he  said)  as  firm  as  the  great  rocks,  and  should 
"  continue  so  as  long  as  the  sun  and  moon  endured." 

Theconciu-      The  happy  conclusion  of   this  interview    was    confirmed    by 

sion.  i-i  Ti-  iij- 

firing  a  grand  roimd  on  each  side.  In  tins  ceremony,  the  Jndians 
were  requested  to  take  the  lead.  They  admitted  the  compliment 
and  fired  first.  Their  treachery  was  now  abundantly  manifest ; 
for  it  was  perceived  that  their  guns  had  all  been  loaded  with  bul- 
lets : — so  charged,  probably  with  intent  to  have  made  the  En- 
glish the  victims  of  the  negotiation,  had  they  not  been  promiscu- 
ously seated  in  the  general  meeting,  among  the  Sagamores.  Ac- 
cessions of  200  French  and  Indians,  three  days  afterwards,  con- 
firmed the  suspicions,  that  in  the  delays  requested,  the  Sagamores 
only  awaited  their  arrival,  when,  with  their  aid,  they  would  have 
probably  seized  the  Governor  and  his  attendants,  and  sacrificed 


Chap,  i.]  of  Maine.  37 

the  inhabitants  at  pleasure.      If   these  circumstances,   however,  A.  u.  1703. 
cast  no  just  imputations   upon  the  fidelity  of  the  Indians,  "  every 
"  thing  assumed  the  promising  aspect  of  a  settled   peace."     As 
usual  on  such  occasions,  they  made  themselves  merry  with  sing- 
ing, dancing,  and  raising  loud  shouts,  or  acclamations  of  joy. 

The  result  of  the  conference  on  the  whole,  greatly  revived  the  ^^ppj  ^f 
desponding  hearts  of  the  people,  and  enlivened  their  hopes,  that  ["^^y^lc""^' 
this  country  might  escape  the  awful  destiny  of  another  Indian  war. 
"  The  eastern  inhabitants,  says  Mr.  Penhallow,*  who  before  had 
'=  thoughts  of  removing,  were  now  encouraged  to  stand  their 
"  ground  ;  several  more  were  also  preparing  to  settle  among  them, 
"  partly  from  the  fertility  of  the  soil,  the  plenty  of  timber,  the 
"  advantage  of  fishery,  and  several  other  inducements  ;"f  as  well 
as  from  encouragements  offered  them  by  proprietors  and  by  gov- 
ernment. But  all  these  prospects  were  mere  illusions,  which 
subsequent  events  speedily  dissipated. 

*  riis  "  History  of  the  wars  of  iNew-Eagland  with  the  eastern  Indians." 
-p.  5. 

I  The  population  of  New-England  has  been  variously  estimated  : — In 
1692,  at  200,000.-39  U7iiv.  Hist.  p.  323.— In  1G96,  at  100,000,  and  in  1701, 
at  120,000.-2  Holmes'  A.  Ann.  p.  81-54.— In  1750,  at;35-l,000.— 2  Doug. 
Surnm.  p.  180.  These  cannot  all  be  correct.  The  quotas  of  men  to  be  fur- 
nished in  1701,  [1  -Be/A-.  J\''.  H.  246,  Note  *]  to  assist  New- York  ag-ainst 
the  Indians,  were  thus  : — Mass.  and  Maine,  350  ;  Connecticut,  120  ;  Rhode 
Island,  48  ;  New-Hampshire,  40;  New- York,  200  ;  East  and  West  Jersey, 
120  ;  Pennsylvania,  80;  Maryland,  160,  and  Virginia,  240. — But  tlie  popu- 
lation of  Massachusetts,  in  1742,  was  104,000;  of  Rhode-Island,  in  1738, 
15,000; — the  towns  of  New-Hampshire,  A.  D.  1699,  were  only  five.  Hence 
the  probable  population  in  JS'ew-England,  A.  D.  1703,  was  at  least  150,000  : 
' — viz. 

Massachusetts,        70,000        Rhode-Island,  12,000 

New-Plymouth,        15,030        New-Hampshire,     12,000 

Connecticut,  35,000        Maine,  5  or     C,0U0 


120,000  _|-      -      .       -      -       30,000=150,000. 


38  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  11. 


CHAPTER  If. 

The  third  Indian  war — The  French  drato  some  of  the  Eastern 
Tribes  to  St.  Francois  and  Becanconrt — The  Colonists  and  In- 
dians— Mischief  done  by  the  latter ;  and  the  former  despoil  the 
habitation  of  Castine  the  younger — The  Indians  attack  at  once, 
5  of  the  eastern  towns — The  enemy  repulsed  at  Casco — Blach- 
poifit,  York  and  Berioick  attacked — Bounties  for  scalps — Pe- 
qvods  stationed  at  Berwick— Col.  Church's  5th  E.  Expedition — 
Saco  fort  dfensible — Hilton's  scout — Exchange  of  prisoners — 
Illicit  trade  to  Nova  Scotia  suspected — Gov.  Dudley  urges  the 
rebuilding  of  the  fort  at  Pemaquid — Mischiefs  done  at  York  and 
Kittcry — Indians  tired  of  the  war — Hilton's  feats  at  Black-point 
— Col.  March' s  expedition  against  Port-Royal — Attacks  on  the  re- 
maining totans  in  Maine — A  smart  skirmish  at  Saco — Also  at 
Berioick — 3Jis('rirs  of  Blaine — Rumors  of  a  contemplated  attack 
from  Canada — Niclwlson's  proposed  expedition  against  Port-Roy- 
al—  Gov.  Dudley's  remarks — Port-Royal  captured,  changed  to 
Annapolis,  and  Vetch  appointed  Governor — 3Iissio7i  of  Living- 
ston and  the  younger  Castine  to  Quebec — Attacks  by  the  Indians 
— Chiefs  go  to  England — Expedition  against  Canada  fruitless — 
2G  persons  killed  in  Blaine — Skirmish  at  Wells — Treaty  of 
Utrecht — Peace  negotiated  with  the  Indians  at  Portsmouth — 
Incidents  of  the  war — Character  of  Bomaseen,  Assacombuit  and 
Castine  the  younger. 

A.D.  1703.      An  Indian  war  always  has  associations,  which  strike   the  mind 
The  Indian  with  pain.     So  sliocking  to  the  attributes  of  humanity,  are  the  cir- 
^^"'         cumstances,  which  frequently  attend  its  progress,   that  were   ca- 
lamities, cruelties,  carnage  and  suffering,  or  even  personal  exploits 
and  hardships,  its  only  characteristics,  it  might  justly  be  consider- 
ed a  burden  to  history.     But  every  war  with  the  natives,    devel- 
opes  facts  and  peculiarities,  worthy  of   the  notice   it  claims.     It 
has  its  own  features  and  own  cast  of  character. 
isi.orking       The  first  one  would  have  been  a   fair   sample  of  savage  war- 
Pinjip's       ^gj.g^  j^^^  j^Q^  j.jjg  iiitJian   warriors    used  firearms,  instead    of  the 

bow  and  arrow.  Skulk,  ambush,  surprize  and  massacre,  were 
its  traits  and  footsteps,  from  beginning  to  end.  They  fought 
single-handed,   without  the  arts  or  aid  of  Europeans.      Their 


war 


Chap,  ii.]  of  Maine  39 

numbers  were  respectable,  and  their  motives  comparatively  noble,  a.  d.  1703. 
For  though  their  design  was  partly  to  avenge  themselves  of  in- 
juries ;  it  was  principally  to  disperse  the  obtrusive  settlers,  and 
recover  their  entire  native  country.  King  Philip's  war  was  short, 
continuing  only  about  three  years.  By  a  long  one,  they  are  al- 
ways tired  and  exhausted.  The  time  chosen  by  them  for  closing 
it,  was  in  the  height  of  their  successes,  when  they  could  com- 
mand for  themselves  an  honorable  peace. 

The  next  war  was  in  a  irreat    degree   instigated   and  managed -[•,-,  7.'"'^ '»S 

o  ^  b  o        Vv'illiam'3 

by  the  French ;  who  had  made  themselves  thoroughly  acquaint-  wm-. 
ed  with  the  disposition  and  habitudes  of  the  Indians,  and  the 
springs  by  which  their  subserviency  could  be  completely  control- 
led. The  Jesuits  had  strongly  infected  their  superstition  and  pre- 
judices, with  papal  fanaticism.  The  Canadian  French  had  en- 
titled themselves  to  great  merit,  in  the  estimation  of  the  Indians, 
by  furnishing  them  with  arms  and  ammunition, — leading  them  to 
war, — fighting  by  their  side, — and  helping  them  to  achieve  vic- 
tories. Campaign,  siege,  undermining,  and  other  arts  of  war- 
fare, were  taught  and  promoted  j  captives  and  scalps  were  con- 
sidered the  greatest  trophies  ;  premiums  being  offered  and  paid 
for  them  by  the  French. — Tlie  latter  was  a  long  war,  lasting 
about  ten  years ;  for  after  they  had  sued  for  peace  and  entered 
into  treaties,  French  artifice  was  able  to  give  the  savages  an 
effectual  impulse  to  acts  of  treachery,  their  vengeance  was  re- 
kindled, and  their  minds  inflated  with  new-formed  expeditions. 

Another,  called  ^ueen  Anne's  war,  now  opened  under  circum-  3fi,  or 
stances  differing  from  either  of  those  preceding.  A  short  inter- .Anne's  wai. 
val  of  peace  had,  in  no  considerable  degree,  recruited  the 
strength  of  the  Indians.  They  saw  that  their  tribes  were  thinned  ; 
and  that  they  had  gained  nothing  permanent  by  former  wars. 
Every  hope  of  enjoying  their  native  land,  freed  of  white  men, 
was  full  of  despondency.  Their  fathers  had  conveyed  extensive 
territories,  and  what  was  recovered  in  war,  if  any  thing,  was 
presently  lost  in  peace,  if  not  actually  resigned  by  treaty.  They 
agreed  with  the  French,  in  their  aversion  to  the  English,  and  in 
a  hatred  of  their  free  politics  and  religious  sentiments ;  and  when 
such  passions,  in  minds  undisciplined,  are  inflamed  by  fanaticism, 
they  know  neither  restraint  nor  limits.  All  their  acquaintance 
with  the  arts  of  civilized  life,  seemed  rather  to  abase,  than  ele- 
vate their  character.      They   made  no   advancements   in  mental 


40  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II, 

A.  D.  1703.  culture,  moral  sense,  honest  industry,  or  manly  enterprize.  In- 
fatuated with  the  notion  of  catholic  indulgences,  they  grew  bolder 
in  animosity,  insolence  and  crime  ;  their  enmity  was  more  im- 
placable ;  their  habits  more  depraved  ;  and  a  keener  appetite  was 
given  for  ardent  spirits,  for  rapine,  and  for  blood.  Dupes  to 
the  French,  they  lost  all  regard  to  the  sanctity  of  treaty  obliga- 
tions ;  and  Indian  J aith  among  the  English,  became  as  proverbi- 
ally bad,  as  the  Punic,  among  the  ancient  Romans.  Their  natu- 
ral love  of  country  had  degenerated,  and  their  fire  of  patriotism 
was  evidently  abating. 

t-'r^i,  Aware  of  the  fact,  and  observins;  the   Indians   averse  to  wars, 

which  reduced  their  numbers,  without  any  other  considerable 
emoluments  or  rewards,  than  the  few  spoils  taken,  Callieres,* 
the  Canadian  Governor,  adopted  a  new  expedient,  which  was 
ardently  prosecuted  by  M.  de  Vaudreuil,  his  successor.  They 
persuaded  the  shattered  tribes  to  collect  and  settle  at  Becancourt 

Eecancourt 

and  «i        and  St.  Francois  in    Canada; — two    small  rivers,  which   empty 

Francois. 

into  the  St.  Lawrence  on  the  southerly  side, — the  one  formerly 
the  Perante,  about  SO,  and  the  other  90  miles  above  Quebec. 
The  Indian  village  of  Becancourt  is  situated  at  a  small  dis- 
tance above  the  mouth  of  the  river  ;  consisting  of  several  wig- 
wams in  a  cluster,  favored  with  a  chapel,  and  accommodated 
with  a  ferry  over  the  St.  Lawrence  to  Trois  Revieres  on  the  op- 
posite shore.  That  of  St  Francois  on  the  eastern  side  of  the 
same  river,  six  miles  from  its  mouth,  is  "  a  most  eligible  sit- 
"  nation."  It  soon  became  a  large  hamlet  of  wigwams,  adorn- 
ed with  a  chapel  and  parsonage-house,  and  furnished  with  a  mis- 
Yiie  sionary  and  interpreter.! 

dr^awMic  To  these  places,  the  French  had  the  address  to  draw  the  wan- 

tnbericf  dering  Wawenocks,  the  Sokokis,  the  Anasagunticooks,  and  also 
that  place,  ^j^g  Algonquins,  from  Trois  Revieres  ;  who,  intermingling,  formed 
what  have  since  been  called  "  the  St.  Frangois  Indians.''^  At 
these  places,  designed  to  be  the  rendezvous  of  the  natives,  the 
French  intended  to  command  their  trade  and  plunder ;  to  plan 
their  excursions,  and  direct  their  motions  against  the  English  fron- 

*  Me  died,  May  26,  1703.  Vaudreuil,  late  Governor  of  Montreal,  was  a 
man  of  abilities  supcricjr  to  anj'  of  liis  predecessors. — 40  Univ.  Hist.  p. 
136. 

f  Jeffreys,  p.  9-11. — T.  Hutchinson's  Topog-raph.  Description,  p.  67. — 
Bouchett's  Canada,  p.  33S. 


Chap,  ii.]  of  maine.  41 

tiers  ;  and  likewise  to  make  them  a  defence  against  the  Mohawks,  a.d.  I'os. 
in  case  of  war  with  that  people.*  At  present  the  latter  were  in 
a  state  of  neutrality  with  the  French,  who  were  determined,  in 
tlie  opening  war,  to  avail  themselves  of  this  and  every  other  ad- 
vantage. Their  remarkable  successes,  in  the  late  one,  were,  in 
the  eagerness  of  anticipation,  only  preludes  to  complete  victories. 

In  these  savage  wars,  the  English  settlers  and  their  assistants  THr English 
fought  altogether  on  the  defensive.  All  parts  of  the  country  hold- 
en  under  charter  or  purchase,  or  broken  from  a  wilderness  into 
fields  of  partial  cultivation  or  clearing,  were  considered  by  the 
men  of  this  generation,  as  rightfully  belonging  to  them  in  fee. — 
Here  were  their  only  homes,  and  even  the  birth-places  of  many, 
whose  attachments  to  the  country  were  enlivened  by  natal  patriot- 
ic ardor.  Duty  as  well  as  inclination  impelled  them  to  defend  it, 
at  every  hazard  and  every  sacrifice.  Though  torn  or  driven  away 
from  it  in  the  late  war,  they  had  determined  not  to  abandon  it; — 
their  spirits  were  not  fatally  broken,  nor  their  courage  subdued. 
Personal  exertion,  intrepidity  and  exploits  had  often  reflected  im- 
perishable honor  even  upon  their  defeats.  ^  alor  is  in  truth  fre- 
quently more  genuine  when  personal  ;  and  human  nature  shines 
with  brighter  lustre,  when  the  merit  is  individual.  Many  of  the 
dead  were  mantled  in  glory,  and  the  living,  though  anxious  for  a 
continuance  of  peace,  were  not  backward  to  put  on  armor,  when- 
ever duty  or  country  might  require.  They  believed,  however,  if 
the  Indians  were  left  to  themselves,  they  would  not  recommence 
hostilities. 

But  no  measures,  neither  courtesies,  presents,  nor   the  sacred  The  indinns 
renewal  of  treaty-engagements,  could   keep  them  quiet.      When  n^Kpn'.e'-^' 
there  was  war  between  the  English  and   French  crowns,  it   was  l^e  tny'i'ish 
impossible  for  their  colonies  to  be  at  rest.     A  plan  of  operations,  pi""''e'- iiie 
contrived  by  the  French,  was  now  evidently  maturing  in  Canada,  p^iine's 
In  the  meantime,  the  impatient  Indians  were  guilty  of  some  mis- 
chief at  Kennebeck,  and  a  small  party  of  Englishmen,  unadvised, 
rashly  committed  an  outrage  at  Penobscot,  the  late  residence   of 
Baron   de  Castine. — He   had   himself,  since  the  last  war,  gone 
whh  his  accumulated  riches  to  France,  never  to  return  ;  leaving 
a  son  by  a  Tarratine  wife,  before  mentioned,  known  by  the  name 


*  1  Doug.  Summ.  p,  12.— 2  Hutch.  Hist,  p.  131 5  Charlevoix's  N,  F.  p. 

164-177. 

Vol.  II.  6 


42  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II, 

A.  1).  1703.  of  '  Castine  the  younger.'     Under  llie  mask  of  pretended  friend- 
ship, the  foolish  and  wicked  men  visited  his  house,  at  'Biguyduce 
[Castine],  and  besides   perpetrating  "  great  spoil,"  plundered   it 
of  all  its  most  valuable  articles.      Every  one  looked  upon  the 
transaction  as  a  base  treachery ;  and  when  he  complained  to  the 
government,   he    was  assured,   that  ample   restitution   should  be 
made  and  the  offenders  severely  punished.     This  act  of  violence 
occasioned  much  deeper  regrets,  because  there  were  daily  appre- 
hensions of  hostilities  from  the   Indians,  and  a  general  resolution 
to  give  them  no  provocation.     Outrageous,  however,  as  it  was, 
the  well-minded  sufferer  only  complained  and  expostulated,  with- 
out  avenging   himself;    for   in  policy  and  sentiment  he  was  the 
friend  of  tranquillity. 
The  Indians      The  tribes,  on  the  contrary,  were  induced  to  join  the  war  ;  and 
^gjj|[         in  fifty  days  after  renewing   the   treaty  of  Casco,   mentioned,*   a 
Cupe-Por-    j^^    Qf  fjyg  hundred  men,  mostly  Indians  under  French  leaders, 
Scarhom',    fg|}  ^v^Qy-y  the  castcm  frontiers.     They  divided  themselves  into  six 

anr!  I-'al-  ^  •  /  a  i    \  i       i 

mouih.  or  seven  parties,  and  at  the  same  lane,  (August  10th,)  attacked 
Wells,  Cape-Porpoise,  Saco,  Scarborough,  Spurwink,  Purpooduck 
and  Casco,  being  the  principal  settlements  which  had  revived 
since  the  close  of  the  last  war.  Wells,  which  had  defended  itself 
with  so  much  bravery  and  success,  in  the  two  former  wars,  was 
now  assailed  with  such  violence,  that  in  a  short  time  it  sustained 
a  loss  of  thirty-nine  killed  and  taken,  besides  the  wounded- — 
Cape-Porpoise,  inhabited  principally  by  unshielded  fishermen, 
was  wholly  desolated.  The  garrison  at  Winter-harbor,  and  the 
fort  at  the  head  of  the  tide,  in  Saco,  fought  the  assailants  with 
great  spirit,  till  at  last,  tiie  former,  overpowered  by  numbers  alto- 
gether superior,  was  compelled  to  submit  to  terms  of  capitula- 
tion ;f  and  the  latter  was  barely  able  to  make  good  its  defence  ; 
having  several  killed  and  wounded.  The  people  of  Scarborough 
happened  to  be  mostly  in  garrison  ;  and  the  enemy,  fearful  or 
unwilling  to  encounter  it,  sent  in  a  captive  with  a  flag  of  truce. 
Fully  acquainted  with  their  perfidy  and  intrigues,  and  conse- 
quently paying  no  regard  to  the  message,  the  commanding  ofHcer 
kept  the  captive  and  vigorously  resisted  a  long  siege — till  he  and 
his  men  were  extremely  exhausted,  and  on  the  verge  of  capture  ; 

*  2  British  Empire,  p.  C7. 

t  In  the  assault  of  this  fort,  11  were  killed,  24  taken  prisoners  and  car- 
ried into  captivity. — Fohom,  p.  198. 


Chap,  ii.]  of  Maine.  43 

when  happily  a  reenforcement  arrived  and  administered  seasona-  A.  D.  1703. 
ble  relief.  But  none  of  the  settlenaents  suffered  so  severely  as 
Spurwink  and  Purpooduck,  in  Falmouth ;  these  were  entirely 
destroyed.  In  Spurwink.  principally  inhabited  by  the  Messrs. 
Jordans  and  their  families,  twenty-two  were  killed  and  taken  cap- 
tive. Purpooduck,  containing  nine  families,  unprotected  by  any 
fortification,  was  attacked  when  there  was  not  a  man  at  home. 
Here  the  savage  enemy  butchered  twenty-five  and  carried  away 
eight  prisoners.  Among  other  horrid  spectacles,  was  the  body  of 
Michael  Webber's  wife,  near  confinement,  who  was  mangled  and 
exposed  in  a  manner  too  shocking  to  be  described. 

The  garrison  at  Casco,  still  the  remotest  eastern  frontier,  was  a  decoy 
under  the  command  of  Major  March.  The  first  knowledge  he  Casco  fort, 
had  of  the  enemy's  approach,  was  in  the  appearance  of  a  small 
party,  under  Moxus,  Wanongonet  and  Assacombuit,  who  exhib- 
ited themselves  unarmed,  and  sent  him  a  message  under  a  flag  of 
truce;  pretending  they  had  some  important  matter  to  communi- 
cate. Apprehending  no  immediate  danger,  he  proceeded  with  a 
guard  of  only  two  or  three  men,  to  hold  a  parley.  With  the 
first  words  uttered,  each  of  the  Indians  drew  from  his  mantle, 
a  hidden  hatchet,  and  struck  at  March  with  great  violence — at 
the  same  instant,  an  ambush  rising,  shot  one  of  his  attendants 
to  the  groimd.  March,  being  a  man  of  great  personal  courage 
and  strength,  wrested  a  hatchet  from  one  of  the  assailants ;  and 
while  he  was  parrying  the  blows  aimed  at  his  head,  Hook,  his 
sergeant,  with  a  file  of  ten  men  from  the  fort,  rescued  him 
from  immediate  death.  In  this  affray,  two  of  his  companions, 
Phippenny  and  Kent,  were  slain.  They  were  worthy  men,  yet 
unfitted  by  age  and  debility,  to  act  as  champions.  Disheartened 
by  this  bold  and  unexpected  rebuff,  the  enemy  withdrew,  and 
for  a  week,  lurked  around,  upon  the  peninsula  ;  setting  fire  to 
the  slender  houses  and  cottages  in  the  vicinity,  and  committing 
still  baser  acts  of  mischief  But  when  the  main  body  of  the  en- 
emy, not  less  than  500  in  number,  had  collected,  they  proceeiled 
to  Casco,  under  the  command  of  Mons.  Bobasser,  to  renew 
the  work  of  destruction.  They  first  took  a  sloop,  two  shallops 
and  considerable  plunder ;  and  encouraged  by  success,  they 
strove  two  days  and  nights,  to  undermine  the  fort  from  the  water 
side,  as  had  been  done  in  the  labt  war.     Soon  the    English  must 


44  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II. 

A.D.  1703  have  submitted  to  a  capitulation  or  to  death,  had  not  the  fortunate 
arrival  of  Capt.  Southwick  in  the  province  galley  prevented. 
He  raised  the  siege,  retook  the  shallops,  and   scattering  the   ene- 

Abniit  500   njv's   floiilla  of  about  200  canoes,    put  him   to   flisiht.      There 

of  itic  c::.--  •'  ,  '  ^  .  . 

my  repuis-    were  at  least  one  hundred  and  fi!ty-five  of  the  English  killed  and 

p(i. 

Our  !o:--s  ic5  taken  in  these   several   attacks;    which,  with  others  in   different 

places,   r.larmed   the   whole  frontier   settlements  from   Casco  to 

Connecticut  river. '^ 

The  countrv  bcins:  thus  thrown  into  fearful  confusion  ;  the  wo- 

r>vo  troops  .  o 

of  iior.c.  men  and  children  retired  to  the  garrisons.  The  men  went  armed 
to  their  work,  and  posted  sentinels  in  the  fields.  A  troop  of  horse 
was  quartered  at  Porismouth,  and  another  under  Capt.  Wadley, 
at  Wells.     Three  hundred  and  sixty  men  were    marched   by   or- 

Sepi.  26.      der  of  Governor  Dudley,  Sept   26,  towards   Pegwacket,   one   of 

the  enemy's   principal    head-quarters,   and   another   paily,  under 

Capt.  Davis,  went  to  Ossipee  ponds,  but  made  no  discoveries. 

ivnpici'.t         The  enemy  still   infested  the  eastern  seaboard,  determined   to 
niflck-pciiit  ■  i     /-^ 

Mi.Mi.-.nri     desolate  eveiy  settlement  and  reduce  every  garrison.     As   Cap- 

iiilnmiomNi.  tain  Hunncwell  and  ]9of  his  neighbors,  at  Black-point,  were 
going  to  work  in  the  meadows,  Oct.  6,  ihey  were  waylaid  by 
200  Indians,  and  all  except  one  were  killed  or  taken  captive. 
The  fort  there,  left  under  the  command  of  Lieut.  Wyatt,  and 
manned  by  only  eight  men,  was  the  next  object  of  attack.  En- 
couraged and  supported  by  Captains  Willard  and  Wells,  two 
shipmasters,  then  in  ilie  harbor  with  their  vessels  and  crews, 
the  fort  made  a  bold  resistance,  till  nearly  exhausted ;  when 
the  brave  defendants,  influenced  by  the  dictates  of  discretion, 
retired  on  board  one  of  the  vessels.  With  a  great  shout,  the 
triumphant  enemy  now  set  the  deserted  garrison  on  fire.  Anoth- 
er party  led  on  by  one  Sampson,  against  York,  slew  the  family  of 

York  nnd    Arthur  Bra2;don,  consistino;  of  his  wife  and   five  children;    and 

Berwic-k  a'-  ^  '  O  ' 

incked.  carried  Mrs.  Haimah  Parsons,  a  widow  woman,  and  her  young 
daughter  into  captivity. f  At  Berwick,  five  fell  into  an  ambush  ; — 
one  w^as  killed,  one  wounded,  and  the  other  three   made   prison- 


*  Charlevoix  [3d  vol.  JS".  J'',  p.  423-0]  says,  250  men  were  sent  out  tliis 
year  under  Hci  tel,  to  assist  llie  Abcnaqiics,  who  made  150  prisoners — be- 
sides  lliosc  slain. 

■f  This  is  supposed  (o  be  tlie  g-irl,  whom  the  ^ava^es  on  their  marcb,  in 
17(J6,  bring  unsnccessfnl  in  limiting",  prepared  "  a  fire  to  roast,  wlien  a  dog-, 
falling  in  their  way,  s;ii>r)!icd  (he  child's  place."— 2  Hvich.   Hist.  p.  1-19. 


Chap,  ii.]  of  maine.  45 

ers.  Also,  two  houses  were  burned,  and  a  descent  made  upon  a.u.  1703. 
Andrew  Neale's  garrison  of  the  same  place,  wl)ich  was  under  the 
command  of  Capt.  Brown.  In  this,  the  assailants  were  quite 
unsuccessful,  being  repulsed  with  a  loss  of  nine  killed  upon  the 
spot,  and  as  many  wounded.  Unable  otherwise  to  retaliate,  they 
fastened  Joseph  Ring,  a  captive,  to  a  stake,  and  burnt  him  to 
death  ;  raising  hideous  shouts  at  his  agonies  and  groans.  Indians 
were  still  strolling  about  Casco ;  and  as  a  store-ship,  intended  for 
the  relief  of  the  garrison,  was  entering  the  harbor,  they  killed 
the  master  and  three  men  at  the  first  shot,  and  wounded  two 
others  in  the  boat. 

The  enemy  then  retiring  to  the  woods,  were  pursued    by   Maj.  Tiiepiu-my 
March,  of  Casco,  at  the  head  of  300  men,  as  far  as  Pegwacket.  '^l"'j','"■''  ''^ 
At  this  place  he  killed  six,  and  made  prisoners  of  six  more — the  ''^''"'■''• 
first    reprisals   in    the  war  ; — returning  laden    with   considerable 
plunder.     Hence,  the  Legislatures    of  Massachusetts  and   New- 
Hampshire  were  encouraged  to  offer  a  bounty  of  £20,  for  every 
Indian  prisoner  under  ten  years  ;  and  twice    that  sum   for    every  noumips  of- 

|pi  p(  I  for 

one  older  or  for  his  scalp.  Moved  by  so  liberal  a  premium,  scalps. 
Capt.  Tyng  of  Falmouth,*  and  others,  made  excursions  in  the 
depth  ot  winter,  upon  snow-shoes,  though  without  success  ;  the 
enemy  being  engaged  in  an  expedition  against  Deerfieldf  and 
other  western  settlements.  The  government  was  determined,  if 
possible,  to  keep  possession  of  Saco,  and  therefore  at  the  expense  ^^^^  j-^,^j 
of  £164,  repaired  the  garrison  near  the  falls. J  repaired. 

The  returning  spring  was  a  season  of  distressing  melancholy — ^^.d.  1704. 
aggravated  bv  an  early  renewal  of  hostilities  or  alarms  : — and   as  ''''■'^"""'* 
Berwick  was  an  important  pass,  Major   Mason  was  posted  there,  ^^'^'""■'tk. 
with  95  Pequods   and 'Mohegans,  from   Connecticut;  who  were 
at  first  a  great  terror  to  the  enemy.     Nevertheless,  they   did  not 
cover  the  settlement ;  for  on  the  25th  of  April,   Nathaniel   Mea- 
dar  was  shot  dead,  when  at  work  in  his  field,  and  his  body    most 
barbarously  mangled  ;  and  about  the  same  time,   two   men   were 
killed,  and  one  taken  on  the  road  in  Wells.     Afterwards,  a    par- 
ty fell  on  York,  where  they  slew  Matthew  Austin  near  the  garri- 
son, without  being  able  to  do  any  more  mischief  in  this  visit. 


*  Son  of  Col.  Edward  Tyng-. 

t  On  the  last  daj-of  Feb.  1701,  250  Indians,  under  Mens.  Artel  or  "  Her- 
tel"  destroyed  Deerfield,  carrying'  away  Rev.  Mr.  Williams,  and  many 
others. — .Sec  his '■'■  Redeemed  Captive"  S(C.  t  Mass.  Rcc.  p.  2-3. 


46  rm:  history  [Vol.  ii. 

A.  I).  1701,  The  bold  and  persevering;  incursions  of  the  enemy  into  Maine, 
5ti'i "(•nsirr n  ^"^  ^'^^  towns  wcstward  ;  and  the  appearance  of  French  priva- 
expeiiitioii.  teers  upon  the  coast,  induced  the  government  to  adopt  wider  plans 
and  more  efficient  measures.  The  truth  was,  an  attempt  to  de- 
fend and  secure  a  frontier,  open  and  exposed  in  a  hundred  places, 
was  utterly  vain.  Policy  required,  that  the  war  should  to  be  car- 
ried into  the  enemy's  country,  and  the  conquest  of  Canada  and 
Nova  Scotia  achieved,  whence  all  our  evils  flowed  ;  such  being 
evidently  the  only  means  of  acquiring  a  permanent  and  lasting 
peace.  In  furtherance  of  this  plan,  it  was  deemed  expedient 
first,  to  scour  the  eastern  coast,  and  if  practicable,  discover  and 
break  up  the  head-quarters  of  the  Indians,  in  the  interior,  also  to 
carry  retaliation  and  dismay,  among  the  Acadian  provincials. 
Hence,  a  force  of  550  men  besides  officers  was  raised,  and  the 
command  given  to  the  celebrated  Church.^  now  holding  a  Col- 
onel's commission.  Furnished  with  14  transports,  36  whale- 
boats,  and  a  scout-shallop,  he  sailed  from  Boston,  May  21,  under 
convoy  of  the  Jersey  and  Gosportf  ships  of  war,  attended  by 
the  Province  galley.  The  particular  places  of  destination  ap- 
pointed him,  were  Mctinicus,  Penobscot,  JMount  Desert,  Machias, 
Passamaquoddy,  and  the  settlements  upon  the  bay  of  Fundy  ; 
likewise  Norridgewock  on  his  return,  if  there  were  a  lodgment 
of  the  enemy  at  that  place.  His  sick  and  wounded,  he  was  di- 
rected to  send  either  to  the  garrison  at  Casco,  or  to  Pepperell's 
fort  at  Kittery-point. 
.,     . .  The  little  fleet  came  to  anchor  at  the   Island  Metinicus,  out  of 

tic  visits  ' 

reuobscot    Penobscot  bay  ;  from  which  Col.  Church   sent  out  two   boats  to 

bay.  -^    ' 

one  of  the  Green  Islands,  where  three  French  residents,  a  father 
and  two  sons,  by  the  name  of  Lafavre,  and  also  a  Canadian  In- 
dian, were  all  taken  into  custody.  The  prisoners  were  sullen 
and  obstinate,  unwilling  to  answer  enquiries  or  act  as  pilots,  till 
they  were  terrified  by  threats,  or  softened  by  promises  ;  when 
they  became  submissive,  and  stated,  that  there  were  several  fami- 
lies of  French  and  Indians,  living  about  the  margin  of  the  Penob- 
scot ;  and  that  Mons.  Gourdon  and  Sharkee,  French  officers,  who 


*  John  Gorliam  was  his  Lieut.  Col.  and  Winthrop  Hilton  his  Major.  His 
captains  were  John  Brown,  Constant  Church,  James  Cole,  John  Dyer, 
John  Cooke,  Caleb  Williamson,  Edward  Church,  Joshua  Lamb,  Isaac 
Mirick,  John  Harradon. — Lhurcli's  5t!i  Expedition,  p.  165. 

t  One  of  48  ^uns,  Capt.  ^mith;  the  other  of  32  guns,  Capt.  Rogers. 


Chap,   ii.]  of  .malxe.  47 

had  lately  furnished  them   and   the    informants  with   ammunition  a.  D.  1704. 
and  other  necessaries,  were  then  engaged   in  building  a  fort  at 
Passarnaquoddy. 

Ciiurch,  under  pilotage  of  the  prisoners  and  one  Young,  taken '''"'^■'■5  "p- 
out  of  Boston  gaol  for  the  purpose,  proceeded  with  several  of 
his  transports  and  whale-boats,  into  the  bay  and  river  of  Penob- 
scot. In  this  excursion,  "  he  killed  and  took  a  considerable  num- 
ber both  of  French  and  Indians;"  and  among  the  captives  were 
baron  de  Castine's  daughter,  and  her  cliildren.  She  represented, 
that  her  husband  had  gone  to  visit  her  father  in  France,  where 
he,   since  leaving  this  country,  was  living  on  a  large  estate. 

At  Mount  Desert,  Col.  Church  ioined  the  three  ships  of  war,  Ganges  the 
and  takinsf  a  fresh  supply  of  provisions,  hastened   into  the  waters  I'assama- 

r       ■  -,11  fjuodrly.     A 

of  the  Passarnaquoddy,  at  the  head  of  his  men,  m  whale  boats,  skirmish 
Through  fear  of  alarming  the  enemy,  he  rowed  by  night  and  rest- 
ed by  day  ;  never  permitting  a  gun  to  be  discharged,  even  at  an 
Indian,  provided  he  could  be  otherwise  killed  or  taken.  Church 
and  his  men  went  ashore  upon  an  Island,  June  7th,  probably 
Moose  Island,  where  they  made  prisoners  of  a  French  woman  and 
her  children  ;  and  from  the  main,  near  her  abode,  they  took  M. 
Lotriell  and  his  family.  In  ascending  the  river,  they  seized 
upon  Gourdon  and  his  family,  and  Sharkee  and  his  domestics, 
both  lately  commissioned  from  Canada,  to  form  an  expedition 
against  the  English.  They  were  at  the  time  dwelling  in  tempo- 
rary cottages  ;  and  that  of  Sharkee  was  plundered  of  some  valuable 
articles.  Churcli,  observing  his  men  hover  around  the  dwelling 
of  Gourdon,  demanded  the  reason  : — Because,  as  one  replied, 
some  of  the  people  within  will  not  come  out.  In  a  fit  of  passion 
or  haste.  Church  exclaimed,  then  kill  them.  Instantly  the  in- 
habitants received  a  discharge  from  the  soldiers,  and  several  fell. 
The  faults  and  blemishes  of  eminent  men,  are  often  too  severely 
censured.  Church  was  highly  provoked,  to  observe  so  much 
insubordination  and  exposure  of  his  men,  occasioned  by  the  obsti- 
nacy of  those  who  ought  to  submit  without  resistance  ;  yet  he 
could  frame  no  excuses  entirely  sufficient,  to  satisfy  a  sensitive 
public.  He  then  proceeded  as  far  as  the  falls  of  the  river,  in 
the  work  of  capture  and  destruction  ;  Chartiers,  a  French  offi- 
cer and  resident,  being  the  only  one  who  escaped.* 


I  Coll.  N,  ri.  Hist.  80c.  p.  32-35.-2  Hutch   Hist,  p   133. 


48  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  11. 

A  D.  1704.      Next  tliR  armament  sailed  into  the  bay   of  Fundy,    and   there 
Chiirch  vis-  divided  ; — the  ships  of  war  proceedina;   attalnst   Port-Royal,  and 
ofFiimiy.    the  whale-boats  aganist  the  remoter  settlements.     Aher   destroy- 
ing Minas  [Horton]  and  two  other  "  populous  villages,"  and  mak- 
ing several  prisoners,  Church  rejoined  the  ships  in  the  harbor  oi 
Port-Royal.     But   a   council  of  war,   called   July  4,   misappre- 
hending the  strength  of  the  fortress,  determined  not  to  attack  it; 
and  the  ships  sailed  for  Boston.*     Church    then   laid   waste   the 
„.  .  ,      ,.  counti'v  about  Chie2:necto  :  and   visiting  Passamaquoddy,   Mount 
Stiiexpeiii-  Desert,  Penobscot  and  Casco  on  his  return,  finished  his   fifth  and 

Hull.  '  .  . 

last  eastern  expe(htion,  about  three  months  after  its  commence- 
ment j  receiving  from  the  legislature,  as  a  reward  for  his  services, 
a  vote  of  public  thanks.  Gov.  Dudley  in  his  next  speech  to  the 
General  Court  represented,  that  '  Col.  Church  had  destroyed  all 
'the  settlements  in  the  vicinity  of  Port-Royal,  and  taken  100 
'  prisoners  and  a  large  amount  of  plunder,  with  the  loss  of  on])'' 
'  six  men.' 

This  expedition,  while  it  in  a  great  degree  averted  from 
Maine,  the  hostilities  of  the  enemy  through  the  season, f  was  a 
most  destructive  one  to  the  ill-fated  Acadians.J  Church  was  an 
officer  who  made  thorough  work,  and  carried  retaliation  in  this 
instance  far  enough  :  For  their  condition,  in  view  of  winter,  was 
truly  wretched  ;  they,  until  now,  having  never  experienced  the 
direful  distresses  so  often  brought,  by  their  French  and  savage 
coadjutors,  upon  the  English  settlements. 

The  principal  sufferers  in  this  war,  were  the  people  of  Mas- 
Riassndiu-    sachusctts,  Ncw-Hampshirc  and  Maine.      Their  frontier   was  a 

sells,  Now- 

Haiilp^iiire  shelter  to  the  rest  of  New-England, — or  it  was  defended  at  their 

nnH    Maine  i        i        /■   i-  i  m'  r    tvt 

ihesufTcr-  cxpcnse,  botli  OI  lives  and  means.  ine  government  ot  New- 
wlr."  '"'  York  had  entered  into  a  treaty  with  the  Six  Nations^  or  Mo- 
hawks ;  who  had  engaged  to  observe  strict  neutrality  both  towards 
the  English  and  the  French.  Nothing  surely  could  be  more 
grateful  to  the  inhc\bitants  of  that  Province  ;  as  it  favored  a  lu- 
crative trade  with  the  Indians,  which  the   Provincials  would,   by 


*  According-  to  one  account,  [40  Univ.  Hist.  p.  152.]  Port-Royal  owed 
its  deliverance  to  60  Canadians  and  St.  Castine  the  3'onng-er,  who  had 
thrown  themselves  into  the  fort  the  day  before  the  English  appeared  io 
the  basin.  f  The  enemy  "  killed  a  lad  near  Casco  fort." — Penhallow. 

I  Church's  5th  Expedition,  p.  158-193. 

J  Sometimes  called  the  "  Five  ?3ations." 


Chap,  n.]  of  maine.  49 

no  means,  have  disturbed.  It  however  occasioned  great  conn-  a.  n  1705. 
plaint  in  Massachusetts ;  for  the  plunder,  taken  from  the  frontier 
settlements  eastward  of  Connecticut  river,  was  often  merchandize 
in  Albany.  On  the  contrary,  the  French,  who  had  suffered  so 
much  in  the  wars  with  that  fierce  and  savage  people,  soon  saw 
and  realized  the  great  benefits  of  the  neutrality  ;  and  therefore, 
permitted  no  hostile  movements  to  proceed  against  any  pari  of 
New- York. 

Massachusetts,  in  her  provident  care  of  Maine,  being  still  de- defence  of 

*  -Z  ,     yat'o,  and 

termined  to  keep  possession  of  Saco,  ordered,  that  the  fort  stand- scout  lo 

-,11111  •    JNorridge- 

ing  at  the  head  of  the  tide  be  dismantled  and  abandoned,  as  itwock. 
was  originally  erected  only  to  cover  the  Indian  trade  ;  and  that 
the  one  at  Winter-Harbor  be  strengthened  and  put  in  the  best 
posture  of  defence.  Moreover,  in  the  winter,  when  the  snow 
was  four  feet  deep,  Col.  Hilton,  who  had  been  a  Major  in  the  late 
expedition  under  Church,  was  sent  by  government  with  two  hun- 
dred and  seventy  men,  including  twenty  Indians,  to  Norridge- 
wock,  on  snow-shoes.  They  took  twenty  days'  provision  with 
them;  the  season  for  their  march  was  favorable  ;  and  seldom,  if 
ever,  were  the  fatigues  of  a  winter  campaign  undertaken  and  en- 
dured with  more  fortitude  and  patriotism  ;  the  oflicers  themselves 
having  only  the  pay  of  soldiers.  Arriving,  they  were,  after  all, 
disappointed,  for  they  found  none  of  the  enemy ; — nothing  but 
"  a  large  chapel  with  a  vestry"  and  deserted  wigwams,  all  which 
they  reduced  to  ashes.  This  and  the  successful  enterprizes  of 
Church  and  others  the  last  year,  had  greatly  provoked  the  French ; 
and  in  January,  Subercase,  late  ruler  of  Placentia,  having  sue-  gubercase 
ceeded  Brouillon  in  the  government  of  Nova  Scotia,  made  a  bold  J^^^\^f^^„j, 
descent  upon  the  Islands,  Newfoundland  and  St.  John's,  at  the  'an''- 
head  of  550  men,  collected  in  Canada  and  about  Port-Royal  5  in 
which  he  was  assisted  by  a  body  of  savages  under  the  noted 
chief  Assacombuit.  Great  ravages  were  made  among  the  settle- 
ments, many  of  the  English  were  killed,  and  140  taken  prisoners. 
By  this  time  the  belligerents  felt  their  respective  prisoners  to 

.  Exchange 

be  a  burthen  ;  and  in  May,  Gov.  Vaudreuil  despatched  from  Can-  of  prisoners 
ada  to  Boston,  Capt.  Hill,  who  had  been  taken   captive  the  last" 
year   in  Wells,  and  directed  him  to  negotiate   an  exchange.     On 
his  arrival,  he  was  able  to   communicate  to  mourning  friends  the 
intelligence,  that  there  were  of  their  countrymen,  about  117  in 
Vol..  II  7 


50  THE  HISTORY  [\  OL.    II, 

A.  D.  1705.  charge  of  the   government,  and  70  with  the   Indians.      William 
Dudley,  a  son  of  the  Governor,  and  several  other  gentlemen  were 
appointed  commissioners  to  Quebec ;    and   with   them   were  sent 
70   prisoners,  and  yet  only  60  were  obtained   in  retnrn.     Guilty 
of  detestable  hypocrisy,  Vaudreuil  pretended,  that  "  the  Indians 
'•  were  an  independent  and  freeborn  people  ;  and  that  he  had  no 
"  right  nor  power  to  demand  their  captives  ;"  whereas  they  were, 
in  fact,  well  known  to  be  entire  dupes  or  vassals  to  his  will.    How- 
ever, the  mission  of  the  Governor's   son   was  protracted  several 
months,  under  pretence  either  of  effecting  a  farther  exchange    of 
prisoners,   or   of  negotiating  a  neutrality  ; — though  his  continu- 
ance there,  was  in  truth  a  matter    of  policy,  to   delay  excursions 
or  sallies  against  the  English  frontiers. 
Vetch  and        Afterwards,  William  Rowse  was  sent  twice  with  a  vessel  and 
cuse'roMi-  flag  of  truce  to  Nova  Scotia ;  but  returned  with  only  24  deliver- 
licii  trade.    ^^  ^^^^^^  Captivity.     As  deep  suspicions  shaded    his  conduct,  he, 
as  principal,  his  friend  Samuel  Vetch,  subsequently    Governor  of 
Nova  Scotia,  and  two  merchants  of  Boston,  as  accomplices,  were 
charged  with  carrying  on  thither  an  illicit  trade,  whereby  the  en- 
emy was  furnished  with    military  stores  ;  and   consequently  they 
were  thrown  into  prison.     Yet  they  finally  escaped  heavy  penal- 
ties, only  because  the  queen  refused  to  sign  the   legislative   acts, 
passed  for  their  punishment. 
Gov.  Dud-       There  were  furthermore  whispers,  that  the  Governor  himself, 
ipy  uiip..|Hi-  ^vas  concerned  in  tliis  disgraceful  traffic  ;  and  he  found  it  difficult 
to  wipe  off  the  unjust  aspersion,  deepened  as  it  was  by   popular 
prejudice.     His  notions  of  government,  it  is  true,  had  too  much 
of  an  aristocratic  tincture  ;  and  he  was  far  from  having  the  gen- 
eral love   and  esteem  of  the  people.      Nay,  it  was   expected,   at 
one   time,   that  he  would  be   removed,  and   Sir  Charles  Hobby 
appointed  to  the  executive  chair.     The  Governor's  influence  was 
certainly  limited,  and  his  unpopularity,  a  check  to   public   meas- 
ures,  if  not  an  embarrassment  to  the  prosecution  of  the  war. 
Urges  the         According  to  the  instructions  of  the  ministry,  he   again  urged 
onvm"."    "P"n  '^lie  General  Court,  to  rebuild  the  fort  at  Pemaquid,  and  to 
^[11}''.^''^,.  contribute  towards  the  repairs  and  support  o{  fort    William  and 
\Vm"and     '^"'"y?*  ^n  Great  Island  opposite  Kittery.  But  the  House  thought 
Mary.         Pemaquid  to  be   '  out  of  the  usual  road  traversed  by  the  Indians  ; 


*  S-c  arjtr,  A.  D.  17 JO. 


Chap,  ii.]  of  Maine.  52 

^  and  being  an  hundred  miles  distant  from  any  English  planta-  a.  u.  1706. 
'  tion,  it  was  merely  a  place  of  occasional  anchorage  for  coasters 
''  or  fishing  boats,  and  could  be  of  no  great  benefit — no  "  bridle 
"  to  the  enemy — no  barrier  to  our  frontier."  The  original  ex- 
'  pense  of  erecting  it  was  great — not  less  than  £20,000  ;  and 
'  the  charge  of  rebuilding  and  supporting  it,  Avould  be  greater 
•  than  the  Province  could  possibly  sustain.' — In  excuse  for  not 
complying  with  the  other  proposition,  the  House  replied,  that  the 
fort  was  originally  built  at  the  charge  of  New-Hampshire,  and  to 
her  it  properly  belonged  ;  that  the  whole  expense  of  the  repairs 
was  only  about  £500 — a  sum  not  equal  to  the  quota  of  several 
single  towns  in  JMassachuseits,  for  one  year's  charge  of  the  pres- 
ent war ;  that  all  the  trade  and  navigation  on  the  northern  as 
well  as  southern  side  of  the  river  Piscataqua,  paid  an  excise 
towards  the  maintenance  of  the  fortification  ;  and  that  Massachu- 
setts had  been  at  great  expense  in  the  protection  of  New-Hamp- 
shire, and  of  the  parties  employed  in  procuring  timber  and  masts 
for  the  crown ;  while  the  latter  Province  had  done  nothing 
towards  the  support  of  the  garrisons,  the  land-forces,  and  sea- 
fencibles,  though  as  truly  protective  of  her  as  of  Maine  or  Mas- 
sachusetts. Equally  unsuccessful  was  the  Governor  in  urging 
upon  the  Legislature  another  proposition,  which  was  the  estab-  Governor's 
lishment  of  settled  salaries,  for  the  two  first  executive  officers  of 
the  Province ;  the  Governor  being  usually  allowed  an  annual  sti- 
pend of  only  £500. 

Through  the  summer  and  autumn,  our  cruisers  were  continu-  „  , 

~  '  Oiirvpssels 

ally  on  the    eastern   coast;    nevertheless,  the   French  privateers  "'^'^^^ .''"d 

•'  '  _  ^  (artied  to 

took  seven   of   our  vessels  and  carried  them  into   Port-Royal.  Fon-Royal. 
Nor  could  the  remaining  towns  and  plantations  in  Maine  prevent  ,^. 

<->  L  I  Kiiteryand 

or  escape  attacks  and  losses,  though  they  had  regular  sentries,  ^"'"'^  ^^' 
nightwatches  and  videttes  perpetually  in  service ;  for  they  lost, 
during  the  season,  as  many  as  twenty-one  or  two  of  their  inhab- 
itants, killed  or  carried  into  captivity.  In  Kittery,  at  Spruce- 
Creek,  five  were  slain  and  as  many  made  captives.  Among  the 
former  was  Mrs.  Hoel,  a  gentlewoman  of  very  respectable  connex- 
ions and  fine  accomplishments.  Enoch  Hutchins  lost  his  wife  and 
children ;  John  Rogers,  three  weeks  after,  was  dangerously 
wounded  ;  and  James  Toby  was  shot.  Another  party  of  eighteen 
Indians,  rushing  from  the  woods,  October  1 5th,  seized  Mr.  Sto- 
ver's four  children,  near  the  garrison  at  Cape-Neddock,  in  York. 


52  THE  FIISTORY  [VoL.  U. 

A.D.  1705.  One,  being  too  young  to  travel,  they  knocked  on  the   head,  and 
another  they  afterwards  killed,  probably  amid  torture,  out  of  re- 
taliatory revenge,   according   to  savage  usage  ;    because  one  of 
the  assailants  was  shot  down  on  his  retreat. 
A.  I).  170G.      There  were  some  apprehensions  of  an  attack  upon  the  frontier 
in  the  subsequent  winter  ;  owing  principally  to  intelligence  receiv- 
ed from  Col.  Schuyler   of  Albany,  that  a  force  of  2T0  men  was 
preparing  to  march  from  Canada  to  some  place  unknown.    There- 
fore Governor  Dudley,  ever  watchful  of  the  enemy,  gave  orders 
for  a  circular  scouting  march,  once  a  month,  round  the  head   of 
the  towns,  from  Kingston,  N.  H.  to  Salmon   Falls. — The  enemy 
Cruclinsof  first  appeared   in   Maine,  at  Kittery,   April  29,  where  a  party  of 
orKiue'rv!''  them  rising  from  an  ambush,  upon  Mr.  Shapleigh  and  his  son,  as 
they  were  travelling  through  the  town,  killed  the  father  and   car- 
ried the  son  to  Canada.     On  their   march,  the  savages  exhibited 
a  specimen  of  their   barbarous   disposition  ;    for  they  bit  off  the 
ends  of  their  young  prisoner's  fingers,  and  to  prevent  their  bleed- 
ing, seared  them  with   burning-hot  tobacco-pipes.      There   were 
likewise  other  instances  of  cruelty.     One  Sampson,  an  overgrown 
savage,  undertook  to  hang  Rebecca  Taylor,  his  prisoner,  with  his 
girdle  tied  around  her  neck  and  drawn  over  the   limb  of  a  tree. 
But,  unexpectedly,  his  girdle  broke,  and  she,  half  suspended,  fell. 
This  so  exasperated  tlie  monster,  that  he  was  about  to  plunge  his 
hatchet  into  her  head,  when  the  noted  Bomaseen,  passing  that 
way,  humanely  rescued  the  fair  sufferer  from  her  pains  and  perils. 
Hnva^esiii       Much  mischief  was  perpetrated,  this   summer,  by  the  Indians, 
.«;eurand"N.  at  Dover,   Exeter,  and  Dunstable,   in   New-Hampshire;  and   at 
jiampsiiiie.  Qj-Qton,  Clielmsford,  and  Sudbury,  in  Massachusetts  ;  and  hence 
the  government  resolved  upon  a  more  vigorous  prosecution  of  the 
war.     In  a  new  tariff  of  bounties,  for  every  Indian  scalp,  a  regu- 
lar soldier  was  offered   £10;  a  volunteer,   without  w^ages,  £20, 
and  without  being  furnished  with  rations  or  supplies,   £50 ;  yet, 
so  shy  and  seldom   seen  were  the  savages,  that  it  is  said,  every 
Indian  scalped,  killed  or  taken,  cost  the  Province  £1000. 
Tho  Indians      But,  fortunately,  the   tribes  considered   the  war  a  burden,  and 

tired  of  the  ,  .         .  .   .  _,  , 

war.  were  heartily  tired  ol  it,  as    was  conceded    by  the  T  rench  them- 

selves. Usually,  a  war  of  three  years'  continuance  is  long  enough 
for  Indians.  In  the  present  war,  they  may  have  gratified  their 
revenge, — certainly  they  had  acquired  no  permanent  advantage, 
no  considerable  booty,  or  other  emolument.     They  had  not  utter- 


Chap,  ii.]  of  mai.nx.  53 

ly  destroyed  a  single  town  or  plantation  in  Massachusetts  or  New-  A.  D.  J706. 
Hampshire  ;  and  those  they  had  laid  waste  in  Maine,  yielded 
nothing  to  the  destroyers.  The  white  men  of  this  age  were  well 
acquainted  with  the  manner  of  savage  warfare,  and  were  more 
than  a  match  for  their  foes.  The  unhappy  natives  saw  their 
tribes  wasted  and  distressed,  liable  to  be  utterly  extirpated  from 
the  beloved  land  of  their  fathers  ;  and  yet  unable  elsewhere  to 
obtain  a  support  for  themselves  and  for  their  needy  families. 

A  neutrality  was  proposed  by  the  Canadian  French,  which  is  F<rcpscie. 
supposed  to  have  been  rejected.  Charlevoix*  says,  that  Gov.  iik:''"i-i  H. 
Dudley  in  this  dilemma    was   'much    affected   with  the   cries   ofcJiinda. ' 

*  the  inhabitants,  no  longer  able  to  improve  their  lands,  which 
'  were  continually  ravaged  by  the    Indians  ;  and   he  thought  the 

*  only  way  to  put  an  end  to  their  distress,  was  to  remove  the 
'  French  from  Acadia.'  It  is  true,  the  Governor  had  great  rea- 
son to  expect,  that  a  complete  conquest  both  of  that  country  and 
Canada  would  soon  be  atten)pted  ;  since  the  promise  of  an  arma- 
ment from  England,  the  cui'rent  year,  remained  unperformed, 
only  because  of  some  changes  in  the  political  affairs  of  the  realm. 
He  was  exceedingly  anxious  to  see  Port-Royal  reduced  ;  as 
such  an  event  would  complete  the  entire  conquest  of  Nova  Sco- 
tia, and  convert  it  into  an  English  Province.  It  would  also 
serve  to  shew,  that,  though  it  were  falsely  said,  the  Governor's 
impolitic  management  of  affairs  towards  that  Province  had  cost 
Massachusetts  £30,000,  he  was  successful  as  well  as  indefatiga- 
ble in  his  labors  and  plans  for  the  public  good. 

Another  excursion  eastward,  was  undertaken  by  the  estimable 
Colonel  Hilton,  in  January,  1707;    and   a  shallop  was   sent  to  ^'"'- "''- 

/-I  •  ,  ,  •   •  /-       I  •      ^  tnii's  success 

L.asco  With  stores  and  provisions  for  his  forces,  consisting  of  220  "t  Biack- 
men.  So  mild  and  unsettled  was  the  weather,  however,  and  ^°'"  ' 
open  the  winter,  that  they  were  unable  to  prosecute  their  march 
to  the  extent  intended  ;  yet  in  pursuing  an  Indian  track  upon 
which  they  struck,  near  Black-point,  they  surprised  and  killed 
four  savages,  and  took  captive  a  middle  aged  squaw  with  a  pap- 
poose.  To  save  her  life,  she  conducted  them  to  a  party  of 
eighteen,  lying  asleep  on  a  neck  of  land  not  far  distant  and  un- 
guarded ;  all  of  whom  except  one,   they   killed   about  break  of 


2  Charlevoix's  N.  F.  p,  313. 


54  i'HE  HISTORY  [VoL.  11. 

A,u.  1707.  day,  and  took  the  other  a  prisoner,*  This  occasioned  the  great- 
er jov  and  triumph,  because  of  the  difficulty,  at  this  period,  of 
coming  across  the  Indians  or  finding  their  haunts. 

Col  i\Tarrii-s      Earlv  in  the  sprine;,   the   Governor  raised   two  regiments   for 

a-.-irisi  1'.  the  eastern  service ;  and  gave  the  command  ot  them  to  Uols. 
"^"''  Wainwright  and  Hilton.  The  officers  embarked  with  the  troops, 
at  Nantasket,  IMay  13,  in  23  transports,  convoyed  by  the  Dept- 
ford  man  of  war  and  the  Province  galley,  and  furnished  with  a 
competent  number  of  whale-boats.  The  chief  command  of  the 
expedition  was  given  to  Col.  March  ;  who  was  well  beloved  by 
the  soldiers,  and  had  behaved  bravely  in  several  scouts,  and  ren- 
counters with  the  enemy,  though  never  tried  in  service  difficult 
"''  '^'  like  the  present.  Arriving  at  Port-Royal,  on  the  26th,  about 
1000  men  were  disembarked  ;  and  a  skirmish  ensued,  in  which 
Subercase  had  his  horse  shot  under  him  and  retired  ;  while  the 
inhabitants  took  shelter  in  the  fort.  Misapprehending  its  force 
and  condition,  a  council  of  war  supposed  it  "was  more  than  a 
match  for  our  raw  undisciplined  army  ;"  and  the  forces  all  re- 
embarked,  June  7,  in  a  disorderly  manner. f  Several  of  the 
officers  went  to  Boston  for  further  orders  ;  and  some  of  the 
transports  put  in  at  Casco,  and  one  at  Portsmouth.  The  Gov- 
ernor at  Boston,  being  thrown  off  his  guard  by  the  inciting  influ- 
ences of  passion  and  chagrin,  declared  if  another  vessel  arrived, 
not  a  man  should  come  ashore  "on  pain  of  death."  He  was  de- 
termined, and  at  last  by  dint  of  effort,  was  able  to  effect  a  rally 
and  return  to  the  siege  of  Port-Royal.  Yet  thinking  it  inexpe- 
dient actually  to  supersede  Col.  March  in  the  command,  the 
Governor  appointed  three  gentlemen  of  the  Council,  supervisors 
of  the  enterprize  now  so  boldly  renewed.     The  troops  relanded 

Au-.  10,  before  the  town,  August  10; — but  the  spirits  of  March  were 
crippled  and  his  health  affected, — the  men  were  sickly,  and  dis- 
heartened,— the  enemy's  forces  were  increasing  ;  and  no  means 
could  inspire  an  union,  firmness  and  skill  equal  to  the  emergency. 
In  ten  days  the  whole  affair  was  at  an  end  ;  yet  the  army  though 
sufficiently  mortified,  really  sustained  no  greater  loss  than  sixteen 
killed  and  as  manv  wounded. 


*The  rcDort  of  this  affair  with  little  variation  from  the  trnth,  was  in  cir- 
culation at  Portsinc.ith,  on  the  morning- if  happened,  though  60  miles  i]h- 
tant.—PcnhaUov}''s  InfUnn  War,  p.  40. 
t  2  Charlevoix,  p.  318-321, 


Chap,  ii.]  of  Maine.  56 

111   consequence  of    this   unfortunate  expedition,   the  French  a.  d.  1707. 
were  much  more  able  to  arouse  the  Indians  to  a  renewal  of  their  Ail  theeas- 

,.     •  -r^      •       •  11  r  r  -,  ,~r,Y-     1  •       1  '^'""  settle- 

spoliations.  Beginnmg  the  last  oi  June,  1  <0/,  they,  in  the  course  moms  as- 
of  three  months,  made  bold  advances  against  Kittery,  Berwick, 
York,  Wells,  Casco  and  Winter-Harbor,  being  all  the  surviving 
towns  and  garrisons  in  ]\raine.  As  if  actuated  by  personal  malevo- 
lence towards  William  Carpenter,  a  party  pushed  forward  to  his 
dwellinghouse,  in  Kittery,  and  slew  liiin  and  all  his  family.  Four  Kiuery. 
men,  riding  in  company  with  Mrs.  Littlefield,  on  the  road  between 
York  and  Wells,  were  waylaid,  August  10th,  and  all  slain  except  a nf?.  lo. 

Wells. 

one,  who  hardly  escaped  nn  equally  expected  fate.  Mrs.  Little- 
field  had  money  to  the  amount  of  |-200  about  her  person,  of  all 
which,  it  is  said,  the  same  bloody  hands  plundered  her.  After- 
wards ]Mr.  Littlefield,  Lieutenant  of  the  latter  town,  was  taken 
and  carried  to  Canada.  The  savages  seemed  both  to  hate  and 
fear  all  men  of  military  titles,  rank,  or  character.  But  fishermen 
were  mere  playthings  in  their  clutclies.  Lurking  about  Casco,  Casco. 
they  intercepted  a  fishing  smack,  sailing  among  the  Islands,  and, 
as  in  like  cases,  they  made  an  easy  conquest  of  her  and  her  crew, 
killing  three  of  them  and  taking  the  other  two  prisoners. 

Yet  much  the  boldest  movement  made  this  year,  was  on  the  a  severe 
21st  of  September,  by  a  party  of  150  Indians,  coming  in  50  ca- saco. 
noes"^  to  Winter-Harbor.  Here  they  attempted  to  take  possession 
of  two  shallops  lying  at  anchor,  while  Capt.  Austin,  Mr.  Har- 
mon, John  Cole,  sergeant  of  the  garrison,  and  five  others  were 
on  board.  By  waiting  till  the  enemy  was  near,  and  then  all  fir- 
ing at  once,  they  threw  the  savage  flotilla  into  great  confusion. 
Recovering  themselves,  (as  the  narrator  says,)  the  Indians  re- 
turned a  discharge  of  musquetry,  with  so  much  spirit,  that  our 
men  were  forced  to  abandon  one  of  the  shallops  ;  and  entering 
the  other,  we  cut  her  cables,  endeavored  to  spread  the  sails,  and 
put  to  sea.  The  Indians,  instantly  taking  possession  of  the  little 
prize,  had  up  the  mainsail,  before  ours  was  half  mast;  and  plied 
their  oars  and  paddles  so  dexterously  on  each  side,  as  to  render 
their  pursuit  fearful.  Their  bark  however,  was  a  dull  sailor, 
and  themselves  unskilful  mariners  ;  and  when  they  saw  they  were 
falling  astern  of  their  competitors,  a  number  of  them,  in  a  dozen 
canoes,  by  means  of  fishlines,  undertook  to  tow  her  ahead.      In 

*  They  iisiKilly  appeared  "  threejn  a  canoe.'" 


56  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II, 

A.  D.  1707  the  chase,  a  brealli  of  air  breezed  up,  and  by  hauling  her  too 
near  the  wind,  she  came  several  times  to  stays, — which  greatly 
retarded  her  progress.  A  perpetual  firing  was  kept  up  by  the 
parties  on  each  other  ;  and  so  near  together  were  they  at  times, 
— so  smart  was  the  skirmish, — and  so  daring  the  Indians,  that 
they  attempted  to  seize  the  blades  of  the  oars,  as  our  men  were 
rowing.  The  engagement  lasted  about  three  hours  ;  and  when 
the  chase  ceased,  our  men  had  scarcely  five  charges  of  pow- 
der left.  Our  loss  was  only  one  man,  Benjamin  Daniel,  fatally 
wounded  in  his  bowels ;  who  exclaimed,  I  am  a  dead  man,  but 
give  me  a  gun  to  kill  one  more  lefore  I  go  : — ^Yet  the  brave  man 
had  not  strength  to  fire.  About  nine  of  the  enemy  were  killed 
in  this  well-fought  skirmish,  and  twice  as  many  wounded. 

The  last  outrage  of  the  Indians  this  season,  in   Maine,  was   at 

Rnrvvick      Berwick  ;  where  a  small  scoutins;   party   of  them  killed   two,   as 

Bgain  beset.  '  o    I        j  ' 

they  were  returning  from  public  worship.  This  aroused  the  in- 
habitants, and  a  band  of  them,  acquainted  with  their  paths,  laid 
in  wait  for  them,  and  thus  by  having  the  first  fire,  threw  them' 
into  such  consternation,  that  they  dropped  their  packs,  contain- 
ing three  scalps  and  some  articles  of  value,  and  fled  to  the 
woods. 
rr.  This  was  a  most  trying  year  to  the    remaining  people   of   this 

Tho  misery  J      o  J  o    i        i 

of  Maine."  Pi-ovince.  They  could  not  even  stir  abroad,  though  well  armed, 
without  imminent  hazard  of  their  lives.  They  were  under  the  ne- 
cessity of  crowding  their  families  into  garrisoned  houses,  and 
tilling  lands,  only  where  they  were  situated  within  call  from  the 
sentry-boxes.  The  lumber  trade  and  fishery  were  wholly  at 
an  end  ;*  the  means  of  a  livelihood  were  extremely  slender  y 
and  all  anticipations  of  speedy  relief  appeared  truly  desperate, 
as  the  fifth  summer  had  now  closed,  without  any  prospect  of 
peace. 
A.D.  1703.  But  happily  for  the  Province,  it  lost  only  two  of  its  inhabitants 
Aye;.rof    ,'„  the  next  year,  1708; — these  were   Robert  Read   and   David 

JO  me  res-  /         '  ' 

P'^«-  Hutchins,  who  were  killed  at  Kittery.     In  the    succeeding  year, 

the  people  suffered  comparatively  nothing  from  the  enemy's  in- 
cursions ;  and  therefore  hopes  began  to  be  entertained,  that  the 
days  of  extreme  darkness  and  distress  were  passed. 

Various  rumors  however,  during  the  current  season  continually 


*  Gov.  Dudley's  speech,  1709. 


Chap,  ii.]  of  aiaine.  57 

agitated  the  public;  and  scouts  were  all  the  time  in  service,  a, D.  1708. 
Spy-boats  were  also  kept  out  along  the  coast  between  Piscataqua  Alarming 
and  Winter-Harbor.  At  length,  a  story  was  sent  into  circulation, 
by  way  of  Albany,  that  there  was  a  great  army  collecting  in 
the  north,  which  consisted  of  Canadian  volunteers  and  Indian 
warriors  from  different  tribes, — such  as  the  Algonquins,  the  Hu- 
rons,  the  Mohawks,  and  the  St.  Francois  Indians — to  be  joined 
by  the  Abenaques  and  Tarratines;  and  that  the  whole  force  was 
preparing  to  attack  suddenly  some  part  of  the  New-England 
frontiers.  This  was  a  French  manoeuvre  to  unite  all  these  na- 
tives, and  bring  them,  if  possible,  to  act  in  concert  against  the 
common  enemy.  The  Hurons  commenced  their  march,  July,  .  ,^ 
16;  when  one  of  them  accidentally  killed  his  companion; — an 
event,  which  all  considering  an  ill  omen  to  the  expedition,  they 
turned  back.  The  Mohawks  said  their  men  were  affected  with 
a  contagious  distemper,  and  refused  to  proceed.  Nevertheless, 
Vaudreuil,  nowise  discouraged,  sent  to  his  officers  fresh  orders, 
— directing  them  to  prosecute  the  enterprise,  even  if  "  the  Al- 
gonquins and  St.  Francois  Indians  themselves  should  leave  him 
also."  Therefore  two  hundred  of  them  or  more  proceeded  on  ; 
and,  though  disappointed,  in  not  receiving  a  re-enforcement  at 
the  place  appointed,  from  the  Abenaques  and  Tarratines,  they 
surprised  Haverhill,  in  the  night  of  August  29,  and  made  it  a  Havcriiiii 
heap  of  ruins.  But  they  proceeded  no  farther  ; — for  the  eas-  August*29. 
tern  Indians  were  quite  needy,  and  heartily  desirous  of  peace. 
If  we  may  credit  a  letter  of  Subercase  to  a  friend,  '  the  Mick- 
'  maks  were  naked  ;  and  the  Indians  on  the  Kennebeck  and  Pe- 
'  nobscot  would  be  so  too,  had  they  not  carried  on  a  trade  with 
'  the  English,  through  the  medium  of  the  natives  about  Hudson 
'  river,  where  a  pound  of  beaver  was  worth  a  crown,  and  goods 
'  were  sold  at  a  reasonable  price.'  "  Thus,"  says  Charlevoix, 
"  our  own  enemies  relieved  our  most  faithful  Indian  allies  in  their 
"  necessities ;  while  they  were  daily  hazarding  their  lives  in  our 
"  service."* 

To  weaken  the  enemy,  or  hold  him  more  effectually  in  check,  j(^.-  ^Y'^*?^' 
and  to  retrieve  the  political  character  of  the  government,  in  some  e-^pedition 

^  ^  o  '  against  N. 

measure  sullied  by  former  expeditions  against  Port-Royal ;  anoth-  Scoiia. 


*  4  Charlevoix,  p.  100-20,  3d  vol.  p.  452-65, 
Vol.  II.  8 


58  ^  TME  HISTORY  [VoL.  II. 

A.  D.  1709.  er  was  about  to  be  undertaken.*  Of  this,  Francis  Nicholson, 
late  Lieutenant-Governor  of  Virginia,  was  appointed  Commander- 
in-Chief,  and  Samuel  Vetch,  before  mentioned,  a  late  trader  to 
Nova  Scotia,  well  acquainted  with  the  Acadian  settlements,  was 
Adjutant-General.  In  England,  they  had  obtained  the  queen's 
promise,  to  send  over  several  ships  of  war  to  aid  in  the  enter- 
prise. But  none  arriving,  the  whole  project  failed. — The  Mo- 
Treachery  hawks,  though  they  had  lately  joined  the  English,  were  both  jeal- 
h'awks.'^^°  ous  and  treacherous.  One  of  their  speakers  in  a  great  assembly 
previously  holden,  said  with  boldness, — '  You  know  the  English 
'  and  French  are  each  a  great  people  ;  if  one  of  them  should 
'  destroy  the  other,  the  conqueror  will  strive  to  make  us  slaves.' 
Besides  this,  there  was  a  report,  that  these  Indians  threw  skins 
into  the  stream,  where  the  English  soldiery  had  lately  encamped, 
near  lake  Champlain,  which  gave  the  water  poisonous  qualities.f 
Governor's  In  February,  the  Governor  says,  '  twenty  days  since,  accord- 
'  ing  to  my  former  usage,  I  marched  a  scout  of  150  men  from 
'  Casco  bay  to  all  the  old  settlements  or  lodgements  of  the  In- 
*  dians  in  the  Province  of  Maine,  in  order  to  keep  them  from 
'  their  dwelling-places,  and  convince  them  their  new  masters,  the 
'  French,  were  unable  to  defend  them  ;  though  they  have  suppli- 
'  ed  them  with  ammunition,  and  assisted  them  to  carry  on  the  war 
'  against  us,  about  thirty  years. — So  bigoted,'  adds  he,  '  are  the 
'  French  to  the  Romish  religion,  so  inveterate  against  all  protes- 
'  tants,  and  such  their  colonial  contiguity  to  New-England,  that 
'  we  shall  never  be  long  at  rest,  until  Canada  and  Nova  Scotia 
'  shall  constitute  a  part  of  the  British  Empire.'  The  Indians 
themseh^es  might  be  easily  rendered  tranquil,  were  they  removed 
from  French  influence ; — lor  they  were,  this  year,  actually  suing 
su^for  '^"^  for  peace  ;  a  delegation  being  sent  from  Kennebeck  to  Boston, 
P^^'^^-  with  a  flag  of  truce.  Nor  were  the  eastern  tribes  generally  en- 
gaged with  the  French  in  their  movements,  either  the  last  or 
present  year.  They  had  been  told  of  some  disagreeable  things, 
stated  of  them  in  Canada,  which  had  given  affront;  and  at  the 
instance  of  their  delegates,  the  government  sent  Mr.  Lewis  Bane, 
of  York,  to  Sagadahock,  clothed  with  authority  to  make  arrange- 
ments for  negotiating  a  treaty. 

*  To  meet  the  expense,  £15,000  were  eiriitted  in  bills  ;  and  July  17,  the 
Govenor  says,  1,200  men  are  raised,  and  17  transports  provided. — 7 
JIass.  Rec.  p.  426.  t  Penhallow. 


Chap,  ii.]  of  maine.  59 

But  the  conquest  of  Port-Royal,  in  the   spring  of  1710,  wasA.D.  nio. 
the    ereat    and   absorbins;    topic.      Nicholson   had  been  several  New  expe- 
months  in  Endand,  pressing;   upon  the  ministry  the  most  weighty  asainstPort 
arguments  and  solicitations  in  favor  of  the  enterprise  ;  and  on  the  July  13. 
15th  of  July,  the  fleet  arrived  in  Boston,  himself  being  on  board. 
In  conformity  to  the  queen's  command,  four  regiments  were  im- 
mediately raised  in  New-England,  commanded  by  Charles  Hob- 
by  and  Col.    Tailer  of  Massachusetts,   Col.   Whiting   of   Con- 
necticut, and     Col.    Walton  of  New-Hampshire.      There  were 
besides,  a  royal  regiment  of  marines,  commanded  by  Col.  Red- 
ding.    Nicholson,  as  before,  was  Commander-in-Chief,  and  Vetch, 
Adjutant-General ; — the    officers    being    commissioned    by    the 
queen.     The  fleet  consisted  of  the  Dragon,  Chester,  and  Martin, 
4th  rates ;  the   LeostafFe,  and  Feversham,  5th  rates  ;  the  Star,  a 
bomb-ketch  ;  the  Province  galley  ;  a  tender,  and  four  transports 
from  England,  and  24  colony  transports,*— in  all,  36  sail,  besides 
hospital  and  store   ships,  and   open   floats,  carrying   boards  and 
necessaries  for  the  cannon. 

They  sailed  September  18th,  and  all  arrived  safely  before  Port-  sept.  24. 
Royal,  on  the  24th,  except  one  transport,  commanded  by  Capt.  tio,',",!"  |u. 
Taye,  which,  rmining  ashore  at  the  mouth  of  the  river,  was  lost,  p.^Royaf"'* 
and  26  men  in  her,  drowned.  The  forces  were  landed  without 
opposition.  Subercase,  the  Governor,  had  only  260  effective 
men  with  him ;  and  the  most  of  these  he  was  afraid  to  employ 
beyond  the  limits  of  his  out-works,  through  fear  of  their  desertion. 
As  the  army  was  marching  towards  the  fort,  several  men  were 
killed  by  particular  aim  of  the  inhabitants,  cowering  behind  houses 
and  fences.  Our  engineers  had  three  batteries  open,  Oct.  1, 
within  100  yards  of  the  fort,  from  which  a  heavy  cannonading 
was  commenced,  and  continued  without  intermission.  Suber- 
case, in  the  evening  was  summoned  to  surrender,  when  he  agreed 
upon  a  cessation  of  arms,  and  the  next  day,  signed  articles  of 
capitulation. f  By  these,  the  fortress,  munitions  of  war  and 
other  effects  of  the  French  crown,  were  transferred  to  the  Queen 
of  England ;  the  inhabitants  within  a  league  of  the  fort,  J  with 


*  That  is,  14  were  in  the  pay  of  Massachusetts — 5  of  Connecticut — 3  of 
Rhode-Island,  and   2  of  New-Hampshire, — 2  Hutchinson's  History,  \>.  l&^. 

t  See  particulars,  PenhaUow''s  Indian  Wars. —  1  Coll.  JV.  H.  Hist.  Soc.  p. 
63-67. 

I  The  number  of  souls  within  these  limits  was  481. — 2  Hutch.  Hist.  p.  167. 


60  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II. 

A.  u.  1710.  their  property,  were,  upon  taking  the  oath  of  allegiance,  to  be 
protected,  two  years  ;  and  the  prisoners  were  to  be  transported  to 
France  or  be  permitted  to  remove  to  Canada  or  Placentia,  at 
their  election.* 

Col,  Vptch,       The  Englisii  lost  only  14  or  15  men,  besides  those  who  miser-      . 
ovcuiori    ^jj|y  perished  in  the  transport.     The  place  and  the  people   within 

the  protective  privileges   of  the  article,  was   called  by  General     I 

Annapolis.  Nicholson,  Annapolis  Roval,  in  compliment  to  the  queen. 
Leaving  Col.  Vetch,  appointed  Governor  of  the  country,  in  com- 
mand of  the  garrison,  and  with  him  200  marines,  and  250  vol- 
unteers, he  returned  safely  to  Boston,  Oct.  26,  attended  by  the 
fleet  and  army.  The  expedition  cost  New-England  £23,000, 
which  were  afterwards  reimbursed  by  parliament.f  ^ 

Levin<?.ston       It  was  agreed  before  Nicholson  embarked  from  Annapolis,  to 

and  Castiiie  i   »»   •       t        •  •        •  rr  r    i  i  r^ 

sent  to  Can-  Send  Major  Levmgston,  a  meritorious  officer  of  the  army,  and  Cas- 
tine  the  younger,  who  was  among  the  French  in  the  garrison, 
with  despatches  to  Governor  Vaudreuil  in  Canada  ;  informing 
him,  that  Acadia  had  fallen  into  the  hands  of  the  English  ;  that 
all  its  inhabitants,  except  those  within  the  pale  of  Port-Royal, 
were  prisoners  at  discretion  ;  and  that  if  the  barbarities,  practised 
upon  the  frontiers  of  New-England  by  the  savages,  under  his 
control,  were  not  discontinued,  reprisals  would  be  made,  or  re- 
taliation inflicted,  u])on  the  French  of  Nova  Scotia. J 

noy.    ■  The  messengers  with  three  Indian   guides,   proceeded   to   Pe- 

nobscot, where  Castine  spent  a  few  days  with  his  family,  at 
'Biguyduce ;  Levingston  in  the  mean  time  receiving  from  him 
every  mark  of  hospitality  and  attention.  They  then  paddled  up 
the  river  in  their  canoes  "  to  the  Island  of  Lett,  where  they  met 
"with  fifty  canoes,  and  twice,  as  many  Indians,  besides  women 
"  and  children. "§  This  was  probably  Oldtown.  Here  the  In- 
dians detained  them,  several  days ;  in  which  time,  a  prisoner 
taken  shortly  before  at  Winter-Harbor,  had,  in  hunting  with  his 
master  on  a  neighboring  Island,  effected  his  escape,  carrying  oflT  ■ 
both  the  Indian's  canoe  and  gun.     This  so  exasperated  the  native, 

*  Articles  entile, /6.  p.  166-7. — Subcrcasc  styled  himself  "Daniel  Aii- 
"ger  of  Stibcrcase,  Governor  of  L'Accada,  of  Cape  Breton  Island  and  of 
"  land  fi'om  Cape  l\osier,  as  far  west  as  Kennebeck  River." — .Masx,  Ltl. 
Book,  p.  104-5.  I"  1  Halliburton's    N.  S.  p.  88. 

I  2  Charlevoix's  N.  F.  p.  :>  12-C  —39  Univ.  Hist.  p.  257-S. 

\  Pcnhallow's  Indian  Wars.  — 1  Col.  N.  H.  Hist.  Sec.  p.  C7. 


Chap,  ii.]  of  Maine.  61 

that  he  determined  to  kill  the  first  white  man  he  saw  ;  and  there-  a.d.  1710. 
fore  the  moment  he  again  met  with  Levingston,  he  seized  him  by  the 
throat,  and  drawing  back  his  hatchet,  would  have  despatched  him 
with  a  single  stroke,  had  not  the  noble-spirited  Castine  thrust 
himself  between  them,  and  rescued  his  companion  from  instant 
death.  They  left  Oldtown,  or  Lett,  Nov,  4,  and  were  42  days  in 
the  woods,  before  they  arrived  at  Quebec.  The  day  after  they 
started,  Levingston's  canoe  was  overset,  his  gun  and  all  he  had 
were  sunk,  and  one  of  the  guides  drowned.  The  other  canoe, 
when  the  ice  made,  became  leaky  and  entirely  unsafe  ;  and  hence 
they  were  obliged  to  leave  it  and  perform  the  rest  of  their  tedi- 
ous journey  on  land.  They  travelled  by  their  compass  ;  and 
much  of  the  weather  was  so  stormy  or  foggy,  that  for  nineteen 
days  in  succession,  they  never  saw  the  sun.  They  travelled 
over  some  mountains,  through  dismal  deserts,  and  around  ponds 
and  heads  of  rivers  ;  oftentimes  fording  streams  unknown  and 
dangerous,  traversing  swamps  thick  with  spruces  and  cedars, 
and  some  days  wading  in  snow  knee-deep.  To  aggravate  their 
sufferings  and  their  fears  of  perishing, — six  days  before  they 
could  reach  a  human  habitation,  they  had  consumed  all  their 
provisions  ;  subsisting  afterwards  upon  the  leaves  of  wild  vege- 
tables, the  inner  rinds  of  trees,  and  a  few  dried  berries,  they  oc- 
casionally found. 

They  arrived  at  Quebec,  December  16th,  and  reached  Albany  Their  inter- 

y-,    ,  rtrtJ  1       •        •  1  1      •         •  '11  view  will) 

J^  ebruary  23a,  on  then-  journey  homeward  ;  brmgmg  with  them,  the  Gov.  at 
as  the  fruits  of  their  most  fatiguing  and  hazardous  mission,  only 
a  letter   from   Vaudreuil,   in   which   he   says,    '  never  have  the 

*  French,  and  seldom  have  the  Indians,  treated  their  English  cap- 
'  lives  with  inhumanity  ;  nor  were  the  French,  in  any  event,  ac- 
'  countable  for  the  behavior  of  Indians.  But,'  added  he,  '  a  truce, 
'  and  even  a  neutrality,  if  the  English  had  desired  it,  might 
'  long  since  have  terminated  the  miseries  of  war ;  and  should 
'  any  retaliatory  measures  be  adopted   by  the  English,  they  will 

*  be  amply  revenged  by  the  French.' 

The  conquest  of  Nova  Scotia,  which   has   ever   since  been  a  Nova  Sco- 

B.  •  1    y,        .  ,  .    ,  ,      .  ,    .  .        tia  n  British 

ntisn  rrovmce,  was  an  event   highly  important  and  interesting  Province. 

to  the  Provinces  of  Maine  and  Sagadahock.     For  it  laid  the 

long  controverted  question  asleep,   about  boundaries  ;  the  royal 

charter  of  William  and   Mary  being   definite  enough   upon  that 

subject,  as  it  respected  the  dividing    lines  between   territories  of 


62 

A  I).   1710. 


The  Indians 
at  York  and 
Saco ;  and 
scout  under 
Walton. 


Nicholson 
solicits  a 
force 
against 
Canada. 


THE  HLSTORY  [VoL.    II. 

the  same  crown.  Likewise  the  eastern  country  and  coast,  after 
this,  hecame  far  less  exposed  to  the  depredations  of  the  Indians, 
inasmuch  as  a  contiguous  Province  could  no  longer  be  their 
hiding  place. 

Till  this  period,  as  it  will  be  readily  perceived,  the  history  of 
the  Sagadahock  Province  has  been  so  intimately  blended  ivith  oc- 
currences in  JVova  Scotia,  that  a  narrative  of  events  and  affairs 
in  the  Jormer,  could  not  be  wider  stood,  without  tracing  also  the 
chain  of  events  which  have  transpired  in  the  latter* 

But  neither  the  conquest  of  the  Acadian  Province,  nor  yet 
the  desires  of  the  Sagamores  to  negotiate  a  peace  as  proposed 
by  them  more  than  a  year  since,  did  wholly  deter  the  Indians 
from  committing  mischief  and  even  taking  life.  For  early  in  the 
spring,  they  killed  Benjamin  Preble  of  York  ;  and,  August  2,  a 
party  of  50  French  and  Indians,  slew  a  woman  at  Winter-Har- 
bor, and  took  two  men  prisoners — one  of  them,  Pendleton  Fletch- 
er, whom  the  garrison  redeemed,  had  been  three  times  before 
taken  captive.  A  week  after  this,  a  larger  company  visited  the 
Saco,  killed  three,  and  carried  away  six.  To  amuse  themselves, 
they  actually  took  the  skin  from  one  of  the  slain  and  made  girdles. 
Still  later,  about  the  time  they  visit  their  "  clam  banks,"  Col. 
Walton,  having  returned  from  Port-Royal,  proceeded  at  the  head 
of  170  men  to  reconnoiter  the  eastern  shores.  At  Sagadahock, 
he  took  a  Sagamore  of  Norridgewock,  his  wife,  and  a  number 
of  their  companions,  decoyed  or  drawn  to  him  by  the  smoke  of 
the  soldiers'  fires.  The  Sagamore  was  so  surly,  and  so  deaf  to 
every  inquiry,  that  the  friendly  Indians  were  permitted  to  dis- 
patch him.  Farther  east  the  scout  came  across  three,  and  made 
them  prisoners  ;  and  on  their  return  to  the  Saco,  either  killed  or 
took  five  more.  On  the  other  hand,  the  Indians,  seizing  one 
Ayres,  presently  dismissed  him,  and  sent  him  to  the  garrison, 
at  fort  Mary,  with  a  flag  of  truce,  requesting  a  pacification. 

But  nothing  at  this  time  was  desired  with  half  so  much  ardor 
and  avidity,  as  the  entire  conquest  of  Canada.  Such  an  event 
would  secure  to  New-England  perpetual  quiet;  and  Col.  Nich- 
olson after  his  return  from  Port-Royal,  proceeded  to  England, 
and  again  urgently  besought  the  crown  for  assistance.      To  pro- 


*  For  while  jNova  Scotia  was  subject  to  the  French,  thej  claimed  pos- 
session as  far  westward  as  to  Kennebeck,  and  actually  occupied  as  far  as 
Penobscot. 


Chap,  ii.]  of  MAINE.  63 

mote  his  purpose,  he  took  with  him  five  Mohawk  Sagamores  ;  A.  U.  nil. 
who,  when  arriving  in  the  kingdom,  attracted  universal  attention. 
The  higher  orders  of  the  people  were  anxious  to  see  them,  and 
the  mob  ? flocked  in '  crowds  after  them,  wherever  they  went. 
Even  little  portraits  of  their^faces,  were  stricken  off, — hundreds 
of  which  found  a  ready  sale  in  the  streets.  As  the  court  were 
then  in  mourning,*  the  Chiefs  were  clad  in  black  at  the  royal 
charge  ;  and  in  lieu  of  blankets  they  were  mantled  with  scar- 
let cloaks,  edged  with  gold  tinsel.  In  this  costume,  they  were 
conducted  in  two  coaches  to  the  palace  of  St.  James,  by  the 
Lord  Chamberlain,  who  ititroduced  them  to  her  Majesty.  In 
the  few  remarks  made,  one  expressed  himself  to  this  effect : — 
Should  you  taJce  the  Canada  country,  and  put  the  French  under 
your  feet,  it  woidd  give  us  great  advantage  in  hunting  and  ivar. 
Let  yoxLr  princely  face  shine  upon  us.  We  are  your  allies.  We 
will  never  turn  our  hacks — never  leave  our  ivell  beloved  country. 
We  all  stand  firm — nothing  shall  move  us. 

To  the  surprise  and  joy  of  the  colonists,  Nicholson  returned  june  and 
to  Boston,  June  8,  1711,  followed  by  a  fleet  consisting  of  1 5  (a^o^rfthe^ 
ships  of  war,  43  transports,  and  6  store  ships,  under  Admiral  C'^P"''"""- 
Walker  ;  bringing  seven  veteran  regiments  of  the  Duke  of  Marl- 
borough's army,  and  a  battalion  of  marines.  These  troops  and 
two  New-England  regiments  of  650  recruits,  formed  the  army, 
which  was  provided  with  a  fine  train  of  artillery.  The  arma- 
ment left  Boston,  July  30  ;  but  unfortunately,  eight  transports 
were  wrecked  in  the  St.  Lawrence,  upon  Egg-Island,  where 
about  1 ,000  men  perished.  The  officers  were  so  disheartened 
by  this  disaster,  that  they  abandoned  the  expedition  and  return- 
ed, full  of  disappointment  and  chagrin, f  and  yet  obnoxious  to 
the  severest  stricture  and  obloquy.  It  was  a  most  disastrous 
event.  It  even  emboldened  the  Acadians  to  revolt ;  nor  would 
any  consideration  probably  have  induced  them  to  lay  down  their 
arms,  had  they  been  able  to  find  an  experienced  and  skilful  com- 
mander to  lead  them  against  Port-Royal,  and  into  fields  of 
victory. 

But  the   conquest  of  Nova-Scotia,   and  the  '€;reat  expedition  ^,'^.'"^1^^^°^^ 
against  Canada  gave  a  turn  to  the  views  and  movements  of  the  |h"'pa°"rn 


*  For  rrince  George,  the  liusbantl  of  Queen  Anne. — Hume. 
\  2  Charlevoix's  N.  F.  p.  355-361.-2  Brit.  Ivmp.  p.  273-G. 


64  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II. 

A. D.  17) I.Indians,  highly  favorable  to  the  frontiers.  For  though  in  the 
winter  of  1710-11,  three  sloops  in  the  pay  of  Massachusetts, 
carrying  180  men,  ranged  the  eastern  coast, — they  saw  neither 
a  Frenchman  nor  an  Indian.  The  same  number  was  led  by  Col. 
Col.  Wai-  Walton,  during  the  autumn,  as  far  eastward  as  Penobscot ;  yet 
ilri'se  ^"^'^'^  ^^®  °"'y  made  a  small  number  of  Indians  his  prisoners,  and  burnt 
two  or  three  vessels,  designed  for  cruisers  or  privateers.  There 
were  however,  a  few  renegado  Indians  still  strolling  over  the 
country,  and  three  or  four  men  were  killed  in  Maine,  this  season. 
Two  of  these  fell  in  Wells,  while  at  work  in  the  field  ;  and  one 
in  York,  who  was  fishing  in  a  pond,  his  companion  at  the  same 
time  being  severely  wounded.  Reviving  and  returning  to  the 
garrison,  he  told  how  he  and  his  deceased  friend  were  waylaid 
by  five  Indians  ;  one  of  whom,  running  at  him  with  great  fury, 
knocked  him  down,  scalped  him,  cut  him  deep  in  the  neck,  and 
evidently  thought  him  expiring.  But,  said  he,  /  retained  my 
senses  perfectly  ;  I  neither  struggled  nor  moved  ;  and  in  this  way 
escaped  death. 
A.D.  1712.  The  next  year,  1712,  was  much  more  calamitous  and  event- 
killed,  ful  to  the  distressed  inhabitants  of  Maine  °,  about  twenty-six  be- 
ing killed,  wounded  or  taken  captive  in  York,  Kittery,  and  Wells. 
The  enemy  first  appeared  at  York  ;  and,  in  April  or  May,  shot 
Samuel  Webber,  between  that  village  and  Cape-Neddock.  Anoth- 
er party  fell  upon  several  men  with  teams,  in  Wells  ;  when  three 
were  killed  and  as  many  wounded.  Among  those  who  fell,  was 
Lieut.  Littlefield,  a  brave  and  valuable  man,  whose  death  was 
deeply  lamented.*  He  had  for  a  long  time  commanded  the 
militia  company  of  his  town.  He  was  an  ingenious,  useful  citi- 
zen and  a  skilful  engineer,  especially  in  waterworks.  He  had 
been  taken  a  prisoner  four  years  before,  carried  to  Canada,  and 
lately  ransomed  from  his  captivity.  The  Indians  soon  after  were 
bold  and  daring  enough  to  penetrate  into  the  heart  of  the  town, 
where  they  caught  and  hurried  away  two  of  its  inhabitants  with 
shouts  ot  triumph.  The  repetition  of  these  desperate  adven- 
tures, was  enough  to  wither  every  hope,  and  fill  every  heart 
with  despair.  No  age,  no  condition,  no  place,  could  enjoy  the 
least  rest  or  security.  One  boy  was  killed  and  another  taken 
about  this  time  at  Spruce-creek,  in  Kittery. 

■♦'Supposed  to  be  the  same  Josiah  LitUcfielcl,  who  represented  Wells  in 
the  General  Court,  A.  U.  1710. 


Chap,  ii.]  OF  waine.  q§, 

As  a  scouting  party  was  marching  from  the  garrison  at  York,  a.d.  1712. 
towards  Cape-Neddock,  May  14,  it  was  assailed  by  a  body  of  fliay. 
30  French  and  Indians  ;  when   Nahon,  the   sergeant,  was  shot,  York,  Kit- 
and  seven  others  seized  and  confined.     The  commander  and  the  Henvk'k. 
survivors  fought  on  a  retreat,  till  they  arrived   at   a  great  rock. 
This  sheltered  them  from  the  fire  and  fury  of  their  pursuers,  and 
enabled  them  to  keep  their  ground,  till  relieved  by  Capt.  Willard 
and  a  flying  guard  from  the  fort.     Every  motion  and  movement 
of  the  inhabitants  seemed  to  lie  under  the  inspection  of  a  lurking 
malignant  foe.     John  Pickernell,  at  Spruce-creek,  was  shot  June 
1,  as  he  was  locking  his  door,  on  the  way  with  his  family  to  the 
garrison.      His   wife,  also,  was  wounded,  and   a  child  scalped, 
that  ultimately  recovered.     Seven  weeks  after  this,   a  man  was 
killed  at  Berwick,  another  at  Wells,  and  a  negro   taken   captive. 
The  black  soon  escaped,  probably  by  the  Indians'  consent,  for 
they  always  had  a  mortal  aversion  to  negroes. 

But  the  last  memorable  skirmish  with  the  enemy,  which  oc-  Skirmish  nt 
curred  in  Maine,  before  the  close  of  this  tedious  predatory  war,  \vedciin°"oc- 
happened  in  the  autumn,  at  Wells.  It  was  on  the  wedding  day  '^^^'"°"' 
of  Capt.  Wheelwright's  daughter.  To  witness  the  nuptials,  a 
considerable  number  of  guests  were  present,  some  of  whom  had 
attended  Mr.  Plaisted,  the  bridegroom,  from  Portsmouth.  When 
the  marriage  was  consummated,  and  the  attendants  were  piepar- 
ing  to  depart,  they  were  informed  that  two  of  their  horses  were 
missing  and  could  not  be  found.  Several  proceeded  immedi- 
ately in  search  of  them,  two  of  whom  were  shot  down  at  a  short 
distance  from  the  house,  and  others  seized  by  savages.  Alarm- 
ed at  the  report  of  guns,  Captains  Lane,  Robinson,  and  Heard, 
despatched  twelve  men  from  the  garrison,  across  lots,  to  meet  or 
intercept  the  assailants  ;  while  they  themselves,  in  company  with 
Mr.  Plaisted  and  his  friends,  mounted  the  bridled  horses,  and 
gave  them  whip  and  rein  in  pursuit.  But  in  a  few  minutes,  these 
all  fell  into  an  ambush  ;  Robinson  was  killed  on  the  spot — the 
rest  were  dismounted,  and  yet  every  one  of  them,  except  Plais- 
ted, effected  an  escape.  As  this  event  was  in  degree  afflictive 
to  the  guests  and  the  br'de,  so  much  the  more  triumphant  was 
the  savage  party  in  the  possession  of  their  valuable  prize.  How- 
VoL.  II.  9 


65  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II. 

A.  D.  1713.  ever,  in  a  few  days  lie  was  redeemed  by  his  father,   though  the 
extravagant  ransom  demanded  and  paid,  exceeded  £300.* 

The  cessation  of  hostilities,  being  the  next  news  from  England, 
was  published  in  Boston,  Oct.  27,  and  followed  by  the  celebrated 
treaty  of  Utrecht,  signed  March  30,  1713.     By  the  12th  article, 

March  30     u  ^\\  Nova-Scotia,  or  Acadia,  with  its  ancient  boundaries,  also 

J  rcaty  ol  '  '  ' 

Utrecht.      «<  the  city  of  Port-Royal,  now   Annapolis  Royal,  and   all  other 

"  things  in  these  parts,"  '  belonging  to  the  crown  of  France,  or 

N.  Scotia    '  '^"y  subjects  thereof,  and  also  the  inhabitants   of  the  same,  are 

t-onceded  to  i  resigned  and  made  over  to  the  crown  of  Great  Britain  forever  :' 

the  English.  '-' 

and  in  May,  the  whole  of  the  country  was   actually  and  formally 
surrendered  to  the    English,  having  ever  since   been  under  the 
government  of  that  nation. 
The  Indians      ^^^^^  closed  the  sccuc  of  blood.     The  Indians  had  long   been 
ileacc  impatient  for  peace.     Some  of  them  visited  Casco  fort,  as   soon 

as  the  joyful  tidings  of  a  pacification  arrived,  and  requested  an 
armistice.  At  the  winter  session,  the  General  Court  concluded 
to  receive  the  eastern  tribes  into  favor,  upon  their  humble  acknowl- 
edgement of  the  offences  they  had  committed,  a  renewal  of 
their  allegiance,  and  a  subscription  by  their  chiefs  to  such  arti- 
cles of  treaty  as  the  Governor  and  Council  might  dictate  or  re- 
quire. High  ground  was  now  manifestly  taken  by  Massachu- 
setts ;  for  she  even  demanded  hostages  of  the  Indians,  for  the 
faithful  performance  of  their  stipulations,  and  required  them  to 
be  supported  at  their  own  charge.  These  were,  it  is  true,  rigid 
terms,  but  it  was  thought  their  treachery  deserved  severity. 
,  I   jj  By    a    request   of  the    Sagamores,  presented   through    Capt. 

The  treaty  Moody,  at  Casco  garrison,  to  the  Governor,  he  appointed  a  con- 
mouth,  ference  to  be  holden,  July  11,  at  Portsmouth.  Accordingly,  his 
Excellency  and  20  Councillors,  viz.  9  from  Massachusetts,  9 
from  New-Hampshire,  and  2  from  Maine,f  accompanied  by 
other  gentlemen,  met  the  sagamores  and  delegates  from  the 
rivers  St.  John,  Penobscot  and  Kennebeck,  at  the  time  and  place 
appointed,  and  entered  upon  a  negotiation.  Though  the  Indians 
upon  the  Saco,  Merrimack  and  Androscoggin,  were  not  express- 
ly represented  by  tribes,  being  mixed  with  the  motley  clan  at  St. 

*  3  Coll  Mass.  Hist.  Soc.  p.  140. 

t  These  were  John  Wheelwright  and  Ichabod  Plaisted. 


Chap,  ir.]  of  Maine.  67 

Francois  ;  they  were  nevertheless  all  declared  by  the  delegation  A.  D.  nis. 
present,  to  be  included. 

In  this  treaty,  they  acknowledged  their  offences,  renewed 
their  allegiance,  and  made  fair  promises.  They  conceded  to 
the  English  all  their  territorial  settlements,  possessions  and  rights 
in  the  eastern  country,  free  of  every  claim, — with  a  reserve  of 
nothing,  except  the  Indians'  own  grounds,  and  the  "  liberty  of 
"  hunting,  fishing  and  fowling,  and  all  other  lawful  liberties  and 
"  privileges,  as  enjoyed  on  the  11th  of  August,  1693,"  when 
the  treaty  was  made  with  Gov.  Phips.  Trade  was  to  be  regu- 
lated by  government,  truck  houses  established,  and  the  Indians 
never  to  be  allowed  a  traffic  at  any  other  place.  All  future 
controversies  were  to  be  settled  according  to  a  due  course  of 
law  and  justice. — Eight  Sagamores,*  then  casting  themselves 
upon  her  Majesty's  mercy,  prayed  for  her  pardon  and  favor,  and 
signed  the  treaty,  July  13th,  in  solemn  form  ;  each  making  con- 
nected marks,  descriptive  of  the  fish,  bird  or  animal,f  claimed 
as  the  insignia  of  their  respective  families. 

To  give  the  ti'eaty  a  more  extensive  ratification,   several   gen-  -^1,^  ^,„|(;, 
tlemen  proceeded  to  Casco,  where  they  found  a  large  body  of"', 
Indians,  waiting  the  result  of  the  negotiation.     Upon  hearing  the 
articles  distinctly  read  and  explained,  by  sworn  interpreters,  they 
expressed  their  united  satisfaction  "  by  loud   huzzas,  or  acclama- 
"  tions  of  joy." 

Moxus  was  present,  who  pretended  he  was  Sagamore  of  "  all 
"  the  eastern  parts,  tliough  he  did  not  sign  the  treaty."  Valua- 
ble presents  were  distributed  to  all  the  tribes  represented,  and 
also  to  him.  The  next  day,  however,  he  complained  to  the 
English,  that  the  young  Indians,  for  some  reason,  unknown  to 
him,  had  purloined  the  articles  given  him,  and  he  hoped  the 
English  gentlemen  would  in  their  generosity,  be  free  to  make 
him  other  gifts.  He  was  a  chief  of  native  subtlety,  and  his  rep- 
resentation improbable  5    for  the  Indians,  especially  those  that  are 


:ition  at 
.'n.sfo. 


*  Those  who  signed,  were  Kirebenuit,  Ileansis,  and  Jackoid,  Tarratine 
chiefs  of  Penobscot ;  Joseph  and  Aeneas,  Marachite  chiefs  of  St.  John  ; 
Warraeensit,  Wadacanaquin  and  Bomaseen,  Canibas  chiefs  of  Kenne- 
beck.— Sec  articles  entire,  1  Coll.  JV.  H.  Hist.  Soc.  p.  82-86. 

f  Joseph's  mark  was  a  picture  of  a  Jish ;  that  of  Kirebenuit,  a  raven. 
This,  Capt.  Francis  says,  is  the  mark  of  his  family. 


68  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.    11. 

A.  D.  1713.  young,  always  treat  their  Sagamores  and  seniors  with  the   utmost 

civility  and  respect. 
^,         ,.        In  this  distresbing  war  of  ten  years,  JVlaine   lost  more  than  a 

Tlie  condi-  "_  •'  ' 

tioiiof         fourth,  perhaps  a  third,  part  of  her  inhabitants.*      Numbers  of 

Maine.  ,  . 

them,  full  of  discouragements,  left  the  country,  to  see  it  no  more. 
Some  families  had  become  entirely  extinct; — and  all  the  others 
were  in  mourning  for  friends,  either  dead  or  in  captivity.  The 
slender  habitations  of  survivors,  if  not  utterly  destroyed,  had  de- 
cayed and  become  miserable.  Their  outer  fields  wholly  laid 
waste,  or  neglected,  were  overgrown  and  full  of  wild  shrubbery. 
There  was  now  remaining  scarcely  a  vestige  of  the  fur  trade,  the 
lumber  business,  or  the  fisheries.  What  men  call  enterprise  ex- 
cited no  emulation.  The  virtues  of  the  people  in  these  times, 
were  of  another  and  higher  order  ; — courage,  fortitude,  and  broth- 
erly kindness.  Tliese  appeared  in  nameless  exploits,  and  in 
thousands  of  occurrences  every  year.  When  the  men,  ever  care- 
worn, were  exhausted  with  toil  and  war,  the  duties  of  sentinels 
were  performed  by  females,  and  the  products  of  the  field  were 
frequently  the  fruits  of  their  labor.  Now  the  war  was  over, 
nothing  so  wrung  the  hearts  of  survivors,  night  and  day,  as  their 
anxiety  to  embrace  from  captivity,  their  long-lost  kindred  and 
friends.      Nor  was  there  a  lapse   of  many  months,   before   a  ship 

Exci)anf,'e    was  despatched  to  Quebec,  to  exchange  and  redeem  prisoners.f 

oi^^piison-  rpj^^  ecstacy  of  those  on  meeting,  can  only  be  painted  by  the  im- 
agination, not  drawn  by  the  pen  nor  pencil. 

'j'hf,  The  French  were  prominent  in  the  war  when   it  opened.     It 

'*'"''■  then  assumed  something  of  campaign,  siege,  and  battle;  and  sev- 
eral French  ofticers  appeared  among  the  Indians,  as  leaders  or 
commanders.  But  they  were  never  able  to  form  the  Indians  into 
regular  companies,  nor  biing  them  to  military  discipline  or  order. 
Unrewarded,  neglected  and  ill  fed,  they  would  have  abandoned 
the  French  two  years  before  the  close  of  the  war,  had  not  the 
attractives  and  ties  of  catholic  superstition  prevented. 

Tiip  los^ps  The  Indians,  on  the  whole,  were  the  principal  sufl^erers  by  the 
war.     More  than  a  third  part  of  their   fighters,  had  within  ten 


of  (lie  Lii- 
glisli. 


*  Maine  lost,  in  liiUeJ  and  taken  captive,  282.  "  From  1G7.5  to  171.3, 
"  5  or  GlOO  of  the  youth  of  the  country  perished  by  (he  enemy,  or  by  dis- 
tempers contracted  in  the  service." — 2  Hutch,  [list.  p.  183. 

I  It  was  not  till  the  next  year,  when  Messrs.  Williams  and  Stoddard 
spent  fonr  months  in  colicctinf^  the  Kiigli'^ii  captives.  Sonic  never  re- 
turned. 


Chap,  ii.]  of  j!Atne.  69 

years,  wasted  away  or  been  killed;  and  probably  an  equal  orA.D.  ni3. 
greater  proportion  of  their  women  and  children  :  So  that  among 
the  remaining  tribes  of  the  Abenaques  and  Etechemins,  the  fight- 
ing men  by  estimation  did  not  now  exceed  300.  Three  tribes, 
the  Wawenocks,  Sokokis,  and  Anasagunticooks,  had  lost  their 
distinction  or  provincial  character,  by  a  gradual  decline  and  an 
association  at  St.  Francois,  with  the  Algonquins  and  others ;  and 
hence  they  are  not  by  tribes  so  much  as  named  in  the  treaty. 
Hunted  from  their  native  country  by  foes,  and  allured  away  by 
pretended  friends,  they  might  justly  bewail  their  cruel  destiny. 
To  the  humiliating  terms  of  the  late  treaty,  they  would  never 
have  submitted,  had  they  not,  through  a  consciousness  of  their 
poverty  and  distress,  been  ready  to  perish.  Their  strength  and 
importance  were  broken,  never  to  be  repaired.  In  this  war,  the 
Indians  manifested  less  malice,  and  were  guilty  of  less  cruelty, 
than  in  the  two,  which  preceded.  Nor  did  they  exhibit  charac- 
ters of  equal  notoriety  and  fame,  with  those  in  former  wars. 

Three  of  their  most  distinguished  men  were,  Bomaseen,  Assa- 
combuit,  and  Castine  the  younger  ;  though  in  the  commencement 
of  the  war,  Wagungonet  and  Capt.  Tome  are  mentioned  as 
leading  Sagamores, 

Bomaseen,  now  advanced  in  years,  was  a  man   of  good   sense  Homaseen. 
and  humane  disposition.     In  the  last  war,  he  was  seized  at  Saco 
A.  D.  1694,   and  carried    a  prisoner  to  Boston,  where  he  was 
made   acquainted   with  the  principles  of  the  protestant  religion. 
He  was  a  Canibas  chief,  and  signed  the  late  treaty. 

The  character  of  Assacombuit  was  peculiarly  remarkable  for  Assacombu 
its  turpitude  and  ferocity.  According  to  Mr.  Penhallow,  who  was  ''• 
his  cotemporary,  none  of  "  all  the  Indians  that  were  ever  known 
"  since  King  Philip,  have  appeared  so  inhuman  and  cruel  as  As- 
"  sacombuit."  He  was  a  "  monster  ;"  or,  as  another  says,  "  a 
"  noted  chief,"  '  always  dreaded  by  the  English  upon  the  fron- 
'  tiers,  from  the  report  of  his  demoniac  cruelties.'  He  is  sup- 
posed to  have  belonged  to  the  Anasagunticook  tribe.  In  1705, 
Vaudreuil,  to  encourage  the  Indians  in  the  war,  sent  him  to 
France,  and  caused  him  to  be  introduced  to  the  royal  presence. 
He  was  an  object  of  curiosity  ;  and  when  appearing  at  Court,  he 
lifted  up  his  hand  and  exclaimed, — this  hand  has  slain  150  of 
your  Majesty^  enemies  within  the  territories  of  JVew-England. 


70  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.    II. 

A.  D.  1713;  This  SO  pleased  the  unfeeling  monarch,  that  he  forthwith  knighted 
him,  and  ordered  a  pension  of  eight  livres  a  day  to  be  paid  him, 
during  life.  On  his  return  home,  he  undertook  to  exercise  a  des- 
potic sway  over  his  brethren,  in  which  he  murdered  one  and 
stabbed  another,  and  thus  exasperated  their  relations  to  such  a 
degree,  that  they  sought  to  take  his  life,  and  would  have  killed 
him,  had  he  not  fled  and  forever  abandoned  his  country. 
('astine  the  Tiiere  was  never  a  greater  contrast,  than  between  him  and  Cas- 
younger.  ^j^jg  ^j^g  younger.*  This  man  possessed  a  very  mild  and  gener- 
ous disposition.  His  birthplace  and  home  were  at  Penobscot, 
upon  the  peninsula  of  'Biguyduce,  the  former  residence  of  his 
father.  Though  a  half-breed,  the  son  of  Baron  de  Castine  by  a 
Tarratine  wife,  he  appeared  to  be  entirely  free  from  the  bigoted 
malevolence  of  the  French,  and  the  barbarous  revengeful  spirit 
of  the  savages.  He  was  a  Chief  Sagamore  of  the  Tarratine 
tribe,  and  also  held  a  commission  from  the  French  king.  By 
his  sweetness  of  temper,  magnanimity,  and  other  valuable  prop- 
erties, he  was  holden  in  high  estimation  by  both  people.  Nor 
were  the  English  insensible  of  his  uncommon  merit.  He  had  an 
elegant  French  uniform,  which  he  sometimes  wore  ;  yet  on  all 
occasions,  he  preferred  to  appear  dressed  in  the  habit  of  his 
tribe. f  It  was  in  him  both  policy  and  pleasure  to  promote 
peace  with  the  English  ;  and  in  several  instances  where  they 
had  treated  him  with  abuse,  he  gave  proof  of  forbearance  wor- 
thy of  a  philosopher's  or  christian's  imitation.  The  great  con- 
fidence they  reposed  in  his  honor  and  fidelity,  as  the  com- 
panion of  Major  Levingston  through  the  wilderness  from  Port- 
Royal  to  Quebec,  was  in  every  respect  well  placed  and  fully 
confirmed.  He  was  a  man  of  foresight  and  good  sense.  Per- 
ceiving how  these  wars  wasted  away  the  Indians,  he  was  hu- 
mane as  well  as  wise,  when  he  bade  earliest  welcome  to  "the 
"  songs  of  peace."  These  immediately  drew  home  fathers  and 
brothers,  and  "  wiped  away  the  tears"  of  their  families.  He 
,  thought  his  tribe  happy  only,  when  they  enjoyed  the  dews  and 
shades  of  tranquillity.  In  1721,  he  was  improperly  seized,  at 
'Biguyduce,  his  dwelling-place,  by  the  English,  and  carried  to 
Boston,  where  he  was  detained  several  months.     The  next  year, 

*  See  ante,  A.  D.  1703.  f  40  Univ.  Hist.  p.  180. 


Chap,  ii.]  of  maine.  71 

according  to  Charlevoix,*  he  visited  Bearne  in  France, — to  in- 
herit his  father's  property,  honors,  fortune  and  senioral  rights ; 
from  which  country,  we  have  no  account  of  his  return. 


*  Charlevoix  [JV.  F,  4th  vol.  p.  117,]  expresses  himself  thus  ;  '•  II  repas- 
sa  pen  de  leinps  aprc's  en  France,  et  uUa  recuciller  la  siiccession  de  son 
pere  en  Beam  d'oii  11  n'est  point  sortie  clepuis." 

Note.— Capt.  Francis  says,  the  yonng-er  Castine"s  residence,  was  at 
.Marchibigaducc,  [3.a  he  pronounces  the  word,)  and  farther  states,  that  he 
had  a  son,  whom  he  called  by  a  Frencii  name  Robardee,  whose  dauglitcr's 
son,  Capt.  Sokes,  is  now  one  of  the  captains  of  the  Tarratine  or  Penob- 
scot tribe.  Francis  mentions  some  traditional  particulars  of  Baron  Cas- 
tine  ;  siatinsf  tliat  "  he  lived  at  the  same  place  ;"— "  was  a  ^rcat  trader  ;" 
— "sold  the  Indians  ^uns  and  powder,"  «SfC. 


80  Tin:  HISTORY  [Vol,  ii. 


CHAPTER  in. 

The  late  war — A  good  administration — Councillors — York,  Kittr- 
ry  and  Wells,  survive  the  war — Bertcick  incorporated — Their  ec- 
clesiastics— Committee  of  claims — Orders  to  resettle  5  towns — 
Saco,  called  Biddeford— Scarborough — Falmouth — and  Arundel — 
Money — George  I. — Gov.  Shute — Claims — A   road  ordered  from 

Berwick     to    Pejepscot Kittery,  a  port   of  entry — Pejcpscot- 

Pur chase — Fort-George — Georgetown — Offers  to  settlers — Cush- 
noc-fort — Resettlement  of  Kenncbeck — Sturgeon-Jishery —  York- 
shire extended  to  St.  Croix — Gov.  Shute  arrives — Natives  rest- 
less— Gov.  meets  them — Treaty  renewed  icith  them — Timber-trees 
— Bridger,  Survey  or  Gen. — Disputes  with  him — Armstrong' s  pro- 
ject— Settlements  revived  east  of  Kenncbeck — St.  George's  fort 
— Fort  Richmond — Timber — Gov.  and  House  disagree — Guards 
sent  into  Maine — Coram' s  project — Nova  Scotia — Indians  plun- 
der Canseau — Rale — Indians  at  Penobscot — Notaries  public — 
Paul  Dudley's  case — People  begin  to  remove  from  Maine — TJie 
Canibas — Rkle — Parley  at  Arrowsick — Castine  the  younger — 
North-Yarmouth — Gov.  Shute  returns  to  England. 

A.  D.  1702  A  more  promising  prospect,  at  length,  opens  to  these  eastern 
to  17  2.  Provinces, — presenting  a  revival  and  gradual  advancement  of 
the  late  wan  their  settlements,  and  political  importance.*  The  force  of  the 
natives  appeared  to  be  in  some  measure  broken,  and  the  tribes 
greatly  disheartened.  As  conquest  or  achievement  is  a  great 
point  with  them,  the  reverses  of  fortune  attending  the  French 
arms,  in  the  late  war,  had  filled  the  tribes  both  with  disappoint- 
ment and  distrust.  For  instead  of  recovering  from  the  English 
colonists  any  part  of  their  territories,  so  eagerly  coveted  by  the 
French,  and  claimed  so  strongly  by  the  Sagamores ;  the  former 
had  actually  lost,  and  the  English  acquired,  the  whole  of  Nova 
Scotia.  The  event  was  important  to  both  nations  ;  and  in  the 
estimation  of  Massachusetts  and  Maine,  it  ought,  in  no  small  de- 
gree, to  enhance  the  joys  and  advantages  of  peace. 

*  For  nearly  30  jears  past,  few  records  of   town-meetings  were  to  be 
found  in  any  part  of  Maine. 


Chap,  hi.]  oi"  maine.  73 

Tlie  benefits  of  good   government,   in  the   Province,   enjoyed  a  u.  1702 
now  for  more  than  twenty  years,  were  extensively  felt  and   duly 

■'    •'  ......  Benefits  of 

appreciated.     The  evils  of  sectional  conflicting  jurisdictions,  and  a  ^:ooci  ad- 

^  '  f  1^  1       •  miiiistia- 

the  discrepances  of  anomalous  rulers,  formerly  so  perplexmg  to  iion. 
the  people  of  Maine  and  Sagadahock,  were  all  lost  in  the  unity 
of  a  settled  and  vigilant  administration.  The  affairs  of  the  war 
had  been  managed  with  care  and  adroitness,  and  the  minuter  in- 
terests of  the  community  were  treated  with  particular  attention. 
When  a  system  of  jurisprudence  was  fully  established,  trials ;  ap- 
peals ;  the  process  of  forcible  entry  and  detainer  ;  the  manner  of 
assigning  dower ;  the  admission  of  town  inhabitants;  the  relief 
of  the  poor  and  insane  ;  the  appointment  of  watches  and  fire- 
wards  ;  the  limitation  of  real  actions ;  the  term  set  for  redeem- 
ing lands  mortgaged  or  taken  by  extent  of  execution,  and  other 
legal  proceedings,  received  from  the  hand  of  the  legislature  an 
original  form,  or  evident  improvements. 

In  1700,  the  office  of  Coroner  was  first  introduced.     He  was  imptove- 

,  ,        ,  .  ,  r    1  •       J    .•  ments  in  the 

appomted  by  the  executive,  and  a  summary  ot  ins  duties  pre- smiuie  code. 
scribed  by  statute.  Another  law  provided  originally  for  the 
choice  of  Town  treasurer.  A  third,  passed  the  year  following, 
regulated  the  professional  practice  of  Attorneys,  and  the  rights 
of  parties  in  courts  of  law.  To  every  one  was  expressly  secured 
the  privilege  of  pleading  or  defending  his  own  cause,  or  employ- 
ing whom  he  chose.  Upon  taking  a  statute-oath  prescribed, 
which  has  never  since  been  altered,  practitioners  at  the  bar  were 
admitted  officers  of  the  Courts,  and  authorized  to  tax  an  attorney's 
fee  in  every  suit.  Mills  were  uniformly  considered  as  being  oi 
public  utility,  and  their  owners,  the  objects  of  particular  favor. 
There  were  two  evils,  frequently  attending  this  species  of  prop- 
erty, which  arose  from  the  number  of  individual  proprietors,  and 
the  back  water  occasioned  by  dams.  In  both,  a  remedy  was  pro- 
vided by  committing  the  management  of  all  mills  to  the  major 
voice  of  the  partners  ;  and  by  prescribing  a  summary  process, 
to  setde  all  questions  of  damage  caused  by  a  reflow  of  water. 

Common  schools  and  an  orthodox  ministry,  which  had  gone  Schools  and 
hand  in  hand  since  the  first  settlement  of  the  country,  were  still 
high  in  popular  estimation  and  legislative  support.  Time  and 
change  had  rather  increased  than  abated  the  ardor.  Besides 
sharpening  the  penalties  against  towns,  remiss  and  negligent,  in 
Vol.  II.  10 


74  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II. 

A.D.  1702  support  of  schools  as  required  by  law,  they  were  rendered  liable 
to  be  indicted  by  the  grand  jury  ;  and  in  such  towns  as  failed  to 
raise  the  monies  requisite  for  the  support  of  the  ministry,  the 
Courts  of  Quarter  Sessions  were  empowered  to  appoint  assessors 
for  that  purpose.    In  the  zeal  of  the  times  for  the  purity  of  morals, 

Laws  to  r      1 

preveni  im-  — lotteries  Were  denounced  as  pernicious  to  the  public  ;    and   in 

moralities.  '  i       n     •      • 

1712,  a  memorable  act  was  passed,  which  forbade  all  singmg  and 
dancing  at  taverns  or  in  the  streets,  after  dark  ;  all  walking 
abroad  during  public  worship  on  the  Sabbath;  and  all  sporting 
in  the  evening  of  that  day.  Nay,  an  obscene  song  or  pamphlet, 
or  a  "  mock  sermon,"  incurred  a  fine  of  £20  or  the  pillory, — the 
culprit  having  at  the  same  time  the  name  of  his  crime  placed  in 
capital  letters  over  his  forehead. 
Blacks  and        Colored  people,  increasing  in  numbers,  had  become  exceed- 

liicliaiis.  1        I      ■-  o 

ingly  obnoxious  and  despicable.  A  duty  of  £4,  therefore,  was 
exacted  and  paid  for  every  negro  imported ;  and  so  depraved, 
ignorant  and  shiftless  were  slaves,  that  not  one  of  them,  even  in 
this  age  of  freedom  and  equality,  might  be  manumitted,  unless 
security  was  first  given  for  his  maintenance.  All  negroes  and 
mulaltoes  were  expressly  excluded  from  watches  and  military 
duty,  as  well  in  war  as  in  peace ;  and  whoever  presumed  to  join 
one  of  them  in  marriage  with  a  whhe  person,  incurred  a  heavy 
penalty.  Equally  great  was  the  general  antipathy  towards  In- 
dians. They  were  heathens,  ignorant,  lazy  and  revengeful ; — 
the  authors  of  accumulated  evils  to  New-England.  By  law,  it 
was  strictly  forbidden  to  bring  into  the  Province  any  of  this  race, 
either  for  slaves  or  servants.* 
Coins;  At  this  period,  several  acts  of  parliament  were  passed  concern- 

and  timber-  ing  the  Colonics.     These  prescribed  the  value  at  which   foreign 
"^^^*'  coins  should  pass    current  within   them  ;f  established   a  general 

Post-Office  ;J  and  provided  for  the  preservation  of  white  pine  and 
other  timber-trees.  The  latter,  enacted  in  1710,  had  evidently 
in  view  the  Sagadahock  forests,  which  were  extensive  and  be- 
longed principally  to  the  crown. 

In  the  upper  House  of  the  General  Court,  the  eastern  Provin- 


*  Province  Law,  A.  D.  1712.  f  Passed,  A.  D.  1707. 

I  Post-Office  first  attempted,  A.  D.  1692,  in  Virginia  and  failed  ;  estab- 
lished b}'  Parliament,  A.  D  1710,  in  America.  A  g-eneral  letter  office  was 
opened  in  London  ;  another  in  New- York  ;  and  others  in  each  colony.  A 
single  letter  from  London  to  New- York,  1*. — thence,  60  miles,  4c?. 


Chap.  III.]  OF  MAINE.  75 

ces,  Maine  and  Sagadahock,  were  uniformly  represented  by  the  A.  D   1702 
number  of  Councillors  prescribed    in  the   charter;    and   some  of  j^,^^^  j^^,.^  ^^ 
them  were  men  of  considerable   eminence.      Those,   during  the '^i^ Council, 
late  war,  were,  for  Maine,  Elisha  and  Eliakim  Hutchinson,  Ben- 
jamin Brown,  Joseph  Hammond,   Ichnhod  Plaisted,  and  John 
Wheelwright :— For  Sagadahock,  John  Leverett  and  Joseph Lynde. 
The  Messrs.  Hutchinsons  resided  in  Boston.      Elisha,  a  gentle-  Elisha  and 
man  of  military  distinction,  was  chief  commander  of  the  Massa-  Hmdi 


uison. 


chusetts  militia,  in  1692,  and  was  one  of  the  Council,  sent  in 
1707,  to  revive  and  prosecute  the  enterprise  against  Port-Royal. 
Eliakim  sustained  an  excellent  character,  though  less  eminent. 
The  former  was  senior  Councillor  for  Maine  two,  and  the  latter  a 
member,  twenty-one  years.*  Mr.  Broivn,\  who  was  member  of  g  j.-j-yv^n 
the  Board  six  years,  is  supposed  to  have  been  a  son  of  the  benev- 
olent William  Brown,  whose  residence  was  in  Salem,  and  whose 
daughter  was  the  wife  of  Wait  Winthrop.  Mr.  Hammond  was  j.  Hain- 
an inhabitant  of  Kittery,  where  he  died,  February  24th,  1709,'"°"*^' 
after  having  been  a  Councillor  nine  years.  He  was  also  one  of 
the  Judges  of  the  Common  Pleas — a  man  of  great  integrity  and 
worth,  whom  the  people  held  in  high  estimation.  He  left  a  son 
of  the  same  name,  the  worthy  heir  of  his  virtues,  who  first  rep- 
resented his  town  in  the  legislature  in  1711  ;  and  in  1718  was 
chosen  into  the  Council,  of  which  he  was  a  member  twelve  years. 
Mr,  Plaisted  lived  at  Berwick,  where  he  died,  November  16th,  j,  piaisi^a. 
1715,  in  the  52d  year  of  his  age,  deeply  lamented.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  Council,  from  his  first  election  in  1706,  to  his 
death.  He  was  also  several  years  a  Judge  upon  the  bench  of 
the  Common  Pleas.  No  other  name  at  this  period,  in  the  Pro- 
vince of  Maine,  was  more  distinguished  for  military  intrepidity, 
than  that  of  Plaisted. t      Mr.    Wheelwright  resided   in   Wells,  •'  ^^'l^'' 

*  They  both  died  in  1718— Elisha  ajed  78,  and  Eliakim  77  ;  the  latter, 
and  probably  the  former,  being  son  of  William  Hutchinson,  of  Boston,  who 
settled  there  in  1636  ;  and  in  1673  purchased  a  large  tract  of  land  at  Saco, 
of  William  Phillips,  which  Eliakim  sold  in  1750. — Elisha  married  Mrs. 
Phillips'  daughter  by  her  Sandford  husband,  and  had  an  interest  in  Phillips' 
great  Indian  purchase,  made  in  1661,  embracing  mostly  Sandford,  Alfred, 
and  Waterborough.     Elisha's  son  Thomas,  v/as  father  of  the  Governor. 

t  The  widow  of  Capt.  Roger  Plaisted,  who  was  killed  by  the  Indians  in 
1675,  married  Mr.  Brown,  of  Salem ;  after  whose  death  she  returned  to 
Salmon  Falls,  where  she  died. 

J  Ante,  A.  D.  1675.  Ichabod  Plaisted  was  the  grandson  of  Capt.  Roger 
Plaisted,  and  the  father  of  Samuel  Plaisted,  who  died  March  20th,  1731, 
aged  36. 


76  THE  HISTORV  [VoL.  11. 

A.D,  1702  probably  upon  the  patrimonial  estate  of  his  grandfather,  Rev. 
John  Wheelwright,*  who  was  one  of  the  original  settlers  of  the 
town,  in  ]  643,  and  of  his  father,  Samuel  Wheelwright,  the  min- 
ister's son,  who  was  a  member  of  the  Council  six  years,  from 
1694.  He  died  in  1700.  John,  the  grandson,  was  first  elected 
into  the  Council  in  1708,  and  continued  a  member  twenty-five 
years.  His  death  was  in  1745.  He  was  also  a  Judge  of  the 
Common  Pleas  many  years, — a  gentleman  of  talents,   merit  and 

J.  Leverett.  distinction.  Messrs.  Levereit  and  Lynde  were  both  non-resi- 
dents. The  former,  a  son  of  the  colonial  Governor  Leverett, 
was  a  member  of  the  Council,  only  in  1706,  being  the  next  year 
elected  President  of  Harvard  College.     He  had  previously  been 

J.  Lynde.  a  Judge  of  the  Superior  Court  five  years.  Mr.  Lynde  was  one 
of  the  Charter  Councillors  for  Massachusetts,  and  resided  in  Bos- 
ton. At  the  first  election,  in  1693,  he  was  omitted  ;  but  the 
next  year  he  w^as  chosen  for  Sagadahock,  and  afterwards  had  an 
annual  re-election  until  1716,  inclusive,  except  the  year  Mr. 
Leverett  was  Councillor. 

Terms  of         On  the  memorial  of  the   councillors  and   representatives   from 

tlie  bup. 

Couitre-     the  Province  of  Maine,  the  General    Court,   June   5,   1711,   re- 

vived,  .        /-I  -111 

vived  the  annual  term  of  the  Superior  Court  appomted  by  law,  to 
be  holden  at  Kittery  for  the  county  of  York, — which  for  six  or 
seven  years  prior,  had,  by  reason  of  the  war,  been  entirely  sus- 
pended. This  was  followed,  the  next  year,  by  a  settlement  of 
the  county  treasurer's  accounts,  a  speedy  return  of  order,  and 
the  regular  administration  of  law  and  justice. 
YoricKit-  The  late  treaty  closed  a  period  of  eight  and  thirty  years'  al- 
Weiis"'^  ternate  warfare  and  peace  with  the  natives — a  period,  in  which 
very  little  more  than  a  third  part  of  the  time  could  be  consider- 
ed tranquil.  Amid  those  uncommon  wastes,  occasioned  by 
French  and  savage  hostilities,  three  towns,  York,  Kittery  and 
Wells,  maintained  their  ground  with  a  fortitude  and  persever- 
ance, which  redounded  highly  to  their  credit.  Every  year  dur- 
ing the  last  war,  the  two  former  were  represented  in  the  General 
Court, — and  Wells,  five  years,  including  that  of  peace.  But  be- 
sides their  own  meritorious  exertions,  and  the  liberal  supplies 
furnished  them  by  government,  they  were  otherwise  frequently 
aided  and  encouraged.     In    1706-7,  £257   of  their  taxes  were 


*  Edward  Rishworth  married  Rev.  John  Wheelwright's  daughter. 


Chap,  hi.]  of  Maine.  77 

remitted,  and  there  were  granted  out   of  the   public  treasury  toA.D.  1713. 
York,  £65,  and  to  Wells,  £56,  for  the  support  of  their  respec- 
tive ministers. 

The  northern  settlements  of  Kittery,  denominated  "  the  parish  Rerwick  in- 

•'  '■  corpoiated. 

of  Unity,"*  and  the  "  precinct  of  Berwick,"  having  been  success- 
fully defended  through  the  late  war,  the  inhabitants  renewed  their 
application  to  be  incorporated.  Disposed  to  gratify  their  wishes, 
the  General  Court,  by  an  order  of  1711,  caused  a  survey  to  be 
made  of  the  township,  or  rather  of  its  northern  limits  ;  and  on 
the  9th  of  June,  1713,  by  another  orderf  erected  all  above 
Thompson  brook,  into  a  town  by  the  name  of  Berwick.  J  It 
was  subsequently  quite  flourishing;  the  soil  being  good,  and  the 
inhabitants  a  respectable  well-informed  people.  The  heart  of 
the  elder  parish  was  at  Quampeagan,  where  a  church  was  gath- 

=*"  This  was  incorporated  the  parish  of  Unity,  in  \Q13.  — Sullivan,  p.  243- 
246.         t  8  Mass.  Rcc.  p.  251.— Sullivan's  Hist.  p.  245-253.— MS.  Letter. 

\  This  had  been  called  the  plantation  of  J^ewichawannock,  and  is  the 
ninth  town  established  in  the  present  State  of  Maine.  [The  other  8  are 
Kittery,  Yo'k,  Wells,  Cape- Porpoise,  Saco,  Scarborough,  Falmouth,  and. 
JV'urth-Yarmouth.^  Tlie  original  settlement  of  Berwick,  was  at  Qiiampea- 
g-an  Falls,  and  Great-works  river,  by  men  whose  surnames  were  Frost, 
Heard,  Sbapleigh,  Chadbourn,  Spencer,  Broug-hton,  Leader,  Plaistcd,  and 
Wincoln.  In  1720,  the  town  was  extended  eig-ht  miles  above  Quampeagan 
to  Stair  Falls,  thence  from  the  river,  N.  E.  by  E.  8  miles  and  298  rods,  to 
Bonnebeag  pond,  thence  S.  E.  to  Baker's  spring  and  a  rock — being  the 
boimds  between  York  and  Kittery.  At  that  time  there  was  not  a  house 
standing  "  between  Quampeagan  and  Canada."  All,  which  were  built 
here,  between  1690  and  1745,  were  of  hewed  logs,  sufficient  to  oppose  the 
force  of  small  arms.  There  was  a  block  house  on  the  western  side  of  Sal- 
mon Fall  brook,  a  mile  above  Quampeagan,  where  William  Gerrish  lived ; 
a  mile  liigher,  was  Key's  garrison  ; — next  were  Wentworth's  and  Good- 
win's block  houses.  The  fort  on  Pine  Hill,  called  Hamilton's  garrison, 
•was  standing  in  1750.  It  was  made  of  poles  20  feet  high,  and  picketed  at 
the  upper  end.— As  to  land-titles  of  the  settlers,  Mr.  Spencer,  A.  D.  1643, 
purchased  of  Sagamore  Bowles  or  Knowles,  a  tract  on  the  banks  of  New- 
ichawannock  and  Great^vvorks  rivers.  George  Broughtqn,  the  same 
year,  obtained  lands  of  the  Sagamores,  between  Spencer's  and  Salmon 
Falls;  where  Broughlon  and  Wincoln  had  lands  granted  by  the  town  of 
Kittery,  on  condition  of  erecting  a  mill.  Lands  above,  are  holden  under 
proprietary  grants. — Berwick  was  first  represented  in  tlie  General  Court, 
in  1714,  by  Elisha  Plaisted.  In  1751,  the  town  was  divided  into  two  par- 
ishes ;  and  the  first  parish  was  made  a  town,  in  IS  14,  by  the  name  of  Sowf/i 
Berwick.  In  1790,  Berwick  contained  3,894  inhabitants.  Since  the  divis- 
ion, upper  or  Old  Berwick  contains  30,000  acres  ; — had  within  it  ten  mills, 
in  ]820,  6  of  them  being  at  Doughty  Falls  on  Great-works  river. 


'^^  Tui:  HISTORY  [Vol.  ir. 

A.D.  nis.ered,  and   Mr.  John    Wade,   settled   in    1702.     Dying  the  next 
year,  he  was  succeeded  in   Nov.    1 707,  by   the   Rev.   Jeremiah 
Wise^'        ^^''''  ^""^^  ^""^^  ^^^^'^'  minister  upwards  of  48  years ;— a   man  of 
learning,  «  eminent  piety  and  goodness."      But  the  learning,  in 
which  he  made  so  much  proficiency,  exhibited,  according  to'' the 
taste  and  passion  of  the  age,  the  efforts   of   deep  and   scholastic 
investigation,  rather  than   the   beauties   of  rhetoric,  or  the   solids 
of  philosophy.     Five  years  before  his  death,  a  new  or  northern 
parish  was  formed,  over  which,  John  Morse   was  first  settled, 
who  was  soon  succeeded  by  Rev.  Matthew  Miriam. 
mSwo        ^^^  '^""^  ^^^"^  Berwick  was  incorporated,  the  residue  of  Kit- 
parishes,      tery  was  divided  into  two  parishes.     The  new  one  was  at  Stur- 
Rev.  J.       S^^''-<''-^'^<^^  [Eliot]  where  a  church  was  gathered,  and  Rev.  John 
Rogers.      Rogers,  settled  in  1715;  whose  ministry   was  continued  during 
the  uncommon  period  of  52  years.*— In  the  old  parish  at  Kitte- 
ry-point,  a  parsonage,  provided  as  early  as  1669,  and  subsequent- 
ly improved,  was  occupied,  and  an   annual  stipend   received,  by 
Rev.  J.       I^ev.  John  jYewmarch,j-  in  consideration  of   ministerial  services 
lNew,.arch.  for  1 5  years,   prior  to   1714;  when   a  church   of  43   members 
was  formed,  and  himself  ordained.      He  was  afterwards,  more 
than  35  years,  the  faithful  minister  of  an  affectionate  people  ;  re- 
ceiving the  late  Doct.  Benjamin  Stevens,  May  1,  1751,  his  col- 
league ;  whose  pastoral  connexion  was  dissolved  by  death  at  the 
end  of  forty  years.J     It  was  at  Kittery-point,  near  the  residence 
of  the  celebrated  William  Pepperell,   that   the  courts  of  judica- 
ture were  holden  several  years. 
Kov.s.  ^"  York,  the  successor  of  the  beloved  and  lamented  Dummer 

^oo6y.  vvas  the  Rev.  Samuel  Moody.  He  was  a  graduate  of  Harvard,' 
m  1697;  and  in  1700,  received  his  ordination.  He  declined  a 
settlement  upon  a  stipulated  salary  ;  choosing  rather  to  live  through 
faith,  dependant  upon  his  Divine  Master,  and  the  voluntary  con- 
tributions  of  his  people.     He  continued  in  the  ministry  47  years  ; 

*  Rev.  Mr.  Spring:  was  ordained  his  colleag-ue,  June  29,  1768,  and  died 
m  1791.     He  was  succeeded  the  next  year  by  Rev.  Samuel  Chandler. 

t  He  was  graduated  at  Harv.  Col.  in  1690,  married  at  Kittery-point,  and 
lived  on  the  westerly  side  of  Spruce-creek,  near  the  ferry. 

I  Another  church  was  or-anized  at  Spruce-creek,  in  1750,  where  Rev. 
Josiah  Chase  was  a  settled  minister,  till  Dec.  1778.  He  was  succeeded,  in 
1782,  by  Rev.  Joseph  Uttle^eld.- Greenleafs  Ecclesiastical  Sketches,  p.  83. 
See  ante,  A.  D.  1647,  and  1652. 


Chap,  hi.]  of  Maine.  79 

when  he  died, — greatly  endeared  to  his   charge,  and  highly  re-  A.  D.  1713. 
spected  by  his  country.     His  praise  is  in  all  the  churches  of  this 
region,  as  a  godly  minister  and  useful  man.     Amidst  his  pastoral 
zeal,  many  of  his  eccentricities  afford    curious   anecdotes,  which 
will  be  related  in  story  to  a  succession  of  listening  generations.* 

Seventeen  years  before  his  death,  he  had  the  pleasure  of  see- Scotland 

.  .  1   •       1  I  •  r  "V     1       parish  form- 

mg  a  religious  society  formed  m  the  north-west  section  oi  xorK  ;  ed. 
and  of  assisting,  in  1732,  at  the  ordination  of  his  only  son,  the 
Rev.  Joseph  Moody.  A  Harvard  graduate,  at  the  age  of  18,  Rev.  j. 
this  gentleman  lived  m  his  native  town  14  years,  and  held  the 
offices  of  Town  Clerk,  County  Register  of  Deeds,  and  a  Judge 
of  the  Common  Pleas,  before  he  was  ordained. f  He  was  a  man 
of  talents,  piety,  and  peculiar  sensibilities  of  mind.  This,  the 
second  parish  in  York,  was  settled  in  Cromwell's  time,  by  Scotch 
people,  and  has  been  since  called  Scotland.  The  Protector, 
having  obtained  a  victory  over  a  body  of  Scottish  royalists,  thought 
transportation  to  be  the  best  disposition  he  could  make  of  the 
prisoners ;  and  therefore  he  sent  them  to  America.  Acquainted 
with  Gorges,  who  had  taken  arms  in  the  civil  wars  on  the  same 
side,  they  settled  upon  a  section  of  his  patent. 

Few  towns,  not  wholly  destroyed,  ever  experienced  greater  priva-  Wells, 
tions  and  severities  in  the  Indian  wars,  than  Wells.     After  the  Rev. 
Mr.  Wheelwright  finally  left  the  place,  the  inhabitants  were  favor- 
ed  only  with    the    pastoral    services    of   unlocated    or  itinerant 
preachers,  during  that  century. J     But  on   the   return  of  munici- 


*  HLs  wife  was  Uic  daughter  of  John  bewail  of  ISewbiiry.  He  had  two 
children,  Joseph  r.nJ  Mary.  The  latter  married  Rev.  Mr.  Emerson  of 
Maiden.  Mr.  Moouy  died,  Nov.  13,  1747,  iEt.  72.  An  ingenious  epitaph 
on  his  gravestone,  near  his  meeling-hoiise,  shews  where  his  relics  are  de- 
posited. In  1749,  he  was  succeeded  by  Rev.  Isaac  Lyman,  a  graduate  at 
Yale,  in  1747,  who  died,  1810. 

t  After  six  years  he  fell  into  a  gloomy  state  of  mind,  and  died  in  March, 
1753.  His  successors  were,  in  1742,  Rev.  Samuel  Chandler,  and  in  1754, 
Rev.  Mr.  J^ankton,  who  died  in  1794. — Greenleaf's  Ecc.  Sketches,  p.  13, 

\  Rev.  Joseph  Emerson  of  York,  was  employed  in  1664,  for  2  or  3  years ; 
Rev.  Robert  Payne,  1667,  for  5  years,  with  a  salary  of  j£45  ;  Rev.  John 
Buss,  Sept.  2,  1672,  10  years,  having  a  salary  of  £60,  and  "  a  parsonage 
house  and  land ;"  Rev.  Percival  Greene,  in  16S3,  5  or  6  years  ;— and  in 
1689,  Mr.  Richard  Marten,  a  schoolmaster  in  town,  became  the  people's 
minister. — They  voted  him  £50,  besides  (he  parsonage,  to  be  paid  thus  ; — 

wheat  at  4* rye  at  2s.  6cZ,— peas  at  4*.  per  bushel ;  pork  at   2^fZ.   jper  lb. ; 

boards  at  19*.  and  staves  at  17s  fer  thousand. — Messrs.  Greene  and   Mar- 


80  Tin:  HISTORY  [Vol.  ii. 

A.  D.  1713.  pal  order,    subsequent  to  the  close  of  the  second  Indian   war, 
the  inhabitants  became  anxious  to  enjoy   the   stated  ministrations 
of  the  gospel ;  and  hence,  twelve   professors  of  religion   entered 
into  an  ecclesiastical  covenant ; — and  in  October,    1701,   by  the 
Rev.  s.       concurrent  voice  of  them  and  the  people,  Mr.  SamH  Emery  receiv- 
f  "jefferds^  ed  the  rites  of  ordination  over  the  whole  town.*     His  ministry  of 
24  years,  was    succeeded  by   that  of  Rev.   Samuel  Jefferds,   a 
graduate  at  Harvard,  in  1722,  and  a  spiritual  teacher,  who  in  the 
course  of  his  professional  labors  and  untiring  zeal,  through  a   pe- 
riod of  26  years,  had  the  high  satisfaction  of  witnessing  the  re- 
peated   effusion    of    divine    influences,   upon   the   people  of  his 
X.       ,     ,  charge.! — Nor  was  it  till  1750,  that  the  second  or  Kennebunk 
^y'fMl''''' parish  was  established,  and  the   Rev.  Daniel  Little  setded  ;J — 
before  which  time,  the  town   formed  a  single  religious   society, 
containing  at  no  period  more  than  a  thousand  inhabitants.^ 

These  cotemporary  and  successive  ministers  of  the  altar,  had 
no  small  influence  in  forming  the  moral  taste  and  general  charac- 
ter of  a  rising  community ;  and  they  acquitted  themselves  of  the 
high  trust,  in  a  manner  which  entitles  their  names  to  the  particu- 
lar notices  of  history.  Their  emoluments  were  small,  though 
their  labors  and  privations  were  great ;  being  eminent  examples 
of  fortitude,  and  worthy  patterns  of  disinterestedness. 
Condition  of      fpjjQ  eastern  Provinces,  at  the  close  of  the  late  war  exhibited  a 

the  casiern 

countiy.  melancholy  aspect.  More  than  1 00  miles  of  coast,  once  mterspers- 
ed  and  adorned  with  flourishing  setUements,  improved  estates,  and 
comfortable  habitations,  lay  unpeopled  and  desolate.  Tide-deeds, 
records  and  other  papers  of  value,  were  either  burnt  or  lost ; 
and  so  many  years  had  succeeded  the  wastes  of  several  places, 
jhat  they  had  resumed  the  appearance  of  their  original  solitude. 


ten  were  both  Harvard  graduates,  in  1680.— 1   Coll.  Jlaine  Hist.  Soc.   p. 
2.63-5. 

*  The  meeting-hoiiscliad  been  burnt  by  the  Indians,  but  "  the  settlemenL 
was  advancing."—!  Coll.  Maine  Hid.  Sue.  p.  265 — Mr.  Emery  was  grad- 
uated at  Harvard,  1691. 

t  Mr,  Jeffcrds  died,  Feb.  1752,  ML  48.  In  1754,  Rev.  Gideon  Richard- 
son succeeded  Mr.  .Teflerds.  After  his  death.  Rev.  Moses  Hemmenway, 
Aug.  8,  1759,  was  ordained;  and  in  Feb.  1811,  Rev.  Mr.  White  was  settled 
with  him  as  colleague  pastor. — See  Wells,  ante,  A.  D.  1G53. 

\  Rov.  Mr.  N,  II.  r'letcher  was  associated  as  a  colleague  with  Mr.  Lit- 
tle, in  August  1800,  who  died  Oct.  1801. 

\  Number  in  Wells,  1790,  3,070.— See  3  J\lass.  Hist.  Coll.  p,  138-140. 


Chap,  in.]  of  maim:.  81 

Yet  the  government,  the  landholders,  and  the  former  inhahitanls  A.  D.  1713. 
or  their  descendants,  appeared  ready  to  engage  with  courage  and  Commiiiee 

_,  .  of  claims 

spirit  in  a  resettlement  of  the  country.      Hence,  "  a  Comnuttee  aud  seiUe- 
of  eastern  claims  and  settlements"*  was  appointed,  in  1713,  by  the 
General    Court,   consisting  of  nine  gentlemen, f   four   from   the 
Council,  and  five  from  the  House  ;  and    after  appointing  clerks, 
and  notifying  by  printed  circulars,  the  times  and    places  of  their 
meetings,  they  were  directed  to  receive  and  examine  all  exhibited 
claims  to  lands  in  Maine  or  Sagadahock,  to  sanction  the   titles  of 
such  as  appeared  sound  and  clear,  and  report  the  residue. — In 
reviving  the  wasted  towns,  it  was  thought  to  be  more  conducive 
to  the  people's  safety  and    quiet,  if  they   were   to  replant  them- 
selves in  neighborhoods  of  20  or  30  families, — near  the   seaside, 
— upon  lots  of  three  or  four  acres  to  a  family, — united  in  a  close 
and  defensible  manner,  and  possessed    of  out-lands  in   quantities 
equal  to  their  necessities    or  wishes.      Accordingly  the   General  c),-der  of 
Court  authorized   the  resettlement  of  five   towns  ; — these   were  counu) 
Saco,  Scarborough,  at   Black-point ;  Falmouth,  at  Casco-penin-  h\!ari)oro°' 
sula ;  JS'orth-Yarmouth,\  and  one  at  the   mouth   of  Sagadahock  J^"|.'"j^'*Yar. 
includine;  Arrowsick  Island.     In  no  other  than  these  and  the  sur-  "P""'*^  '*"** 
viving  towns   previously  mentioned,  were  people  allowed  to  re- 
plant or  resume  habitances,   without  licenses  from  the  Govern- 
or and  Council ;  till  the  proper  designations   and   plans,   through 
the  medium  of  the  Committee,  could  be  matured. 

The  next  year,  1714,  these  towns  became  inhabited  by  sever-      .    .^j 
al  returnine;  families  ;  to  which   accessions  were   annually  made,  Saco  rtsei- 
until    they  were    enabled   to   resume  their  municipal   privileges,  named  liid- 
The  settlement  of  Saco  was  so  rapid,  that  the  inhabitants,  in 
1717,  settled  Mr.  Short  as  their  minister,  and   exhibited    at  Win- 
ter-harbor a  compact  hamlet.      To  encourage   their  pious   zeal, 
£40  were  annually  granted  out  of  the  Provincial  treasury,  for 

*  A  Committee  of  this  sort  was  first  appointed  in  1700. 

f  Of  the  Council,  Elisha  Hutchinson,  Isaac  Addington,  John  Phillips  and 
Paul  Dudley  [Attorney  General]  ; — of  the  House,  John  Clark,  Edward 
Qnimhy,  Thomas  Oliver,  William  Dennison  and  the  Clerk  of  the  House. — 
8  Mass.  Rec.  p.  288. — The  General  Court  said  "  the  settling  of  the  eastern 
"  parts  and  frontiers  will  be  of  great  benefit  to  this  Province." — Preamble 
Statute,  1715. 

f  But  North-Yarmouth  was  not  resettled    till  about   1721—2.      The  Inr 
dians  were  peculiarly  hostile  towards  the  settlement  of  this  place. 
Vol.  II.  11 


82  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.    II. 

A.  D.  1714. four  or  five  years,  in  aid  of  his  support.  The  General  Court 
also  confirmed  the  ancient  bounds  of  the  town,  lying  on  both 
sides  of  the  river  ;  and  the  next  year,  ordered,  that  50  families 
at  least,  be  admitted  and  settled  in  a  defensible  manner,  according 
to  the  directions  of  the  Committee,  and  that  alter  the  18th  of  Nov. 
1718,  the  name  of  the  town  be  changed  to  that  of  Biddeford.* 

Scarboro'  SCARBOROUGH,  prior  to  1714,  had  been  without  inhabitant 
about  ten  years.  The  settlement  of  the  town  was  recommenced 
at  Black-point,  and  was  immediately  followed  by  another  at 
Blue-point  and  Dunstan.  Though  the  government  had  found  it  im- 
practicable to  protect  the  people  at  their  homes  from  the  ravages 
of  a  savage  enemy,  it  had  provided  for  their  retreat  to  places  of 
safety,  and  was  now  active  and  generous  in  aiding  their  return  to 
their  wasted  abodes.     In  December,  1719,  a  town   meeting  was 


*  Biddfford  [or  Saco]  was  settled  about  90  years  before  its  present  re- 
vival. It  had  been  a  seat  of  government,  and  always  a  noted  place.  The 
Buffering's  of  the  settlers  were  great  in  each  of  the  three  first  Indian 
wars,  being  twice  destroyed ;  tho;igh  a  garrison  was  maintained  there 
through  the  whole  of  the  last  war.  In  1718,  the  town  agreed  to  erect  a 
meeting-house  at  Winter-harbor,  35  feet  by  30.  Here,  Sept.  30, 1730,  Rev. 
Mr.  Willard,  the  father  of  the  late  President  Willard  of  Harv.  College, 
was  ordained  pastor  of  a  Congregational  Church,  organized  at  the  same 
time.  He  was  succeeded  by  Rev.  Mr.  Morrell;  and  he,  in  1779,  by  Rev. 
Mr,  Webster. — Saco  was  a  territorial  corporation  as  early  as  1643-4 ; 
made  a  town,  in  1653  ;  divided  in  1772,  and  all  on  the  eastern  side  of  the 
river  incorporated  into  a  town  by  the  name  of  Pcppercllborovgh  ; — chang- 
ed to  Saco,  in  1SJ5.  Between  1730  and  40,  the  settlement  at  Saco  village 
was  made.  But  from  the  first  Indian  war,  to  1715,  a  period  of  40  years, 
there  is  a  chasm  in  the  records  of  the  town.  Biddeford  was  first  repre- 
sented in  the  General  Court,  in  1719,  by  Humphrey  Scammou ;  who  lived 
two  miles  below  the  Falls.  Benjamin  Blackrnan,  a  graduate  of  Harvard 
College,  1668  ;  and  B.  Pendleton,  Deputy-President  of  Maine,  in  1680, 
both  lived  in  Saco. — Ou  the  west  side  of  the  river,  lived  Richard  Vines, 
about  20  years,  till  he  sold,  Oct.  20,  1640,  to  Doct.  Robert  Child,  and  re- 
moved to  Barbadoc:^.  The  most  of  his  patent  was  purchased,  in  165G  and 
in  1659,  by  Major  TFilliam  Phillips,  who  resided  there,  and  also  purchased 
of  different  Sagamores,  in  1661,  the  great  tract  between  the  rivers  Mou- 
6um  and  Little  Ossipee,  and  in  1664,  the  country-  between  Saco  and  Ken- 
nebunk  rivers,  and  most  of  Hollis  and  Limington.  Phillips  removed  to  Bos- 
ton, in  1675,  and  the  next  year  made  partitions  of  his  estate.  He  died,  1683. 
— John  Sandford,  Secretary  of  Rhode-Island,  was  the  first  husband  of  his 
wife,  whose  son  Peleg,  was  Governor  of  that  colony,  1680-3. — On  the  west 
side  of  Saco  river,  resided  several  years  James  Sullivan,  Gov. ;  George 
Thatcher,  Judge  of  S.  J.  Court,  Mass. ;  P.  Mellen,  1st  Chief  Justice  of 
Maine.— See  1st  vol.  A.  D.  1653. 


Chap,  hi.]  of  maine.  g3 

holden,  and  the  next  year,  the  records,  which  had  been  preserved  A.  D.  17U. 
in  Boston,  were  safely  returned  ;  the  number  of  famih'es  resettled 
at  that  time,  being  about  thirty.  No  minister  was  ordained  over 
this  people,  till  1727;  when  a  Congregational  Church  was  form- 
ed, and  in  September,  Rev.  William  Thompson  inducted  into 
the  pastoral  office.  His  weekly  ministrations  were  alternately  at 
the  two  settlements,  until  the  second  parish  was  formed  at  Dun- 
stan,  about  1743,  or  perhaps  until  a  short  time  before  the  Rev. 
Richard  Elvins  was  settled  there,  in  1744.  Both  ministers  were 
paid  by  the  town,  during  the  life  of  Mr.  Thompson,  without  dis- 
tinction of  parishes.* 

None  of  the  desolated  towns,  however,  were  resettled  earlier  Faimouih 
than  ancient  Falmouth.  A  strong  garrison  was  maintained 
through  the  last  war  at  Fort  Loyal ;  and  one  account  states,  that 
some  of  the  former  inhabitants  were,  as  early  as  1708-9,  making 
preparations  to  return. f  Within  a  short  period,  several  dilapi- 
dated cottages  upon  the  Neck  were  so  far  repaired,  as  to  be  ren- 


*  The  town  records  were  preserved  by  the  Governor  and  Council ;  and 
transmitted  to  Lieut.  Gov.  Wcntworth  of  New-Hampshire,  who  had  an  in- 
terest in  the  town,  and  who  swore  the  bearer  William  Cotton,  '  that  this 
book  of  records  was  the  whole  he  had  received  from  the  Gov.  and  Coun- 
cil ;'  and  also  swore  James  Jeffries  '  to  make  a  fair  copy  of  them.'  The 
successors  of  Mr.  Thompson,  were  Rev.  Thomas  Prince,  in  17G2  ;  and 
Rev.  Thomas  Lancaster,  in  1775.  In  2d  Parish,  Rev.  Mr.  Elvins  was  suc- 
ceeded, in  1776,  by  Rev.  Bc7i  atnin  Chaduic/c  ;  in  1800,  by  Rev.  J\''a(han 
Tilton.  One  account  says,  the  2d  parish  was  established  in  1758. — Thom- 
as Cammock  settled  in  Scarborough,  1633,  and  died,  1643.— Henry  Josce- 
lyn  removed  hither,  about  1635,  and  resided  at  Black-point  and  Front's 
neck,  33  years.  He  married  Cammock's  widow.  He  sold  his  estate  to 
Joshua  Scottow,  who  removed  hither,  about  16S0,  and  died  in  Boston,  1698, 
—Rev.  John  Thompson,  born  here,  was  settled  in  South-Berwick. — Rev. 
Joseph  Willard,  though  born  in  Saco,  "  was  reared  from  a  child  in  Scarbo- 
rough"—and  afterwards,  President  of  Harvard  College This  town  was 

the  native  place  of  Rufus  KrNO,— (New- York) ;  William  King,  first 
Gov.  of  Maine,  and  Cyrus  King,  member  of  Congress— all  brothers. 
Most  of  the  land-titles  are  derived  from  Gorges  through  Cammock  and 
others;  but  a  tract  between  the  hamlets  was  purchased  by  Andrew  and 
Arthur  Algier,  of  Jane  alias  Uphannan's,  an  Indian  woman,  and  descended 
to  Andrew's  grand-daughter  who  married  John  Milliken,— and  hence  the 
"Milliken  claim."— The  town  was  represented  in  the  General  Court,  in 
1728,  by  Arthur  Bragdon,— JJ/S.  Letter  Rev.  JV,  Tilton,  tee  anie,vol.  1.  A. 
D.  1658. 

i  JUr.  Sullivan,  [Hist.  p.    197,)  says,  »  the  inhabitants  began  to  return 
'•  again  about  the  year  1708." 


34  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.    IT. 

A.  D.  1711.  dered  habitable  ;  the  first  new  framed  house  being  built  by  Mr. 
Ingersol,*  about  the  year  1714.  To  encourage  the  people  in 
support  of  the  ministry,  while  they  were  building  a  meeting-house, 
in  1715-16,  the  General  Court  granted  them  £20  ;  there  being 
at  this  time  upon  the  peninsula,  about  20  families.  The  territory 
of  the  town  was  extensive,  and  settlements  were  begun  at  differ- 
ent places, — especially  at  Purpooduck,  Spurwink,  and  later  at 
New-Casco,  near  the  mouth  of  the  river  Presumpscot,  In  those 
places  there  had  been  fortifications  ;  and  the  Legislature,  in  1714, 
consented  to  have  the  two  former  [now  Cape-Elizabetlif]  estab- 
lished as  a  township.  But  this  was  delayed  ;  the  ancient  boun- 
daries of  the  town  as  reported  by  the  Committee  of  claims,  in 
1718,  were  sanctioned  by  the  General  Court ;  and  Nov.  1 1,  of  the 
same  year,  Falmouth  was  restored  to  all  its  corporate  povi^ers 
and  privileges.  It  was  represented  in  the  House,  the  next  year, 
by  William  Scales;  and  on  the  Sth  of  iNIarch,  1727,  a  Congre- 
gational Church  was  formed,  and  the  inhabitants  settled  the  Rev. 
Thomas  Smith.  For  several  years,  his  ministerial  services  were 
performed  alternately  at  the  meeting-house  upon  the  peninsula, 
the  block  house  upon  Purpooduck-point,  and  the  fort  at  Spur- 
wink ; — and  sometimes  at  New-Casco,  [now  Falmouth.] 

The  resettlement  of  North-Yarmouth  was  delayed  five  or  six 
years  ;  and  Cape-Porpoise  became  the  town  which  had  a  simul- 
taneous revival  with  those  just  mentioned.  Though  it  had  never 
before  its  destruction  compared  with  its  neighbors  in  wealth  or 
population,  it  had  been  inhabited  by  a  bold  and  spirited  people  ; 
and  in  1716,  they  and  the  proprietors  joined  in  a  prayer  to  the 
Legislature  for  a  restoration  of  town  privileges.  The  subject  was 
referred  to  Mr.  John  Wheelwright,  and  orders  given  him  to  take 
the  records  into  possession  wherever  he  could  find  them.    It  seems 


*  For  this  cause  called  "  Governor  Inijersoi." 

•^Cape-Elizabeth  was  incorporated,  Nov.  1,  1765;  Portland,  July  4, 
1786  ;  Westbrook  [Stroudwaler,]  in  1814  ;— all  being  parts  of  ancient  Fal- 
mouth. Mr.  Smith  was  the  son  of  Thomas  Smith,  Esq.  Boston  ;— a  gradu- 
ate of  Harvard  CoUef^e,  1720;  and  when  he  was  ordained,  the  churches 
of  York,  Kittery,  Berwick  and  Wells  assisted,  being  all  there  were  then 
in  the  Province  of  Maine.  In  town  and  proprietor's  meetings,  there  was 
no  distinction  till  1730.  when  all  settlers  were  admitted  ou  paying  a  sum 
of  money — or  shewing  a  continued  possession  ;  others  were  excluded. — 
Anlt  vo!.  I.  A.  D.  ]GbH  —Sullimn,  p.  197. 


Chap,  hi.]  of  MArNn.  85 

their  town  officers   were  chosen  the   next  year  ;    and  June  5th,  AD.  1714. 
1718,*  the  town  was  re-established  by  the  name  of  Arundel. f 
In  1723,  it  was  represented  in   the   General   Court  by  Alanson     , 
Brown,  its  first  deputy  in  that  Body. 

Besides  the  resettlement  of  the  eastern  country ;  another  sub-  p^  ^^^^^ 
ject  of  much  importance  arrested  the  public  attention.  This  was*"-^" 
the  paper  money  which  had  flooded  New-England,  and  now, 
since  the  war,  exliibited  the  many  and  complicated  evils  of  a  fickle 
depreciating  currency,  connected  with  every  pecuniary  transac- 
tion of  life.  All  agreed,  that  improvement  was  indispensible, 
while  different  projects  excited  unhappy  divisions.  One  party 
was  in  favor  of  wholly  substituting  specie  for  the  bills  ;  another 
advcjated  the  establishment  of  a  banking  company,  whose  capital 
stock  was  to  be  real  estate  ;  and  the  third,  and  predominant  party, 
induced  the  Legislature  to  authorize  a  public  loan  of  bills  to  any  New  loans 
one  lor  a  hmited  tmie,  upon  notes  witii  uiterest,  secured  by  mort- 
gage of  real  estate ; — the  interest  to  be  applied  towards  the  sup- 
port of  the  government.  So  universal  and  so  warm  was  this  con- 
troversy, that  it  "  divided  towns,  parishes  and  particular  fami- 
*'  lies ;"  and,  unfortunately,  the  respective  parties  for  the  bank 
and  the  loan  were  nearly  balanced. 

In  this  rage  of  party-spirit  among  the  people,  it  was  impossible  ^^^^^  ^  . 
for  rulers  to  be  neutral.     But  a  change  in  the  administration  being;  a«'edes  to 

'-'  "  ihe  throne 

expected,  upon  the  accession  of  king  George,  who  was  proclaim-  «•"  Engiandx 
cd  in  Boston,  September  17th,  1714,  Governor  Dudley  demean- 

*  One  account  says  it  was  in  1719.     But  9  Mass.  Rec.  p.  207,  says  1718. 

t  Arundel,  [Kcnnebunk-porl,  since  1820,]  was  made  a  town,  A.  D. 
1653,  by  the  Massachusetts'  Commissioners,  and  named'  Cape-Porpus.\a) — 
The  lands  were  originally  granted  by  Gorg-es,  and  also  by  Rigby.  The 
agent  of  the  latter  conveyed  to  Morgan  Howell  100  acres,  in  1648;  and  in 
1661,  to  John  Bush  400,  to  Gregory  Jeffery  200,  and  Richard  Moore  400, 
all  "  within  the  village  of  Cape-Porpoise,  and  Province  of  Lygonia  ;"  re- 
serving "  to  Col.  Alexander  Rigby,  Esq.  President  of  the  Province  of  Ly- 
gonia," a  yearly  quitrent  of  10*.  per  100  acres. — Sulliva?!,  229.  This  place 
was  settled  as  early  as  A.  D.  1632,  probably  earlier. —  Wint.hrop\^  Journal, 
p.  43.  There  are  a  few  fragments  of  the  town's  doings  between  1678  and 
1689. — x\bout  1719,  Rev.  John  Eveleth  was  preaching  at  Cape-Porpoise, 
and  afterwards,  for  a  period,  his  ministerial  labors  were  alternate  at  this 
place  and  Saco,  till  1726;  and  at  tlie  former,  till  1729,  with  a  salary  of  £20. 
That  year,  Rev.  Thomas  Prentiss  was  settled  ;  succeeded,  September,  1741, 
by  Rev.  John  Hovey  ;  in  1771,  by  Rev.  Silas  Moody  ;  and  in  1816,  by  Rev. 
George  Payson.  (a)  As  then  spelt. 


86  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II. 

A,  D.  1714.  ed  himself  with  the  wisdom  and  prudence  best  calculated  to 
smooth  his  path  to  retirement.  He  was  not  actually  displaced, 
however,  till  about  two  years*  after  this,  and  was  then  succeeded 

Gov.  shute.  by  Col.  Samuel  Shute,! — and  Mr.  Tailer,  by  Lieutenant-Gov- 
ernor William  Dummer.J  The  Governor's  commission  embrac- 
ed New-Hampshire  as  well  as  Massachusetts  and  Maine ;  and 
the  appointment  met  with  general  acceptance. 

A.n.  1715.      The  Committee  of  claims  and   settlements,  in  1715,  consisted 

orcildilir  of  two  Councillors,  Messrs.  John  Wheelwright  and  Ichabod 
Plaisted,  of  Maine  ;  and  six  members  of  the  House.§  They 
were  able  and  influential  men,  and  at  their  suggestion,  the  General 
Court  perceived  the  inability  of  the  people  and  proprietors,  who 
owned  lands  and  real  estate  eastward  of  Piscataqua,  to   recover 

Limitaiion 

of  real  nc-   them  by  legal  process  within  the  five  years  limited  by  a  former 
statute,  because  of  the  late  war  ;  and  therefore  allowed  them  the 
same  period  after  July  31st,  of  the  present  year,  to  resume  and 
establish  their  claims  to  houses,  lands  or  other  real  estate,  within 
the  territories  of  Maine  or  Sagadahock.     This  gave  to  all  inter- 
ested, additional  and  fresh  encouragement.     The  General  Court, 
dcrechoTe  ^^^^i  ''^''tb  the  further  advice  of  the  Committee,  ordered  the  sur- 
fT'^iw     ^'^y  °f  ^  ^'"^^  f^"°'^   Berwick  to   Pejepscot  lower   falls,   and   ap- 
xvick  to  Pe-  propriated  £50  to  be  disbursed  from  the  public  treasury  towards 

jepscot.  I       r  i  .» 

opening  it. 

Another  subject,  though  of  a   difierent  nature,  which  excited 

madra       the  public  attention  at  this  time,  was  the  improper  duties  exacted 

porio  en-  ^^  New-Hampshire  from  the  merchants  and  fishermen  trading  at 

Piscataqua.     To  obviate  the  difficulty,  our  government  made  the 

harbor  at  Kittery-point  a  port  of  entry,  and  adopted  measures  to 

*  The  delay  was  occasioned  by  the  appointment,  in  the  first  place,  of 
Col.  Eiiesus  Biirg-es,  who  was  anxious  for  the  office.  But  it  being-  thoug-ht 
by  our  agents  and  friends  in  England,  that  he  could  not  be  an  acceptable 
person  to  the  people  of  these  Provinces  ;  he  was  induced  to  accept  from 
them  £1000,  and  resign  his  commission. 

I  Col.  Shute  belong^ed  to  a  good  family.  His  father  was  a  dissenter,  and 
an  eminent  citizen  of  London,  and  his  mother  was  the  daughter  of  a  noted 
dissenting  minister  ;— his  brother,  Lord  Barrington,  was  in  Parliament,  at 
the  head  of  the  dissenting  interest.  The  new  Governor  had  served  under 
the  Duke  of  Marlborough,  in  Flanders,  where  he  acquired  great  military 
reputation. 

I  Mr.  Dummer  was  a  native  of  Massachusetts,  and  lived  in  Boston. 

5  These  were,  Oliver  Haynes,  Edward  Hutchinson,  Adam  Winthrop, 
Samuel  Phips,  Lewis  Bane,  and  John  Leighton. 


Chap,  hi.]  of  maine.  87 

make  its  authority  respected.     A  breastwork  was  erected  north- A.  u.  1715. 
erly  of  the  point ;  a  platform  laid  sufficient  for  six  guns  ;  a  naval 
officer  and  a  public  notary  appointed  ;    and   all  sea-captains  and 
persons  trading  at  the  river,  were  required  to  pay  imposts,  powder- 
money,  and  other  duties,  as  stipulated  by  law. 

The  enthusiastic  ardor,  manifested  the  last  year  in   the   enter-  p.-jepscoi 
prise  of  reviving  the  eastern  settlements  and  claims,  still  appeared  c!Ia'„le!r 
rather  to  increase  than   to   abate.      The   Indians  were  generally  ""'"''"*• 
tranquil ;  and  in  a  great  number  of  places,  the   return  of  the   in- 
habitants is  dated  at  the  present  period.     Richard  Wharton,  dying 
insolvent,  his  Pegypscot  [or  Pejepscot]  purchase*  was  sold,  in 
1714,  by  his  administrator,  to  Messrs.  Winthrop,  T.  Hutchinson, 
Ruck,  Noyes,  Watts,  Minot,  Mountford,  and  two  others,  for  only 
£100. 

The  new  owners,  June  1 0th,  in  the  present  year,  spread  their  Cruiiswick, 
interest  before  the   General  Court,  with  a  request,  that  the  pur-  ai^tHial^s. 
chase,  as  they  bounded  it,f  and  the  title,  as  stated,  might  be  con-  '^''^" 
firmed  to  them ;  and  tliat  the  government,  by  its  sanction,  would 
encourage  them  in  the  settlement  and  defence  of  three  new  town- 
ships, which  they  proposed   to  have   called  Brunswicic,    Tops- 
ham,  and  Harpswell.     The  first  was   to  extend  "  from  Pejepscot 
Falls  to  Maquoit  on  Casco  bay — equal  to  six  miles  square  ;"  the 
second  was  to  be  surveyed  of  the  same  size  on  the  easterly  side 
of  the  river,  adjoining  and  fronting  Merry-meeting  bay ;  and  the 
third  to  include  Merryconeag  peninsula,   the  two   Sebascodegan 
Islands  and  others.     It  is  said  their   prayer  was  granted  ;  when 
it  was  agreed,  that  if  the  government  would  exempt  these  towns 
from  taxes,  five  years,  and  advance  £400  towards  the  erection  of 
a  "  good  stone  fort"  at  some  place  within  their  limits,  they  would 


*  Sec  ante,  A.  D.  1G84. 

f  They  supposed  it  run  "•  from  5  miles  above  the  uppermost  Falls  of  An- 
"  droscog-gin  river,  on  a  north-east  line,  over  to  Kennebeck  river,  incliid- 
"  ing  what  land  lies  to  the  southward  of  that  line,  down  to  Merry-meeting' 
"bay:" — And  "  from  said  Falls,  4  miles  west,  and  so  southerly  down  to 
"  Maquoit ; — takint^  in  the  lands  lying  four  miles  west  of  said  river. — Like- 
"  wise  the  lands  lying-  southward  of  Merry-meeting  bay,  on  the  westerly 
"  side,  running  down  to  Small-point  harbor,  and  including  Merryconeag- 
"  neck  and  the  Island  Sebascodegan,  with  the  pther  Islands  interjacent ; 
"  and  on  the  easterly  side,  running  round  VVinnegancc-point,  so  down  Sag- 
"  adahock  river,  along  by  Arrowsick  Island,  down  to  Atkins'  bay." — SlaU- 
ment  of  Kennehtck  Claims,  p.  11. — 1  Doug.  Siimm.  p.  390. 


88 


THE  HISTORV 


[Vol. 


A.D,  1715, 


Fort 

George 

erected. 


Itcseltle- 
ineiit  of 
Aiuiroscog- 
giii. 


<ii"Oi  ;;f-- 
lowii  scllled 
nnd  incor- 
porated. 


engage  not  only  to  support  a  minister  of  the  gospel,  and  school- 
master, but  maintain  a  sergeant's  guard  of  15  men,  and  faithfully 
build  and  render  defensible  such  a  fortress.  The  public  disburse- 
ment was  accordingly  made,  and  a  fortification  erected  on  the 
western  side  of  the  Androscoggin,  opposite  to  the  Lower  Falls, 
and  called  "  Fort  George^  It  was  constructed  with  two  bas- 
tions, two  half  bastions  with  flankers  on  the  top,  sufficient  for 
cannon.*  When  finished  it  was  furnished  with  munitions  of  war  ; 
and  a  garrison  was  supported  there  the  greater  part  of  the  time, 
till  the  reduction  of  Quebec. f  These  Falls  were  a  key  which 
opened  the  western  parts  of  the  Province  to  the  Indians.  At 
this  place  the  tribes  from  Canada,  from  Penobscot,  and  from  Nor- 
ridgewock  had  meetings  with  the  Anasagunticooks,  to  advise  on 
their  intended  expeditions  against  the  white  people.  There  had 
been  a  slight  fort  here  of  ancient  date  ;  but  while  the  country  lay 
desolate,  it  had  fallen  into  ruins. 

But  these  towns  were  not  very  speedily  settled.  In  Brunswick, 
which  was  incorporated  the  earhest  of  the  three, J  there  were, 
in  1718,  no  dwelling-places  for  families,  except  within  the  walls  of 
the  fort,  and  in  the  block  house,  near  Maquoit  bay,  where  Lieut. 
Woodside  kept  a  guard  to  protect  the  stores  while  landing  and  pas- 
sing to  the  fort.  A  little  before  that  time,  three  families  settled  in 
Topsham  ;  all  of  whom  were  afterwards  destroyed  in  Lovewell's 
war.§  The  settlement  of  Harpswell,  commenced  about  the  year 
1720,  was  for  many  years  only  a  precinct  of  North-Yarmouth.  || 

In  conformity  with  the  Legislative  order  of  1713,  several 
persons  early  the  next  spring,  resumed  a  habitancy  upon  lands 
at  the  mouth  of  the  river  Sagadahock.  On  the  margin  of  Arrow- 
sick  Island  at  Baker's  Cove,  John  Watts  of  Boston,  who  had 
married  a  grand-daughter  of  Major  Clark,  built  of  bricks,  trans- 
ported by  him  from  Medford,  in  Massachusetts,  a  large  dwelling- 
house  with  two  flankers, — which  stood  56  years.  Another  was 
erected  about  the  same  time  by  Mr.   Preble  at  the  head  of  the 


*  8  Mass.  Rec.  p.  3S9-415.  t  Sullivan,  p.  181. 

I  Brunswick  was  incorporated  in  173S  ;  Harpswell  in  1758,  and  Topsliam 
in  1764.  In  173S,  the  line,  as  settled  between  Pejepscot  and  Plymouth 
companies,  bej^an  at  the  mouth  of  Cathancc  river,  and  ran  W.  N.  VV.  to 
the  VV.  line  of  the  pitent,  or  claim. 

\  Coll.  Mass.  His.  Soc.  p.  141-2. 

II  MS.  letter  of  Rev.  Samuel  Eaton. 


Chap,  hi.]  of  Maine.  <^ 

Island.  In  the  spring  of  1715,  these  two  men,  Edward  Hutch-  a.D.  niG. 
Inson,  Esq.  and  twenty-three  others,  heing  the  whole  number  in 
the  Island,  petitioned  the  General  Court  to  be  incorporated  into 
a  town.  It  was  a  frontier,  more  remote  than  any  other  place  at- 
tempted to  be  resettled,  and  might  be  a  barrier  in  the  emergency 
of  war  ; — therefore  an  object  of  the  government's  special  favor. 
An  accession  of  15  families  was  immediately  made  to  the  set- 
tlement ;  the  Governor  despatched  from  Fort  Loyal  a  sergeant's 
guard  of  20  men,  to  be  protectors  of  the  inhabitants  six  months  ; 
and  on  the  13th  of  June,  1716,  Parker's  Island,  and  Arrowsick* 
were  made  a  town  or  municipal  corporation  by  the  name  of 
Georgetown.! 


*  Parker's  IslancJ,  Ncquasset  or  Nauseag,  [now  Woolwicli]  Stage  Island 
and  some  others  were  treated  and  taxed  as  j)recincts  of  tljc  town,  accord- 
ing to  the  law  and  usage  of  the  day,  and  made  a  part  of  the  town  itself. 
The  inhabitants  of  Small  point  [now  Bath  and  Phipsbnrgh,]  were  upon  pe- 
tition set  off  from  North-Yarmouth,  in  1741,  and  united  to  Georgetown. 
One  account  states,  that  Wiscassetand  Siiccpscot  were  taxed  witli  George- 
town several  years,  adjaccnts  or  precincts.  The  name  "  Arrowsick"  is  so 
spelt  by  Penhallow.  The  titles  to  the  lands  are  holdcn  "  principally  under 
"  the  Plymouth  company  ;  part  under  Salter's  right ;  part  under  Sir  Biby 
"  Lake  ;  and  a  few  by  GO  years  peaceable  possession." — Set  ante,  vol.  ],  p. 
5.'}. 

f  Gcor^-itoivn,  (the  lOtli  corporate  town  in  this  State,)  took  its  namo 
from  "  fort  St.  George" — (Popham's  fort,)  built  by  the  colonists,  in  1607; 
and  is  sometimes  called  "  The  ancient  Dominions"  of  Maine.  The  census, 
in  1764,  was  1,329.  The  ecclesiastical  affairs  of  the  town,  were  in  an  un- 
settled state,  more  than  half  a  century.  The  clergymen,  employed  sue- 
cessiv^ely,  were  Messrs.  William  McClanathan,  Robert  Rutherford.  Dan- 
iel Mitchell,  and  Alexander  Boyd.  The  principal  part  of  the  people, 
especially  the  ])rofessors,  were  Presbyterians.  In  1739,  14  of  the  latter 
associated  into  a  church  ;  and  in  July,  1765,  Rev.  Ezekiel  Emerson  was 
ordained.  In  the  course  of  a  year,  his  church  were  united  into  a  "  Cove- 
nant engagement,"  and  contained  45  members.  This  excellent  man  died, 
Nov.  9,  1S15,  aged  80.  A  meeting-house  was  built  on  Arrowsick  Island, 
in  1761 ;  and  one  on  Parker's  Island,  in  1809,  for  the  Freewill  Baptists. 
A  second  Parish,  now  Bath,  was  formed  in  1762.  The  town  has  been  di- 
vided.— Wool v/ich  was  incorporated  in  1759;  Bath,  in  1781;  and  Phips- 
burgh,  in  1814.  The  present  Georgetown  is  bounded,  S.  by  the  ocean  ; 
W.  by  Kennebcck  river  ;  N.  by  Monsweag  bay  ;  and  E.  by  great  Sheep- 
scot  bay  ;  and  embraces  Arrowsick,  of  4,000,  and  Parker's,  of  10,000  acres. 
About  half  of  the  town  is  of  a  good  soil,  which  grows  apples,  wheat,  bar- 
ley and  corn.  The  people,  in  1820,  owned  1,000  tons  shipping:  annually 
cured  4,000  quintals  of  cod  and  hake  ;  40,000  lbs.  salmon  ;  500  bis.  pickled 
fish,  and  6,000  boxes  smoked  herrings.  The  town  records  begin  in  1738, 
Vol,.  II.  12 


90  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.    H. 

A  D.  1716.      This  is  a  place  of  more  celebrity  than  any  other,  except  York 
A  place  of  and  Falniouth,  upon  the  eastern  coast.     It  was  colonized  in  1607; 

trreni  rosorl. 

visited  in  1614,  by  the  famous  Capt.  John  Smith,  who  sketciicd 
a  chart  of  the  coast ;  and  settled  between  the  years  1624  and  6. 
At  the  latter  date,  Plymouth  colony  had  a  trading  house  at  the 
site  of  Popham's  fort,  near  Spring-point ;  and  the  settlement  had 
a  gradual  increase  fifty  years,  until  there  were  on  the  Islands  and 
both  sides  of  the  river,  more  than  sixty  families.  The  place  was 
ravaged  and  laid  waste  by  the  savages,  in  1676,  and  in  1688; 
and  from  the  latter  year  remained  desolate  till  its  late  revival. 
Georgetown  has  had  a  gradual  rise ; — has  been  a  place  of  great 
resort ;  and  in  1721,  it  was  represented  in  the  General  Court  by 
John  Penhallow. 

These  movements,  especially  the  resetdement  of  Georgetown, 

sealers.  encouraged  the  proprietors  of  the  Plymouth  [or  Kennebeck]  pa- 
tent to  enter  upon  the  improvement  or  occupancy  of  their  terri- 
tory. United  in  project  with  the  Pejepscot  proprietors,  they 
both  offered  to  families  severally,  100  acres  of  good  land,  and 
the  removal  of  them  and  their  effects,  free  of  expense  to  them, 
if  they  would  become  settlers,  within  their  respective  proprie- 
torships ;  promising  them  also  contributions  towards  supporting  a 
minister  of  the  gospel.  For  the  protection  of  the  people  in  case 
of  a  rupture  with  the  Indians,  and   for    tlie  promotion  of   trade, 

Ciisht'iioc  Doct.  Noyes  of  Boston,  one  of  the  Plymouth  proprietors,  built  a 
fort  of  stone,  at  Cushenoc,  on  the  bank  of  Kennebeck  river  near 

Setiiemonts  the  head  of  the  tide,  which  is  said  to  have  been   the   best  fortifi- 

beck.  cation  in  the  eastern  country.  Here  a  garrison  was,  for  a  period, 
maintained  at  the  public  expense  ;  and  according  to  Mr.  Pen- 
hallow,  so  great  was  the  encouragement  given  "  that  several 
"towns,  as  Brunswick,  Topsham,  Georgetown  and  Cushenoc 
"  began  to  be  setded  ;  a  great  many  fine  buildings  with  saw  mills 
"  were  erected  ;  husbandry  began  to  thrive  ;  and  great  stocks  of 
"  cattle  were  raised."* 


A  bridge  of  300  feet  connects  the  two  Islands — 9  Jia,?*.  Rec.  p.  7o. — JIS. 
Letter  of  Benjamin  Ri^gs,  Esq.  p.  132. 

*  Penhallow  [Indian  fVars  printed,  in  1726,)  says,  Noyes  "  built  a  stone 
garrison  in  "  Aiigunia''''  at  iiis  own  charge"  Ilo  was  a  Representative  in  the 
General  Court,  and  died,  March  IC,  1721-2.  After  this  tlie  fort  was  neg- 
lected;  and  in  Lovewell's  war,  the  inhabitants  withdrew,  and  the  Indians 
burnt  it ; — with  several  houses.— 1  Coll.  A".  //.  Hist.  Soc.  p.  88  :— and  in  7 
or  8  ve;;rs  tlie  fishery  censed.— 2  Dniiy;.  Siirnm.  p.  538. — Ken.  Claims,  p.  1."). 


Chap.  III.]  of  Maine.  91 

Noyes  being  also  patronized  by  some  fishmongers  In  London,  a.D;  1716. 
entered  largely  into  the   sturgeon-fishery,  which  he  carried  on  Sturgeon 

fishcrv* 

"in  the  several  branches  of  the  Sagadahock,"  seven  or  eight 
years.  In  some  seasons,  twenty  vessels  were  taken  into  employ- 
ment ;  and  "  many  thousand  kegs"  were  filled,  which  were  esteem- 
ed equal  "  to  any  that  ever  came  from  Hamburgh  or  Norway." 
Also  vast  quantities  of  pine  boards,  plank, — hogshead,  pipe  and 
barrel  staves,  and  all  sorts  of  timber,  were  annually  transported  "'"  *""■ 
from  the  river,  as  well  to  foreign  places  as  to  Boston. 

The  field  for  setdement  was  wide  ;  the  territory  between  the 
rivers  Sagadahock  and  St.  George,  which  had  lain  waste  ever 
since  it  was  depopulated  by  the  savages  in  1689,  presented  to 
setders  many  attractions  ;  and  various  projects  were  devised  and 
motives  urged,  to  induce  their  return  to  the  places  formerly  inhab- 
ited. Hitherto  the  county  of  Yorkshire  had  embraced  only  the 
old  Province  of  Maine;  therefore,  the  General  Court,  in  1716, 
to  render  the  administration  of  justice  commensurate  with  its 
jurisdiction,  ordered,  that  "  all  the  lands,  families  and  setdements  extended  to 
eastward  of  Sagadahock"  within  the  limits  of  the  Provincial 
Charter  be  annexed  to  Yorkshire  ;  and  that  York  be  the  shire 
town  for  holding  all  the  courts,  and  for  keeping  the  registry  of 
deeds.* 

Governor  Shute,  who  arrived,  Oct.  4,  1716,  took  the  reins  at 
a  critical  period  of  public  affairs.  The  Province  was  emerging  .^rrrvea''"*^ 
from  a  long  Indian  war,  which  had  oppressed  the  people  with 
debt ;  a  depreciating  paper  currency  had  almost  expelled  specie 
from  the  country,  and  greatly  embarrassed  the  trade  ;  and  the 
royal  prerogative,  as  managed  by  the  Governors  under  the  char- 
ter, had  wrought  up  the  public  jealousy  to  such  a  pitch,  as  would 
render  the  chair  unpleasant  to  any  one  appointed  to  fill  it. — The 
settlement  of  the  eastern  Provinces  he  found  to  be  a  popular  and 
interesting  topic  ;  and  in  the  ensuing  winter  or  spring,  an  order 
was  passed  for  the  repair  of  the  fort  and  the  re-establishment  of 
a  garrison  at  Pemaquid. 

But  the  new  settlements,  the  mills,  and  especially  the  forts.  The  natives 
had  surprisingly  awakened  the    animosity  of  the  Indians,   whom  '■*^''^**' 
the  French  missionaries   eagerly  inflamed,  by  telling  them  the 

*  9  Mass.  Rec.  p.  95-262.— The  treaty   of  Utiecht  had  now  extinguished 
the  French  claim  to  Sagadahock  wholly. 


92  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II, 

A.  u.  1717.  English  had  invaded  their  rights.  What  at  the  same  time  helped 
to  fan  and  feed  the  fire,  was  a  rumour,  that  there  were  apprehen- 
sions of  a  war  between  England  and  France. 

As  the  best  way  to  pacify  the  tribes,  and  keep  them  tranquil, 
it  was  determined  to  provide  immediate  and  effectual  means  for 
instructing  the  older  Indians  in  the  christian  religion,  and  the 
younger,  in  the  elements  of  education,  according  to  the  practice 
of  the  fathers.  The  General  Court  therefore  offered  to  pay  any 
minister  £150  annually,  who  would  reside  at  fort  George,  learn 
the  dialect  of  the  tribe,  and  become  their  instructer.  A  young 
scholar  was  to  be  associated  with  him  as  a  schoolmaster,  and  £10 
placed  in  his  hands  to  procure  books  and  curiosities,  which  he 
was  to  distribute  among  the  ))upils  according  to  their  merits.* 
In  xVii^ust,  I'l  the  mean  time,  the  Governor,  attended  by  members  of  the 
sick/iil^e'^  Council  from  his  several  Provinces,  met  in  August,  according  to 
thriiidialls.  previous  appointment,  "  a  great  number  of  Indians  with  the 
Chiefs  of  every  tribe,"  and  conferred  with  them  at  Arrowsick.  The 
Canibas  Sagamores  believing  themselves  the  most  aggrieved,  took 
the  lead  in  the  conference.  The  Governor  presented  them  with 
an  English  and  Indian  Bible,  and  told  them  it  contained  the  true 
religion ;  and  Mr.  Baxter,  a  missionary  who  had  attended  him, 
would  explain  its  principles  to  them.  All  people,  said  they,  love 
their  own  ministers.  Your  bibles,  we  do  not  care  to  keep  ; — 
God  has  given  us  teaching,  and  should  we  go  from  that,  we  should 
offend  God. 
The  confer-  It  being  found  they  were  immoveably  attached  to  the  Catholic 
creed,  the  rest  of  the  parley  was  upon  the  respective  rights  of  the 
parties.  The  Sagamores  complained  of  encroachments.  They 
thought,  that  though  the  lands  westward  of  the  Kennebeck  might 
belong  to  the  English  ;  surely  no  sale  had  been  made  of  the 
country  eastward  of  that  river.  But,  replied  the  Governor,  '  we 
'  shall  never  part  with  an  inch  of  our  lands  in  that  quarter.' 
Thinking  this  to  imply  more  than  was  expressed  or  intended, 
they  instantly  rose  and  departed  without  ceremony  to  their 
canoes,  paddling  away  to  another  Island,  the  place  of  their  head- 
quarters, and  leaving  their  English  flag  upon  the  ground. 
Rale's  let-  In  ti^c  evening  they  returned,  bringing  a  letter  from  Sebastian 
Rale,  the  aposde  of  Norridgewock,  addressed  to  the  Governor,  and 

*  9  Mass.  Rec.  p.  120- 


eiice 


ler. 


Chap,  hi.]  of  Maine.  93 

stating,  '  that  the  French  king  had  never  by  any  treaty,  conced-  A.  D.  1717. 
'  ed  to  the  English  the  lands  of  the  Indians,  and  that  he  would 
'  protect  them  against  every  encroachment.'  The  Governor  then 
let  them  know  how  highly  he  resented  the  insolent  interference  of 
the  Jesuit ;  and  the  next  morning,  he  made  preparations  to  re- 
embark.  The  Indians  were  by  no  means  ripe  for  war.  The 
older  men  were  loath  to  quit  their  villages  at  Norridgewock  and 
Penobscot,  where  they  were  living  at  ease  ;  and  dreaded  to  become 
dependent  upon  the  French,  by  whom,  as  they  often  said,  they 
were  treated  like  dogs,  when  there  was  no  immediate  want  of  their 
services.  Full  of  apparent  regrets  for  the  incivilities  offered  the 
day  before,  two  messengers  came  and  solicited  the  English  colors 
they  had  slighted — also,  a  furtlier  interview  with  the  Governor. 
At  night  the  conference  was  renewed.     Pretending  to  be  dis-^ 

°    .  .  ^  Treaty  con- 

satisfied  with  the  words  and  conduct  of  their  speaker  yesterday,  fumedi 
they  appointed  another.  He  confessed  that  some  of  their  incon- 
siderate young  men  had  been  guilty  of  wrongs  towards  the  English 
and  were  blameworthy.*  But  it  is  our  wish,  he  said,  '  to  live  in 
'  peace,  and  to  be  supplied  at  fair  prices  with  necessaries  in  the 
'  way  of  trade  ;  and  without  talking  at  this  time  about  lines  and 
'  limits,  we  declare  ourselves  willing,  that  the  English  should  set- 
'  tie  and  occupy  where  their  fathers  did  ;  though  we  very  much 


*  A  part  of  the  dialog-ue  on  the  first  daj  of  the  parley,  follows  : 

Wiwurna. — We  are  willing-  to  cut  off  our  lands  as  far  as  the  niills  and 
the  coasts  of  Peinaijuid. 

Governor. — Tell  them  we  desire  onlj'  what  is  our  own,  and  that  wc  will 
have.     We  will  not  wrong-  them,  but  will  be  masters  of  our  own. 

Wiwurna. — It  was  said  at  Casco  treaty,  that  no  more  forts  should  be 
made. 

Governor. — Tell  Ihcm  the  forts  are  not  made  for  their  hurt ;  they  are 
for  the  securitj'  of  both — we  being-  all  subjects  of  king-  George. 

Wiwurna. — We  cannot  understand  how  our  lands  have  been  purchased : 
— what  has  been  alienated  was  by  our  g-ift.  [The  deed  to  Wharton  signed 
by  six  Sagamores  was  then  read  to  them.] 

Wivmrnn. — But  surcl}'  nothing-  has  been  sold  on  the  east  side  of  Kenne- 
beck  river. 

Governor. — We  expect  the  English  will  be  quiet  in  the  possession  of  all 
the  lands  they  have  purchased  and  what  they  own. 

Wiwurna, — We  arc  a  little  uneasy  concerning  these  lands  ;  but  are  wil- 
ling the  English  shall  possess  all  they  have,  excepting-  forts.  We  must  have 
fishing  and  fowling  where  we  will. 

Governor, — It  is  freely  assented  to  and  allowed. — 2  Hutch.  Hisl.  p.  199. 


94  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II, 

A.D.  1717.'  dislike  their  forts.'  At  length,  the  treaty  of  Portsmouth,  signed 
in  1713,  was,  with  their  former  allegiance,  renewed  ;  and  the 
Sagamores  in  accepting  the  presents  made  to  them,  returned  a 
belt  of  wampum,  a  lot  of  beaver,  and  a  toast  to  the  king's  health.* 

Timber-  Next  the  timber-trees,  and  especially  the  white  pines,  in  these 

trees.  eastern  forests,  were  made  a  subject  of  great  consideration  ;  and 

being  connected  with  the  king's  prerogative,  it  soon  drew  the  Gov- 
ernor into  an  unhappy  controversy  with  the  House.  By  the  last 
paragraph  in  the  Provincial  Charter,  "  all  trees  of  the  diameter 
"  of  24  inches — upwards  of  12  inches  from  the  ground,  growing 
"  upon  any  soil  or  tract  of  land  within  our  said  Province  or  terri- 
"  tory  not  heretofore  granted  to  any  private  persons''' — '  were  re- 
'  served  for  masting  the  royal  navy  : — And  all  persons  were  for- 
'  bidden  to  fell,  cut,  or  destroy  any  such  trees  without  the  royal 
'  license,  first  had  and  obtained,  upon  penalty  of  forfeiting  £100 
'  sterling,  for  every  tree  so  felled,  cut,  or  destroyed  without  such 
'  license.' 

In  consequence  of  some  mismanagement  by  the  surveyor-gen- 

Surveyor-    eral  of  the  woods,  John  Brideer,  Esq.  ;+  the  extent  both  of  his 

General  nc-  '  .         . 

cused.  power  and  of  the  reservation  in  the  charter,  became  the  subject 
of  discussion  and  scrutiny.  It  was  contended  that  the  original 
Province  of  Maine,  which  was  purchased  of  Gorges  by  the  Col- 
ony of  Massachusetts,  had  never  reverted  to  the  crown  ;  and 
every  part  of  it,  which  was  not  granted  to  individuals,  was  now 
the  public  property  of  the  Province.  J  At  any  rate,  all  the  trees 
within  any  township  were  either  private  property,  or  what  was 
equivalent,  according  to  another  clause  in  the  charter,  they  were 
owned  by  the  townsmen  collectively,  as  a  "  body  politic"  or  cor- 
poration. With  neither,  had  the  king's  surveyor  any  concern. 
Nay  it  was  believed,  he  was  commissioned  only  to  survey  the  for- 
ests and  preserve  the  mast  pines  and  other  timber  ;  whereas  he 
was  accused  of  granting  tacit  permits  to  cut  trees,  and  even  of 
conniving  at  trespasses — then  of  making  enormous  exactions  for 
the  logs ;  pursuing  the  wrong-doers  with  vindictive  violence,  and 
sometimes  encroaching  upon  the  rights  of  others. 

Pursued  by  Mr.  Elisha  Cook  of  Boston,  who  was  the  Councillor  for  Saga- 
*"■    °^  ■    dahock  this  year,  a  man  of  good   abilities  and   great  influence 

*  Penhallow's  Ind.  war 1  Coll.  N.  H.  Hist.  Soc.  p.  89. 

f  His  deputy  for  Maine,  was  first,  Mr.  Frazer;  afterwards,  Mr.  Plaisted, 
a  more  popular  man.  \  2  Hutch.  Hist,  p.  229. — Ed.  1795. 


Chap.  m.J  of  maine.  95 

among  the  people,  entered  warmly  into  this  discussion.  He  said  a.i>.  1718 
Bridger  had  no  authority  to  grant  any  such  licenses;  nor  to  com- 
pound with  trespassers,  for  he  had  seen  his  commission.*  He 
even  went  so  far  as  to  delineate  to  the  House  the  malversation  of 
that  officer,  and  to  charge  him  with  betraying  the  trust  committed 
to  him.f  In  that  body,  Mr.  Cook  met  with  all  the  success  he  de- 
sired ;  for  his  course  was  approved,  and  the  proceedings  of  the 
surveyor-general  were  condemned. 

On  the  other  hand,  Bridger  presented  a  counter  memorial  to  prid'-er's 
the  Council  in  justification  of  his  measures  ;  when  the  Governor,  '^*'^^"^^' 
who  made  a  merit  of  being  a  vigilant  guardian  of  the  royal  in- 
terests, espoused  his  cause  with  great  zeal,  and  transmitted  the 
papers  to  the  Lords  of  trade.  The  House,  being  thus  indirectly 
censured  by  the  Board,  took  an  affront,  and  accused  the  Gov- 
ernor of  sending  home  a  partial  statement  of  the  facts ;  and 
Cook,  being  quite  censorious,  had,  by  some  unguarded  expres- 
sion, so  deeply  wounded  the  Governor,  that  when  the  Councillors 
elect  were,  in  the  ensuing  spring,  presented  to  him,  lie  by  his 
negative,  struck  Mr.  Cook's  name  from  the  list. 

The  surveyor-general  also,  among  his  duties,  was  instructed  to 
inform  the  king's  Navy  Board,  what  oak  timber  suitable  for  ship  dmics. 
building, — what  trees  yielding  tar,  pitch  or  turpentine — and  what 
land  fit  to  rear  hemp,  could  be  found,  which  might  be  rendered 
useful  to  the  fleet.  In  the  discharge  of  this  trust,  as  well  as  that 
of  preserving  the  mast  pines  and  ship-timber,  he  had  the  patron- 
age and  aid  of  the  Governor;  who  said,  he  had  a  general  super- 
inten dance  of  the  whole,  given  him  in  charge  by  the  Lords  of 
trade.  The  Governor  likewise  represented  to  the  House,  that 
the  pitch  and  tar,  made  and  exported  in  great  quantities,  were  tar. 
adulterated  with  sand,  and  that  an  act  of  Parliament  had  lately 
been  passed,  requiring  more  strict  examination  into  their  qualities. f 
This  evil,  the  General  Court  had  no  objection  to  rectify,  if  it  had 
become  an  evil  worthy  of  notice.  But  the  House  were  in  tem- 
per to  assume  at  once  the  whole  oversight  of  the  eastern  forests ; 


*  9  Jlass.  Rcc.  p.  280,— Committees' Report,  Nov.  1718,  against  Bridg-er. 
—9  Mass.  Ree.  p.  367, 

T  It  was  said  Bridger  had  received  of  one  nan  £5()  for  masts  by  liim  cut 
and  sent  to  England  ;  and  told  the  people  they  could  cut,  without  incurring 
ihe  penalty  mentioned  in  the  charter. — 9  Jlass.  Rcc.  p.  2S0. 

t  Governor's  Speech,  A.  D,  1719. 


96  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  11. 

A. D.  1718  and  accordingly  appointed  a   committee  of  seven  to  that   trust; 
A  Coniir.ii-  empowering  them  to  take  into  possession  all  the  logs  found  there- 
see  iheeasi- in,  and  to  direct  the  Attorney-General,  when  to  institute  or  pur- 
sue legal  process,  either  for  cutting  trees,  bleeding  them  for  tur- 
pentine, or  other  trespasses.*     This    course   deeply   entrenched 
upon  the   authority   of  the  Governor  and  the  Surveyor-General  j 
and  at  the  same  time  so  sensibly  touched  the   royal  prerogative, 
as  to  occasion,  the  next  year,    an  interposing   act  of  Parliament. 
Trespasses  By  tliis,  the  penalties  for  trespasses  in  the  royal  woods,  were   re- 
Admiraity    covcrablc  in   a  court    of   admiralty,!  where    there    is    no  jury, 
Courts.        ^^^  ^jjg    judge  only  holds  his  oiFice   during   the   pleasure  of  the 

crown. 
Soil  of  Sa?-  By  other  paragraphs  in  the  charter,!  no  grants  of  any  lands 
the'crown?  lying  eastward  of  Kennebeck  river  within  the  limits  of  the 
Province,  which  the  Governor  and  Legislature  might  make  or 
pass,  should  have  any  force  or  effect,  until  approved  by  the  crown. 
But  prior  grants  and  all  other  estates,  which  were  holden  or  ought 
to  be  enjoyed  within  the  Province,  under  any  act  of  the  former 
governments,  or  by  any  other  lawful  right  or  title  whatsoever, 
would  be  holden  by  the  respective  grantees  and  their  heirs,  ac- 
cording to  the  intent  and  interest  of  the  grantors.  Perceiving 
the  fee  of  the  ungranted  lands  in  the  Province  of  Sagadahock, 
to  be  in  the  sovereign,  and  the  jurisdiction  in  the  Provincial  gov- 
Armsuoiig's  emmcnt,  William  Armstrong  and  others,  who  had  been  officers 
^'^"■' "^  and  soldiers  in  the  army,  presented  a  petition  to  the  board  of 
trade  and  plantations,  for  a  grant  of  those  lands.  The  subject 
underwent  several  discussions  before  their  Lordships,  the  petition- 
ers being  strenuously  opposed  by  the  provincial  agent.  It  was 
proposed,  that  if  Massachusetts  would  resign  her  jurisdiction  to 
the  country  eastward  of  the  Penobscot,  she  should  have  the 
property  in  the  soil  westward  of  that  river  confirmed  to  her  by 
the  crown ;  by  which  means  her  interest  would  be  enlarged,  and 
she  would  be  enabled  to  effectuate  more  extensive  settlements. 
But  acquainted  as  she  was  entirely,  with  the  value  of  her  rights  and 


*  9  JIass.  Rec.  p.  510.— In  1721,  the  Deputy  or  Surveyor-General  g'ave 
license  to  cut  the  trees  of  the  woods  as  belonging  to  the  kin^ ;  and  a  Com- 
mittee  was  ordered  to  secure  the  logs  cut  under  the  license,  for  the  use  of 
the  Province. 

t  See  ante,  "  Courts,"  Chap.  1,  vol.  II,  A.  D.  1692-3-4. 

I  Ancient  Charters,  p.  '2G,  34. 


Chap,  hi.]  of  maine.  97 

the  importance  of  this  eastern  region  to   her,  she  instructed  herA.D.  1719. 
agent  to  make  no  concessions  ; — and  consequently   the   project 
altogether  failed. 

Efforts  were  unabating  through  the  vear  1719,  towards  the  ^'''"'""'•'nts 
enlargement  of  tie  towns  and  settlements  already  begun,  and  the  i^ef'fbeck 
establishment  of  others,  especially  eastward  of  Kennebeck  river  ;  (Jeorgc's 

'  •'  .  river. 

also  some  preparations  were  made  for  removals  ;  as  proprietors 
were  anxious  to  repossess  themselves  of  their  lands,  through  lear 
of  being  barred  by  the  statute  of  limitations.  Hence  in  the 
present  and  succeeding  summer,  two  or  three  persons  settled  at 
Damariscotta,  under  the  '•  Tnppan  Right,^'  and  made  improve- 
ments. Within  the  patent  to  Elbridge  and  Aldsworth,  or  "  Drown 
Right^^^  repairs  were  undertaken  upon  the  fort  at  Pemaquid. 
William  Hilton  and  John  Brown  were  now  residents  at  New- 
Harbor  upon  the  '■'•Brown  Right  •'^  and  in  1724,  "a  survey 
"  was  made  of  the  lands  granted  to  John  Brown  the  elder,  ac- 
"  cording  to  the  limits  and  boundaries  of  the  Indian  deeds."* — ■ 
For  the  purposes  of  settlement,  the  Waldo  Patent  was  divided, 
in  1719,  into  ten  shares, — and  the  "ten  proprietors"  assigned 
two  thirds  to  the  "  twenty  associates"  formed, — and  retained  the 
rest.     'At  this  period,  there  was  not    a   house  between  George- 

*  town  and  Annapolis,   except  a  fish-house  on   Damariscove  Isl- 

*  and,  nor   "  until  the  time  that  St,    George^s  fort  was  built,"f  fort.      ^* 
in  1719-20.      Here  were  erected   a   capacious   and   defensible 
building,  on  an  elevation  near  the  easterly  edge  of  St.  George's 

river,  at  the  elbow,  and  a  blockhouse  at  a  short  distance,  having 
a  large  area  between  them  enclosed  by  pallisades,  and  capable  of 
receiving  250  men.  J     Another  fortress,  called  Fort  Richmond^  p^^t  rj^j,, 
was  built  about  this  time  on  the  west  bank   of  Kennebeck  river,  "*'"^* 
opposite  to  Swan  Island. § 

*  See  ante,  A.  B.  1650  ;  and  post,  A.  D.  1729.— Fort  William  Henry 
built  at  Pemaqnid,  1692,  destroj'ed,  1696. — See  in  Commissioners''  Reports, 
A.  D.  1811,  p.  15-18. — GatchelVs  Deposition,  p.  95. — Brown's  Deposition,  p. 
109-115.— Pre.?co«'s  anrf  Pearce's  Deposition,  Tp.  116-118.— In  1730,  there 
were,  in  what  is  now  Bristol  and  the  adjacent  towns,  "at  least  150  set- 
tlers."— Col.  W.  Jones''  testimony,  ib.  p.  144. 

t  P.  Roger''s  Deposition,  taken  1773,  ib.  p.  60. — Probably  the  fort  was 
finished  in  1721.— 10  Mass.  Rec.  p.  379. 

X  Memorial  of  J.  Leverett  and  others 10  Mass.  Rec.  p.  380.     The  fort 

was  in  Thomaston,  in  front  of  the  mansion-house  of  the  late  General  Knox. 

\  The  Fort,  situate  near  the  water,  was  not  large,  nor  very  firmly  con-^ 
Vol.  II.  13 


98  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  11. 

A.  D.  1719.      The  grateful  expressions  with  which  the  Governor  was  saluted, 
Duty  on      OH  account  of  the  share  he  had  in  obtainins;  a  late  Parliamentary 

lumber  re-  "  ■' 

pealed.        repeal  of  the  duty  exacted  on  lumber  imported   from  America, 
were  almost  the  only  political  consolations  he  experienced  this 
year.     His    approval  of  an  impost,   a  twelve  month  before,  was 
censured    by    the    Lords-Justices,    in    the    king's    absence,    be- 
cause English  vessels  and  manufactures  were  not  excepted ; — 
still  the  House  were   hardly  induced  to  revise  it. — To  preserve 
the  forest-trees,  the  surveyor-general  sent  out  his   deputies,  who 
marked.      marked  an  immense  number  of  them  with  a  capital  R.  and  other- 
wise made  a  new  display  of  his  authority.     This  marking  scheme 
was  a  novel  expedient,  as  it  was  also  unfortunate  at  this  time,  for 
upon  no  other  subject  than  the  timber,  was  the  House  more   sen- 
sitive.    Yet  the  Governor,  with  a  full   knowledge  of  the  public 
feeling,  had  the  imprudence  to  declare  to  that  body,   his   deter- 
minate purpose,  conformably  to  a  late  instruction  from  home,  to 
support  the  surveyor,  at  all  lengths,  in  the  discharge  of  his  offi- 
cial duty.      This   opened  the  half-smothered  embers,  and  the 
House  sent  in  a  protest,  which  so  severely  charged  Bridger  with 
mal-conduct,  that  the  Governor  declared  it  should  not  be  printed  ; 
adding  with  extreme  indiscretion,  "  remember,  I  have  the  power 
of  the  press." 
of'uieGov*       So  sacred  and  well  understood  were  the    sentiments  of  liberty 
and  House.  Jn  this  age,  that  no  royal  Governor,  however  able  and  wise,  could 
by  possibility  maintain  his  master's  prerogative,  and    at  the  same 
time  satisfy  the  people   and   their  representatives.      Suffice  it  to 
say,  that  during  the  residue    of   Gov.    Shute's    administration, 
through  a  period  of  three  years,  the  dissensions  between  him  and 
the  House  were  continually  increasing,  till  they  rose  to  a  lament- 
able   height.       In    return   for  his    negation  of  Councillors    and 
Speaker  of  the  House,  and  other  arbitrary  acts ;  he  was  allowed 
a  smaller  salary  than  his  predecessors ;  agents  were  appointed  to 
inspect  the  garrisons,  though  he  by  the  charter  was  Commander- 
in-Chief  j  a  dupHcate  of  the  records  was  taken ;  and  as  though 

structed.  It  was  dismantled  in  1754. — It  was  in  the  present  town  of 
Richmond  ; — ten  miles  below  the  mouth  of  Cobbisecontee.  The  site  of 
Richmond  Fort  was  not  far  from  the  marg-in  of  tlie  river,  on  ground,  12  or 
15  feet  above  the  water;  from  which  the  land  gradually  ascends;  and 
thereabouts,  there  was,  in  1820,  a  hamlet  of  15  or  20  houses,  a  few  stores, 
and  2  or  3  wharves. 


Chap.  hi. J  of  aiaine.  99 

his  integrity  was  suspected,  a  motion  was  made  to  withdraw  from  a.  d.  1719. 
him  and  the  Council,  the  keys  of  the  public  chest. 

Another  perplexity  of  much  ereater  moment,  in  fact,  to  the  Indians  in- 
community,  was  the  insolence  of  the  Abenaquis  Indians,  every 
where  noticeable  since  their  return  from  the  winter  hunting.*  Peo- 
ple acquainted  with  their  character,  thought  their  behavior  was  a 
strong  indication  of  some  hostile  attack  ;  and  therefore  the  Govern- 
or, soon  after  the  spring  session  of  the  General  Court,  despatched 
forty  men  into  Maine,  to  guard  the  frontiers,  and  watch  the  mo- 
tions of  the  savages.  These  were  distributed,  15  to  Falmouth, 
1 0  to  Scarborough,  10  to  Arundel,  and  5  to  North-Yarmouth 
fort,  though  the  reseitlement  of  the  latter  place  had  not  been  un- 
dertaken in  a  regular  defensible  manner.  The  summer  rather 
deepened  than  allayed  the  people's  fears  ;  and  at  the  November 
session,  the  General  Court  appointed  three  commissioners,  Wil- Guards  sem 
ham  Tailer,  Edmund  Quincy  and  William  Dudley,  with  instruc- 
tions to  meet  the  chiefs  of  the  Canibas  Indians  at  Brunswick  or 
some  other  convenient  place ;  to  ascertain  if  possible,  the  grounds 
of  complaint  and  difficulty  ;  to  demand  a  reparation  for  the  in- 
juries done, — and  to  propose  a  revision  of  the  trade, — a  hmited 
occupancy  of  our  own  lands, — and  an  offer,  that  some  of  the 
chiefs,  according  to  their  desire,  take  a  voyage  to  England  ;  as- 
suring the  tribe  at  Penobscot,  that  the  spirit  of  peace,  which  tlieir 
letter  breathed,  had  received  a  most  acceptable  welcome. 

It  being  late  in  the  season,  the  commissioners  had  no  interview 
with  the  Sagamores,  till  the  succeeding  June  ;  when  it  seemed,  June. 

T    1       T7-  .  /-i      •    '^'heir  re- 

by  their  report,  that  if  the  Kennebeck  proprietors  and  the  Cani-  pon. 
has  Indians  could  agree  upon  boundaries,  the  fearful  difficul- 
ties might  be  reconciled. f  A  committee  was  then  raised  to  con- 
sider the  subject  of  boundaries;  £223,15^.  were  appropriated 
towards  the  support  of  a  garrison  at  fort  George,  on  the  Andros- 
coggin ;  and  50  soldiers  were  continued  in  public  pay  till  the  au-  Soldiers  in 
tumn ;  twenty  of  whom  being  stationed  at  Richmond  fort,  and 
Swan-Island. 

*  See  letter,  dated  Merry-meeting  bay,  May  1,  1719,  from  Joseph  Heath 
and  John  Minot,  to  Governor  Shute.  They  say,  the  Indians  called  a  coun- 
cil,- and  said  the  Jesuit  spoke  his  mind,  not  theirs  ;  that  they  did  not  employ 
him  to  write  for  them,  &c. — 8  Coll.  Mass.  Hist.  Soc.  p.  265,  JVew  Series. 

f  The  conduct  of  the  commissioners  did  not  please  the  House  ;  they  did 
not  get  any  pay  for  their  services. 


service. 


100  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II. 

A.D.  1720,  In  this  critical  posture  of  eastern  affairs,  Capt.  Thomas  Coram, 
projm'for  ^  visionary  theorist,  promulgated  a  project  for  settling  the  Saga- 
Saealfa,  ^^^liock  Province,  and  raising  upon  the  lands  a  quantity  of  hemp 
liock-  and  flax,  sufficient  for  supplying  the  royal  navy  with  cordage.     It 

was  proposed,  that  a  large  number  of  men  should  be  incorporated 
with  a  capital  of  £100,000  sterling,  and  with  a  charter  of  privi- 
leges suited  to  the  enterprize ;  that  the  territory  be  granted  by 
the  crown  to  the  corporation  in  fee ;  and  that  the  whole  direction 
be  entrusted  to  a  board  of  seventeen  managers.  To  remunerate 
Massachusetts  for  a  surrender  of  her  jurisdiction,  she  was  to  have 
the  privilege  of  subscribing  £20,000,  and  owning  a  fifth  part  of 
the  interest.  As  the  scheme,  wild  as  it  may  appear,  was  not 
without  its  advocates,  it  was  thought  that  the  preferable  way  to 
frustrate  it,  would  be  to  inflate  the  vain  conceit  of  the  projector. 
Hence  he  was  induced  to  withdraw,  in  anticipation  of  something 
greater,  or  more  entirely  acceptable  to  all.  But  when  he  found 
,  the  region  between  Kennebeck  and  Penobscot  was  not  to  be  in- 
cluded, he  fell  into  a  (it  of  passion,  exclaiming,  "  it  is  all  a  trick 
to  save  that  fine  country,  for  the  villainous  people  of  New-Eng- 
land."* The  bubble  burst ;  the  fever  for  speculation  in  Ameri- 
can wilds  about  this  time  was  greatly  cooled  by  the  severe  ani- 
madversions of  Parliament ;  and  Coram's  project  was  laid  aside 
for  ten  years. 
AfTairiof  An  experiment  of  the  same  character,  previously  proposed  by 
jia.  him  in  Nova-Scotia,  met  with  no  better   fate.f     That  country, 

rendered  interesting  to  us  by  its  contiguity,  had  only  in  a  small 
degree  increased  in  numbers  and  wealth,  since  it  had  become  a 
British  province.  During  the  administration  of  Samuel  Vetch, 
four  years  from  17] 0,  and  of  Francis  Nicholson,  five  years  from 
1714,  these  Governors  had  been  able  to  do  nothing  more,  than 
bring  the  inhabitants  into  a  state  of  nominal  obedience.  Nor  did 
the  country  in  any  respect  have  a  flourishing  growth,  even  after 
Colonel  Richard  Phillips  was  appointed  Governor  in  1719.  For 
though  tlie  executive  Council,  consisting  of  twelve  members, 
were  a  respectable  body  ;  yet  the  twenty-four  deputies,  chosen  by 
the  twelve  districts  into  which  the  Province  was  divided,  were  of 
a  nondescript  character,  being  merely  distributors  of  orders,  and 
messengers  of  the  people's  wants  and  wishes ;   as  they  never 


"*  Dumracr's  letter,  September,  1720.  fS  Hutch.  Hist.  p.  203. 


Chap,  in.]  of  Maine.  101 

acted  collectively  as  legislators,  nor  as  judges.  The  inhabitants  A.  L>.  mo. 
were  mostly  Frenchmen,  who  could  not  understand  English  ;  ig- 
norant, not  one  in  an  hundred  able  to  write  or  even  read  ;  and 
dupes  to  their  priests,  as  they  would  rather  die  than  renounce 
the  catholic  religion.  They  were  also  miserable  husbandmen 
and  mechanics.  Nay,  the  deep-rooted  and  habitual  antipathies 
between  the  French  and  English,  created  colHsions  which  neces- 
sarily rendered  society  unhappy,  during  the  extended  period  of 
thirty  years,  in  which  Governor  Phillips  was  in  the  chair. 

The  Acadians  having  strongly  attached  the  natives  to  them  by  .^^..^^^  ^^ 
an  assimilation  of  manners,  an  unity   of  worship,   and   an  inter-  ^--^pe  Rre. 

'  •'  '  Ion  and 

course  in  trade,  were  now  prepared  to  make  Cape  Breton*'  the  Canseau. 
depot  for  their  future  fishery  and  trade.     On  the  other  hand,  the 
English   had   formed   a  fishing  establishment  at  Canseau,  which 
was  freqnented,  especially  in  the  summer  months,  by  many  traders  -pi^^  ,,-,^ 
from  Massachusetts.     Instigated  by  the  French,  the  Indians  in  i's''pi""der- 
sreat  numbers,  attacked  the  vjlace,  August  7,  and  plundered  it  of ''"'''"'^• 

o  '  I  '  o  '  r  August?. 

<ish  and  merchandize,  to  the  amount  of  £20,000. 

The  news  of  this  rapine,  though  evidently  committed  by  the  ,,,,  , 

1         '  "  •'  .'  I  lie  people 

Mickmaks  alone,  sreatly  emboldened  their  western  neighbors,  and  «i"'nif;!  'v 

^  o  J  .  ,  .  ''"^  Indiana, 

in  a  still  greater  degree,  alarmed  the  apprehensions  of  the  inhab- 
itants. To  allay  their  fears.  Governor  Shute  despatched  east- 
ward a  small  re-enforcement,  giving  the  command  of  the  whole  to 
Colonel  Shadrach  Walton ;  and  when  he  met  the  General  Court, 
November  2,  he  declared,  he  "had  certain  information,  that  the  Nov. 2. 
"  Indians  were  committing  great  outrages  on  our  eastern  settle- 
"  ments,  by  killing  cattle,  and  by  threatening  and  insulting  his 
"  Majesty's  subjects. "f 

Rale,  the  famous  Jesuit,  was  deemed  the  principal  instigator  of  „     ,,  . 
these  insults.     He  was  a  man  of  talents  and  learnins; ;  and  by  ^^""r  '"^'"^ 

-  _  _    _  .  conduct. 

his  condescending  manners,  religious  zeal,  and  untiring  persever- 
ance, he  had  greatly  endeared  himself  to  the  tribe.     He  had  re- 

*  Ca^t  Breton  was  an  Island  still  claimed  by  the  French  ;  who  contended 
that  it  did  not  pass  to  tlie  English  when  the  French  resig-ned  to  them  "  all 
Nova-Scotia  and  Acadia,  with  its  ancient  boundaries."  The  French  took 
possession  of  it  in  August,  1713,  and  called  it  Ide- Royal. -'See  ante,  trtaty 
of  Uliacht,  SOth  March,  1713.— 2  flolmny  Am.  Ann.  p.  0.5-6. 

t  According  to  Charlevoix,  (he  Indians  sang  the  war-song  in  1720;  and 
the  place  of  genera]  rendezvous  was  at  "  Narantsouate,"  as  he  spells  Nor 
ndgcwock. — 4  JVew-Francc,  p.  120. 


102  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II. 

A.D.  1720. sided  with  them  and  been  their  tutelar  father,  thirty  years;  and 
many  of  them  he  had  taught  to  read  and  write.  To  render  their 
devotion  an  incentive  to  violence,  it  is  said,  he  kept  a  banner  fig- 
ured with  a  cross,  which  was  encircled  by  bows  and  arrows ;  and 
while  he  was  giving  them  absolution  before  they  proceeded  to 
war,  or  upon  any  hostile  expedition,  he  was  in  the  habit  of  sus- 
pending the  flag  from  a  tall  standard  at  the  door  of  his  chapel  ;* 
aware  of  the  advantages  gained,  if  he  could  give  every  bold  sally 
of  the  Indians,  the  character  of  a  crusade.  Fond  of  epistolary  cor- 
respondence, he  kept  up  a  constant  intercourse  with  Vaudreuil,  the 
Governor  of  Canada  ;  giving  him  an  account  of  every  settlement, 
fort,  or  other  enterprise,  commenced  by  the  English  ;  and  receiv- 
ing in  return,  advices  how  to  incite  and  direct  the  Indians  against 
the  settlers.  He  sent  Governor  Shute  a  very  bold  letter,  filled 
with  curious  logic,  to  prove  the  exclusive  rights  of  the  Indians 
to  the  country  they  inhabited. f 
Measures  ^^^  different  branches  of  the  government  were  not  agreed 
proposed  to     j^^^  course  was  best  to  be   pursued   against  him.      The   House 

.seize  nun.  '  '^ 

resolved  to  send  a  warrant  to  John  Leighton,  sheriff  of  York- 
shire, and  orders  unto  Col.  Walton,  to  attend  him  with  a  military 
guard  of  150  men,  and  directed  them  to  proceed  to  Norridge- 
wock,  seize  the  Jesuit,  and  bring  him  to  Boston  dead  or  alive  ; — 
offering  them  a  reward  of  £500  for  his  body,  besides  the  usual 
wages.  If  he  could  not  be  found,  or  if  the  tribe  refused  to  pro- 
duce him,  it  was  ordered,  that  several  of  the  principal  Indians  be 
seized  and  conveyed  to  Boston.  But  the  Council  non-concurred 
the  resolve,  thinking  a  reward  of  £200,  large  enough  ;  and  at 
the  same  time,  believing,  in  view  of  the  present  posture  of  our 
affairs  with  this  tribe,  that  it  was  inexpedient  to  send  any  armed 
force.  The  Board  were  extremely  anxious  to  perpetuate  peace ; 
while  the  Governor  considered  the  resolve  equivalent  to  a  declar- 
ation of  war,  and  a  direct  "  invasion  of  the  prerogative.''^      It 


*2Belk.  ]N.  H.  p.  41. 

j-  See  appendix  to  John  Pickering's  Essay  on  the  Orthography  of  the 
Indian  Languages  in  J^Turth-America,  p.  40-2  :  who  having'  examined  the 
Jesuit's  MS.  Dictionary  of  the  "Abnaki"  languajjc,  8:ives  him  the  name 
RaLE,  as  the  orthoepy,  though  often  spelt  Rasles  and  Rallc.  Mr.  Picker- 
ing says,  that  Dictionary  is  divided  into  two  parts— 1st,  205  leaves  are 
French  and  Indian ;  2d,  25  leaves  are  Indian  and  French  or  Latin. 

1 2  Hutch,  Hist.  p.  219. 


Chap,  hi.]  of  Maine.  2Q3 

would  necessarily  prevent  a  negotiation,  which  was  still   devoutly  A.  D.  1720. 
anticipated  ;  and  hence,  the  proposition  of  the  House  was  post- 
poned. 

To  the  Indians  at  Penobscot,  who  as  a  tribe  had  not  been  con- The  tribe  at 
cerned  in  the  late  mischiefs,  there  was  given   the  value   of  £40  fdreS. 
in  presents  ;  also  a  courteous  letter  was  addressed  to  them, — in 
hopes  to  perpetuate  their  forbearance.     At  the  same  time,  it  was 
represented  to  the  General  Court,  by  a  memorial    from   the   rep- 
resentatives of  York,  Kittery,   Berwick,  and  Wells,   that  more 
than  100  men  had  volunteered  or  been  detailed  from  these  towns  ^"'i^'ers  in 
to  join  CoL  Walton,  leaving  the  places  weak  and  exposed.     The 
House  therefore  resolved,  that  they   be   relieved   by  substitutes 
from  other  counties,  and  that  not  another  soldier  be  detached  nor 
enlisted  in  Yorkshire.     As    to  the  propriety  of  these   measures, 
and  the  expediency  of   attempting  another  conference   with   the 
Indians  and   sending   them  a  missionary,   all  parties  were   well 
agreed  : — in  other  respects  there  was  no  political   concord  be- 
tween the  Governor  and   House. 

It  being  at  length  discovered,  that  JVotaries  public,  hitherto  j^^,^^;  ^ 
appointed  by  the  Archbishop  of  Canterbury,  were  such  civil  offi-  P"'^'''^- 
cers  as  ought  to  be  chosen  by  the  Legislature  ;  the  House  at 
once  on  their  part  made  the  election,  and  sent  the  list  to  the 
Council  for  their  concurrence  : — they  being  ever  afterwards 
elected  by  the  General  Court.  In  the  present  instance,  all  the 
House  intended,  was  to  shew  an  independence  of  the  Execu- 
tive ;  and  the  most  the  Governor  could  do,  was  to  raise  doubts, 
if  they  ought  by  the  charter  to  be  sworn, — protesting  against 
this  fresh  encroachment  upon  his  prerogative. 

An  election,  in  the  ensuing  May,    1721,   was   made  a   subject^-  i^  j^g, 
of  still  greater  scrutiny.     This  was  the  choice   of  Paul  Dudlev.,'^^^  '"''*'«'' 
now    the   tlnrd  tune  elected  into  the  Council  for  Sagadahock.  '^y-  t^oun- 
He  was  a  son  of  the  late  Governor,  and    a   Judge  upon  the  su-Sa?ada- 
preme  bench ;  a  man  equally  distinguished  for  his  talents,  learn- 
ing and  integrity.     But  he  was  the  successor  of  Mr.  Cooke,  late 
Councillor  for  that  Province  ;  and  a  supporter  of  Gov.    Shute's 
administration.       His   residence    was  in   Roxbury ;    and    it  was 
surmised,  that  he  was  not  the  proprietor  of  any  lands  within  the 
territory  for  which  he  was  elected.     In   the   discussion   before  a 
Committee  of  the   House,  appointed   to   investigate   the   subject, 
the  judge  supposed   the   enquiry    into  his   qualifications   was  loo 


liock. 


104  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  11. 

A.D.  1721.  late  ;  it  should  have  been  made,  if  ever,  before  the  election,  or 
certainly  before  he  was  sworn.  He  said  he  was  willing  to  exhib- 
it his  deed  to  any  individual  member,  desirous  to  see  it;  but 
must  decline  to  lay  it  upon  the  speaker's  table,  as  required  ;  for 
it  was  well  known,  there  were  various  claimants  to  tracts  in  Sag- 
adahock,  and  the  House  might  vote  his  own  deed  insufficient, 
and  prejudice  the  title.  Dissatisfied  entirely  with  this  answer, 
the  House  voted  it  to  be  an  affront,  and  his  refusal  to  produce 
his  deed,  abundant  evidence  of  his  being  a  non-proprietor;  and 
resolved,  that  his  election  was  void.  But  in  consequence  of  the 
Council's  non-concurrence,  he  held  his  seat  through  the  year  ;  and 
it  is  said,  that  afterwards  every  non-resident  Councillor  elect, 
made  affidavit  that  he  was  a  proprietor,  before  he  took  his  seat 
and  official  oath  at  the  Board. 

Party-spirit  was  yet  only  one  of  the  many  causes,  which  ren- 
dered the  current  spring  gloomy.  So  many  were  the  fears  of  a 
rupture  with  the  Indians,  that  few  or  no  new  settlements  were  un- 
dertaken ;  and  some  of  those  which  had  been  revived,  were  des- 

Pecplc  be-  pondinsT :  while    several   families  had   already   submittted   to   an 

gill  !o  re-       '  ~  '  _ 

move.         abandonment  of  their  homes.*     Nothing  could  present  a  greater 
^     ,„     .  discouragement ; — and  the   Governor  about  midsummer    issued 

Gov.feliute  s  ~  ' 

prociama-    ^  Proclamation,  requiring  '  the  inhabitants  to  remain   upon  their 

lion.  5       r>  I  ij 

'  estates  and  keep  possession  of  the  country.  But  who  could 
expect  obedience  to  a  mandate  so  extraordinary  ^  If  their  own 
property  and  habitations  had  no  allurements  sufficient  to  prevent 
removals,  it  were  unreasonable  to  expect,  they  would  tarry  mere- 
ly to  form  a  barrier  against  the  hostile  natives. 
Loans  of  Trade  was  again  declining  ;  and  the  large  loans  of  paper  money, 
^'"*'  made  by  statute  orders  of  the  Legislature  on    a  pledge  of  lands, 

were  oppressive  to  debtors,  though  the  government  had  been  the 
gainer  by  a  gradual  depreciation.  More  than  a  year  before  this, 
it  was  ascertained,  for  instance,  by  the  Commissioners  of  York- 
shire, Messrs.  Preble,  Leighton,  Came  and  Plaisted,  that  this 
county  had  received  loans  to  the  amount  of  £1 00,000. f  As 
enterprise  declined,  and  the  prospect  of  a  continued  tranquillity 
receded,  trespasses  in  the   woods  were  less  frequent ;    and  the 


*  Mr.  Hufchinson' [2  Hist.  p.  209,)  says,,  settlements  were  deserted,  in 
1720.— /6.  p.  236. 

t  Yet  they  were  to  bo  discharged,  if  they  would  pay  a  balance  in  specie 
of  £50,  19s.  9d.  [9  JIasf.  Rcc.  1719,] — a  considerable  sum  at  this  period. 


ftlie 

MS. 


Chap,  hi.]  of  Maine.  105 

Legislature  with  great  coolness,  declared  it  an  encroachment  upon  a.d   1721 
his  Majesty's  rights,  to  fell  trees  fit  for  masts  ;  and  then  resolved,  '^'''^'-'•'^es 

,  .  '  ;nid  logs. 

that  whenever  they  were  cut  mto  logs,  these  should  be  taken  into 
custody  for  the  use  of  the  Province. 

There  was  evidently  a  numerous  peace-party  among  the  In- views  o 
dians  themselves;  and  some  believed  the  tribes  in  general  to  be  as  '"'''-'"*■ 
averse  to  war  as  the  colonists.  The  chiefs  had  frequent  parleys 
with  the  inhab.tants,  and  officers  at  the  forts,  in  which  they  ex- 
hibited good  sense  and  a  just  regard  for  their  rights.  "  We  have, 
"  (said  they,)  fought  for  our  lands  three  times,  and  if  there  be 
"  need  we  are  ready  to  fight  for  them  again  :"  still  '  we  love  the 
'songs  and  "  calumet"  of  peace,  and  are  ready  to  give  an  &arn- 
'  est  of  our  sincerity.' 

About  this  time,  there  was  a   great   meeting   of  them   at  Nor- ti,^  (^a^i. 
ridgewock,  for  the  choice  of  a   chief  to  succeed   Toxus,   lately  I'"' ''"'"'  "^ 

J  ^  J    lioslai;CS  u 

deceased,     llie  old  men  and  those    averse   to  war,   actin"-  con- ''"-''^"'• 
trary   to  the  wishes  of  Rale,  selected  Oui-kou-i-rou-menit,  a  well 
known  advocate  for  pacific  measures.     It  was  a  joyfid   occasion  ; 
and  it  would  seem,  there   were   English  emissaries  present.      In 
the    subsequent  conference,    the   Sagamores   agreed   to   inquire 
into  the  injuries  committed  by  the   Indians,   and   as  a   pledge   of 
their  fidelity,  presented  the  English  a   lot  of  beaver  skins,   with 
a  promise  of  200  in  all  ;  consenting  to  send    also,  four  hostages 
to  Boston,  as  sureties  for  the  good  behavior  of  the  tribe,  as  well 
ns  jor  a  reparation  of  the  damages  sustained  by  the  inhabitants,  *'^^  '^• 
Rale  was  extremely  displeased  with  these   transactions,  and  im- 
mediately despatched  a  runner,  with  a  letter  of  particulars  to  the 
Governor  of  Canada. 

When  Vaudreuil  received  the  intelligence,  he  pronounced  the  Vaudreuiis 
Sagamores,  deluded  dupes,  who  had  basely  betrayed  the  interests '^'"''" 
of  their  tribe  into  the  hands  of  the  English.  Nay,  in  his  reply 
to  Rale,  he  says,  the  faint  hearts  of  your  Indians  in  giving  hos- 
tages  for  damages  done  those,  who  would  drive  them,  from  their 
native  country,  have  convinced  me,  that  the  present  is  a  crisis  in 
which  a  moment  is  not  to  be  lost.  Therefore  I  have  applied  to 
the  villages  of  St.  Francois  and  Becancourt,  and  prevailed  upon 
them  to  support  with  vigor  their  brethren  at  JVorridgewock,  and 
send  a  deputation  to  the  place  appointed  Jor  negotiating  the 
proposed  treaty,  who  dare  let  the  English  know,  they  will  have 
Vol.  II.  14 


106  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II. 

A.  D.  1721.  to  deal  with  other  tribes  than  the  one  at  Korridgewock,   if  they 
continue  their  encroachments. 

To  keep  the  Indians  in  a  state  of  irritability,  and  inspire  them 

Ralp  and  _  '  "'  ' 

tiie  unlives,  vvilh  courage  and  Qrmness,  the  Governor  and  Intendant  of  Cana- 
da, sent  Father  de  la  Chase,  and  Lieut,  de  Croisel  to  Norridge- 
wock,  with  instructions  to  visit  Penobscot,  and  engage  their  chiefs 
to  be  present  at  the  anticipated  negotiation,  and  strengthen  their 
brethren  ; — also  to  assure  them,  that  if  the  French  should  not 
in  fact  join  them,  they  will  assist  them  with  as  much  ammunition 
as  may  be  needed.  At  this  time  the  Indians  had  chapels  at  St. 
Francois,  at  Norridgewock,  and  at  Penobscot,*  lately  built ;  in 
all  which  they  were  usually  supplied  with  the  instructions  of  cath- 
olic priests.  Having  received  from  these  apostles,  lectures 
strongly  tinctured  with  Romish  fanaticism,  the  Indians  oftentimes 
left  home,  resolved  to  persist  in  their  demands,  and  in  their  first 
talk  with  the  Colonists,  accordingly  appeared  obstinate  and  inso- 
lent. But  either  through  a  consciousness  of  the  fair  conveyances 
actually  made  to  the  English,  or  an  ardent  desire  of  quietude ; 
they  presently  softened  to  a  better  temper,  and  frequently  gave 
the  proprietors  and  settlers,  fresh  assurances  of  enjoying  their 
lands  without  molestation.  These  favorable  symptoms  lasted  till 
they  saw  Rale ;  and  so  often  had  his  malignity,  pride  and  offi- 
cious interference  awakened  among  the  Indians  new  complaints, 
that  the  people  of  the  Province,  for  good  reasons,  ranked  him 
'•  among  the  most  infamous  villains,"  and  would  have  given  more 
for  his  head,  than  for  an  hundred  scalps  of  the  natives. 
August  4.  About  the  first  of  August,  a  body  of  200  Indians,  borne  in  90 
visit  Arrow- canoes,  and  attended  by  Rale,  la  ChasC;  Croisel,  and  Castine  the 
^'*'  ■  younger,   arrived   at  Padeshal's  Island,   in   Georgetown.      They 

were  well  armed,  well  clad,  and  appeared  under  French  colors. 
The  leaders  proceeded  to  Arrowsick  Island,  and  in  the  course  of 
their  interview  with  Captain  Penhallow,  the  commander  of  the 
garrison,  they  presented  him  with  a  letter  addressed  to  Governor 
Shute,  purporting  to  be  in  the  name  of  several  tribes,  and  posi- 
tively declaring,  that  if  the  settlers  did  not  remove  in  three  weeks, 
thread.  ^^^  Indians  ivould  come  and  kill  them  all,  destroy  their  cattle  and 
burn  their  houses:  tor,  added  they,  'you  Englishmen  have  taken 


*' Father  Laiiverjat  was  the  missionary   to  the  Penobscot  tribe.' — Cor- 
respondence  between  him  and  Rale. 


Chap,  m.]  of  Maine.  107 

*  away  the  lands  which  the  Great  God  has  given  our  fathers  and  a.  d.  172i. 
'us.' 

The  escape  of  the  hostages  from  their  residence  upon  an  Isl- ^^j^^.^j^^^^^ 
and  near  Boston,  soon  afterwards,  induced  strong  fears  that  a  ^2;«s escape, 
storm  was  gathering,  which  would  fall  upon  some  unsuspecting, 
or  unguarded  part  of  the  frontiers.  Expresses  were  forthwith 
despatched  into  the  eastern  Provinces,  to  inibrm  the  soldiery,  gar- 
risons, and  people,  of  the  escape,  and  caution  them  against  sur- 
prise ;  also  to  make  reprizals  of  all  Indians  seen  armed,  and  de- 
tain them,  till  the  hostages  either  surrendered  themselves  or  were 
recovered. 

The  General  Court,  heing  specially  convened,  resolved,  Aug.  Tiieimiinns 
23d,  upon  a  course  of  measures  against  the  Indians,  which  they '^1. 'rebels 
termed,  a  prosecution  for  rebellion.  Besides  ordering  300  men 
to  be  raised  for  the  eastern  service,  the  legislature  issued  a  man- 
datory proclamation,  requiring  the  tribes  to  surrender  Rale,  and 
every  Jesuit  priest,  and  all  rebels,  and  to  make  ample  satisfaction 
for  all  injuries  past ;  or  else  the  Indians,  whereever  found,  would 
be  seized  and  sent  to  Boston.  If  there  were  opposition,  force 
must  be  repelled  by  force. 

Some  supposed  this  procedure  rash  ;  and  many  good  people 
remembered  with  pain,  how  many  of  the  government's  stipula- 
tions, made  or  renewed  in  the  treaty  of  Arrowsick  and  at  other 
times,  had  never  been  performed.  No  trading  houses  had  been 
erected  ;  no  smiths  or  armorers  had  been  provided  at  the  public 
charge  lor  the  accommodation  of  the  Indians  ;  no  places  had 
been  publicly  established,  where  in  a  fair  barter  they  could  ex- 
change their  furs  and  skins  for  provisions,  ammunition,  clothing 
and  other  articles.  Perhaps  traders  had  defrauded  them,  and 
hunters  provoked  them  ;  and  the  veins  of  war  when  once  opened, 
could  not  be  easily  closed. 

Though  the  hostages  were  taken   and  returned  to  the  castle,  Hostaspj 
and   consequently  the  war  measures  relaxed  ;    the  quota  of  300  jei'soo'm'en 
men  were  raised,  and  put  under  Col.  Thaxter,  and  Lieut.  Col.  "''^''^' 
GofFe ;  and  the  violence  of  prejudice  against  Rale,  ran  to  such  a 
height,  that  it  was  determined  by  the  House,  to  have  him  brought 
to  Boston  a  prisoner  or  a  corpse,  without  farther  delay.      But 
the  Governor  scrupled,  if  any  of  these  rash  measures  against  the 


108  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II. 

A.  D.  17^:1.  tribes  were  expedient  or  prudent ;  and   the   process   to  take  the 

Jesuit  was  again  postponed.* 
„,  ,,,,,-  As  Castine  the  Youngerf  was  with  the  party  that  lately  ap- 
(:<i>,i!iie  ihe  peared  in  array  at  Arrowsick  Island  :  some  of  our  eastern  soldie- 
ry,  under  the  general  order  to  seize  such  Indians  as  were  seen 
in  arms,  took  him  into  cusiody  and  sent  him  to  Boston.  To  in- 
dict and  try  him  for  rebellion,  or  treachery,  before  the  Superior 
Court  in  Suffolk,  as  the  House  were  ready  to  order,  would  be 
putting  him  on  trial  in  one  county,  contrary  to  law,  for  an  of- 
fence committed  in  another;  and  therefore  a  committee  was  ap- 
pointed to  examine  him.  Castine  was  a  cautious  sensible  man, 
favored  with  the  2:ift  of  address;  and  in  the  investigation,  he 
professed  as  he  had  uniformly  done,  the  highest  friendship  and 
respect  for  the  English.  He  affirmed,  that  he  had  lately  return- 
ed from  a  tour  abroad, — to  prevent  his  tribe  from  doing  mischief; 
and  solemnly  promised,  that  he  would  use  his  utmost  endeavors  to 
keep  tlie  Indians  in  a  state  of  peace.  It  would  have  been  diffi- 
cult, in  fact,  even  to  describe  his  offence,  and  it  was  unjust  to  de- 
tain him.  His  induence  was  great  among  the  Sagamores;  his 
representations  were  plausible  and  apparently  sincere;  and  at  last 
he  was  discharged.  The  arrest  of  him  was  in  itself  cruel ;  and 
any  punishment  inflicted  upon  him  would  have  been  a  disgrace  to 
the  government. I 
Aiieirpis  to  Early  in  the  November  session,  the  General  Court  resolved, 
tj  e    a  e.   ^^^^  there  were  reasons  still  existing,  sufficient  to  prosecute  "  the 

*  2  Hiilch.  Hist.  p.  214. 

i  See  ante,  A.  B.  1713.  Charlevoix  [Alh  vol.  JV.  F.  p.  115-17,]  says  the 
English  despatched  a  vessel  to  his  residence  which  was  on  the  borders  of 
the  sea  ;  where  Castine  came  on  board,  and  thej''  carried  him  to  Boston. 
He  was  then  brought  to  the  bar,  and  interrogated  : — '  wliy  did  you  attend 
'  the  conference  t — in  what  capacity  ? — Did  not  V^aiidreuil  send  you  there  .'' 
*  — What  means  your  French  uniform  ?' — Answer  by  Castine  — 1  have  al- 
ivays  Hoed  with  my  kindred  and  jjeople  ;  my  mother  ivas  one  nf  them  ;  J  had 
the  command  isf  them  ;  and  I  would  not  fail  to  attend  a  meeting  where  thtif 
interests  were  at  stake.  But  I  received  no  orders  from  Vaudreuil  to  attend. 
,l\ly  habit  is  only  an  uniform  suited  to  my  birth  and  condition  ;  for  1  have  the 
honor  of  being  an  officer  under  the  French  king. — Charlevoix  adds,  that  he 
was  set  at  liberty  after  five  montlis. 

I  Castine  tiie  younger,  eldest  son  of  Baron  de  St.  Castine.  lived  with  his 
maternal  relations  ;  and  in  1721,  became  acknowledged  chief  of  the  In- 
dians ;  his  muster  roll  imports  him  to  be  a  chieftain,  and  "  his  coronet  de- 
signates his  claim  to  nobility." — S  Coll.  Jilass.  Hist.  Soc.  p.  256,  ncio^scries. 


Chap,  in.]  of  maiise.  109 

*' Eastern  Indians  for  their  many  breaches  of  covenant;"  and  in  ad.  172i. 
December,  a  party  was  ordered  to  Norridgevvock,  under  Col. 
Thomas  Westbrook,  to  seize  the  notorious  Rale.  They  arrived  at 
the  village  undiscovered,  but  before  they  could  surround  his 
house,  he  escaped  into  the  woods,  leaving  his  books  and  papers, 
in  his  chest  or  "  strong  box,"  which  they  brought  off  without 
doing  any  other  damage.  Among  the  papers  were  his  letters  of 
correspondence  with  the  Governor  of  Canada,  by  which  it  ap- 
peared, that  he  was  deeply  engaged  in  exciting  the  Indians  to  a 
rupture,  and  had  promised  to  assist  them.* 

Since,  however,  there  had  not  hitherto  been  in  all  these  collis- 
ions any  blood  shed  ;  the  government  suddenly  changed  its 
more  vigorous  or  violent  measures,  to  schemes  calculated  to  sof- 
ten the  asperities  of  the  Indians  ;  and  sent  a  valuable  present  to 
Bomaseen,  an  old  influential  sachem  of  Norridgevvock,  in  hopes 
to  enlist  his  influence  on  the  side  of  reconciliation. f 

At  the  ensuing  session,  in  May,  a  petition  was  presented  to  the  a.d.  1722. 
Legislature  by  John  Smith  and  other  proprietors    of  JVorth-Yar-  Noiii-Ynr- 
mouth,\  praying  that  the  township   might  be  re-established,  and  scuioii. 
suitable  persons  appointed  to  revive  and  manage  the  resettlement, 
in  lieu  of  the  trustees  designated  under  President  Danforth  ;  and 
proposing  to  have   the    proprietary  settlers   augmented   to    sixty. 
Accordingly,   William    Tailer,  Elisha  Cooke,   William   Dudley, 
John  Smith  and  John  Powell  were  appointed  trustees,  who  held 
their  meetings  in  Boston,  five  years  ;  but   afterwards  within   the 
township.     The  heirs  or  assigns  of  Gendell,  Royall,  Lane,  Shep- 
perd,  and  a  few  others,  held  their  "  old  farms  ;"  otherwise  no  re- 
gard was  paid  to  the  original  allotments,  nor  to  quitrents.      About 
i06  compact,   or  contiguous  house-lots,   severally  of  ten   acres, 

*■  »  Coll.  Mass.  Hist.  Soc,  p.  252,  2d  series. — One  book  was  a  Dictionary 
of  tlie  Abeuaqiies  language  ; — deposited  in  tlje  library  of  Harv.  CoUeg-e. 

t  2  Hutch.  Hist.  p.  247. 

I  See  ante,  A.  D.  1680.— North-Yarmouth  had  laid  waste,  since  it  was 
<iestroyed  by  the  Indians,  A.  D.  1688.— The  Rev.  Ammi  R.  Cutter  settled, 
Sept.  1730,  and  dying-  in  1763,  was  succeeded  the  next  year,  by  Rev.  Ed- 
ward Brooks  ;  and  he  by  Rev.  T.  Gilman,  in  1769,  who  died  in  1809.  The 
next  minister  was  Rev.  F.  Brown ;— afterwards,  President  of  Dartmouth 
College.  The  town  has  been  divided.  Freeport  was  incorporated  in 
1789;  Pownell,  in  1808;  Cumberland,  in  1821.— North-Yarmouth  was  first 
represented  in  the  General  Court  in  1759  ;  and  in  1760,  by  Jeremiah 
Powell. — Jforth-Yarmo^dh  Records. 


1  ]  0  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.    II. 

A.  D..  1T22.  were  laid  out;  to  which  were  annexed  marsh-flats,  each  of  four 
acres,  and  portions  of  the  whole  township,  equal  to  500  acres  to 
each  individual,  hesides  [siand-rishts.  Lots  were  also  appropri- 
ated for  the  use  of  the  ministry,  the  first  settled  clergyman,  and 
schools  ;  and  it  seems,  the  fort  was  finished,  being  now  occupied 
bv  a  small  garrison.  The  progress  of  settlement  was  slow  ;  yet 
within  the  succeeding  eight  years,  a  meeting-house,  fifty  feet  by 
forty,  was  erected,  and  the  Rev.  Mr.  Cutter,  ordained.  North- 
Yarmouth  was  an  iniportant  township,  forming  a  connecting  link 
between  Georgetown  and  the  towns  westward  uj)on  the  seaboard. 

Fx-riinii<!  lo      This  was  the  last  effort  made  for  several   years,  to   effectuate 

revive   new  "_ 

SI tiiemeiiis   any  new  settlements.     Our  relations  with  the  Indians  were  assum- 

saspuKec.  .^^  ^  ^^^  posture;  and  unhappily  for  the  Province,  the  Governor 
and  House  were  far  from  entire  concord,  in  a  single  measure. 
He  had  expected  an  established  salary  of  £1,000  by  the  year, 
whereas  he  was  allowed  only  an  annual  stipend  of  £500  in  de- 
preciating currency,  less  in  fact  that  £200  sterling.  There  had 
been  a  late  instance,  when  he  could  not  so  much  as  obtain  a  vote 
of  the  House  to  give  an  Indian  tribe  £10,  though  it  were  for  the 
purpose  of  perpetuating  a  peace.  At  length,  tired  of  controversy, 
without  popularity,  pleasure,  or  emolument,  he  suddenly  formed 
the  resolution  of  leaving  the  chair,  which  he  had  filled  six  years 

^„,.  gi„„^.  and  two  months ;  and  in  December   he   embarked   lor   England. 

.giuni'  to  Hqj-q  Ijq  jivred  upon  a  liberal  pension,  to  the  advanced  age  of  four- 
score  years.  If  he  were  not  endowed  with  great  abilities  for 
government,  and  if  he  sometimes  indulged  in  amusements  incon- 
sistent with  his  official  station,  he  was  a  true  lover  of  liberty  ;  and 
had  it  been  his  lot  to  rule  in  times  when  the  waves  of  party-spirit 
had  not  run  so  high,  his  administration  would  not  have  been  un- 
popular. 


Chap,  iv.]  of  aial\e.  1 1 


CHAPTER  IV. 

LovcwcU's  vjar — 3Iotivcs  of  the  Frtmcfi — Condition  of  the  Indians 

—  Th:ir  political  relations  to  the  English — Their  rcpri^ah — 
Their  attack  upon  St.  George^ <:  fort — Brunswick  burnt — Heath's 
exploit —  War  proclaimed  against  the  eastern  tribes — force  raised 

—  Officers — Part  of  Georgetown  burnt — Indian  village  at  Penob- 
scot burnt — Siclcncss  and  losses  of  the  English — Mohawks  urged 
io  join  them — St.  George's  fort  beseigcd — Troops  in  pay — The 
enennfs  attacks  vpnn  the  towns — Battle  at  the  river  St.  George — 
Capi.  Winslow  killed — The  Indians  seize  vpon  the  eastern  vessels 
— Pursued,  theij  abandon  them — Norridgewock  taken — Rale  kil- 
led— Commissioners  sent  to  Canada — LoveweU's  successes — Coch- 
ran's exploit — LoveicclVs  2d  Expedition — His  celebrated  fght  at 
Pegwackct  [Fnjeburgh] — The  war — Thoughts  of  peace — Indian 
village  at  Fort   Hill  [Bangor]   destroyed — Affray   with   Casiinc 

the   younger — A   negotiation — Peace French    displeased ^4?? 

outrage  by  the  northern  Indians  at  Kennebunk — Letters  from  the 
Indians — Losses  in  this  war. 

The  fourth  Indian  war,  beeun  in  1722,  and  since  denominated  a.d.  nrt? 

.  .to  1722. 

the  Three  years''  or  LovexvtWs  icar,  was  carried  on  by  the  natives 
themselves,  principally,  against  the  provincials  of  New-Hamp-  ^ar. 
shire,  Maine,  and  Nova-Scotia.  As  there  was  at  this  period  a 
well  settled  peace,  between  the  English  and  French  crowns,  the 
Canadians  durst  not  take  any  open  part  in  the  controversy, 
throudi  fear  of  beins;  charsied  with  violating  the  treaty.  But,  they  '"^'"tives  and 
affected  to  represent  the  Indians  as  an  independent  people,  and '''e  French, 
secretly  incited  them  to  drive  the  English  settlers  from  the  frontiers 
and  the  reviving  plantations.  By  acts  and  pleas  of  exclusive  friend- 
ship, they  had  enchained  the  confidence  of  the  savages,  in  bonds  not 
easily  broken ;  while  the  basest  passions  still  lay  at  the  bottom. 
Stript  of  the  disguise,  the  dark  designs  appeared  in  bold  relief  and 
deformity.  Old  prejudices  and  ill-will  towards  the  English,  were 
only  sleeping  embers,  even  in  the  calms  of  peace.  The  French, 
having  been  in  possession  of  the  country  eastward  of  the  Pe- 
nobscot, were  fully  determined  either  to  recover  it,  or  to  keep  the 


112  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  11, 

A  n  I7i20  settlements  in  perpetual  check.     By  a  kind  of  masic,  the  rulers 

to  1  iz2.  "^  o     ' 

of  Canada  artfully  moved  the  springs  behind  the  curtain  ;  and 
Rale,  la  Chase,  le  IMasse,  and  other  Jesuit  missionaries,  gave  am- 
ple proof  of  their  skill  in  political  intrigue,  as  well  as  that  of  mul- 
tiplying converts, 

tiie'iiKiuuis.  The  eastern  tribes  were  manifestly  in  a  sad  dilemma.  They 
were  situated  between  the  Colonies  of  two  European  nations, 
often  at  war  with  each  other,  and  seldom  under  the  influence  of 
mutual  fellowship.  In  their  frequent  negotiations,  and  individual 
parleys  and  conversations  with  the  English,  they  were  frank  to 
open  their  whole  hearts.  They  knew  themselves  to  be  ignorant 
and  needy,  and  to  be  viewed  as  a  savage  race  of  men.  But 
why,  one  enquired  of  them,  '  are  you  so  strongly  attached  to  the 
'  French,  from  whom  you  can  never  receive  so  much  benefit  as 
'  from  the  English  V  A  sachem  gravely  answered,  "  because  the 
"  French  have  taught  us  to  pi-ny  unto  God,  which  Englishmen 
"  never  did." 

Their  ^  summary  of  thoughts  and  expressions  dropped  by  Indians, 

at  different  times,  will  shew  their  views. '  Frenchmen  speak 

'  and  act  in  our  behalf.  They  feed  us  with  the  good  things  we 
'need  ;  and  they  make  us  presents.  They  never  take  away  our 
'  lands.  No,  but  their  kind  missionaries  come  and  tell  us  how  to 
'  pray,  and  how  to  worship  the  Great  Spirit.  When  the  day  is  dark- 
'  ened  by  clouds,  our  French  brothers  give  us  counsel.  In  trade 
'  with  them,  we  have  good  articles,  full  weight,  and  free  measiire. 
'  Indians  and  white  men  have  one  Great  Father.  He  has  given 
'  every  tribe  of  us  a  goodly  river,  which  yields  us  fine  salmon 
'  arid  other  fish.  Their  borders  are  wide  and  pleaspnt.  Here 
'  the  Indians  from  oldest  time,  have  hunted  the  bear,  the  moose, 
'  the  beaver.     It  is  our    own  country,  where  our   fathers   died, 

*  where  ourselves  and  our  children  were  born  ; — we  can  never 
'  leave  it.     The  Indian  has  rights  and  loves  good   as  well  as  the 

*  Englishman  : — Yes,  we  have  a  sense,  too,  of  what  is  kind  and 
'  great.  When  you  first  came  from  the  morning  waters,  we  took 
'  you  into  our  open  arms  ; — We  thought  you  children  of  the  sun  ; 
' — We  fed  you  with  our  best  meat. — Never  went  a  white  man 

*  cold   and   starving  from  the   cabin  of  an   Indian.     Do  we    not 

*  speak  truth  .-' 

'  But  you  have  returned  us  evil  for  good.     You  put  the  flam- 
'  ing  cup  to  our  lips  ;  it  filled  our   veins   with  poison  ;  it  wasted 


Chap.  IV.]  of  Maine.  113 

'  the  pride  of  our  strength.     Ay,  and   when   the  fit  was  on  us,  a.  d.  1720 

.  to  1722. 

*  you  took  advantage — ^you  made  gains  of  us.  You  made  our 
'  beaver  cheap  ;  then  you  paid  us  in  watered  rum  and  trifles. — 
'  We  shed  your  blood  5 — we  avenged  your  affronts.  Then  you 
'promised  us  equal  trade,  and  good  commodities.  Have  chris- 
'  tian  Englishmen  lived  up  to  their   engagements  ?     Never, — for 

*  they  asked  leave  of  our  fathers  to  dwell  in  the  land,  as  brothers. 
'  It  was  freely  granted.  The  earth  is  for  the  life  and  range  of 
'  man.     We  are  now  told  the  country  spreading  far  from  the  sea, 

*  is  passed  away  to  you  forever, — perhaps  for  nothing, — because  of 
'  the  names  and  seals  of  our  Sagamores.  Such  deeds  be  far  from 
'them.  They  never  turned  their  children  from  their  homes  to 
'  suffer.  Their  hearts  were  too  full  of  love  and  kindness — their 
'  souls  too  great.  Whither  should  we  go  ?  There  is  no  land  so 
'  much  our  own — none  half  so  dear  to  us.  Why  flee  before  our 
'  destroyers .''  we  fear  them  not — sooner  far,  we'll  sing  the  war 
'  song, — and  again  light  up  the  council-fires  :  So  shall  the  great 
'  spirits  of  our  fathers  own  their  sons.  To  take  our  lands  from 
'  us,  the  English  lawmakers  and  rulers  themselves,  as  some 
'  folks  tell  us,  have  long  ago  forbidden  you.  All  the  forts  and 
'  mills,  built  again,  are  contrary  to  treaty,  and  must  be  laid  low. 
'  The  white  men  shall  give  more  place  to  Indians, — so  shall  the 
'  lines  and  extent,  we  require  to  see  established,  be  where  we 
'  please  to  have  them.' 

The   season  for  reconciliation  was  past,  and  the  means  aimed  Ke<,oncilia- 
at  such  an  end,  were  all  fruitless.     Partition    lines  could  not  be  .".""/f"'"^^*^' 

'  ticable. 

established  :  For  the  Indians,  unable  to  read  or  write,  were  quite 
unacquainted  with  the  purport  or  effect  of  the  instruments,  which 
their  chiets  had  sanctioned  by  subscribing  their  marks,  or  family 
ensigns.  They  had  no  better  records,  than  faint  inscriptions  upon 
the  tablets  of  memory  made  at  the  time,  which  were  soon  ef- 
faced. There  was  a  jealousy  entertained  also  of  spurious  deeds. 
The  Indians  supposed  that  all  the  conveyance,  which  a  Saga- 
more intended,  was  merely  a  consent  given  during  his  life,  to  al- 
low the  applicant  a  right  of  residence,  in  common  with  his  tribe. 
In  attempting  to  do  more,  they  thought  he  transcended  his  pow- 
ers. If  therefore,  the  purchasers  would  retain  the  lands  after 
his  decease,  they  must  pay  anew  the  consideration.  Whereas 
the  English,  on  the  contrary,  believed  that  the  Indian  title  wias 
Vol.  II.  15 


114  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  tl. 

A.  D- 1720  entirely  extinguished  to  all  the  tracts  upon  the  Androscoggin, 
the  Kennebeck  and  other  rivers,  which  the  Sagamores  had  by 
their  deeds  conveyed. 

The  poiiti-        Still  ii  ^vj^g  difficult  to  determine  with  precision  what  was  the 

cal  reldiions  '■ 

of  the  toio-  true  relation,   in    which  the    Indians   stood    to    our    Provincial 

nists  and  In-  _  .  .  .        . 

dians.  government.  They  claimed  and  inhabited  territories,  which  the 
charter  embraced ;  yet,  in  all  negotiations  and  sales,  their 
rights  were  acknowledged.  They  also  acted  in  treaty  as  an  in- 
dependent people  ;  nor  was  there  a  pretext,  that  they  could  be 
justly  driven  away  by  force,  while  they  were  quiet.  Oftentimes, 
they  had  solemnly  declared  themselves,  subjects  of  the  British 
crown.  Hence,  in  war,  they  were  called  rebels,  and  in  negotia- 
tion, they  acknowledged  themselves  to  have  deserved  the  name, 
without  having  any  adequate  idea  what  it  imported :  while  in 
peace,  they  had  no  concern  with  our  institutions.  They  neither 
sought  nor  enjoyed  any  of  our  civil  privileges,  as  citizens,  except 
unmolested  security.  An  Indian  was  never  known  to  seek  re- 
dress of  an  Indian,  through  the  medium  of  our  laws.  To  ask 
alms, — to  trade, — or  to  fight, — was  all  the  intercourse  they  wish- 
ed to  have  with  the  English  colonists. 
Prospeei  cf  Determined  still  to  prevent  a  rupture,  if  possible,  the  govern- 
ment  in  the  first  months  of  the  year  1722,  invited  the  Indians  to 
another  conference,  where  it  was  apprehended,  the  French  em- 
issaries would  not  presume  to  be  present ;  but  the  message  was 
treated  with  derision.  The  attempt  to  seize  their  holy  Father 
had  opened  a  deep  and  bleeding  wound ;  hostilities  appeared  to 
be  inevitable  ;  and  two  thirds  of  the  provisional  forces,  enlisted 
or  detached,  and  put  under  the  command  of  Col.  Thaxter,  were 
retained  either  in  service,  or  as  ininute-men,  till  spring. 
J  Meanwhile,  the  Indians   made   preparations   for  war.     Their 

First  repris- first  act  of  violence  was,  June  13  ;  when  a  party  of  sixty,  prob- 
Indians.  ably  from  the  Canibas  and  Anasagunticook  tribes,  appearing  in 
2Q  canoes,  on  the  northern  margin  of  Merry-meeting  bay,*  took 
nine  entire  families.  It  seems,  these  were  seized  as  reprisals,  for 
all  the  prisoners  were  soon  dismissed,  except  five  of  the  men, 
namely,  Hamilton,  Hanson,  Trescott,  Love,  and  Edgar,  who 
were  retained  as  indemnities  for  the  safety  and  return  of  the  four 

*  Perhaps  about  Pleasant-poin!,  and  about  Fulton's  point,  near  the  head 
of  Muddy  river. — 3  Coll.  Jlass.  Ilisl.  Soc.  p.  111. 


Chap,  iv.]  of  maine.  115 

hostages  holden  by  the  English  ;  being  ultimately  sent  to  Canada,  a.  D.  1722, 
at  which  place,  their  friends  paid  an  unreasonable  ransom  for  their 
liberation.  At  Damariscove,  a  small  party  of  six,  headed  by 
Capt.  Samuel,  boarded  a  fishing  vessel ;  and  when  they  had  pin- 
ioned Lieut.  Tilton  and  his  brother,  they  beat  the  unfortunate 
skipper  and  men  unmercifully.  At  length,  one  getting  loose,  re- 
leased the  other,  and  they  and  the  fishermen  taking  weapons, 
fell  suddenly  upon  their  assailants,  mortally  wounding  two,  and 
throwing  one  overboard.* 

Next  the  Indians  endeavored  to  surprise  the  fort  at  St.  George's  '^^eir  nt- 

.  .  lacks  on  the 

river — continuing  the  attack  until  it  was  found  impossible  to  force  fort  ai  St. 

°  '  _      Georges 

a  surrender.  Here  also  they  burnt  a  sloop  and  took  several  pris-  river, 
oners.  In  July,  a  larger  body  from  Penobscot,  renewed  the 
attack ;  and  being  spirited  up  by  a  friar,  who  appeared  among 
them,  they  prosecuted  the  siege  with  unremitting  perseverance, 
twelve  days.  But  they  were  unable  to  excite  any  fearful  appre- 
hensions, till  they  had  made  considerable  progress  in  undermining 
one  side  of  the  fortification.  However,  the  heavy  rains  caused  the 
banks  of  the  trenches  to  cave  in  upon  them,  and  put  an  end  to 
the  enterprize.  In  this  descent,  we  lost  five  men,  and  they  twenty. 
John  Leverett,  and  other  proprietors  of  the  Waldo  patent,  who 
had  erected  and  manned  the  fortress,  at  their  own  expense,  and 
"  projected  the  settlement  of  several  towns"  within  their  territo- 
ries, proposed  to  make  it  a  public  garrison.  The  proposal  being 
accepted,  government  sent  thither  45  men,  and  the  necessary 
munitions  of  war  ;f  and  at  length  gave  the  command  to  Colonel 
Thomas  Westbrook.J 

A  vessel  bound  from  Annapolis  to  Boston,  touched  at  Passa-  ^^  pnssa- 
maquoddy  for  water,  having  on  board  several  passengers.  Unin-  '"^1"°*^  >• 
formed  of  the  late  hostilities,  as  soon  as  they  and  the  crew  were 
ash,ore,  they  were  made  prisoners  by  a  mixed  party,  consisting  of 
10  or  12  Indians,  and  about  an  equal  number  of  Frenchmen.  In 
making  arrangements  to  divide  the  cargo,  they  sent  the  master  to 
the  sloop ;  when  the  wind  springing  up  fresh  and  fair,  he  and  the 
people  on  board  cut  the  cables  and  fled  to  Boston.  Those  left 
were  afterwards  released  on  payment  of  ransom.^ 


*  Penhallow's  Indian  wars.— 2  Hutch.  Hist.  p.  250,-4  Charlevoix,  p.  120. 

t  10  Mass.  Rec.  p.  380.— See  ante,  A,  D.  1719. 

I  Com.  Rep.  [A.  D.  1811.]  p.  60. 

J  Some  were  killed  in  the  vicinity  of  Pemaquid  about  the  lime  the  war 


116  THi:  HISTORY  [VoL.    II. 

A.  D.  1722>     Every  fort  was   particularly  marked   for  destruction.     A  man 
AiCasco.    was  shot,  July  12,  on  Casco  neck,    (if  the   authority  be   under- 
stood,) and  the  English  driven  into  the  garrison.     But  the  Indians 
were  pursued,  at  night,  by  a  party  under  Captain   Starman,  and 
'  several  of  them   killed.*     About  the  same   time,  they  made  a 
bold  descent  upon  Fort  George  and  the  settlement  at  Brunswick ; 
buTiIT"'''  setting  the  "  village"  on  fire,  which  was  reduced  to  ashes.f    The 
enemy  then  withdrew  to  Kennebeck,  where  they  celebrated  their 
successes  by  a  great  dance. 
A  feat  of         Capt.  John  Harman,  then  at  Kennebeck,  hearing  of  these  events 
awih'is"'     took  a  company  of  34  men,  from  the  forces  posted  on  the  fron- 
wn^^"*      tier  about  and  above  Georgetown, J  and  proceeded  with  them  up 
the  river.     Late  in  the  night  they  saw  fires  in  the  woods,  appar- 
ently not  far  from  the  river  ;  and  on  going  ashore,  they  happen- 
ed to  strike  on  the  very  spot,  wheie  the  Indians  had  hauled  up 
eleven  of  their  canoes.     Dazzled  by  the  glare  of  the  light,  Har- 
man and  his  men,  ere  they  were   aware,  actually  stumbled  over 
some  of  the  Indians'  bodies,  as  they  lay  around  the  fires,  buried 
in  sleep,  and  the  more  deadened  by  the  fatigues  of  the  preceding 
dance  and  other  exercises.     In  ten  minutes,  the  brave  pursuers 
dispatched  15  of  them,  and  took  their  guns,  without  the  loss  of  a 
man.     Startled  by  the  noise,  a  party  of  the  Indians,  more  remote, 
rose  and  fired  thither  several  guns,  though  without  effect.     Har- 
man, on  his  return,  found  the  body  of  one  Moses  Eaton,  mangled 
in  a  most  barbarous  manner,  which  he  removed  to  a  convenient 
distance  and  gave  it  a  decent  burial. 
All  ihecast-      These    several   attacks,    including    the  one    mentioned   short 
ooiice'ilrd    of   two  ycars   since   at   Canseau,§    gave  satisfactory    evidence, 
in^ihe  mp.    ^j,^^^  ^H  ^,^^  tribes  eastward  of  the  Merrimack,  uere  accomplices 
in  these  outrages.     The  iniiabitants  on  the  frontiers  were  panic 
struck  ;  and  the  country  was  generally  disposed  to  take  arms  im- 
mediately.     But  the   General   Court,  even  to  the   end   of  their 
spring  session,  thought  it  more  judicious,  still  to  extend  to  the  In- 
dians the  cup  of  conciliation.     Tha  friends  of  the   English   cap- 
tives were  importunate  to  have  measures  taken  for  their  redemp- 

broke  out.   John  Pierce  says,"  I  took  a  vessel  and  thirty  men  and  broufrht 
"my  father's  family  away"  from  Mnsconc^iis.— />cpo.  in  Report,  p.  111-12. 
*  Smith's  Journal,  p.  10.  t  See  ante,  A.  I).  1715, 

I  Probably  at  Fort  Richm.iui.—Scc  ante,  A.  D.  1719. 
\  Ante,  Aug.  7,  1720. 


Chap,  iv.]  of  Maine.  II7 

tion  without   postponement ;  and  the  Indian   hostages  were   sent  a,  d.  im. 
eastward,  for  the  purpose  of  efFectins:  an  exchange.     Both  in  and  i^oui^sasto 

'       '  °  °  the  war. 

out  of  the  lei^islature,  there  were  men,  who  doubted  whether  a 
war  upon  the  natives  would  be  right,  or  even  justifiable.  '  Not 
'  to  mention  the  waste  of  blood  and  treasure,  always  incident  to 
'  this  arbitrament  in  the  last  resort, — we  have  been  (as  they  ex- 
'  pressed  themselves)  derelict,  both  as  to  moral  and  stipulated  du- 
'  ties. — We  have  not  performed  our  engagements  towards  the  In- 
*dians,  in  the  establishment  of  trading  houses,  and  the  prevention 
'  of  frauds  and  extortions,  according  to  our  treaty-promises.  The 
*  measures  of  strong  drink  dealt  to  them  are  a  scandal  to  our  re- 
^  ligion,  and  a  reproach  to  our  country.' 

On  the  contrary,  it  was  said,  if  the  Indians  had  suffered  wrong,  juiy^s. 
they  had   not  sought  to  government  for   redress,  as  it  had  been  cSn.pd"" 
agreed  in  the  articles  of  treaty.     They  had  chosen  rather  to  take  *'*?«'""'  \^^ 

"-^  _  _  •'  •'  casieni  In- 

vengeance  into  their  own  hands  ;  and  therefore,  after  Brunswick  ''''"'*• 
was  burnt,  the  Governor  and  Council  resolved,  July  25,  that  the 
"  eastern  Indians  were  traitors  and  robbers,"  and  declared  war 
against  them  and  their  confederates  ns  the  king's  enemies.  The 
declaration  premised,  that  in  return  for  the  kindness  and  forbear- 
ance of  government,  they  had  lately,  with  the  utmost  treachery, 
^-  proceeded  to  plunder,  despoil,  and  take  captive  many  of  his 
"  Majesty's  good  subjects  ;  to  assault,  take,  burn,  and  destroy 
"  vessels  upon  the  seacoasts,  and  houses  and  mills  upon  the  land  ; 
*'  to  wound  some,  and  in  a  most  barbarous  and  cruel  manner  mur- 
"  der  others  ;  and  in  a  way  of  open  rebellion  and  hostility,  to 
*'  make  an  audacious  and  furious  assault  upon  one  of  his  Majes- 
"  ty's  forts,  when  the  king's  colors  were  flying."  But  still  it  sub- 
joined, that  should  any  of  those,  who  have  not  been  concerned  in 
these  perfidious  acts,  be  desirous  to  put  themselves  under  the  pro- 
tection of  government,  the  privilege  would  be  extended  to  them 
for  the  space  of  forty  days.  It  also  forbade  all  friendly  Indians, 
to  stir  from  their  places  of  residence,  unless  attended  by  some 
one  of  the  men  designated  for  the  purpose. 

The  General  Court,  meeting  August  8th,  pronounced  the  de-  August  8. 
claration  of  war  expedient,   and   promised    '•  all   necessary   and  moZe» 
timely  assistance."     It  was  determined  to  take  into  employ  two  ""''''• 
more  armed  vessels,  and  a  large  additional  number  of  whale-boats  ; 


118  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.    11. 

A.D.  172^.  aad  to  keep  constantly  under  pay  about  a  thousand  men.* — 
In  distributing  their  service,  100  were  stationed  at  York,  30  at 
Falmouth,  20  at  North-Yarmouth,  10  at  Maquoit,  25  at  Arrow- 
sick,  and  25  at  Richmond  fort.  A  large  scout  of  300  was  ap- 
pointed to  destroy  the  Indians'  strongholds  and  habitations  at  Pe- 
nobscot ;  and  a  body  of  400,  to  range  perpetually,  by  land  or 
water,  through  the  eastern  country,  especially  upon  and  between 
the  rivers  Kennebeck  and  Penobscot.     A  bounty  of  £15  was  of- 

Bouniies  of- fered  for  every  scalp  taken  from  a  male  Indian  12  years  old  and 
fercdt 

upwards,  and  £8  for  every  captive  woman  or  child.     Troopers 

in  suitable  numbers  were  detached  to  act  as  videttes,  and  ample 
provision  was  made  for  supplies.  Every  company,  or  troop,  en- 
tering into  the  public  service,  on  a  sudden  alarm,  was  entitled  to 
a  bounty  of  £30,  a  reward  for  prisoners  taken,  and  a  division  of 
their  plunder  among  themselves.  Afterwards  the  government 
offered  to  every  volunteer,  who  would  enter  into  the  service  with- 
out pay  or  rations,  £100  for  a  scalp  ;  and  if  he  only  had  rations, 
£60  ;f  and  also  promised  pensions  to  all,  who  should  be  wounded. 
The  other  New-England  governments,  not  being  seasonably 
consulted,  afforded  no  assistance,  and  the  burdens  of  this  war 
Tiie  princi-  rested  almost  solely  upon  Massachusetts,  New-Hampshire  and 
pal  officers.  ^^.^^^  ^^j  Shadrach  Walton,  and  Col.  Thomas  Westbrook, 
had  successively  the  senior  command  ;  they  and  Captains  Pen- 
hallow  and  Sayward,  being  New-Hampshire  men. J  Major  Sam- 
uel Moody  belonged  to  Falmouth,  and  Captains  Jeremiah  Moul- 
ton,  John  Harman  and  Lewis  Bane,  to  York ;  these  several  gen- 
tleman being  the  principal  officers  of  all  the  forces  raised  and  put 
under  pay. 

There  was  at  this  time,  however,  some  distraction   or  impolicy 

Nova  See-   in  the  management  of  the  war.     For  while   Capt.    Southwick  in 

the  Province  sloop,  was  sent  into  the  waters  of  Canseau,  (Nova 

Scotia,)  against  the  Indians,  who    exhibited   an  uncommon  bold- 

*  The  wages  were,  permdnth  to  a  Captain,  £7  ;  Lieutenant,  £4;  Ser- 
geant, £2,  18s. ;  a  Corporal,  £2,  5*.  ;  a  private,  £2.  Tlie  currency  was  to 
sterling,  as  2^  to  1 2  Belk.  J^.  H.  p.  45. 

f  They  were  to  have  articles  at  the  original  invoice.  No  soldier  to  have 
more  than  his  allowance  in  rum,  nor  exchange  his  arms. — 10  Ji'lass.  Rec.  p. 
419-20. 

I  A  small  part  only  of  the  forces,  was  raised  in  that  government. — 2 
Hutch.  Hist.  p.  256. 


Chap,  iv.]  of  waine.  119 

ness,  in  seizing,  or  attacking  vessels  ;  the  General  Court  appear-  A.  U.  1722. 
ed  liighly  dissatisfied  with  Col.  Walton — a  favorite  of  the  Com- 
mander-in-Chief. Nay,  popular  prejudice  was  ready  to  look 
upon  the  Governor,  as  the  evil  genius  of  the  war.  While  he  was 
advising  and  planning  an  expedition  under  Walton,  to  Penobscot, 
a  large  body  of  4  or  500  St.  Francois  and  Mickmak  In- 
dians, fell  upon  Arrowsick,  [Georgetown,]  Sept.  10,  early  in  the  G,.org<>- 
morning,  determined  to  reduce  the  garrison  and  destroy  the  vil- 
lage. Happily  the  purpose  was  in  part  frustrated,  by  a  discharge 
of  musquetry  from  a  small  guard,  which  Capt.  Penhallow  had 
ordered  out  to  protect  the  neighboring  husbandmen,  while  they 
gathered  their  corn.  Three  of  the  enemy  were  wounded  and 
one  killed  ;  and  the  inhabitants,  apprized  of  their  danger  by  re- 
port of  the  guns,  effected  a  safe  retreat  with  most  of  their  sub- 
stance, into  the  garrison.  The  Indians,  then  falling  upon  the  cattle, 
killed  fifty  head,  and  set  twenty-six  houses  on  fire,  which  were 
consumed.  In  a  new  assault  upon  the  fort,  they  made  no  im- 
pression. Our  loss  was  only  one  man,  Samuel  Brooking,  who 
was  shot  through  a  port-hole.  At  night,  arrived  Col.  Walton 
and  Capt.  Harman,  with  thirty  men,  who  were  joined  by  about 
forty  from  the  garrison,  under  Captains  Penhallow  and  Temple  ;* 
and  all  proceeded  to  encounter  the  enemy.  A  smart  skirmish 
ensued,  which  lasted  till  our  forces  perceived  the  danger  of  being 
outflanked  and  overcome  by  superior  numbers  ;  when  they  re- 
treated to  the  garrison,  and  the  Indians,  after  dark,  retired  up  the 
river.     On  their  way,  they  met  Capt.   Stratton   in   the  Province    , 

•'  •'  '  _  The  enemy 

sloop,  whom   they   mortally   wounded  ;    and   proceedine;  to   fort  '<i'i  <-'apt- 

TT    ,  1        /v         1     ,  •  '     .  .   .  Strattonand 

Richmond,  offered  the  garrison  a  profusion  ot  insult,  and  then  insult  Kich- 
paddled  up  the  river  to  their  head-quarters  at  Norridgewock. 
The  burning  of  the  greater  part  of  Georgetown,  which  had  been 
resetded  only  six  years,  filled  the  inhabitants  with  every  discour-' 
agement. — Though  after  this,  a  few  individuals  in  different  places 
were  taken  off  by  the  particular  aim  of  skulking  Indians;  the 
last  one  that  fell  in  Maine,  during  the  autumn,  was  a  man  at 
Berwick. 


*  Capt.  Robert  Temple  had  some  military  command  at  Arrovfsick.  He 
had  been  an  officer  in  the  Irish  army  ;  and  came  over  with  a  larg-e  num- 
ber of  families  to  settle  in  the  country  ;  but  this  war  prevented. — 2  Hutch. 
Hist.  p.  268. 


120 


THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  11. 

A.  D.  1722.  The  ill  success  of  the  war,  being  imputed  in  part  to  laxness  in 
Causes  of  military  discipline,  a  committee  was  appointed  to  ascertain  the 
cess!  *"'^*  number  of  effective  men  on  our  frontiers,  and  of  those  absent  on 
furlough  ;  and  to  examine  into  the  condition  of  our  troops.  Their 
report,  when  made,  contained  representations  exceedingly  unfa- 
vorable to  the  reputation  of  the  ofiicers.  It  stated,  that  soldiers 
in  great  numbers  were  allowed  to  be  absent  on  furlough  6  or  8 
weeks  at  a  time ;  that  many  of  them  were  indulging  intemperate 
habits  ;  and  that  the  garrisons  were  remiss,  both  in  their  watches 
and  their  discipline.  For  '  we,'  added  the  Committee,  '  walked 
'  through  the  town  of  Falmouth  twice  in  one  night,  without  being 
'  hailed,   though  there  were    several  military   companies    in  the 

'  place.* 
.K>  D.  1723.      ^g  gQ^j^  jjs  ^hg  Governor  left  the   Province,  Colonel  Walton 

Walton  suc- 
ceeded i)v    ^yas  displaced  :  the  chief  command  of  the  eastern   forces  given 

Weslbrook.  '  '  ....  j         x- 

to  Colonel  Thomas  Westbrook  ;  and  a  better  disposition  made  ot 
all  the  military. J 
His  expedi-  The  expedhion  to  Penobscot  river  was  revived,  and  the  con- 
nobscot!'"'  <^"ct  of  it  entrusted  to  that  commander.  He  left  Kennebeck, 
Feb.  11,  at  the  head  of  230  men,  and  with  small  vessels  and 
whale-boats,  ranged  the  coast  as  far  eastward  as  Mount  Desert. 
On  their  return,  they  proceeded  up  Penobscot  river  ;  and,  March 
4,  came  to  anchor,  probably  in  Marsh  bay.  From  this  place, 
they  set  out  to  find  the  fort ;  and  after  five  days'  inarch 
through  the  woods,  they  arrived  abreast  of  several  Islands,  where 
the  pilot  supposed  the  fort  must  be.  '  Being  obliged  here,'  says 
the  Colonel,  '  to  make  four  canoes  to  ferry  from  Island  to  Island  ;f 

*  I  dispatched  50   men  upon   discovery,  who  sent  me  word  on 

*  the  9th,  that  they  had  found  the  fort  and  waited  my  arrival.  I 
'  left  a  guard  of  100  men  with  the  provisions  and  tents,  and  pro- 
'  ceeded  with  the  rest  to  join  the  scouting  party.  On  ferrying 
'  over,  the  Indian  fort  appeared  in  full  view  ;  yet  we  could  not 
'  come  to  it  by  reason  of  a  swift  river,  and  because  the  ice  at  the 

■*=  10  Mass.  Rec.  p.  -126. 

f  Westbrook  supplied  the  g-arrisons  at  Wiiiter-liarbor,  Captain  Ward  ; 
at  Spurwink,  under  Lieutenant  D.  Jordan  ;  and  John  Brown's  garrison  at 
Saco  Falls.— Fu/som,  p.  21S. 

I  Was  not  tliis  place  the  lower  Stillwater  in  Orono,  6  miles  above  Ken- 
duskeag? — Why  were  canoes  wanted  in  February'  ? — Rev.  Mr.  Smith  says. 
"February  1,  a  stimmor  day." — It  might  have  been  an  open  winter. 


Chap.  IV.]  of  MAINE.  121 

'heads  df  the  Islands  would  not  permit  the  Canoes  to  come  round  ;  A.n.  imti. 
therefore,  we  were  obliged  to  make  two   more,  with   whicli   we 

*  ferried  over.  We  left  a  guard  of  40  men  on  the  west  side  of 
'  the  river,  to  facilitate  our  return,  and  arrived  at  tl'.e  fort,  by  6 
'of  the  clock  in  the  evening.  It  appeared  to  have  been  deserted, 
'  in  the  autumn  preceding,  when  the  enemy  carried   away  every 

*  article  and  thing,  except  a  few  papers.  The  fort  was  70  yards* 
'  in  length,  and  50  in  breadth,  walled  with  stockades  14  feet 
'  in  height,  and  enclosed  twenty-tliree  "  well  finished  wigwams," 
*or  as  another  calls  them,  "houses  built  regular."  On  the 
'  south  side,  was  their  chapel,  in  compass  60   feet  by   30,   hand- 

*  somely  and  well  finished,  both  within  and  on  the  outside.  A 
'  little  farther  south,  was  the  dwellinghouse  of  the  priest,  which 
'  was  very  commodious. — We  set  fire  to   them   all,   and   by  sun- 

*  rise  next  morning,  they  were  in    aslies.      We   then   returned   to 

*  our  nearest  guards^  thence  to  our  tents  5  and   on  our   arrival   at 

*  our  transports,  we  concluded  we  must   have  ascended   the  rivei' 

*  about  32  miles.     We  reached    the   fort   at  St.   George   on   the 

*  20th,  with  the  loss  of  only    four   men,   Rev.    Benjamin   Gibson 

*  and  three  others,  whose  bodies  after  our  arrival  here,  we  inter- 
'  red  in  usual  form.'f 

*  One  author  says  "  feel,'" — instead  of  "  yards." — Hutchinson. 

f  See  letter,  March  23,  1723,  from  Colonel  U'eslbrook,  [called  by  mis-' 
take,  "  Otis,"j  to  Lieut.  Gov.  W.  Dummer.— 8  Coll.  Jlnsi.  Hist.  Sac.  p. 
264-5,  2d  series  ;  also  2  Hutch.  Hist.  p.  273.— But  an  intcreiting-  questiort 
has  been  raised,—"  Where  was  the  site  of  this  important  fortress  and  viU 
/age  .'"'  Some  suppose  it  might  liave  been  lliC  ancient  "  j\>^os;" — or  vil- 
lag^e  on  "Fori  /y///,"  situate  a  lea.^iie  above  the  mouth  of  Kenduskeaj 
stream  :  for  when  could  that  have  been  destroyed,  unless  a;t  this  time  ? — • 
Ste  ante  of  this  Hist.  vol.  1,  Chap.  18. — Yet  Col.  Church  makes  no  men- 
lion  of  tiie  latter,  when  he  and  his  troops,  in  August,  1696,  scoured  the  riv- 
er; nor  Major  Levingston,  who  travelled  up  the  river,  in  Nov.  1710^  oa 
his  way  to  Canada.  It  must  have  been  built  after  (he  latter  date,  and  be- 
fore or  during  the  present  war.  It  could  not  have  been  very  ancientj  be- 
cause the  plough  has  turned  out,  since  the  American  revolution,  many  ar- 
ticles of  iron,  steel,  and  lead,  of  modern  form  and  structure  ;  yet  if  it  were 
quite  modern,  there  would  be  some  tradition  of  it  All  we  can  learn  is, 
that  it  was  called  by  the  first  settlers  in  Bangor — '  the  old  French  and  In- 
dian settlement,''  on  Fort  Hill.  This  could  not  be  thought  32  miles  from 
the  place  of  VVestbrook's  anchorage^short  as  seamen's  miles  are  over  wild 
lands.  Nor  are  there  Islands  here,  corresponding  with  those  he  men^ 
tions. — The  alternative  then  is,  the  site  must  have  been  Old-town,  or  the 
ancient  Lett  mentioned  by  Levingston. — See  ante,  A.  D.  1710. — That  ia 
Vol,  II.  16 


122  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  11. 

A.D.  1723.      Another  expedition  was  directed  at  the  same  time,  untler  Capt. 
Exppciii  on   Harman,  against  Norridgewock.     That  he  might  the  more  surely 

lo  Nonid're-      ,,.1  •,  ii-  ••  r,-.^ 

wock.  take  the  place  by  surprise,  lie  and  Ins  party,  consistmg  oi  120 
men,  setting  out  February  6,  proceeded  up  the  Androscoggin  to 
the  curve  nearest  the  sources  of  Sandy  River ;  and  here  tljey 
came  to  a  lialt.  January  liad  been  very  mild  and  rainy,  the  riv- 
ers were  open  and  icy,  and  the  lands  full  of  water  : — therefore  it 
was  concluded,  that  it  would  be  impossible  to  reach  the  place  of 
destination,  either  by  land  or  water,  and  the  soldiers,  dividing  into 
scouts,  returned  without  seeing  an  Indian, 

Sickness.  In  addition  to  the  reverses  of  fortune,  hitherto  experienced  by 
us,  since  tlie  war  commenced  ;  we  are  constrained  to  mention 
the  "  great  sickness,"  which  spread  and  prevailed  among  the  sol- 
diery, and  gave  a  surprising  damp  to  military  enterprise.  Proba- 
bly it  was  owing  to  this  calamity,  that  our  forces  through  the 
season  acted  only  on  the  defensive.     For,  during  the  year  1723, 

Our  losses    between   20   and    30  persons  were  killed   in  Maine,  or   carried 

tins  }edr.  j^^^^  captivity,  besides  other  mischiefs  done  by  the  enemy. — We 
begin  with  Falmouth,  which  was  assailed  in  April ;  when  the  In- 
dians, supposing  Ciiubb,  a  fort  sergeant,  to  be  Captain  Harman, 
all  aimed  their  guns  at  him,  lodging  in  his  body  eleven  bullets.  It 
was  a  lucky  mistake  for  his  companions,  since  they  all  tlvereby 

Berwick,     escaped  safely  to  the  fort.     In  May,  two  were  killed  at  Berwick, 

Wells.  one  at  Wells,  and  two  on  the  way  from  that  town  to  York.  On 
the  19th  of  April,  and  2Gth  of  June,  the  garrison-house  of  Roger 

Scnrboro'.  Dccring,*  in  Scarborough,  was  surprised  ;  and  his  wife,  two  of 
the  inhabitants,  and  two  soldiers,  were  killed  ;  also  John  Hunne- 
well,  Robert  Jordan,  Mary  Scanmnon,  and  Deering's  three  chil- 
dren, while  picking  berries,  were,  about  the  same  tinie,  seized  and 
carried  away  captive.  Five  Indians,  in  August,  entered  the  field 
of  Dominicus  Jordan,  a  principal  inhabitant  of  Saco,  fired  at  him 

situated  on  a  beaiitii'nl  Island  ;  and  below  it  are  fall?,  and  a  small  Island. — 
Lieut.  Gov.  Duminer  (spaech,  May  1723.]  says,  "  we  have  demolislied  tlie 
fort  and  all  the  buiUiino^s  at  Penobscot."  The  village  at  Fort  Hill  was 
probably  destroyed  by  Capt.  Hcatli. — See  post,  A.  D.  1725. 

"•''This  was  on  the  Nonesuch-river,  between  Black  and  Blue-points.  At 
Black-point,  eight  of  the  people  were  killed  ;  and  atnong  them,  was  "  Capt. 
Hammon,"  (by  one  so  called.)  "  a  respectable  leader,  who  died  of  15  gun- 
shot wounds."  The  attack  was  sudden,  but  the  people  defended  themselves 
bravely  in  the  fort. — Sullivmi,  p.  217. — Thomas  Larrabce  and  son  killed, 
April  3.  172'I.  -  Rev.  .i^tr.  TiNons  loiter. 


Chap,  iv.]  of  maine.  123 

and  wounded  him  in  three  places.  As  he  was  still  able  to  walk,  a.  D.  i723. 
he  presented  his  gun  at  them,  and  while  they,  being  afraid  to 
seize  him,  were  reloading,  he  retreated  backwards  till  he  recov- 
ered the  garrison.*  The  enemy  next  took  a  turn  westward  and 
committed  outrageous  acts  upon  the  towns  of  Dover,  Rutland, 
and  Northfield. 

Massacliusetts  had  been  long  endeavoring  to  draw  again  the  The  Mo- 
Mohawks  into  the  war  against  the  eastern  tribes  ;  and  at  length, 
August  21,  the  Lieutenant-Governor  was  visited  at  Boston  by  a 
delegation  of  no  less  than  G3  of  their  chief  men.  After  pre- 
senting him  with  a  belt  of  wampum,  and  receiving  in  return 
pieces  of  plate  curiously  engraven  with  figures  of  a  turtle,  a  bear, 
a  hatchet,  and  a  wolf,  the  escutcheons  of  their  respective  tribes ; 
the  government  gave  them  a  fat  ox,  which  th'^-y  killed  with 
bows  and  arrows,  as  in  olden  time,  and  celebrated  a  feast  with 
songs  and  dances.  It  was  a  novel  spectacle,  but  of  no  importance; 
for  they  were  resolved  not  to  take  up  the  hatchet,  unless  they 
themselves  were  molested.  They  would  make  no  other  engage- 
ment, than  to  give  their  young  men  liberty  to  act  as  they  pleased. f 

Only  twf)  of  them  entered  into  the  public  service,  and  these 
were  sent  to  Fort  Richmond,  then  under  the  command  of  Capt.  ihe  service. 
Heath.     In  a  few  days,  the  Captain  ordered  Colby,  his  Ensign, 
to  take  them,  and  three  of  the  garrison,  and  go  on  a  scout  up  the 
river.     Scarcely  had  they  travelled  a  single  league,  before  the 
two  Mohawks  said  they  smelt  fire,  and  were  unwilling  to  go  fur- 
ther, till  they  were  re-enforced.     The  messenger,  sent  back  to  the  .si^jrmi^h 
fort,  soon  returned  with  ttiirteen  auxiliaries;  and  the  whole  party,  ".^"li^^^'jj 
presently  meeting  with  30  of  the  enemy,  killed  two  and  drove  the 
rest  to  their  canoes  in  so  much  haste,   that  they  left  their  packs. 
Colby  was  slain  ;  two  of  his  men  were  wounded ;  and  the  Mo- 
hawks, already  sick  of  the  service,  immediately  left  it  and  returned 
to  Boston.     At  tliis  time,  no  settlement,  house,  nor  vessel  anchor- 
ed in  the  eastern  parts,  was  safe.     One  Capt.  Cogswell    and  his 
crew,  were  surprised  and  taken,  in  October,  at  Mount-Desert,  as  ;M!^,*,„"'i)e.' 
they  were  stepping  ashore  ;  and  about  the  same  time.  Smith  and  ^'|.|„"j^i, 
Bailey  were  killed  at  Cape-Porpoise,  one  on  Vaughan's  Island, 


*  This  was  on  a  neck  of  land  at  Winter-Harbor.  Rev.  R.  Jordan's  pos- 
terity are  among  the  principal  people  in  the  place, — one  a  Justice  of  iLe 
Court  of  Common  Pleas,  and  another  a  Senator. — Sullivan,  p.  227. 

i  11  Mass.  Records,  p.  5-1-5. 


124  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.    11, 

A.D.  1723.  and  the  other  on  the  seashore,  not  far  from  the  site  of  the  old 
meeting-house."'* 

The  last  attack  of  the  Indians,  this  season,  was  December  25, 
upon  the  fort  at  St.  George's  river.  Being  fortunate  enough  to 
lake  two  prison^M'S,  who  gave  them  intelligence  concerning  the 
indelensible  condition  of  the  garrison,  the  assailants,  about  GO  in 
number,  were  encouraged  to  prosecute  the  siege  for  tliirty  days, 
with  a  resolution,  or  rather  madness  that  was  desperate.  They 
seemed  to  be  flushed  with  the  absolute  certainty  of  compelling  a 
surrender  of  the  fort.  But  Capt.  Kennedy,  the  commanding  of- 
ficer, being  a  man  of  intrepid  courage,  held  out  till  Col.  West- 
brook  arrived  and  put  the  enemy  to  flight. f 

For  the  protection  of  the  eastern  country  through  the  winter, 
150  men  were  equally  divided  into  three  ranging  parlies;  and 
about  an  equal  number  were  distributed  and  assigned  to  the  dif-^ 
ferent  towns  and  garrisons,  namely,  St.  George,  Arrowsick,  Rich- 
mond, North-Yarmouth,  Maquoit,  Falmouth,  Purpooduck,  Scar-- 
borough,  Saeo,|  Arundel,  Kennebunk,  Wells,  York,  Killery,  and 
Berwick. v^ 

Unattended  by  the  French,  and  kept  in  awe  by  the  English 
ranging  parlies,  the  Indi.ins  imdertook  no  winter  campaign  ;  nor 
was  any  thing  memorable  achieved  by  our  forces  till  spring.  But 
there  was  still  a  strong  and  universal  desire  to  make  Rale,  a  pris- 
oner, and  have  him  brought  to  Boston  alive.  It  is  said  "  a  thous- 
and livres"  were  the  high  price  set  upon  his  hsad.||  To  dis- 
Moulton's  patch  him  therefore,  or  rather  to  take  him,  Captain  Moulton  led  a 
uuKaie"  military  party  to  Norridgewock  in  the  depth  of  winter.  But  the 
cautious  Jesuit  and  the  tribe  had  made  a  seasonable  and  safe 
retreat ;  and  all  the  trophies  of  the  enterprise  were  only  a  few 
books  and  papers  found  in  his  own  dwellinghouse  ;  among  which, 
was  a  letter  to  him  from  the  Governor  of  Canada,  exhorting  him 
"  to  push  on  the  Indians,  with  all  imaginable  zeal,  against  the 
English."     But  Captain  Moulton  was  no  less  a  cool  and  discreet 

*Sir;iv,in,  p.  210. 

■f  2  llnlih.  ilh'.  p.  27fi,  — After  t!iis  ()ic  enemy  took  captive  a  soldier  at 
Berwiclc,  "  as  Ls  was  caretessly  wan  IltIii^  froin  t!ie  f^.inison.'' — 1  ColL 
J\\  [1.  fliaf:  Sjc.  p.  102. — PenhcU!ow\i  Indian  Wars. 

\  Bolli  at  tlie  Falls  and  Scammoa's  fort,  on  the  east  si;lc  of  the  rivcr.-^ 
3te  ante,  Jl.  D.  niA.—Biddtford.  ^  11  Mass.  Rec.  p.   19S. 

f!  B.ale'B  letter,  1721._S  Coll.  Jlas.f.  Hit.  Soe.  p.  266^-7. 


Chap,  iv.]  OF  Maine.  125 

man,  than  a  brave  and  popular  officer  ;  and  when  he  and  his  men  a.D.  1724, 
left  the  place,  he  permitted  no  injury  to  be  done,   eidier   to  the 
chapel  or  any  other  building  :  imagining  probably  such   an   ex- 
ample of  forbearance  and  moderation  might   be   imitated  by  the 
enemy. 

Early  and  special  attention,  as  usual,  was  paid  this  spring,  by  .Mmns 
our  government  to  the  unha|)py  condition  ot  tlie  eastern  rrovin- ,|,e  ^ccul■'l>• 

...  ...  ,  ,  of  MaiiiB. 

ces  ;  and  in  the  present  management  ot  the  war,  tliough  unsuc- 
■cessful,  the  administration  has  been  deservedly  applauded.  Sure- 
ly there  was  no  want  of  vigilance.  To  prevent  the  Indians  from 
fishing,  fowling,  and  planting,  an  additional  force  of  30  men  was 
sent  to  Kennebeck  ;  and  to  secure  the  inhabitants,  more  effectually 
from  the  enemy's  incursions,  and  administer  equal  justice  and  re- 
lief to  all,  it  was  ordered,  that  every  freeholder,  and  his  sons  and 
servants,  in  the  public  service,  belonging  to  Yorkshire,  be  dis- 
charged, and  other  able  bodied  and  effective  men  substituted  ; 
and  that  the  militia  of  the  county  be  exonerated  from  all  further 
military  duty,  excepting  in  times  of  alarm.'" 

This  year,  (1724,)  the    Indians  shewed  theinselves  upon   our  ^^^^^^^^1,,.^ 
frontiers,  and  began  to  commit  depredations   in    March  ;    and   in  y*-''"'- 
the  course  of  the  spring  months,  they  either   killed,   carried   into 
captivity,  or  severely  wounded,  more  than    30   people  in   Maine.  Atmcks 
Smith,  a  sergeant  of  the  fort  at   Cape   Porpoise,   was   killed   on  i,j"[^j,' ~  ' 
tlie   23d   of  that  month;    and  on  the    17th  of    April,   William '''""''"''e- 
Mitchell  was  shot  at  Black-point,  as  he  was  at  work  in  the   field,  s^-mbcro'. 
and    two   of   his  sons  carried   prisoners  to  Norridgewock.      In 
Kennebunk    harbor,    a   sloop   was  taken,   and    the   whole   crew  Kennebunk, 
yut  to  death.     About  the  same  time,  three  men,  by  the  names  of 
Felt,  Wormwood,  and  Lewis,  were  killed  at   a   saw-mill   on   the 
«ame  river.     At  Berwick,  in  May,  Mr.  Thompson  met  with   the  Ccrwick. 
same  fate ;  and  one  of  his  children  w-as  carried  off,  and   another 
was  scalped  and  left  bleeding  and  gasping  on   the  ground.      But 
the  sufferer  being  presently  carried  home,  revived.      One    Stone 
was  also  scalped,  near  the  same  place,  and  his  body  badly   man- 
gled ;  yet  he  survived  his   wounds,  and   lived   to  old    age.      His 
life,  however,  was  miserable.     He  lost  the  use   of  one   hand  ; — 
on  his  head  he  wore  a  silver  caul  ;  nor  was  he  ever  able  to  walk 
jvithout  crutches.     He  was,  besides,   the  subject  of  strong  con- 

*  11  Mass.  Rec.  p.  193. 


126  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II. 

A  1).  1721.  vulsion-fits.*  When  the  savage  scout  had  killed  one  other,  and 
taken  a  captive,  they  left  the  place.  Afterwards,  we  hear  of 
homicides  and  depredations,  committed  by  them  in  New-Hamp- 
shire, ill  Hatfield,  and  at  other  places  on  Connecticut  river, 
r.niiimtthe  ^''^^  ^'^°  most  memorable  engagement  of  any  hitherto  since 
(■'.'''^^.f'.'  the  war,  happened.  ]\lay  1,  at  the  St.  George's  river.  It  being 
an  inviting  morning,  April  30,  Capt.  Josiah  Winslow,  command- 
er of  the  fort,  selected  IG  of  the  ablest  men  belonging  to  the 
garrison,  and  in  a  couple  of  staunch  whale-boats,  proceeded  down 
the  river,  and  thence  to  the  Green  Islands  in  Penobscot  bay, 
which  at  this  season  of  the  year,  were  frequented  by  the  Indians 
for  fowling.  Though  Winslow  and  his  companions  made  no 
discovery,  their  movements  were  watched  by  the  wary  enemy; 
and  on  there  return,  tlx;  next  day,  as  they  were  ascending  the 
river,  they  fell  into  a  fatal  ambush  of  the  Indians,  cowering  under 
jeach  of  its  banks.  They  permitted  Winslow  to  pass,  and  then 
fired  into  the  other  boat,  which  was  commanded  by  Harvey,  a 
sergeant,  and  was  nearer  the  shore.  Harvey  fell.  A  brisk  dis- 
charge of  musquetry  was  returned  upon  the  assailants ;  when 
Winslow,  observing  the  imminent  exposure  of  his  companions, 
though  he  was  himself  out  of  danger,  hastened  back  to  their  assist- 
ance. In  an  instant,  he  found  himself  surrounded  by  30  canoes, 
and  threefold  that  number  of  armed  savages ;  who  raised  a  hide- 
ous whoop,  and  fell  upon  the  two  boat  crews  with  desperate  fury. 
The  skirmish  was  severe  and  bloody  ;  when  Winslow  and  his 
men  perceiving  inevitable  death  to  be  the  only  alternative,  re- 
solved to  sell  their  lives  at  the  dearest  rate.  They  made  a  most 
determined  and  gallant  defence  ;  and  after  nearly  all  of  them  were 
dead  or  mortally  wounded,  himself  having  his  thigh  fractured 
and  being  extremely  exhausted, — his  shattered  bark  was  set  to 
the  shore.  Here  being  waylaid,  he  fought  a  savage,  hand  to 
hand,  with  the  greatest  personal  courage,  beat  off  the  foe,  and 
then  resting  on  his  knee,  shot  one,  ere  they  could  dispatch  him. 
Thus  fell  the  intrepid  Winslow  and  every  one  of  his  brave  com- 
pany, except  three  friendly  Indians,  who  were  suffered  to  escape 
and  communicate  particulars  to  the  garrison.  The  Tarratines, 
who  were  rather  a  valiant,  than  a  cruel  people,  composed  the 
Indian  party  ;  and  their  loss,  though  never  known,  is  supposed 

*  Sullivan,  p.  252. 


Chap,  iv.]  of  Maine.  127 

to  hav^e  doubled  ours.  In  tliis  action,  inconsiderable  as  were  the  AD.  1724. 
numbers  engaged,  there  was  a  remarkable  display  on  boih  sides, 
of  boldness  and  good  conduct.  Tlie  death  of  Captain  Winslow 
was  severely  felt  and  lamented.  He  was  a  young  officer  of  mil- 
itary talents  and  great  worth  ;  a  late  graduate  of  Harvard  Col- 
lege, and  a  descendant  of  one  of  the  best  families  in  the  Prov- 
ince.* 

The  Indians  next  aiipeared  upon  Arrowsick,   and   again   beset  T'"*  pnemy 
the    garrison,   still   commanded   by    Caj)t.    1  enliallow. — T  urnmg  Ancwsick. 
away  suddenly,  they  made   three  of  the  inhabitants  prisoners,   as 
they  were  driving  cows  to  pasture  ;  nor  did   they  leave  the   Isl- 
and, till  they  had  killed  a  great  number   of  cattle.      At   Purpoo- 
duck,  May  27,  a  party  killed  one  man  and  wounded  another ;  and  i^'"/  -"• 
about  the  same  time,  Davitl  Hill,  a  friendly   Indian,  was  shot  at '■"'''• 
Saco.     Afterwards  the  savages  for  a   month   or  more,   withdrew 
from  Maine  to  New-Hampshire,   and   the   frontiers  lariher  east- 
ward.    Nevertheless,  a  jiarty  of  twenty-five  fell  upon  the  garrison 
at  Spurwink,  July  17,  and  killed  Solomon    Jordan,    at  their  first  .tniy  it. 
approach,  as  he  was  steppmg  out  01  tlic  gate.      1  his  was  a  tmiely 
alarm.    The  next  morning  the  enemy  retreating,  were  pursued  by 
Lieut.  Banc  from  the   fort,   attended   by   about  thirty   men,   and 
overtaken,     A   principal   Indian  was  killed  ;    and   the  others  in 
their  flight  droj)ped  their    packs,  and  blankets,   and   some  other 
articles,  which  were  brought  away  ;  also   the  scalp  of  the   dead 
Indian  was  taken,  which  commanded   a  bounty  of  £100  to  the 
pursuers. 

So  well  prepared  this  year  were  most  of  the   places   assailed,  TiiPfincmy 
to  defend  themselves,  that  the  Indians   were  unable  to   take  any  i-;iMciii  ves- 
considerable  booty  h'om  the  frontiers  ;  and  therefore  they  rushed''^' 
down  upon  the  seacoast,  and  undertook  to  seize  upon  all  the  ves- 
sels they  could  find  in  the   eastern   harbors.      New   to   them   as 
this  kind  of  enterprise  was,  they  were  in   a  few  weeks   in   pos- 
session of  twenty-two  vessels,  of  various   descriptions  ; — two  of 
which  were  shallops,  taken  at  the   Isles  of   Shoals  ;    eight  were 
fishing  vessels,  found  at   Fox  Island  thorough-fare  ;  one   was   a 


*  He  was  graduated  in  1721.  His  great  grandfiiliicr  and  grandfather, 
were  Governors  of  riymoiitii  colony  ;  his  fatlier  a  member  of  tlie  Prov- 
ince (.'oiincil,  and  his  younger  hiollicr,  General  \Vins)ovv  commanded  (he 
Provincial  forces  at  Fort  Edward,  iu  IT.jT. — Eiiol's  Bioff.  ariiclc  •'  T{'lns- 
low''  p.  199-502. 


128  THE  HISTORY  [VoL,  11^ 

A  u.  1721.  large  schoonef,  armed  with  two  swivels,  and  the  others  were 
surprised  and  taken  in  different  places.     In    these   piratical  seiz- 
Ki!l22incn.ures,  they  killed   22   men,  and  retained   a  still  greater  number 
prisoncis.*     Generally  these  were  the  masters  or   skippers,  and 
the  best  sailors ;  whom  they  compelled  to   serve   on   board  their 
prizes,  or  motley   squadron.      Assisted  by   the  jMickmaks  ironi 
Cape  Sable,  the   savages  became   so  bold   and   formidable,   that 
•they  were  a  terror  to   all  vessels   that  sailed   along  the   eastern 
*  shores.' 
A,?ain  ai-         A  part  of  the  enemy's  fleet  proceeded  up  the  river  St.  George,- 
<u!c-ciiie      once  more  fully  determined  to  lay  the  fort    in   ashes. — To   effect 
<Tcor"e'.s     their  purpose,  the  savage  crews  now  filled  a  couple  of  their  shal- 
"^*^'^'  lops  with  combustibles,  which  were  set  on  fire  and  urged  so  near 

the  block-house,  that  they  would  have  communicated  the  flames, 
had  not  individual  exertion  prevented.  The  enemy  then  offer- 
ed favorable  terms,  provided  the  garrison  would  surrender. 
But  every  lisp  of  the  kind  was  promptly  rejected  ;  and  as  they 
were  utterly  unable  to  take  or  destroy  the  fortification,  either  by 
force  or  stratagem,  they  retired  without  doing  any  considerable 
injury. 

The  first  adventurous  vessels,  which  were  fitted  out  to  encoun- 
ter those  of  the  enemy,  were  two  from  New-Hampshire,  sever-* 
ally  carrying  twenty  men.     They  soon  came  up  with  one  of  theni 
— yet  through  fear  or  folly,  they  failed  to  engage  the  enemy  and 
Pursued  by  i-gturncd.     Still  believine;  a   small   force   sufficient  to  cope  with 

Jackson,  ^  ,  . 

l.akpinan     thcsc  raw  and  inexperienced  sailors,  Lieutenant-Governor  Uum- 

antl  ollicis.  T-.  T       1  r   y-  J 

mer  commissioned  Doctor  Jackson  ol  Kittery,  a  brave  man,  and 
Sylvanus  Lakeman  of  Ipswich,  to  go  in  quest  of  them.  The 
former  with  a  schooner  and  twenty  men,  and  the  latter  with  a 
shallop  and  sixteen,  boldly  came  in  contact  with  them,  and  had  a 
siiori  engagement,  in  which  Jackson  and  several  of  his  men  were' 
wounded,  and  his  rigging  badly  blown  to  pieces  by  two  large 
swivels  and  four  petronels  of  the  enemy,  and  his  pursuit  thence 
impeded.  Recovering,  he  drove  them  into  Penobscot,  where 
they  were  assisted  and  covered  by  so  large  a  body  of  natives, 
that  he  was  forced  to  retire.     At  last  the  lieutenant,  master  and 


*  2  Hutch.  Hist.  p.  278.— He  says  45  men  in  all,  22  of  whom  they  killed, 
and  carried  £3  into  captivity. — Penhallow,  [Indian  Wars,  A,  D.  1724,) 
says  the  enemy  "  made  up  a  fleet  of  50  canoes" — and  proceeded  to  take 
the  vessels  eng-ag-ed  in  the  fisheries, — and  foand  on  the  coast. 


Chap.  iv.J  of  Maine.  129 

master's  mate  from  the  Seahorse  man-of-war,  then  riding  at  an-  a.  i>.  i7i;4. 

chor  on  the  Boston  station,  took  command  of  three  vessels,  hav- 

jno;  severally  on  board  about  thirty  men,  and  went   in  search  of,,,,    ,  ,. 

"  •'  .  ^  "'^  Indians 

the  enemy's  forces.     But  it  was   too  late  ; — they  had   become  "handon 
tired  of  maritime  war,  and  had  dispersed  ;  and  not  a  particle  of  >^eis. 
intelligence  concerning  them  could  be  obtained  afterwards. 

Thus  far,  the  events  of  the  present  war,  which  had  now  con- 
tinued two  years,  were  so  unpropitious  to  the  English,  that  it  is 
supposed  their  losses  of  men  greatly  exceeded  those  of  the  ene- 
my. Lives  or  captives  were  the  trophies  of  almost  all  their  attacks  j 
and  these  were  perpetually  repeated.  Garrisons  and  scouting 
parties,  it  was  evident,  could  not  protect  the  people,  nor  preserve 
the  fishermen  and  coasters  from  injuries ;  and  therefore  it  was 
determined  to  enter  upon  more  offensive  war. 

Norridgewock,  being  still  the  residence  of  Rale,  was  immedi-  Expedition 
ately  marked  for  destruction.  The  execution  of  this  enterprize  wock."^'  °  ' 
was  committed  to  a  detachment  of  208  men,  who  were  divided 
into  four  companies,  and  commanded  by  Captains  Moulton,  Har- 
man,  Bourn,  and  Bane.  They  left  Richmond  fort,  their  place 
of  rendezvous,  on  the  19th  of  August,  and  ascended  the  river  in  August  19. 
17  whale-boats,  attended  by  three  Mohawks.  The  next  day, 
they  arrived  at  Teconnet,  where  they  left  their  whale-boats,  and  a 
Lieutenant  with  a  guard  of  40  men.  The  residue  of  the  forces, 
on  the  21st,  took  up  their  march  through  the  woods  towards  Nor- 
ridgewock. The  same  evening,  they  discovered  three  of  the  na- 
tives and  fired  upon  them.  The  noted  Bomaseen,  one  of  them, 
was  shot  in  the  river,  as  he  attempted  to  escape,  his  daughter  was 
fatally  wounded,  and  his  wife  taken  prisoner.  From  her,  they 
obtained  a  full  account  of  Rale  and  the  Indians  at  Norridgewock, 
which  quickened  their  march. 

A  little  after  noon,  on  the  22d,  they  came  in  sight  of  the  village,  ^^^ust  22. 
when  it  was  determined  to  divide  the   detachment.     Capt.  Har-  ^^""  '"'"'rf'* 

^  approach 

man  led  off  about  60  men  towards  the  mouth  of  Sandy  river,  "^'^  village. 
imagining  he  saw  smokes  rising  in  that  quarter,   and  supposing 
some  of  the  Indians  might  be  at  their  corn-fields.     Capt.  Moul- 
ton formed  his  men  into  three  bands,  nearly  equal  in  numbers, 
and  proceeded  directly  towards  the  village.*     When  near  it,  he 

*  Where  and  how  did  Moulton's  men  cross  the  river  f — as  tiie  village  was 
on  the  eastern  side,  opposite  to  the  mouth  of  Sandy  river. — It  might  have 
been  forded  by  them,  thoug-h  no  mention  is  made  of  such  a  fact. 
Vol.  XL  17 


130  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  11. 

A.  D.  1724.  placed  parties  in  ambush  on  the  right  and  left,  and  led  forward 
the  residue  to  the  attack,  excepting  ten  men  left  to  guard  the  bag- 
gage. He  commanded  his  men  to  reserve  their  fire,  till  after 
that  of  the  Indians  ;  and  then  boldly  advanced  with  so  quick  a 
step  and  in  such  profound  silence,  that  they  were  within  pistol 
shot,  before  their  approach  was  suspected.  All  the  Indians  were 
in  their  wigwams,  when  one  happening  to  step  out,  looked  round, 
and  discovered  the  English  close  upon  them.  He  instantly  gave 
the  war-whoop,  and  sprang  in  for  his  gun.  The  amazement  and 
The  skir-  consternation  of  the  whole  village  was  indiscriminate  and  terrible, 
ihe  fighting  men,  about  60  in  all,  seized  their  guns  and  fired  at 
the  assailants ;  but  in  their  tremor,  they  overshot  them,  and  not  a 
man  was  hurt.  A  discharge  was  instantly  returned,  which  did 
effectual  execution.  The  Indians  fired  a  second  volley,  without 
breaking  Moulton's  ranks  ;  then  flying  to  the  water,  fell  upon  the 
muzzles  of  the  guns  in  ambush.  Several  instantly  fell.  Some 
undertook  to  wade  or  swim  across  the  river,  which  at  this  season 
was  only  60  feet  wide,  and  in  no  place  more  than  six  feet  deep. 
A  few  jumped  into  their  canoes,  but  forgetting  to  take  their  pad- 
dles, were  unable  to  escape  ; — and  all,  especially  the  old  men, 
women,  and  children,  fled  in  every  direction.  Our  soldiers  shot 
About  200  them  in  their  flight  to  the  woods,  also  upon  the  water ;  so  that 
escap^e!""^^  not  morc  than  50  of  the  whole  village  were  supposed  to  have 
landed  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  river;  while  about  150  effected 
an  escape  too  far  into  the  thickets,  to  be  overtaken. 

The  pursuers  then  returned  to  the  village,  where  they  found 
the  Jesuit  in  one  of  the  wigwams,  firing  upon  a  few  of  our  men, 
who  had  not  followed  the  wretched  fugitives.  He  had  with  him, 
in  the  wigwam,  an  Enghsli  boy  about  14  years  of  age,  who  had 
been  a  prisoner  six  months.  "  This  boy  he  shot  through  the 
thigh,  and  afterwards  stabbed  him  in  the  body"* — though  he  ulti- 
mately recovered.  Moulton  had  given  orders  to  spare  the  life  of 
Rille  ;  but  Jaques,  a  Lieutenant,  finding  he  was  firing  from  the 
wigwam  and  had  wounded  one  of  our  men,  stove  open  the  door 
Rale  kiliec".  ^nd  shot  him  through  the  head.  As  an  excuse  for  the  act,  Jaques 
alleged,  that  when  he  entered  the  wigwam,  Rale  was  loading  his 
gun,  and  declared  he  would  neither  give  nor  take  quarter.     Moul- 


*  Hutchinson,  (2  Hist.  p.  282)  says,  this  act  of  cnielty  is  stated  by  Har- 
man,  upon  oath. — But  still  is  doubted. — 8  Coll.  JIass.  Hist.  Soc.  2d  series, 
p.  257. 


Chap,  iv.]  of  maine.  ^  131 

ton  disapproved  of  what  was  done;  allowing,  however,  that  Rale  a.d.  1724. 
said  something  to  provoke  Jaques,  yet  doubting,  if  the  statement 
made  by  him  was  literally  correct. 

Mogg,  an  aged  and  noted  chief,  was  shut  up  in  another  wig-  ^o-rg  kiii- 
wam,  from  which  he  fired  and  killed  one  of  the  three  Mohawks.  *^''' 
This  so  enraged  his  brother,  that  he  broke  through  the  door  and 
shot  the  old    Sagamore  dead ;  and   the  soldiers  despatched  his 
squaw  and  children. 

Near  night,  after  the  action  was  over  and  the  village  cleared  of '^i'" '"sses 
Indians,  L-aptam  liarman  and  his  party  arrived  ;  and  the  compa-  tiians. 
nies,  under  a  guard  of  40  men,  took  up  a  lodgment  in  the  wig- 
wams till  the  morning.     When  it  was  light,  they  counted,  as  two 
authors  state,  "  twenty-seven,"  and  a  third  says,  "  thirty"  dead 
bodies,  including  Rale  ;  among  whom  were  those  of  Mogg,  Job, 
Carabesett,   Wissememet,   and  Bomaseen's  son-in-law,  all  known 
and  noted  warriors.     They  also  recovered  three  captives  and  took 
four  prisoners  ;  and  it  was  afterwards  reported,  that  they  wounded 
fourteen  Indians,  who  escaped.     The  whole  "  number,  killed  and 
drowned,  was  supposed   to  be  eighty,'^  some  say  more.     The 
plunder  they  brought  away,  consisted  of  the  plate  and  furniture 
of  the  altar,  a  few  guns,  blankets,  and  kettles,   and   about  three 
barrels  of  powder.     After  leaving  the  place,   on  their   march  to 
Teconnet,  Christian,  one  of  the  Mohawks,  either  sent  back  or  re-  Aus^nstSS. 
turning  of  his  own  accord,  set  fire  to  the  chapel  and  cottages,  and  wock  buTnt. 
they  were  all  burnt  to  ashes. 

An  extract  from  the  account  given  by  Charlevoix,*  who  was 
about  that  time  resident  in  Canada,  is  subjoined  with  its  embel- ^'"i^'sac- 
lishments.  He  says — '  the  thickets  which  surrounded  the  village 
'  were  such,  that  the  enemy  were  not  discovered  until  the  very 
'  instant,  when  they  made  a  general  discharge  of  their  guns  ;  and 
'  their  shot  had  penetrated  all  the  Indian  wigwams.  The  noise 
'  and  tumult  gave  father  Rale  notice  of  the  danger  his  converts 
«  were  in.  Not  intimidated,  he  shewed  himself  to  the  enemy  in 
'  hopes  to  draw  all  their  attention  to  himself,  and  secure  his  flock, 
'  at  the  peril  of  his  own  life.  He  was  not  disappointed.  As  soon 
'  as  he  appeared,  the  English  set  up  a  great  shout,  which  was 
'  followed  by  a  shower  of  shot ;  when  he  fell  down  dead  near  to 


count. 


"*  4  Charlevoix,  Hist,  de  la  France  JSTeuvelle,  p.  120.— 2,  {Paris  Ed.  1744.) 
He  says,  some  of  the  Indians  escaped  by  swimming-,  some  by  fording  the 
river,  and  some  fled  to  the  woods : — 30  Indians  were  killed  and  14  wounded. 


132  THE  HISTORY  [\  Oh.  II. 

A.D.  1721. 'a  cross,  which  he  had  erected  in  the  midst  of  the  village, — sev- 
'  en  Indians,  who  sheltered  his  body  with  their  own,  falling  around 
'  him.  Thus  died  this  kind  shepherd,  giving  his  life  for  the  sheep, 
'  after  a  painful  mission  of  thirty-seven  years.  Moved  by  the 
'greatest  consternation  at  his  death,  the  Indians  fled.  The  En- 
'  glish  finding  they  had  nobody  left  to  resist  them,  fell  first  to 
'pillaging  and  then  burning  the  wigwams.  They  spared  the 
'  church,  so  long  as  they  thought  proper  to  profane  the  image  of  the 
'  adorable  Saviour,  and  the  sacred  vessels,  and  then  they  set  it  on 
'  fire.  At  length,  they  withdrew  in  so  great  precipitation,  that  it 
'  was  rather  a  flight ;  and  they  seemed  to  be  struck  with  a  per- 
'  feet  panic.  The  Indians  immediately  returned  to  their  village, 
'  when  they  made  it  their  first  care  to  weep  over  the  body  of  their 
'  holy  missionary;  wliilst  their  women  were  looking  for  plants  and 
'herbs  to  heal  their- wounded.  They  found  him  shot  in  a  thous- 
'  and  places,  scalped,  his  skull  broke  to  pieces  with  the  blows  af 
'the  hatchets,  his  mouth  and  eyes  full  of  mud,  the  bones  of  his 
'legs  fractured,  and  nil  his  members  mangled  in  an  hundred  dif- 
'  ferent  ways.  After  his  converts  had  raised  up  and  oftentimes 
'kissed  the  precious  remains,  so  tenderly  and  so  justly  beloved  by 
'  them,  they  buried  him  in  the  same  place,  where  he  had  the  even- 
'  ing  before,  celebrated  the  sacred  mysteries, — namely,  where  the 
<  altar  stood  before  the  church  was  burnt.' 

Ourfoires        On  the  27th,  the  brave  detachment  arrived  at  Fort  Richmond, 

reiiirn  with-  ,       ■,  r-  t  i    •  t       i 

out  loss.  Without  the  loss  of  a  man.  It  was  an  exploit  exceedmgly  grati- 
fying to  the  community,  and  considered  as  brilliant  as  any  other, 
in  either  of  the  Indian  wars,  since  the  fall  of  king  Philip.  Har- 
raan,  who  was  senior  in  command,  proceeded  to  Boston  with  the 
scalps,  and  received  in  reward  for  the  achievement,  the  commis- 
sion of  Lieutenant-Colonel ; — an  achievement  in  which  Moulton 
had  the  principal  agency,  though  he  received  no  distinguishing 
recompense,  except  the  universal  applause  ot  his  country.  Supe- 
rior merit  has  been  often  shaded  by  superior  rank,  in  much  more 
of'tlio  Cani-  important  services.  In  this  bloody  event,  the  glory  departed  from 
broken"'      ^^^^  Celebrated  Canibas  tribe,  to  return  never  more.* 


*  In  the  particulars  of  this  expedition,  there  are  among  authors  seme  dis- 
crepancies.— S(////wm,  \\  175,  calls  the  senior  officer  "  Hammond"— Ha r- 
nian  is  tlie  name  ;  ho  represented  York  in  the  General  Court,  A.  D.  1727. 
Belknap,  (2  vol.  Hist.  JS".  11.  p.  50,)  supposes  there  were  only  two  compa- 
nies, each  J  00  men ;  Jiwi  Hittchin8ony[2  Hi»l.   p.   279)  says  four  companies, 


Chap,   iv.]  of  MAINE. 


132 


To  turn  the  Indians  from  the  frontiers,  which  they  continually  A.  i).  1724 
infested  during  the   autumnal  months,  Col.  Westbrook   was  fur-  ^^'»^*'-, 

•   1       1        •  J  .  /•  ~  brook's  ex- 

nished  with  a  regiment  ot  300    fresh  recruits,   and   was  ordered  pedition. 
to  range  with  them  through  the  country  from  Kennebeck  to   Pe- 
nobscot, one  of  the   principal   places  of  the  Indians'   "  rendez- 
vous for  planting  and  fishing."     But   in   this  enterprize,  owing  to 
the  unskilfulness  of  the  guides,  he   was   led    into   a   labyrinth   of 
difficulties;  being  glad  to  return   safely,   though  they  had    done 
nothing  more  than  to  explore  a  part  of  the  country  which    before 
was  little  known.     Equally  fruitless   was  the   visit  to   Penobscot 
of  Capt.  Heath  and  his  company.     The  Indians  were  extremely 
shy  and  subde  ;  and  the  government  assigned   300  men,   for  the 
defence  of  Maine,  through  the  winter.     These  were  formed   into  The  winter 
five  companies  ;    one  was  posted   at  Berwick   and  its   vicinity ;  '°''^'^^' 
two  were  rangers ;  and  the  others  were  directed  either  to   scout 
or  be  stationary,  as  the  exigency  of  circumstances  might  require. 

Receiving  fresh  and  more  ample  information,  that  the  Gov-Com.nis- 
ernor  of  Canada  was  assisting  the  Indians,  Massachusetts  sent  to  c^'nadT 
to  him  three  Commissioners,  with  instructions  to  protest  against 
his  conduct,  and  assure  him  if  he  did  not  immediately  desist,  his 
offence  would  be  severely  retaliated,  upon  the  French  in  Aca- 
dia and  other  places.  It  was  also  given  them  in  charge,  to  efiect 
an  exchange  of  prisoners. — The  Governor  affected  to  repel  the 
accusation,  till  his  letters  to  Rixle  were  to  his  surprize  shewn 
him ;  and  then  he  said  the  prisoners  among  the  Indians  were  be- 
yond his  control ;  but  those  among  the  French  should  be  restor- 
ed, upon  paying  "  the  first  cost."  The  price  or  ransom,  enor- 
mous as  it  was,  effected  the  release  only  of  sixteen,  and  obtain- 
ed the  promise  of  ten  more.*  When  the  Commissioners  shewed 
him  that  the  Indians  had  conveyed  their  lands  to  the  English, 
and  become  British  subjects ;  he  sent  for  the  chiefs  at  St.  Fran- 
cois to  meet  him  at  his  own  house.  In  this  interview,  the  Sac- 
amores  told  the  Commissioners,  '  if  the  English  would  demolish 
*  all  their  forts,  remove  one  mile  westward  of  Saco  river ;  re- 
'  build  their  church  at  Norridgewock, — and  restore  to  them  their 


and  208  men.  He  and  Penhallow,  {Indian  tears,  172  4,)  suppose  one  of  the 
Captain's  name  was  "  I3can,"--vvhereas  it  is  evidently  "  Bane  ;"  and  prob- 
ably Lewis  Bane,  a  Representative  of  York  in  General  Conrt,  A.  D.  1708 
-17.  One  account  says,  Norridgewock  was  burnt  August  12th  ;  this  must 
have  been  old  style.  *  11  Mass.  Rec.  p.  316. 


134  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.    11. 

A.  D.  1724. '  missionary  father, — they  would  be  brothers  again.'  These 
terms  were  too  insolent  to  deserve  a  moment's  consideration  ; 
and  they  returned,  attended  to  Crown  Point,  by  a  military  guard, 
generously  furnished  by  Vaudreuil  himself.* 

It  was  a1)out  this  time,  and  in  the  course  of  the  subsequent 
spring,  that  the  famous  Capt,  John  Lovewellj  and  his  com- 
panies of  volunteers  so  highly  distinguished  themselves  in  three 
successive  expeditions  against  the  savage  enemy.  In  his  first 
excursion,  undertaken  in  December,  which  was  however,  far 
less  important  than  either  of  the  others,  he  proceeded  with  thirty 
men  to  the  north-eastward  of  Winnipiseogee  pond,  in  New-Hamp- 
shire. Here  his  company  killed  and  scalped  a  man,  and  carried 
an  Indian  boy  to  Boston ;  and  for  both,  they  received  the  bounty 
promised  by  law,  and  likewise  a  liberal  present. 

His  second  His  popularity,  his  patriotic  and  military  ardor  and  his  suc- 
cess, now  drew  around  him  volunteers  to  the  number  of  70,  who 

Feb.  u.  readily  joined  him  ;  and  in  February,  they  marched  off  to  the 
place  he  had  lately  visited.  Here,  through  fear  of  short-pro- 
visions, 30  were  dismissed  by  lot  and  returned  home.  The 
others,  pursuing  their  march,  discovered  at  night,  near  the  mar- 
gin of  Lovewell's  pond,  at  the  head  of  Salmon  Fall  river,  on 
the  New-Hampshire  side  of  the  hne,  ten  Indians  lying  around  a 
fire,  fast  asleep ;  nine  of  whom  they  shot,  and  the  tenth   wound- 

His  success,  ed.  In  the  attempt  of  this  One  to  escape  across  the  pond,  he 
was  seized  by  a  faithful  dog,  and  holden  till  he  was  dispatched. 
For  the  scalps  taken  from  their  heads,  Lovewell  and  his  com- 
panions received  from  the  Provincial  treasury,  a  bounty  of 
£1,000,  and  from  the  public,  universal  applause. 

April  13.  In  April,  while  he  was  preparing  for  a  third  excursion,   there 

ex°pi()irfrom  wcro  a  few  occurrences,  which    must  not  be  passed   unnoticed. 

Aiaquojt.  rp^^Q  Indians  took  a  soldier  whose  name  was  Cochran,  at  Ma- 
quoit,  on  the  13th  of  the  month,  and  carried  him  two  days  into 
the  woods.  The  first  night  they  pinioned  him,  but  in  the  next, 
left  him  loose.  Rising  softly  when  they  were  asleep,  he  knock- 
ed them  both  on  the  head,  took  their  scalps  and  guns,  and  set 
out  for  the  fort.  In  wading  a  river,  he  unfortunately  lost  one 
scalp  and  one  gun.     But  when  he  arrived  at  the  garrison,  he  told 

*  The  Cominissioners  arrived  at  Albany,  May  2,  1725. 
fHe  belonged  to  Dunstable  in  Massachusetts. — Penhallow,  Hutchinson, 
and  Belknap,  spell  "tLovewell"— others  "  Lovel," 


Chap,  iv.]  of  Maine.  I35 

so  good  a  story,  that  several  returned  with   him   and  found   theA.D.  1725j 
dead  Indians  as  he  left  them.     The   exploit  was  afterwards  re- 
warded   by    his   promotion.      The    next  Monday,   William  and 
Matthew  Scales,  two  most  industrious  and  active  men  were  slain 
near  the  fort  at  North-Yarmouth.     Another  party  waylaid  Lieut.  Nonh-Yar- 

r       J  J  moiitli  and 

Prescott  and  others,  as  they  were  passing  the  highway   at  Cape-  ■•^.™"f'*^' 
Porpoise,  and  by  particular  aim,  wounded  him  in  several  places. 

Captain  Lovewell,  joined  at  Dunstable  by  forty-six  volunteers,  ^  j.;,  jg 
well  supplied  and  armed,  was  prepared,  April  15,  for  a  third  ex- ^"p^  ^".^'^.' 

_    '  ^    •  '  '1  '       r  '  vvcll  s  iliird 

pedition.     In  good  spirits,  tliey    took  up  their  march  the   next  excursion. 
day,  towards  Ossipee  ponds,  and    the   upper  branches   of   Saco 
river — the  region  and  range  of  the   remaining   Sokokis  tribe  of 
Indians.     The  great  bravery  of  these  natives,   and  their   antipa- 
thy to  the  English  were  characteristics,  which   were  well   known. 
Lovewell's    Lieutenants,    were  Josiah  Farwell,    and   Jonathan 
Robhins ;  his    ensigns,  John  Harwood  and    Seth    Wyman ;    his 
chaplain,  Jonathan  Frye  ;  and  his  chief  pilot  was  Toby,  an  Indian. 
On  their  march,  Toby  fell  sick  and  returned.    A  soldier  becoming 
lame  was  dismissed  though  witli  reluctance,  who  was  barely  able  to 
get  home.     Another  was  brought  down  by  fatigue  and  illness,  after 
travelhng  upwards  of  100   miles, — when  the  Captain  came  to  a  The  jour- 
halt  on  the  westerly  side  of  Great  Ossipee  pond,  in  New-Hamp-"*^^' 
shire,  ten  miles  from  the  west  line  of  JMaine.      Here   he   built  a 
small  stockade  fort^  principally  for  a  place  of  retreat   in   case   of  A  fort  built 
any  misfortune,  and  partly  for  the  accommodation  of  the  sick  man  left. 
who  was  now  left,  with  the  surgeon  and  some  provisions,  under 
a  guard    of  eight  wearied   men.     The  number  was  thus  redu- 
ced to  ^AiV^i/-/oi/r,*  including   the  Captain  ;  who,  resuming  their 'i'liim-four 
march,  shaped  their  course  north-eastward  till  they  came  to  the  Loveweirs 
north-westerly  margin  of  a  pond,  about  22  miles  distant  from  the  ^^""' ' 
fort — since  called  Lovewell's,  otherwise  Saco  pond  ;  which  is  sit- 
uated in  the  south-easterly  part  of  the  present  town  of  Fryeburg.f 


*  Of  these,  7  belong'ed  to  Dunstable  ;  5  to  Woburn ;  7  to  Concord ;  7  to 
Groton  ;  2  to  Haverhill  ;  2  to  Billcrica ;  and  one  to  each  of  the  towns  of  An- 
dover,  Weston  and  Nutfield. —  See.  their  namr^s  in  J\lr.  Symms''  Hist,  of  the 
Battle,  p.  10-11. — Mr.  Frye  or  "  Frie"  was  graduated  at  Harvard  Colleg-e, 
in  1723. 

f  The  extreme  length  of  the  pond,  wliich  lies  north-west  and  south-east, 
is  short  of  two  miles  ;  its  mean  width  half  a  mile  ;  tliough  its  north-westerly 
end,  which  inclines  to  the  north-east,  is  about  3-4ths  of  a  mile  wide.  Peg- 
^oacket,  or  the  Indian  village,  was  about  two  miles  west  of  the  pond,  being- 


136  THE  HISTORY  [Voh.  11. 

A,D.  1725.  Theyjliad  passed  by  the  bend  of  the  Saco  river,  where  it  crosses 
the  h'ne  between  New-Hainpshire  and   Maine,   and  turns    north- 
eastward ;  leaving  the   Indian   Pegwacket   village   between   one 
and  two  miles  north  of  them,  and  pursuing  down   on   the  north- 
erly side  of  Lovewell's  or  Mill   brook,  nearly  to   its  mouth,  and 
then  in  direct  course  to  the  western  corner  of  the  pond.      Here, 
in  the  heart  of   the   enemy's    country,   they   encamped.     They 
were  alarmed  during   the  night  by   noises   around  thenij   which 
they  imagined  were  made  by  Indians ;  and  early  on  the   8th  of 
SatuiHay,    ^^Ji  whilc  at  their  morning  devotions,  they  heard  the   report  of 
dircmT''^^'^  a  gun,  and  discovered  a  single  Indian  standing  on  a  point  of  land, 
and  kill  an  a  mile  distant,   which  runs   into  the   easterly  side   of   the  pond. 

Indian.  '  •'  ^ 

They  suspected,  that  he  was  placed  there  to  decoy  them,  and 
that  the  body  of  the  enemy  was  probably  in  their  front.  A  con- 
sultation being  held,  they  determined  to  march  forward,  and  by 
encompassing  the  head  of  the  pond,  to  gain  the  place  where  the 
Indian  stood.  That  they  might  be  ready  for  action,  they  dis- 
encumbered themselves  of  their  packs  when  they  had  travelled 
about  half  a  mile,  w'hich  they  left  without  a  guard  at  the  north- 
erly end  or  corner  of  the  pond,  in  a  pitch-pine  plain,  where  the 
trees  were  thin,  and  the  brakes  at  that  time  of  the  year  small. 
A  stream,  since  called  Battle  Brook,  which  emptied  into  the  pond 
at  that  place,  was  then  too  full  of  water  to  be  forded  near  its 
mouth,  and  they  crosed  it  above.  They  travelled  in  all  nearly 
a  mile  from  their  packs,  when  they  espied  the  Indian  they  had 
discovered  at  the  point,  returning  towards  the  village.  As  he  pass- 
ed, he  did  not  see  them,  till  he  received  their  fire ;  then  instantly 
returning  it,  wounded   Lovewell   and   another  with   a  charge  of 


situated  several  rods  distant  from  the  eastern  bank  of  Saco  river;  and  as 
many  west  of  the  present  academy  and  village.  Nature  had  given  this 
place  a  delig-htful  situation,  and  prospect.  The  Indians  used  to  range 
round  from  the  village,  through  the  northern  ox-bow  to  Lovewell's  pond, 
which  at  its  eastern  end  is  so  near  the  Saco,  as  in  freshets  to  receive  its 
waters;  and  to  ascend  the  Saco  to  the  same  pond;— and  then  pass  through 
the  pond  to  its  western  corner— and  thence  over  land,  to  their  village. 
Hereabouts  are  several  mounds  of  earth  left  by  the  natives  of  singulai- 
aspect.  Whether  they  arc  ancient  burying  grounds,  fortifications,  or  en- 
campments, cannot  now  be  ascertained.  The  circumference  of  one  of 
these  banks  is  60  feet ;  and  in  its  centre  is  another,  in  which  a  tree  of 
considerable  size  formerly  stood.  There  are  four  others,  forming  eight 
angles,  and  running  from  the  centre  one— all  evidently  the  work  of  de- 
sign.— J\IS.  letter  and  plan  from  Fryeburg. 


Chap.  IV,]  OF  MAiNir.'  137 

small  shot.     Ensign  Wyman   firing   again   killed   him,   and   theyAiD.  n25. 
took  his  scalp.     Seeing  no  other  enemy,   they  returned  towards 
the  place  where  they  had  left  their  knapsacks. 

But  it  happened,  that  Lovewell's  march  had  crossed  the  carry-  a  party  of 

'  '  '  .  .  -^     50  Indians 

mg  place,  between  the  pond  and  the  village,  through  which  two  lii  ambush. 
parties  of  Indians,  consisting  of  about  03  men,*  commanded 
by  Paugus  and  Wahwa,  were  returning  from  an  excursion  down 
the  Saco.  Perceiving  the  new  made  track,  they  followed  it,  till 
they  came  to  the  packs,  which  they  removed  ;  and  counting  them, 
found  the  number  of  Lovewell's  men  to  be  less  than  their  own  ; 
therefore  they  placed  themselves  in  a  well-cliosen  ambush,  and 
awaited  their  return. 

It  was  about  ten  in  the  morning  when  they  arrived  back,  and  Lovewell's 
the  moment  they  reached  the  spot,  the  Indians  rose  in  front  and 
rear,  and  ran,  three  or  four  deep,  towards  them  with  guns  pre- 
sented, raising  a  horrid  yell. — Lovewell  and  his  companions  re- 
ceived the  shock  with  entire  firmness,  and  facing  the  enemy,  pre- 
sented their  guns  and  rushed  forward.  When  they  had  approach- 
ed within  a  few  yards  of  each  other,  they  fired  on  both  sides— ^ 
the  Indians  were  shot  in  considerable  numbers;  yet  the  most  of 
our  men  escaped  the  first  fire,  and  drove  their  foes  several  rods. 
Turning,  they  renewed  the  charge  with  great  spirit  and  bravery  ; 
and  at  one  time  some  of  the  combatants,  were  within  twice  the 
length  of  each  other's  guns, — the  Indians  constantly  raising  hid- 
eous whoopsj  and  the  English  frequent  shouts  and  cheers.  Three 
rounds  were  fired  on  each  side  ;  in  which  Captain  Lovewell  and 
eight  of  his  men  were  killed  ;  and  Lieutenant  Farwell  and  two 
others  were  wounded.  Several  more  of  the  enemy  fell,  yet 
being  superior  in  number,  they  endeavored  to  surround  our  men  ; 
when,  at  the  word  given  for  a  retreat,  the  English  retired  in  great 
order,  two  or  three  rods  to  the  pond.  In  this  forlorn  place,  they 
were  compelled  to  take  their  station.  On  their  right  was  the 
mouth  of  Battle  Brook ;  on  their  left  was  a  point  of  rocks,  which 
extended  into  the  water  ;  their  front  was  partly  sheltered  by  a 
few  pine  trees  standing  on  a  sandy  beach,  partly  covered  by  a 
deep  bog,  and  partly  uncovered  ;  and  the  pond  was  in  the  rear. 
Here  they  maintained  the  fight  upwards  of  eight  hours,  with    he- 


*  Penhallow  says  "  seventy  ;" — Hutchinson  and  Symms  say  "  eighty,'''  and 
Belknap  says  '■\forl y-nne.''^ 

Vol.  II.  18 


138  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.    II. 

A.  L).  1725.  roic  resolution,  against  a  much  more  numerous  force  ;  being  at 
frequent  intervals  severely  engaged,  in  front  and  flank,  and  so 
completely  in  the  power  of  the  enemy,  that  had  he  made  the 
best  use  of  his  advantage,  the  whole  company  must  either  have 
been  killed,  or  obliged  to  surrender  at  discretion. 
inridcnisof  At  ouc  time,  a  group  of  savages  appeared  by  their  strange  ges- 
ihebaitie.  j.yj.gg  ^^^  j^g  engaged  in  a  poivow  :  when  Ensign  Wyman,  secretly 
approaching  them,  shot  the  chief  actor  and  dispersed  them.  Some 
*■  of  the  Indians  holding  up  ropes  or  cords  towards  our  men,  ex- 
claimed, will  you  have  quarter 'I — 'Yes,  said  they,  at  the  muz- 
zles of  our  guns,'  They  were  determined  to  meet  a  speedy 
and  honorable  death,  rather  than  expire  in  torture,  or  in  a  linger- 
ing captivity.  Mr.  Frye,  the  chaplain,  who  was  a  young  man 
greatly  beloved  for  his  piety  and  excellence,  fought  witii  undaunt- 
ed courage,  till  the  middle  of  the  afternoon,  when  he  received  a 
wound  which  proved  to  be  mortal,  and  fell ;  yet  was  he  after- 
wards heard  in  audible  prayer  several  times,  for  the  success  and 
preservation  of  his  surviving  companions.  As  a  few  of  them  and 
of  the  Indians  had  some  previous  acquaintance,  they  bespoke 
each  other  several  times  during  the  engagement.  John  Cham- 
berlain, a  soldier,  and  Paugus,  a  chief,  both  men  of  undaunted 
courage  and  large  of  stature,  finding  their  guns  too  foul  for  proper 
use,  accidentally  stepped  down,  at  the  same  moment,  to  wash 
them  at  the  brink  of  the  pond.  Standing  not  far  apart,  they  ex- 
changed a  few  defying  words,  while  they  without  waste  of  time 
washed  their  guns ; — ^then  the  chief,  as  he  forced  down  the  bul- 
let, called  out  to  his  foe — "  Quick  me  kill  you  now  ;" — "  may  be 
not,"  said  Chamberlain,  whose  gun  by  priming  itself,  gave  him  an 
advantage,  and  he  sent  the  warrior  in  an  instant  to  his  long  home. 
The  Indians  This  was  One  of  the  most  desperate  and  hard-fought  battles, 
reireat.  ^v^ich  the  English  ever  had  with  the  Indians.  Several  discharged 
their  guns  more  tlian  20  times.*  Retreat  was  impracticable,  and 
surrender  never  mentioned.  The  brave  men  fought  through  the 
day,  without  respite  or  a  morsel  of  sustenance.  By  an  unremit- 
ting aiid  well-directed  fire,  so  long  a  time,  the  number  of  the  sav- 
ages was  manifestly  thinned — as  their  whoops  and  halloes  became 
fainter  and  fainter,  till  just  before  dark,  when  they  quitted  their 
advantageous  ground  ;  carrying  off  their  slain   and  wounded,  yet 


■"  PcnlKillow  savs,  '*  between  20  and  oO  times  a  piece." 


Chap,  iv.]  of  Maine.  139 

leaving  the  dead  bodies  of  Lovevvell  and  his  men  unscalped.  The  a.d.  172a, 
loss  sustained  by  the  Indians,  has  been  estimated  variously,  and 
by  some  too  high.  Their  killed  and  disabled,  however,  were 
fully  equal  in  number,  to  the  entire  force  of  the  English  engaged 
in  the  action  5  Messrs.  Penhallovv  and  Symms,  two  authentic  wri- 
ters, representing  the  Indians  to  have  lost  in  the  battle  of  Peg- 
wacket,  more  than  foity  lives,  possibly  fifty.* 

The  shattered  company  of  Lovewell's  Spartan  companions,  t^ossps  of  ^ 

11        •  1         •       u  •  r  1  11       r  ,"'«  English. 

collecting  together  m  the  evening,  so  lar  as  they  were  able,  tound 
there  were  ten  already  dead  ;  nine  uninjured  ;  one  missing;  and 
fourteen  wounded, — five  of  whom  afterwards  died.  It  was  inex- 
pressibly painful  to  leave  any  of  their  dying  associates  behind. 
But  ensign  Robbins  and  Jacob  Usher  could  not  be  removed. 
Robbins  desired  them  to  lay  his  gun  by  him  charged,  that  he 
might  be  able  to  kill  one  more,  if  the  savage  foe  should  return 
before  his  death.  Solomon  Kies,  exhausted  with  fatigue  and 
faint  through  loss  of  blood  from  three  wounds,  told  his  ensign  in 
the  heat  of  the  battle,  he  was  a  dying  man ;  yet  if  possible,  I 
will  (said  he)  get  to  a  place,  where  the  Indians  shall  never  be 
gratified  with  mangling  my  lifeless  remains.  Hence  with  diffi- 
culty, he  crept  to  the  pond,  and  rolled  himself  into  a  birchen  ca- 
noe, providentially  found  there  ;  and  while  he  lay  unable  to  pad- 
dle, and  almost  senseless,  his  slender  bark  drifted  towards  the 
side  of  the  pond  nearest  the  stockaded  fort,  to  which  he  at  last 
attained. 

After  the  rising  of  the  moon,  the  condition  of  the  survivors,  as  they  .Survivors 
thought,  rendered  a  longer  delay  imprudent,  so   much  as  to  pay  i^arai^for 
the  last  sad  tribute  of  respect  to  the  dead  ;  and  therefore,  twenty  "^'°'''' 
of  them   leaving  the  fatal  spot,  directed  their  march  towards  the 
fort.     Eight   were  lame  or   full  of  anguish   from  their  wounds ; 
and  all  of  them  having  lost  their  knapsacks  and  provisions  in  the 
morning,  and  taken  no  refreshment  as  mentioned,  were  still  with- 
out food,   blankets,   tents  or  the   means   of  dressing  a   wound. 
When  Farwell,  tlie   lieutenant,  Frye,  the   chaplain,  and  two  sol- 
diers, Davis  and  Jones,  had  travelled   about   a  mile   and   a  half, 
they  sunk  down,   unable  to   go  another  step.     They  however  en- 
couraged the  others  to  proceed,  in  hopes  of  uhimate  relief,  possi- 

*  Penhallow  says  also,  "  tO  were  said  to  be  killed,  and   18  more  died  of 
theif  wounds." 


140  THK  HISTOKY  [VoL.    II. 

AiD.  1725.  bly  from  their  return  and  help;  and  after  reviving,  travelled  to- 
gether at  short  stages  several  days.  At  length,  Frye,  reclining 
upon  the  ground,  said  to  his  friends,  1  shall  never  rise  more  ;-^ 
linger  no  longer  for  me  ; — should  you  by  Divine  favor  ever  ar- 
rive home,  tell  my  father,  though  1  expect  in  a  Jew  hours  to  be  in 
eternity,  I  fear  not  to  die*  Jones,  there  leaving  them,  proceeded 
down  the  river  Saco  to  Biddeford,  subsisting  upon  wild  vegeta- 
bles, cranberries  and  the  inner  bark  of  trees ;  being  on  his  arri- 
val emaciated  to  a  skeleton  from  the  loss  of  blood,  tlie  want  of 
food,  and  the  putrefaction  of  his  wounds.  Farwell,  who  was  de- 
servedly applauded  in  a  high  degree  for  his  heroic  conduct,  being 
left  on  the  tenth  day  by  Davis,  perished  in  the  woods  within  a 
few  miles  of  the  fort ;  Davis  himself  being  the  only  one  of  the 
four,  who  reached  it.  Elias  Barron,  one  of  the  wounded,  was 
lost  about  Ossipee  river,  and  nothing  more  heard  of  him. 

Tiieirsu'"-        '^^  ^^'  ^''^  sui'vivors,  the  night  after  they  left  the  battle  ground, 

(eraigs.  ^gg  altogether  too  dreadful  to  admit  of  an  adequate  description. 
Deprived  of  strength,  rest  and  guides,  they  felt  that  every  step 
they  took  along  the  untrodden  v/ilderness,  was  attended  by  the 
echoing  whoops  of  savages,  and  the  shadows  of  death.  In  the 
morning,  they  divided  into  three  bands,  through  fear  of  making  a 
track  to  be  traced  by  their  inveterate  enemies ;  and  indeed,  one 
party  of  them  was  pursued  a  considerable  distance  by  three  In- 
dians, who  occasionally  showed  themselves.  After  travelling  three 
or  four  days,  a  distance   of  twenty   miles   in  direct  course, f  six-^ 

ihe7ort.  "'  ^^^^  arrived  at  the  fort ;  when,  to  their  great  disappointment, 
they  found  it  deserted.  It  seemed,  that  in  the  beginning  of 
the  action,  the  man  missing,  whose  name  has  not  been  thought 
worthy  to  be  transmitted  to  posterity,  quitted  the  field,  and  flee- 
ing thither,  gave  a  frightful  account  of  the  battle,  stating  that 
Lovewell  and  most  of  his  brave  companions  were  killed,  and  the 
whole  company  defeated.  Believing  the  story,  they  made  the 
best  of  their  way  home.     They  left,  however,  a  quantity  of  bread 


*  He  Avas  the  son  of  Capt.  James  Frye  of  Andover,  The  death  of  this 
*'  amiable  and  promising-  young-  g-entlemun,"  was  the  more  lamented,  be^ 
cause  he  had  with  him  the  journal  of  thcirinarch,  wlijch  was  lost. 

f  As  their  march  was  circuitous,  it  is  slated  b}'  one  account,  that  the  dis- 
tance wa.s  forty  miles  ;  but  by  Dr.  Belknap,  "  about  twenty-two  miles. "-^ 
2  Hist.  JV.  //.  p.  53, 


Chap,  iv.]  of  maine.  141 

and  pork,  which  gave  seasonable  rehef,  and  renovated  spu-its,  to  A.  D.  17:25. 
the  returning  sufferers. 

From  this  place  they  endeavored  to  proceed   homeward  ;    and  a  reimn  of 
after  enduring  the  most  severe  famine  and  hardships,  they  arrived      '^'"*^' 
one  after  another,  at  the  outer  settlements — where  they  met  whh 
every   demonstration  of  joy.     They  were  afterwards  handsomely 
rewarded  for  their  valor  and  sufferings ;  and  a  generous  provision 
was  likewise  made,  for  the  widows  and  children  of  the  slain.* 

Such  were  the  particulars  of  '  Lovewell's  memorable  fight,'  or  Decline  of 
'the  battle  of  Pegwacket ;'  which  broke  the  heart  and  spirit  ofq»es. 
the  Sokokis  natives.  In  a  short  time,  they  withdrew,  and  resided 
no  more  in  those  pleasant  and  ancient  dwelling-places,  till  peace. 
After  this  event,  the  star  of  the  tribe,  pale  and  declining,  gradu- 
ally settled  in  darkness.  Their  fate  and  tlie  fall  of  Norridge- 
wock,  struck  the  surviving  warriors  with  terror  ;  and  the  broken 
Abenaques  shivered  on  the  brink  of  destruction. 

Col.  Tyng  and  Capt.  White,  with  attendants  from   Dunstable,  The  bodies 
subsequently  went  to  the  spot;  and  having  found   the   bodies  of "„,ihilTiaiii 
twelve,  buried  them  at  the  foot  of  an  aged  pine,  and  carved  their  buHed"'°"* 
names  on  the  trees  where  the   battle   was   fought. f     At  a  short 
distance,  they  found  three  Indian  graves  which  they  opened ;  one 
of  the  bodies  being  known,  as  that  of  their  great  warrior  Paugus. 
It  was  perceived  that  the  wounded  savages  had  been  removed  ; 
tracks  of  blood  being  traced  on  the  ground  to  a  great  distance. — 
The  parties  contended  manfully,   and   won   imperishable   glory. 
Again  and  again  has  this  place,  so  distinguished  by  departed  valor, 
been  visited  by  the  stranger,  eager  to  pay  deserved  tribute  to  the 
names  of  those,  who  have  so  richly  added  to  our  revenue  of 
honor. 

It  was  understood,  that  several  of  the  Indians  could  not  repress  chamber- 


their  resentments  at  the  losses  they  had  sustained  j  and  especially  '"[Jll,,' 
the  son  of  Paugus,  was  determined  at  some  future  period  to  sate  ^"'• 

*  Wyman  was  presented  with  a  silver  hilted  sword,  and  a  captain's  com- 
mission ;  Lingfield  was  made  an  ensign;  and  the  General  Court  granted 
£1,500,— to  be  distributed  among  tlie  bereaved  widows  and  children.— 
Fenhallow.^Stra.age  as  it  may  seem,  writers  have  observed,  that  a  week 
before  this  engagement  happened,  it  had  been  reported  in  Portsmouth  at 
the  distance  of  80  miles,  with  little  variation  from  the  truth.— 2  Belknap's 
J\/.  H.  p.  57.  '■ 

f  Bullets  have  been  cut  out  of  the  trees  within  a  few  years. 


Pau. 


142  THE   HISTORY  [VoL.   II. 

A.  D.  1725.  his  vengeance  on  Chamberlain  for  killing  his  father.  By  passing 
two  or  three  days  in  the  neighborhood,  without  any  apparent  bu- 
siness, he  was  suspected  ;  and  Chamberlain  had  a  hint  of  tlie 
probable  design.  Acquainted  with  the  Indian  character,  he 
presently  saw  the  snare,  and  therefore  cut  a  spy-hole  over  his 
outer  door,  through  which  early  on  a  subsequent  morning,  he  dis- 
covered the  Indian  behind  his  wood-pile,  with  his  gun  aimed  di- 
rectly at  the  door. — No  more  was  heard  of  the  savage  ; — possi- 
bly the  same  old  fusee  sent  both  the  father  and  the  son  to  their 
long  account.  Chamberlain  said  he  was  never  to  be  killed  by 
an  Indian.  He  told,  that  once  when  working  at  night  in  a  saw- 
mill, he  suddenly  stooped,  and  an  Indian  fired  over  him  without 
effect,  though  so  near,  that  he  in  return  broke  the  scull  of  the 
savage  with  a  crow-bar.* 
A  more  vig-  The  evcnts  of  this  spring,  and  the  unfavorable  report  of  the 
cuUonofThe  Commissioners,  lately  returned  from  Canada, f  prompted  gov- 
*^^^'  ernment  to  a  more  vigorous   prosecution  of  the  war. J     At  the 

May  session,  the  General  Court  resolved  to  replenish  all  the  eas- 
tern garrisons  with  ammunition  and  provisions  ;  to  offer  volun- 
teers greater  wages, — as  means  of  ensuring  a  full  and  speedy  en- 
listment ;  to  take  into  employ  a  larger  number  of  friendly  or  chris- 
tian Indians  ;  and  to  send  another  expedition  to  Penobscot.  As- 
sistance was  also  to  be  requested  from  the  other  New-England 
colonies  ;  and  complaints  spread  before  the  king  himself  against 
the  government  of  Canada, — on  account  of  the  succours  and  en- 
couragement afforded  the  Indians,  and  the  unpardonable  conduct 
of  the  French,  in  which  they  were  allowed  to  purchase  and 
treat  English  subjects,  as  slaves,  even  in  times  of  national  peace.§ 

■'I'iioughts  of     The  mission  to  Canada  and  the  determinate  spirh  of  the  peo- 
peace 

pie,    were    not  without  good  and  extensive  effects.      Both  the 

French  and  the  Indians  looked  upon  the  course  they  had  taken, 
with  deep  concern.  The  Indian  hostages,  who  had  been  de- 
tained at  Boston  during  the  war,]|  were  extremely  impatient  of 
restraint ;  and  one  of  them  and  a  captive  were  allowed  on  their 
parole  to  visit  their  countrymen.  After  an  absence  of  two 
months  and  upwards,  they  returned,  and  reported,  that  '  the  los- 


*  Rev.  Thomas  Symms'  Hist,  of  the  battle,  p.  18.     f  Ante,  A.  D.  1724. 
I  "This,"  said  Lieut.  Gov.  Dummer,  I  hope  with  a  Divine  blessing,  will 
bring  the  enemy  to  submission  and  equitable  terms." 
^  11  Mass.  Rec.  p.  324.-2  Belk.  N.  H.  p.  64.  ||  Ante,  A.  D.  1721. 


Chap,  iv.]  of  maine.  1 43 

*  ses  the  tribes  met  with,  and  the  daily  terror  they   were  under,  A.  D.  1725. 

'  made  their  lives  miserable  ; — that  they  were  generally  disposed 

'  to  peace  ; — and  that  Indians,  lately  met  at  Penobscot,  had  agreed 

'  to  propose  a  negotiation.'     Promising  to  return   in  twenty-three 

days  with  a  delegation  of  chiefs,   they  were  permitted  again   to 

visit  their  brethren. 

Three  unfortunate  occurrences  happening  at  this  juncture,  had  A  viiia^jeon 

1  ••11  1  r    •  ^•^  T  11   I'oiioliscot 

almost  extmguislied  every  hope  ol  nnmediatc  peace.  it  would  (lestmyed. 
seem,  that  after  Col.  Westbrook  and  his  party,  had  destroyed  '""' 
the  principal  Indian  village  at  Penobscot,  between  two  and  three 
years  since,*  the  French  and  natives  had,  with  a  diligence  un- 
usual for  them,  established  and  built  another,  three  leagues  below^, 
on  the  westerly  bank  of  the  same  river.  It  was  a  pleasant,  ele- 
vated and  well  chosen  site,-]-  a  few  rods  from  the  water,  and 
easily  fortified  by  stockades.  It  was  easier  of  access  from  the 
salt  water  than  the  former  ;  and  was  a  league  above  the  mouth 
of  the  Kenduskeag  stream,  which  an  enemy  could  ford  with  con- 
venience, only  in  times  of  drought.  Hearing  of  this  village,  re- 
puted to  consist  of  six  or  seven  cottages  which  had  cellars  and 
chimnies,  a  chapel,  and  between  40  and  50  wigwams,  Capt.  Jo- 
seph Heath,  commanding  at  fort  Richmond,  proceeded  with  his 
company  in  May,  "  from  Kennebeck  across  the  country  to  Pe- 
nobscot, fell  upon  the  deserted  village  of  about  50  Indian  houses," 
and  committed  them  to  the  flames.  The  Tarratines  who  were 
a  wary  people,  probably  had  some  intimation  of  the  expedition, 
for  the  party  saw  none  of  the  native  inhabitants.!  It  was  a  bold 
enterprize  ;  but  it  being  ascertained  on  their  return  to  the  garrison 
at  St.  George's  river,  that  a  conference  had  been  proposed  by 
the  Indians  ;§  the  particulars  were  never  made  topics  of  any 
considerable  remark.  The  village  destroyed,  situate  on  ^^  Fort- 
Hill,^^  as  the  English  have  always  called  it,  is   supposed   to  have 

=*•  Ante,  A.  D.  1723. 

]  It  is  in  Banjor.  Being-  so  near  Ihe  head  of  the  tide  and  bend  of  the 
river,  above  which  is  quick  water,  it  was  a  resting^  place  and  resort  of  the 
Indians  before  the  village  was  built.  The  appearance  of  Indian  cornfields 
in  the  vicinity  were  apparent,  when  the  ])lace  was  first  visited  by  some  of 
the  oldest  present  s?ttLers,  ]  See  2  Hutch.  Hist.  p.  28G. 

§  ]  1  iMass.  Rec.  p.  396-8. 


\ 

144  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II. 

A. D.  1725. been  the  ancient  jVe^as.*     It  was  never  repaired;   the  Indians 
afterwards  returning  and  reseating  themselves  at  Old-town. 

The  second  occurrence,  June  20th,  reflected  much  dishonor 
upon  the  English  character.  This  was  a  violent  assault  by  a 
scout  from  the  garrison  at  St.  Georges',  upon  a  party  of  Indians 
under  a  flag  of  truce,  bound  to  the  fort.  There  was  for  a  few 
minutes  a  smart  combat  between  them,  in  which  one  of  the 
scout  was  killed  and  another  wounded.  The  best  excuse  which 
could  be  rendered  or  framed  for  this  error,  was  the  honest  jeal- 
ousy, excited  by  repeated  instances  of  savage  treachery. 

Nor  does  the  third  exhibit  a  better  dress  or   appearance.     As 
the  story  is  told — Castine  the  younger  was    in  a  small  bark,   at 
anchor  near  Naskeag  point,    [viz.  the  south-east  point  of  Sedg- 
wick,]  and  had  with  him  on  board,   an  Indian  boy,   perhaps  his 
own  son,  and  an  English  lad,  by  the  name  of  Samuel  Trask,  be- 
longing to  Salem,  whom  he  "  had  redeemed  from  the   Indians." 
Though  he   was   thoughtless  of  evil,   the   moment   the  crew   of 
an  approaching  English  sloop  were  near  enough,  they  fired   upon 
him,  and  obliged  him  and  the  boys  to  quit  the  bark,  and  flee  into 
the  woods  for  the  safety  of  their  lives.     The  master  of  the  sloop, 
now  changing  his  conduct,  and  hoisting  a  w^iite  flag,   called  unto 
him  loudly  to  return  ;  offered  him  a  safe-conduct  in  writing ;  and 
declared,  he  only  desired  to    have  a   free   trade  and  intercourse 
with  him.     Yet  shortly  after  he  had  ventured  to  go  with  the   lads 
on  board  of  the  sloop,  the  master  first  threw  him   a  bag  of  bis- 
cuit, and  then  took  from  him   the  young   captive,   exclaiming, — 
you?-  hark  and  all  it  contains  are  in  fact  lawful  prize,  and  your- 
self might  he  made  a  -prisoner ; — so  you  rnay  noiv  think  yourself 
favored,  to  go  without  molestation  or  further  loss. — This  insult, 
which  was   duly  felt,  was  presently   aggravated  by  one  of  the 
crew,  who  after  going  with  them  ashore,  suddenly  seized  the  In- 
dian boy  and  held  him  fast.      Castine,  perceiving  the   clench  to 
be  violent  and  unprovoked,  shot  the  sailor  dead,  and  escaped  with 
the  boy  into  the  woods. f     The  conduct    of  these   mariners,  was 
a  great  reproach  to  them,  and  in  every  respect,  the  height  of  im- 


*  See  ante,  vol.1,  Chap.  IS,  p.  472-3;  also  ante,  J^larch,  .4.  I).  1723.— 
Some  remains  of  this  villag-e  are  still  apparent.  Neitlier  PcnhaUov^y 
Belknap,  nor  SufUran  mentions  Heath'?  expedition. 

i  I'enhallow's  Indian  War.— 1  Coll.  N.  IT.  Hist.  Soc.  p.  V20, 


Chap,  iv.]  of  Maine.  145 

policy;  for  the  Indians  were  now  entertaining  thoughts  of  peace,  a.d.  1725. 
and  Castine,  who  still  possessed  great  influence  among  them,  had 
more  than  once  attested  his  magnanimity,  by  instances  of  friend- 
ship, and  a  forbearing  spirit  towards  the  English." 

Although  these  events  did  indeed  retard  the   second   return  of  a  conftr- 

7       T     !•  -r»  •  vncc  al  St. 

the  Indian  messengers  to  Boston,  they  at  length  arrived  ;  and  George's 
John  Stoddard,  and  John  Wainwright,  were  appointed  Commis- 
sioners to  treat  with  the  eastern  Indians,  and  settle  the  prelimina- 
ries of  peace.  In  about  a  week  after  their  arrival  at  St.  Georges' 
fort,  July  2,  they  had  a  conference  with  a  body  of  thirteen  July  2. 
chiefs.  The  Commissioners  first  enquired— ^it'Ay  the  Indians  had 
made  ^var  upon  the  settlers^ — '  Because,'  said  tlie  Sagamores, 
'you  have  taken  our  lands  even  so  far  as  Cape-Newagen,   where 

*  you  have  beaten  two  of  our  Indians  to  death.' — JVo,  replied  the 
Commissioners,  we  bought  the  lands,  and  have  your  fathers'* 
deeds,  and  can  sheiv  them. — If  our  men  did  kill  yours,  it  was 
wrong ;  yet  why  did  you  take  the  hatchet,  and  not,  according  to 
treaty,  first  tell  our  government  ?— '  We  now  tell  you,'  added  the 
chiefs,  '  we  are  for  peace,  and  we  propose  to  call  our  young  men 
'from  the  war.' — So  pacific  a  temper  induced  the  appointment 
of  a  meeting  in  Boston,  at  the  end  of  forty  days,  to  settle  and 
sign  the  articles  of  a  treaty. 

In  the  mean  time,  the  garrison  at  North-Yarmouth  was  furi-  other  mis- 
ously  assailed,  though  without  any  fatal  effect.     Also  two  vessels  i,^i*iai/s'! '  ° 
being  seized   by  the  enemy  at  Damariscove,  were  committed  to 
the  flames,  and  the  masters  and   crews,  consisting  of  seven  men 
and  a  boy,  were  carried  to   Sagadahock  and  barbarously  beat  to 
death.     Fortunately,  however,  this  was  among  the  last  efforts  of  ^ 

the  eastern  Indians ;  and  closed  the  scene  of  blood  for  the  pres- 
ent year. 

Early  in  November,  four  eminent  Sagamores  arrived  at  Bos-  Nov.  la 
ton,  in  behalf  of  the  eastern   Indians  '  at   Penobscot,   Norridge-  bassy"at'"' 

•  wock,  St.  John's,  Cape   Sables,  and   other  tribes  within  New-  ^°s'""- 
'  England  and  Nova  Scotia,'  to  negotiate  a  treaty   with   the  gov- 
ernment of  Massachusetts.     In  the  discussion,  which  lasted  more 


*  After  this  we  hear  no  more  of  Castine.— See  ante.,  A.  D.  1726  ;  also  his 
charader,  A.  D.  1113,  ante.  He  was  in  France  in  1722,  [4  Charlevoix  n 
JV.  F.  p.  117 ;]  and  if  is  supposed  he  did  not  live  very  many  years  after  his 
return. 


Vol,.   II.  IS 


146  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II. 

A.  D.  1725.  than  a  month,*  the  House  proposed  to  open  a  trading  house  in 
the  garrison  at  St.  Georges',  and  immediately  replenish  it  with 
articles  necessary  for  the  Indians  to  the  amount  of  £700,  in 
lieu  of  establishing  an  imaginary  boundary  line  due  west  from 
Teconnet  falls  to  Saco,  so  much  insisted  upon  by  the  Sagamores. 
The  delegates  at  last  agreed  to  the  substitute,  provided  the 
supplies  were  full  and  constant,  and  the  trade  fair  and  free. 

JhheTreat*'!  ^  treaty  was  then  concluded,  in  which  the  Indians  engaged  to 
abstain  from  all  further  hostilities  ;  to  maintain  a  firm  and  invio- 
late friendship  with  the  English,  and  never  to  combine  against 
them.  All  captives  on  either  side  were  to  be  set  free  without 
ransom  and  without  delay  ;  and  all  the  estates  and  possessions  of 
the  English  in  the  eastern  country  were  to  be  enjoyed  by  them 
unmolested  ; — the  Indians  reserving  to  themselves  the  lands  and 
liberties,  not  conveyed  to  the  English  nor  possessed  by  them, 
together  with  "  the  privileges  of  fishing,  hunting,  and  fowling,  as 
formerly."  The  whole  trade  and  intercourse  between  the  par- 
ties were  to  be  regulated  by  the  government  of  Massachu- 
setts, and  all  wrongs  sustained  by  either,  were  to  be  redressed  in 
due  course  of  law  and  justice.  If  any  Indians,  engaged  in  the 
late  war,  should  refuse  to  accede  to  this  treaty  and  ratify  it,  the 
chiefs  from  Penobscot  pledged  the  faith  of  the  tribe,  that  their 
young  men  should  join  the  English,  to  bring  the  opposers  into 
submission.  The  delegation,  in  behalf  of  the  tribes  named,  then 
submitted  to  the  English  sovereign,  in  as  full  and  ample  a  manner 
as  their  predecessors  had  done  ;  and  agreed  to  ratify  the  treaty 
at  Falmouth,  in  May  ensuing. 

Signed,  It  was  signed,  December  15,   1725,  by  the  four    Sagamore 

^*^"  '  delegates  ;f  and  has  since  been  denominated  "  Dummer's  Trea- 
ty ;"  than  which,  none  other  ever  made  by  the  parties,  has  been 
more  celebrated  or  lasting. 

These  encouraging  indications  of  a  settled  peace,  induced  the 
General  Court  to  make  provision  without  delay,  for  the  establish- 


*  The  Indians  insisted,  that  the  Eng-lish   should  abandon  Fori  Richmond 

and  the  block-house  at  St.  George But  the  House  utterly  refused  to  leave 

either 12  Jlass.  Rcc.  p.  S8. 

f  Their  names  were  Sauguaara7n,  7l[\r<.  Loron ;  Arczuft ;  Francois  Xa- 
vier ;  and  ^nieaanumba. 


Chap.  iv.J  of  Maine.  147 

inent  of  trading  houses  at  forts  Richmond  and  St.  Georges' ;  and  A.  D.  1726. 
to  discharge  in  January,  most  of  the  troops  from  public  service.  ^[*^''*j'^'*' 

The  conference  appointed  at  Fahnouth,  for  ratifying  the  treaty, 
owing  to  postponement  and  a  refusal  to  meet  the  Sagamores  at 
Pemaquid,  was  not  opened  till  July  30th  :  and  even  at  that  late  day, 
the  Lieutenant-Governors  of  Massachusetts  and  New-Hampshire, 
and  a  delegate  from  the  Nova  Scotia  government, — a  great  num- 
ber of  Councillors  and  Representatives, — "  a  fine  train  of  young 
gentlemen," — and  a  "good  guard,"  had  been  in  waiting  at  Fal- 
mouth nearly  a  fortnight.  About  forty  chiefs  of  the  Indians  then 
appeared  with  Wenemovei,  a  Tarratine  Sagamore,  at  their  head  ; 
who  declared  he  had  full  power  to  act  for  the  "  Canibas  [Nor- 
ridgewocks,]  the  Anasagunticooks,  the  St.  Francois  Indians,  and 
the  Wawenocks ;  having  received  a  letter  and  two  belts  of  wam- 
pum, from  Canada,  as  tokens  of  their  wishes  to  be  included  in 
the  treaty.  Loron  was  their  chief  speaker,  and  the  parleys  were 
renewed  daily,  in  which  the  chiefs  discovered  great  shrewdness, 
wisdom  and  deliberation.  On  Saturday,  they  were  reminded  of 
the  approaching  Lord's  day,  when  no  business  might  be  done. — 
Ay,  said  Loron,  to-morrow  is  our  sabbath  too — we  keep  that 
day. — On  Monday,  their  request  was  earnest,  that  none  of  our 
vessels  in  harbor,  nor  taverns  ashore,  be  permitted  to  sell  their 
young  men  liquors  : — to  which,  Mr.  Dummer  assured  them, 
positive  orders  should  be  given  to  that  effect. 

When  all  the  paragraphs  of  the  treaty  were  deliberately  rehears-  The  raiifi- 

.  r        o     r  J  J  cation  of  the 

ed  and  mterpreted  to  them,  and  the  whole  sufficiently  discussed,  ffaty  at 

•^1-1  -1  J4A  ^  !•  Falmouth. 

It  was  ratihed  m  the  meetmg-house,*  August  6,  sealed  and  signed 
by  William  Dummer,  John  Wentworth,  Paul  Mascerene,  and 
several  Provincial  Councillors ;  and  by  Wenemovet,  "  chief 
Sachem,"  and  twenty-five  others  of  his  associates.f 

*  All  was  "  concluded  with  a  public  dinner." — Smithes  Jour.  p.  14. 

+  This  treaty  is  entire  in  Penhallow^s  Indian  Wars. — 1  Coll.  JV.  H.  Hist. 
Soc.  p.  123,  132  :  and  liere  his  interesting  "  History  of  the  wars  of  New- 
"  England  with  the  eastern  Indians" — terminates.  In  the  Secretary's  office 
at  Boston,  the  treaty  itself  may  be  seen  with  all  the  signatures,  and  the  re- 
spective marks,  or  family  figures  of  the  Indians.  Though  it  is  represent- 
ed that  all  the  chiefs  or  sachems  present,  were  from  Penobscot ;  it  is  pre- 
sumed that  Egeremet  [or  Agareemett,]  one  of  the  signers,  was  from  Pas- 
samaquoddy,  or  Machias  ;  and  that  Francois  Xavier,  another  signer,  lived 


148  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II. 

A.D.  1726.  At  the  close  of  the  interview,  Lieut.  Governor  Dummer  put 
Closing  in-  tJ^gse  enquiries  : — Since  the  Abenaques  are  not  represented,  what 
measures  will  you  take  for  the  safety  of  our  frontiers  ? — Will 
you  lay  your  commands  on  the  other  tribes  to  preserve  the  peace 
entire  ?  and  should  any  hostile  acts  be  committed,  will  you  resent 
such  misdemeanors  ? — Loron  replied,  '  your  people  must  be  care- 

*  ful.  We  shall  make  all  the  Indians  know  of  the  peace.  They 
'  must  keep  it.     Let  any  of  the  tribes  rise  against  your  people   or 

*  ours,  we  shall  make  them  set  dov/n  by  force.  We  understand 
f  vvhat  we  speak,  and  not  one  word  shall  fail.' 

French  take  '^'^^  French  took  great  umbrage  at  this  treaty,  and  determin- 
uinbiatre.  g^j  ^q  pi-Qvent  its  operations.  Captives  taken  from  the  h-ontiers 
had  been  sold  to  them  for  trifles, — then  large  ransom  demand- 
ed and  paid,  and  plunder  was  made  merchandize  in  Canada. 
In  short,  the  French  were  the  only  gainers  by  these  Indian  wars  ; 
and  the  Governor  of  Canada,  availing  himself  of  the  first  op- 
portunity, met  '  the  chiefs  of  the  eastern  Indians'  from  "nine 
castles"*  or  encampments,  and  told  those  who  stood  up  in  favor 
of  the  treaty,  he  would  call  away  from  their  habitations  all  the 
missionaries  ;-^they  never  should  have  any  more  presents  from 
his  royal  master,  nor  any  further  assistance  or  protection  from 
his  Governor,  But  he  made  the  others  a  present  of  800  lbs.  of 
powder,  and  said,  he  had  orders  from  his  master  to  furnish 
them  with  what  they  needed  to  prosecute  the  war ;  adding,  that 
'^  four  parties  had  lately  gone  out  against  New-England." 
Conriudin''  1'^^*^  ^'^"''^^  °^'  ^^^'^  poUcy  Were  soon  manifest  in  different  places, 
instances  of  Q^g  j^j^i^  Baptiste,  his  SOU,  and  three  Indians,  undertaking,  in  Au- 

puiiiige.  "  r  '  '  ,  . 

gust,  to  seize  a  Plymouth  fisherman,  in  a  harbor  of  Nova-Scotia, 
were  overcome,  carried  to  Boston,  tried  for  piracy,  condemned, 
and  executed.  Two  families  were  assaulted  in  October,  at  Ken- 
nebunk  river,  a  mile  below  the  present  post  road  ;  where  Mrs. 
Baxter  and  her  child  were  killed  ;  and  John  Durrell  and  several 
other  persons  were  carried  into  captivity.  Philip  Durrell  and  his 
son  went  into  the  field,  about  two  hours  before  sunset,  leaving  at 
home  a  family  of  four  persons.     Returning  at  twilight,  he  found 


at  St.  John's.  For  the  three  Etechemin  tj-ibes,  viz.  the  Tarratincs,  the 
Openang-os  and  the  Mgtrechites,  ajways  acted  in  concert.-r^ee  ante,  r.knp. 
19,  vol.  I. 

*  See  Rev.  Dr.  B.  Cohnan's  Letter.— 6  Coll.  Mass.  flist.  Soc.  p.  112. 


Chap,  iv.]  of  Maine.  1 49 

they  were  all  gone,  his  house  rifled  and  on  fire.*     It  was  after-  A.  D.  1726. 
wards  ascertained,   these  outrages   were  committed   by  savages 
from  St.  Francois,  and  Becancourt,  who  were  uniformly  under  the 
influence  of  the  Canadian  Governor. 

In  the  frequent  correspondence,  which  Mr.  Dummer  was  hold- '{ 1,^  ga^.j. 
ing  with  the  eastern  Sagamores,  they  gave  him  the  fullest  assur-  nJo[^^^,|^g'" 
ances  of  their  determination  to  preserve  and  perpetuate  the  peace.  ^"^^^^- 
— Ahanquid  wrote — that  seven  Indians  had   visited   his  tribe,  to  ^[,3^,  ,^j , 

move  them  to  renew  the  war,  but,  said  he,  we  have  refused. 

Egeremet  told  Capt.  Heath,  that  when  the  chief  men  of  his  tribe  Egercmet, 
returned  from  hunting,  he  would  find  out  what  Indians  had  been 
guilty  of  the  late  wicked  actions.-— Wenunganet  wrote  thus  from  net.  " 
St.  George  to  Mr.  Dummer : — "We  look  upon  such  Indians  as 
"  much  our  enemies  as  yours,  and  think  ourselves  as  much  in 
"  danger  from  them  as  any  of  your  people  do.  We  are  resolved 
"  to  have  satisfaction,  for  the  wrong  done." — Morcus,  the  chief., 

^  '  ^  '  (VIoicus. 

Sagamore  at  Kennebeck,  told  Capt.  Giles,  he  had  sent  by  Cana^ 

vas  to  the  Anasagunticooks  and  those  tribes — not  to  hurt  the  En^ 

glish,  for  he  had  received  from  them  great  kindness.      Yes,  said 

he,  and  I  will  stand  by  the  peace  so  long  as  God  gives  me  breath, 

— Loron  wrote  to  Mr.  Dummer  ; — '  Never  let  the  trading  houses  Loron. 

'  deal  in  much  rum.     It  wastes  the  health  of  our  young  men.    It 

'  unfits  them  to  attend  prayers.     It  makes  them  carry  ill  both   to 

*  your  people  and  their  own  brethren.     This  is   the  mind  of  our 

'  chief  men,     I  salute  you,  great  Governor,  and  am  your   good 

'  friend.' — Wivurna,  another  Sachem,  who  had  been  a  brave  and  Wi^'T'ia'a 

letter,  Oc{. 

bloody  warrior,  possessed  a  soul  alive  to  true  honor  and  great'-  "'• 
ness  ;  being  himself  softened  and  charmed  by  a  spirit  of  firmness 
and  justice  witnessed  in  Mr.  Dunmier,  His  letter  to  the  Lieut. 
Governor,  October  IGth,  is,  for  its  good  sense  and  peculiar  Indian 
style,  worthy  to  be  transcribed,-— i^ro^Aer — "  I  am  fully  satisfied ; 
"  for  all  the  blood,  that  before  lay  boiling  in  my  breast,  is  flow- 
''  ed  away.  Now  I  much  labor  for  peace  in  our  land.  Should 
"  any  windy  clouds  arise,  I  would  make  haste  to  inform  you, — 
"  that  they  might  do  us  no  harm.  In  three  things  you  make  my 
"  heart  glad.  My  grandson,  that  was  dead,  is  alive  and  returned 
-"  to  me  safe.  Canavas,  that  was  taken,  comes  home  well ; — he 
"  is  encouraged  to  do  good  service.     Your  kindness   to  me  and 


*  Doctor  Coleman's  letter Sullivan,  p.  230. 


150  THE  HISTORV  [VoL.  11. 

A.D.  1726.  "  my  people,  I  am  thankful  for.  I  am  now  old  and  gray-headed ; 
"  — T  have  seen  many  good  gentlemen,  English,  French,  and  In- 
"  dians, — and  many  of  them  are  dead.  But  of  all,  I  have  not 
"  found  like  Governor  Dummer,  for  steadfastness  and  justice.  If  I 
"  were  a  Sagamore  and  young,  the  first  thing  I  did,  should  he  to 
"  see  you.  But  as  1  am  old  and  not  able  to  travel,  I  heartily  salute 
"  you,  my  good  friend.     Farewell.  Wivurna." 

The  Indians      The  Commencement  of  winter  closed  the  hostile  movements  of 

losses 

the  Indians.  Their  courage,  their  humanity,  and  their  other 
military  virtues,  had  not  appeared  in  either  of  the  wars  to  better 
advantage.  Their  hardships  and  sufferings  had  been  great  and 
numerous.  It  is  true  there  are  many  instances  in  which  they  had 
acquired  to  themselves  glory,  yet  it  is  certain,  the  fortune  of  war, 
especially  in  the  sequel,  had  greatly  turned  against  them.  Two 
villages  on  the  Penobscot  had  been  laid  in  ashes ;  the  fate  of 
Norridgewock  and  Pegwacket  was  memorable ;  and  a  cotem- 
porary  writer  of  reputation,  Mr.  Penhallow,  in  his  review  of  the 
four  Abenaques  tribes,  supposes,  "  that  one  third  of  them  had 
been  destroyed  in  this  war."  They  made  no  figure,  nor  took 
much  part  in  the  treaty ; — the  Etechemin  tribes,  especially  the 
Tarratines  taking  the  lead,  and  assuming  a  paramount  control. 

In  maintaining  the  war,  the  principal  pecuniary  disbursements 
were  made  by  the  Province  of  Massachusetts  bay.  New-Hamp- 
shire had  contributed  according  to  her  ability ;  though  the  de- 
mands upon  her  were  not  so  frequent  and  great ;  nor  did  she  suf- 
fer so  much,  as  in  former  wars.  This  was  owing  partly  to  the 
more  extended  frontiers  of  Massachusetts  and  Maine ;  and  partly 
to  the  more  successful  stand  everywhere  made  against  the  com- 
mon enemy.  The  whole  charge  of  the  war,  according  to  Mr, 
Penhallow,  has  been  estimated  to  exceed  £170,000;  besides 
watches  and  wards,  the  erection  and  repairs  of  garrisons  and 
block-houses,  which  in  the  aggregate  have  been  computed  at 
£75,000.  A  disproportion  of  the  latter  sum  was  evidently  borne 
by  the  people  of  Maine. 

In  surveying  the  forts,  the  towns  and  the  settlements,  which  had 
been  able  generally  to  defend  themselves ;  and  the  brilliant  suc- 
cesses which  attended  the  return  of  our  military  men  from  the 
field,  we  may  well  congratulate  the  heroic  enterprize  of  the  people 
and  anticipate  a  lasting  peace.     Our  militia  was  at  this  period 


Chap,  iv.]  of  Maine.  151 

completely  tfained  for  active  service  ;  every  man  of  forty,  having  A.  D.  1726. 
seen  more  than  twenty  years  of  war.  They  had  been  familiar 
with  firearms  from  their  boyhood ;  and  a  great  proportion  of 
them  were  practical  marksmen,  and  skilful  hunters.  They  were 
extensively  acquainted  with  the  warfare  and  the  lurking  places 
of  the  savages ;  and  they  imbibed  from  early  life  a  strong  antip- 
athy towards  them,  which  was  strengthened  by  their  multiplied 
acts  of  bloodshed  and  cruelty. 

The  whole  number  in  Maine,  of  those  killed,  mortally  wounded, 
and  carried  into  captivity  in  the  course  of  the  war,  including  inhab-  Losses, 
itants,  soldiers,  and  seamen,  is  supposed  to  have  been  about  200  ; 
though  an  accurate  enumeration  cannot  be  made.  About  a  third 
part  of  them  were  at  different  times  made  prisoners ;  and  many 
were  carried  to  Canada  and  sold  to  the  French.  By  the  terms 
of  the  treaty,  they  were  to  be  released  without  ransom  ;  yet  some 
died,  and  others  found  the  period  long,  before  they  were  permit- 
ted or  enabled  to  return. 


152  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  U. 


CHAPTER  V. 

Dwnmer's    administration — Three    truck-houses — Indian    trade — ' 
Recovery  of  captives — An  Earthquake — Committee  of  claims — 
New  tier  of  towns  proposed —  York  and  Falmouth — Education — 
Brunswick  resettled — Gov.  Burnet  arrives — Salary   question  re- 
vived— Eastern    Councillors — Governor's     death — State    of    the 
eastern  country — Sagadahock — Its  revolutions — David  Dunbar 
- — Surveyor   grneral   of  the  woods — His  order  for  possession  of 
Sagadahock — Repairs  the  fort  at  Pemaquid,   and   calls  it   Fort 
Frederick- — Surveys  three  townships — His  other  measures — Gov. 
Belcher  arrives — His  policy,  and   the  grants   to  him — Dunbar's 
arbitrary  acts — Complaints   and    report  against  him — Bounda- 
ries between  New-Hampshire  and  Maine. —  Treaty  tvith  the  In-- 
dians  confirmed — Governor's  view  of  the  eastern   country — Dun- 
bar's removal  ordered — Jurisdiction  of  Sagadahock  territory  re- 
sumed by  Massachusetts — Dunbar's  employment   and  residence — 
Returns  to    England — Resigns    the   surveyorship    of  the   royal 
tcoods-^Goes  to  St.  Helena. 
A.  D.1725.      At  the  dose  of  the  war,  it  was  apparent,   that  the  settlement 
Dummer's    and  prosperity  of  the   eastern  country,  must  depend  essentially 
Tio™"'^'"'  "PO'^  ^  perpetuation  of  peace  with    the  Indians.      Mr.  Dummer, 
the  Lieutenant-Governor,  whose   discreet  management  had   ac- 
quired their  confidence,  was  endeavoring  to  secure  their   friend- 
ship and  favor,  by  consulting  their  wishes,  and  holding  a  friendly 
correspondence  with  their  principal   Sagamores.      He   has  been 
applauded  by  Douglass,*  as  an  able  man,  and  a  wise  and  watch- 
ful magistrate.     His  administration,  after  the  departure   of  Gov. 
Shute,  was,  in    general,  acceptable  to  the  people  ;  the   General 
Court  made  him  liberal  grants  for  his  official  services,   and   very 
seldom  shewed  an  aversion  to  his   measures.      Two   acts,  while 
he  was  in  the  chair,  are  worthy  to   be  mentioned.      One  was  a 
statute  passed,   in    1724,   to  prevent  expenses   at  funerals; — the 


*  1  Doug.  Summ.  p.  479. — Dummer's  '' g-ood  management   in  the  Indian' 
"war,  will  perpetuate  his  memory  ^vith  all  true  lovers  of  New-England." 


Chap,  v.]  of  maine.  153 

other  was  the  executive  sanction  he    gave,  the  next  j^ear,  to   an  A.  D.  1725, 
application  made  to  the  Legislature  for  an  ecclesiastical   Synod.* 
It  was  opposed  by  the   episcopalians,  and  severely  censured   by 
the  English  ministry ;  hence  the  proposition  was  never  after  re- 


vived. 


As  soon  as  peace  was  settled,  the  establishment  of  eastern  Truck 
truck  or  trading  houses,  for  the  accommodation  01  the  natives, 
received  the  early  attention  of  the  Lieutenant-Governor  and  the 
Legislature.  These  were  contemplated  by  the  treaty,  and  might 
be  the  means,  if  judiciously  managed,  of  confirming  the  peace. 
They  would  be  places  to  which  the  Indian  hunters  and  their  fam- 
ilies would  frequently  resort ;  and  a  free  intercourse  with  them 
being  opened,  the  temper  and  movements  of  the  tribes  might  be 
at  any  time  ascertained.  If  commodities,  such  as  they  needed,  ■ 
were  furnished,  of  a  good  quality,  and  offered  at  fair  prices,  in 
a  barter  for  their  furs  and  peltry,  their  confidence  might  evident- 
ly be  secured,  and  an  intimacy  contracted ;  by  means  of  which, 
connected  with  presents,  courteous  language,  and  kind  treatment, 
their  malevolence  and  jealousies  would  be  abated,  if  not  en- 
tirely subdued. 

The  experiment  was  tried.     Two  trading  houses  were   imme-  Established 
diately  established,  one  at  Fort  St.  George,  and  one  at  Fort  Rich-  nionci^  St. 
mond  ;  and  in  a  couple  of  years,  a  third  was   established   at  fort  aifcTtfaTO. 
Mary,    near   Winter-harbor,  where   it  was   continued  for  seven 
years. f     The  keepers  of  these   houses,  called   "  truck-masters," 


'^  2  Hutch.  Hist.  p.  291-2. — '' Synods  had  been  frequent  under  fhe  first 
charier." 

f  Capt.  James  Vv'oodside  was  the  first  truck-master,  and  superintendent 
of  Fort  Mary,  and  the  trading  house  at  Saco.  But  as,  it  had  fallen  into 
decay,  the  General  Court,  1727-8,  ordered  it  renewed  8  or  9  miles  above 
the  old  stone  fort,  on  the  west  side  of  Saco  river,  and  a  building-,  55  b}-^  27 
feet,  and  9  fi^et  posts,  to  be  erected  of  square  pine  timber,  9  inches  thick, 
together  with  a  store-house  for  safely  keeping  the  goods.  The  spot  se- 
lected was  100  rods  below  Union  Falls  in  the  present  town  of  Holiis.  A 
sergeant,  with  a  guard  of  ten  men,  was  stationed  there  for  the  protection 
of  trade ;  the  treasurer  of  the  Province  was  directed  to  supply  it  with 
goods  to  the  amount  of  £800  ;  and  Capt.  Thomas  Smith  of  Boston,  father 
of  the  minister  at  Falmouth,  was  appointed  truck-master,  as  early  as  1737, 
with  an  annual  salary  of  £l20.  A  Chaplain  was  also  appointed,  who  prob- 
ably visited  other  trading  houses,  and  preached  to  the  settlers. — FoIsmu, 
p.  223. 

Vol..  II.  20 


154  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.    II, 

A.  D.  1726.  were  annually  chosen  by  the  General  Court,* — special  regard 
being  had  in  the  selection,  to  men  of  the  greatest  probity,  pa- 
tience and  discretion  ;  whose  characters  and  manners  were  like- 
wise acceptable  to  the  natives.  The  situation  was  in  a  few  years, 
so  desirable,  that  it  was  sought  by  men  of  distinguished  reputa- 
tion and  influence.  Articles,  j)rincipally  necessaries,  with  a  few 
gewgaws,  were,  to  the  amount  of  £1,000  or  £1,500,  purchased 
every  year  in  Boston,  at  wholesale  prices,  and  transported  to 
each  trading  house  in  proportions,  correspondent  to  the  several 

The  Hade  demands.  These,  the  truck-masters  were  instructed  to  sell,  at 
an  advance  upon  the  prime  cost,  sufficient  only  to  cover  the 
freight  and  waste.  Nay,  sometimes  in  the  retail  of  molasses,  su- 
gar, rum,  corn,  meal,  bread  and  tobacco,  the  government  allowed 
them  ten  per  cent,  for  waste,  and  sustained  a  loss  in  the  articles, 
whenever  they  fell  at  the  trading  houses,  below  the  price  of  pur- 
chase. A  full  value  was  paid  the  Indians  for  their  furs  and 
skins ;  presents  were  frequently  made  them ;  and  when  they 
were  employed  to  obtain  information,  carry  intelligence,  or  do 
other  service,  they  were  liberally  rewarded.  In  the  absence  of 
the  saniips,  or  husbands, — whole  families  were  sometimes  kept 
from  starving  ;  and  the  truck-masters  were  authorized  by  advice 
of  the  commanding  officers  at  the  forts,  occasionally  to  entertain 
and  treat  the  Indians  in  the  name  of  the  government  and  at  the 
public  charge. f 

Upon  the  whole,  however,  the  trade  was  a  tax  upon  the  Pro- 

Theregiila-  ^  '  .        ^  . 

lions.  vince  J  the  advance  upon  the  furs  purchased,  being  altogether  in- 

adequate to  the  gratuities,  the  stipends  to  the  truck-masters,  and 
the  expenses  of  maintaining  a  small  garrison  at  each  trading  house. 
Still  the  loss  was  cheerfully  borne,  when  it  was  found  that  the 
good  effects  of  the  establishments  were  fully  equal  to  anticipation. 
The  tranquillity  of  the  Indians  became  settled.  Finding  they 
could  purchase  commodities  there,  better  and  cheaper  than  in 
Canada,  they  were  satisfied  ;  and  hence  those  of  the  Abenaques 


*  At  St.  Georges, — those  in  succession,  were  Thomas  Smith,  John  Jfoyesy 
Jahcz  Bradbury.  At  fort  Richmond,  Joseph  Heath,  Edward  Shove,  John 
OultQn.     At  Saco  fort,  Thomas  Smith,  and  Ammi  R.  Cidter. 

f  12  Jiaw.  i^cr.  p.  88-197-512. — Note.— JcrcmiaA  Allen,  JCav/.  of  Bos- 
ton, was  treasurer  of  the  Indian  truck-trade  ;  and  in  one  year  belween 
Maj',  1731,  and  1732,  balance  in  his  hands  due  government,  was  £11,953 
2.V.  Or/.  ,'  the  next  year,  £lO,.''>56.  S*.  9f/.-  4  J/rts5.  Eec.  p.  -173. 


Chap,  v.]  of  Maine.  155 

tribes  that  remained,  presently  returned  to  the  former  places  of  AD.  1726. 
their  abode  ;  being  in  this  way  drawn  from  the  neighborhood  of 
the  French,  and  rendered  less  liable  to  their  instigations.  In  reg- 
ulating the  soldiery  at  these  '  truck  houses  and  garrisons,'  the 
General  Court,  by  a  statute  of  1730,  ordered  ever)'-  officer  to  be 
cashiered  and  fined,  who  should  sign  a  false  muster  roll,  or  certify 
untruly  a  soldier's  service  or  dues.* 

After  the  Indians  returned  from  hunting  in  the  spring  of  1 727,  A.  Di  1727. 
the  chiefs  of  the  Canibas,  Waw^enock,  and  Anasaeunticook  tribes, '^''^"■^^'7 

'  '  ~  '  connrmed. 

addressed  a  letter  to  the  Lieutenant-Governor,  by  which  they  as- 
sured him  of  their  desires  to  accede  to  the  late  treaty.  Nothing 
could  have  given  stronger  indications  of  a  settled  peace ;  and  ac- 
cording to  their  wishes,  he  and  a  large  number  of  gentlemen  met 
about  100  Indians  at  Falmouth,  July  11,  where  the  treaty  was 
solemnly  confirmed,  with  an  additional  article,  stipulating,  '  that  the 
'Indians  should  join  50  of  their  men  with  150  of  the  English,  or 
'  in  that  ratio,  to  subdue  any  refractory  Indians  who  might  attempt 
'  to  disturb  the  peace.'  Greater  confidence  was  given  to  the  force 
and  effect  of  the  treaty,  by  a  general  pacification  about  this  time 
among  the  rival  powers  in  Europe  5  the  colonies  and  tribes  on 
this  side  of  the  water  having  been  partakers  in  all  their  later  wars. 

On  this  joyful  return  of  peace,  there  was  an  anxious  desire   to  .    .  •    , 

J    •'  I  '  A  mission  to 

greet  a  speedy  return  also  of  the  unhappy  English  captives  scat-  ^*^°^®^ 
tered,  as  it  was  said,  throughout  Canada.  To  procure  their  re-  captives. 
lease,  therefore,  Mr.  Joseph  Kellogg  and  seven  attendants  with 
two  Indian  pilots,  were  appointed  early  in  1728,  to  visit  Quebec, 
Montreal,  St.  Francois  and  Trois  Revieres.  It  was  a  difficult 
duty  ;  and  to  encourage  them  in  their  mission,  several  Indian 
captives,  the  property  of  individuals,  were  ransomed  at  the  public 
expense,  and  despatched  in  company  with  the  agents.  At  this 
period,  nothing  was  left  untried,  to  keep  the  Indians  quiet,  and 
to  secure  their  good  will.  Special  presents,  worth  between  30 
and  £40,  were  transmitted  to  the  chiefs  at  Penobscot ;  and  it  was 
proposed  to  send  two  well  educated,  prudent  and  exemplary  men 
among  the  eastern  tribes,  to  instruct  their  youth  and  strengthen 
their  friendship. f 

On  the  29th  of  October,  was  the  shock  of  an  earthquake,  <^ct.  29. 

'■  An  earth- 

which  rendered  the  year  memorable,  and  which  we  would  not  quake. 


*  An.  Charters,  p.  481.— 13  Mass.  Rcc.  p.  280.         j  13  Mass.  Rec.  20. 


]56  'I'liJ^'  HISTORY  [Vol.  ii. 

A.  D.  1727.  fail  to  notice.  It  commenced  40  minutes  after  ten  at  night,  when 
the  weather  was  clear,  the  sky  serene,  and  the  air  cold.  The 
first  noise  heard  resembled  the  rattling  of  stagecoaches,  driven 
speedily  upon  pavements,  and  lasted  half  a  minute  before  the 
shock  was  actually  felt.  In  the  midst  of  it,  the  tops  of  chimnies 
and  stone-walls  were  thrown  down  ;  doors  were  forced  open  ; 
and  people  found  it  difficult  to  stand  unsupported.  Seamen  upon 
the  coast  supposed  their  vessels  grated  over  shoals  of  gravel.  Its 
course  was  Irom  north-west  to  south-east;  gradual  in  its  progress 
and  egress  ;  and  extending  from  the  Delaware  to  the  Kennebeck. 
Its  whole  duration  was  about  two  minutes.  The  uncommon 
alarm  was  not  without  its  moral  benefits,  exciting  in  many  places 
repentance  and  reform." 

Commiiiee        I'^  ^'^^  present  and  tv,o  succeeding  years,  various  measures  were 

oi  claims,  i-esumed  to  revive  and  resettle  this  eastern  country,  so  often 
doomed  to  the  fatalities  of  bloody  and  destructive  wars.  A  new 
Committee  of  Claims  were  appointed  ;  who  were  directed  to 
hold  meetings  at  Falmouth,  receive  all  evidences  of  title  and 
claim  to  lands,  which  might  be  presented,  and  especially  use  all 
means  practicable,  to  shew  and  satisfy  the  Indians,  how  far  they 
had   made  fair  and  valid  conveyances  to  the  English. f 

The  boundary  line  on  each  side  of  New-Hamp.shire  was   agi- 

Wcstcrn  •'  . 

'''"^  "''        tated  ;  and  that  Province,  feeling  unable  to  cope  with  IMassachu- 

IMaiiie.  '  r  1     •  1        1  • 

setts  in  settling  so  important  a  question,  referred  it  to  the  king, 
refusing  to  join  in  the  appointment  of  commissioners  upon  the 
subject.  Apprehensive  it  would  be  of  no  avail  to  press  the 
measure,  still  disposed  to  encourage  settlements,  Massachusetts 
proposed  to  send  a  skilful  surveyor,  and  ten  men  on  a  ranging  tour, 
the  distance  of  100  milesj  from  Quampeagan,  in  direction  of  the 
dividing  line  between  New-Hampshire  and  Maine ;  and  thence 
north-eastwardly  to  the  river  Kennebeck.  Returning  by  way  of 
fort  Richmond,  d)ey  were  to  make  report  of   facts   and  observa- 

*"  A  general  revival  of  relig-ioii  look  place— 40  out  of  121  were  the 
«' fruits  of  it  ill  the  Rev  Mr.  Emerson's  parish  in  Portsmouth."— S»ij7/i'5 
Journal,  jy.  IS.— 2  Ihilchinsori's  Hist.  2()5.  Till  this,  "there  had  been  no 
"  very  violent  shocks  of  earthquakes  in  tlia  memory  of  any  then  living-.'' 
—2  Holmes"  A.  Jfnn.  p.  119. 

I  12  JIass.  Rec.  p  !38. — The  Commillcc  were  William  Tailer,  Jolin  Tur- 
ner and  5  others. 

I  13  Jtass.  Rec.  p.  40. — i.  c.  "  North-west  103  miles  from  Quampeagan." 


Chap,  v.]  of  maine.  157 

tions.     Mr.    Haven  was   appointed  surveyor;    yet  through  fear  A. U.  1727. 
the  movement  might  displease  New-Hampshire   and    disturb   the 
Abenaques  tribes,  it  was  postponed.* 

Next,  we  find  it  proposed  to  survey  a  back  tier,  or  second  line  a  new  tier 

.  ol  townships 

of  townships  from  Salmon-falls  river  to  the  Androscoggm,  and  from  i3er- 
ofler  them  to  settlers  upon  most  favorable  terms.  The  soil  be-  sumpscot 
longed  to  the  Province  by  purchase  ;  the  inhabitants  ni  the  new '"'"'' 
range  would  be  a  I)arrier  to  the  old  towns  on  the  seaboard  in  case 
of  another  rupture  with  the  Indians  ;  and  therefore  plausible 
'  pretences  were  encouraged  and  even  sought  for,  to  promote 
'  the  claims  and  applications  for  lands.'  The  descendants  of 
officers  and  soldiers  employed  in  expeditions  against  the  Narra- 
gansett  Indians  in  King  Philip's  war,  and  in  the  campaigns  against 
Canada,  and  Nova-Scotia,  the  preceding  century,  and  also  the  suf- 
ferers in  later  wars,  were  all  admitted  to  notice  ;  and  many  who  had 
acquired  some  knowledge  of  the  country,  while  in  the  public  ser- 
vice, manifested  an  enthusiastic  desire  to  make  it  the  place  of  their 
future  residence. f  Yet  the  lands  upon  the  seacoast,  eastward  of 
Georgetown,  were  either  inhabited  or  appropriated  ;  and  it  was 
urged,  that  should  no  considerable  facilities  be  offered  to  emi- 
grants and  settlers,  they  would  go  to  other  places.  So  far  too  as 
the  proposition  had  respect  to  old  soldiers,  or  their  posterity, 
it  carried  with  it  the  appearance  of  gratitude  ;  and  a  Committee 
was  directed  to  lay  out  a  second  tier  of  townships,  which  should 
be  severally  six  miles  square,  and  extend  from  Berwick  to  Pre- 
sumpscot. 

No  measure  could  afford  the  older  towns  more  gratification.  The  old 
For  nearly  a  century,  they  had  stood  in  single  file  between  the 
ocean  and  the  woods,  and  never  were  a  people's  prudential  and 
heroic  virtues  put  to  severer  test.  In  the  late  war,  Kittery,  York, 
Wells  and  Berwick,  were  represented  every  year  in  the  General 
Court ;  and  Falmouth,  three  years,  including  that  of  peace. 
They  were  severally  supporting  settled  ministers,  distinguished 
for  their  talents,  piety  and  learning,!  besides  maintaining  common 


*  12  Mass.  Rec.  p.  2o8.— 6  Coll.  Mass.  Hist.  Soc.  p.  108—110. 

-f  Smii:h''s  Jour.  p.  17. — "  People   are   constantly    flocking'  down  here  to 

petition  for  lots." 

I  In   York,   Rev.   Samuel  Moody,  graduated,  1G97,  died,    1747,  iEt.  72. 
"     Kittery,  "      John  Newmarch,         "  1690,       "      1754. 

"     Wells,      «      SamuelJefierds,  "  1722,       "      1752,    "    4S. 


15S 

A.D.  1727, 
to  1728. 

York  and 
Falmoutli 
chief  towns 


(?oniinfrce 
and  aft'airs 
of  Fal- 
/noulh. 


THE  HISTORY 


[Vol.  II. 


The  minis- 
<ry  and 
•common 
■schools  in 
JVlaine. 


schools  and  private  garrisons.  Tlie  towns  assuming  a  preemin- 
ence at  this  period,  were  York  and  Fahiiouth.  One  was  the 
shire  town  and  seat  of  Justice,  where  all  the  public  records  were 
kept ;  and  the  other  a  place  of  great  resort  and  considerable 
commerce.  At  a  time,  in  1727,  thirty  vessels  were  seen  in  the 
harbor  of  Falmouth,  besides  several  standing  upon  the  stocks  ; 
and,  within  a  preceding  twelve  month,  there  were  enumerated  in 
that  town,  64  famiHes  ;  which  in  the  course  of  two  years,  in- 
creased to  100  or  more.  Men  were  admitted  inhabitants  in 
town-meeting,  on  payment  of  £10.  All  the  land  lying  on  the 
water  in  Purpooduck,  and  30  lots  on  the  peninsula,  were  survey- 
ed, located  and  assigned ;  a  saw  and  a  grist-mill  in  the  neigh- 
borhood were  in  motion  ;  a  meeting-house  finished  ;  and  March 
8th,  the  same  year,  (1727,)  Rev.  Thomas  Smith  was  settled.* 
The  town  books  having,  in  some  of  the  Indian  wars,  been  either 
destroyed  or  carried  to  Canada,  the  General  Court,  upon  petition, 
ordered  the  counterpart  or  copy  of  the  original  confirmation 
made  by  President  Danforth,  July  26,  1684,  to  Edward  Tyng 
and  others  in  trust,  to  be  recorded  in  the  secretary's  office  of  the 
Province,  and  in  the  registry  of  deeds  at  York. 

In  laying  the  foundations  of  a  rising  community,  the  men  of 
this  age  are  entitled  to  the  highest  considerations  for  the  interest 
at  all  times  taken  by  them,  in  the  settlement  of  a  pious  ministry, 
and  the  support  of  common  schools.  These  they  placed  in  the 
same  grade  with  hberty,  safety  and  the  supports  of  life.  In 
1727,  Mr.  William  Thompson  was  settled  at  Scarborough;  and 
in  1730,  Mr.  Samuel  Willard,  at  Biddeford  ;  Mr.  Thomas  Pren- 
tice, at  Arundel ;  and  U\\  Ammi  R.  Cutter,  at  North-Yarmouth. f 
All  the  lands  in  several  of  these  towns  were  taxed  expressly  for 
the  support  of  their  schools.  Even  the  Province  itself,  contributed 
towards  the  salary  of  two  or  three  ministers ;  and  once,  the  in- 
habitants of  Kittery  received  from  the  public  treasury   £400  to 

la  Falmouth,  Rev.  Thomas  Sinilh,  graduated,  1720,  died,  1795,  JE.L  93. 
"2  P.  York,"      Joseph  Moody,  "         1718,       "       ]753,     "    53. 

"     Berwick,"      Jeremiah  Wise,  "         170J,       "      175C,    "    74. 

"     Biddeford,"    Samuel  Willard,  "         1723,       '•      1741, 

Grecnleaps  Ecclesiastical  Sketches,  p.    11-21-56.— 10  Coll.   JL  Hist.  Soc. 
270.  *  Smith's  Journal,  p.  17-20. 

+  Town  privileges  were  not  fully  allowed  to  North-Yarmouth,  till  Janu- 
ary, 1732.  It  had  been  only  a  "  propriety  ;"— 14  JIass.  Rcc.  p.  237—267, 
286,  353,  472.     Mr.  Prentice  graduated  at  Harvard  College,  1726. 


Chap,  v.]  of  Maine.  I59 

assist  them  in  re-building  their  meeting-house  ;*  the  former  being  a,d.  1727, 
laid  in  ashes  by  lightning. 

Fort  George  was  repaired ;  and  Brunsivick  was  among  the  r>iiiHs\vick 
first  places  re-peopled  after  the  war.  In  1730,  a  chaplain  was 
allowed  at  this  garrison  ;  and  it  was  in  this  place,  where  Sabbat- 
ist,  the  Anasagunticook  Sagamore,  requested  government  to  keep 
some  supplies  :  for,  said  he,  in  "  cold  winters  and  deep  snows,  my 
Indians,  unable  to  go  to  Fort  Richmond,  sometimes  suffer." — The 
government,  always  in  such  instances  cheerfully  administered 
relief;  and  the  tribe  remained  quiet,  though  constantly  viewed 
with  distrust.  The  settlements  in  this  section  advanced  slowly. 
Harpswell  was  a  precinct  of  North-Yarmouth,  twenty  years.  In 
"  1730,  and  not  before,  some  ventured  to  set  down  in  Topsham  ;" 
yet  there  were,  "in  1750  only  eighteen  families  in  the  place — 
seventeen  of  whom  were  Scottish  Hibernians,  and  all  protes- 
tants.f  In  Georgetown  the  greater  part  of  the  people  were  ^^'^'^■''"' 
presbyterians ; — there  were  in  Falmouth  a  few  episcopalians  ; 
otherwise  the  inhabitants  in  Maine  were  devoted  to  the  congrega- 
tional order. 

On  the  accession  of  George  II.  a  year  since,  the  immediate  f^eorge  n. 

r        r^  111  •    •  1     .        .  ■  crowned, 

appomtment  ol  a  Governor  had  been  anticipated,  m  the  place  of  July  13, 
Mr.  Shute.  But  being  disposed  to  please  his  provincial  subjects,  Burnet!* 
the  king  deliberated,  and  then  selected  William  Burnet  ;  who 
arrived  at  Boston,  July  13th,  1728,  with  a  commission  embracing 
Massachusetts,  New-Hampshire  and  Maine.  There  were  many 
imposing  circumstances  in  his  favor.  Born  at  the  Hague,  whither 
his  parents  had  retired  to  avoid  the  persecution  of  the  Stuart  dy- 
nasty, he  was  named  William,  after  the  illustrious  prince  of  Or- 
ange, who  was  his  godfather,  and  who  soon  after  ascended  the 
British  throne.  His  father,  Gilbert  Burnet,  the  celebrated  bishop 
of  Sarum,  had  by  his  ardent  piety  and  love  of  civil  and  relig- 
ious liberty,  rendered  his  name  dear  to  the  people  of  New-Eng- 
land, and  secured  for  the  son  an  earnest  of  popular  affection.  The 
large  and  handsome  person,  and  graceful  manners  of  the  Govern-  ' 
or  commanded  respect ;  his  good  abilities,  his  taste  for  books, 
and  his  acquaintance   with  mankind  gave  him  rank   among   the 

*  This  was  in  1731.-14  Mass.  Rec.  p.  64._Thc  balary  of  Mr.  Prentice, 
was  £40,— of  Mr.  Thompson,  £lOO.  TIig  school  tax  was  from  a  half-pen- 
ny to  a  p.enny  per  acre  on  improved  lands. 

f  3  Coll.  Mas^i.  Hist.  Soc.  p.  14<2. 


IQQ  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II. 

A.D  1728.  good  and  the  great ;  and  his  pleasant  wit  and  excellent  disposi- 
tion rendered  him  acceptable  to  all.  Popular  as  Governor  of 
New-York  and  New-Jersey,  he  submitted  to  the  change  with  con- 
siderable reluctance. 

His  first  In  his  first  speech,  he  told  the  Legislature  he  should  insist  upon 

SDGCch      1Q~ 

sistsoiia  a  permanent  salary,  agreeably  to  the  royal  instruction,  which,  he 
promised  himself  the  House  would  not  be  backward  to  obey. 
Desirous  of  avoiding,  "if  possible,  an  immediate  controversy  with 
the  Governor,  the  House  made  him  some  valuable  presents,  and 
voted  to  give  him  £1,000  sterling,  in  compensation  for  a  year's 
services.  This  he  refused  to  accept,  because  it  was  not  perma- 
nent ;  not  despairing  of  his  ability  to  bring  the  House  into  his 
views,  during  the  session,  till  he  had  kept  the  General  Court  together 
five  months.  He  then  prorogued  ihe  Legislature,  and  transmitted 
particulars  to  the  ministry.^  The  House  also  sent  instructions  to 
their  agents  ;  yet,  if  a  calculation  were  to  be  predicated  upon 
past  experience,  no  result  favorable  to  their  wishes  could  be  ex- 
pected. For  the  fact  was,  that  in  consequence  of  the  long  and 
bitter  altercation  with  Governor  Shute,  the  Province  was  forced 
at  last,  to  take  an  'Explanatory  Charter  ;'f  which  expressly 
empowered  the  Governpr  to  negative  the  speaker,  and  also  for- 
bade the  House  to  adjourn  for  more  than  two  days  at  any  one 
time.  When  power  and  privilege  are  at  war  on  such  unequal 
grounds,  the  result  is  obvious. 
A  feature  of  So  much  supcrior  to  all  other  public  topics  and  considerations, 
Iratron!""""  was  the  salary  question,  at  the  present  period,  that  the  cotempo- 
rary  statute  book  does  not  exhibit  one  printed  act,  passed  during 
the  administration  of  Gov.  Burnet.  He  was  a  stranger  in  the 
Province.  Had  he  been  well  acquainted  with  the  sentiments 
and  spirit  of  the  people  at  large,  he  never  would  have  tried  an 
experiment  upon  their  respresentatives,  with  so  much  pertinacity. 
A  majority  of  the  Council  considered  it  prudent  to  comply  with 
the  instruction,  as  the  salary  could  be  only  during  the  life  or 
the  commission  of  the  present  Governor.  But  the  members  of 
that  body  did  not  emanate  immediately  from  the  people ;  and 
several  of  them  were  non-residents.  Their  republican  politics, 
though  sufliciently  rigid,  were  better  tempered  with  true  wisdom. 
Those  for  Maine,  in  the  present  and  preceding  administrations  of 

*  2  HiiU,-li.  Mi^t.  i  Tlii'^  was  dated  Aug.  26,  1726. 


CHAt».  t.)  OF  MAINE.  I6f 

Mr.  Shute  and   Mr.   Dummer,    were    Adam    Winthrop,  Joseph  A.  v.  I12^. 
Hammond,  Charles  Frost,  Edivnrd  Hutchinson,  and  Wm.  Pepper^  Countiiiors, 
ell,  jr. ; — and  for  Sagadahock,  Spencer  Phips  and  Samuel  Thax- 
ter.     Messrs.  Wintlirop  and   Hutchinson  were  boih  non'-resident 
members,  living  in  Boston,  and  belonging  to   distinguished   fami-' 
lies.     Mr.  Winthrop  was  elected   in  1716,  and  the  two   succeed- ^yi_„,^^pp 
ing  years.     He  was  a  gentleman   of  talents,   learning   and   influ- 
ence.*    Mr.  Hutchinson  had  two    elections,   and   these   were   in  Huithinson. 
1725  and  6.     He  was  a  man  of  more   business   than   eminence. 
Messrs.  Hammond  and  Frost  belonged  to   Kittery.     They   were 
men  of  good   understanding,  and  great  usefulness.     Mr.    Ham-  Hammond, 
mond   succeeding  to  the  honors  of  a  father  of   the  same   name, 
and   having  represented  his   town   in   the   General  Court   seven 
years,  received  twelve  successive  elections  into  the  Council,  in- 
cluding the  year    1718,  when  he  was  first  chosen.     He  was  also 
a  judge  of  the  Common  Pleasf  about  ten  years.     Mr.  Frost  was  Frost, 
elected  into  the  Council   in  1719,  from  the  House,  where  he  was 
holding  a  seat  as  representative  from  his  town.     He  received   six 
elections  into  the  Board  5  and  was  also  on  the  bench  of  the  Com-- 
mon  Pleas  with  Mr.  Hamffiond.     Mr,  Pepperell,   whose  father,J  I'eppered. 
of  the  same  name,  was  among  the    early  settlers  on  the   Isles   of 
Shoals,  was  an  inhabitant  of  Kittery,  which   he   had  represented 
in  the  General  Court  two  or  three  years.     He   was  first  elected 
into  the  Council  in  1727,  where  he   had  a  seat  32   years.     His 
merits  and  future   fame  will  appear  in  their   appropriate  place. 
Messrs.  Phips  and  Thaxter,   were   non-resident  Councillors.     It 
is  believed  they  both  lived  in  Boston.      Mr.  Phips,  the   adopted  P^ip*, 
son  of  Sir  William  Phips,§  was  for  the  first  time   a  Councillor 
in  1722,  and   afterwards  received  nine  elections.      He  was  a 

*  Mr.  Winthrop  was  competitor  for  the  office  of  Lieut,  Gov.  Ivith  Mr. 
Phips,  in  1732.  He  was  the  fatlier  of  John  Winthrop,  L.  L.  D.  F.  R.  S. 
— the  great  mathematician. — EUoCs  Biog.  p.  506.       f  Or  '  Inferior  Court.' 

I  The  father  emigrated  from  the  west  of  EajIaQd  ;  was  engag^ed  largely 
in  the  fisheries  on  the  Isles  of  Shoals,  in  1695-6.  After  that  he  removed 
to  Kittery-point,  became  wealthy^ — died,  1734.  One  account  supposes  his 
father  lived  at  the  Isles  of  Shoals- 

^  One  daughter  of  Capt.  Roger  Spencer  of  SaCo  mafried  William  [af- 
terwards Sir  William]  Phips;  and  another  married  Dr.  David  Bennet 
of  Rowley,  whose  son,  Spencer  Bennet,  was  adopted  by  his  uncle  Sir  Wil-' 
liam,  and  took  by  statute  the  name  of  Phips.  He  was  Lieut.  Gov.  oi 
Mass.  from  1732  to  1757,  the  year  of  his  decease. 
Vol.  IL  21 


162  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.    II. 

A.  D.  1723.  land-holder  in  the  Provincial  territory  of  Sagadahock,  in  conse- 
quence of  an  original  acquittance  procured  by  Sir  William  from 
Madockawando,  a  sachem  of  Penobscot,  to  "the  lands  on  St. 
George's  river,  so  high  as  the  second  Falls  ;"*  and  the  proprie- 
tors' recognition  of  his  share  in  forming  the  patent  into  ten  parts. 
He  was  commissioned  Lieut.  Governor  in  1732; — an  office  he 
held  25  years.  He  is  represented  as  a  man  of  more  respecta- 
bility than  influence ;  and  indebted  rather  to  connexions  and 
wealth,  than  to  splendid  abilities  or  eminent  merits,  for  his  pro- 
motion. As  a  magistrate,  however,  he  was  very  discreet  and  up- 
right.— Some  fortuitous  circumstance  seems  to  iiave  brought  Mr. 

Thaxter.  Thaxterf  into  the  Council  lor  the  single  year  of  1724,  as  we 
hear  nothing  further  of  him  ;  Mr.  Phips  being  the  member  for 
Sagadahock,  in  years  both  before  and  after  him. 

Dispntesof       In  the  summer  of  1729,  short  sessions  were  holden  at  Salem 

mid  Gov-  and  Cambridge— the  places  to  which  the  Governor,  being  dis- 
pleased with  the  people  of  Boston,  had  from  time  to  time  pro- 
rogued the  General  Court.  This  gave  great  offence.  In  short, 
the  House  boldly  informed  him,  that  such  motives  and  means 
would  never  coerce  them   into   measures   against  their  judgment 

His  d  ih  ^"*-'  duty.  The  controversy  had  a  fatal  effect  upon  his  spirits  ; 
and  September  7,  after  a  few  days'  sickness,  he  died. J 

Public  af-  These  altercations  betvi^een  the    king's    Governors   and    the 

House  of  Representatives,  so  warmly  and  so  often  repeated,  were 
prejudicial  to  the  interests  of  the  Province.  Any  topic  prominent 
and  exciting  in  a  community,  acquires  the  power  of  monopoly. 
The  people  uttered  deep  complaints  under  a  policy,  that  so  com- 
pelled them  to  receive  and  obey  foreign  rulers,  wholly  unac- 
quainted whh  their  sentiments,  their  habits  and  their  country. 
The  dispute  appeared  to  be  interminable  ;  and  while  the  fit  of 
perplexity  lasted,  public  affairs  were  neglected  or  managed  with- 
out due  skill  and  wisdom.  Owing  to  the  late  war,  and  the  scar- 
city of  money — trade  and  conmierce  were  not  in  a  very  flourish- 
ing state,  and  the  public  treasury  was  empty.  To  administer  im- 
mediate relief,  a  new  emission  of  paper  money  had  been  thought 
the  only  effectual  means,  and  bills  were  issued,  two  years  previ- 


fairs 


*  1  Douglass'  Snmm.  p.  3S.5, — See  ante,  vol.  II,  p.  97. 
t  1  Doug.  Samm.  p.  560. — Col.  Thaxter,  an  agent  to  Canaiia. 
X2  Hutch.  Hist.  p.  326. — Governor  Btirnet  had  a  great  taste  for  Natural 
History  and  Astronomy 1  Douglass,  p.  4SQ. 


Chap.  v.J  of  malnk.  163 

ous,  to  the  amount  of  £60,000  ; — the  interest  accruuig  from  the  a.  d.  i72d. 
loans  being  appropriated  to  the  support  of  government.*     Bloated 
from  time  to  time,  by  this  corrupt  aliment,  the  body  politic  found 
itself  at  length  laboring  under  a  complication  of  diseases,  destruc- 
tive both  of  vigor  and  enterprise. 

The  eastern  country  had  not,  since  the  peace,  been  filling  with  Setiiements 
settlements,  and  multiplying  improvements  equal  to  expectation.  1,).^^"°.  ''^' 
No  projects  nor  propositions  of  the  government,  encouraging  to 
emigrants,  appeared  to  be  matured.  The  wisest  course  was  not  in 
fact  readily  foreseen.  Grants  fettered  with  any  conditions,  could 
meet  with  no  acceptance.  Individuals,  even  with  the  gifts  of  lots, 
could  not  be  persuaded  to  make  a  beginning  in  the  wilderness 
without  associates.  Had  a  liberal  policy  prevailed,  and  early 
incentives  been  given  to  the  importation  of  emigrants  from  abroad, 
this  country  might  have  exhibited  in  a  few  years  a  large  popula- 
tion. But  foreigners  were  looked  upon  with  a  jealous  eye;  some 
of  them  were  bad  characters ;  many  were  without  property ;  and 
the  Legislature,  through  fear  they  might  be  a  burden  to  the  com- 
munity, regulated  by  lawf  the  terms  upon  which  all  visiting 
strangers  might  be  landed.  Hence  every  sea-captain,  before  set- 
ting them  ashore,  was  bound  to  save  the  town  harmless  of  all 
charges  5  years,  on  their  account ;  unless  the  passenger  himself 
could  give  the  security,  or  prove  he  was  a  mechanic,  mariner  or 
husbandman,  of  unblemished  reputation.  It  is  manifest  such  a 
law,  known  and  observed,  would  check  and  discourage  emigration. 

Nor  were  the  proprietors  of  patents,  and  large  tracts  manifest- Proprietors 
ing  the  activity  and  zeal  in  promoting  settlements,  which  had  re- 
dounded so  much  to  their  credit  in  former  years.  Perhaps  they 
were  discouraged  in  consequence  of  their  losses.  They  knew 
perfectly  the  character  of  the  Indians,  and  their  jealousy  of  en- 
croachments ;  and  they  might  not  be  without  their  apprehensions 
of  some  sudden  rupture.  They  found,  that  settlers  could  not  be 
spared  from  the  old  towns ;  and  certain  it  is,  that  the  generous 
enterprising  spirit  apparent  in  other  times,  when  they  built  mills, 
removed  emigrants  iVee  of  charge  to  them,  and  expended  lai-ge 
sums  in  promoting  settlements,  had  now  degenerated  to  mere  out- 
lines of  plantations,  projects  of  sale,  and  land-jobbing  speculations. 
Every  thing  was  in  prospect.     Men  sought  gains  by  deceptive 


2  Hutch.  Hist.  p.  296,  f  Prov.  Law,  A.  D.  1724. 


164  THE  HISTOKY  [VoL.  U, 

A.I).  17'^P  representations,  and  by  conveyances  of  shadowy  titles,  withovit 
any  active  efforts  to  settle  the  lands,  or  to  enhance  their  real 
value.  Meetings  of  proprietoi's  were  frequent,  and  much  time 
and  money  were  expended  in  fruliless  schemes  and  plans,  where- 
by the  real  wealth  and  improvement  of  the  country  were  rather 
retai'ded  than   promoted.'^ 

CniKiiiion  of     The  Provliiciid  territory  of  Sncradahock  was  viewed  bv  specu-; 

|H)t|v  lators  as  a  fit  region,  in  which  to  try  their  skill  and  gratify  their 

cupidity.  The  possession  of  the  eastern  parts,  it  is  true,  had  vi^ 
brated  several  times  in  years  [)ast,  between  the  English  and 
French  ;  yet  since  the  country  had  been  reseized  by  Phips,  in-? 
eluded  in  the  provincial  charter,  and  solenmly  conceded  to  the 
British  crown  by  the  treaty  of  Utrecht,  it  might  be  fairly  expect-, 
ed,  that  the  jurisdictional  rights  and  claims  of  Massachusetts 
would  be  no  more  called  in  question.  The  contrary  however  was 
quite  too  true,  Already  Armstrong  and  Coram, j  in  their  re-, 
quests  for  extensive  tracts  of  the  territory,  had  presented  to  the 
ministry  such  plausible  schemes  and  reasons,  that  their  defeat  was 
not  effected  without  persevering  efforts  and  considerable  expense, 
It  was  manifestly  unfortunate,  that  the  fee  in  the  ungranted  lands, 
through  the  whole  region,  and  consequently  the  forests,  should 
ren^ain  iri  the  crown  ;  while  IMassachusetts,  being  vested  with 
the  jurisdiction,  was  in  duty  bound  to  exercise  a  provident  care 
and  protection  over  the  whole,  widiout  any  emolument,  and  with- 
out the  power  of  making  grants,  even  for  the  encouragement  o( 
settlers, 

The  vicissi-      The  territory  betv/een  the  rivers  Kennebeck  and   St.  Georges, 

ludes  ill   ilie  ,  ,'  .       •  i  n  011 

couiKiy  be-  presented,  at  this  tune,  the  most  allurements,  bettled  a  century 
adahuc'k^"'  before,  inhabited  many  years,  and  thus  rendered  more  readily 
Gel)r-e3.  susceptible  of  culture  and  improvement,  it  richly  deserved  con- 
sideration. But  how  unusual  the  fate  of  its  inhabitants  f  Yes — ■. 
uncommon  vicissitudes  had  been  the  peculiar  destiny  of  these 
devoted  plantations.  At  first,  they  v.-ere  without  civil  govern- 
ment ;  next,  they  paid  some  regard  to  the  anomalous  civil  author- 
ity of  the  Pemaquid  proprietors,  or  their  agents ;  in  1 GG4,  they 
were  subject  to  the  Duke  of  York  ;  in  1676,  most  of  the  settlers 
V^rere  formed  by  Massachusetts,  ipto  a  county  by  the  name  of 
Devonshire ;  the  government  of  the  whole  Province  was  resumed 


*  2  Pel^.  N.  H.  p.  72.  t  Ante,  A.  D.  1718,  1720. 


Chap,  v.]  of  mal\e.  J65 

in  1686,  by  a  Governor,  under  James  II  ;*  and  in  1692,  the  char-  a  l».  it2^. 
ter  vested  the  entire  jurisdiction  in  the  provincial  government, 
Not  only  had  this  iil-fated  people  suffered  all  the  evils  incident  to 
these  revolutions,  but  they  had  experienced  still  harder  fate  from 
the  Indians.  In  the  first  war,  the  inhabitants  made  a  iiighiy  cred-- 
itable  and  successful  defence ;  but  in  the  fore  part  of  the  second 
or  king  William's  war,  many  were  killed  and  the  rest  driven  away 
by  a  merciless  foe ;  their  plantations  were  laid  waste ;  and  for 
about  thirty  years,  there  was  not  found  a  white  man  dwelling  in 
this  ruined  and  forsaken  Province.  Such  is  a  correct  though 
faint  portrait  of  western  Sagadahock.  Nay,  ten  years  since,  when  ^jrrs'nl^'iS 
the  surviving  inhabitants  or  their  descendents,  assigns  and  associ- '„®prf.'^,'if7 
ates  began  to  re-settle  it,  they  were  presently  threatened  by  the  na-^  "'"''  t'""'^' 
jives  ;  and  ere  they  were  able  to  construct  fencible  fortifications, 
or  comfortable  cottages,  they  saw  the  tomahawk  again  lifted  over 
their  heads ;  and  kw  of  the  families,  though  in  the  vicinity  of 
Pemaquid  lort,  could  make  themselves  secure  enough,  to  outlive 
the  storm.  Great  courage  and  resolution  have  appeared  in  the 
enterprize  of  this  people  since  the  peace  ;  there  being  at  this  pe- 
riod, between  Georgetown  and  Muscongus,  about  "150  fami- 
lies,"f — rprobably  between  900  and  1,000  inhabitants. 

But  their   cup  of   afflictions  was   not   yet    full.     There    was  ]n,r,vuesof 
among  intriguing  politicians,  a  strong  disposition,  either  to   con-  ^^''"^  ^""' 
sider  the  territory  an  appendage  of  Nova  Scotia,  or  an  acquisition 
by  conquest ;  or  by  some  finesse,  to  detach  it  from  Massachusetts 
and  have  it  erected  into  a  charter  Province,     David  Dunbar,   a 
native  of  Ireland,  and  a  reduced  colonel  in  the  British   service, 
was  fitly  calculated  to  figure  in  such  an  enterprize.     He  was  out 
of  business,  proud  and   indigent.     He   first  sought  the   b^-th  of 
Bridge^,  surveyor  of   the   king's  woods.     This  would  give  him  ^    yj^,^^ 
immediate  livelihood  :  and  the  appointment  was  obtained  for  him  syvevorof 

'  ^  '  the  woods. 

by  the  recommendation  of  the  Board  of  Trade,  of  which  Colonel 
Bladen  was  an  active  member,— ^a  man  who  was  never  in  love 
with  puritans.  Possessing  very  peculiar  arts  of  address,  Dun^- 
bar  made  the  ministry  believe,  that  a  large  number  of  his  pro- 
testant  countrymen,  and  many  Gernjan  Palatinates  also,  were  de- 

*  Ante,  chap.  22,  1686. 

t  Commissioners^  Report,  A.  D.  1811.—"  One  hundred  and  fifty   families 
«»  were  settled  in  these  towns  at  this  early  period. — A.  D.  1730." 


166  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  11. 

A.  D.  1729.  sirous  of  emigrating  to  this  country  ;  and  at  length  he  obtained  a 
(jptsnnor-  rojal  instruction  and  proclamation,  by  which  the  entire  Province 
possession  of  of  Sagadahock  was  given  into  his  hands,  and  he  directed  to  set- 
hock,  tie,  superintend  and  govern  it ;  little  more  being  required   of  him 

than  to  preserve  300,000  acres  of  the  best  pine  and  oak,  for   the 

use  of  the  crown.* 
„     .    ,         On  his  arrival  in  the  snrina;  of  1 729.  it   was  his   first  business 

Ropairs  fort  . 

Wiiiinni      to  secure  the  good-will  and  co-operation  of  Philips,  Governor  of 
(■nil,  ii/<W  Nova  Scotia.     He  next  put  the  fortification  at  Pemaquid   in   tol- 
erable repair,  and    changed   the  name   from   William   Henry,  to 
Fort  Frederick,^   in   compliment  to  the  new   Prince  of  Wales. 
Here  he  took  up  his  residence  and  began  his  operations.     Assist- 
ed as  it  would  seem,  by  a    surveyor  from   Nova  Scotia,  he  laid 
out  the  territory   between   the   rivers   Sheepscot  and  Muscongus 
into  three  townships,  to  which  he  affixed  the  names  of  three  em- 
Surveys      iueut   uoblemen  ;  viz.  Townshend,   [now  Boothbay ;]  Harring- 
^hree  town-  ^^^^^  j-^j^^  Southern  and  greatest  part  of  the  present  Bristol,']    and 
Wcdpoh.  [now  JVobhhorovgh  and   the  upper  part   of  Bristol.] 
Lnrs  out     At  Pemaquid-point,  near  the  sea,  he  laid  out  the  plan  of  a  City. 
cay  lots.      ^^  ^^^1^  settler  or  inhabitant  he  surveyed  a  city-lot  of  two  acres, 
also  40  acres  more,  including  his  improvements,  and   afterwards 
an  100  acre  lot,  more  remotely  situated. J     The  residue  of  Har- 
rington and   Walpole,   he   assigned   to   a   couple   of   speculators, 
Montgomery  and  Campbell,  which   on  the  death   of  the   former 
accrued  to  his  partner.      The  assurances  of  title,   he   gave   the 
settlers,  were  leasehold-indentures,  whh  the  antiquated  reservation 
of  a  "  pepper  corn"  rent  if  demanded.     Finding  the  people  who 
resided    northerly    of   Townshend,  between     Damariscotta    and 
Sheepscot,§  more  backward  in  submitting  to  his  claim  and  dicta- 
tion ;  he  threatened  to  pimish  their  obstinacy   by   expelling   them 
from  their  possessions. 
A  D  1730       Inflated    with  successes,  he   determined   in   the   spring   to  be 
MisoiiiiT     thorou2;h  in  his  measures.     As  an    encouragement  to   emigrants, 
he  offered  every  one,  who  would  settle  in  the  Province,  an  hun- 


■*=  Tlic  business,  >■' was  forvviirded  by  a  roya!  instniclion  to  Col.  Pliilips, 
«  Governor  of  Nov:i  Scotia,  Apiil  27,  1730,  to  take  pcsscssion  of  the  lauds." 
— 1  Douglass,  p.  383. 

•j-  Ssttlers  drew  for  their  lots.— Burn's  testimony. 

\  See  ante,  Chap.  23cl,  A.  D.  1692,  and  1696.  \  Now  New-Castle. 


Chap,  v.]  of  Maine.  167 

dred  acres  of  land,  where  he  might  choose;  and  promised  to  A.  D.  1730. 
supply  him  with  a  year's  provisions.*  To  invalidate  and  obscure 
the  jurisdictional  rights  of  Massachusetts,  he  procured,  besides 
the  king's  instruction  and  proclamation,  a  royal  order  to  the  Gov- 
ernor of  Nova-Scotia,  for  taking  formal  possession  of  the  coun- 
try ;  and  to  effectuate  his  plans  and  enforce  obedience  to  his  de- 
mands, he  obtained  from  Annapolis  or  Canseau,  thirty  men  besides 
an  officer,  to  man  the  fortress  at  Fort  P'rederick  ;f  pretending 
probably,  that  tr;is,  having  long  been  considered  the  principal  key 
to  the  Province,  ought  to  be  a  public  garrison.  Dunbar  conveyed 
lands  at  Damariscotta,  to  JViUium  Vaughan,  and  gave  him  the 
benefit  of  the  river  ;  and  here  he  immediately  "  built  two  double 
saw-mills,  and  a  grist-mill,"  and  also  made  a  farm.  The  descen- 
dents  of  settlers  introduced  into  Townshend,  by  Rogers  and 
McCobb,  under  Dunbar,  form  "  at  the  present  time,  most  of  the 
"  inhabitants  of  Boothbay."| 

The  news  of  Governor  Burnet's  death,  excited  in  England  a  Airivnl  <>' 
momentary  resentment  towards  the  people  and  the  Legislature  of  Btkhei-. 
Massachusetts;  and  some  thought  it  lime  to  reduce  them  to  'a 
'more  absolute  dependence  on  the  crown.'  But  the  indignation 
soon  subsided,  in  the  question,  '  who  should  be  appointed  succes- 
sor.' Mr.  Jonathan  Belcher,  then  in  London,  one  of  the 
agents  of  the  Province,  applied  for  the  office  with  all  his  address, 
aided  by  his  numerous  and  zealous  friends.  A  native  of  Boston, 
the  only  son  of  a  most  opulent  merchant  there,  a  graduate  of 
Harvard,  and  well  acquainted  with  the  temper  and  habits  of  his 
countrymen,  he  would  have,  it  was  urged, — more  influence  than 
a  stranger,  to  carry  the  favorite  point  of  a  permanent  salary. 
There  were  several  other  considerations  to  be  noticed  in  his 
favor.  Besides  a  good  mind,  a  graceful  person  and  elegant  man- 
ners, he  had  been  a  great  traveller.  Six  years  he  had  passed  in 
Europe ;  twice  he  had  been  at  the  court  of  Hanover,  before  the 
protestant  succession  commenced  in  that  line ;  and  had  received 
from  the  princess  Sophia  a  valuable  gold  medal.     He  was  aspir- 


*  Roger's  teslimony.  Rep.  p.  156. — "People  who  lived  in  garrisoa  had 
their  separate  farms  in  town." — Fifcft's  testimony. 

t  2  Hutch.  Hist,  p.  339. 

I  But  afterwards,  "many  people  of  Roothba}'  took  deeds  under  Doctor 
'' Sylvester  Gardiner,  who  claimed  under  the  Plymouth  company." — fF. 
.^JrCotifg  tettimony,  p.  167. 


168  THE  HISTORY  [Vol.    ii. 

A.  D.  1730  ing,  openbearted,  and  sincere  j  unsparing,  it  is  true,  in  his  cen-* 
sures  of  foes,  yet  unchanging  in  his  attachments  to  friends.  He 
had  a  high  sense  of  the  honor  which  the  commission  would  con- 
fer ;  and  on  the  8th  of  August,  he  arrived  in  Boston,  the  Gov- 
ernor of  Massachusetts,  New-Hampshire  and  Maine ;  Mr.  WiU 
linm  Taihr  being  now  the  second  time  appointed  to  fill  the  place 
of  Mr.  Dummer. 

Srpt.  0.  The  Governor  met  the  two  Houses,  Sept.  9  ;  and   in  his  first 

speech.  address,  he  told  them,  he  was  commanded  by  his  royal  master  to 
press  upon  their  consideration,  the  instruction  for  providing  him  a 
permanent  support ;  while  he  endeavored  to  mellow  their  sentiments 
to  a  requirement  so  manifestly  dictated,  (as  he  conceived)  by  the 

qufsii'on  re-  most  benign  motives,  and  founded  in  principles  of  the  purest 
reason  and  wisdom.  He  applauded  the  judicious  course  pursued 
with  the  Indians,  and  strongly  cautioned  the  General  Court  never  to 
neglect  their  fortifications  ; — not  concluding  till  he  had  declared 
his  own  determination,  and  reminded  them  of  their  mutual  duty, 

^'"^^  to  preserve  the  king's  woods,  as  he  called  them  "  the  nursery  of 
the  royal  masts,"  from  inroads  and  destruction.  He  also  recom- 
mended a  more  watchful  and  vigorous  execution  of  the  laws 
against  trespassers  ;  and  subsequently*  he  issued  a  proclamation 
for  enforcing  the  statutes  of  parliament,  passed  to  detect  and  pun- 
ish them. 

Grants  (o        To  remunerate  his   past  services,  and  defray  the  expenses  of 

DOT.  ''"'^'  his  late  journey,  the  General  Court  granted  him  £1 ,000  currency  j 
and  also  £1,000  sterling  for  his  future  support,  leaving  the  question 
of  salary  entirely  untouched.  Nor  was  it  believed  the  trespass- 
laws  needed  sharpening.  For  within  three  or  four  years,  they 
had  been  so  revised,!  as  to  authorize  a  sentence  of  twenty  stripes 

Acts  against  '  '  _  _        -^  ' 

trespasses    ypon  the  back  of  any  one  convicted  of  a  trespass  with  the  face 

and  duel-        ^  •'  .      . 

ling.  painted,  or  disguised  ;  and  also  to  direct  convictions  upon  proba- 

ble circumstances,  unless  the  defendant  would  "  acquit  himself 
upon  oath."  One  of  the  first  acts,  the  present  Governor  signed, 
was  against  duels  ;  premising  that  several  had  been  fought,  and 
enacting  that  the  body  of  the  party  falling,  and  also  the  body  of 
his  antagonist,  after  execution,  be  buried   without  a  coffin,  and 


*  This  was  Oct.  9,  1730 — 13  JIass.  Rec.  p  471. 
f  Came  into  force  August  7,  1727. 


Chap,  v.]  of  Maine.  jgg 

have    a  stake  driven  through  it,   as  a  memento  of  the  crime.*  a.  d.  1730. 
Numerous  laws  against  crimes  denote   a   bad  state   of  society ; 
else  surely  they  could  not  with  good  reason  be  enacted  or  multi- 
plied. 

In  reviewing  the  lists  of  prior  civil  appointments,   he   persuad-  Appoint- 
ed the  Council,  that  when  a  new    Governor  takes  the   chair,   all  ^0.'" '"  °'^' 
civil   commissions   ought   to    be   renewed.       This  had   not   been 
the  usage ;  and  though  it  were  probably  his  duty   to  make  some 
removals,  the  advantage  of  the   innovation  would  not   be   other- 
wise important,  than  to  open  a  wider  field  to  executive  patronage. 
When  engaged  in  settling  the  counties,  and  ere  he   had   touched 
the  incumbents  in  Yorkshire,  he  recommended  to   the  Judges  of 
the  Inferior  Court  or  Common  Pleas,  a  gentleman  for  the  clerk- 
ship, whom  he  was  desirous  to   assist ;  the  law  vesting   in    them 
the  power  of  appointment.     But  considering  this  an  improper  in- 
terference, and  knowing  the  incumbent  to  be  a   faithful   and  mer- 
itorious officer,  they  were  unwilling  to  make   the  change.     The 
repulse  gave  him  displeasure  ;  and  he  let  them  know,  that  though 
he  could  not  put  a  clerk  into  ofiice,  he  could  a  whole  bench  ;  and 
he  therefore  appointed   as   the   Judges,    JVilliam   PeppereU,  jr.  Sf  elm- 
Samuel  Came,    Timothy  Gerrish,   and   Josejj/i  Moody;  through  Yorkrilre.' 
whom  he  found  no  difiiculty  in  bringing  his  favorite  into  place. f 

A  due  regard  to  rights  is  the  only  principle  of  policv.  which  can  n    u    - 
render  any  political  measures  acceptable.     Dunbar  had  from  the  '-"''ifary 
first  presumed  to  act  with  so  much  vigor,  and  so  lifle  resoect  for """" 
justice,  that  his  management  was  already  exciting  universal  com- 
plaint.    Regardless,  either  of   ancient   grants,   deeds,   or  actual 
possessions,  he  resolved  to  bear  down  all   opposition,   and   make 
in    his    own    name,    any    conveyances    which    could    bring    him 
money.       Claimants    of  all   descriptions    being    thus    disturbed, 
spread  their  grievances  before  the  General  Court.     Tlie  proprie-  Con.piaims 
tors  of  the  Pemaquid  patent,  or  the  ''Drown   right"  complained, ''°''"'' *"'"' 
that  Dunbar  had  'intruded  upon  their  lands— and  with  force  and 
'  arms,  was  holding  them  out   of  possession  ; — praying   for  relief 

*Tfiis  revised  the  first  one  ever  passed  on  the  subject  of  duels— viz,  A. 


D.  1719, 


1 2  Hutch.  Hist.  p.  336.-TVVO  of  the  Jud-es,  however,  did  not  come 
into  office  till  1731.  At  this  time  the  smallpox  raged  extensively;  and 
an  Act  was  passed  authorizing  Courts  to  adjourn  to  towns  not  infected.— 
Prov.  Law,  p,  486-7. 

Vol.  IL  22 


170  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.    II. 

A I  D.  1730. '  and  protection.'  Christopher  Tappan  represented  himself  to 
be  the  owner  of  several  large  tracts,  "  at  Damariscotta  and  ad- 
joining Sheepscot,"  which  had  been  settled  and  improved  a  se- 
ries of  years,  till  the  inhabitants  were  killed  or  driven  away  by 
the  savages  ;  and  which  had  been  lately  repossessed  by  returning 
settlers,  happy  at  their  homes,  till  plunged  into  perplexities  by 
the  demands  of  Dunbar.  Many  others  presented  their  memori- 
als to  the  Legislature,  which  were  filled  with  similar  representa- 
tions. Particularly,  Joseph  Roberts,  Samuel  Whittemore,  and 
Jonathan  Loring,  living  in  the  vicinity  of  Sheepscot  river,  stated, 
that  Dunbar  came  "  with  an  armed  foi'ce,  turned  them  from 
"  their  lands,  seized  their  limber,  burnt  and  destroyed  their 
"  houses,"  and  even  '  threatened  to  throw  them  into  confine- 
'  ment ;' — beseeching  government  to  resume  jurisdiction  of  this 
troubled  Province,  and  speedily  effectuate  the  tyrant's  removal.* 
AiD.  1731.  In  the  winter  session,  these  memorials  were  all  referred  to 
Committee's  g^  ^blc  Committee  of  both  Houses,  of  whom  Mr.  Dudley  was 
against  himi  chairman  ;  and  they,  on  the  27th  of  January, f  made  Report  , — 
'  That  the  lands  mentioned  in  the  petitions. — and  likewise  the 
'  whole  territory  between  Kennebeck  and  Nova  Scotia,  were 
'  within  the  royal  charter,  granted  to  us  about  forty  years  since, 
'  by  our  sovereigns  William  and  Mary  of  blessed  memory,  and 
'have  ever  been  from  that  time  to  the  present  under  the  care 
'and  authority,  and  within  the  jurisdiction,  of  our  provincial  gov- 
'  ernment  :     That  the  Legislature  have  from  time  to  time,   espe- 

*  cially  in  the  last  war,  sent  military  forces  into  those  parts  to  de- 
'  fend  and  secure  them  from  the  incursions  of  the  Indians,  and 
'  otherwise  been  put  to  great  expense  in  treating  and  trading  with 
'  them,  and  making  them  presents  :  That  laws  have  been  made 
'  to  extend  the  county  of  York,  and  the  administration  of  justice 
'  over  the  whole  Province — to  detect  and  punish  trespasses    com- 

*  mitted  within  it — and  to  assist  the  king's  surv^eyor  in  the  pro- 
'  tection  of  the  royal  woods  : — That  the  memorialists,  the  pro- 
'  prietors  and  settlers  of  that  country,  have  with  others,  formed 
'  several  associations,  manifested  strong  desires,  and  made  great 


*  14  Mass.  Rec.  p.  2S4-6. 

•j-  Query,  if  this  Report  was  not  in  fact  made  a  year  later  '■: — See,  14  Mass. 
Rec.  p.  237. — Yet  how  could  it  be  so,  if  the  Report  of  the  Solicitor  and 
Attorney  General  was  afterwards,  in  August,  1731 .'' — General  Court  Jour- 
nal, 1731-2,  p.  87.-2  Belk.  JV.  //.  p.  Sl-2.~Sullivaii,  p.  393. 


Chap,  v.]  of  maine.  ij^ 

*  exertions,  to  enlarge  the  settlements,  "  and  build"  up  towns  "  in  a  A.  D.  i73i. 
'  regular  and  defensible  manner  ;"  having  transported  thither  ma- 

'  terials  for  building,  and  necessaries  for  upholding  life,  and  also 
'  hired  laborers  into  their  service  : — That  their  predecessors  in 
'  former  years,  had  expended  "  vast  sums  of  money"  in  bringing 
'  the  lands  into  a  state  of  cultivation,  in  constructing  habitations, 
'  and  making  improvements  ;  and,  moreover,  "  great  numbers" 
'  had  lost  their  lives  in   defence  of  their  homes  and   estates  : 

*  That  Colonel  Dunbar,  appearing  among  them,  declared  he  had 
'  powers  and  directions  from  the  Crown,  to  dispose  of  all  the 
'  lands  lying  eastward  of  Kennebeck  river,  upon  conditions  he 
*said,    he  well    understood,   and  no  person   should  setde  there 

*  otherwise  than  under  him  :     That  though  he  refused  to  exhibit 

*  his  commission,  or  an   exemplification  of  it,  he  entered   among 

*  the  inhabitants  with  a  number  of  armed  men,  and  required,  nay, 
'  even  compelled  them  to  take  deeds  of   him,  or  quit  their  pos- 

*  sessions  :  And  that  the  government  of  the  Province  were  in 
'  duty  bound  to  interpose  in  favor  of  the  petitioners  and  other 
'  similar  sufferers,  to  lay  their  complaints,  the  facts,  and  documents 
«  before  the  Lords  of  Trade,  and  obtain,  if  possible,  the  opinions  of 
'  the  Solicitor  and  Attorney  Generals  of  England  upon  the  sub- 
«ject.'* 

Accordingly  the  papers  and  proofs  were  transmitted  to  England,  Measures 
with  instructions  to  the  provincial  agent,  to  lay  them  before  the  retovehl. 
Board  of  Trade.  Dunbar,  who  was  about  this  time  in  Boston,  se- 
verely felt  the  force  of  the  strictures,  he  was  constrained  to  hear ; 
and  being  thwarted  in  his  views,  and  resisted  in  his  claims,  he  fell 
into  a  fit  of  passion,  heaped  illiberal  reproaches  upon  the  Governor, 
and  was  ready  to  denounce  anathemas  against  the  whole  people 
of  the  Province.  For  he  found  the  community  at  large  disturbed 
and  inclining  strongly  against  him.  Many  believed,  if  the  Prov- 
ince should  be  dismembered  by  his  taking  so  large  a  share  as  the 
territory  of  Sagadahock,  he  might  impose  heavy  duties  upon 
lumber  and  fuel,  or  lay  the  trade  in  those  articles  under  restric- 
tions ;  in  consequence  of  which,  the  people  in  seaport  towns, 
especially  the  poor,  would  suffer  long  from  his  exactions  or  op- 
pression. The  local  sufferers  themselves  were  exasperated  ;  and 
hundreds  of  others  thought  the  Governor  ought  to  remove  the 

*  14  Mass.  Rec.  p.  235,  report  entire. 


1 72  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II. 

A.D.  1731.  oppressor,  though  it  be  by  a  military  force.  But  he  considered 
it  imprudent  to  encounter  a  man  armed  with  a  royal  commis- 
sion-—yet  was  fully  aware  something  must  be  done ;  and  he  issu- 
ed a  proclamation,  commanding  the  inhabitants  of  this  devoted 
territory,  Sagadahock,  to  continue  their  obedience  to  the  govern- 
ment and  laws  of  the  Province,*  and  patiently  wait  instructions 
from  England,  in  relation  to  the  course  to  be  pursued  against 
Dunbar, 

Peiitirnsio       There  were  others  vv^ho  petitioned  the  King  and  Council  about 

tne  crown  _  _  '  '^ 

for  iiis  re-    the  Same  time  for  his  removal.     Samuel  Waldo,  a   gentleman  of 

niovai,  .  .    .  . 

good  capacity,  and  great  activity,  having  a  large  interest  in  the 
Muscongus,  or  Waldo  Patent,  v*-as  chosen  agent  by  the  proprie- 
tors, and  sent  to  London  upon  the  important  errand.  He  was 
there  joined  by  Sir  Biby  Lake,  who  was  deputed  by  the  claim- 
ants of  lands  between  the  Kennebeck  and  the  Sheepscot,f  to  ap- 
pear before  the  committee  of  Council ;  and  they  united  in  the 
defence  of  their  respective  rights.  J  Shem  Drown  of  Boston,  in 
behalf  of  the  Pemaquid  proprietors,  preferred  also  his  petition  to 
the  crown,  in  conjunction  with  others,  praying  that  Dunbar  nn'ght 
be  displaced. § 
Diirii. nr  np.  About  thls'tiiiie,  Dunbeir,  principally  through  the  influence  of 
[Yo ''r,|,,,^',',!  his  fiieiid  Col.  Bradcn,  who  bore  no  good-will  to  Gov.  Belcher, 
N  ihuiip-  ^y^g  appointed  Lieutenant-Governor  of  New-Hampshire  ;(|  and 
proceeding  immediately  to  Portsmouth,  entered  upon  the  trust. 
The  Governor  perceived  the  advantage  his  enemies  would  derive, 
by  placing  such  a  man  second  to  him  in  the  executive  department 
ol  that  government ;  and  he  made  all  the  efforts  in  his  power  to 
effect  his  removal.  But  the  numerous  letters  he  sent  home,  writ- 
ten with  great  spirit  and  freedom,  and  representing  the  character 
of  his  adversary  in  the  worst  light,  rather  in   effect,   induced   the 


=*=  Sullivan,  p.  3'39.— 1  Dong-.  Sumtn.  p.  3S5. 

^  1  Doiig.  Summ.  p.  371. — He  says  it  was  the  Shecpscol  purchase,  or 
"  Nag-wasack"  or  Neqii.isset,  boiig-lit  -\ov.  1,  1639,  and  lying  between  Sag- 
adahock and  Sheepscot. 

I  It  seems,  that  one  Christopher  Lawson,  left  Exeter,  N.  II.,  with  Kev. 
John  Wheelwrij;;ht,  in  1643 — 4  ;  tliat  in  1649,  he  procured  an  Indian  deed 
of  lands,  limited  north,  by  the  north  line  of  the  present  Woolwich  ;  that  in 
1G53,  Lawson  assigned  a  i)art  or  all  of  ijis  [Hii-chase  to  'i'homas  Clark  and 
Thomas  Lake,  (killed  in  1G76) ;  and  that  his  son,  kindred,  heir  or  assignee; 
Sir  Biby  Lake,  was  still  interested. 

5  Commissioners'  Report,  A.  D.  181!,  p.  25.      |1  2  Belknap's  N.  H.  p.  81. 


Chap.  T.]  of  maine.  173 

ministry  to  keep  him  in  place,  possibly  as  a  check  upon  the  Gov-  A.  o.  1731. 
ernor,  and  as  the  best  means  of  preserving  a  balance   of   parties.  Difficulties 

-  .  Iipiweea 

Joinins;  the  opposition,  Dunbar  had  the  pleasure  01  seemg  a  com- hi.n  and 

.  .  I'e'clier. 

plaint  drawn  up,  July  10,  against  Belcher,  and  signed  by  filteen 
persons,  alleging  that  his  government  was  grievous,  and  arbitra- 
ry, and  praying  the  king  to  remove  him.  This  was  counteracted 
by  an  address,  subscribed  by  an  hundred  names;  and  in  the 
sequel,  they  neutralized  each  other,  and  nothing  was  accom- 
plished. 

The  power  and  emoluments  of  Dunbar  in  New-Hampshire,  Dunbar's 
were  exceedingly  limited  ;  for  the  Governor,  though  residing  in 
his  other  Province,  considered  himself  virtually  present  in  New- 
Hampshire  ;  and  therefore  the  Lieutenant-Governor  had  no  right 
to  the  third  part  of  the  Governor's  salary,  as  stipulated  by  law, 
when  he  was  abroad  or  the  chair  vacant;  nor  had  he  any  other 
authority  or  command,  than  by  the  Governor's  orders.  But  Dun- 
bar had  a  salary  of  £200  sterling,  as  surveyor-general  of  the 
woods ;  and  a  moiety  of  the  forfeitures  and  perquisites,  usually 
amounting  by  the  year,  to  £100;  which  sum  was  divided  be- 
tween him  and  his  deputies.  He  was  a  lover  of  money,  and  he 
needed  it,  for  he  was  in  debt  on  both  sides  of  the  Atlantic.  By 
the  statutes  passed  for  the  preservation  of  the  royal  woods,  the 
surveyor  was  empowered  to  seize  all  logs  cut  from  white  pine 
trees  without  license  ;  and  it  rested  on  the  claimant  to  prove  his 
property  in  the  court  of  Admiralty.  Dunbar  attended  by  his 
servants  went  to  the  saw-mills,  where  he  seized  and  marked  large 
quantities  of  lumber,  and  with  airs  of  vainglory  plumed  by  a 
little  brief  authority,  he  abused  the  people  and  threatened  them 
with  prosecutions  for  the  penalties,  they  had  incurred.  But  this 
class  of  men  was  not  easily  intimidated  by  high  words;  nor  would 
they  very  readily  shrink  from  a  '  trial  by  battle,'  or  by  '  swamp- 
law,'  which  seemed  to  rest  much  upon  the  same  principles.  In 
this  way,  he  sometimes  suffered  in  his  person  ;  yet  he  made  his 
office  on  the  whole  a  profitable  one.  Also  the  lease-hold  schemes 
and  other  enterprizes  still  prosecuted  by  him  in  Sagadahock, 
brought  him  some  money. 

When  the  complaints,  preferred  against  him,  came  with  the  submission 
documents  before  the  Board  of  Trade,  they  directed  the  agent  of  "^"^Ig^g^""' 
Massachusetts*  to  state  in  writing,  the   Claim  of    that  Province, 

*  This  was  Francis  Wilkes. 


174  i'Ht:  HISTORY  [Vol.  ii. 

A.  D.  17.31.  which  when  done,  was  with  the  papers  submitted  to  the  considera- 
tion of  the  king's  Attorney  and  Sohcitor-Generals,  in  the  form  of 
these  two  queries ; — 

1.  "  Whether  the  inhabitants  of  Massachusetts-bay,  if  they  ever 
"  had  any  right  to  the  government  of  the  tract  of  land  lying  be- 
"  tween  St.  Croix  and  Kennebeck,  have  not,  by  their  neglect 
"  and  even  refusal  to  defend  it,  take  care  of  it,  and  improve  it, 
"  forfeited  their  supposed  right  to  the  government ;  and  what 
"  claim  they  had  under  their  charter,  and  now  have  to  the  lands. 

2.  "  Whether  by  the  tracts  being  conquered  by  the  French, 
"  and  afterwards  reconquered  by  Gen.  Nicholson  in  the  late 
"  Queen's  time,  and  yielded  up  by  France  to  Great  Britain  by 
"  the  treaty  of  Utrecht,  that  part  of  the  charter  relating  thereto, 
"  became  vacated  ;  and  whether  the  government  ot  that  tract 
"  and  the  lands  thereof  are  not  absolutely  revested  in  the  crown ; 
"  and  whether  the  crown  has  not  thereby  sufficient  power  to  ap- 
"  point  Governors,  and  assign  lands  to  such  families  as  shall  be 
"  desirous  to  settle  there." 

„  ,        The  learned  referees  heard  council,  both  in  behalf  of  the  crown, 

Report  of  _  , 

tie  king's     and  also  of  the  province  and  the  proprietors, — and,  August  1 1th, 

attorney  '■  mi  i  •  i 

and  solicitor  1731,  they  made  their  Report  : — Ihat  the  territory,  between  the 
*  *  rivers  Kennebeck  and  St.  Croix,  was  granted  to  the  inhabitants 
of  Massachusetts-bay  by  a  royal  charter  to  them,  and  they  had 
the  sole  right  to  govern  it;  that  they  have  heretofore  erected  a 
fort  there,  which  cost  them  £20,000  and  have  otherw  ise  expended 
therein  £80,000,  yet  have  at  no  time  so  refused  or  neglected  to 
defend  it  or  its  inhabitants,  as  to  incur  a  forfeiture  either  of  the 
soil*  or  the  jurisdiction  ;  that  the  conquest  by  the  French,  ac- 
cording to  the  laws  of  nations,  only  suspended,  never  annulled 
any  rights  of  the  crown,  or  of  the  Provincials — and  upon  its 
being  reconquered  by  Nicholson,  all  the  ancient  rights,  both  of 
the  Province  and  of  individuals,  being  British  subjects,  immedi- 
ately revived  and  reverted  to  them  by  postliminy ;  that  the  char- 
ter still  remained  in  full  force  and  validity  in  relation  to  that  whole 
part  of  the  Province  ;  and  that  die  crown  had  not  the  power  either 
to  appoint  a  Governor  over  it,  or  to  make  assignments  of  any  lands 


•  Yet  it  must  be  remembered,  that  "  no  grant  of  land  within  the  territo- 
ry actually  made  by  the  General  Court,  could  be  valid,  '  till  approved  by 
'  the  crown.' — Prov.  charter,  p.  34— 5.— 1  Doug.  Sunujt,  p.  :J83. 


Chap,  v.]  of  maine.  1 75 

within  it.* — Yet  this  report,  though  accepted  by  the  king  in  coun-  a.d.  1731. 
cil,  seems  not  to  have  been   made  the  ground   of   any   efficient 
measures  towards  the  removal  of  Dunbar,  till  the  next  year.f 

The  subject  of  the  boundary  line,  on  both   the  northerly  and  a.  u.  1732. 
southerly  sides  of  New-Hampshire,  being  in   itself  of  considera-  The  dis- 

,  ,  ,  ,.  .      ,  .  » pules  about 

ble  miportance,  was  seized  upon    by  the  pohtical  antagonists  01  the  bouiuia- 

.111-  .1  J       riesbetv\een 

the  day,  and  made  to  increase  party  heat  to  an  uncommon  de-  [\.  namj.- 
gree.  It  was  not  only  under  discussion  before  the  Lords  of  f,]I,'j*|',^'"e. 
Trade,  where  the  several  claims  were  urged  with  great  zeal  and  ^''^^''" 
spirit ;  but  the  parties  in  the  Provinces  were  on  all  occasions  vilifying 
and  abusing  each  other,  in  their  language,  in  their  measures,  and 
in  their  letters  to  England.  On  the  one  side.  Belcher  incessant- 
ly represented  Dunbar,  as  the  fomenter  of  opposition,  false,  per- 
fidious, malicious  and  revengeful ;  doing  no  service  to  the  Crown 
nor  to  the  Governor — a  plague  to  the  Provinces,  and  a  deceiver 
of  the  people.  Nor  was  he  unsparing  in  his  reflections  towards 
any  of  his  opposers. — On  the  other  side.  Belcher's  foes  repre- 
sented him  as  blind  and  unfriendly  to  the  royal  interest ;  evading 
the  settlement  of  the  lines  ;  partial  to  Massachusetts,  where  his 
estate,  valuable  and  large,  was  all  situated  ;  and  conniving  at  insub- 
ordination in  the  eastern  Provinces,  and  the  destruction  of  the 
king's  timber. J 

At  the  court  of  elections  in  1732,  the  Governor  in  his  speech  june  1. 
presented  another  subject. — "  I  have  lately,   he   stated,   received  .-pgpc'h'!*"^ * 
"  many  messages  from  the  several  tribes  of  th6   eastern  Indians, 
"  desiring  to  see  me  in  those  parts — to  renew  and  strengthen  the 
"  present  friendship  between   this   Province   and   them ;    and  as 
"  there  willj  sometime  in  July,  be   the  greatest  number  of  them 
"  together,  I   shall  be  pleased   with   the  company  of  gentlemen 
"  from  both  Houses,   when   I   shall  visit  them  at  Casco."     The 
proposition  was  considered  judicious ;    and  the  Legislature  pro- 
vided for  him  a  guard  of  sixty  men,   put  £500  at  his   disposal, 
which,  it  was   intended,  should  be  distributed  as  presents  among 
the  tribes  ;  and  afforded  him  every  facility  for  his  journey.     At- 
tended thither  by  a  large  retinue,  in  which  were  gentlemen  of  the 
first  respectability,  he  met  a  great  number  of  the  Indians,  July  J"b'  20. 
20th,  on  the  peninsula,  when  he  distributed  presents,  conferred 

*  See  this  Report  entire, — 1  vol.  Jour,  of  the  General  Court,  Jan  7,  1731 

-2,  p.  87-103.  t  Sullivan,  p.  394.-2  Hutch.  Hist.  p.  340. 

\  2  Bclk.  N.  R.  p.  86. 


176  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  lU 

A.  D.  1732.  with  the  Sagamores,  and  received  from  them  assurances  of  their 
He  meets     wishes  to  sce  the   treaty  preserved  inviolate.      Happy  in   being 
atWi-'""*  able  to  inform  them  of  a  "  Society  for  promoting  christian  knovvl- 
'""'"''■         edge,"  formed   in    Scotland,    he  told  them,  that  three   of  their 
missionaries  were  intended  for  this  Province  ;    and   the   General 
Court  had  voted  to  give  each  of  them  an  annual  salary  of  £100, 
provided,  they  would  officiate  as  chaplains   of    the   garrisons  at 
Fort  Richmond,  the  fort  on  St.  George's  river,  and  that  at  North- 
field,  in  Massachusetts,*  and  also  become  instructers  to  the  tribes  ; 
it  being  believed  by  many  people,  such  a  course  would  be  pro- 
motive of  mutual  good-will  and  lasting  friendship. 
^"'•'-  2'     ,      After  the  close  of  the  interview,  the  Governor  visited  the  rivers 

His  view  of 

the  eastern   St.  Georgcs,  Kenuebcck,   and  Saco,   and  the  intervenmg   parts; 

country.  ^  .       t         •   i  i  ^  T 

and  in  a  subsequent  address  to  the  Legislature,  he  says, —  It  gave 

*  me  surprising  pleasure  to  see  so  large  a  part  of  this  Province 
'  accommodated  with  fine  rivers  and  harbors — islands  and  main 
i — capable  of  many  and  great  improvements.  The  three  rivers 
'  mentioned    are    bordered    with   fine  lands,   full  of  timber  and 

•  woods ;  and  1  cannot  but  think  this  country  will  in  time,  be 
'  equal  in  every  thing  to  any  part  of  New-England.  Certainly  it 
'  is  well  worthy  of  all  the  support  and  assistance,  this  government 
'  can  possibly  render,  to  bring  forward  the  settlement  thereof. — 
«  The  several  forts,'  he  adds,  '  at  St.  Georges,  Kennebeck,  and 
'  Winter-Harbor,  are  dropping  down  and  ought  to  be  rebuilt  and 
'  enlarged — as  good  stone  and  lime  are  plenty  in  that  country. 
'  Fort  Richmond,  it  rendered  defensible,  is  so  situated  as  to  com- 
'  mand  the  waters  of  the  Kennebeck  river ;  and  Saco  fort,  being 
'  quite  limited,  ought  to  be  removed  four  or  five  miles  up  the  river, 
'  and  established  at  the  Great  Falls.  Nay,  if  some  ingenious 
'  surveyors  were  also  employed  to  delineate  a  map  of  the  Eastern 
'  Province,  well  describing  the  towns,  rivers,  and  roads,  I  should 
'  think  its  cost,  a  judicious  expense.' 

Royal  order      About  this  time,  news  arrived,  that  through  the  persevering  ex- 

b'ar"re"mo-  crtions  of  Mr.   VVilkcs,   the   agent  of  Massachusetts,  and  of  Mr. 

'"''•  Waldo,  the  "  indefatigable  agent"  of  the  proprietors,  as  Douglass 

calls  him,  a  Royal  Instruction  was  obtained,  August  10th,    1732, 

by  which  the  commission  and  authority  given  to  Dunbar,  and  the 

order    to    Governor  Philips  were  revoked  ;    and    the    detach- 


*  II  Mass.  Rcr.  254,  290. 


Chap,  v.]  of  maiNE.  177 

ment  sent  to  keep  a  garrison  at  Fort  Frederick,  recalled.*     This  A.  D.  1732. 
was  highly  gratifying  to  Governor  Belcher  and  his  friends ; — and 
no  less  to  the   inhabitants   and  land-proprietors  within  that  terri- 
tory, all  esteeming  it  a  just  occasion  of  mutual  congratulation  and 
triumph. 

In  April  followino;,  the  Governor  stated  to  the   General  Court,  ^-  ^^- 1733. 
that  Col,  Dunbar,  in  conformity  to  his  Majesty's  orders,  was  about  His  depar- 
removing    his  effects  from  the   fort  and  vicinity  of  Femaquid  ; 
that  the  fort  ought  to    be   made  defensible  for  the   king's  honor, 
and  the  safety  of  those  parts, — in  return  for  his  great  goodness . 
shewn  to  the  Province  in  effecting  Dunbar's  removal  so  speed- 
ily  and   entirely,   according  to  the  solicitations  of  the   Legisla- 
ture, and  interested  individuals ;  and  that  should  any   soldiers  be 
ordered  thither  by  us,  they  might  be   accommodated  with  house- 
room,  even  within  the  walls  of  the  fort.     The  subject,  he  adds,  is  Pfoiection 
miportant;  and  it  is  the  king  s  '  royal  pleasure,  as  he  has  express-  iiockrecom' 
'  ly  declared,  that  the  Province  and  every  particular  proprietor  of 
'  the  lands  there,  should  quietly  enjoy  their  just  and  lawful  rights; 
'  there  being  a  great  number  of  his  good  subjects  on  those  lands, 
'  in  very  difficult  circumstances,  through  want  of  protection  from 
'  the  government,  for  which  they  have  made  earnest  supplica- 
'  tion  to  me  -,  and  I  pray  you  to  leave  no  longer  the  fort  neglected, 
'  nor  that  people  distressed  and  desolate.' 

Listening  with  great  interest  and  concern  to  these   representa-  A>i<;iisi25. 
tions,   the   General   Court  resolved,   Aug.  25,  that  the  people  of  sells  re-'"" 
the  Sagadahock  territory,  be  protected  and  treated  with  the  same  d'^ciion'^of  iu 
kindness  and  care,  as  if  they  were  inhabitants  within   any  other 
part  of  the   Province ;  also  that  the  same  law  and  justice  be  ad- 
ministered to  them,  through  the  medium  of  the  Courts  in  York- 
shire,  of  which  they  were  a  constituent  part.     Afterwards,  Nov, 
6,  fort  Mary  at  Winter-Harbor,  was  dismantled  by  order  of  gov- 
ernment ;  and  the  officers,  soldiers,  artillery  and  stores,  removed 
to  Fort  Frederick,  where  a  garrison  was  kept,  about  four  years. f 

To  finish   our  memoirs  of  Dunbar  : — It  seems  that  he  resided  Duni.ar's 
at  Femaquid,  or  in  that  vicinity  about  two  years,f  after  his  juris-  SllS'bus'i" 
dictional  authority  whhin   the  territory  was  revoked.     As   Lieu-"*"^^' 
tenant-Governor  of  New-Hampshire,  under  Belcher,  he  had  no 

*  1  Doug.  Summ.  p.  383-5.-2  Hutch.  Hist.  p.  340. 
t  14  Mass.  Rec.  p  351,  399,  440.  I  2  Belk.  N.  H,  p.  8S, 

Vol.  II.  23 


178  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II 

A.  D.  1733.  seal  in  the  Council  of  that  Province,  no  emoluments  of  office, 
few  adherents,  and  little  to  do  with  the  government.  Therefore 
he  preferred  a  residence,  amidst  friends  introduced  by  him  into 
that  neighborhood,  and  at  a  place  central  and  convenient  for  the 
discharge  of  his  official  trust  as  surveyor  of  the  royal  woods. 
Besides,  he  was  the  possessor  of  lands  in  that  vicinity,  either  by 
purchase,  or  by  appropriating  them  to  himself,  before  the  recall 
of  his  commission ;  where  he  was  making  large  improvements. 
Upon  Belvid era-point,  at  the  head  of  the  bay  in  Walpole,  he 
built  a  commodious  dwellinghouse  and  a  stable,  and  surrounded 
them  with  a  farm  and  good  accommodations  ; — a  habitation  which 
he  also   beautified   by  a  contiguous,   well-cultivated    and  tasteiul 

A.D.  1731.  garden.     These,  when  he  removed   to   Portsmouth,  in  1734,  he 

lo  Pons-  left  in  the  care  of  Rev.  Mr.  Rutherford  ;  and  afterwards  sold 
them  to  David  Allen.*  On  liis  leaving  Sagadahock,  the  prin- 
ciples of  duty  and  truth  require  us  to  state,  that  though  unpopu- 
lar, he  was  a  man  of  activity,  enterprize  and  spirit.  He  repaired 
the  fort  and  built  barracks,  for  which  the  General  Court  refused 
to  make  him  the  least  remuneration  ;  and  he  was  the  means  of 
introducing  no  small  number  of  valuable  inhabitants  into  this 
Province.  Caressed  in  New-Hampshire  by  tiie  party  in  oppo- 
sition to  Belcher,  and  supposing  after  three  years,  he  had  friends 
and  influence  sufficient  to  obtain  a  commission  for  the  government 

Returns  to   of  that  Provincc,  he  went,  in  1737,  to  England.     Here  he  was 

England.  .         '  .       '  .  . 

arrested  by  his  old  creditors  and  thrown  into  prison.  Liberated, 
he  renewed  his  suit  for  the  office,  and  zealously  urged  it  several 
years;  till  at  length  desj)airing  of  success,  he  was  prevailed  upon, 
in  1743,  for  £2,000  sterling,  to  resign  his  surveyorship  of  the 
woods,  when  he  was  appointed  by  the  East  India  Company,  Gov- 
ernor of  St.  Helena. f 

*  Cominissicucrs'  Report,  1811.  p.  153-8.         f  2  Btlk.  ?n.  I!,  p.  92-145. 


Chap,  vi.]  of  Maine. 


179 


CHAPTER  VI. 

New  settlements — The  terms — Offers  to  soldiers — Four  new  town- 
skips  granted— Narraganset  No.  1 ,  and  7,  New  Marhlehead,  and 
Phillipstoivn — Grants  to  individucds — Proprieties — Indians  jeal- 
ous—  Trespasses — Salary  question  put  to  rest — Paper  money — 
Falmouth  made  a  shire  toicn — New  vahiation — Population  of 
Maine —  Throat  distemp.r — Netc-Gloucester — Canada  townships 
—  Trade  and  Commerce — Views  of  rights  to  the  woods — Natives 
complain  of  encroachments  at  the  river  St.  Georges — Legislative 
measures  against  Waldo — Indians  satisfied — Forts  reduced — 
Briinsivick  incorporated — Duke  of  Hamilton's  claim  asserted— 
defeated — A  great  scarcity  of  provisions. 

To  settle  a  countrj  with  good  inhabitants,  is  a  work  equally  a.  d.  1733. 
difficult  and  important.  For  while  men  of  affluence  and  unblem-  The  first 
ished  lives,  seldom  leave  their  homes  for  a  wilderness,  without  towns.^ "'' 
reluctance ;  those  in  more  disagreeable  circumstances  are  not  un^ 
frequently  influenced  by  other  and  stronger  inducements  to  re- 
move ; — and  primary  qualities  are  oftentimes  given  to  the  char- 
acter of  a  town  by  the  first  settlers,  which  the  current  of  an  age 
will  hardly  change.  So  whether  they  be  friends  to  education 
and  virtue, — or  the  sons  of  idleness,  ignorance  and  vice, — usually 
their  descendents  reflect  their  moral  image,  as  they  themselves 
naturally  attract  accessions  from  a  like  class,  or  a  similar  grade 
of  people. — Among  the  men,  who  settle  or  go  to  dwell  in 
new  townships,  there  are  those  of  industry  and  moral  worth, 
emulous  to  make  provision  in  early  life  for  rising  families  and  the 
infirmities  of  age;  likewise  others  who  are  subtle  speculators, 
resolved  in  any  event  to  improve  their  fortunes ;  while  there  are 
some,  who  being  either  culprits,  or  bankrupts,  are  mere  fugitives 
from  justice  or  from  debts. 

Fully  sensible  as  the  Province  appeared  to  be,  that  when  the  New  town- 
better  classes  lay  the  foundations  and  build  the   economy  of  so-  '*''?''• 
ciety,  it  more   generally  flourishes,  and  the  whole  community  is 
thereby    strengthened  as  well  in  war  as  peace,  the   government 
seized  upon  the  occasion — professing  strong  intentions  and  wishes 


ISO  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  11. 

A.I).  173.".  to  favor  settlements,  begun  and  fonned  by  such  a  people.  For 
six  }'ears*  it  had  been,  at  intervals,  a  subject  of  the  legislative 
enquir}' — what  methods  would  be  the  best  '  for  planting  several 
'  JVew  Torunsliips.^  Hence  the  Governor,  in  view  of  the  object, 
took  notice  of  the  profound  peace  '  abroad,  and  the  settled  Iran- 
'  quillity  of  the  Indian  tribes  at  home,  and  reconnnended  surveys 
•  and  appropriations  for  settlers ;'  while  the  Legislature,  in  reply, 
expressed  belief,  that  many  men  of  industry  and  virtuous  habits, 
unable,  since  "  the  great  increase  of  his  Majesty's  good  subjects," 
to  obtain  lands  on  encouraging  terms,  had  removed  in  'large 
numbers'  to  other  '  colonies  ;'f  and  therefore  resuming  the  sub" 
ject,  April  20,  they  ordered  a  new  township  to  be  surveyed  six 
miles  square,  and^located  on  the  easterly  side  of  Salmon  Fall  river, 
above  Berwick,  agreeably  to  the  committee's  report  the  preceding 
year.  The  lots  were  ready  for  assignment  in  October ;  and  the 
(M.nnni'l  plantation  was  long  known  by  its  Indian  name,  Totv-ivoh,  now 
Lebanon.'^ 

In  consequence  of  the  frequent  wars  with  the  natives,  the  gov- 
ernment was  sediiliMis  to  have  all  new  settlements  compact  and 
defensible  ;  and  as  the  genjehal  terms,  conditions  and  require- 
ments, prescribed  in  the  location  of  this  town,  form  a  leading  case 
to  which  subsequent  grants  with  a  few  alterations  refer;  the  par- 
ticulars are  here  stated  : — In  general,  about  CO  lots  of  100  acres, 
severally,  were  surveyed  and.  offered  to  as  many  settlers, — each 
one  engaging  to  take  actual  possession,  and  ivithin  three  years,  to 
clear  from  five  to  eight  acres  fit  for  mowing  and  tillage  ;  also 
to  build  a  dwellinghouse  at  least  18  feet  square,  and  7  feet  posts. 
Collectively,  they  were  also  required,  within  five,  or  six  years,  to 
build  a  meeting-house  ;  settle  a  learned  orthodox  [^or  Protestant'] 
minister;  and  make  provision  for  his  comfortable  support.  Like- 
wise in  the  allotments  and  appropriations  of  this  and  other  new 
townships,  there  toere  usually  reserved  three  lots  for  public  uses, 
namely,  the  ministry,  schools  and  the  first  settled  minister ; — to 
which  there  was,  at  a  subsequent  period,  added  another  reserva- 
tion of  a  lot  for  the  Jiiture  disposition  of  government.'^. 


*  Ante,  A.  D.  1727.  f  14  Mass.  Rec.  p.  367-3. 

I  Post,  J.  I).  1767.— Lebanon  vr.is  incorporaled  that  year.  It  is  a  goo4 
township  of  land,  and  >vcll  situated  for  lumbering;  as  it  bordered  on  the 
river  several  miles. 

!j  Compare  ihs  conditions  prescribed,  A.  D.  H.'JS,— in  14  JIass.  Rcc.   p. 


Chap.  vi.J  of  mafne.  181 

Next  the  services  and  claims  of  the   brave   officers   and   sol- a.  d.  1733 
diers,  so  often  mentioned,  who  had  fonsiht  the   battles  of  their  ^)1^''^  1" 

'  7  o  Ola  soldiers 

country,  came  before  the  General  Court.  There  were  840  men,  ^"'^'  ''«''"'^ 
belonging  to  Massachusetts,  who  took  arms  in  the  '  Narraganset 
expedition,'  as  it  was  called,  against  king  Philip's  forces  ;  whose 
names  and  places  of  abode  were  reported  by  a  legislative  com- 
mittee ;  distinguishing  the  few  survivors  from  those  deceased. 
To  make  distinctions  would  be  an  invidious,  ungracious  task ; 
therefore  the  General  Court  resolved  to  make  equal  provision  for 
them  all — or  their  heirs  ;  and  ordered  seven*  new  townships, 
six  miles  square,  to  be  laid  out  and  offered  to  them  gratuitously 
for  settlement.  In  the  division,  there  would  be  120  rights,  or 
shares,  of  175  acres  each  in  every  township,  besides  public  lots. 
The  bounties  conferred  and  grants  appropriated,  were  to  be  per- 
fected whenever  associates,  to  the  number  of  sixty,  would  unite 
and  actually  settle  a  township,  according  to  the  '  General 
Terms.'     Five  of  these  townships  were  laid  out  in  Massachusetts,  '^g^""^^" ^Jj, 


one 


and  two    in    Maine  : — one    was    called    "  JYarrasranset  JVumhcr  ami  seven, 

'  "^^  or  Buxton 

One,"  [now  Buxton]  ;  the  other,  "  JVarraganset  JViimher  Seven,''''  and  Gor- 
[now  Gorhnni\. 

Encouraged  by  the  liberality  of  the  Legislature,  numerous  peti-  A.  D.  1734. 
tioners,  the  next  year,  applied  for  bestowments  of  the  public  boun- 
ty. The  representatives  from  Marblehead,  stated,  that  their  towns- 
men were  '  straightened  in  their  accommodations,'  and  were  de- 
sirous to  settle  a  new  town  in  Maine,  if  they  could  obtain  a  grant. 
Hence,  a  township  of  25,600  acres  was  surveyed   to  them,  the 
next  spring,  on   the   eastern    bank    of    the    river    Presumpscot ; 
wherein  63  compact  ten  acre-lots  were  laid  out  to   as  many  set- 
tlers, and  subsequently  to  each  one  a  lot  of  1 20   acres.     This  {^1^"^'^^^^"^ 
plantation,  called  "  JVeiv-Marhlehead''  [now    Windham]   had  notW.ndha'm. 
a  rapid  growth ;  for  five  years  elapsed  before  the  inhabitants  put 
mills  in  operation,  or  began  a  meeting-house.     Being  then   dis- 
turbed by  the  Indians,  they  erected  a  large  block-house,   whither 
they  and  their  families  might  retire  for  safety,   and  defend  them- 
selves, with  the  aid  of  two  swivels  furnished   them  by   the  pro- 

2C9-2S 1-367-8;  tvith  Resohies  E.  Lands,  March,  1785,  p.  27-30— At  first, 
bonds  of  £20  were  required  of  the  settlers  for  performance  of  terms  ;  but 
they  were  of  no  use — they  were  never  sued. — See  1  Doug.  Summ.  p.  514. 
^  IKine,  were  in  fact  granted — but  only  seven  taken. 


182  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II, 

A.  1).  i:3i.  prietors.     Another  tract,  adjoining  Berwick  and  Tovv-vvoh,  was 
Piiiihps-      ia[J  out,  about  the   same    time   and    upon   the  general  terms,  to 

town,  or  I  o  7 

Sandfoixi.  other  associates,  and  afterward  called  '  PhUlipstown,^  now  the 
town  of  Sandford* 

prants  lo  In  the  present  good  mood  of  the  General  Court,  individuals 
were  equally  successful  in  their  applications.  Samuel  Jordan  of 
Biddeford  and  Christopher  Baker,  who  had  been  a  long  time 
captives  in  Canada  jf  Richard  Cutts  of  Kittery,  who  was  shot 
ten  years  before  and  lay  twelve  months  sick  of  his  wounds ; 
Ruth  Lee — who  had  lost  her  husband  in  the  attack  upon  Port- 
Royal  ;  the  children  of  Major  Converse,  who  had  lost  their 
father  in  the  third  Indian  war ;  and  Richard  Tozier  of  Berwick, 
who  had  been  a  great  sufferer  by  the  savages ; — all  of  these  and 
a  great  number  of  others  had  lots  from  150  to  200  acres  given 
them,  which  they  had  a  right  to  select  from  any  of  the  unappro- 
priated lands  in  IMaine.  Any  persons  severely  wounded, — be- 
reaved of  husband  or  father, — made  criples  or  captives — were, 
upon  request,  sure  of  receiving  the  legislative  bounty.  Nay, 
there  were  instances,  where  gratuities  were  made  in  consideration 
of  services  rendered  between  forty  and  fifty  years  before ;  and 
some  of  the  poor  were  supported  through  the  year,  from  the 
public  funds. J  At  length,  the  officers  and  soldiers  in  the  Cana-r 
da  expedition,  of  1690,  preferred  their  memorials,  which  were 
committed  for  consideration  ;  and  the  second  year,  their  requests 
were  also  granted. §  All  these  grants  were  obtained  through 
^^  the  Committee  of  Lands  ;^^  whose  report  was  at  this  period,  and 
in  these  instances,  considered  a  sufficient  reason  for   a  legislative 

T,      •  ,-      order  or  <ri"ant.     At  first  the  new  townships  were  managed   as 

formed.       ^' jpropvietics^^  or  corporate  tenancies   in  common  ;  and   several 
acts  were  passed  for  calling  proprietors'  meetings ;  regulating  their 
officers ;  enforcing  their  votes  ;  and  collecting  assessments. 
But  these  movements  in  the  old  Province  of  Maine,  and  some 


*  See  Sandford,  A.  D.  17G8,  post— incorporated. 

I  Baker  was  a  prisoner  25  years  :  and  allowed  500  acres. 

1 2  Resolves  of  General  Court,  A.  D.  1734,  p.  51-S3.  Perliaps  this  was 
the  origin  of  state  paupers. 

5  The  men  who  were  at  the  heads  of  these  petitions  were,  Isaac  Little, 
Wm.  Rand  ;  Samuel  Greaves  ;  Samuel  Wright;  Nathaniel  Bowman  ;  Sam- 
uel Pool;  Ebenezer  Hunt;  Stephen  Hall;  and  Joseph  Sylvester,  and 
others. 


Chap.  VI.]  OF  Maine.  183 

of  a  similar  character  in  that  of  Sagadahockj  especially  upon  the  a.D.  I73t. 
river  St.  Georges,  began  to  disturb  the  Indians ;  and  their  dis-  J;;f,J^ 'j^^jr 
contents  once  excited,  were  always  aggravated,  whenever  they^'"'^- 
had  access  to  ardent  spirits.  For  though  they  might  fawn  upon 
the  man  at  the  time,  with  a  profusion  of  thanks,  who  would  put 
the  cup  to  their  thirsty  lips,  they  would,  if  they  had  opportunity, 
surely  abuse  him,  while  they  were  under  the  influence  of  the  in- 
toxicating draught ;  and  when  sober,  they  were  apt  to  be  jealous 
of  some  possible  imposition,  and  as  often  meditated  revenge  for 
suspected  as  real  frauds,  practised  upon  them  during  the  sus- 
pension of  their  reason.  Nor  would  they  confine  their  traffic 
with  the  white  people,  entirely  to  the  truck  houses.  Greedy  or 
travelling  traders,  visiting  the  new  settlements,  wickedly  courted 
a  barter  with  them  ;  having  regard  only  to  their  own  pecuniary 
gains  and  immediate  emoluments.  The  Governor  was  moved 
upon  this  fearful  subject — and  he  stated  to  the  General  Court, 
that  by  the  "  frequent  complaints  received  from  the  frontiers, 
"  great  abuses  were  committed  on  our  Indian  neighbors,  by  in- 
"  toxicating  them  with  excessive  quantities  of  rum  ;" — and  ad- 
ded, '  if  there  be  not  a  speedy  check  given  to  this  growing  wick- 
'  edness,  what  good  can  result  from  all  the  sums  expended  by 
'  the  government  for  their  benefit,  or  by  the  Scottish  society  for 
'  their  instruction  ?* — Reminding  them  also  of  the  war  lately 
'  entered  into  by  several  of  the  European  princes,  and  the  great 
'  preparations  making  for  extensive  campaigns,'  he  told  them,- 
May  31,  '  it  was  their  duty  to  look  into  the  state  of  the  Province, 
'  and  put  it  into  a  good  posture  oi  defence  in  case  it  should  un- 
'  fortunately  be  again  visited  with  the  scourge  of  war.' 

By  the  extension  and  increase  of  settlements,  more  convenient  Qovehior's 
avenues  were  opened  to  the  king's  woods.     Hence  the  Governor,  against  trcs- 
when  informed  of  the  recent  trespasses   committed,  issued  a  new  p^^s^'s- 
proclamation,  declaring  that  all   the   laws  of  Parliament,  and  of 
the  General  Court,  made  to  punish  that  class  of  offenders,  w^ould 
be  carried  into  rigorous  execution.     He  went  so  far  afterwards, 
as  to  threaten  the  Province  with  his  Majesty's  indignation,  if  the 
lorest-trees  of  his  royal  domains  were  not  better  preserved. 

To  the  salary  question,  which  had  so  often  and   so  highly  agi- 


*  The  Society  liad   a    ini^&ionarv  upon  tlie  eastern    frontiers. —  I  Douif. 
Suvim.  ji.  231. 


]g4  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  IIw 

A.u.  1734. tated  the  people  and  their  representatives,  his  wisdom   and  good 
Salary        management  gave  a  most  favorable  turn  ;  havins;  prevailed  with 

question  put  o  D  .  . 

to  rest.        the  king  to  relax  his  instruction,  so  far  as  to  permit  the  incumbent 

Governor  to  accept  what  sums  the  Legislature  might  grant  him  ; 

Paper  mon-  and  here  the  unhappy  controversy  rested.     But  paper  money,  or 

ev  consider-  '  ^  •'  ,  •'  .  ^  f  ,  i 

«d.  bills  of  credit,  was  a  subject,  about  which   he  had  not  the   ad- 

dress or  abilities  to  bring  the  General  Court  into  his  views.  The 
time  set  was  now  only  seven  years — when  all  which  had  been 
issued  would  fall  due ;  and  any  made  payable  at  a  remoter  dayy 
was  expressly  forbidden.  These  bills,  like  lava,  overflowed  the 
country  ;  nor  was  there  a  government  in  New-England  that  did 
not  send  out  a  full  share  of  them.*  "  Massachusetts  treasury, 
"  which  had  been  long  shut,  was  opened,  and  the  debts  of  two 
"  or  three  years  were  all  paid,  at  the  same  time,  in  this  kind  of 
"  paper  ;"f  which  was  made  by  law  a  tender  in  payment  of  all 
debts.  Still  they  were  in  effect  like  coin  of  base  metal,  less 
than  one  part  fine  to  two  of  alloy;  for  10  Spanish-mill'd  dol- 
lars— were  now  worth  and  would  bring  about  £10  of  the  bills. | 
As  they  were  constantly  depreciating,  the  holder  would  pass 
them,  and  hoard  up  his  silver  and  gold,  or  send  it  abroad  ; 
and  cash  or  precious  metals  became  articles  of  merchandize,  of 
which  there  was  a  great  scarcity.  Nothing  could  be  more  diffi- 
cult, nay,  it  was  impossible,  to  graduate  justly  the  price  of  labor 
and  breadstufTs  to  this  deceptive  currency ;  and  without  some 
unchanging  standard,  there  is  no  safety  either  in  barter  or  trade ; 
— no  man  can  know  the  worth  or  value  of  his  property,  much- 
less  that  of  his  debts  or  dues.  The  faith  of  the  Province  was, 
it  is  true,  pledged  to  pay  the  bills  agreeably  to  the  nominal 
amount  upon  their  face  ; — but  inability,  owing  to  expensive  wars, 
was  a  plausible  apology  or  plea  for  not  redeeming  them. 
The  Gover-  I"  ^"  excursion  into  the  eastern  Provinces  this  summer,  the 
tTe'eistern  Governor  visited  Passamaquoddy,  Machias,  Pemaquid,  Damaris- 
country.  ^^^^^  ^^^  Shecpscot.  At  Pemaquid  he  had  a  talk  with  several 
Indians,  whom  he  treated  with  great  courtesy  ;  and  from  whom 
he  received   fresh    assurances  of   their  wishes  for   a  continued 


*  1  Dong.  Summ.  p.  528. 

\2  Rutck.  Hisl.  \).M\ The    loan    to    York  county   was  £100,000.-2 

Resolves,  printed  July,  1735. 

I  Governor's  Speech,  Jlay,  1734.— He  says  Ids.  of  the^e  bills  will  not  pur- 
chase bs.  of  lawful  money. 


Chap,  vi.]  of  Maine.  135 

peace;    though  there  were  traders  on  the  frontiers,   who  had  A.  u.  1734. 
given  some    offence.      In  his   interview  with  the   inhabitants  of 
these  parts,  they  were  able  to  confer  with  mutual  satisfaction  and 
interest  upon  Dunbar's  recall,  for  they  had  all  viewed  his  agency, 
as  a  public  annoyance. 

At  the  next  Court  of  Elections,  the  Legislature,  June  10,  ap-A.D.  1735 
pointed,  for  the  first  time,  the  Inferior  Court,  or  Common  Pleas,  F.iimouih 
and  Sessions  of  the  Peace,  to  be    holden  alternately,  in  January  i"a'i(.sh?re 
and  October,  at  York  and  Falmouth.     The  Judges  were   Samu-  "'"^'  ^*"'''' 
EL  Came,  Timothy  Gebrish,  Joseph   Moody  and   Jeremiah 
MouLTON  : — The  Sheriff,  John  Leighton  ;  the   County  Treas- 
urer, Daniel  Simpson;  the  Collector  of  the  excise,  Joseph  Hill, 
of  Wells ;  and  the  Notary-Public,  Richard  Cutts,  jr.  of  Kittery. 

Tliis  year,  a  new  valuation  of  all  the  taxable  property,  and  A  newvalu 
enumeration  of  all  the  male  inhabitants,  sixteen  years  old  and 
upwards,  within  the  Province,  were  taken  and  completed, 
for  the  purpose  of  apportioning  the  public  assessments  upon 
the  several  towns.  As  it  may  be  gratifying  to  have  a  view  of 
the  proportions  of  £1,000,  set  to  the  several  counties  in  the 
Province,*  and  to  the  several  towns  in  Yorkshire,  they  are  sub- 


joined. 

To  York, 

£>  8l4s.09d. 

Kittery, 

11   05  04 

Berwick, 

5   17  08 

Wells, 

4   19  00 

Falmouth, 

5  12  09 

Biddeford, 

2  04  03 

Arundel, 

2  01   03 

Scarborough, 

4  02  10 

North-Yarmouth, 

1   09  04 

£  46  07  02. 

♦  Counties — 

-Suffolk,                     17  towns. 

£ 

262  02«.  06df.  tax. 

a 

Essex,                     19 

(( 

200    13  02 

<i 

Middlesex,              31 

(t 

i( 

146    10  10 

a 

Hampshire,              13 

4( 

<( 

64    12  07 

it 

Worcester,              17 

i( 

i( 

52    GO  03 

a 

Plymouth,                13 

i( 

(( 

76    13  07 

ti 

Bristol,                     15 

(( 

ii 

89    00  08 

it 

Barnstable,               9 

(( 

«( 

49    10  03 

« 

Dukes,                       3 

<( 

(( 

11    15  00 

ti 

Nantucket,                1 

cc 

.( 

10    14  00 

«t 

York,                        9 

ti 

u 

46    07  02 

147  £1,000  00  00  tax. 

Vol.  H.  24 


IQQ  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II. 

A.  D.  1735.      By  this  it  is  perceived,  that   no  place  within  the  territory  of 

No  plaiita-  Sagadahock,  not  even  Georgetown,  is  embraced  in  the  vakiation  ; 
and  all  the  plantations  in  the  old  Province  of  Maine  are  omit- 
ted. Indeed  the  unincorporated  townships,  settlements  and  pro- 
prieties, were  not  at  this  period,  required  to  bear  any  of  the  pub- 
lic pecuniary  burthens.  From  the  census  of  the  taxable  polls,* 
the  population  of  the  whole  Province,  was  estimated  to  be  about 
142,000  souls  ;  of  which,  that  of  Maine,  in  the  nine  towns  men- 
tioned, calculated  by  a  rule  of  proportion,  would  be  about  seven 
thousand.     If  there  be  added  to  these,  the  probable   number  in 

in°Mai'nc'."  Georgetown,  and  in  all  the  unincorporated  places,  within  the 
limits  of  the  present  State  of  Maine,  the  aggregate  would  evi- 
dently be  at  the  present  time,  (1735,)  about  9,000  souls.f 

The  throat  Encouraging  as  this  view  of  our  population  appears,  it  is  pain- 
ful to  trace  the  ravages,  and  note  the  fatal  effects  of  a  disease, 
which  in  its  course  swept  from  Maine  about  500  of  its  inhabi- 
tants. This  was  called  the  Throat  Distemper.  It  first  made 
its  appearance  at  Kingston,  New-Hampshire,  in  May,  and  grad- 
ually spread  through  New-England. J  It  was  very  mortal,  espe- 
cially among  children.  In  Maine  it  spread  and  raged  at  inter- 
vals more  than  three  years.  Its  general  appearance  was — a 
swollen  throat  with  ash  coloured  specks — an  efflorescence  on  the 
skin — distress  in  the  head — great  debility  of  body, — and  a  sU'ong 


According  to  2  Hdmcs''  A.  Ann.  p.  129,  the  populatioji  of  the  toucns  in  (lie 
whole  Province,  A.  D.  1731,  was  120,000,  Eng-lish  inhabitants.  He  quotes 
Political  Tracts'— nnd  Anderson  iii,  p.  172. — But  the  estimation  is  too  low. 
—See  ante,  vol.  II,  p.  37,  note  f. 

*  There  were  35,427  taxable  pulls  in  the  whole  Province  : — The  Negroes 
were  2,600  ; — Horse  kind,  3  years  oiU  and  upwards,  27,420  ; — Neat  cattle, 
52,000  ;— Sheep,  130,000.— 1  Doug.  p.  .531.— In  1742,  there  were  41,000 
males,  IG  years  of  ag-e  and  ujiwards,  in  the  whole  Province. 

f  Within  the  nine  towns  of  Maine,  7,000  souls. 

In  the  jilantatious,  and  new  townships,  Brunswick,  Tops- 
ham,  Ilarpswell,  Tow-woh,  Narragansct  Nos.  1  and  7, 
New-Marblehcad,  and  Phillipstown,  (by  estimation,)  500 

Within  Sagadahock,  embracing  Georgetown,  Sheepscot, 
Damariscotta,  Tovvnshcnd,  Harrington,  Walpole,  Broad 
Bay,  and  St.  Gcorge-s'  river,  [ante,  A.  JD.  1729,]  1,500 

•  

9,000. 
Douglass  [vol.  1,  p.  384,]  says,  there  were   in  Sagadahock  territory,   A. 
D.  1744,  370feDsible  men.  ;2  Ilolmcb'  A.  An.  p.  141. 


Chap,  vi.]  of  maine.  jgy 

tendency  to  putrefaction.  Parents  trembled  at  its  approach,  for  AiD.  1735. 
children  when  seized,  were  sick  only  a  very  short  time,  before 
death.  Six,  and  sometimes  more,  were  taken  from  single  fami- 
lies ;  several  buried  three  or  four  in  a  day  ;  and  there  were 
many  parents  who  lost  their  all.  In  the  single  town  of  Kittery, 
122  died  of  the  distemper  ;  and  having  entered  Arundel,  it  car- 
ried off  great  numbers  both  of  young  people  and  children.* 
It  proved  so  fatal  and  alarming,  that  a  solemn  fast  was  kept, 
Oct.  31,  to  invoke  relief  from  Almighty  God.  The  next  year 
it  was  neither  so  general  nor  so  mortal.  However,  in  January, 
1737,  it  broke  out  afresh  in  York  and  Wells,  and  laid-  numbers 
in  their  graves.  About  75  died  in  North-Yarmouth  ;  49  in  Fal- 
mouth ;  and  26  in  Purpooduck.  So  deadly  was  it  in  Scarbo- 
rough, for  instance,  that  not  a  single  one  survived  the  attack ;  and 
at  Saco  and  Presumpscot  Falls,  it  seemed,  the  next  year,  to  riot 
on  human  life,  baffling  alike  all  medicine,  skill  and  exertions.  It 
raged  at  all  seasons  of  the  year ;  being  in  general  the  most  mor- 
tal, where  blood-letting  and  cathartics  were  practiced. 

In  other  respects,  this  eastern  country  was  exhibhing  proofs  of  ^.d.  1736. 
considej-able  prosperity,  and  the  inhabitants  appeared  to   be   con- 
tented.     Applications  for  new   townships  were  pressed  or  re- 
newed ;f  and  on  the  27th  of  May,  one  of  usual  size  was  granted 
to  the  town  of  Gloucester  in  Massachusetts ; — from  which   cir- 
cumstance, it  acquired  and  has  retained  the   name   "  J\ ew-Glou-  iVew-Glou- 
cester.'^     It  was  immediately  setded  by  inhabitants  from  the  pa-  ^^stergrant 
rent  town,  who  built,  about  the  same  time  on  the  beautiful  declivi- 
ties of  '  Harris  Hill,'  a  dozen  log-houses,  and  also  erected  a  mill 
on  Royall's  river.     The  setdement  increased,  till  interrupted  by 
the  Indians. 

Nine  townships  were  granted  to  the  officers  and  soldiers  sur-  Canada 
viving,  and  the  heirs  of  those  deceased,  who  were  in  the  expedi-  '"""'^^''P^- 
tion  sent  against   Canada  in   1690;  which  when  surveyed   and 
assigned,  were  called  the  "  Canada   Townships."     Only  two  of 
them,  however,  or  their  substitutes,  were  located  in  Maine  5I  the 
others  were  laid  out  on  the  Merrimack,  or  Connecticut,  or  between 


*  Smith's  Jour.  p.  2G-2S.  |  See  ante,  A.  D.  1 734. 

I  These  were  called  Phips'  Canada,  [Jay,]  see  A.  D.  1795  ;  and  Sylvester 
Canada  [Turner,]  A.  D.  17SG.  It  was  supposed  the  latter  was  first  located 
in  Massachusetts,  though  proved  to  be  in  New-Hampshire,  wiien   the  lines 


were  run. 


188  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  11. 

A.  D  1736.  those  rivers,  along  the  north   margin  of  Massachusetts ;    sever- 
al of  which,  in  settling  the  line,  in  1739,  were  assigned  to  New- 
Hampshire.     The  Governor  strongly  recommended  these  appro- 
priations ;  for,  said  he,  they  "  will  form  an   additional  barrier  to 
"our    frontiers,,  and    afford  great  safety   to  the   Province,   upon 
"  any  adventitious  rupture."* 
Commerce        Commerce,  trade  and  ship-building  had  now  considerably  re- 
imd  trade,    yjygfi  |p,  d^ese  eastern  Provinccs.     The   articles   of  export   were 
fur,  fish  and  lumber.     But  the  first,  once  so  great  a  commodity  of 
traffic,  was  at  this  period  principally  confined  to  the  truck-houses. 
The  business  declined,  according  to  the  decrease  of  the   Indian 
population.     There  were  about  600  men  employed    in  the   fish- 
eries, who  belonged  to  the  Province  ;  and  considerable  quanthies 
of  fish  were  annually  taken  from  the  rivers  and  coasts   of  Maine. 
But  our  forests  formed  the  great  store-house   of  eastern  wealth. 
Lumber  of  different  kinds  bore  a   fair  and   uniform   price,  and 
commanded   a  ready    market    and    prompt    pay.     The    masting 
trade  was  confined  wholly  to  Great  Britain  ;  while  boards,  shingles, 
timber,  and  also  fish,  being   principally  managed  by   the  Boston 
merchants,  were  exported  to   European  ports   and   the   Carribee 
Islands.     In  the  winter  season,  small  vessels  were  the  carriers  of 
English    and   West  India     goods   to  the   southern    colonies,  for 
which  they  received  corn  and    pork  ; — articles   in  great  demand 
among  the  eastern  inhabitants. 
0|.ini<.ns  as      Upon  uo  suhject  was  there  a  greater  diversity  of  opinion,  than 
u,e  wood"'   upon  the  true  condition   and  right  of  property   in  our   extensive 
forests.     The  Governor  often  urged  it  upon  the  Legislature,  as  a 
mutual  duty  he   and    they  owed  their   sovereign,   to   exert  their 
utmost  power  in  tlie  preservation   of  these   royal   invaluable   for- 
ests.— In  reply,  tlie  two  Houses,  sensibly   touched,   by   such   re- 
peated admonitions  from  the  Executive  chair,  at  length  told  him,f 
they  had  passed  several  laws  against  trespassers,  and  revised  and 
sharpened  them  with  new  penalties,  authorizing  even  corporeal 


*  six  of  these  towiisljips  r.ftcru-arJ.s  were  owncil  or  controlled  bj'  these 
several  towns,  Ipswich,  !?a!eni,  Rcverly,  lloxbiiry.  P.owley  and  Dorcliester  . 
3  or  1  of  which,  when  the  divisional  line  Ixtwoen  Massachusetts  and  New. 
Iiainpsliire  WuS  finally  C5-tah]ished,  fell  within  the  jurisdiction  of  the  latter 
Province. — 1  Doug.  Suntm.  p.  4'2  t-!59-462-5l>4— G  ; — -dlso  Guvemor^s  Speech^ 
J\Iay,  17oC. — The  Cointnittec  .ippointtd  to  lay  out  these  townships  were 
J.  Chandler,  R.  Hale,  V.  Epes,  Ed.  Quincy,  W.  Dudley,  and  S.  TFells.—lS 
J^Iast.  Rec.  p.  296.  T  Answer  of  the  House,  173S. 


Chap,  vi.]  of  Maine.  189 

punishment  to  be  inflicted  upon  those  who  offended  in  disguise  ;  A.  D.  1736. 
and  if  the  masts  were  not  preserved,  it  must  be  owing  to  some  neg- 
lect in  the  execution  of  the  laws,  or  some  dereliction  of  duty  in  the 
officers ; — not  to  any  defect  in  the  laws  themselves.  Unques- 
tionably the  tone  of  popular  feeling  was  now  too  low  to  harmon- 
ize with  the  high  notes  of  government.  Hundreds  believed  the 
forests  were  the  gifts,  as  well  as  the  growths  of  nature.  A  foreign 
right,  even  in  the  king,  must  be  nominal ;  for  he  had  expressly 
granted  the  political  jurisdiction  of  the  country  ;  and  if  the  soil 
were  withholden,  the  forest  trees,  rendered  valuable  by  municipal 
setdements,  and  individual  adventure  and  toil,  ought  to  be  as  open 
and  free  to  the  settlers'  use,  as  elemental  water,  air  or  light.  Till 
the  cultivation  of  the  country,  the  woods  must  afford  the  neces- 
sary means  of  upholding  life ;  and  it  is  only  by  felling  or  re- 
moving trees,  that  wild  lands  can  be  converted  into  fields  of  hus- 
bandry and  improvement.  All  this,  it  is  true,  might  be  plausi- 
ble, and  yet  be  neither  sound,  lawful,  nor  safe;  because  what  is 
in  store  for  the  common  good,  ought  not  to  be  plundered  for  pri- 
vate benefit. 

But  there  were  much  older  claims  to  the  forests,  than  that  of  Tiipindiaw 

,  .  ,      .     ^     .      ,  .  1  •    1      I  •  displeased 

the    king, — and    mnnitely    more    nnportant   to    the     mhabitants.  by  the  in- 
These  were  the  possessory  rights  of  the  natives.     Ten  years  they  new  seuie- 
had  been  quiet ;  and  it  was  with  much  pain  and  sorrow,  that  there '"^"**' 
appeared  among  them,  any  indications  of  restlessness  or  discon- 
tent.    But  they  looked  upon  the  new  settlements  with  great  jeal- 
ousy, and  dislike  ; — as  the  harbingers  of  their  utter  extermina- 
tion.    Unfortunately  an  Indian  woman,  about  this  time,  had  her 
trial  at  York,  for  the  murder  of  an  English  child  ; — a  circum- 
stance which  might  awaken  the  sympathy  of  the  Indians,  and 
promote  some  inceptive  excitements.     For  after  this,  the  reports 
of  guns  were  heard  in  the  neighboring  forests,  which  were  known 
to  be  discharged  by  the  Indians ;  and   about  the  same  time,  the 
tongue  of  mischief  or  suspicion  spread  a  rumor,  that  Biddeford 
was  marked  for  assault.* 

Although  the  report  was  groundless,  it  excited  an  alarm,  which  Prppnra- 
.  .  ,    '  .  lions  for  de- 

was  judiciously  improved.     For  according  to  the  recommenda- fence. 

tions  of  the  Governor,  so  often  repeated,  preparations  were  now 

made  for  repairing  the  public  fortifications,  and  replenishing  the 


t  Smitirs  Journal,  Sept.  9,  p.  26. 


190  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II. 

A.  D.  1736.  public  arsenals ;  some  new  block-houses  were  built ;  and  others 
were  put  in  a  better  posture  of  defence.  In  Falmouth,  for  in- 
stance, a  private  garrison  was  finished,  which  had  been  constructed 
on  a  well  chosen  plan  for  accommodations. 

Tiie  nntivos      On  investigation,  it  was  found,  that  the  Tarratines  were  much 

complain  of  •     ,      i  •    n 

encroach-  disturbed  ;  and  as  they  had  at  this  period,  the  greatest  influence 
Waldo  and  vvith  the  Other  eastern  Indians,  the  late  defection,  it  was  feared, 
Georges'  had  bccomc  general  and  mutual.  Yet  the  Tarratine  Sagamores 
"^*^'^"  appeared  to  be  so  desirous  of  a  perpetuated  peace,  that  several 

of  them  took  a  journey  to  Boston.  There,  according  to  the  pro- 
visions of  the  treaty,  they  laid  their  complaints  before  the  Legis- 
lature, stating  that  they  had  never  consented  to  let  Englishmen 
build  houses,  above  the  tide  waters  of  the  river  St.  Georges ;  and 
yet  Mr.  Waldo  and  his  people  were  encroaching  upon  Indians' 
lands  and  rights  to  a  fearful  extent ;  and  they  could  no  longer 
endure  the  sight  of  such  flagrant  wrongs. 
Report  of  A  joint  Committee  of  the  two  branches,  to  whom  the  subject 
in'fb'vor  of  ^^^s  referred,  after  a  conference  with  the  chiefs,  reported  in  sub- 
ihe  Indians,  g^^j^gg  ^j^^g  .* — i  [[^^^  ^j^g  natives  have  possessory  rights  in  the 
'  lands  of  the  extensive  wilderness  where  they  dwell,  which  have 
'  been  often  acknowledged  by  the  purchases  made  of  them,  and 
'  prices  paid  them,  and  it  is  the  duty  of  the  government  enjoined 
'  by  treaty,  to  do  them  justice  ;  that  Madockawando,  calling  him- 
'  self  the  Sagamore  of  that  country,  assigned  to  Sir  William 
'  Phips,  in  1 694,  the  lands  on  both  sides  of  the  river  St.  Georges, 
'  as  far  as  the  upper  falls,  and  afterwards  in  behalf  of  the  tribes 
'  upon  the  Penobscot,  Kennebeck,  Androscoggin  and  Saco,  he  en- 
'  tered  into  a  treaty  with  Phips  in  the  capacity  of  Governor,  and 

*  signed  articles  of  submission  to  his  royal  master ;  that  only  two 

*  dwellinghouses  were  built  on  that  river,  prior  to  1 720,  when  the 
'  proprietors  at  their  own  expense  erected  there,  the  present  for- 
'  tress  and  block-house,  which  are  now  occupied  by  the  govern- 
'  ment ;  that  the  chiefs  acknowledge,  they  have  consented  "  to 
"  have  settlements  made  as  far  up  the  river,  as  to  the  falls  or  the 
"  flowing  of  the  tide  waters" — but  that  Madockawando,  as  they 
'  positively  and  constantly  aflirin,  never  was  acknowledged  chief 
'  Sagamore  of  their  tribe  ;  that  when,  agreeably  to  the  petitions  of 
'  Sir  Biby  Lake  and  others,  the  crown  gave  an  order  for  the  re- 

*  1.5  Mass.  C.  Rec.  p.  .^O— 3.— Jour,  of  the  Mouse,  p.  91. 


Chap,  vi.]  of  Maine.  191 

'  moval  of  Dunbar,  it  derogated  nothing  from   any  rights  of  the  A.  D,  i73G. 

'  Indians,  it  only  recognized  and  sanctioned  the  validity  of  older 

'  Enghsh   grants  and  possessions,  and  the  claim  to   anterior  juris- 

'  diction,  as  vested  by  the  charter  in  the  government  of  the  Prov- 

'  ince ;  and  that  neither  Mr.  Waldo,  nor  any  otlier,  ought  to   be 

'  protected  "  in  settling  or  improving  any  lands  on  Georges'   river 

"  above  the  falls,  until  the  government  shall  be  satisfied,  these 

"  lands  have  been  fairly  purchased  of  such  Indians,  as  were  the 

"  rightful  owners  thereof." 

Though  Mr.  Waldo  had  filed  a  counter  memorial  to  the  repre-  Renon  ac- 
sentations  of  the  Chiefs,  the  report  was  accepted  by  the  Legisla-  iTo 'General 
ture  ;  presents  worth  £100  were  sent  by  them  to  the  tribe  ;  and  [[^"'ii'^iiaul 
they  returned  home  well  satisfied. — The  affairs  of  the  Indian  de-  P'''ci<'ed. 
partment,  after   this,  underwent  considerable  reform,       William 
Foice  was  appointed   purveyor  of  supplies,   and  manager  of  the 
trade  ;  and  so  entirely  tranquil   were  all  the  tribes,  that  the  gov- 
ernment,  early   the  following  year,  proceeded  to  dismantle  fort  The  forts 
George  at  Brunswick,  and  fort  Frederick  at  Pemaquid,  and  re- 
duce the  forces  at  St.  Georges'  and  Richmond  forts,  severally  to 
one  commissioned  oflicer  and  ten  sentinels. 

On  the  24th  of  June,  1737,  the  usual  powers  and  privileges  of  Brunswick 
other  towns  were  granted  by  the  Legislature,  to  Brunsivick  ;*  and  ^'^'^^n'orat- 

*  Brunswick  is  the  11th  corporate  town  ;  and  its  date  is  referred  to  Jour. 
House  Rep.  p.  73.  It  was  orig-inally  called  "  Pcg3pscot."  Its  first  inhab- 
itant was  Thomas  Purchas,  settled  at  Stevens'  river,  about  1625-6. — He  and 
Geo.  Way,  A.  D.  1632-3,  took,  as  it  is  said,  from  the  Plymouth  Council  a  pa- 
tent of  lands  on  both  sides  of  the  Androscog-gin,  and  also  a  quit-claim  of  the 
natives.  In  1639-42,  [1  Baz.  Col!,  p.  451— Ante  1642]  Purchas  put  his 
plantation  under  Massachusetts;  in  1636-8,  he  was  one  of  William  Gorges' 
Council;  in  1654.  lie  submitted  to  the  New-Plymouth  g-overnment  on  the 
Kennebeck,  and  was  Mr.  Prince's  sole  assistant ;  and  in  1663-4,  he  was  one  of 
Archdale's  justices.  He  was  absent  during'  part  of  the  first  Indian  war,  and 
died  an  old  man,  not  many  years  after  its  close. — Fort  Geoj'ge  was  estab- 
lished near  the  bridge,  A.  D.  1713.  Twice  the  fort  has  been  greatly  injur- 
ed by  fire.  In  167G,  Brunswick  was  destroyed  by  the  savag-es ;  revived 
after  the  war,  and  again  destroyed  in  the  spring-,  A.  D.  1690.  In  1713-14, 
the  settlements  were  resumed  ;  yet  in  Lovcwcll's  war,  A.  D.  1722,  it  was  re- 
duced to  ashes,  and  again  ropeoplcd,  A.  D.  1727.  There  were  in  1735,  be- 
tween 30  and  40  men  in  town.  Before  it  was  incorporated — twenty-nine 
signed  the  petition.  In  1790  the  census  was  1,387.  Rev.  Robert  Ruther- 
ford was  their  first  settled  minister — dwelling  with  his  people  when  the 
town  was  incorporated,  and  continuing  with  them  till  1742.  His  successor 
waslley.  Robert  Dunlap,  born  in  the  province  of  Ulster  in  Ireland,  Aug. 


192  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.    II. 

A.  D.  1736.  from  this  time,  the  settlement  called  by  that  name  assumed  the 
rank  of  a  town.  It  is  now  among  the  most  important  munici- 
palities in  the  State.  Here  is  our  principal  seat  of  classic 
science  and  literature.  The  village  is  delightfully  situated  on  a 
sandy  plain ;  the  greater  part  of  the  dwellinghouses  and  stores, 
standing  on  both  sides  of  a  wide  and  spacious  street,  a  mile  in 
length,  terminated  on  one  end  by  the  Androscoggin,  at  the  Lower 
Falls  and  the  bridge,  and  on  the  other,  by  the  meeting-house 
and  the  College  edifices. 

Dormant  If  the  prosperity  of  a  country  is  evinced  by   the   multiplication 

claims  iu  i         i  j  ■/  •  j         j  • 

Sagada-  of  incorporated  towns ;  its  real  importance  is  rendered  certam, 
when  the  worth  or  value  of  the  lands  make  it  an  object  to  revive 
ancient  and  dormant  titles.  Such  of  late  had  been  the  hard 
destiny  of  many  inhabitants,  in  the  territory  of  Sagadahock. 
Overwhelmed  by  these  and  other  discouragements,  several  fami- 
lies in  the  vicinity  of  Pemaquid  had  actually  removed  to  other 
places.  For  the  first  time,  a  claim  resting  upon  a  title,  an  hun- 
dred years  old,  was  now  revived  by  William  Sheriff  of  Annapolis, 
Hamilton's  and  prosecuted  with  no  inconsiderable  zeal.  In  the  petition, 
ed  ill  taiii.  which  he  presented  to  the  General  Court,  as  agent  to  the  Duke 
ot  Hamilton  and  Branden,  he  represented,  that  his  principal  was 
heir  at  law  to  James  Marquis  of  Hamilton  ;  and  that  the  old 
Plymouth  Council  assigned  to  the  ancestor,  April  22,  1635,*  a 
tract  of  10,000  acres,  on  the  easterly  side  of  Sagadahock,  to- 
wards the  mouth  of  the  Androscoggin  ; — praying  that  he  might 
have  leave  to  take  it  into  possession.  But  the  petition  was  dis- 
missed ;  and  another  of  like  purport  subsequently  met  with  the 
same  fate. 

In  new  countries,  there  are  numerous  events  which  dishearten 
a  poor  and  scattered  people.     The  former  season  had  been  un- 

1715,  educated  at  the  University  of  Edinburgh,  and  ordained  at  Boston 
1747,  by  a  Presbytery,  in  consummation  of  his  settlement  at  Brunswick. 
His  salary  was  £200  old  tenor.  Being  dismissed  in  Oct.  1760,  he  was 
succeeded  Nov.  1762,  by  Rev.  John  Miller,  who  died  in  1788,  Rev.  Eben- 
czer  Coffin  was  settled  in  June,  1794,  and  preached  eight  years.  In  May, 
1811,  Rev.  Winthrop  Bailey  was  settled. 

♦  See  assignment  of  the  twelve  Provinces  by  the  Plymouth  Council,  A.  D. 
1635.  AnU.  The  sixlth  division  was  to  the  Marquis  of  Hamilton — after- 
wards perhaps  a  duke — and  extended  from  Naumkeag  (Salem)  to  Narra- 
ganset.  These  10,000  acres,  if  ever  granted,  might  have  been  another  and 
separate  grant. 


Chap,  vi.]  of  Maine.  I93 

favorable  to  husbandry ;  and  in  the  autumn,  it  was   evident  the  a.  d.  1737. 
provisions  raised  were  altogether  insufficient  for  the  people's  sup-  a  scarcity 
port.     Owing  to  short  crops  abroad,  fewer  vessels  were  freighted  ions. 
with  supplies  to  Maine,  during  the  winter,    than    in     preceding 
years,  and  ere  the  spring  opened  there  was  a  scarcity,  which  was 
little  short  of  a  famine.     Some  had  no  corn  nor  grain  for  several 
weeks  ;  in  April,  the  hay  was  generally  expended  ;  indeed  there  ^  ^^.. 
was  nothing  to  spare  of  any   eatable   article,   not   even   potatoes ; 
it  being  reported,  that  not  a  peck  of  them  could  be  bought  in   all 
the  eastern  country.     Till  harvest  there   was   distress   for  bread 
even  in  Boston ;  and  it  was  remarkable,  if  some  of  the   destitute 
upon  our  eastern  frontiers  did   not  perish  with   hunger.*     What 
gave  poignancy  to  the  distress  was   the   deadly  throat  distemper 
before  mentioned,  which  continued  still  to  rage   in   many  towns ; 
and  several  also  died  of  a  pleuretic  fever. 

*  In  consequence  of  the  great  scarcity,  the  truck-masters  were  directed 
by  the  Leg-isiature,  December  24,  1737,  to  distribute  to  the  Indians,  provis- 
ions to  the  amount  of  j^l  13,  6s.  Sd. Note — The  volume  of  Massachusetts 

Colony  Records,  from  1737  to  Sept,  30,  1741,  is  missing — supposed  to  be 
lost. 


Vol.  II.  25 


191  thl:  HISTORY  [Vol.  II. 


CHAPTER  VII. 

Dispute  about  the  north  and  south  hoxindaries  of  N etc- J  I  amp  shire — 
Reference — Decision — Appeal — King's  decree — Belcher's  view  of 
the  eastern  country — Yorkshire  viilitia  divided  into  two  Regi- 
ments— Gov.  meets  the  Indians — Suspicions  of  them — Yorkshire 
records — War  with  Spain — Defensive  measures — Scarcity  of 
specie — Land-bank — Public  embarrassments — Boundaries  partly 
surveyed — Gov.  Belcher  removed — His  character — George  TT7/?Vc- 
fcld — Laivs — Gov.  Shirley  takes  the  chair — His  Speech — New 
tenor — A  dearth — Impressments — SMphuilding  and  the  fisheries 
— Indians  withdraw  to  Canada — The  Gov.  meets  a  large  body 
of  them  at  St.  Georges — His  view  of  the  eastern  country — <S^e^- 
tlcment  of  it — Effects  of  the  new  tenor  vpon  society — Laws  to 
prevent  costs  in  lawsuits — Governor's  view  of  fees — New  valua- 
tion—  Taxable  polls — Census  of  3Iaine — B.  Wenticorth,  Survey- 
or of  the  woods — Fears  of  war — Preparations  for  defence. 

A.  D.  1731,      As  the  northern  and  southern   boundaries    of  New-Hampshire 
had  long  been  a  subject   of  dispute   between  that  Province   and 

Dispute  iiT  1^  •  r  1  T-»         •  i\T 

about  ihe     Massachusetts,  a  committee  u'om  the  two  Provinces  met  at  New- 
andsouiiier-  buiy,  in  1731,  for  the  purpose  of  settling  the    controversy.     But 
ofNe"w'^     unable    to    agree,    they    soon    separated;    and  New-Hampshire 
amps  me.  gp^g^jj  jj^g  g^gg  jjefore  the  king,  sending  one  agent,  John    Ringe, 
and  employing  two   others,   John  Tomlinson  and   Ferdinand  J. 
Parris,  of  the  realm,  to  pursue   her   claim  till  it  be  brought  to 
some  determination.     Francis  Wilkes,  the  Massachusetts  agent, 
appeared  in  behalf  of  that  Province  ;  and  the  king  referred  the 
subject  to  the  Lords  of  Trade  and  Plantations,  under  whose  con- 
sideration it  remained  about  six  years.     At  length,  they  recom- 
mended the  appointment  of  Commissioners  to  determine  and  set- 
tle the  question. 
A.  D.  1737,      Accordingly,  twenty  Provincial  Councillors  were  selected,   in 
Reference    equal  numbcrs,  from  New-York,  New-Jersey,  Rhode  Island   and 
vinciai        Nova  Scotia  ;  unto  whom  a  Commission  was   issued,   under  the 
"  '  ""^  ■  great  seal,  of  the  following  tenor  : — '  You  being  appointed  Com- 
'  missioners,  for  settling  and  determining  the  boundary  lines  be- 


Chap.  vh.J  of  jmaine.  ig^ 

'  tween  Massachusetts  and  New-Hampshire,  in  dispute,  are  com-  a.  d.  1737. 
<  manded,  or  any  five  of  you,  to  hold  your  first  meeting  atHamp-  Their  com- 
'  ton,  (New-Hampshire,)   in  August  next,   appoint   a  clerk   and  ""'"'^'°"' 

*  make  entries  of  the  various  papers  presented   you  by   the  par- 

*  ties  ;  to  employ  skilful  draftsmen  in  drawing  plans  of  the   con- 

*  troverted  boundaries  ;  to  make  up  and  sign  your  final  deter- 
'  mination  with  all  convenient  despatch,  and   send  it  immediately 

*  to  the  government  of  the  respective  Provinces ;  giving  notice 
'  of  another  meeting  within  three  months  from  the  day  of  ad- 
'journment,  when  either  party  aggrieved,  may  appeal  to  us  in 
'  council,  and  not  afterwards.  The  expenses  incurred  are  to  be 
'  borne  by  the  Provinces  concerned.     Witness  ourself  at   West- 

*  minster,  the  9th  day  of  April,  1737. 

'  By  writ  of  Privy  Council.     Bisse  Brat.' 
Letters  were  also  addressed  by  the   Board   of  Trade  to  the  Insuuctions 
Governors  of  the   four  Provinces,  from   which   the  Commission-  Tesilg^Ln' 
ers  were  selected,  informing  them  of  the  appointment ;    and  like- 
wise to  Gov.  Belcher,  recommending  through  him  to  the  Assem- 
blies of  Massachusetts  and  New-Hampshire,  the  immediate  choice 
of  managers  and   agents,   and   a   preparation  with   specifications, 
documents  and  evidence,  ready  for  the  commencement  of  an  in- 
vestigation, as  soon  as  the  Commissioners  might  convene. 

On  the   1st  of  August,   eight   of  them  met,  published  their  ^.^^^i^. 
Commission,  and  opened   their   Court;  appointing  Wilfiam  Par- «'°"^''^ 
ker,  clerk,  and   George  Mitchell,   surveyor   and  draftsman.      A  August  isti 
Committee  of  eight  from  New-Hampshire,  with  the  sherifl^  ap- 
peared and  exhibited  their  claim  ;  when  two  solicitors   for  Mas- 
sachusetts, attended  by  the  sheriff  of  Suffolk,  moved  for  an   ad- 
journment to  the  Sth  ;  alleging  that  the   General   Court  of   their 
Province,  was  prorogued  to  the  4th,  before  they  had  any   knowl- 
edge of  the  Commission,  and  therefore  they  were  not  prepared  to 
proceed.     They  were  in  this  motion,  severely  encountered  by  their 
opponents,  who  were  bold  to  declare  that  Massachusetts  had*  al- 
ways been  backward  to  meet  the   question  ; — certainly   she   had 
as  much   time  as  New-Hampshire,  to  make  preparation  ;  and 
they  prayed  the  Court  to  proceed   ex  parte,   agreeably  to  their 
Commission. — Disposed  to  act  with  all  due  deliberation — in  a 
matter  of  so  much  interest,  the  Court  adjourned  to  the  day  re-  mtr' 
quested  ;  and  Massachusetts  in  the  mean  time  despatched  an  ex- 


196  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II. 

A.  D.  1737.  press  to  New-York  and  New-Jersey,  for  the  purpose  of  procur- 
ing the  attendance  of  the  Commissioners  from  those  Provinces. 

The  Court  convened  on  the  8th,  pursuant  to  adjournment,  con- 
August  8.  ....  ^ 
Coinmis-      sisting    of  Philip  Livingston,  from   New-York,  who  presided  ; 

again  meet   William  Skene,    Erasmus  James  Philips,  and    Otho  Hamilton, 
from  Nova  Scotia;  Samuel  Vernon,  John  Gardner,  John  Pot- 
ter, Ezekiel  Warner,  and  George  Cornel,  from  Rhode  Island  : — 
and   now  a  Committee  of  ten,  in   behalf  of  Massachusetts,   pre- 
sented a  specification  of  their  claim. 
The  assem-      To  manage  this  important  investigation,  with  greater  despatch, 
Provinces"'''  ^"^^  "^^''^    satisfaction   to   the   parties  ;  the   Governor   prorogued 
meet  at  j.ia-^jjg  ^ggg,-,^]^],,  qJ  Massachusetts  to   Salisbury,   and  that  of  New- 

ces  o  miles  J  •  _ 

apart.  Hampshire,  to  Hampton  Falls, — -places  within  five  miles  of  each 

other;  where  they  accordingly  convened  on  the  lOtli  ; — the  two 
branches  of  the  Massachusetts  Legislature,  travelling  in  proces- 
sion thither  from  Boston,  on  horseback,  attended  by  the  Gov- 
ernor ill  his  carriage,  who  was  escorted  by  a  troop  of  horse  ; — 
the  whole  forming  a  cavalcade  of  very  novel  yet  highly  impos- 
ing appearance.  The  Governor  presided  alternately  in  the  Coun- 
cil of  each  Assembly ;  and  in  his  speech  to  that  of  New-Hamp- 
shire, he  told  them  he  '  should  act  as  a  common  father  to  both 
'  Provinces.' 
Claim  of  As  to  the  boundary,  more  particularly,  between  that  Province 

IJi'iri.'^™''  ^"^  jMaine,  the  only  one  which  concerns  the  present  history  ;  the 
Committee  of  New-Hampshire  insisted,  'that  she  was  entitled  to 
'  the  western  moiety  of  the  Isles  of  Shoals,  and  that  her  north- 
'  ern  boundary  should  begin  at  the  entrance  of  Piscataqua  harbor, 

*  thence  pass  up  that  and  the  river  Newichawannock   to  the  far- 

♦  thest  head  thereof;  and  thence  north  less  than  a   quarter   of  a 
'point  ivest,  so  far  as  the  British  dominions  extend.' 

Claim  of  On  the   other   hand,   the  Cominittee  of  Massachusetts   stated 

Massachu-  ,  ^j^^^  ^^^^  boundary  line  began  at  the  entrance  of  Piscataqua-har- 
'  bor,  and  passed  up  the  middle  of  the  Piscataqua  and  the  New- 
'ichawannock  to  its  farthest  head;  and  thence  directly  north- 
«  west*  till  one  hundred  and  twenty  miles  from  the  mouth  of  Pis- 
'  cataqua  harbor  were  finished,  or  ended.' — Hence  the  contro- 
verted questions  were,   1,  whether  the  line  should  run  up  the 


teits. 


*  The  expression    iu   the   charter   to   Gorges,    is   "  thence    north-west- 
wards," "  till  120  miles  be  finished."— See  ante,  1639. 


Chap,  vii.]  of  Maine.  197 

middle  of  the    river,    or,    on  its   north-easterly   shore ;  and   2,  A.  D.  1737» 
whether  the  line,  from  the  head   of  the   river,   should  be   a  due  ~  poi"»s  of 

r-  •  ciispule. 

north-iuest  course,  or  north  less  than  a  quarter  of  a  point  west. 

A  plan  acceptable  to  both  parties  being  delineated   and  pre- 
sented by  Mr.  Mitchell, — they  proceeded  to  file   replications  to 
each  other's  claims,  and  adduce  documental  and  parol  proofs ; — 
and  after  23  days,  spent  in  this  elaborate  investigation,  the   Com- 
missioners, Sept,  2,  presented  a  report,  under  the  signatures   and  Sept.  2. 
seals  of  them  all,  except  two,  Vernon   and   Warner,  who   dis-  reported. 
sented  from  the  majority. — The  decision   was  to  this  effect : — 
'The  divisional  line  shall  pass  from  the  sea  through  the   entrance  Itspanicu- 
'  of  Piscataqua  harbor,   and  up  the   middle  of  the   rivers  men- 

*  tioned,  and  Salmon  Falls  river,  to  the  farthest  head  thereof, 
'  and  thence  north  two  degrees  westerly  until  120  miles  be  ter- 
'  minated,  from  the  mouth  of  the   harbor  Piscataqua,  or   until  it 

*  meet  with   his  Majesty's  other  governments ;  and   the    Piscat- 

*  aqua  harbor  shall  be  divided,  in  the  middle,  by  a  line  to  be  ex- 
'  tended  through  the  Isles  of  Shoals, — assigning  those  to  New- 
'  Hampshire  and  to  Maine  which  lie  on  their   respective   sides  of 

*  that  line. 

On  the  day  their  opinion  was  promulgated,  the  Governor  pro-  Thf  2  as- 
rogued  the  New-Hampshire  Assembly,  to  Oct.  12th  ;  yet  kept  prorogued 
the  two  legislative  branches  of  Massachusetts  in  session,  five  days, 
till  copies  were  obtained  and  they  had  agreed  upon  an  appeal 
as  provided  in  the  commission  ;  and  then  he  prorogued  them  to 
the  same  day.*  The  different  conduct  of  the  Governor  towards 
the  two  Assemblies,  gave  the  people  of  New-Hampshire  great 
oftence.  They  accused  him  of  partiality,  in  the  discharge  of 
his  high  official  trust ;  which  his  enemies  managed  much  to  his 
disadvantage.     It  was  a  season  of  party  heat,  and  that  Province 

.  ...  .   .  Boll,  Prov- 

was  equally  with  Massachusetts,  dissatisfied  with  the   decision,  inces  ap- 
She  declared  she  had  always  been  in  possession  of  the  whole  river  crown. 
Piscataqua,  and  had  even  built  and  maintained  a  garrison,  which 
had  long  commanded  its  entrance  and  its  waters  ; — and  she   also 
appealed. 

The  people  of  Massachusetts  affected  to  be  surprized,  that  the 
Commissioners  should  construe  the  term,  "  north-westward"  in 
Gorges'  charter,  to  mean  "  north  two  degrees    west :" — Why  not 

*  Both  Assemblies  were  again  to  meet  at  the  same  places. 


198  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.    11. 

A.  D.  1737.  as  justly  have  settled  it  at  one,  or  three  as  at  two  "  degrees  ?" — 
Her  government  was  likewise  dissatisfied  with  the  clause  in  the 
report  which  extended  the  line  '  till  it  met  with  his  Majesty's 
other  governments ;'  because,  as  she  alleged,  when  the  line  was 
extended  120  miles  from  the  sea,  in  Gorges'  charter,  it  was  the 
utmost  limit  of  any  grant  ever  made,  or  pretended  to  be  made, 
in  that  quarter. 
is  and  ^^^  prosecuting  the  appeal,  the  two  Provinces  were  equally  zeal- 
means  pro-  Qyg  and  alert.     The  aeents  of  New-Hampshire,   Tomlinson  and 

vided  to  ... 

prosecute     Parris,  received  abundance  of  instructions  and  very  liberal  fees. 

the  appeal.  i    /-»    • 

Massachusetts  chose  a  new  agent,  Edmund  Qumcy,  who  taking 
with  him,  among  other  documents,  the  original  patent  of  Maine,* 
was  joined  in  England  by  Mr.  Wilkes,  and  assisted  by  Mr.  Pat- 
ridge.  She  also  appropriated  £2,000  sterling,  to  defray  the  ex- 
penses of  managing  this  heated  controversy.  But  it  was  unfor- 
tunate for  Governor  Belcher,  that  the  money  happened  to  be 
raised,  the  same  day  on  which  a  sum  of  £S00f  was  voted  by 
the  House,  to  make  good  the  losses  he  had  sustained,  by  the  de- 
preciated bills  of  credit  paid  him,  from  time  to  time,  in  compensa- 
tion for  his  official  services.  The  justice  of  such  a  grant  had 
been  often  urged  upon  the  Legislature  by  him ;  as  he  might  with 
the  utmost  propriety  demand  it  as  a  right.  But  his  enemies  con- 
nected it  with  the  boundary  question,  and  gave  it  a  turn  unfavor- 
able to  his  reputation.  They  represented  the  allowance  to  be  a 
bargaining  reward  for  his  approval  of  the  appropriation  bill ;  and 
endeavored  to  throw  a  lowering  cloud  over  both  transactions. 

To  present  in  a  connected  manner  the   residue   and  sequel  of 
this  interesting   dispute,   now  transferred  to  England  ;  it  may  be 
well  to  pursue  the  progress  of  it  through  two  succeeding    years, 
to  its  close,  before  we  leave  the  subject. 
.  „  ,_„„       At  the  instance  of  the  Massachusetts'  agents,   the  opinion   of 
The  dispute  the  learned  Dr.  Halley  was  obtained  ;  who  very  correctly  certifi- 
prosecuied.  ^^^  ^^^^^  ^  ^  jj^^^   north-westward,'  ought  to  run  45   degrees   west- 
ward oi  the  north  point.     This  was  a  mathematical  truth  ;  and  it 
might  have  been  applied  with  good  effect,   had  not  the  New- 
Hampshire   agents,    with   some   success,  touched  the  strings    of 

*  It  is  supposed  the  charter  itself  has  never  been  returned, 
t  2  Hutch.  Hist,  p.  349,  350.— 2  Belk.  JV.  H.   p.  H7.     He  says,  £333, 
6*.  Qd,  in  bills  of  the  new  tenor. 


Chap,  vii.]  of  mafne.  199 

ministerial  clemency,  by  representing  their  poor,  little,  loyal,  A.  D.  1738. 
distressed  Province,  as  in  great  danger  of  being  devoured  by  the 
opulent  and  overgrown  Province  of  Massachusetts.  Whereas, 
said  they,  if  the  borders  of  New-Hampshire  were  enlarged, — 
alluding  to  her  southern  more  than  to  her  eastern  limits, — her 
abilities  might  enable  her  to  support  a  Governor,  separate  from 
any  other  Province. 

There  were  also  in  England,  about  this  time,  some  occurren- 
ces particularly  unpropitious  to  the  interests  of  Massachusetts. 
Quincy,  her  ablest  advocate  had  suddenly  died.  Dunbar,  one  of 
her  bitterest  enemies,  had  returned  home  filled  with  prejudice 
against  her.  The  conduct  of  the  Governor  was  represented  to 
be  so  partial  towards  her,  that  the  Lords  of  Trade  were  even  in- 
duced to  pass  censure  upon  his  manner  of  proroguing  the  Assem- 
bly of  New-Hampshire,  at  Hampton  Falls.  His  foes  made 
many  other  severe  strictures  upon  his  conduct ;  which,  however, 
were  more  than  counterbalanced,  by  the  warm  attachments  ex- 
pressed for  him  by  his  numerous  and  influential  friends,  on  both 
sides  of  the  Atlantic. 

At  last,  March  5,  1739,*  after  the  zeal  of  the  disputants  had  The  final 
considerably  abated,  the  King,  in  Council,  determined  upon  the  ^^'^'''°''- 
appeal,  and  decreed,  that  the  line,  generally,  should  conform  to 
the  determination  of  the  Commissioners,  and  '  pass  through  the  Line  be- 
'  entrance  of  Piscataqua  harbor,   and   the   middle  of  the   rivers  Mah,"  and 
'mentioned,  to  the  farthest  head  of  Salmon  Falls  river;  thence shire.^""''" 
'  "  north  two  degrees  west,  true   course" — that  is  to   say,  north 
'eight  degrees  east,  by  the  needle,f  till  120  miles  be  ended  from 
'  the  place  of  beginning.' — As  to  the  other  part  of  the  question,  Between  N. 
or  '  northern   boundary   of   Massachusetts,'   it  was   determined,  andTassa- 
'  that  it  should  begin  at  the  Atlantic  ocean,  and  pursue  the  course  *^  "^^"^' 
'  of  the  Merrimack,  at  three  miles'   distance   on  the   north   side 
'  thereof,  and  end  at  a  point  due  north  of  Patucket  Falls ;  thence 
'  in  a  straight  line  due  west  till  it  meets  with   his   Majesty's  other 
'  governments.' — This  part  of  the  decision  exceeded  the  utmost 
expectation  of  New-Hampshire ;  for  it  thereby  transferred  to  her 
from  Massachusetts  28  new  townships, — being  a  double  row  or 

*  Perhaps  A.  D.  1740,  new  style. 

t  2  Belk.  Jf.  H.  p.  I37.--S0  much  bein,?-  allowed  fur  the  variation  of  the 
needle. 


200  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.    II. 

A.  D.  1739.  tier  of  them,  extending  from  Merrimack  to  Connecticut  rivers,* 

besides  districts  from  six  of  her  old  towns,  on  the  north  side  of 

the  Merrimack. 

The  Cover-      ^"  ^^^®  midst  of  these  transactions,  full  of  perplexities  as  they 

nor's  regard  ^gj  ^jggp  ^q  the  Governor ;  he  was  not  unmindful  of  this   east- 

for  the  east-  ' 

ern  country,  ern  country,  its  people,  its  interests  and  its  safety.  He  visited  it 
almost  every  year;  had  frequent  interviews  with  the  Indians; 
and  his  speeches  to  the  General  Court,  afford  ample  evidence 
how  much  every  portion  of  this  region  commanded  his  attention 
and  care.  Strongly  impressed  with  the  commodiousness  of  the 
harbor  at  Pemaquid,  'to  which  our  coasting  and  fishing  vessels, 
'  said  he,  resorted  in  great  number ;'  and  deeply  concerned  for 
the  settlements  in  that  vicinity,  he  prevailed  v>rith  the  Legislature 
to  continue  a  small  garrison  at  Fort  Frederick;  and  renewedly 
pressed  upon  their  consideration  the  expediency  of  putting  the 
whole  frontier  in  a  better  state  of  defence.  For,  said  he,  '  1  have 
'  but  too  much  reason  to  believe,  the  Indians  intend  a  rupture,  and 
'  must  recommend  the  adoption  of  methods  best  calculated  to 
'  obtain  a  perfect  knowledge  of  the  country,  to  its  utmost  bor-^ 
'  ders.'  Hence  the  Indian  trade  at  the  truck  houses  was  revised, 
and  orders  given  to  the  agents  to  post  in  each  of  them,  the  in- 
voice price  of  the  articles  sold  ;  to  render  a  fair  account  upon 
oath  of  all  the  sales  made,  and  furs  purchased  ;  and  to  observe 
strictly  every  law  passed,  for  regulating  these  establishments. 
By  this  course  of  vigilance  and  justice,  attended  by  occasional 
acts  of  public  generosity,  the  Tarratines  might,  it  was  believed — 
be  kept  tranquil ; — numerous  and  subtle  as  were  the  arts,  which 
the  Canadian  French  and  their  Indian  vassals  might  practise  to 
disturb  the  peace. 
Col.  Pep-  William  Pepperell  was  at  this  time  Colonel-commandant  of 
maiidant  of  the  Yorkshire  regiment ; — a  gentleman  whose  moral  worth  and 
regiment  military  talents  had  already  given  him  an  elevated  rank  in  the 
confidence  of  the  public.  Impressed  with  the  difficult  and  re- 
sponsible duties  of  the  trust,  and  with  the  importance  of  being 


*  Massachusetts  claimed  14  miles  higher  towards  Amoskeag  Falls. — See 
ante,  A.  D.  1736.— 2  Belk.  JV.  H.  p.  133.— 1  Doug.  Summ.  p.  388.-2  Hutch. 
Hist.  p.  342 — 350. — 3  Jour.  House  Rep.  J[}ass.  p.  13 — 52. — Also  4  Jour,  of 
House  of  Rep.  p.  56—67. — See  Resolves  of  Maine,  A.  D.  1828,  p.  812-14. — 
The  lines  were  to  be  run  by  two  surveyors, — one  chosen  on  the  part  of 
each  Province. 


CmaP.    Vll.]  OF  MAINE.  201 

at  all  times  prepared  for  defence,  he  called  a  meeting  of  the  A-  D.  ms. 
company  officers  at  FahTiouth,  with  whom  he  consulted  and  made 
overtures  for  a  better  organization,  equipment  and  discipline  of 
all  the  militia  under  his  command.  More  ardor  and  military 
spirit,  were  extensively  exerted  and  diffused  among  the  officers 
and  soldiers,  their  ranks  were  filled  and  new  companies  estab- 
lished.    The   next    winter,   his  regiment  was  divided,   and  the  a.  D.  1739. 

command  of  the  eastern  or  new  one  given   to  Samuel    Waldo  of  Hisre{ti• 
T^  ,  i  ,  .  ...  ,„inein  (livid- 

r  almouth,  whose   appouitment  met  witli   entu-e   acceptance,     lied;  nnd 
the  men  of  this   age  were  not   expert  disciplinarians,  they  were  maud  of  the 
no  strangers  to  the  use  of  firearms;  past  experience    had    taught "^ve°"» 
them  the  wisdom  of  vigilance,  and  in  some  of  the  larger  towns,  *''^'"  ^'^  "''^°* 
night-watches  were  kept  through  a  greater   part  of  the  winter 
season. 

In  July,  the  Governor,  taking  passage   In   a   man-of-war,  pro*-  Tn  July,  the 
ceeded  to  Falmouth,  where  he  was  joined  by  a  retinue  of  gentle-  mei  the  In- 
men  from  all  parts  of  the  country,   among  whom  were    several  I'aimouih. 
members  of  both  Provincial  Assemblies.     In  a  few  days,  he  was 
met  by  a  great  body   of  Indians,  well  clad,  and    bold   to  appear 
under  a  French  flag.     To  render  the  anticipated  conference  con- 
venient for  all,  a  spacious  tent  was  spread  upon  the  hill,  eastward 
of  Long  Creek,  in  which  there  were  placed  rows  of  seats  sufficient 
to  accommodate  the  whole  assemblage.     In  the  interview,  the  Sag- 
amores made  great  professions  of  friendship,  and   expressed   ar- 
dent wishes   for  a  perpetuation    of  peace ;  receiving    in    return 
from  the  Governor  every  assurance  of  his  good-will,   and   some 
valuable  presents.     Before  the  meeting  was  finally   dissolved,  a 
public  dinner  was  prepared,  July  29,  whereof  the   English  and 
about  200  natives  were  the  festive  partakers.     They   soon  after 
separated  and  dispersed.     But  though  the  Indians  might  never  some  sus- 
before  have  sung  a  song  of  peace,  so  heartily  intermingled  with  u'^  Indians, 
joys ;  yet  they  had  chosen,  it  was  noticed,  to  appear  under  French 

colors,   and    consequently  their  sincerity  was  suspected.     May, 

•  rT-iTi,ri  Records  in 

the  General  Court,  at  the  mstance  of  Jeremiah  Moulton,  a  mem-  York  coun- 

iv  feccurcd* 

ber  of  the  Council,  aided  him  in  the  construction  of  a  fortress, 
for  the  safety  of  the  public  records  in  the  town  of  York,  and 
furnished  him  with  three  or  four  swivel  guns  for  the  purpose  of 
defence. 

The  Governor,  in  his  speech  to  the  Legislature,  Sept.  20,  says, 
Vol.  II  26 


202  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  11. 

A.  D.  1739. «  since  our  last  meeting,  I  have  received  the  king's  royal  orders, 
War  with  '  granting  letters  of  marque  and  reprizal,  against  the  subjects  of 
'  Spain ;  and  1  trust,  your  loyalty  and  wisdom  will  suitably  guide 
'  you,  in  the  part  you  may  have  to  take  in  this  war.' — Though 
at  this  time,  his  best  friends  had  serious  fears  of  his  being  re- 
moved, they  knew  he  had  powerful  supporters,  and  much  in- 
terest with  some  of  the  Lords  high  in  office,  and  believed  the 
opportunities  now  offered  him  to  signalize  his  zeal  in  the  service 
of  his  king,  would  be  so  ably  improved,  as  to  check  the  tongue  of 
accusation  and  invective.  In  fact,  the  Governor  himself  had 
hopes,  that  a  course  of  time  and  fidelity  might  efface  the  impres- 
sions, which  had  been  made  to  his  disadvantage.  Accordingly, 
he  issued  a  proclamation  for  the  encouragement  of  men,  who 
would  join  in  the  expedition  ordered  by  the  British  Court  against 
the  Island  of  Cuba ;  assuring  them,  they  should  be  under  the 
command  of  their  own  officers,  be  in  the  king's  pay,  have  a  sup- 
ply of  arms  and  clothing,  and  a  share  in  the  booty  taken,  and  be 
returned  home,  when  their  term  of  service  expired.  Hence  there 
were  recruited  or  raised  in  the  Province,  about  5  or  COO  men.* 
A.  D.  1740.  iVor  did  he  delay  to  communicate  the  earliest  intimations  he 
Prepara-      received,  that  there  were    Spanish  i^rivateers  probably  upon   the 

tions  for  de-  .  ^  .  .  .       ^ 

fence.  coast ;  representing  at  the  same  tune,  ui  such  glowing  colors, 
the  awful  consequences,   frequently,  of   procrastinating  prepara- 

June  '23.  tions  for  defence,  that  the  General  Court,  June  23,  appropriated 
£3,000,  to  be  taken  from  the  proceeds  of  the  Indian  trade,  and 
applied  towards  repairing  Forts  Frederick,  St.  Georges,  Richmond, 
and  Mary  at  Saco,  and  rendering  them  entirely  defensible.  A 
vessel,  the  Snow,  was  likewise  built,  for  the  protection  of  the 
coasting  and  truck  trade ;  and  a  fortress  was  erected  or  enlarged 
at  Falmouth,  in  which  eight  or  ten  12  pounders  were  afterwards 
mounted,  and  various  kinds  of  military  stores  deposited,  for  re- 
cruiting the  eastern  garrisons. 

Scarcity  of  At  this  time,  the  preceding  and  every  new  demand  upon  the 
government,  was  fraught  with  no  small  embarrassments.      The 

*  1  Doug.  Summ,  p.  554 — Of  (lie  500  men  from  Massachusetts-bay  in 
the  Cuba  expeilition,  uot  exceeding-  50  returned.  It  cost  her  about  £37, 
500  old  Tenor,  equal  at  that  lime  to  £7000  sterling.  The  few  survivors 
were  dismissed,  Oct.  24,  1742,  and  allowed  to  keep  their  firelocks. 


Chap,  vii.]  OF  Maine.  203 

treasury  was  empty  ;*  the  bills  of  credit,  issued  at  different  A.  D.  1740. 
times,  still  remaining  unpaid,  probably  exceeded  £200,000,-}- — 
all  which  were,  by  the  royal  instruction,  to  be  redeemed  the  en- 
suing year,  and  no  more  emitted;  there  were  no  other  means  of 
paying  them  than  by  a  direct  tax,  equal  to  £40,000  sterling ;  and 
yet  so  uncommon  was  the  scarcity  of  specie  in  the  Province, 
that  it  was  believed,  a  sum  to  that  amount,  could  not  possibly  be 
collected  of  the  people  in  one  year. 

To  administer  relief,  therefore,  a  very  novel   proiect  was   de-  The  Land 

'  '  •'  ^     -*  Bank. 

vised  and  adopted  of  this  character. — Between  7  and  800  men 
associated,  chose  ten  directors  and  a  treasurer,  and  agreed  to 
issue  in  the  name  of  the  Company,  £150,000  in  bills,  which 
should  be  lawful  money ;  and  every  note  of  £1,  be  equivalent 
to  three  ounces  of  silver.  Each  stockholder,  in  the  outset, 
gave  the  Company  a  pledge  of  real  estate  to  the  amount  of  his 
shares ;  and  every  borrower  gave  a  mortgage  as  collateral  se- 
curity for  the  sum  loaned  him,  which,  however,  he  was  allowed 
to  pay  in  Provincial  produce  or  manufactures,  at  such  prices  as 
the  directors  might  from  time  to  time  determine.  In  short  such 
was  the  "  Land  Bank." — The  Governor  foresaw  it  would  be 
injurious  to  the  public,  and  offensive  to  the  ministry,  and  he  reso- 
lutely opposed  it  in  every  step  of  its  progress ;  going  in  the 
spring  election  so  far,  as  to  negative  the  speaker  and  thirteen  new- 
ly elected  councillors,  because  of  their  connexion  with  the  insti- 
tution.    Besides,  as  soon    as  the   establishment  of  the  Bank  was  its  dissolu- 

lion, 

known  in  England,  the  Parliament  dissolved  the  Company,  and 
gave  each  possessor  of  their  bills  a  right  of  action,  for  the  amount 
with  interest,  against  every  individual  partner. 

Next,  a  tax-act  of  £110,000  for  a  year's  supplies,  was  pre- p^yjc  g^. 
sented  to  the  Governor  for  signature :  but  as  its  amount  might  be  '^^rrass- 
paid  in  the  depreciating  bills,  he  said  he  could  not  sign  it,  with- 
out violating  the  royal  instruction  ; — certainly  not  until  provision 
was  made  for  the  approaching  public  exigency.  Nor  would  the 
act,  if  it  were  signed,  said  he,  be  of  any  avail ;  for  it  would 
never  have  the  approbation  of  the  crown.     So  deeply  depressed, 

*  See  anle,  A.  D.  1734.— Permanent  debt,  in  1731,  £130,000.-1  Doug. 
Summ.  p.  498. 

f  4  Jour.  House  Rep.  p.  134-142-150-170. — Gov.  says,  £40,000  ought  to 
have  been  brought  in,  at  leaet,  ten  years  before. — Also  his  Speech,  Au- 
gust, 1741. 


204  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.    II. 

A.D.  1740.  in  fact,  was  the   Legislature,  in  view  of  the  compHcated   affairs 
and  perplexities  of  the  Province,  now  rendered  more  difficult  by 
reason  of  war,  that  they  turned   and   besought  the   Governor   to 
point  out,  if  he  were  able,  any  way  "  to  relieve  a  once   flourlsh- 
"  ing,  now  distressed  and  sinking  Province."     Pious  and   devout 
people  considered  the    present  embarrassments  as  tokens  of  the 
Divine  displeasure  ; — therefore  a  public  fast  was  observed,   Nov. 
29  ;  and  improved  as  a  season  of  prayer  to    Almighty  God,   for 
blessings,  and  especially  for  his  guidance  of  the  General   Court, 
to  the  adoption  of  the  best  measures  for  the  relief  and   safety   of 
the  people. 
Boundary        1'^^^  ^^"^   ^"*^   troublesome   business  of  boundaries  was   again 
BunVved.'^  Called  up,  for  the   purpose   of  making   surveys  in   conformity  to 
the  royal  determination.     Walter   Bryant   being  appointed,   ran 
the  line  from  the  head  of  Salmon  Falls  river,  and  marked  it  about 
thirty  miles  ;  but  was   prevented  from  proceeding  farther,    partly 
'by  the  breaking  up  of  the  rivers,   which  rendered  travelling  im- 
practicable,* and    partly   by  a  company  of  Indian   hunters,  who 
met  him  and  took  his   men  to   be   none  other,   than    a   scouting 
party.     On  their  return,  they  found  drawn  on  one  of  the  trees, 
they  had  marked,  the  figure  of  a  man's  hand,  grasping  a   sword, 
which  they  interpreted  as  a  signal  of  defiance  from  the  Indians. f 
Rpn^ovai         -^  return  of  these  lines  to  the  Board  of  Trade  and  an  address 
?f  Ft''       to  the  General  Court,  August   8,  were   among    the   last   acts    of 
froinoifice,  Governor   Belcher's   administration.     His  enemies  on  both  sides 
of  the  Atlantic   were  untiring  in   their    endeavors   to   effect    his 
removal ;  '  and   by  their  incessant  applications  to  the   ministry, 
'  by  taking   every    advantage    of  his  mistakes,  by  falsehood,    by 
'  misrepresentation,    and    finally   by  the   diabolical    acts   of    for- 
*  gery    and    perjury,  they  accomplished  their    purposes.'     After 
being  in  the  chair  ten  years,   ho   was  succeeded    in   the   govern- 
Appoint-      nient  of  Massachusetts  and  Maine   bv  William   Shirley  ;  and 

mciii  of  _  ^       ■' 

(Jov.  Shir-  in  New-Hampshire  by  Benning  Wcntworth. 

*^'  It  is  remarkable,  that  a  Governor,  of  Mr.  Belcher's  abilities  and 

Gov.  Reich-  -  ,         Tj   •  •   1 

er's  ciinrac-  excellence,  should  meet  with  such  treatment  irom  the  British 
Court,  in  the  reign  of  so  mild  and  just  a  prince,  as  George  the 
second.     Certainly  he   was  a  man   of  great  firmness,  diligence, 

*1  Doug-.  Sum.  p.  3S8. — See  ante,  vol.  I,  p.  11-12. 

f  Mitchell  and  Hazen  surveyed  and  marked    the   other  line  between 
Massachusetts  and  New-Hampshire. 


ter. 


Chap,  vii.]  OF  JIAINE.  205 

integrity  and  spirit ; — ever  influenced  by  motives  of  honor  andA.l).  i74i. 
justice  ; — and  his  schemes  of  policy  were  in  general  evinsive  of 
his  wisdom  and  knowledge  in  political  affairs.  But  his  unguard- 
ed observations  provoked  the  resentments  of  his  enemies,  whose 
abilities  and  influence  he  graduated  by  far  too  low.  His  popu- 
larity and  sense  of  duty  were  extremely  tried  in  all  that  related 
to  an  established  salary  ;  to  the  divisional  boundaries ;  to  the 
land  bank,  and  to  the  bills  of  credit.  But  his  greatest  mistake 
appeared  in  the  manner  mentioned  of  adjourning  the  New- 
Hampshire  Assembly ;  and  even  in  this,  it  is  inconsistent  with 
the  whole  tenor  of  his  public  declarations  and  private  correspon- 
dence, to  suppose  he  had  any  intention  to  frustrate  the  commis- 
sion. The  mutual  opposition  of  Belcher  and  the  inhabitants  in 
the  eastern  Provinces,  to  Dunbar,  originated  a  friendship,  which 
was  never  more  genuine  and  ardent,  than  when  he  was  displaced. 
He  kept  a  watchful  eye  over  their  interests,  and  often  paid 
them  visits  ;  whereby  his  name  was  so  endearing  to  them,  that 
it  was  with  deep  regrets  they  parted  with  him.  When  he  repair- 
ed to  the  British  Court,  he  was  able  effectually  to  wipe  from  his 
character  all  the  aspersions  of  his  malicious  adversaries,  by 
shewing  the  spirited  course  he  had  taken  against  the  land  bank, 
which  they  had  carefully  secreted ;  and  his  vigilant  care  of  the 
royal  woods,  and  other  interests  of  the  king,  which  they  had 
falsely  and  wickedly  represented  to  be  otherwise.  In  a  word,  he 
manfully  exposed  their  plots,  though  but  too  deeply  laid  to  de- 
stroy him.  A  strong  current  quickly  turned  in  his  favor.  His 
removal,  without  having  an  opportunity  of  being  heard  in  his 
defence,  was  condemned  as  a  rash  act ;  and  as  the  best  repara- 
tion, which  could  then  be  made  for  his  wrongs,  the  government 
of  New-Jersey  was  given  him,  where  he  passed  the  remaining 
years  of  his  life  beloved  and  respected.  Nor  ought  the  religious 
part  of  his  character,  as  an  able  writer  observes,  to  pass  unno- 
ticed. Though  foes  and  satirists  said  "he  appeared  to  greater 
advantage  in  Whitefield's  journal,  than  in  our  political  annals;" — 
all  will  allow  he  w-as  both  '  strict  in  his  morals,  and  pious  in  his 
^  walk  and  conversation.'* 

George  Whitejield  was  a  celebrated  young  itinerant  minister,  George 
in  these  times,   who   had   preached    in   several   parts   of  Great 

*  Eliot's  Biog.  p.  56.-2  Belk.  N.  H.  p.  138-41.— 2  Hutch,  Hist.  p.  358. 


206  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II. 

A;  D.  17H.  Britain,  and  the  Southern  Colonies,  with  great  applause  and  ef- 
fect. On  his  second  visit  to  America,  he  came  to  Boston ,  where 
the  first  time  he  spake  from  the  pulpit,  Sept.  1 740,  his  fine  tal- 
ents, and  his  fervent  piety  drew  from  his  auditory  the  strongest 
expressions  of  praise  in  all  the  churches.  His  imagination  w^as 
luminous  and  lively,  his  judgment  solid  and  exact,  and  his 
heart  full  of  religious  sensibilities.  The  tones  of  his  clear  and 
musical  voice,  he  could  strikingly  adapt  to  the  sentiment,  and  his 
gestures,  frequent  and  forcible,  were  above  all  rules  of  art ;  for 
they  were  the  true  impulses  and  graces  of  nature.  Though  he 
spake  without  notes,  and  used  plain  language  ;  yet  by  a  most 
happy  choice  of  words  and  figures  of  speech,  he  enforced  and 
illustrated  his  discourses  widi  wonderful  effect.  In  general  his 
doctrines  were  in  conformity  to  the  sentiments  of  the  Episco- 
pal church  ;  he  preached  the  remission  of  sins  through  the  aton- 
ing merits  of  a  Redeemer  ;  and  in  his  supplications,  a  spirit  of 
grace  seemed  to  take  possession  of  his  whole  soul,  and  carry  him 
and  all  who  heard  him,  with  overflowing  hearts,  to  the  mercy  seat 
and  the  throne. 
He  preach-  ^'^  1741,  he  visited  York,  Wells  and  Biddeford,  where  he 
vv'iis^''^d'  preached  to  crowded  assemblies,  that  were  both  captivated  and 
Biddeford.  nicltcd  with  the  life  and  copiousness  of  his  sermons.  Churches 
were  refreshed,  souls  were  converted,  and  the  settled  ministers, 
Messrs.  Moody,  JefFerds,  Smith,  Willard,  and  Elvens,  who  were 
at  that  period  all  "  burning  and  shining  lights"  at  the  altar,  par- 
took largely  of  the  thrill  and  influences,  with  which  the  preacher 
himself  was  so  animated.*  He  was  indefatigable  in  the  service 
of  his  Divine  Master ;  having  been  known  to  preach  sixteen 
times  and  ride  170  miles,  in  the  course  of  a  single  week.  He 
had  violent  opponents,  who  called  him  a  disorganizer  of  parishes, 
drawing  after  him  the  populace  and  men  having  "  itching  ears." 

On  a  subsequent  journey  from  England  to  Maine  three  years 
after  this  time,  he  was  in  company  with  the  Rev.  Mr.  Smith's 
brother  of  Falmouth.  His  visit  was  again  received  with  the 
most    affectionate  welcome ;    and    in    the    following    winter    he 


■"  See  the  "  Christian  Histor}'"  of  religious  revivals  in  Great  Britain  and 
America,  in  1743  and  1744.  To  give  attestations  of  these  "  extraordinary 
divine  influences"  ninety  ministers  met  in  Boston,  July  1743,  Mr.  Smith 
attended,  and  six  ministers  of  Maine  sent  their  attestation. — Smithes  Jour. 
p.  35. 


Chap,  vii.]  of  maine.  207 

preached  at  Scarborough,  Biddeford,  Falmouth   and  North-Yar- A.  d.  1741. 
mouth,  with  undiminished  success. 

Two  important  acts  were  passed   in   the  late  administration,  i-iws  pass- 
which  ought  to  be  mentioned.     One  limited   the  time,   of  bring- nciioas:  to 
ing  civil  suits,  after  the  cause  of  action  accrued  ;  and  so  restricted  costs ;  and 
the  costs,    as  never  to  exceed  a  fourth  part  of  the  damages   re-ofp'wper^ 
covered,  provided   the  action   belonged   to  the  jurisdiction   of  a"""*' 
single  magistrate.*     These  statute  provisions  have  never  since 
undergone  any  very  essential  change.     The  other  act  prescribed 
how  idle  and  dissolute  persons  might  be  set  to  work,  or  prevented 
from  squandering  their  property ;  and  how  their  children   might 
be  put  to  trades  or  to  labor. f 

Governor  Shirley,  when  he  received  his  commission,  resided  ^^^  gj^jp. 
in  Boston.  He  was  an  English  gentleman,  bred  to  the  law,  who  ^^^'' 
having  lived  in  the  Province,  six  or  seven  years,  had  become 
acquainted  with  the  humors  and  habits  of  the  people  ;  and  been 
so  fortunate  as  to  acquire  the  esteem  of  a  large  and  respectable 
acquaintance.  His  wife  was  at  that  time  in  London,  soliciting 
a  post  of  profit  for  him  ;  when,  by  the  assistance  of  her  own 
friends,  and  the  intrigues  of  Mr.  Belcher's  enemies,  the  govern- 
ment of  the  Province  was  obtained.  Mr.  Shirley  was  a  man  of 
abilities  and  address,  knew  how  to  manage  the  several  parties, 
and  conducted  with  so  much  wisdom  and  vigor  as  to  gain  the 
affection  of  the  people,  and  yet  continue  on  the  side  of  the  pre- 
rogative. 

In  his  first  speech  to  the  General   Court,  Aus.    17,    1741,  he,..  ^ 
Stated,  that  the  war  with  Spain,  and  the  unsettled  affairs  of  Eu-  speech  to 

the  General 

rope,  seemed  to  threaten  a  speedy  rupture  with  other  powers.  Court. 
He  recommended  the  outfit  of  privateers,  and  the  offer  of  a  ° 
bounty  for  every  one  of  the  enemy  taken  upon  our  coasts.  The 
General  Court  made  him  a  very  liberal  grant  of  £1,000  sterling, 
as  a  compensation  for  a  year's  services  ;  and  then  presented  him 
a  bill  for  the  emission  of  £36,000  sterling  value,  to  be  paid  at 
future  periods  in  gold  and  silver,  or  in  articles  of  country  pro- 
duce. 

This  be  refused  to  sign,  partly  on   account  of  its  last  clause ; 
agreeing  at  length  to  approve  another,  '  when  it  was  moulded  to 

*  Passed,  A.  D.  1739. — The  limit  was  from  2  to  5  years,  according  to  the 
different  classes  of  actions,  f  Passed,  May,  1736,  aud  Marcii  26,  1741. 


208  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  If. 

A.  D.  1741. 'the  liking  of  the   land  bank  party  and  others,' and   made  gen- 
erally acceptable  to  all.     Such  an  act  was   passed.     It  provided 

New  tenor 

bills.  that  "  Bills  of  a  neiv  Form"   should  be  issued  ;  that  every  sum 

of  205.  expressed  upon  the  face   of  them,  should  be   equivalent 
to  three  ounces  of  silver  ;  that  all  contracts  should  be  understood 
payable  in  silver  at  65.  8d.   the   oz.  or  gold   in   proportion  ;  and 
that  the  bills  should  be  received   in   all   public  and   private   pay- 
ments accordingly  :* — with  this  saving,  however,  that  if  they  should 
depreciate  in  their  value,  an  additional  sum  should    be  paid,  ac- 
cording to  the  scale  of  depreciation,  as  agreed  upon  once  a  year, 
in  a  meeting  consisting  of  the  eldest  Councillor  in  each  county.f 
This  was  denominated  New  Tenor,  to   distinguish  it  from  all 
prior  emissions.     These  bills,  however,  gradually  depreciated,  till 
at  last  they  like  water,  settled  down  to  a  common  level   with   the 
Old  tenor,    other  and  older  bills,  which  after  this  were  called  Old  Tenor.^ 
In  taking  the  reins,  the  Governor,   being   an  inhabitant  of  the 
Province,  was  necessarily  acquainted  with  what  most  deeply  con- 
cerned the  public.     There  had  been  in  the  preceding  spring  an 
cityofp^ro-' unusual  scarcity  of  bread,  especially  in  this  eastern  country; — 
visions.        several  families,  as  it  was  reported,   having    subsisted    for    weeks 
upon  shellfish,^  wild   meat,  and  allowances    of  potatoes.      The 
scarcity  was  the  more  depressing,  because  of  some  incidents  and 
apprehensions    connected    with    the    present    war.      Men    were 
drawn  from  their  ordinary  occupations  and   enterprizes,  into  the 
military  service,  and  no  inspiring  impulse  was  given  to  new  set- 
First  instan-  tiemeuts.     In  March,  there   were  two    instances  of  impressment 

ces  01  im-  ' 

pressment    ^^^^  ^|-,g  eastern   coast.     James  Scott,  captain  of  his   Majesty's 

on  the  east-      ^ 

ern  coast,  ghip  Astracc,  wcut  with  an  armed  force  and  took  from  a  wood- 
sloop,  called  the  "  Three  Friends,"  two  men,  inhabitants  of  the 
Province ;  and  the  next  day,  he  took  in  like  manner  from 
a  coaster,  the  "Charming  Betty,"  her  captain,  also  several 
men  from  other  vessels.  These  were  acts  of  violence  to  which 
the  people  were  wholly  unused ;  if  they  were  not  the  first  of  the 

*  The  old  tenor  bills  had  been  by  law  a  tender  from  Oct.  1705,  to  1741, 
and  by  act  passed  in  March  1742,  the  new  tenor  bills  were  a  tender,  ex- 
cept in  written  contracts, 

^  Prov.  Act,  May,  1743.— If  the  bills  are  worth  as  much  when  the  debS 
IB  paid,  as  when  contracted,  they  shall  be  so  received. 

\  Prov.  Law,  Nov,  1744.— An.  Charters,  p.  270-3.— Also  p.  764-7. 

^  Some  subsist  "  wholly  on  the  clam-banks."— Smt7/i'«t/our.  p.  32, 


Chap,  vii.]  of  maine.  209 

kind    or  character  ever  attempted  within  the   Province.     Scott  a.d.  I74i. 
saw  there  would  be  a  great  blaze,  if  he  did  not  immediately    re- 
tract ;  and  he   discharged    them.     But  the   baneful  impressions, 
which  their  impressment  made  upon  the  public  mind,  were  deep 
and  lasting. 

Ship  building,  trade  and  the  fisheries  were  now  in  a   flourish- a,  d.  i7i2. 
ing  state.     Forty  topsail  vessels  had  been  in  building  at  one  time  siiip-buiid- 
within  the  Province  ;  the  single  town  of  Marblehead  had  in   em- fibteVies. 
ploy  50  fishing-schooners  ;  and  a  great  number  of  vessels  were 
on  the  stocks  in  Maine ;   while  New-England,  had  in  all,  at  least 
1000   sail  engaged  in  the  fisheries.     But  the  fur  trade,  now  con- 
fined principally  to  the  truck  houses,  was  declining. 

It  had  been  represented  from  good  authority,  that   the  Indians  Ti.e  Aben- 
belonging  to  the  broken  tribes  upon  the  Saco,  Androscoggin   and  \^ iihdiaw  lo 
Kennebeck,  had,  within  a  couple   of  years,  been  gradually   with- 
drawing from  their  former  places  of  abode,  to  Canada.  These  were 
unfavorable  symptoms ;  and  some  of  the  remoter  inhabitants  be-  „ 

.  ,  ,  (juarcls  pio- 

gan  to  entertain  thoughts  of  leaving  their  abodes,  through  fear  of  ^"''Jed. 
danger  from  them.     The  General  Court  therefore  put   £800,  at 
the  Executive  disposal,  directing  him  to   expend   it  as  he   might 
think  proper,  in  the  employment  of  scouting  parties  and  videttes, 
upon  our  frontiers.     In  August,  the  Governor,  attended  by  mem- 
bers from  both  legislative  branches,    visited  this  eastern   country  ;  Governor 
and  at  St.  Georges  he  met  as  great  an  assemblage  of  the  Eteche-  huHa^ns'al 
min   Sagamores    and   people,  as   had  convened   on   any  former  gg^ '^*"'"" 
occasion.     They  were  prompt  in  their  attendance,  and  appeared 
at  this  time  with  the   British  flag  at  the   heads  of  their  canoes. 
Besides  redressing  every  grievance  and  continuing  the   gratuities 
and  pensions  lo  the  chiefs  and  the  tribes,  which  for  many  years 
had  annually  cost  the  government  more  than  £300  ;  it  was  de- 
termined to  make  them  still  further  presents,  in   articles,   such  as 
powder,    shot  and  the   necessaries  of  life.     Gifts   and    supplies 
might  serve  to  remove  every  pretext  for  applying  to  the  French  : 
and  their   friendship,   though    purchased  at  a  dear  rate,    was  a 
thousand  times  preferable  to  the  hazards  of  a  war. 

In  his  excursion,  the  Governor  took  a  particular  view   of  the  „     , 

^  His  admi- 

country — especially    of  all    the    eastern    forts  and   truck  houses.  '■«''«"'  "^ 

TT  •      J    1  -n   1  the  eastern 

He  exammed  the  grounds  at  Fahnouth,  where  the  new  battery  country. 
and  other   public  works  were   erecting ;  and    made  himself  ac- 
Voi,.  II.  27 


210 

A.  o.  n45i. 


Tlie  sciilf- 
ineiU  of  the 
erisluni 
couiilrv. 


Effects  ef 
the  new 
tenor. 


Tiir:  HISTORY,  [Vol.  ii. 

quainted  with  the  state  of  the  eastern  towns.  Animated  with 
his  pleasing  tour,  he  represented  to  the  Legislature,  on  his  return, 
that  '  the  inexhaustible  supplies  of  wood  and  lumber,  and  the 
'  several    kinds  and   great  quantities  of  naval  stores,  which  this 

*  region  is  capable  of  producing,  no  less  than  the  navigable  rivers, 

♦  the  numerous  harbors  and  good  soil  it  possesses,  render  it  highly 
'  deserving  the  encouragement  and  protection  of  government.' 
Immediately  £700  were  appropriated  to  complete  die  works  at 
Fort  Frederick,  St.  George,  and  Saco  ;  also  a  chaplain  was  pro- 
vided for  the  garrison  at  the  fort  first  mentioned,  whose  duty  also 
it  was,  to  preach  among  the  inhabitants  in  that  vicinity. 

For  the  purpose  of  promoting  new  settlements,  it  was  proposed 
by  the  Governor,  as  an  expedient,  to  offer  our  wild  lands  to 
foreign  protestants,  upon  such  terms  as  would  encourage  them 
to  transplant  themselves  and  their  families  into  this  eastern  coun- 
try, and  begin  new  plantations.  Already  some  had  emigrated 
wid]  this  view  ;  and  Pennsylvania,  he  said,  had,  by  pursuing  this 
course  a  few  years,  increased  beyond  any  example,  within  the 
American  colonies.  Conditional  grants  of  townships  to  compa- 
nies or  individuals  were  found  by  experiment,  not  to  be  the  most 
expeditious  mode  of  multiplying  permanent  settlers;  for  being 
unable  to  procure  deeds  of  the  fee,  till  the  conditions  were  ful- 
filled, and  compelled  to  begin  without  any  absolute  guaranty  of 
title,  they  put  at  hazard  their  labor  and  improvements,  and  often 
sustained  losses.  This  had  become  a  subject  of  great  interest ; 
for  if  the  frontiers  were  filled  and  strengthened,  and  the  people  who 
were  more  scattered  had  the  fortitude  to  abide  at  home  in  case  of 
a  rupture ;  the  country  would  derive  benefit  as  well  as  security. 
Hence  the  General  Court  directed  a  committee  to  enquire  into 
the  condition  of  every  township  granted  since  1725;  also  into 
the  successes  and  discouragements  attending  the  exertions  of  pro- 
prietors and  tenants,  and  report  the  best  probable  methods  of 
filling  these  places  speedily  with  inhabitants.* 

The  late  improvement  in  the  currency  by  means  of  the  new 
tenor  bills,  had,  according  to  expectation,  an  essential  effect  upon 
every  interest  and  department  of  society.  It  operated  unfavora- 
bly upon  the  debtors  and  suitors  at  law ;  whereas  none  derived 
more    benefit,  than  salary-men,  monthly  or   daylaborers,  and   the 


*  Jour.  .Mo/^s.   FJoiisc  of  Rpp.  p. 


OHAP.    VII.]  OF  MAINE.  ^j.^ 

receivers  of  statute  fees.  Men  of  the  latter  class  uau  m  m^.. ..  D.  1742. 
been  the  greatest  sufferers  ;  as  the  fee-bill  which  was  passed  the  Price  of 
fourth  year  of  the  Provincial  charter,  had  undergone  ncj)  material  salaries.  ' 
change,  though  the  true  worth  of  the  fees  had  in  the  meantime 
actually  depreciated  two  thirds,  and  even  three  fourths.*  By 
giving  them  their  original  or  prime  value,  the  receivers,  it  was  prevent 
perceived,  would  derive  the  greatest  advantage ;  and  many  mur- 
murs were  uttered  both  against  the  law,  and  against  that  class  of 
persons,  who  had  the  most  to  do  with  fees.  Acts  were  therefore 
passed  for  preventing  '  unnecessary  expenses  in  the  attendance 
of  jurors  ;'  '  unnecessary  lawsuits  ;'  '  the  multiplicity  of  law- 
suits ;'  and  '  unnecessary  expenses  in  suits  at  law;' — directing 
'jurors  not  to  attend  till  the  second  day  of  the  term,' — per- 
mitting '  accounts  in  off-set  to  be  filed  in  suits,' — '  abating  all 
writs  filled  by  sheriffs  or  their  deputies,' — prohibiting  '  their  ap- 
pearance as  attornies  in  any  lawsuit;' — and  allowing  only  one 
bill  of  cost,  when  several  actions  were  brought  at  the  same  term 
on  demands,  which  might  have  been  embraced  in  one  writ.  Nor 
were  all  these  sufiicient  to  satisfy  a  large  and  querulous  part  of 
the  community.  So  long  as  the  judges  and  other  civil  officers 
were  allowed  what  some  called  exorbitant  fees,  it  was  insisted, 
that  lawsuits  would  be  multiplied  and  suitors  ruined. 

When  the  party  for  prostrating  fees,  solicited  the  Governor  to  The  G 
throw  his  weight  with  theirs  into  the  scale,  he  told  them  he  had  of'fv 
the  best  of  reasons  for  taking  the  opposite  side.  He  believed, 
that  any  considerable  reduction  of  fees,  would  have  a  direct  ten- 
dency to  multiply  lawsuits  ;  and  after  taking  time  and  acquaint- 
ing himself  widi  the  fee-bill  in  five  or  six  of  the  colonies,  he 
was  able  to  fortify  his  opinion  with  facts.  In  New- York,  New- 
Jersey  and  Pennsylvania,  says  he,  the  fees  are  five  or  six  fold 
higher,  and  in  Rhode  Island  a  third  part  higher,  than  in  this 
Province,  according  to  the  late  value  of  money  ;  in  Connecticut, 
some  lower ;  yet  in  neither  of  the  three  first  are  there  an  hun- 
dred judgments  by  the  courts  of  pleas  in  a  year ; — being  less  by 
ten  times,  than  in  the  single  County  Court  of  Hartford,   and  less 


ov- 

iior's  \jew 


*  An  ounce  of  silver,  in  1702,  was  6s.  lOd. ;  in  1713,  8s.  ;  in  1717,  12s.  ; 
in  1728,  18s. ;  in  1730,  20s.  ;  in  1737,  26s. ;  in  1741,  28s.  ;  and  in  1749,  60s. ; 
old  tenor.— 1  Doug.  Summ.  p.  494.— See  old  and  new  tenor  compared,  post, 
A.  D.  1749. 


212  I'HE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II. 

A.  0.  ni'2.  by  five  times,  than  In  the  county  of  Newport.      Light  fees   and 
small  costs,  therefore,  evidently  tempt  men,  as  he  thought,  to  en- 
ter the  lists  of  litigation  ;  disregarding  the  weightier  burdens,  such 
as  the  imseen  wastes  of  time  and  money,   which   the   party   pre- 
vailing    never    recovers,    and  the   animosities,  which   a  lawsuit 
never  heals.     If  the  fee-bill  be  revised,  let  it  give  debtors  an  im- 
petus, through  a  fear  of  costs,  promptly   to  pay  their   creditors ; 
and  never  be  a  lure  to  draw  the  poor  and  unwary   blindfold,  into 
the  toils  of  the  law. — In  proof  of  his  doctrine,  he  remarks  to  the 
House,' 5  years  after, — "  when  I  first  entered  upon  the  administra- 
"  tion,  1  found  the   Province    overwhelmed  with  lawsuits,   occa- 
"  sioned  principally  by  the  cheapness  of  the  law  ;    you  were   in- 
"  duced  to  pass  an  act  making  the   fees  double,   what  they  had 
"  been  in  value,  and  lawsuits  are  reduced  about  one  half."* 
New  valua-      The  Septennial  valuation  of  taxable   property  and  enumeration 
of  taxable  males,  having  been  completed  in   the  course  of  the 
A.  D.  1743.  current  year,  were  finally  sanctioned  by  the  General  Court,  in 
'^oiis^uf      January,  1743.     Hence  it  appeared,  that  there  were  in  the  whole 
towns nnr!    Pi-Qvlnce  41 ,000  rateable  polls,    159   incorporated  towns: — and 

popiilalioii,  '  '  '  '-  ' 

in  .Maine,  by  estimation,  164,000  inhabitants  ;f  and  by  the  records  109 
members  in  the  House  of  Representatives.  There  were  at  this 
time  in  Maine  and  Sagadahock,  about  2,300  taxable  polls  ;  eleven 
towns,  whose  proportion  of  £1,000  tax,  was  £52  IT.";.  \d.;\ 
a  probable  population  of  12,000  ;§  and  the  corporate  towns  sent 
eight  representatives  to  the   Legislature. 


*  Jour.  Mriss.  House  of  Rep.  A.  D.  1742,  p.  222-5  ;  ilso,  A.  D.    1747,    p. 
254-5. 
\  2  Holmes'  A.  Ann.  p.  158. — 1  Brit,  Dom.  p.  215. —  I  Doug-,  p.  531. 

\  To  York,  £9     3f.     \d.  Arundel,        £l  19.v.     Id. 

Kittcry,  12  12  1  Scarboroui^li,    3  19     11 

AVells,  4     8  3  N.  Yarmouth,   1  19       0 

Berwick,  5  12       1  Georg-ctown,    2  0      0 

Falmouth,  7  13  10  Brunswick,  18       G 


Biddoford,  3  10        1 


Total,  52     17     01 


The  whole  provincial  tax  on  Maine,  in  1742,  was  £3.12  1.?.  Id.  Every 
male  16  years  old,  paid  \2d.  ;— 20s.  property  paid  one  penny  of  the  Pro- 
vince tax  ;  and  other  taxes  were  in  proportion. 

\  If  the  population  of  Maine   bear.';  the   same  proportion  to  tiiat  of  the 


Chap,  vn.]  of  MAINE.  213 

Great  importance  was  still  attached  to  the  subject  of  the  royal  a.  d.  i743. 
woods.    The  Provincial  Governors  expected  to  recommend  them-  b.  Went- 

.    .  ,  ,  .  ,  ^    worth  suc- 

seh'es  to  the  favor  of  the  mmistry,  by  the  great  mterest  they  took  ceeds  Dun- 
in  preserving  them  from  depredations.     In  the  absence   of  Dun-  ypyor  oHhe 
bar,  they  had  been  in  some  degree  neglected.      On   his   resigna-  ^"°  ^' 
t'on,  the  office  of  Surveyor-General  was  given  to  Mr.  Wentworth, 
Governor  of  New-Hampshire.'^"     It  was  to  him  a  welcome  ap- 
pointment ;  for  besides  some  perquisites   and   emoluments  inci- 
dental to  the  office,  he  had  a  salary  of  £800  sterling  ;    while  he  His  salary, 
was  under  no  obligation  to  employ  and  pay  more  than  four  depu- 
ties,f     Upon  all  subjects  of  public  interest  or  general  emergency, 
he  and  Governor  Shirley  were  instructed  by  the  king  to  have  free 
and  friendly  intercourse ;  and  of  none  other  than  that  of  the  timber 
had   they  a  more   general    oversight.      Understanding  that  the  Royal 
workmen  employed  by  the  agents  to  furnish  the  royal  navy  with^^°°  ^' 
masts  and  spars,  were  obstructed  in  the  service,   and   harassed 
with  lawsuits,   Shirley  pressed  the  Legislature  to  interpose  their 
authority,  by  the  enactment  of  severer  laws  against  trespassers  and 
other    wrongdoers ;  or  to  pass  resolves  for  preventing  the  prose- 
cutions of  agents.     For,  said  he,  '  in  my  opinion,  nothing  could 
'  more  directly  recommend  this  Province  to  the  royal  favor. 'f    But 
the  House  replied  to  him  as  to  his  predecessor, — '  our  laws  are 
'  sufficient ;'  Legislatures  have  done  their  duty,  and  the  officers 
must  do  theirs. 

But  nothing  at  the  present  time,  so  much  engrossed  the  public  Apprehen- 
mind,  as  the  apprehensions  of  a  war  between  the  crowns  of  Great  ^v°". 
Britain  and  France ;  which  it  was  foreseen,  would  immediately 
extend  to  their  respective  Provinces  in  America,  and  enkindle 
the  flames  of  another  Indian  war.  During  the  long  respite  from 
hostilities,  which  had  been  enjoyed,  Massachusetts  had  greatly 
increased  in  numbers  and  strength  ;  and  possessing  now  the  abil- 
ity, as  well  as  the  public  spirit,  she  resolved  to  spare  no  expense, 

whole  Trovince  as  the  sum  of  £52  IT*,  id.  does  to  £1,000  ; — then  is  the 
population  of  the  11  towns  about  ...  8,692 

Add  population  of  unincorporated  places  and  that  of  Sagadahock,        3,308 

—  [see  ante,  A.  D.  1735.]  

12,000 

J\"ote. — The  men  assigned  to  take  the  valuation  in  Yorkshire,  were 
Messrs.  Clark,  Haines  and  Mayhcw. 

*  See  ante,  A.  D.  1741.  t  2  Belk.  N.  H.  p.  146. 

I  Printed  Journal  House  of  Representatives,  (p.  100,)  A.  D.  1743. 


214  THE  HISTORY  LVol.  II. 

A.I).  1713  to  put  her  whole  inland  frontier,  extensive  as  it  was,  mto  a  good 
Appropria-  posturc  of  defence.  As  the  eastern  Provinces,  Maine  and  Saga- 
fence  of  ihe  dahock,  were  most  exposed  to  incursions  from  the  savages,  in 
'°""^"'"  case  of  a  rupture  ;  the  Legislature  made  an  appropriation  of 
about  £1,280 — to  be  disbursed  from  the  public  treasury,  and  ex- 
pended among  the  eastern  settlements  for  their  defence,* — under 
the  direction  of  the  Governor,  assisted  by  the  advice  of  the  York- 
shire representatives.  The  money  was  apportioned  to  fourteen 
places,  and  applied  towards  constructing  stockade  forts,  building 
clock-houses,  breastworks  and  walls  of  hewn  timber,  and  forti- 
fying the  more  exposed  dwellinghouses.  Encouraged  by  this 
sum,  though  it  was  altogether  inadequate  to  the  expense  of  these 
works,  the  inhabitants  bestowed  upon  them  a  great  amount  of  la- 
bor, and  made  them  places  of  considerable  security.  Fort 
George,  at  Brunswick,  was  again  made  a  public  garrison ;  the 
other  eastern  forts  received  supplies  ;  and  the  military  establish- 
ment seems  to  have  been  increased  about  114  men,  who  were 
distributed  to  them,  to  Castle  William,  to  Fort  Dummer  upon 
400  minute-  Connecticut  river,  and  to  the  Province  store  ship.f  As  a  farther 
"\^"'*^^^''"  precautionary  measure,  400  men  were  ordered  to  be  detached, 
or  enlisted  in  the  county  of  York,  and  organized  into  four  com- 
panies, as  minute-men,  to  be  in  constant  readiness,  with  every 
equipment,  and  prepared  to  march  at  the  shortest  notice.  Be- 
sides a  good  gun  and  sufficient  ammunition,  every  one  of  them 
was  to  provide  himself  with  a  hatchet,  an  extra  pair  of  shoes,  or 
a  pair  of  moccasins,  and  even  a  pair  of  snow-shoes.  A  small 
stipend  was  to  be  paid  them,  for  these  preparations,  and  their 
wages  from  the  time  they  left  home,  should  they  be  called  into 
actual  service. 


*  To  Berwick 

£ 

100 

Fort  Richmond 

£    34 

Saco  (truck  lioiise) 

31 

Arrowsiclc,  &c. 

100 

Scarboroug-li 

100 

Sheepscot 

100 

New-Marb!ehcad     - 

100 

Damariscotta 

67 

Falmouth 

134 

Pemaquid 

134 

Phillipstown 

100 

Broad  Bay,  &c. 

75 

Gorhamtown 

100 

St.  Georges'  River 

100 

Jour,  of  House  of  Rep.  p.  101-2,  A.  D.  1743. 
•[■  Saco,  (Fort  INIary,)   had   13  men,  St.  Georges'  Fort,         13  men, 

Brunswick,  (F.  George,)    6,  Castle  William,  40, 

Richmond  Fort,        -        10,  Fort  Dummer,  16, 

Femaquid,      -  -    6,  Province  Sloop,  10, 

2  Brit.  Dom.  in  America,  p.  95. 


Chap,  viii.]  of  Maine.  215 


CHAPTER    VIII. 

The    Spanish     war — Catnrau    taken    by     the,   Frouh Annapolis 

atlacheel  by  tliem  and  the  Indians — 31ra?i;rcs  and  forces  for 
defincc — The  Tarratines  desire  peace — War  declared  against 
the  Natives  eastivard  of  Passamaquoddy — Icnnties  offered  for 
prisoners  and  scalps — The  'Tarratines  refoise  to  join  the  English 
— Militia — Scouts — Cape  Breton — Louishourg  described — Expe- 
dition against  it  designed —  Voted —  Undertalccn — Edivard  Tyng, 
Commodore — Appropriation — PeppcrelJ,  Waldo,  and  other  offi- 
cers— Blotto — Great  enlistment  in  Maine — Fleet  and  army — 
Arrival  at  Canseau — Joined  by  a  British  squadron — Attach — 
Successes — Surrender  of  the  foi'trcss  and  city  of  Louisbourg — 
Incidc7its. 

The  war,  which  had  been  kindled  between  Britain  and  Spain,  a.d.  1744. 
four  years  since,  was  immediately  communicated  to  their  Ameri-  Spanish 
can  dominions,  and  gradually  extended  its  flames  over  the  greater  "^"^^ 
part  of  Europe.     To  New-England  and  Nova  Scotia,  it  assumed 
a  much  more  dreadful    aspect,  the   moment,   the   French   nation 
entered  into  the  continental  system,   and   resolved   to  take  sides 
against  England.     The    contiguity  of   their  American   colonies, 
and  the  opposite  sentiments  of  the  inhabitants  in  their  politics  and 
religion,  directly  led  to  a  rupture  ;  and  as  soon  as   war,   declared 
by  France,  March  15,  1744,  and  retorted  by  England,  the  same  j„  March, 
month,   was   an   event  known  on   this   side  of  the  Atlantic,  the  J''.*'^ ''^"'■^ 

'  ■'  J*''^'  *^l  "III. 

French  colonists  and  the  Indians  in  their  interest  began  to  con- 
cert plots,  against  their  English  neighbors.  The  scene  was  opened 
in  Nova  Scotia.* 

Duquesnel,  Governor   of    Cape   Breton,   acquainted   w-ith  the  i\jay  13. 
declaration  of  war,  more  than  two  months   before  the   news   ar-  ,eize  upon 
rived  in  Boston,  resolved  to  gain  -liane  by   an   immediate   attack 
upon  Canseau,  a  small  Island,   situated  on   an   excellent  harbor, 


*  Nova  Scotia  liad  been  in  possession  of  the  English  thirty  years, — since 
Ihc   treaty  of  Ulrecht,  1713. 


216 


THE  HISTORY 


[Vol. 


June  2. 
War  an- 
nounced at 
Boston. 

Annapolis 
allai-kcd  b}' 
ihe  French. 


Tlieir  re- 
pulse. 


A.D.  1744  at  the  south-eastern  extremity  of  the  great  peninsula.*  For  this 
purpose,  he  despatched  Dnvivier,  with  8  or  900  men,  in  a  few 
small  armed  vessels,  who,  seizing  upon  the  Island,  May  1 3,  burn- 
ed the  houses,  made  prisoners  of  the  garrison  and  inhabitants, 
and  took  possession  of  an  armed  vessel  lying  at  anchor,  as  a 
prize. 

The  news  of  this  attack  reached  Boston,  when  the  Legislature 
was  in  session  ; — followed  by  an  arrival,  June  2,f  which  iormally 
communicated  to  the  Governor  the  declaration  of  war.  Unac- 
quainted with  what  had  transpired.  Governor  Mascarine,  succes- 
sor of  Philips,  then  in  command  at  Annapolis,  was  first  appriz- 
ed of  hostihties,  by  an  attack  of  300  Indians,  upon  the  garrison, 
May  30th,  led  on  to  the  charge,  by  M.  Luttre,  a  French  mis- 
sionary, who  boldly  demanded  a  surrender.  But  the  Governor 
refused  to  capitulate ;  and  forthwith  sent  an  express  to  Shirley 
for  assistance.  Meanwhile,  Duvivier,  arriving  with  his  divi- 
sion, joined  Luttre,  and  they  both  invested  the  place,  till  July 
3d,  when  a  re-enforcement  of  four  companies  Irom  Massachu- 
setts,! compelled  them  to  retire.  '  During  the  siege,  they  had 
'  surprized  and  killed  as  many  of  the  English,  as  could  be  caught 
'  without  the  fort ;  also  destroyed  their  cattle,  and  burnt  their 
houses. '§ 

Hostilities,  being  commenced  in  this  quarter  with  so  much  rash- 
ness and  violence,  drew  the  particular  attention  of  government  to 
the  eastern  country.  It  was  determined  to  make  immediate  enquiry 
into  the  state  of  our  frontiers,  fortifications,  arms,  and  warlike 
stores  5  and  to  adopt  the  most  effectual  methods,  for  strengthen- 
ing and  quieting  the  inhabitants  on  the  out-skirts,  by  offers  or  ad- 
vancements of  all  needed  assistance  to  those,  who  would  abide  at 
their  homes,  and  bravely  defend  themselves  and  their  possessions. 
Likewise  to  the  tribes  on  our  borders,  the  fullest  assurances  were 
given,  of  protection  and  friendship,  so  long  as  they  kept  good 

*  Canseau  was  5  leag'ues  from  Cape  Breton  Island,  and  60  miles  from 
Louisbourg.     It  was  a  ^reat  resort  for  New-Enjland  fishermen. 

-^"May  31." — Gov.  Shirlei/s  Speech.— Wnr  proclaimed  at  Boston, 
"June  2." 

X  Each  soldier  had  a  bounty  of  jj2Q  old  tenor,  and  was  to  be  free  from 
impresses,  3  years  ;  and  each  company  contained  60  men,  enlisted  to  Oct. 
15,  of  this  year. 

J  Council  LrttPr  Rook,  p.  78.— -Gov.  Speech,  July  18,  1744. 


!\leasures 
tor  I  he  de- 
fence of 
Maine. 


Chap,  viii.]  of  MAINE.  217 

faith  with  us,  and  had  no  intercourse  with  such  Indians  as  were  A.  D.  1744. 
enemies.  Some  of  them,  so  much  hroken  in  former  wars,  avail- 
ed themselves  of  the  offer.  Particularly  several  Sokokis  fami- 
lies, dwelling  about  Pegwacket,  and  acquainted  with  their  own 
weakness,  came  and  cast  themselves  upon  the  government  for 
protection,  renouncing  forever  the  French  interest. 

In  providins;  against  surprise  and  the  enemy's  incursions,  500  A  draft  of 
men  were  drafted,  of  whom.  300  were  for  the  eastern  frontier, 
and  the  residue  for  the  western.  The  eastern  garrisons  were 
re-enforced  by  73*  regular  fresh  recruits  ;  and  300  men  were 
formed  into  scouts. f  About  96  barrels  of  gunpowder  were  sent 
to  the  several  townships,  to  be  sold  to  the  inhabitants  at  an  ad- 
vance upon  prime  cost,  sufficient  only  to  include  charges. 

To  become  more  definitely  acquainted  with  the  temper  and  -Tuiy. 
determination  of  the  Tarratine  tribe  at  Penobscot,  a  delegation  tines  desire 
from  Boston  met  the  Sagamores  at  St.  Georges'  fort,  in  July  ; 
and  after  a  parley,  received  from  them  fresh  assurances  of  their 
wishes  for  a  continued  peace.  After  this,  the  eastern  people 
felt  some  relief;  and  a  part  of  the  scouting  soldiery  was  dis- 
missed. Yet  it  being  fully  ascertained,  that  in  the  late  siege  of 
Annapolis,  the  tribe  of  the  Marechites,  on  the  river  St.  John, 
were  as  much  concerned  as  the  Mickmaks ;  many  believed, 
that  some  of  the  young  warriors  from  Penobscot  and  Passama- 
quoddy,  had  swelled  the  number  of  the  savage  assailants,  as  the 
three  Etechemin  tribes  were,  by  their  own  account,  one  people. 
Though  the  Indians  of  Nova  Scotia,  it  is  true,  had  not  offended 
against  the  government  of  Massachusetts  ;  they  had  joined  the 
common  enemy,  and  taken  arms  against  his  Majesty's  subjects  ;J 
and  it  was  thought,  '  a  vigorous  prosecution  of  the  war  against 
*them,  might  be  the  best  means  of  retaining   the  other  tribes  in 


*  The  g'arrisons  were  re-enforced  thus  : — Georg-cs'  Fort,  to  40  men  ;  Pe- 
inaquid,  to  24  ;  Richmond,  to  25  ;  Brunswick,  to  12  ;  and  Saco,  to  20. — See 
ante,  1743. 

t  Smith''s  Jour.  p.  36. — In  Falmouth,  G5  were  posted.  Capt.  Jordan  com- 
manded a  scouting  company,  piloted  by  three  Saco  Indians,  ^vhose  families 
were  settled  at  Stroudwater,  and  provided  for  b}^  order  of  government. 
Tiiere  were  about  20  of  the  tribe,  who  proposed  to  live  with  the  English. 

I  The  St.  John's  Indians  were  called  "  subjects  cf  the  British  crown  ;" 
several  through  pretended  friendship  visited  Annapolis  as  spies,  3  weeks 
before  the  attack. — Letter  Book,  p.  73-78. 
Vol.  II.  28 


218  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  11. 

A.  D.  J744. '  their  duty  and  obedience.'*  Therefore  the  Governor,  with  ad- 
Oct.  20.       vice  of  Council,  Oct.  20,  publicly  proclaimed  War  against  the 

VVardecIar-  7-7  7/^7  r> 

ed  against  Several  tribes  eastward  of  the  one,  upon  rassamaquoddy ;  for- 
Pnssaina-  bidding  all  the  Indians  westward  of  a  line  '  beginning  at  three  miles 
^^°  °^'       «  eastward  of  that  river,  and  running  north  to  St   Lawrence,'  '  to 

*  have  any  correspondence  with  those  Indian  rebels. 'f 
Bounties  of-      To  all  volunteers,  who  would  enter  into  the  war   at  their  own 
prisoners     charge  and  expense,  a  premium  in  the  new  tenor  bills  wasoifered, 
am  scaps.  ^^  £|00  for  the  scalp  of  a   male  Indian   12  years  old   and  up- 
wards ;  £50  for  that  of  a  younger  one,  or  of  a  woman  ;  and   an 
additional  sum  of  £0,  in  either  case,  for  a  captive.     Every  friend 
Indian  was  the  more  strongly  solicited  to   enter  into  the  service, 
as  he  was  skilled  in   savage  warfare.     But  if  any  of  them  de- 
clined, they  were  to  be   employed  in  making   snow-shoes ;  and 
their  families  were  distributed   among   the   white   people,   where 
they  could  fish  and  fowl,  according  to  their  habits  of  life. 
A  base  out'      As  there  was  open  vvar  with  some  of  the  tribes,  every  unlucky 
a  party  of    clrcumstance  alarmed  the  people  s  fears.     For  instance, — an  In- 
dian was  found  dead  on  the  eastern   shore,   and   several  others 
were  wounded  ;— -a  most  villainous  outrage,  committed  by  persons 
unknown.     Every  thing  was  now  done  by  government  to   abate 
Measures     |^[ie  risine;  indignation  of  the  tribe;  a  blanket,  £40  in  monev,  and 

taken  to  . 

nacifvihem.  necessr.ries  were  given  to  the  widow  of  the  deceased; — the 
wounds  of  the  others  were  bound  up,  and  they  themselves  carried 
to  Penobscot.  To  test  anew  the  fidelity  and  friendship  of  the 
tribe,  Col.  Peppeiell  went  to  St.  Georges,  in  November,  as  a 
Commissioner,  and  requested  of  the  Sagamores,  their  quota  of 
fighting  men,  according  to  the  stipulations  in  Dummer's  treaty, 
which  had  been  so  often  renewed.  He  told  them,  if  they  would 
enter  into  the   public   service,   they  should   receive  soldiers'  pay 

The  'J'arra-  and  rations,  and  every  supply  ;  but  if  they  failed   to  comply,  war 

tines  refuse  J         rr  j    :'  ^  j  ^  1-' 

to  join  the  would,  at  the  end  of  40  days,  be   proclaimed  against   them.     In 

Enslish  "1     T  1  1  1     •  -r> 

the  war.      January  they  sent,  by  express,  their  answer  to   rJoston,  stating — 

"  that  their  young  men  would  not  comply  with  the  proposal  of 

"  taking  up  arms  against  the  St.  John's  Indians,  their  brethren." 

Militia  in         There  were  at  this  time,  in  the   tv/o  eastern  Provinces,  2,855 

easier  °       able  bodied  or  fencible  men,  who  were  organized   into  two  regi- 

Provinces.     


*  Journal  H.  of  Rep.  A.  D.  1744,  p.  80.  t  1  Dotig-.  Snrr:m.  p.  320. 


Chap.  vii.J  of  Maine.  219 

merits,  one   commanded   by  Col.  William   Pepperell  of  Kittery,  A.  D.  1744. 
and  the  other  by  Col.  Samuel  Waldo  of  Falmouth.* 

In  the  arrangements  made  for  the  winter  establishment,  the  8  eastern 
Captain-General,  Dec.  2,  ordered,  that  all  the  drafted  men  be 
discharged,  and  1 00  effective  men  be  enlisted  out  of  Col.  Pep- 
perell's  regiment,  and  formed  into  eight  guards, — to  be  stationed 
at  suitable  distances  from  each  other,  and  at  convenient  places 
between  Berwick  and  St.  Georges,  whence  they  were  sever- 
ally to  scout,  as  far  as  the  next  station. f  Each  party  was  put 
under  a  sergeant,  and  all  under  two  able  efficient  officers  in  cap' 
tain's  pay. 

Through  the  Autumn,  it  was  a  general  topic,  that  Louisbourg  r,,,^^  ^      ^.^ 
must  be  wrested  from  the  enemy,  or  it  would  always  be  a  place  Br^,o|',^  ^jj. 
of  the  greatest  possible  annoyance,  to  the  eastern  colonists  and  to  ^"ssed. 
the  Enghsh  fishermen.     The  fortress  was  known  to  be  immensely 
strong,  though  it  was  thought,   a   sufficient  force  might  take  it. 
The  English  prisoners,  about  90  in   number,  taken   at  Canseau, 


*  In  Kittery, 

450  men. 

In  Scarborough, 

160  men. 

York, '      . 

350 

Falmouth, 

500 

Wells, 

250 

North- Yarmouth, 

150 

Arundel,  - 

93 

Brunswick, 

50 

Biddeford, 

120 

Narrag-anset  No.  1,  - 

20 

Berwick, 

150 

New-Marblehead, 

40 

Phillipstown, 

150 

Georges  and  Broad-bay 

,270 

Pemaquid, 

50 

tst,  or  Pepperell's  Reg't, 

1565 

Sheepscot,     - 

50 

^1290 

2S55 

According  to  1  Doug.  Summ.  p.  360.  Wells  contained  500.  But  see  2 
Brit.  Emp.  910,  and  1  Brit.  JDom.  293. — Georgetown,  though  omitted,  is 
supposed  to  have  contained  about  100  men  able  to  bear  arms. 

f  The  stations  and  arrangement  were  these, — viz  : — 
12  men  at  Newichawannock,  to  scout  to  the  block-house  at  Phillipstown  : — 
12     "     at  Phillipstown,  to  scout  at  Saco  truck  house  : — 
10     "     at  Saco  truck  house,  to  scout  to  New-Marblehead: — 
14     "     at  New-Marblehead,  to  scout  to  Brunswick  : — 
10     "     at  Brunswick,  to  scout  from  Topsham  to  Richmond  fort : — 
14     "     at  Wiscasset,  to  scout  as  far  as  Capt.   Vaughan's  block-house  on 

Damariscotta : — 
14     "     at  his  block-house,  to  scout  to  Broad-bay  : — 
14     "     at  Broad-bay,  to  scout  to  the  block-house  at  St.  Georges'  river. — 

100 


220  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II. 

A.  D.  1741.  were  detained  some  time  at  Louisbourg,   before   they   were  ex- 
changed and    transported    to    Boston.     They  said,  they  had  ex- 
amined the  works,  and   believed   the   place   might  be   captured. 
Governor  Shirley  associated  to  himself  William  V'aughan,  Esq.  of 
Damariscotta,*  a  son  of  Lieutenant-Governor  Vaughan  of  New- 
Hampshire  ;  and  they,  by  careful  enquiry  and  close  investigation, 
made  themselves  fully  acquainted  with  the  situation   and  strength 
of  the  place ;  and    discussed  between  themselves  the   practica- 
bility of  its  being  taken.     Vaughan  was  a   man   of  good   under- 
standing, but  of  a  daring,  enterprizing,  and  tenacious  mind  ;  one 
who  thought  nothing  of  obstacles  to  the  accomplishment  of  his 
determined  purposes.     He  was  largely  concerned  in  the  eastern 
fishery  ;  and  from  those  employed  in   that   business,   and   others, 
he  had  learned  something   of  Louisbourg,   though  he  had  never 
seen  it.     A  firm  believer   in   the  maxim,  that  good  fortune   de- 
pends  upon   boldness,  bravery  and  exertion  ;  he  conceived  the 
design  of  taking  the  city  by  surprize  in  the   winter  season  ;  sup- 
posing it  practicable  to  pass  over  the  walls   upon  the   hard   and 
deep  snow-drifts.     The  idea  of  a  surprizal  forcibly  struck  the 
Governor's  mind  ;  and   he   wrote    letters    to    the   ministry,  rep- 
resenting the  dangers  of  an   attack  by  the   French  upon   Nova 
Scotia,  early  in  the  spring ;  and   praying   for  some  naval  assist- 
ance.    These  letters  he  sent  by   Capt.   Ryal,  an   officer  of  the 
garrison  lately  captured   at  Canseau ;  who,  from  his   particular 
knowledge  of  Louisbourg,  and  his  acquaintance  with  the  great 
importance    ol    acquiring    Cape    Breton,    and    preserving    Nova 
Scotia,  was   able  to  be   of  considerable  service    to   the   northern 
colonies,  before  the  Boards  of  Trade  and  Lords  of  Admiralty.f 
of^Cape"""       The   Island,    Cape    Breton,\    is    situated    southerly  of  New- 
Lou^sbour-.  foundland,  and  separated  from  Nova   Scotia,  by  a  narrow  strait, 
G  leagues  in  length,  called   the   Gut  of  Canseau,   which   is  navi- 
gable for  ships  of  40  guns.     The  Island  is  of  a   triangular   form 
about  80  leagues  in  circuit ;  its    shores   on   the  north    and    west 
sides   are  bold  and   steep  ;  but  its  south-eastern  side   is   full  of 
fine  bays  and  harbors,  affoiding  anchorage  for  ships  of  the  largest 

*  Douglass  [1  Vol.  248]  says,  "Vaughan  was  a  whimsical  wild  projector— 
entirely  ignorant  of  military  affairs." — He  "imagined  1,5'^0  raw  militia 
«  with  scaling-  ladders,  and  some  small  araieJ  craft  could  reduce  tne  place." 
Others  give  a  good  account  of  his  abilities. 

t  2  Belk.  N.  H.  p.  153.  t  4  Charlevoi.v's  N.  F.  p.  124-9. 


Chap,  viii.]  of  Maine.  221 

size.  Louisbourg*  is  situated  at  the  south-eastern  part  of  the  a.  d.  1744. 
Island,  about  20  leagues  north  of  east  from  Canseau  ;  and  covers 
r  neck  of  land,  on  the  south-westerly  side  of  the  harbor,  which 
opens  to  the  south-east.  Its  entrance  is  about  400  yards  in 
width,  between  a  small  Island  on  the  west,  and  Light-house  point 
on  the  east,  which  are  the  outer  defences  of  the  town.  In  the 
harbor,  the  water  is  from  9  to  12  fathoms,  and  anchorage  on  a 
soft  muddv  bottom.     Tlie   exterior   of  the   town    was   two  miles  Exterior 

"^  /•  r  T  •      •  •     1  laiiiparl  ef 

and  an  half  in  circumference.  It  was  lortitied  on  the  south- ihe  ciiy. 
westerly  side  by  a  rampart  of  stone  from  30  to  3G  feet  in  height, 
and  a  ditch  80  feet  in  width  ;  on  the  south-easterly  side,  along 
a  space  of  200  yards  near  the  sea,  it  was  secured  by  a  dyke  and 
a  line  of  pickets,  wiiere  the  opposite  water  was  shallow,  and 
bordered  by  rocky  cliffs  which  rendered  the  place  inaccessible 
to  sliipping.  It  was  defended  on  tlie  east  by  a  high  ramj)art  FoHiess. 
and  a  wide  ditch,  with  heavy  cannon  in  a  north  and  south  bas- 
tion ;  and  on  the  north  by  a  beach,  between  the  shore  and  a  pond, 

and  also  a  battery  and  rampart.     There  were   G  bastions,   and   8  '<  Hasiions. 
•'  '■  8  i5dUeries. 

batteries,  in  all,  with  embrasures,  for  148  cannon,  (45,  mounted) 

and  16  mortars.     On  the  Island,  at  the    entrance  of  the  harbor, 

was  planted  a  battery  of  30  cannon,   carrying  28   pound-shot, 

and  on  the  main  land  at  the  bottom  of  the  harbor,  in  front  of  the 

entrance,  4,800  feet  from  the  Island   battery,  was  the  grand  or 

royal  battery  of  twenty-eight  42  pounders  and  two  18  pounders; 

and  on  a  high   cliff  and  point  opposite   the   Island  battery  stood 

the  light-house.    A  little  farther  north-east  was  a  careening  wharf.  Light-house 

secure  from  all   winds,   and   a  magazine   of  naval  stores.     The 

entrance  to  the  town  from  the  country  was  at  the  west  gate,  over  a  West  gate. 

drawbridge,  near    to  a  circular  battery,  mounting  16  guns  of  14 

pounds   shot. The   streets  of  die    town,    which   were    wide, 

crossed  each  other  at  right  angles,  and  the  houses  were  well 
buih.  In  the  centre  of  the  chief  bastion,  on  the  west  side  of  the 
town,  was  a  large  stone  building,  with  a  moat  in  the  inner 
side,  which  was  called  the  Citadel,  within  which  were  the  citadeL 
apartments  of  the  Governor,  barracks  for  the  soldiers,  an  arsenal 
and  a  magazine,  richly  furnished  with  military  stores.  There 
were  also  two  catholic  chapels,  one  within,  and  the  other  with- 
out the  citadel. — Such  was  Louisbourg,   which  the   French  had 

*  Lat.  45°  55. 


222  'H^  HISTORY  [Vol.  ii. 

A.  D.31743  been  engaged  in   building    and  fortifying  25    years,    and  which, 
though  not  completed,  cost  the  Crown  thirty  millions  of  livres.''^ 

January.  It  was  this  placc,  of  such  uncommon  strength,  as  to  be  called 

capufrin^it. "  the  Dunkirk  of  America, "f  that  Shirley  conceived  the  design 
of  capturing,  wild  and  impracticable  as  the  enterprize  might  ap- 
pear. In  the  beginning  of  January,  (1745,)  orders  were  de- 
spatched by  the  ministry  to  Commodore  Warren,  then  in  the 
West  Indies,  to  proceed  to  the  northward  in  the  spring,  and  em- 
ploy such  a  force  as  might  be  sufficient  to  protect  the  northern 
colonies  in  their  trade  and  fishery,  and  distress  the  enemy  ;  and 
for  this  purpose  to  consult  with  Governor  Shirley.  Other  orders 
of  the  same  date  were  written  to  Shirley  enclosed  to  Warren, 
directing  him  to  assist  the  king's  ships  widi  transports,  men  and 
provisions. 

Tiicexpedi-      About  this  time,  the  Governor  had  fully   determined  upon  the 

tionvoied.  g^pedition  ;  and  though  he  had  received  no  intelligence,  what  tlie 
ministry  had  concluded  to  do, J  he  requested  the  members  of  the 
General  Court,  to  lay  themselves  under  an  injunction  of  secrecy, 
while  he  submitted  to  them  a  proposal  of  very  great  importance. 
As  might  be  expected,  the  project  met  with  pointed  opposition, 
and  was  at  first  rejected  ; — but  upon  reconsideration,  it  was  car- 
ried, January  26,  by  a  majority  of  one  vote.  It  was  supposed 
that  4,000  land  forces,  in  conjunction  with  such  a  fleet  as  might 
be  prepared  by  the  colonists,  would  be  able  to  compel  a  sur- 
render of  the  place. 

Undcr'aken      Although  the  parties  on  the  question  were  so  nearly  balanced ; 

England  no  sooucr  was  the  vote  carried,  than  there  appeared  throughout 
the  Province,  an  uncommon  degree  of  unanimity  and  zeal  in  the 
enterprize.  Circulars  were  immediately  addressed  to  the  colony 
governments  as  far  south  as  Pennsylvania,  requesting  assistance ; 
nevertheless,  no  one  took  any  active  part  in  the  expedition,§  ex- 
cept those  of  New-England. 

When   the  administration  had  determined  upon  the  siege  of 

*  1  Haliburton's  J^ova  Scotia,  p.  98-112  ;  See  his  ingenious  charts  of  the 
town. — From  the  Island  battery  across  the  harbor  to  the  grand  battery 
was  291  rods;  and  from  the  latter  to  the  citadel,  was  about  a  mile,  in  a 
S.  W.  direction  across  the  westerly  part  of  the  harbor. 

t  Or,  "  American  Gibralter." 

I  The  intelligence  was  delayed,  two  months  after  this. 

5  New- York  furnished  ten  cannon. 


Chap.  vm.J  of  Maine.  223 

Louisbourg,  Gov.  Shirley,  sending  for  Captain   Edward   Tyng  a.d.  n-io. 
requested  him  to  procure  for  his  immediate  command,  the  larg-  Edwani 
x^st  ship  he  could  find,  and   proposed  to  appoint  him   Commo-  piinld^' 
dore  of  the  fleet.     His  family  connexions  were  very   respectable  dor"."""" 
and    highly   esteemed.      His  grandfather  was  one  of  President 
Danforth's  Council,  and  bore  the  character  of  a  worthy  Magis- 
trate.      His  residence   was  in   Falmouth,   where  he   married  a 
daughter  of  Thaddeus  Clark,  who  was  a  large  proprietor   in  the 
original  township.     His  father  was  at  a  time  appointed  Governor 
of  Nova  Scotia ;  but  being  on  his  way  thither  taken  prisoner  by 
the  French,  he  was  carried  to  France,  where  he  died. 

Edward  Tyng,  the  subject  of  the  present  notice,   and  third  ofHischarac- 
the  name,  was  in    his  first  marriage  united  with  a  daughter  of '^'^' 
Cyprian    Southick,   one   of   the  Nova  Scotia  Council; — in   his 
second,  with  a  sister  of  Col.    Samuel  Waldo.      Captain  Tyng 
was  a  popular  man  and  a  skilful  seaman.     In  the  preceding  sum- 
mer, he  achieved    a  victory,  which   acquired  him  great  credit ; 
and  was  difiusive  of  general  joy,  especially  among  the  merchants. 
The  eastern  trade  and  fisheries  having  been  much  interrupted  by 
the  enemy,  he  was  sent  out  in  the  Queen's  galley,  a  snow,  called 
the  Prince   of  Orange,   for  their   protection.      Ranging  off  the 
eastern  coast,  he  soon  fell  in  with  a   French   privateer,  the  de  la  A  victory 
Brotz,  of  superior  force,   carrying    1 8   guns  and   94   men,   and  hfm.*'^'^    ^ 
commanded  by  M.  de  la  Bra.     A  sharp  engagement  ensued,   in 
which  the   Frenchman,  taking   the   Prince    of    Orange    for    one 
of  a  larger  size,  struck  his  colors ;  and  the  brave   Tyng   brought 
the  prize  to  Boston.     Tiie  victory  was  greatly  applauded  ;  and 
several  of  the  more  wealthy  merchants,  to  express  their  sense   of 
the  meritorious  exploit,  presented  him  with  a  silver  cup,  weighing 
100  ounces,  and  bearing  this   inscription: — To  Edward   Tyng, 
Esquire,  Commander  of  the  Snow,  Prince  of  Orange ;  as  an 
acknowledgement  of  his  good  service   done  the   trade,  in  taking 
the  first  French  Privateer,  on  the  coast,  the  24th  of  June,  1744 ; 
this  Plate  is  presented  hy  several  of  the   merchants  of  Boston   in 
JVew-England.  * 

In  presenting  him  with  the  commission  of  Commodore,  Shirley 


*  10  Cu/l.  M.  His.  Soc.  p.  iai-3.— Commodore  Tyng's  third  son,  born 
1737,  was  Col.  William  Tyng- — who  was  Sheriff  of  Cumberland  county, 
after  1767,  for  several  years.  He  spent  the  last  days  of  his  life  at  Gor- 
hain,  where  he  died,  1S07.     His  mother  was  Ann  Waldo. 


224  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.    H. 

Ai  D.  1745.  had  the  approbation  of  an  undivided  pubHc.  Tyng  soon  procur- 
Hisfiigate.  ed  a  ship,  nearly  ready  for  launching,  which  he  caused  to  be  im- 
proved and  fitted  for  carrying  24  guns,  and  to  be  named  the 
Rouse  aiKiAj^ss^cHusETTs  Frigate.  The  sccond  in  command  was  Cant. 
iuuisdin     Rouse,  in  the  Shirley  Galley,  of  20   guns;    and   the   third   was 

command.  .  .  -^  o  / 

Capt.  Snelling,  in  the  Caesar,  also  of  20  guns. 
The  enter-  [n  undertaking  any  thing  hazardous  or  difficult,  there  is  neces- 
sity  for  extraordmary  vigor  of  mind,  and  a  degree  of  confidence 
and  fortitude,  which  raise  us  above  the  dread  of  danger,  and  dis- 
pose us  to  risque,  what  the  maxims  of  over-cautious  prudence 
would  forbid.  Such  a  spirit  was  never  more  manifest,  and  per- 
haps never  more  necessary,  than  on  occasion  of  this  expedition. 
There  was  something  of  romance  in  the  design  ;  and  if  it  were 
to  be  attended  widi  success,  every  motive  and  dictate  of  wisdom 
rendered  it  indispensable,  to  favor  and  perpetuate  the  popular 
ardor,  till  it  ripened  into  firmness  of  purpose  and  actual  move- 
ments. The  money  was  easily  raised  to  defray  the  expenses; 
for  by  a  clause  in  the  Instruction,  bills  of  credit  to  any  amount, 
might  be  issued  in  times  of  emergency ;  and  on  the  present  oc- 
The  appro-  casion,  an  emission  was  ordered  of  £50,000  to  meet  the  demands, 
pnaiiou.      There  was  uncommon  health  among  the  people,  and  the  fruitful- 

ness  of  the  preceding  season  had  made  provisions  plenty. 
Wm.  Pep-  To  give  life  and  cheerfulness  to  enlistments  and  the  numerous 
poimed'io  preparations  inaking,  and  to  ensure  a  popular  confidence  of  suc- 
cimmand.  ^^^^s ;  there  remained  a  most  difficult  duty  to  be  performed. — 
This  was  the  appointment  of  the  chief  officers.  Gentlemen  of 
military  experience,  as  well  as  military  talents,  had  they  been 
easily  found,  would  have  been  selected  and  preferred.  But 
the  person  appointed  to  command  the  expedition,  was  William 
Pepperell,  Esq.  of  Kittery,  then  Colonel  of  the  western  regi- 
ment of  the  Yorkshire  militia.  His  new  commission  gave  him 
the  rank  of  Lieutenant-General.*  He  was  a  merchant  of  un- 
blemished reputation,  and  engaging  manners ;  extensively  known 
and  quite  popular  throughout  the  Provinces  of  Massachusetts, 
New-Hampshire  and  Maine.  These  were  considered  as  quali- 
ties, highly  desirable,  in  the  commander  of  an  army,  formed  of 
volunteers,  his  own  countrymert,  who  were  to  quit  their  domestic 
connexions  and  employments,  and  engage  in  a  hazardous  enter- 


1  Doug.  Summ.  p.  350. — The  enlistments  of  volunteers  began,  Feb.  2d 


Chap.  viii.J  of  MAmt.  225 

prise  of  unmeasured  extent,  of  uncertain  issue.  There  was  no  a.d,  1745. 
sage  veteran,  who  knew  how  to  conduct  the  enthusiastic  ranks  to 
victory.  Skill  and  experience  in  arms  were  out  of  the  question. 
Had  these  been  deemed  indispensable  prerequisites,  the  expedi- 
tion must  have  been  laid  aside  ;  for  there  was  no  person  in  this 
quarter,  possessing  in  any  eminent  degree  such  qualifications. 
Pepperell  had  a  martial  turn  of  mind,  which  was  increased,  by 
living  in  a  part  of  the  country,  the  most  exposed  to  the  ravages 
of  the  French  and  Indians.  His  patriodsm  now  shone  out  with 
great  lustre  ;  for  nothing  but  a  zeal  for  his  country's  good,  could 
have  carried  him  from  the  scenes  of  domestic  enjoyment,  and 
extensive  business — from  the  head  of  the  Provincial  Council, 
the  highest  honor  his  fellow  citizens  could  bestow  upon  him,  to 
the  fatigues  of  a  camp,  and  the  risques  of  uncertain  victory.  He 
was  much  beloved  ;  and  it  was  necessary  that  the  men  should 
both  know  and  love  their  General,  or  they  would  not  cheerfully 
enlist  under  him,  nor  yield  him  implicit  obedience. 

In  giving  consideration  to  the  appointment  offered  him,   he   re-  winiefield's 
quested  the  famous  Mr.  Whitefield,  who  was  then  itinerating   and  '^^'"^'^  ^ 
preaching  in  Maine,  to  give  his  opinion  of  the  enterprize.     '  The 
'  scheme  (said  he)  I  think  not  very  full  of  encouragement.     The 
'  eyes  of  all  will  be  upon   you ;  and   should  you   not  meet  with 
'  success,  the  widows  and  orphans^will  utter   complaints   and   re- 
'  flections  ; — and  if  it  be  otherwise,  numbers  will  look   upon  you 
'  with  envy,   and   endeavor  J  to  eclipse  your   glory.      You   ought 
'  therefore,  in  my  judgment  to  go  with  "  a  single  eye,"   and  dien 
'  you  will  receive  strength,  proportioned  to  your  necessities.'     He 
felt  the  sentiment ;  for  a   deep   sense   of  the  Divine  Providence 
seemed  to  influence  all  the    actions   of  his  life.     Mr.   Whitefield 
was  likewise  urged  by  the  Commissary,   another  of  his   friends, 
to  give  a  motto  for  the  flag ;  to  which,  after  some  hesitancy,  he 
suggested  this — "|Az7  desperandum,  Christo,  Duce ;" — which  being  jje  suggests 
adopted,  gave  the  expedition  the  air  and  popularity  of  a  modern  fij'"2aff '""^ 
crusade. 

The  second  in  command  was    Samuel  Waldo,  Esquire,   who  „       , 

'         ^         '  Samuel 

was  commissioned  with  the   rank   of  Brigadier-General.      This  Waido.  2d 

°  111  cow- 

gentleman  was  a  native   of  Boston,   son  of  Jonathan  Waldo,   a  mand. 

rich  merchant  of  that  plac6,':and   very  extensively   interested   in 

the  Muscongus  patent.     At  that  time,  Samuel  was  Colonel-com- 

VoL.  II.  29 


226  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II. 

A.  D.  1745.  mandant  of  the  eastern  Yorkshire  regiment,  and   the   representa- 
tive of  Fahiiouth  in  the  General  Court.     He    was   in   the   prime 
of   Wie,  a    man  of    excellent  understanding   and   great  activity. 
His  knowledge  of  men  and  books  was  much  improved  by  trav- 
elling ;  and  his  undeviating   integrity,   his  military  turn  of  mind 
and  independent  manners,  rendered  him  a  highly  respected  com- 
mander. 
The  Colo-        The  Colonels  in  the    Maine  and   Massachusetts  troops,   were 
"on^Ha*!",    MoultOH,  Hale,  WiUard,  Richmond,  Gorham  and  Dwight.*     Jere- 
Uichmoiui,  fniah  Moulton,  the  third  in  command,  was  a  native    inhabitant  of 
S^Dwi"-!)!.   York — at  that  time,  a  member  of  the  Provincial  Council,  a  Judge 
of  the  Common  Pleas  and   county  treasurer  of  Yorkshire  ;  and 
it  is  believed,  he  was  also  a  Lieutenant-colonel  in  the  militia  reg- 
iment, under  the    command   of  Pepperell.      He   was  a   man  of 
good  abilities,  of  amiable,  popular  and  retiring  manners,  and  true 
courage.     His  private  character  was  highly  estimable.      He  had 
been  in  the  public  service ;  was  acquainted  with  Indian  warfare  ; 
acquired  much    credit  in  taking   Norridgewock  during   the  last 
war  ;  and  possessed  considerable   military   skill  and   experience. 
Gorham  had  charge  of  the  whale-boats ;  and  Gridley  command- 
ed the  train  of  artillery.     To  Mr.  Vaughan  was  given   a  Lieut. 
Colonel's  commission,  without  any  particular  command,  he   pre- 
ferring the  trust  of  such  special  duties,  as  the  Commander-in-chief 
might  consider  his  adventurous  genius  best  suited  to  perform. 
Lar"-e  en-        A  selection  of  the  chief  officers  and  several  others  from  Maine, 
men  In'*  °'^  afFords  an  answer  to  the  enquiry,  why  enlistments,  were  effected 
Maine.        there,  so  much  in  disproportion  to  the  number  of  eastern  inhab- 
itants.f     The  Indian  wars  had  enured  them  to  hardships  and  dan- 
ger; and  now,  no  less  the  example  of  their  ancestors,  than  their 
own  exposed  situation,  inspired  them  with  an  enthusiastic   ardor 
to  take  the  field,   against   such   confederate   enemies   as   French 
papists    and   blood-thirsty   savages.      There   was   everywhere   a 
concurrence  of  favorable  circumstances ;  and  some  of  them,  in 


*  Samuel  JJoore  was  Lieut.  Colonel  of  the  New-Hampshire  reg-iment,— 
304  men;  Simon  LnlJu-op,  Lieut.  Colonel  of  Connecticut  regiment,— 516 
men;  and  Richard  Gridley,  Lieut.  Colonel  of  the  train  of  artillerj'. 

\  «  Manj'  of  the  settlers  about  Georg'es'  river,  enlisling'  under  General 
«  Waldo,  were  at  the  taking  of  Louisbourg ;  where  tliey  continued  with 
"  their  families  several  years,  and  some  never  returned." — C.  Eaton  s 
JIS.  J^arrative,  p.  10. 


Chap,  viii.]  of  Maine.  227 

nowisei^^dependent  upon  human  action  or  foresight,  were  greatly  a,  d.  1745. 
promotive  of  the  enterprize.     The  winter,  especially   February,  Events  fa- 

•1  1  1         .        L  J       •  11       vorahlc  to 

was  very  mild ;  the  harbors  and  rivers  were  open  ;  and  the  ihe  expedi- 
weather  in  general  so  pleasant,  that  out-door  labor  was  done  wuh 
unusual  ease.  The  Indians  had  not  molested  the  eastern  fron- 
tiers ;  and  though  some  of  them  had  heard  of  the  present  ex- 
pedition, and  carried  the  news  to  Canada ;  the  French  gave  no 
heed  to  the  report  of  so  improbable  an  undertaking ;  and  not  a 
lisp  of  it  reached  Nova  Scotia,  or  Louisbourg.  '  In  short, — if 
'  any  one  circumstance,'  to  use  the  language  of  Douglass,*  '  had 
'  taken  a  wrong  turn  on  our  side ;  or  if  any  one  circumstance  had 
'  taken  a  right  turn  on  the  French  side,  the  expedition  must  have 
'  miscarried.' 

In  less  than  two  months,  from  the  day  the  General  Court  re-  i,,      e 

•1  1  Ian  01  ep- 

solved  to  undertake  the  expedition,  an  army  of  4,000  men  were '"'^^''""^ 'T 

'^  •'  army  and 

prepared  to  embark  ;f  and  a  naval  squadron,  consisting  of  13  ves-  fleet, 
sels,  besides  transports  and  store-ships, — carrying  about  200 
guns, J  was  ready  to  sail.  Pepperell  received  his  instructions 
from  Shirley,  March  19  ;  and  entering,  the  24th,  on  board  the 
Shirley,  Snow,  at  the  head  of  the  armament,  he  put  to  sea  from 
Nantasket.  He  was  directed  to  proceed  to  Canseau,  there  build 
a  battery  and  block-house,  deposit  his  stores  and  leave  two  com- 
panies to  guard  them.  Thence  he  was  to  sail  with  the  fleet  and 
army  for   Chappeaurouge-hay,  easterly  of  Louisbourg,  arrive  in 

*  1  Suinm.  p.  336. 

f  From  Massachtisetts  and  Maine,  3,250  men  ;  Connecticiit>  516  under 
General  Wolcot ;  and  New-Hampshire,  304  under  Col.  Jloore,  excloiive 
of  commissioned  ofScers. — 2  Ilulch.  Hist.  p.  371. — Douglass  says,  3,600 
were  before  the  town.— (^o/.  1,  p.  350. 

guns.  guns. 

I  These  were,  Brig'  Massa-  Ship  (hired  of  R.  Island,)  Capt. 

chusetts,  Tyng,  24         Grifjin,  20 

Ship  Caesar,  Snelling,  20     Thompson  and  }  Connec-   (  16 

"    Shirley  Galley,  Rouse.,  20     Colony  Sloop,    \  ticut,         \  16 

Snow,  Prince  of  Orange,  Smith-  CoJony  Sloop,  Rhode  Island, 

tirst,  16  (about)                                            14 

Boston  Packet,  Fletcher,  16  Provincial  Sloop,  New- 

3  Sloops,  12,  8, 8,  guns,        =  28  Hampshire,  (do.)                        14 

124  80 

William  Burns  of  Broad-bay  took  a  commission  from  government,  and 
raised  a  company  to  defend  the  county  ;  and  his  brother  had  command  of 
one  of  the  transports  in  the  siege  of  Louisbourg'. 


228  THE  HISTORY  [Vol.  ii. 

A.  D.  1745.  the  evening,  come  to  anchor  under  the  covert  of  darkness,  forth- 
with land  his  men  at  Flat-point  cove,  E.  N.  E.  three  miles  distant 
from  the  town,  and  commence  an  attack  without  delay.  Should 
the  General  not  succeed  in  the  surprizal,  he  was  instructed  to  call 
a  council  of  war,  and  govern  himself  according  to  circumstances. 
Never  was  a  plan  of  operations,  drawn  by  sensible  men,  which 
had  more  tlie  semblance  of  romance.  An  hundred  sail  of  vari- 
ous sizes,  was  to  arrive  at  the  place  of  destination  on  a  precise 
hour ;  the  weather  and  winds,  even  in  the  spring  months,  were 
all  to  be  favorable  ;  the  rocky  ridges  which  pointed  the  shores, 
and,  at  this  season,  the  ice  and  fog,  which  environ  the  Island, 
were  to  be  avoided  ;  a  certain  harbor  made,  under  the  shadows  of 
nightfall,  in  an  unexplored  bay,  and  in  a  particular  manner  ;  a 
landing  effected  there  immediately,  amidst  a  violent  surf  ;^and 
then  the  soldiery  take  up  a  march  in  the  dark,  through  a  ravine, 
bog  and  woods,  pass  the  grand  battery,  and  after  travelling  three 
miles  from  the  place  of  landing,  commence  pulling  down  pickets 
with  grappling  irons,  and  mount  walls  30  feet  high  by  scaling  lad- 
ders ; — yes,  and  all  in  the  short  space  of  a  single  night.  This 
part  of  the  plan  was  prudently  concealed  from  the  troops  ',  and 
also  the  receipt  of  a  letter  from  Commodore  Peter  Warren,  at 
the  West  India  station,  who  had  considered  of  his  orders  and 
concluded  to  '  excuse  himself  from  any  concern  in  the  affair ;' 
Shirley,  Pepperell,  and  Waldo,  being  the  only  persons,  who  knew 
any  thing  of  the  communication,  before  the  fleet  sailed. 
April  4.  The  land   and   naval   forces  all   arrived   at  Canseau,  April  4, 

Canse^iu.     where   they  were   detained   three   weeks   by  the  remaining  ice, 
which  adiiered  to  the  shores  of  Cape  Breton.     In  the  meantime, 
Capture  of  one  of  our  ships,  on  the  1 6th,  captured  a  French  brigantine  from 
Briganiiiic.  Martinique,   having  on   board  224  puncheons  of  rum,   43  hogs- 
heads of  molasses,  23  barrels  of  coffee,  13   loaves  of  sugar,  and 
other  articles ;  and  on  the  23d,  to  the  great  joy  of  the  American 
Arrival  of    forces,  ai  rived  at  Canseau,  four  war-ships  from  the  West  Indies, 
floe[.'*""      the  Suhn-h,  Che  Eltham,  the  Lanchaster,  and  ihe  Mermaid,  under 
Commodore  Warren. — It  appeared,  that  subsequently  to  sending 
his  former  letter  to  Gov.  Shirley,  he  received  orders   from  home, 
Crui'io  b(--    directing  him  to  render  his   Majesty  immediate   service  upon  this 
bourj.         north-eastern  coast.     On  his  arrival,  therefore,  his  squadron  pro- 


Chap,  viii.]  of  mai.xf.  229 

ceedecl  to  cruise   before   Louisbourg ;    being   from  time  to  time  a.  d.  1743. 
joined  by  six  other  ships  of  war — the  whole  carrying  490  guns.* 

The   American  fleet    and    forces  made  Chappeaurouge  bay,  ^prii  so. 
April  30,  early  in  the  morning  ;f  and  their  appearance    gave  the  ihe^fle^eUn 
first  notice  to  the  French  of  a  design  formed  against  them.     They  Jle^ar^L^ouis- 
had  seen  the  men-of-war  cruising  at  a  distance,  but  took  them  to'"^"'"S- 
be  privateers,  in  search  of  trading  and   fishing  vessels.      On  the 
same  and  the  next  day,  the  troops  were   disembarked   from  the 
transports  with  little  opposition,  and  most  of  the   heavy   artillery, 
provisions  and  ammunition  were  landed. 

The  primary  object  of  the  assailants  was  to  invest    the  town:  May  2. 

^  •'        •>  The  first  al- 

and Lieut.  Colonel  Vaughan  conducted  the   first  column  of  400  tack. 

men  through  the  woods.  May  2,  within  sight  of  it,  and  gave  three 

cheers.     He  thence  led  them,  in  the  course  of  the   night,  to  the 

north-east  part  of  the  harbor  ;  where  they  burned  the  warehouses 

containing  naval  stores,  and  staved  a  large   quantity  of  wine   and 

brandy.     The  smoke,  driven  by  the  wind,  3-4ths  of  a  mile,  into 

the  grand  battery,  so  alarmed   the   French,  that  they  abandoned 

it,  spiking  their  guns  and  retiring.     The  next  morning,  Vaughan  G^/ndbat- 

took  possession  of  it,  and  having  drilled  the  cannon   left  by  the  ^^'^-  '^  ^"' 

enemy,  which  consisted  chiefly  of  42  pounders,  turned  them  with 

good  effect  upon  the  city,  within  which  almost  every  shot  lodged, 


*  Arrived  April  23,  the  Ellham  of    40  guns,  convoy  of  mast  ships  to  Eng. 

"         "  Suburb,  60  ) 

"         "  Lanchaster,      40  V      under  Commodore  Warren. 

"         "  Mermaid,  40  ) 

Captured,  May  Ifi,  Vigilant,    64  Taken    from  the    French    by 

Com.  Tyng. 

Arrived         "      22,  Hector,  40  ) 

"       "  Princess  Mary  60  >      From  Eng-land. 

June  10,  Chester,  50  ) 

"     12,  Canterbury,      60  ) 

"      "  Sunderland,       60  >      From  Newfoundland. 

"      «  Lark,  40  ) 

Total  490.— 2  IJidch.  Hist.  p.  372-5,  6.— 1 
Doug.  Summ.  p.  351. --One  account  states  thus:  — 

In  the  night  time  of  ]\lay  18th,  the  Vig-ilant  having-  been  decoyed  by  the 
Mermaid,  and  hectored  by  several  small  vessels,  fell  in  with  the  Massachu- 
setts, Tynj;  and  mistaking- her  for  a  much  larg^er  ship,  struck  to  her; — 
an  event  greatly  to  the  encourag-ement  of  the  expedition. — 10  Coll.  M. 
His.  Sac,  p.  183. 

t  Here  they  anchored  two  miles  from  Flat-point  Cove,  and  five  miles 
easterly  from  the  town.  The  French  "  immediately  fired  some  cannon 
*'  and  rang  their  bells  in  the  town,  to  alarm  and  call  in  their  people  living 
*'  in  the  suburbs. 


230 

A.D,  1145. 

May. 

Green  Hill 
ballery 
formrcl. 


THE  HISTORY 


[Vol. 


A  summons 
sent  10  sur- 
render. 


May  18. 
The  Vigi- 
lant captur- 
ed. 


Titcomb's 

battery 

opened. 


May  26. 
English 
lose  176 
men. 


and  several  fell  into  the  roof  of  the  citadel.  While  forming  a 
battery  on  Green  Hill,*  within  1,550  yards  of  the  north-west 
bastion  inclosing  the  castle,  and  another  600  yards  nearer,  the 
troops  were  engaged  fourteen  nights  successively,  in  drawing  can- 
non from  the  landing,  through  a  morass,  to  the  proposed  en- 
campment. Unable  to  use  wheels,  owing  to  the  softness  of  the 
ground,  the  soldiers  constructed  sledges,  and  with  straps  over 
their  shoulders,  wading  in  the  mud  to  their  knees,  resolutely  per- 
formed labor  '  beyond  the  power  of  oxen.'  It  was  work,  which 
could  be  executed  only  in  the  night  time,  or  during  foggy  days  ; 
the  place  being  within  view  of  the  town  and  the  reach  of  its 
guns.  Duchambon,  the  Governor,  in  the  meantime,  was  sum- 
moned to  surrender ;  but  refusing,  the  siege  was  pressed  with 
greater  vigor  and  spirit.  At  length,  a  third  battery,  planted  with- 
in 440,  and  a  fourth  within  250  yards  of  the  west  gate,  were  so 
far  advanced.  May  17,  as  to  do  great  execution.  The  next  day, 
the  Vigilant,  a  French  G4,  being  artfully  decoyed  into  the  midst 
of  danger,  fell  in  with  the  frigate  Massachusetts,  Capt.  Tyng,  to 
whom,  after  exchanging  a  few  shots,  she  struck  her  colors.  This 
was  an  important  victory.  It  gave  a  thrill  to  the  whole  fleet  and 
army  ;  for  she  had  on  board  560  men,  and  was  richly  laden  with 
military  stores,  intended  for  the  relief  of  the  garrison. f 

On  the  side  of  the  creek  opposite  to  Green  Hill,  Titcomb's 
battery,  800  yards  from  the  west  gate,  mounting  five  42  pound- 
ers, was  opened.  May  20,  with  great  effect  upon  the  enemy's 
circular  battery  and  magazine ;  and  on  the  22d,  the  Princess 
Mary  and  Hector,  arriving,  joined  the  fleet.  But  on  the  26th, 
an  unfortunate  though  brave  attempt  upon  the  Island  battery,  oc- 
casioned the  English  a  loss  of  1 76  men ; — 60  killed  and  drowned, 
and  116  taken  prisoners.  About  the  same  time,  a  new  battery 
was  erected  on  the  Light-house  point,  under  the  direction  of 
Lieut.  Col.  Gridley,  and  brought  so  directly  to  bear  upon  the 
Island  battery,  as  to  silence  several  of  its  guns.     The  Provin- 

•  This  was  more  than  200  yards  nearer  the  town  than  the  grand  battery 


f  Warren  offered  Tyng  the  command  of  this  valuable  prize  with  the 
rank  of  post  captain.  But  he  being'  considerablj'  advanced  in  life  had  de- 
termined to  remain  on  shore  after  the  expedition ;  and  therefore  declin- 
in''  the  offer,  recommended  Captain  Rouse,  who  was  appointed  to  that 
office. 


Chap,  vin.]  of  matne.  231 

cials  had  now  erected  five  fascine   batteries,  mounted   16   pieces  A.  D  1745. 
of  cannon  and  several   mortars,    entirely  destroyed  the   western  ^  f>aitenf;s 

'  •'  ■'  against  the 

gate,  and  made  great  impressions  upon  the  enemy's  other  works,  '^i'y- 
At  length,  it  was  concerted  and  concluded  by  Commodore  War-  June?. 

A  strata- 

ren  and  General  Pepperell,  to  attempt  by  stratagem  what   force  gem. 
had  hitherto  failed  to  effect.     They  informed  the  Captain  of  the 
captured  Vigilant,  how  badly  the  French  had  treated  some  of  the 
English  prisoners  ;  and  then  shewing  him  what  care   and   kind- 
ness, the  Frenchmen,  detained  on  board  the  English   fleet,   were 
receiving,  desired  him  to  certify  the  fact  to  the  commander  of  the 
garrison,  and  advise  him  to  pursue   as  generous   a  course.     He  June  8. 
complied — and   Capt.   McDonald  was    the  bearer  of  the  letter,  senr/nto  the 
June  8,  under  a  flag  of  truce.     He  was  a  good   French  linguist,  afla'nr""''^"^ 
though  he  feigned  himself  a  stranger  to  the  language  ;  and  there- 
fore, had  the  advantage  of  understanding  all  the   French   officers 
said  to  each  other,  while  he  was  with  them.     Till  this  time,  they 
had  received    no   intelligence,  that  the  Vigilant  was  a  prize  to 
the  English,  or  her  captain  a  prisoner.     Notice  of  the  event  put 
them  to  a  great  nonplus ;  and  in  connexion   with  the   trials  of  a 
severe  siege,  occasioned  apparent  looks   of  dismay. — The   west-^,^  ^.^^  , 
ern  gate  was   not   only    demolished,  but  a   fearful    breach    vvas  ^'*'^°"'*'^'''" 
made  in  the  adjoining   walls ;  the   nortli-eastern  and  the'  circular 
batteries  and  the  west  flank  of  the  king's  bastion   had   all  receiv- 
ed great  damage;  and  preparations,  they  perceived,  were  making 
for  a  general  assault.     They  were  besides,  in  want  of  some  pro- 
visions and  stores,  which  they  now  despaired  of  receiving  ;  and 
the  garrison,  prior  to  the  siege,  were  so  mutinous,  that   the   Gov- 
ernor would  not  trust  them  to  make  a  sortie,  through  fear  of  de- 
sertion.    Nor  could  he  ascertain   the   true   strengtli   of  the   Pro- 
vincials.    The  ground  upon  which  they  were  entrenched   was  so 
uneven  and  the  men  so  scattered,  that  he  could  form  no  estimate 
of  their  number ;  while  the  prisoners,  as  if  by  mutual  agreement, 
represented  the  English  force   to  be  greatly   superior  to   what  it 
really   was.     The   arrival  of  four  other  large  English   ships  of 
war,  on  the  10th  and  12th,  gave  heart  and  spirit  to  the  assailants,  4  other 
which  the  French  might   ])erceive,   by   the  unabating  intrepidity  wa?-ships 
and  vigor,  every  where  evinced   in  this   protracted   siege.     The  ^'"^^" 
battery  near  the  Light-house  was  now  able  to  flank  a  line   of  20 
guns  in  the  enemy's  Island  battery,   3,400  feet  distant ;  and  on 
the  14th,  being  the  anniversary  of  his  Majesty's  accession  to  the 


232  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II. 

A.D.  1745.  throne,  it  was  "  celebrated  by  a  discbarge  at  12  o'clock,  of  all  the 
cannon  in  every  battery."  On  the  1 8tli,  the  English  determined 
'  to  make  a  grand  attack  upon  the  garrison  by  sea  and  by  land.' 
As  this  was  suspected  or  understood  by  the   enemy, — Ducham- 

Frer.ch        boH,  June  15,  wrote  thus  to  Pepperell  and   Warren; — '  Gentle- 

Governor's 

letier  to  the  '  men — Desirous  of  putting  a  stop  to  acts  of  hostility  and  the   ef- 

Engliil)  offi-     /••<-iii¥ii-  •  c 

cers.  '  lusion    01  blood  ;  1  send  this   note   to    request  a  suspension   oi 

'  arms,  so  long  as  shall  be  needful  for  me  to  make  proposals, 
'upon  what  conditions,  I  shall  determine  to  deliver  up  to  you  the 

June  16.      '  place,  with  which  the  king  my  master  has  entrusted  me.' — The 

Surrenders  ii,  •*!  ii,-i 

the  place,    next  day,  he  surrendered  the  garrison,*  and  on  the  1  an,  posses- 
June  17.      sJon  was  taken   by   the   captors  ;  the    French   being    allowed    to 

Possession  y  i  /  •-j 

taken  by      marcli  out  "  whh  their  arms,  music  and  standards." 

the  Knghsh.  . 

In  the  capitulation,  650  veteran  troops,  1,310  militia  men,  the 
crew  of  the  Vigilant,  and  about  2,000  of  the  inhabhants  being 
4,1 30f  in  all,  engaged  not  to  bear  arms  against  Great  Britain  or 
her  allies,  for  twelve  months  ;  and  embarking  on  board  14  cartel 
ships,  were  transported  to  Rochfort  in  France.  Seventy-six 
cannon  and  mortars  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  victors,  besides 
other  property  to  an  immense  amount ;  and  there  were  in  the 
town,  provisions  and  ammunition  enough  for  five  or  six  months. 
Our  loss  was  130  men — and  that  of  the  French  300,  killed 
within  the  walls.  The  Prince  of  Orange  was  sunk  in  a  storm, 
and  her  crew  drowned. 
View  of  the  Upou  entering  the  fortress,  and  viewing  its  strength,  and  the 
incidems,  plenty  and  variety  of  its  means  for  defence,  the  stoutest  hearts 
were  appalled  ;  and  the  practicability  of  taking  it  by  surprize,  as 
contemplated  by  the  projectors  of  the  expedition,  appeared  futile  to 
the  last  degree.  As  a  decoy,  the  French  flag  was  continued 
flying ;  and  the  *  value  of  all  the  prizes,  taken  during  this  expe- 
'  dition,  were  not  much  short  of  a  million  sterling.'  The  weather 
which  through  the  last  40  days  of  the  siege,  was  remarkably  fine 
for  the  season,  soon  changed,  and  an  incessant  rain  of  ten  days 
succeeded.  Had  this  happened  before  the  surrender,  hundreds 
then  sick  of  the  dysentery  must  have  fallen  victims  to  the  disease.  J 


*  General  Pepperell  says,  we  gave  the  town  about  9,000  cannon  ball, 
and  600  "  bombs,  before  the  enemy  surrendered." 

f  1  Doxig.  Summ.  p.  568. — 2,000  able  to  hear  arms. 

I  ZSo  less  than  1,500  were  sick  at  one  time,  by  reason  of  cold,  fogg-y 
weather,  fatigue  in  mud  and  water,  and  poor  tents. 


Chap,  viii.]  of  aiAiNE.  233 

The  news  of  this  resplendent  victory  filled  America  with  joy,  A.  D.  1745. 
and  Europe  with  astonishment.*     It  was  celebrated  in  the   prin-  Cdebraiion 
cipal  New-England  towns   by   ringing   of  bells,   by  bonfires,   by  lory. 
festivity,!  S"*^  J'^'Jy  13,  by  a  public   thanksgiving.     Ch'eat  glory 
was  won  ;  yet  unwearied  pains  were  afterwards  taken  in  England, 
to  ascribe  it  principally  to  the  navy  and  lessen   the  merit  of  the 
army.     The  victory  gave  a  fresh  impulse  to  the  jealousies,  en- 
tertained in  the  mother  country,   that  such  events  would  hasten 
the  independence  of  the  Colonies.     Pepperell,  however,   receiv-  Rewards  to 
ed  the  title  of  Baronet;  Warren   was    made  an  Admiral;  and '^  ^^"' 
Pepperell  and  Shirley  severally  received  Colonels'  commissions  to 
raise  two  regiments  on  the  British  establishment  in  America,  and 
be  in  the  pay  of  the   crown.     But  none  of  the  officers,   except 
one  or  two,  and   none  of  the  New-England  troops,  were   ever 
allowed  any  part  of  the  prizes,  nor  any  emoluments, — their  own 
wages  excepted.     Parliament,  after  repeated  solicitations,  through 
a  period  of  four  years,  resolved  at  last  to  pay  the  expenses  of  the 
expedition ;  and  shipped   to   New-England  in   specie,  £200,000 
sterling  for  that  purpose.  J 


*  1  Doug.  Summ.  p.  345-355.-2  Hutch,  p.  3o4-376.— 2  Belknap's  N.  H. 
149-174.— 2  Trumbull's  Con.  p.  270-281.-1  Coll.  Mass.  Hist.  Soc.  p.  61.— 
Shirley's  Speech,  July  17,— Jour,  of  Mass.  H.  Rep.  1745,  p.  10-68. 

t  Smith's  Journal,  p.  39,  July  8,  we  [in  Falmoutiij  fired  our  can.^iOn  £ve 
times,  and  spent  the  afternoon  at  '"  the  fort,  rejoicing." 

I  Sum  sent  to  Massachusetts  was  £183,649,  mostly  silver  in  215  chests. 
"         N.  Hampshire    "  16,355, 

£200,004. 
But  the  best  account  in  print,  of  the  "  Siege  of  liouisbourg,"  appears  in 
Governor  Shirley's  letter,  Oct.  28,  1745,  to  the  Duke  of  New  castle  and  a 
*  Journal  of  the  siege,'  in  31  octavo  pages,  published  by  order  of  the  Gen- 
eral Court,  Jan.  7,  1746: — from  which,  matter  in  the  preceding  pages 
has  been  selected. 


Vol.  II,  80 


234  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.    11. 


AiD.  1743, 
January. 


CHAPTER  IX. 

Spanish,  and  5  years'  Indian  icar — Defence' — Indians  desirous  of 
jffar — Condition  of  the  eastern  people — First  attacks  of  the  In- 
dians— In  Maine,  at  St.  Georges'  river — Eastern  force — Demand 
upon  the  Indians  fur  a  quota  of  men  according  to  treaty — Their 
refusal — War  declared  against  them — Skirmishes — Projects  of 
England  and  France — Soldiers  at  Louishourg  relieved — Defence 
— Attack  on  Gorhamtown,  Peinaquid,  St.  Georges,  Falmouth, 
and  other  places — Canada  and  Nova  Scotia — Arrival  of  d'An^ 
ville's  fleet — Disasters — Its  return  home — Ramsay's  attack  on  the 
Massachusetts'  provincials  at  Ilorton — Thry  capitulate — The  tear 
— Mischiefs  of  the  Indians — A  naval  victory  over  the  French — 
Exchange  of  prisoners  at  Canada — Attempts  upon  New-Marble- 
head,  Fort  Frederick,  St.  Georges — A  scarcity  of  provisions — 
Defensive  force — Service  disagreeable'^ A  fort  proposed  at  Pe- 
nobscot— Base  character  of  the  savage  enemy — Neics  of  peace — 
Treaty  of  Aix-la-Chapelle — Eastern  guards — Indians  propose 
peace — Visit  Boston — A  treaty  established. 

A  ffth  Indian  war,  as  a  consequence  of  the  present  one  with 
Spain  and  France,  appeared  now  to  be  the   inevitable   destiny   of 


Af/tiiln-  these  eastern  Provinces.     The  refusal  of  the   Tarratine   tribe  to 

diaii.  or  five  .  .  ,     .        , 

years'  war.  become  tbe  allies  of  the  English,  as  communicated  in  January, 
to  the  Government,  was  a  manifest  indication  of  their  hostile 
designs.  It  was  known,  they  continued  to  have  a  controlling  in- 
fluence among  the  eastern  tribes.  They  had  acted  a  wise  and 
worthy  part  in  bringing  the  last  war  to  a  close,  and  in  settling  a 
treaty  ;*  and  they  often  expressed  the  strongest '  desires  for  a 
perpetuation  of  peace  and  amity.  But  the  celebrated  Castine 
the  younger,  was  no  more  ;f  and  a  race  of  young  Indians  had 
risen,  during  an  interval  of  twenty  years'  tranquillity,  who  panted 
for  war  and  glory.  The  Indians  had  lately  estranged  themselves 
from  the  English,  and  many  had  withdrawn  to  Canada.  Trade 
with  them  was  nearly  at  an  end,  and  the  truck-masters  were  not 
rechosen.     It  was  also  reported,  early  in  the  spring,  that  arms  and 

*  Dnmmer's  tr«aty,  A.  D.  1726.  +  See  ante,  A.  D.  1725. 


Chap,  ix.]  or  Maine.  235 

ammunition  had  been  sent  by  the   Governor  of  Canada,  to  the  A.  D.  1745. 
Indians  of  Nova  Scotia  ;  that  he  had  promised  to  distribute  pres-  The  French 
ents  to  all  those  who  would   visit  him   at   Quebec  ;  and    that  a  Uie  Indians. 
body  of  natives  was  prepared  to  join  Duvivier's  forces  and  pro- 
ceed against  Annapolis  as  soon  as  he  returned  from  France. 

Measures  and  works  of  defence  were  indefati°:ably  prosecuted  :  Measures 
II  1-      1  ,-  ,  for  defence. 

houses    were    enclosed    by    ramparts,    or    palisades    of  timber  j 

watches  were  established  ;  and  there  were  endeavors  to  keep  up 
ranging  parties  constantly,  between  the  garrisons.  But  the  free 
enlistments  into  the  late  expedition  against  Louisbourg,  had  left 
the  frontiers  exceedingly  open  and  exposed.  After  the  capture, 
some  were  persuaded  by  an  increase  of  wages,  to  abide  there  in 
the  public  service,  some  were  detained  by  reason  of  the  dysen- 
tery, and  some  returned  home  sick;*  so  that  almost  every  able- 
bodied  man,  it  is  said,  was,  at  one  time,  either  at  home  or 
abroad,  a  soldier,  a  sentinel,  or  a  minute-man.  Nor  were  the  men 
satisfied  with  the  rewards  they  received  in  consideration  of  their 
perils,  fatigues,  and  sufferings  in  the  siege  of  that  place.  For 
they  had  no  prize-money,  no  gratuity,  nothing  but  vapid  praise, — 
miserable  food  for  a  soldier,  who  had  left  his  family  for  the  camp, 
and  lost  the  spring-season,  which  ought  to  have  been  improved 
in  providing  for  their  livelihood. 

As  the  Sagamores  could  not  be  reached  by  persuasives    or  The  Indian* 
presents  :  Capt.  Saunders  was  despatched  in  the  Province  Sloop  wa'r  and 
with  expresses,  to  the  tribes  about  the  eastern  harbors,  especially '' ""  ^'^' 
at  Kennebeck  and  Penobscot;  informing  them  of  the  great  vic- 
tory, in  the  hope  of  overawing  them,  or  preventing  their   alliance 
with  the  enemy.     But  they  had  resolved  to  be  neutral  no  longer. 
If  the  fall  of  Louisbourg  and  the   fate   of  their  old   friends,    the 
French,  had  any  effect  upon  them  ;  it   was  to   hasten  them  into 
the  war  against  the  triumphing  English.     They  themselves  had 
little  to  lose ;  while  the  settlements,  now  increased  and  extend- 
ed, offered  them  more  allurements  and  greater  opportunities   for 
plunder.     Yet  a  narrative  of  savage  warfare  on   our    frontiers, 
must  be  principally  a  recital  of  the   sufferings,  exploits,  escapes, 
and  deliverances,  of  parties,  families,  or  individuals ; — a  narrative, 


*  "  We  have  tidings  [at  Falmouth]  daily  of  our  people  dying-  at  Cape 
"  Breton  and  of  many  coming  home  and  dying  after  arrival." — Smitk^i 
Journ.  p.  41-43.— 2  Hutch.  Hist.  p.  379. 


236  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II. 

A.D.  1745.  the  Historian  would  cheerfully  save  himself  the  labor  and  pain  of 
giving,  did  not  fidelity  and  duty  forbid.  But  the  reiterated  dis- 
tresses of  the  eastern  inhabitants,  in  connexion  with  their  forti- 
The  meian-tude  and  Other  virtues,  ousiiht  not  to  be  overlooked.  In  an  Indian 
lioM  of  (he  war,  they  were  necessarily  watchful,  or  on  their  guard  day  and 
night,  and  when  at  labor  in  their  fields,  they  were  often  obliged 
on  a  sudden  emergency,  either  to  repel  an  attack,  or  make  a 
hazardous  retreat.  Their  crops  were  not  unfrequently  injured  or 
destroyed,  either  by  their  own  cattle  getting  into  their  enclosures, 
where  the  Indians  had  broken  the  fences  ;  or  because  the  hus- 
bandmen durst  not  venture  out  to  collect  and  secure  the  harvest.* 
By  reason  of  the  danger  to  which  they  were  constantly  exposed, 
they  were  unable  to  cultivate  their  lands  to  any  advantage ; 
though  when  they  went  to  public  worship,  or  abroad,  they  were 
always  armed  ;  and  usually,  when  at  work,  they  posted  a  sentry 
in  some  conspicuous  place,  to  keep  watch. f  So  bent  on  mere 
mischief  were  the  savages,  that  when  they  killed  the  husband- 
man's domestic  animals,  they  would  oftentimes  only  take  a  little 
of  their  flesh  or  their  tongues,  which  they  broiled  and  ate  fresh, 
or  preserved  by  drying  in  the  smoke.  In  short,  the  distressed 
people  were  afi-aid  even  to  milk  their  cows,  though  they  were 
kept  in  pastures  near  as  possible  to  the  fortifications  ;  and  whole 
families  were  not  unfrequently,  in  these  Indian  wars,  shut  up  for 
weeks  together,  in  a  state  of  wretched  anxiety, 
j,,,^.  ,p_  The  first  outrages   of  the    Indians  were  committed,  July    19, 

tal'ks'^o'ril'c  ^^  St.  Georges  and  Damariscotta  [Newcastle].  Several  of  the 
Imiiaiis.  savages  from  Cape  Sable,  St.  John,  and  St.  Francois,  uniting. 
On  thp  forts  began  by  attacking  the  fort  St.   George;  upon  which,   however, 

at  St.  Cicor-    .  I  1  1       ^      •  •  mi  1  /- 

^ps'  and  they  could  make  no  nnpression.  Ihey  then  set  on  fire  a  garri- 
cmaquK .  soned  house  and  saw-mill;  burnt  a  few  dwellinghouses  in  the 
vicinity ;  killed  a  great  number  of  the  cattle ;  and  took  captive 
one  of  the  inhabitants.  Preferring,  as  it  was  a  ma.\im  of  Indian 
policy,  to  do  mischief  remote  from  their  immediate  neighborhood, 
and  inheriting  an  enmity  towards  the  public  or  local  fortifica- 
tions, anotlier  party,  formed  of  young  fighters  from  Penobscot 
and  Norridgewock,  marked   fort   Frederick   for    an   assault.     In 


*  Gov(rnc>r''s  Speech,  January,,  1745. — 'Prevented  as  the  people   may  be, 

•  I>om  cultivating-  their  lands.'  says  he, '  they  must  starve  there,  or  withdraw 

♦  with  their  families,  cattle,  anJ  effacts, — without  timely  help.' 

t  Sullivran,  p.  189. 


Chap,  ix.]  of  maine.  237 

approaching  it,  they  met  a  woman,  about  300  yards  from  the  a-  d.  1745. 
walls,  whom  they  wounded  in  the  shoulder,  and  then  one  of 
them  seized  her.  Either  the  report  of  the  gun  or  her  shrieks, 
unfortunately  for  them,  alarmed  the  garrison  ;  and  amidst  the 
momentary  consternation  and  rising  smoke,  or  through  the  care- 
lessness of  her  keepers,  she  broke  away  from  them,  and  under 
the  fire  from  the  fort  escaped  to  the  gate.  Thus  the  meditated 
attack  was  happilv  prevented.*     The  same  month  they  killed   a  AtTopsham 

and  New- 
man and   scalped  a   boy  at  Topsham  ;  and    at  New-Meadows,  Meadows. 

.they  shot  a  mounted  man  and  his  horse  under  him.f 
-  A  short  time  previously,  about  30  Indians,  well  armed,  came  At  Nonh- 
to  North-Yarmouth,  and  secreted  themselves  under  a  fence,  be- 
tween the  two  forts,  which  were  a  mile  apart.  As  Philip  Greely 
was  passing,  early  the  next  morning,  from  one  to  the  other,  they 
shot  him  and  retired.  Had  tliey  not  been  discovered  by  means 
of  his  dog,  they  would  probably  have  let  him  pass  unhurt.  But 
since  an  alarm  would  inevitably  be  given,  either  by  him  if  per- 
mitted to  escape,  or  by  the  report  of  their  guns,  if  they  killed 
him,  they  preferred  the  latter  alternative ;  and  though  he  lost  his 
life,  the  garrisons  were  both  left  unmolested. "j;  Not  far  distant, 
at  Flying-point,  they  broke  down  the  door,  and  entered  the  house 
of  one  Maine?,  about  break  of  day,  before  the  family  were  out 
of  bed.  The  good  man  made  a  brave  personal  resistance,  in 
which  he  was  himself  slain.  A  young  child  of  his  was  also  kill- 
ed in  its  mother's  arms  by  a  bullet,  which,  at  the  same  time, 
wounded  her  in  the  breast.  Aroused  by  the  tumult,  a  man,  lodg- 
ing in  the  chamber,  fired  upon  the  assailants,  shot  down  one  of 
them,  and  so  alarmed  the  rest,  that  they  fled  out  of  the  house, 
taking  with  them  a  young  daughter,  panic  struck  and  freezing 
with  horror.  The  thoughtful  woman,  thus  left  for  a  moment,  bar- 
red the  door,  and  thereby  escaped  a  cruel  death,  or  a  more  cruel 
captivity.  The  affrighted  girl,  they  carried  captive  to  Canada. 
Determined,  however,  not  to  leave  North-Yarmouth,  till  they  had 
more  effectually  executed  their  purpose,  they  selected  an  ambush 
near  the  meeting-house,  from  which   they  fired   upon   three  men 


*  Journal  House  Rep.  1715,  p.  ."3.— Governor's  Speech,  in  July. 

■f  Smith's  Jour.  40. 

I  Sullivan,  p.  190. — He  supposes  this  was  in  May  :  But  be  is  not  correct 
as  to  dates. — Smith,  p.  40,  and  Belk.  jV.  H.  p.  186,  say  the  first  mischief 
was  in  July. 


238  THE  HISTORY  [Vol.  ii. 

A. D.  1745. who  were   in   company; — one  of  them,  Ebenezer  Eaton,   they 
killed  and  scalped  ;  another  was  made   prisoner  ;    and  the  third 
escaping,  carried  the  tidings  to  the  fort.     The  Indians  then  spread- 
ing themselves  along  the  ridge,  a  little  farther  back,  recommenced 
a  discharge  of  their  muskets  upon  the  houses  below,  and  upon  such 
of  the  men,  as  rushed   out  with  their  arms  towards  the  place 
where  they  had  heard  the  report  of  guns,  and  continued  firing, 
until  fears  of  a  rencounter  induced  them  to  retire. 
Seitlements       The  Settlements,  begun  upon  the  banks  and  in  the  vicinity  of 
Georges'      Gcorgcs'  rivcr,  under  the  patronage  of  Samuel  Waldo,  Esquire, 
lurbi'heln-  sooH  after  the  close  of  Lovewell's  war,  had  been  prosecuted,  dur- 
ing the  last  ten  years,  with  encouraging  success.     He  built  mills, 
and  by  advertisements  offered  his   lands   to  settlers   upon   most 
alluring  terms.     Irish  emigrants  of  the  protestant  religion,   who 
had  been  sometime  in  America,  accepted  his  offers,  and  became 
the  fathers  of  these  plantations.     For  under  an  agreement  with 
him,  April   18,   1T35,  forty-five  of  them  presently   settled   upon 
their  respective   lots  of  100   acres,  built  cottages,   and   laid  the 
Upper  and   foundation  of  the  "  L^/)per  Tow/i"  [now  Warren.]*     Settlements 
dower lowns.  .^  ^1^^  iozt^n^Aip  bclowf   [now  Thomaston,]  and  at  Meduncook, 
[now  Friendship,]  were  in  a  progressive  condition  during  the 
same  period  ;  and  block-houses  were  erected  at  the  "  JVarrows^^  in 
the  upper  town,  also  at  the  moud)   of  the  river.     But  no   odier 
settlements  in  Sagadahock,  so  much  as  these,  disturbed  the  Tar- 
ratine  tribe  of  Indians, J  as  there  was  none  so  near  them. 
Attacks  on       The  inhabitants  attempted  to  labor  on  their  farms,  under  a 
*  ms  ofthos'e  gu^rd  of  soldiers,  though  not  without  perpetual  interruption.    Da- 
piaces.        yij  Creighton,  and  his  companions,  venturing  out  a  short  distance 
from  the  garrison  at  St.  Georges,  were  killed  and  scalped.    Boyce 
Cooper,  and  Reuben  Pitcher,  proceeding  down  the  river  for  rock- 
weed,  fell  into  the  hands  of  the  enemy,  and  were  carried  to  Can- 
ada.    Naturally  jovial,  and  apparently  contented,  Cooper  made 
himself  familiar  with  the  Indians  ;  and  as  he  answered  all  their 
questions  cheerfully,  about  the  men  and  cattle  at  the  fort, — he  in 
return  received  from  them,  very  generous  usage.     He  was  an  em- 
igrant from  Ireland  ;  and  while  in  Canada,   his  fellow  prisoner, 


*  See  post,  A.  D.  1776. 

I  Called  the  '■'■Lower  <oK'n;"  and  by  the  Indians,  Georgeekeag. 

I  See  ante,  A.  D.  1736. 


Chap,  ix.]  of  maine.  239 

a  native  of  the  same  country,  dying,  bequeathed  him  his  violin.  A.D  1745. 
Of  this  gift,  he  made  good  use,  for  like  the  young  psalmist  of 
Israel,  charming  the  king  with  his  harp,  he  often  played  upon  the 
exhilarating  instrument  with  such  exquisite  skill,  before  the  Gov- 
ernor, as  to  soften  the  spirit  of  hostile  asperity  in  him,  to  that  of 
clemency,  favorable  to  the  prisoner's  release. 

As  two  women  were  milking  their  cows,  not  far  from  liie  gar- 
rison, one  of  them,  Mrs.  Thompson,  was  seized  and  carried  to 
Canada  ;  while  the  other,  JMrs.  Spear,  with  much  ado,  was  able 
to  regain  the  fort-gate.  Saunders,  son  of  the  ofBcer  who  com- 
manded the  Province  Sloop,  was  at  an  unfortunate  moment 
caught  by  the  savages,  and  carried  as  far  as  Owl's-head,  where 
all  encamped  for  the  night.  Before  them,  he  afiected  so  much 
cheerfulness  and  contentment,  that  they  all  suffered  themselves  to 
fall  into  a  sound  sleep  ;  when  he,  softly  rising,  took  their  purse, 
containing  $200,  hid  it,  and  returned  safely  to  the  fort.  After 
the  war,  he  found  it,  and  had  the  pleasure  of  applying  the  con- 
tents to  his  own  use.* 

It  had  been  foreseen  by  the  government,  that  the  expedition  a  defensive 
against  Cape  Breton,  would  expose  the  eastern  frontiers  to  in- [^en! "' ^^'** 
cursions  from  the  enemy  ;  especially  when  it  was  found  how 
"  great  a  number  of  the  inhabitants"  had  enlisted ;  therefore, 
a  Committee  of  safety  and  defence  was  appointed,  and  a  pro- 
visional force  of  about  450  men,  including  the  garrison  soldiers, 
was  put  in  requisition.  In  this  draft  or  enlistment,  no  more  were 
allowed  to  be  taken  from  the  frontiers,  than  were  needful  for 
pilots,  or  guides  ;  and  all  were  to  be  under  pay,  till  the  first  day 
of  the  ensuing  November.  They  were  to  be  posted  at  the  forts 
and  garrisoned  houses,  between  which  they  were  constantly  to 
scout  in  ranging  parties  ;  so  as  to  form  a  line  along  the  whole 
frontier  from  Berwick  to  St.  Georges. f  It  was  now  determined 
effectually  to  protect  or  defend  the  inhabitants  at  their  homes ; 
for,  in  the  sentiments  of  the  Governor, — '  their  departure,  or  rc- 
'  treat  would  be  an  event  equally  ruinous  to  themselves,  and  to 
'  the  eastern  Provinces.' 


•■'"  Eritoa's  MS.  Narrative. 

f  Capt.  Jonathan  Bean,  of  York,  and  his  coinpan}',  scouted  from  Saco  to 
Prcsumpscot ;  and  Capt.  Mochus  from  Presumpscot  to  fort  Georg-e  in 
Brunswick. — Other  parties  scouted  along  the  whole  frontier. — Smithes  Jour. 
p.  40. 


240 

A.  D.  1745, 

Discipline 
required. 


THE  HISTORY 


[Vol. 


II. 


Reform. 


A  (Iprnatul 
upon  ihe 
trilics  (or  a 
qiioi.i  of 

h^liiing 
nieii. 


War  de- 
clared 
against 
ihem. 


Bounties. 


Hunne- 
wcil's  ex- 
ploit in 
Dcarbo- 
rough. 


As  soon  as  news  of  the  first  attacks  bj  the  Indians,  reached 
Boston,  the  House  addressed  the  Governor  upon  the  subject  of 
the  eastern  affairs,  stating,  that  by  report,  the  soldiery  in  that 
service  had  become  weary  and  careless,  and  their  discipline  lax ; 
that  the  military  character  of  their  officers  bore  the  stigma  of 
gross  negligence,  if  not  the  stain  of  dishonesty  ;  and  that  the  peo- 
ple were  in  great  dread  of  evils  but  too  justly  apprehended. 
Therefore,  to  strengthen  the  frontiers  more  fully,  a  re-enforcement 
of  175  men  was  ordered  to  be  despatched  thither  without  delay. 
The  Governor  also  commanded  every  officer  to  keep  a  minute 
journal  of  his  marches,  and  return  upon  oath  to  him  or  his  supe- 
rior in  command,  an  account  of  every  week's  occurrences.  The 
House  next  voted,  that  all  the  eastern  volunteers  then  at  Louis- 
bourg,  be  dismissed  if  they  chose,  and  be  allowed  to  "  return 
"  home,  in  order  to  preserve  from  ruin  their  families  and  estates ;" 
and  that  an  express  demand  be  made  upon  the  tribes  at  Penob- 
scot and  Norridgewock,  to  deliver  hostages,  either  for  surrender- 
ing the  Indians  who  had  done  the  late  mischief  at  St.  Georges^ 
or  for  furnishing  at  least  thirty  figliting  men  within  fourteen  days, 
according  to  an  article  in  Dummer's  treaty  : — Otherwise,  they 
were  assured,  the  Governor  would  be  moved  to  declare  war 
against  them  after  that  time ;  and  not  an  Indian,  who  did  not  pre- 
viously ask  protection,  would  have  it  extended  to  him. 

But  the  demand  was  altogether  in  vain.  The  Indians  turned 
a  deaf  ear  to  every  proposal  of  conciliation  ; — therefore,  on  the 
23d  of  August,  the  Provincial  government,  declared  war  against 
all  the  eastern  tribes  without  exception,  and  offered  for  every  In- 
dian captive,  or  scalp,  taken  westward  of  Passamaquoddy,  by  a 
soldier  in  the  public  service,  £100, — by  a  person  having  provi- 
sions and  not  wages,  £250, — and  by  a  volunteer,  without  rations, 
pay,  or  ammunition,  £400,  as  bounties.* 

Within  two  months  after  the  first  blow  was  struck,  every  town 
on  the  eastern  frontier  was  visited  by  parties  or  stragglers,  from 
some  of  the  savage  hordes,  thirsting  for  the  settlers'  blood.  Mr» 
Hunnewell,  mowing  in  his  meadow  at  Blue-point  in  Scarborough, 
had  suspicion  from  a  rustling  remote  sound,  on  the  other  side  of  the 
river  and  marsh,  that  there  might  be  Indians  in  the  adjoining 
woods.      Separated,  as  he  was,   by  so  wide  a  space,  he  set  his 


*  Jour.  House  of  Rep.  p.  71-94. 


Chap,  ix.]  of  Maine.  241 

gun  well  loaded,  against  a  small  tree  and  continued  at  work,  sup*AiD.  i'43. 
posing  himself  in  no  immediate  danger.  But  in  a  returning 
swarth,  when  at  some  distance,  he  perceived  his  gun  was  remov- 
ed ;  and  knevV,  therefore,  it  must  have  been  taken  away  by  some 
lurking  Indian*  He  continued  to  mow  as  though  he  had  made 
no  discovery  ;  till  within  a  few  paces  of  the  bauk,  under  which 
he  had  good  reason  to  believe  his  enemy  was  lying  secreted  ; 
then  giving  a  sudden  scream  and  leap,  he  sprang  upon  tlie  savage 
so  furiously  and  unexpectedly,  that  he  had  no  command  of  his 
gun  and  not  much  of  himself.  As  he  rose  on  his  feet  and  step- 
ped back,  he  fell  into  a  hollow,  when  Hunnewell  instantly  cut 
his  body  in  two  with  the  sythe.  A  shout  at  the  same  time,  being 
raised  by  his  comrades,  watching  at  a  distance,  Hunnewell  bran- 
dished the  fatal  weapon  towards  them,  and  bade  them  all  so  bold 
a  defiance,  that  they  fled-— too  much  intimidated  to  approach 
him.  In  the  vicinity  of  St.  Georges,  Lieutenant  Proctor  and  a  a  skirmish 
party  of  19  militia  men,  had  askirmisii  with  the  enemy,  Sept.  5  ;  |l'.g'''  "^^"^ 
in  which  they  killed  two  of  the  savage  leaders,  Colonel  Morris  ^®P''  ^• 
and  Captain  Sam,  and  took  Colonel  Job  prisoner.  He  Avas  after- 
wards sent  to  Boston,  where  he  died  in  confinement.-^To  avoid 
the  enmity  of  his  kindred,  and  the  ill-will  of  his  squaw,  the  gov- 
ernment,  after  peace,   made   her  a  valuable  present.     Colonel 

Cushing's  son  was  shot  down  about  the  same  time,  evidently  by  ,   „, 

...  .  .     .  •'      -^  At  Sheeps' 

particular  aim  ;  it  being  a  peculiar  characteristic  of  Indian  war-  cot. 
fare,  to  waylay  the  inhabitants,  and  kill  individuals,  whenever 
seen  alone.  At  Sheepscot,  as  three  men  were  gathering  corn, 
two  of  them  were  killed,  and  the  other  wounded,  by  a  scout  of 
thirteen  Indians,  firing  from  an  ambush.  Unsuccessful  as  the 
soldiers  generally  were  in  the  pursuit  of  these  little  hordes,  into 
the  bordering  woods ;  the  people  were  never  more  resolute  and 
spirited.  Four  companies  in  Falmouth  and  the  vicinity  were  in 
arms,  and  equal  activity  was  manifest  in  remoter  towns.  But 
the  retreat  of  these  wild  savages,  after  mischief  done,  was  so 
sudden  and  fleetfooted,  that  it  was  with  the  utmost  difficulty, 
they  could  be  overtaken  or  found** 

For  the  better  defence  of  the  eastern  towns,  during  the  winter, 
four    small   fieldpieces  and   a  swivel  were  sent  to  them ;    and 

*  At  Long-creek,  near  Stroudwater,  an  Indian  spy  was  seen  and  fired 
at,  though  without  effect. 

Vol.  TI.  31 


242  '^'''E  HISTORY  [Vol.  ii. 

A.  D.  17 16.  though  only  206  men,  formed  into  two  companies,  were  at  first  as- 
Fears  of  an  signed  to  the  public  service  ;  ihey  were  re-enforced  by  an  equal 
Canada.      number,  January  28,  in  consequence  of  an  alarming  report,  that 
a  body  of  300  French  and  Indians  were  preparing   to  fall  upon 
some  part  of  the  English   frontiers.     The  two  latter   companies 
were  put  under  pay  till  June,  and  ordered  to    scout  chiefly  east- 
ward of  the  Androscoggin,  and  to  learn  if  possible  the  routes  and 
purposes  of  the  Indians,  and  their  places  of  general  resort.     But 
though  the  late  report  happily  proved  to  be  groundless ;  still,  all 
the  efforts  made  by  government  to  protect  the  towns  and  planta- 
tions, from  the  enemy's  ravages,   could   not   fully  allay   the  fears 
of  the  people  more  exposed.     If  they  passed  through  the  winter 
widi  fortitude,  the   opening   spring   generally   presented  to  their 
minds,  the  most  direful  forms  of  famine,  danger  and  death. 
Plans  of  ihe      The  reduction  of    Louisbourg   was  viewed   by  the   courts  of 

English  and  „        ,         i  ,    t-i  r  ^         •  ^         ■ 

French.  England  and  h  ranee,  as  an  event  of  such  smgular  uTiportance, 
as  to  produce  in  each  of  them  a  multiform  plan  of  operations ; 
which  they  communicated,  the  ensuing  April,  to  their  respective 
Colonies.  On  the  one  hand,  the  English  thought  of  nothing  less 
than  the  conquest  of  Canada,  and  the  extirpation  of  die  French 
from  the  northern  hemisphere ; — and  on  the  other,  as  it  was 
seasonably  ascertained,  the  French  meditated  the  recovery  of 
Louisbourg,  and  Nova  Scotia,  also  the  destruction  of  Boston  and 
all  the  principal  seaports  in  New-England.  They  had  made  sure 
the  alliance,  or  friendship  of  all  the  eastern  tribes;  and  the 
English  had  secured  the  amity  of  the  Six  Nations,  or  Mohawks. 
Project  When  Governor  Shirley,  the  preceding  autumn,  visited  Louis- 

oln'ada.  bourg,  he  consuhed  with  Warren  and  Pepperell,  and  wrote 
pressing  letters  to  the  British  ministry,  in  favor  of  an  expedition 
against  Canada.  In  return,  it  seems,  the  enterprize  was  greatly 
encouraged  by  the  Duke  of  Newcastle,  Secretary  of  State  ;  and 
so  popular  was  it  in  New-England,  and  so  cheerful  the  enlist- 
ments, that  within  a  few  mondis,  more  than  8,000  colonial  troops 
were  raised  j*  and  those  of  Massachusetts  and  Maine,  ready  to 
embark,  about  the  middle  of  July.f 


"*"  The  number  raised  in  trie  colonies  was  in  very  unequal  proportions. 
New-Hampshire,  500  ;  Massachusetts,  3,500  ;  Rhode-IslanJ,  300  ;  Connecti- 
cut, 1000  ;  New  Yortc,  1 ,600 ;  Neiv-Jersey,  500  ;  Maryland,  300  ;  I'eansylva- 
nia,  400,  and  Virginia,  100. 

f  Though  the  enlistments  in  Maine,  at  first,   went  on  but   slowly — "our 


Chap,  ix.]  of  Maine.  243 

In  the  meantime,  the  Provincial  troops,  despatched  two  years  a.d.  i74r.. 
since  to  Annapolis,  returned  home  in  good   spirits;  and  most  of  Provincial 
those,  (being  about  1500,)  retained  at  Louisbourg   subsequent  to  AmiapoUs 
the  conquest,  through  the  persuasion  of  Governor  Shirley,  were  four*'regi-'^ 
relieved  by  two  regiments  from  Gibraltar,  and   those  of  Shirley  '"""*' 
and  Pepperell,*  recruited  under  their  new  commissions.    In  May, 
Warren  and  Pepperell  visited  Boston,  for  the  purposes  of  a  gen- 
eral consultation,  as  to  future  measures ;  when  they  and  General 
Waldo  were  invited,  June  24,  into  the  Council-chamber,  the  Gen- 
eral Court  being  in  session,  and  honored  with  a  gratulalory  address. 
Next  there  were  raised  for  carrying  on   the   war  £82,000  ;  and  Appropria- 
to  every  recruit  was  offered,  suitable  bedding,  a  blanket,    and   a  ^°"/ '°'"  ^^^ 
bounty  of  £30  old  tenor  ; — also  the   Massachusetts   frigate  and 
Boston    packet  were  taken  into  employ.     But  the   wages  and 
clothing  of  the  soldiers  were  expected  to  be  paid  by  the  crown. 
The  General  Court  also  authorized  700  oz.  of  silver  to  be   offer-  Mo'iawks. 
ed  unto  the  Sagamores  of  the  Six  Nations,  provided  they  would 
join  in  the  war  against  the  French,   but   they  declined   the  offer. 
At  the  close  of  the  session,  the  Governor,  in   an   address  to  the 
two  Houses  remarks  ; — '  The   contiguity  of  the   French   to    our  jim^  28. 
'  borders,  and  their  influence  over  the  Indians,  have  always  been  ^,e*^Gov*''^ 
'  thought  most  pernicious  to  the  interests  of  these  colonies,  and  to  f^  ^°  ^^"^' 
'  threaten  their  final  destruction,  unless   some  method   should   be 
'  found,  to  subdue  or  remove  such  cruel  and  treacherous  neighbors. 
* — This  was  the  sentiment  in  1712;  and  the  cry,  ever  since  the 
'  Canadian  Province  was  delivered  to  France,  has  been,   Canada 
'  est  delendn. — It  is  a  Carthage  to  the  northern  colonies,   which 
'  if  not  destroyed,  will  in  time  destroy  them.     For  while  it  is  the 
*  enemy's,  there  can  be  neither   security  nor  rest  to   New-Eng- 
'land,  especially  to  the  parts  contiguous  to  its  borders.' 

To  relieve,  in  some  measure,  the  eastern  frontiers  from  the  hor-  Defensive 
rors  of  devastation  and  captivity,  through  the  summer,   to  which  3]a'ine" 
they  were  constantly  exposed  ;  460  men  were  employed  and  dis- 
tributed in  manner,  not  unlike  that  in  the  preceding  year  ;  and  an 
additional  number  assigned  to  the  garrisons  at  St.   Georges,   at 

"  people  being'  dispirited  on  account  of  the   sickness,   and    their   unfair  ' 

"  treatment  at  Cape  Breton." — SmUh''s  Jour.  p.  43. 

*  One  had  now  700,  and  the  other  500  men. — Governor''s  Speech,  Jlay 
29,  174G. 


244  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II. 

A.  D.  1746.  Brunswick,  and  at  Saco.*  But  in  none  of  the  Indian  wars  were 
the  savages  more  subtle  and  inveterate,  yet  in  none  less  cruel. 
They  despaired  of  laying  waste  the  country  and  expelling  the  in- 
habitants. They  rather  sought  to  satiate  their  revenge  upon  par- 
ticular individuals,  or  families  ;  to  take  captives  and  scalps,  for 
the  sake  of  the  price  or  premium  paid  them  therefor  by  the 
French ;  and  to  satisfy  their  wants,  by  the  plunder  of  houses,  or 
slaughter  of  cattle ;  a  cow  or  ox  being  frequently  killed  by  them, 
and  nothing  taken  but  the  tongue. 
April  19.  The  first  mischief  they  perpetrated   this  spring,  in  Maine,  was 

aua.k" Gor- on  the  19th  of  April.  A  party  of  ten  entered  Gorhamtown, 
which  at  that  time  contained,  besides  those  in  the  block-house, 
only  four  families,  Bryant's,  Cloutman's,  Read's  and  M'Lellan's, 
with  a  design  to  take  them  all  prisoners  without  firing  a  gun.  For 
this  purpose,  the  Indians  formed  themselves  into  five  parties. 
One,  proceeding  to  the  field  where  Bryant  and  his  son  w^ere  at 
work,  first  broke  his  arm  and  then  shot  him  dead  :  a  second,  sur- 
prizing his  family,  killed  and  scalped  four  of  his  children  in  a 
most  barbarous  manner,^-beating  out  the  brains  of  an  infant  two 
weeks  old,  against  the  fire-place,  and  taking  captive  the  mother, 
whom  they  afterwards  sold  in  Canada  :  a  third,  proceeding  to 
Cloutman's  house,  met  him  on  the  way  and  made  him  a  prisoner, 
but  durst  not  go  farther,  owing  to  the  report  of  the  guns  discharg- 
ed at  Bryant :  a  fourth,  hastening  towards  the  dwellinghouse  of 
M'Lellan,  met  Read,  just  as  he  left  it,  and  after  a  severe  strug- 
gle with  him,  who  was  an  athletic  man,  they  succeeded  in  bind- 
ing him  :  the  fifth  (net  with  no  success. — The  assailants  finding 
they  had  given  an  alarm,  fled  with  great  perturbation,  unhurt, 
though  pursued  immediately  by  the  men  at  the  block-house. 
One  Thorn  was  afterwards  taken  and  carried  to  Canada,  where 
he  was  detained  a  long  time,  till  he  acquired  the  Indians'  habits. f 
Thpy  c!b-         Determined  entirely  to  destroy  the  settlements  within  the  Sag- 

stroy  Broad-  ,•   t      i-  •      t\i  i      j        i 

hay  i.ianiH-  adaliock  territory,  a  large  body  of  Indians,  in  May,  attacked    the 

Aiay  ■ii.       German  plantation  at  Broad -bay,  [Waldoborough]  and  reduced  tho 

habitations  of  the  people  to  ashes  j  killing   some,  and   carrying 


*  Jour,  of  Mouse  of  Re,o.  1746,  p.  174,  238. 

j  JiiS.  Let.  of  H,  J),  jrLeUnn—T\iorn,  fcr  insfr.ncc,  I'.ecsmr  taciturn-^ 
apt  when  walking  to  look  back  often  over  one  of  liis  shou'akrs — prone 
to  start  a  little  at  every  noise  or  rustle. 


Chap,  ix.]  of  i\ial\e.  245 

others  into  captivity.*     It  subsequently  lay  waste  till  the  close   of  a.d.  i7!6. 
the  war.     The  enemy  then  fell  upon  the  cattle  at  Pemaquid,  and  ouimges  at 
made  great    havoc   among   them.      Five  persons   at   Sheepscot,  ^'*^'^"^""'- 
when  returning  from  meeting,  were  waylaid  by   fifteen  Indians,  ^'t^''^'''"' 
and  fired  upon  by  particular   aim,  but  through  a  remarkable  in- 
terposition of  Providence,  one  only  was  killed.     Another,  though 
mortally  wounded,  faced  the  savage,  who  was  advancing  to  scalp 
him,  and   by  a  well  directed  fire,  laid  him  dead  at  his  feet.     The 
other  three  made  good  their  escape.     At  Wiscasset,  they  killed  At  Wi.scas. 
19   of   the    people's  cattle,  took  Captain   Jonathan   Williamson  ^^'' 
prisoner,  and  carried    him   to  Canada,  where  he  was  kept  six 
months.f     Next,  there  was  a  sharp  skirmish  between  a   scouting  At  St.  Geor- 
party    and    a  company  of   the    English,   near  the   fort    at   St.  ^^^' 
Georges ;  where,  after  one  was  killed   and  another  wounded  on 
each  side,  the  enemy  withdrew. 

About  thirty  of  the  enemy,  ia  detached  parties,  appeared  to  be  Fnimouth 
continually  hovering  around  Falmouth  and  North-Yarmouth,  and  "^**^ 
v/atching  every  motion  of  the  inhabitants.  Seven  of  the  savage 
foe,  seeing  a  company  of  laborers  at  work  near  Long-creek, 
(Stroudwater)  fired  upon  them  under  such  circumstances  of  ad- 
vantage as  to  kill  two,  whom  they  scalped  and  stripped  of  their 
clothes.  They  also  took  three  guns,  and  were  fighting  the  other 
laborers  from  the  field  ;  when  tlie  soldiers,  at  the  fort  in  Falmouth, 
alarmed  by  the  report  of  guns,  rushed  unexpectedly  upon 
them,  and  pursued  them,  till  they  concealed  themselves  in  the 
thickets.  In  no  war  before,  had  they  appeared  more  daring  and 
desperate.  Coming  near  Frost's  garrisoned  house  at  Stroud- 
water, they  manifested  a  design  of  attacking  it,  but  were  bravely 
beat  off  before  they  began  the  siege.  Nay,  one  Indian,  on  a 
Sunday,  ventured  over  into  the  heart  of  the  village  upon  the  pen- 
insula, as  a  spy ;  who  being  seen,  was  fired  at,  and  then  chased 
to  the  woods.  These,  and  some  other  daring  acts  of  the  Indians, 
induced  the  people  without  delay  to  erect  another  block-house 
for  the  common  defence.! 

To  finish  what  is  to  be  related   of  the  Indians  and  their  depre-  rUe  residue 
dations  this  season  ; — it  was,  we  may  add,  ascertained,  that  the  waS 
same  party,  between  30  and  40  in   number,   probably  the   rem- 


of  Indian 

e  this 
season. 


*  Some  fled  to  Pemaotiid,  some  to  St.  Georges,    kc— Eaton's  JIS.   J^ar. 
P-  10.  I  MS.  Letter,  M.  Davis  and  R.  Sewall,  Esqrs. 

I  Smith's  Jour.  p.  33, 


246  TH!':  HISTORY  [Vol.  ii. 

AiD.  I7iu.  nants  of  the  Sokokis,  Anasagunticook  and  Canibas  tribes,  with 
a  few  Frenchmen,  were  the  perpetrators  of  all  the  mischief  done 
in  Falmouth  and  its  vicinity,  this  summer.  For  they  were  often 
seen,  and  pursued,  swamps  were  searched,  and  some  of  them 
were  wounded.  But  they  were  perfectly  acquainted  with  the 
country,  its  by-paths  and  hiding-places ;  also  with  the  abodes, 
plans  and  habits  of  the  inhabitants, — easily  eluding  their  pur- 
suers, who  were  always  suspicious  of  an  ambush.  The  places 
which  the  savage  parties  most  assiduously  infested  were  Merri- 
coneag,  North-Yarmouth,  Falmouth  and  Scarborough — where 
one  of  Mr.  Proctor's  family,  young  Greely,  one  Stubbs,  a  sol- 
dier, and  several  others  were   killed ;  the   particulars   of  whose 

August  13.  deaths  have  not  been  preserved.  On  the  13th  of  August,  two 
Frenchmen  and  an  Indian,  shot  at  Allen  Dover,  as  he  was  trav- 
elling through  the  marsh  at  Black-point,  who  returned  the  fire,  and 
by  appearances,  killed  one  of  them.  The  last  attack  in  the  eas- 
tern Provinces,  of  which  we  have  any  knowledge,  occurred,  Aug. 

^,"?"^!^^'  26,  in  the  vicinity  of  Pemaquid.     John  McFarland,  enjoying  the 

land's  hahi-  pleasures  of  rural   retirement,   remote   from  the  garrison,  on   a 

tatioii  laid     ^  ,  ,      _  o  ' 

wasie.         plantation  he  had  rendered    flourishing  and   fruitful  by   his  own 
industry,  was  at  length  assailed   by  the  savage  destroyers  ;    who 
killed  his  cattle,  laid  entirely  waste  his  habitation  and   fields,   and 
wounded  him  and  his  son,  leaving  them  half-dead.*     It  was  ob- 
servable, however,  that  very  few  comparatively,  thus  far,  in  this 
Indian  war,  bad  been  killed   on   either  side.      The  parties  well 
knew  how  to  avoid  each   others'  devices  and   attacks  ;    and  the 
English,  finding  the  great  advantage  to   be  derived  from  keen- 
scented,  or  furious  dogs,  kept  great  numbers  of  them,   and  were 
followed  by  them  in  their  scouts,  and  also  in  chasing  the  enemy. 
Canada  and      About  this  lime,  the  attention  of  the   Indians,  as  well  as  of  the 
Nova-Sco-   Pi-ovincials — seemed  to  be  drawn  towards  Canada  and  Nova  Sco- 
tia,  as   armaments  and    expeditions,  of   uncommon   magnitude, 
were  expected  soon  to  proceed  thither.  Gov.  Shirley,  Sept.  9,  rep- 
o°Nova°"  resented  to  the  General  Court,  that  '  there  were  probably  in  Nova 
Scoiia.        4  Scotia  a  mixed  population  of  30,000,f  consisting  of  Acadians, 

*Jour.  of  House  Rep.  1747. 

f  Query,  if  this  estimate  be  not  too  liig^h  ? — There  were,  however,  in  the 
plantations  of  Minas  only,  about  7,000  souls  in  1750. — 1  Haliburtons  JST. 
S.  p.  152. 


Chap,  ix.]  of  maine.  247 

'French  and  Natives,  all  Roman  Catholics,  who  could  furnish  A. I).  1746. 
•  6,000  able  to  bear  arms  and  take  the  field  ;  the  most  of  whom 
'  were  ripe  for  a  revolt,  and  only  waited  a  favorable  or  safe 
'  opportunity ;  and  great  fears  were  entertained,  if  these  were 
'joined  by  the  great  body  of  Indians  at  Penobscot  and  Kenne- 
'  beck,  they  they  would,  under  the  auspices  of  the  French,  make 
'  themselves  masters  of  Annapolis  and  of  the  whole  country  of 
'  Nova  Scotia, — then  overrun  the  eastern  Provinces,  and  New- 
'  Hampshire,  and  scarcely  meet  with  an  efiectual  check,  even  at 
'  the  river  Merrimack.'  Orders  therefore  were  issued  for  the 
troops  raised  in  Massachusetts,  Rhode-Island,  and  New-Hamp- 
shire, to  embark  for  Annapolis,  and  "  drive  the  enemy  out  of 
JVova  Scotia^  What  less  or  what  else  could  be  attempted  ? — 
Since  through  long  suspense,  fearful  apprehensions,  inactivity 
and  delays,  the  public  at  large  had  now  been  suffering  most  se- 
verely, two  full  months.  The  lapse  of  the  season  must  itself  short- 
ly frustrate  the  expedition  to  Canada ; — neither  military  forces, 
nor  official  orders  arrived  from  England  ; — therefore  tl^e  col- 
onists were  involved  in  a  sad  dilemma  and  deep  concern. 

At  this  juncture,  the  whole  country  was  thrown  into  the  utmost  xyy\y^]  j,, 
consternation,  by  the  arrival,  Sept.  12,  of  a  large  fleet  and   army  [jj^j^^'"'' ^ 
at  Nova  Scotia,  from  France,  under  the  command   of  the  Duke  Fn'iub  neei 

under  Duke 

D'AnvIlle,  a  nobleman  of  great  experience  and  ability.  He  an-  d'Anviiie. 
chored  in  Chehucto  Harbor,  \_noio  Halifax.^  The  fleet,  when  it  put 
to  sea  from  Brest,  90  days  before,  was  the  most  powerful  one  ever 
sent  to  North  America.  It  consisted  of  70  sail  j — of  which  there 
were  1 1  ships  of  the  line,  20  frigates,  5  ships  and  brigs,  and  34  ^  °""^' 
fireships,  tenders  and  transports;  having  on  board  3,150  well  dis- 
ciplined troops,  and  immense  quantities  of  provisions,  ammunition, 
and  military  stores.  The  Duke  had  previously  sent  Constans  with 
three  ships  of  the  line  and  a  frigate,  to  convoy  the  trade  at  HIspan- 
iola,  who,  according  to  orders,  afterwards  visited  Chehucto  ;  but 
hearing  nothing  of  the  Admiral,  after  waiting  a  long  time,  sailed 
for  France.  The  Ardent  and  Mars,  both  of  64  guns,  being  shat- 
tered in  a  storm,  put  back  for  Brest,  and  were  finally  captured  ; 
also  the  Alcide,  another  64,  receiving  great  damage,  bore  away 
for  the  West  Indies.  The  forces  from  Canada,  about  1,700  men, 
regular  troops,  militia,  volunteers  and  Indians,  all  waited  till  the 
time  had  elapsed  for  the  arrival  of  the  fleet ;  and  then  they  com- 


248  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.   IJ. 

Ai  D.  174C.  menced  their  returning  march  to  Quebec.     The  Duke,  however, 
sent  expresses  after  them  ;  yet  400  only  were  overtaken  in  time 
to  admit  of  their  return.     From  three  ships  of  the  hne,  and  6  of 
7  transports,  a  landing  was  at  length  effected  ;  when  it  was  found, 
that  they  had  lost  1,270  men  on  the  voyage,  and  the  rest  were  so 
sickly,  as  to  be  unable  to  undergo  the  least  fatigue.     These  com- 
plicated misfortunes  and  disasters  so  overwiielmed  the  Duke,  that 
on  the  fourth  day,  subsequent  to  his  arrival,  he  died.    In  a  coun- 
cil of  war  on  the  18th,   the  vice-admiral  proposed  an  immediate 
return  to  Brest ;  but  a  majority  joined  de  la  Jonquiere,   Govern- 
or  of    Canada,   the   third   in    command ; — concluding   to   attack 
Dnaihof     Annapolis,  before  the  fleet  left  the   coast.      Hence,  the  chagrin, 
Kiench  offi-lhis  occasioncd,  in    connexion  with  the   other   disappointments, 
threw  the  vice-admiral  into  the  deliriums  of  a  fever,   and   he   fell 
on  his  own  sword. 
Sickness  of       '^'^^  malady  among  the  troops,  proving  to  be  a  scorbutic  fever, 
the  French.  ^g,.y  j^^ortal.  Continued  to  rage  with  such  violence,  that   1,130  of 
the  troops  died  after  encampment.     Meanwhile  the  Indians,  flock-- 
ing  thither  in  great  numbers   for   arms,  ammunition  and  clothing, 
took  the  infection,  which    preyed   upon   them,   till   it  carried  off 
more  than  a  third  part  of  the  whole  Mickmak  race,   and  extend- 
ed to  the  tribe  at  the  river  St.  John.* 
An  English       It  was  reported,  that  the  French  fleet  would  be   followed   to 
fleet  expect- ^i^gj.j^^  by   E   large  squadron  of  English   ships;  and   Shirley, 
believing  it  from  letters  received,  sent  an  express  to  communicate 
the  fact  to  Admiral  Townsend  at  Loiiisbourg.     But  it  was  inter- 
Octoberii    cepted,  and  opened  in  a  council  of  French  officers,  Oct.   11,  and 
found  to  read  thus — Admiral  Lesfock,  with  a  fleet  of  18  sail,  has 
been  ordered  to  JYorth-America,  and  may  be  hourly  expected.—Yi'AS- 
tened  by  this  news,  a  part  of  the  French  fleet,  consisting  of  40  sail 

French  fleet  J  ■>       i  '  o 

leaves  the  left  Chcbucto  on  the  13th,  for  Annapolis:  but  being  overtaken 
by  a  most  violent  storm,  off  Cape  Sable,  they  were  so  shattered, 
weakened    and   dispersed,   that  they  returned   singly  to  France. 

Remark-     <  Ncvcr,'  savs  an  able  and  pious  writer, '  was  the  hand   of  Divine 

able  cleliv-  .  .    .  . 

ernnce  of     <  Providcnce  morc  visible,  than  on  this  occasion, — never  a  dis- 

the  English  .  ,         •  ,         /     i  j 

colonies.  '  appomtmcut  more  severe  on  the  side  oi  the  enemy, — never  de- 
'  liverance  in  favor  of  this  country  more   complete  without  hu- 


*  "  A  most  ravaging^  sickness   prevails  among  the  Cape   Sable  and   St, 
"John's  Indians." — Governor  Shirley''^  Speech,  J^ov.  7,  1746. 


Chap,  ix.]  of  Maine.  249 

*man  help.'*  A  christian  community,  ascribed  the  praise  of  a.  D.  1746. 
their  success  and  salvation,  the  last  year  and  the  present,  to  that 
Almighty  Being,  who  caused  the  stars  in  their  courses  to  fight 
against  Stsern,  and  ever  controls  the  destirJes  of  man.— Most 
appropriately  might  be  repeated  the  pious  sentiment  in  a  blessing 
craved  by  the  good  minister  of  York, f  at  a  festival  commemorat- 
ing the  capture  of  Louisbourg,  who  w'as  once  concise  to  the  ad* 
miration  as  well  as  disappointment  of  all  present  y — '  Good  Lord, 

*  (as  he  expressed  himself,)  we  have  so  many  things  to  thank  thee 
'  for,  that  time  will  be  infinitely  too  short  for  it ;  we  must  there- 

*  fore  leave  it  for  the  work  of  eternity.     O   bless  our   food   and 
'fellowship  upon  this  joyful  occasion,  for  the  sake  of  Christ  Jesus 

*  our  Lord.' 

As  soon  as  Ramsay,  who  had  been   sent  by  Jonquiere,  with  a  A  French 
small  army  to  Minas,  heard  that  the  fleet  had   sailed   for  Annap-  Ramsay 
olis,  he  returned  to   Chebucto  ; — and  it  was   afterwards  thought  chcb'ucto. 
by  many,  highly  important  to  route  him  from  that  place,  as  Gov- 
ernor Mascarene,  in  particular,  represented  to  Shirley,  that  1,000 
men  could  drive  the  whole  force  from   the  peninsula,   or  compel 
a  surrender. 

Hence  Massachusetts  was  induced  to  vote   500,  Rhode-Island  Provincial 
300,  and   New-Hampshire    200    men,  and    make    the    attempt.  cc°e"d  to^iii' 
Those  of  Massachusetts  and  Maine,  to  the  number  of  470,  be-"^^' 
sides  officers,  soon   proceeded  to  the  Bay  of  Fundy  ;  but  were 
unable  to  reach  Minas  [Horton]  by  water,  which  was  situated  on 
the  south  shore,  22  leagues  eastward  of  Annapolis,  on  account  of 
the  advanced  state  of  the  winter.     Therefore,  they  were  all  land- 
ed, Dec.  4,  on  an  uninhabited  shore,  some  8  or    10  leagues  west 
of  it,  with  14   days'  provisions,  which  each   man   carried  on  his 
back.     After  eight  days  of  inconceivable  fatigue,   they   arrived 
at  Grand  Pre,  or  Lower  Horton, — 12  leagues  north-westerly  of 
Chebucto,  where  Ramsay  was  encamped. 

Supposing  themselves    secure  from  attack  during   the  rigors  Ramsay' 
of  winter,  they  quartered  themselves  in  an   unguarded  manner,  wiih'^600 
Ramsay,  soon  apprized  of  their  situation,  prepared  for  a  march  ;  ^^m!^ 
and  after  performing  a  tedious  journey  of  22   days,  across  the 
country,  at  the  head  of  600  men,  including  Indians,  he  arrived  in 


*  2  Belk.  N.  H.  180. — Afflavit  Deus,  et  dissipantur.— Shirley's   Speech. 
-Jour.  H.  of  Rep.  174C,  p.  165.  f  Rev.  Samuel  Moody, 

Vol.  II.  32 


250  THE  HISTORY  [VOL.    ii. 

A.  Ui  1747.  sight  of  the  town.     Dividing  then  his  men  into  several  parties, 

January  31.  he  attacked  the  English  about  three  of  the  clock  in  the  morning;, 
Abaule.        ^  ,  ^         •   i 

January  31,  under  covert  of  a  violent  snow  storm.     An  obstinate 

and  bloody  battle  ensued,  which  lasted  till   Col.  Arthur  JVohle, 
the  commanding  officer  of  the  English,*  also  four  of  his  commis- 
sioned officers,  and  seventy  soldiers  were  killed,  and  sixty  wound- 
ed ; — a  part  of  them  being  butchered  hy  the  Indians  in  a  barbar- 
TheEng-    OLis   manner.     Deprived  of  their  valiant  commander,  and  over- 
^i^s^capitu-  gQj^^g    jjy  superior  numbers,  the  English  capitulated  on   terms — 
by  which  they  were  allowed  to  march  off,  with   only   six  days' 
provision,  their  arms,  colors,  and  music,  a  pound  of  powder  and 
a  few  musket  balls ;  agreeing  not  to   bear   arms  in   Minas   nor 
Tiipyniaioh  Chignecto,  for  six  months.     They  then   proceeded  throudi  the 

to  Annapo-  o  '  ^  J  i  o 

lis.  country  to  Annapolis,  encountering  incredible   hardships.     Such 

was  the  sequel  of  this  batde,  though  fought  with  a  valor  and  obsti- 
nacy which  would  have  covered  them  with  glory,  had  it  terminat- 
ed successfully.     It  was  a  wild  enterprize,  and  owed  its  origin 
principally  to  Shirley  and  Mascarene. 
A  force  vol-      Another  project  of  Shirley's,  equally  wild,  was  an   expedition 
uncfer  Gen- ^g^i^^st  Crown  Poiut,  in  midwinter;  which  througii  his   influence, 
*^'^' ^^^'''""  the  General  Court  promoted,  by  raising   a  force   of  1,500   men, 
who  were  put  under  the  command  of  General  Samuel   Waldo. 
But  the  expedition  was  prevented  by  the    smallpox,  and   other 
obstacles ;  so  that  the  troops  continued  inactive   and   under  pay 
eight  months  longer. 
A  pruden-        Early  and  ample  provision  was,  in   1 747,   again  made  for  the 
miitee.        defence  and  encouragement  of  ihe  eastern  inhabitants.     A  com- 
mittee of  five  trustees  were  appointed  in  different  parts,  to  remu- 
nerate the  soldiers,  who  had  continued  in  the   public   service ;  to 
billet  out  on  generous  terms,  all  such  as  were  content  not  to  leave 
their  posts,  for  visits  on  furloughs ;  and  to   dissipate  all  thoughts, 
the  inhabitants  might  entertain  of  abandoning   their   habitations, 
fered.       '  A  bounty  of  £40  was  offered  for  every  French  as  well  as  Indian 


*  The  town  of  JVoblehorongh  in  the  county  of  Ijincoln,  v.-as  so  named  in 
compliment  to  Col.  Noble,  or  IjIs  family.  His  brother  James  j\obIe,  Esq. 
was  claimant  of  a  larR-e  tract  in  that  town,;  made  conveyances  and  sur- 
veys;  and  after  this  Vt'ar,  his  nepiicw,  Arthur  Noble,  probably  the  son  of 
the  brave  Col.  Noble,  lived  in  the  piantation,  and  gave  the  town  its  name. 
•Tames  Noble  married  the  widow  of  William  Vaiig-han,  who  after  the  cele- 
brated sieg-e  of  Louisbourg,  died  in  England. — JJS.  Let.  of  E.  Rollijis, 
Esq. 


Chap,  ix.]  of  maine.  251 

prisoner,  and  £38,  for  a  scalp.     This  was  designed  as  a  retalia-A.Di  1747 
tion  upon  them,  for  their  barbarity  in   killing   men,  women   and  Retaliation 
children  at  their  homes   and  taking   their  scalps,   as  trophies  of  fVencti. 
their  diabolical  exploits.     The  government  also  assured  the  Gov- 
ernor of  Canada,   that  if  this  unchristian   and   bloody   mode   of 
warfare,  was  not  immediately  and  effectually  checked ;  the  cruel- 
ties would  be   avenged   upon   the   French  inhabitants,   wherever 
they  could  be  found. 

It  was  however  represented  by  the  Governor,  that  there  were  April. 
employed  in  the  last  war,  about  850  men  for  the  protection  of  the  ihe  eastern 
frontiers,  when  the  places  to  be  covered  or  protected,  were  much™"""^^* 
fewer  in  number  than  at  the  present  time  ;  and  that  the  inhabit- 
ants would  withdraw,  unless  the  settlements  were   well  guarded. 
Hence  the  Province-sloop  was  sent  to  range  the   eastern   coast. 
Thirty  men  were  assigned  to  the  garrison  at   St.    Georges  ;    370 
appointed   to   scout  between   Berwick   and    Damariscotta ;    and 
General  Waldo  was  ordered  to  detach  from  his  regiment,  enlisted 
for  the  Canada  expedition,   168   men   to   relieve    182,   who   had 
long  been  in   the   public  service  eastward.     In  short,    150  were 
detailed  as  minute-men,  to  take  the  field  on  the   shortest  notice. 
A  premium,  extravagant  as  it  was,  of  £250  was  offered,  for  every 
scalp  taken  westward  of  Passamaquoddy ;  and  £100  for  every 
one  elsewhere  taken.* 

The  first  appearance  of  the  Indians,  this  spring,  was  in  small  April  13. 
parties,  as  heretofore,  intrepidly  venturesome  and  daring.  They  ji,g''*i,"jj^,j^ 
began  by  killing  young  Dresser  at  Scarborough,  April  13;  by 
taking  at  Saccarappe,  the  next  day,  William  Knight,  and  his  two 
sons,  prisoners.  Within  a  week,  Mr.  Eliot,  and  his  son  were 
slain  ;  and  Mr.  Marsh  carried  into  captivity.  A  body  of  50  In- 
dians entered  Falmouth,  on  the  21st,  and  after  slaughtering  sev- 
eral cattle,  fell  upon  the  family  of  Mr.  Frost ;  whom,  while  fighting 
them  with  great  courage,  they  despatched,  and  then  carried  off 
captive,  his  wife  and  six  children.  They  were  pursued  by 
several  expert  marksmen,  though  without  ability  to  overtake  them. 
Equally  unsuccessful  was  a  company  of  26  young  volunteers, 
under  Capt.  Ilsley,  belonging  to  Falmouth ;  also  two  scouts  from 
Purpooduck,  and  another  from  North-Yarmouth,  that  went  with 
great  courage  and  spirit  in  search  of  the  enemy. 

*  18  Mass.  C.  Rec.  p.  312. 


252  '^HK  HiSTOKY  [Vol.  ii. 

A.J)   ni7.      By  the    1st  of  May,  the  whole  frontier   from  Wells  to  Tops- 
May,  ham,  appeared  to  be  infested  by   swarms  of  savages.     It  was  a 
fioMii"r"iif-  time  wlieii  the  fears  and  distresses  of  the  people  were   easily  ag- 
lavr^T''    gravated,  because  the  recruits  for  the  summer  campaign  had  not 
arrived,     If,    therefore,  we  except    Capt.   Jordan's    company   of 
30  men,  who  were  posted  at  Topsham,  the   inhabitants  westward 
were  now  left  unassisted  in  their  defence.     Aware,  probably,  of 
this  fact,  the  Indians   shewed   uncommon   activity  and    alertness, 
Near  Falmouth,  they  killed  two   women  ;  at  New-Meadows,   a 
man,  Mr.  Hinkley ;  at  Scarborough,  they    fired   upon  an  inhabi- 
tant; and  at  Wells,  they  chased  a  man  into  the  heart  of  the  town. 
As  three  men  and  a   woman  weie  crossing  the  Androscoggin  in 
a   canoe,  from  Brunswick  to  Topsham,  the  Indians  firing  upon 
them,  killed  two  of  the  men  and   badjy   wounded   the   third,  the 
woman  only  escaping  unhurt.* 
Attack  on         A  large  company  of  about  100,   next  made  their  appearance 
Pemaquid.   j^^  ^^^  territory  of  Sagadahock  ;  and  on  the  26th  of  May,  com- 
menced  a   furious  attack  upon  the  fort  and  people  of  Pemaquid, 
This  was  a  severe  encounter,  in  which  five   soldiers    of  the   gar- 
rison, and  five  recruits  belonging  to  Purpooduck,  were  killed,  and 
three  others, who  were  inhabitants  of  Falmouth,  were  taken  pris- 
oners ;  Lovell  and  a  lad  only  escaping,   the   former   three  being 
dangerously  wounded.     About  this   time,   they   made  an  assault 
nrcour*'   upor.  a  house  at  Damariscoita,  took  the  owner   a   prisoner,   and 
slew  his  wife  and  daughter,     They  also  seized  again   Capt.  Jon- 
Smsoi^ak-  athan  Williamson  of  Wiscasset,     He  was  an   emigrant  from  tiie 
en  prisoner.  ^^^^  ^^  England,  and  one   of  the   earliest  and   most  respectable 
settlers  in  his  neighborhood,!     It  seems,  that  he  and  two  others 
went  out  to  search  for  their  cattle  ;  when  the  party,   waylaying 
them,  permitted  his  companions,  who  were  before  him,  to  pass  un- 
molested ;  taking  him  into  custody  by  main   strength  without  of- 
fering him  any   injury.     Suspicious  of  their   ill-will,  possibly  tor 
wards  him  in  particular,  he  wished  to   know  the   reason   of  their 
partiality.     They  told   him,   they  were  on   an   errand  from  the 
Governor  at    Quebec,   who  was   desirous  of  seeing  a  prisoner, 
able  to    give   intelligence  of  the  enemy's  movements  or    plans. 


*  Smith's  Journal,  p.  47. 

■J  Sullivan,  p.  168.— He  "-.lys,  Wiliiamsoii  was  known  to  the  ludiaiis  as"  a. 
man  of"  eminence." 


Chap,  ix.]  of  Maine.  253 

Being  exchanged  the  following  year,  he  returned  by  way  of  Bos-  A.  d.  I7i7. 
ton.     He  said  they  treated   him   as  well  as  their  scanty  means 
would  afford  ;  dividing  to  him  on  the  route  to  Canada,  whatever 
of  subsistence  they  could  procure.     The    season   for  the  spring 
work  upon  farms,   for   putting   cattle   into   pasturage,  and  for  the  ,|jj.'j^'y"j'^^"* 
river  fishery,  was  extremely  perilous  ;  till  by  the  arrival   and   ar- ^- ,;'"'"P" 
rangement  of  re-enforcements,  the  destroying  enemy  was  turned 
from  our  frontiers,  upon  those  of  New-Hampshire. 

Amidst  these  direful  and  discouraging  scenes,  news  of  a  victory  ]>],-,;■  3. 
arrived,  which  gave  a  surprizing  chill  to  the  spirits  of  the  French  u.ry^Iuai'u' 
in  Canada,  the  Acadians,  and  all  their  Indian   allies; — a  victory,  ^'jji'i^^'^^'^j, 
which  in  equal  degree,  revived  the   droopine;   couras;e   and   visor  frmais  Au- 

T  o        '  I       o  o  O       ;„n  and 

of  the  eastern  and  northern  Provinces.  It  appeared  that  France,  Warren. 
to  retrieve  her  military  character  from  disgrace  and  aspersion, 
fitted  out  two  squadrons,  in  all  38  sail ;  the  one,  a  convoy  of  six 
East  Indiamen  and  a  fleet  of  other  ships,  was  put  under  the 
command  of  M.  de  St.  George,  and  the  other,  destined  for  Can- 
ada and  Nova  Scotia,  was  commanded  by  M.  de  la  Jonquiere. 
Forming  a  junction,  they  sailed  from  Rochelle,  and  were  follow- 
ed by  Admirals  Anson  and  Warren,  with  13  English  ships  of  the 
line,  and  several  frigates.  The  two  fleets  met.  May  3d,  and 
after  a  well  fought  battle,  the  French  struck  their  colors.* 
Equally  striking  with  the  two  former,  was  this  interposition  of 
Divine  Providence  in  favor  of  the  northern  English  colonies. 
It  was  a  most  severe  blow  to  the  French  interests  in  America. 
Besides  immense  property  taken,  there  were  found  on  board  the 
captured  transports,  7,000  suits  of  clothes,  1,000  stands  of  arms, 
and  numerous  articles  designed  for  the  Acadians  and  Indians. 
M.  de  la  Jonquiere,  Governor  of  Canada,  an  old  man  of  70,  was 
a  prisoner,  and  the  expectations  of  the  Provincial  French  and 
the  natives,  were  entirely  blasted.  Ramsay  and  his  detachment 
made  the  best  of  their  way  to  Canada  ;f  and  agents  were  sent  Prisoners 
in  a  large  ship  from  Massachusetts  to  Quebec,  for  the  purpose  of  gf^'anada. 
exchanging  or  redeeming  prisoners.  On  their  return,  in  August, 
they  reported  361  in  all; — -171  of  whom  took  passage  home  ;— 


*The  French  lost  6  ships  of  the  line  ;  6  East  Indiamen  ;  700  men  killed 
and  wounded ;  and  a  million  and  half  of  money  and  bullion  ;  and  had  be- 
tween 4  and  5,000  taken  prisoners.  "  There  were  30  ships  laden  with 
merchandize" — and  9  taken.  f  2  Hutch.  Hist.  p.  385. 


254  TH-  HlSTvORY  [VoL.  11. 

A.  D  1747.  90  were  scattered  ; — about  30  others  were  too  sick  to  be  remov- 
ed ; — and  70  had  died  in  captivity ;  almost  the  whole  number 
having  been  taken  from  the  frontiers  of  Massachusetts,  New- 
Hampshire,  and  the  eastern  Provinces,  Maine  and  Sagadahock. 
Overtures  for  peace  were  soon  proposed  by  the  powers  at  war ; 
and  in  September,  all  the  troops  enlisted  for  the  expedition 
against  Canada  were  discharged. 

The  hostile  hordes,  that  visited  our  frontiers  in  the  autumn, 
appeared  to  be  formed  of  Indians  and  a  few  associated  French- 
men, equally  savage,  and  more  mean  spirited.  A  party  of  this 
character,  between  25  and  30  in  number,  entered  the  plantation 
of  New-Marblehead,  [Windham]  probably  with  intent  to  take 
captive  every  one  of  the  settlers,  and  furnish  themselves  with 
plunder,  while  devising  the  ruin  of  some  other  place.  Though 
they  succeeded  in  taking  William  Bolton ; — his  companion, 
young  Mayberry,  had  the  adroitness  to  effect  an  immediate  escape  ; 
in  which  he  seems  to  have  been  wounded  by  the  shots  he  receiv- 
ed, while  they  followed  him.  By  the  report  of  guns  as  well  as 
by  tidings  from  him,  the  people  had  sufficient  notice  to  secure 
themselves. 

The  two  remotest  easterly  garrisons  were  still  looked  upon  by 
them,  with  the  utmost  jealousy  and  malevolence.  These,  which 
they  often  attacked,  they  had  now  determined  with  the  help  of 
a  few  Frenchmen,  to    destroy.      Earlv   in    September,  a  mixed 

September.  i      i   i~i         t-i       i      •    i 

company  of  60,  silently  approached  fort  Frederick,  about  break 
of  day,  their  usual  hour  of  attack.  They  intended  probably  to 
take  the  garrison  by  surprize,  or  find  an  entrance  by  stealth,  at 
some  unguarded  moment ;  supposing  all  the  soldiers  within,  did 
not  exceed  one  half  their  own  number.  But  unexpectedly  to 
them,  they  happened  to  fall  in  with  a  party  of  five,  at  a  short 
distance  from  the  pickets  ;  and  finding  their  approach  was  there- 
by discovered,  they  shot  the  five  unfortunate  men  to  the  ground, 
three  being  instantly  killed,  and  the  other  two  wounded.  They 
then  furiously  assailed  the  garrison,  more  than  two  hours,  with  a 
determinate  resolution  to  compel  a  surrender.  But  unable  to 
make  the  least  impression,  it  being  principally  constructed  of 
stone,  they  withdrew  completely  repulsed. 
Another  This,  or  another  mixed  party  of  like  character,  next  besieged 

(Urges'  the  fort  at  St.  Georges,  in  a  different  manner.  They  attempted 
to  open  a  subterraneous  passage,  from  the   bank  of  the  river,  by 


Chap,  ix.]  of  maine.  *  255 

undermining  the  fort  on  its  eastern  side,  at  a  distance  of  ten  rods.  A.D.  1747. 

When  they  had  advanced  half  way,  the  earth  by  reason  of  heavy 

rains,  caved  in  upon  the  diggers,  as  tradition   relates,  and  buried 

or  killed  several  of  them.      Another   attempt  was  then   made  a 

few  rods  distant, — with  which  they  proceeded  about  20  feet,  and 

abandoned  the  undertaking  and  the  place.     The  cavities  are    yet 

to  be  seen.* 

The  winter  was  a  season  of  anxiety  and  distress.  The  pro- Scarcity  of 
duce  of  the  country  was  insufficient  for  the  support  of  the  inhab- 
itants. A  scarcity  of  provisions  always  enhances  their  price. 
Beset  by  savages,  the  people  were  no  more  able  to  convert  forest- 
trees  into  marketable  lumber,  than  to  cultivate  their  fields.  Yet 
what  else  had  they  to  exchange  for  necessaries ;  or  to  invite  ves- 
sels into  their  waters  ?  Even  the  wages  of  soldiers  were  paid  in 
a  depreciating  currency.  The  depth  of  snow  and  the  severity 
of  weather  proved  to  be  unusually  great ;  and  before  spring, 
corn  was  w^orth  30s.  by  the  bushel,  and  wheat  flour  £10  by  the 
hundred.  Though  there  were  in  Maine  and  Sagadahock,  four  or 
five  public  garrisons ;  more  than  twenty-five  large  and  noted 
block-houses  ;  and  between  1  5  and  20  towns  and  plantations  still 
remaining ;  yet  only  about  300  men  were  retained  in  the  service. 

As  the  Sa2:amores  had    intimated   no  wish  for   a  cessation    of  p   ,        ., 

~  L-aslern  mil- 

war,  the  2:overnment  adopted  a  more   permanent  svstem  for  the  jf^o;  force 

'  ~  i  '  -^  lor  defencet 

defence  of  the  eastern  inhabitants.  It  was  determined  to  enlist 
200  volunteers  for  the  term  of  three  years,  or  until  the  end  of^'^'^'"®"* 
the  war  ;  and  to  pay  each  one  besides  his  wages  a  bounty  of 
£5,  in  the  new  tenor  bills  on  his  enlistment,  and  at  the  begin- 
ning of  every  succeeding  year ;  excusing  and  excluding  from 
this  service  all  such  as  reside  in  the  frontier  towns  or  plantations. 
These  recruits  were  to  be  formed  into  two  companies  for  the 
defence  of  the  country,  and  the  pursuit  of  the  enemy.  Another 
corps  of  533  men  was  to  be  raised,  of  whom  177  being  the  most 
expert  disciplinarians  and  experienced  soldiers,  were  assigned 
to  the  garrison  and  the  more  exposed  block-houses  ;  and  the  res- 
idue employed  as  scoutuig  parties,  guards,  videttes,  and  informants. 
If  any  one  were  impressed  into  the  service,  he  was  to  be  exchang- 
ed in   one  year.f     But  the    ranks  of  both  classes   were  rather 

*  MS.  Let.  ofllez.  Prince,  Esq. 

t  Jour.  Mass    H,  of  R.  May  9,  1748,  p.  243. 


256  TEiE  HisToiir  [Vol.  ii. 

A.D.  1748.  avoided  than  sought  by  brave  and  ambitious  men.  Tlie  service 
Objections  was  perilous,  fatiguing  and  irregular ;  affording  soldiers  few  op- 
menis  and    portunitics  to  signalize  themselves,  or  to  acquire  any  considerable 

the  service 

military  credit.  It  was  not  a  field  of  victory  or  glory ;  though 
it  was  often  a  field  of  battle  and  of  blood ; — a  skirmish,  a  feat, 
an  exploit,  a  chase,  being  all.  Hence  the  Governor  told  the 
General  Court,  May  27,  that,  '  owing  to  this  and  the  depreciation 
*  of  the  bills,  several  militia  Colonels  assure  me,  my  impress- 
'  warrants  draw  more  fines  than  men  out  of  the  companies,  and 
'  that  in  some  instances  two  of  the  fines  will  scarcely  hire  one 
'  man  into  the  service,  especially  upon  the  eastern  frontiers.'* 
It  was  found  to  be  necessary  also  to  change  the  term  of  volunta- 
ry enlistment,  from  three  years  to  one  only. 
Proposition  A  proposition  was  made  for  the  first  time,  of  erecting  a  fort- 
iisiiing'^a'  ress,  and  establishing  a  garrison  upon  the  banks  of  Penobscot 
nobscot.  ^'  I'iver.  Governor  Shirley  thought,  it  would  in  war,  check  the  in-- 
cursions  of  the  Indians,  and  keep  them  from  fishing  and  fowling 
along  the  seaboard  ;  and  might  also  in  some  measure  secure  our 
fishermen,  and  coasters  from  annoyances.  In  peace,  it  would  be 
promotive  of  trade,  and  a  preventive  of  trespasses.  Indeed,  a 
truck  house  there  might  command  the  traffic  of  the  tribes,  as  far 
as  Cape  Sable  and  tlie  river  St.  John ;  and  a  fur  trade  of  such 
extent  must  be  worthy  of  great  consideration.  Believing  the  In- 
dians might  be  made  to  see,  that  their  real  interests  and  ours  were 
identified  ;  he  added,  that  the  best  judges  had  given  their  un- 
equivocal opinion  in  favor  of  the  establishment. f 
Tiie  base-        The  enemy,  now  partly  Frenchmen,  mostly  Natives,  were  con- 

iiess  of  the       •  i  i  it-  rni  i  i  •  i-      •  i 

enemy.  sidercd  a  mere  banditti.  lliey  were  robbers,  mcendiaries  and 
murderers,  alike  disregarding  all  rules  of  honor  and  laws  of  war. 
If  they  were  chased  into  the  woods  like  beasts  of  prey,  they 
were  ready  to  follow  the  return  of  their  pursuers,  and  renew 
their  depredations. — In  May  and  June,  they  were  seen  at  fre- 
quent intervals,  lurking  around  the  habitations  and  fields  of  the 
people  dwelling  between  the  Androscoggin  and  the  Saco,  and 
waylaying  the  whole  intermediate  road  ;  shooting  some,  and 
making  prisoners  of  others.  To  mention  particulars,  they  killed 
at  Brunswick,   Capt.   Burnet  and   his  neighbor  j  at  North-Yar- 


*  Governor's  Speech. 

t  Jour.  Mass.  House  of  Rep.  p.  66. — 16  Mass.  Rec.  p.  3t0. 


Chap,  ix.]  of  Maine.  257 

mouth,   shot   Mr.   Eaton,  took    a  captive,   and  burned   several  A. D.  1748. 
houses;  and  in  every  place  they  visited,  they  were  the  perpetra- 
tors of  more  or  less  mischief.      These   bloody  scenes  returning 
every  year,  and  the  present  season,   rendered   more  gloomy   by 
the  appearance  of  the  fields  and  the  gardens,  parched  and  with- 
ered by  the  early  and   extreme  drought,  filled  the  people  with 
uncommon  despondency ;  for  they  looked  upon   them,  "  as  plain 
indications  of  the  Divine  displeasure."     But  happily  the  period 
of  darkness  was  drawing  to  a  close.     On  the  2d  of  July,  arrived  J"'y  2d. 
at  Falmouth  the  glad  news,  that  the  nations   at  war  had   agreed  pe*a"e"  and 
on  preliminaries  of  peace ;  and  after  this,   we   hear  of  no  more  dLuiost'ii. 
ravages  by  the  eastern*  Indians  in  this  war.  '"*''*■ 

By  the  treaty,  signed  at  Aix-la-  Chapelle,  October  7,  1 748,  Treaty  of 
each  crown  surrendered  to  the  other  all  prisoners  without  ransom,  chapelle. 
and  all  territorial  conquests ;  and  therefore,  the  Island  Cape 
Breton  again  passed  into  the  possession  of  the  French.  To 
New-England,  this  appeared  ungracious  ;  and  to  Massachusetts 
and  her  eastern  inhabitants  a  grievance.  The  war  originated  in 
unhallowed  motives,  and  closed  without  any  considerable  advan- 
tage, either  to  England  or  France.  New-England  by  her  loyalty, 
zeal  and  public  spirit,  acquired  great  credit  and  consideration ; 
which,  however,  to  the  extent  due,  the  mother  country  was  never 
willing  to  allow.  In  all  the  colonial  expeditions  and  public  meas- 
ures, the  Province  of  JVIassachusetts  took  the  lead,  expended  in 
money  nearly  half  a  million  sterling,  and  lost  about  3,000  of  her 
most  able-bodied  and  efTective  men.f 

Although  troops  to  the   number  of   323, J  were  continued  in  a.  D.  ms. 
service,  through  the  winter,   for  the  defence   and  safety   of  the  Guard  of 
eastern  inhabitants ;  means   were   used  to    ascertain  the  wishes    '^°""^''*' 
and    dispositions    of   the   Indians  upon  the   subject  of  a  treaty. 
Hence  it  was,  that  early  in  the  spring,  several  chiefs  visiting  the 
fort  at  St.  Georges,  commanded  by  Capt.  Bradbury,  told  him  the 
Indians  were  tired  of  the  war ;  and  if  they  were  in  Boston,  they 
would  agree  with  the  Governor  upon  terms  of   peace.     There- 
fore, a  passage  thither  was  given   them   in   the   Province   Snow  • 

*  See  post,  A.  D.  1750,  ravag'cs  committed  by  the  northern  Indians. 

t  Preleminaries  signed— April  30,   174S.— 1  Bovg.  p.   565.— 1   Minod 
Hist.  p.  80. 

I  Namely,  45  at  St.  Georges  ;  24   at  Pemaquid  ;  24  at  Richm.ond  ;  12  at 
fort  Georg-e  ;  12  at  Saco ;  206  in  scouts. — 16  J\last.  Rec.  p.  428-9. 
Vol.  II,  33 


258  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.    II. 

A.  D.  1749.  and  on  the  23cl  of  June,  a  conference   was  holden  between  the 
executive  and   them  in   the   Council-chamber.     They   professed 
iiio.es  vTmi   to  be  a  delegation  from   the  tribes   at  Penobscot  and  Norridge- 
nego"i!ue     wock,  and  declared,  that  peace  was  greatly  desired  by  all  the  In- 
''^'*''^"         dians  from  the  river  St.  John*  to  the    St.  Francois,  and  that  the 
Sachems  only  waited  for  the  appointment  of  a  time  and  place   to 
settle  a  treaty  ;  wishing  all   hostile   acts  and    measures   might   in 
the  meantime  be  suspended.     '  We  speak  from  our  hearts,'    said 
they,  '  die  words  of  sincerity  and   truth  ;    and  we   have   brought 
'  with  us  other  credentials  than  our  own  hearts ;  these  brothers  pres- 
<  ent  know,   the   voice  of   peace  makes  the  Indians  everywhere 
'  smile  and  rejoice. 'f     They  were  dismissed,  by  being  told,  that 
commissioners  should  meet  the    tribes  at   Falmouth  on  the  last 
days  of  September  ;  and  that  in  the  meantime,   supplies   should 
be  transported  to  some  of  the  eastern   truck  houses,   and  sold  to 
them  at  reasonable  prices,  provided   all  of  them  continued  tran- 
quil and  friendly. 
The  French      The  Govemor  of  Canada,  it  was  sufficiently  known,  was  doing 
Indians  ^^    his  utmost  to  fix  the  several  tribes  in  Maine,  and  Nova  Scotia,  in 
the  interests  of  the  French,  and  to  render  them  still   dependent 
upon  him,  and  entirely   obsequious  to   his   influence. J     But  the 
unfavorable  turn  their  fortunes  had  taken,  were  quite  sufficient  to 
shake  the  confidence  of  the  Indians.     The  number  of  men  in  the 
eastern  service  was  reduced,  August  10,  to  70  ; — enough  merely 
to  man  the  garrisons  ;§  and  Sir  William  Pepperell,  and  Thomas 
.sioners  ap-   Hutchinson,  of  the  Council,   and  John  Choate,  Israel  Williams, 

poiiiteci. 

and  James  Otis,  of  the  House,  were  appointed  Commissioners  to 
treat  with  the  tribes. 
Onohor  14.      These  gentlemen,  attended  by  a   military  guard  of  50  York- 
Chiefs'^i     '^^^"■^    militia-men,    arrived   at   Falmouth,   Sept.  28,  where  they 
Falmouth,    waited  till  Oct.  14,  before  a  single  Indian  appeared.     It  was  a 
painful  suspense  ;  but  on  that  day,  a  very  respectable  delegation 
of  chiefs  from  Penobscot,  Nonidgewock,  and  St.  Francois,  pre- 
sented themselves  to  the  commissioners  ;  immediately  opened  a 
parley  in  the  meeting-house ;  and  on  the  16th,   the  parties  con- 
cluded and  signed  a  treaty.     The  celebrated  treaty  of  Mr.  Dum- 


niakiiig 
peace. 


Commis- 


*  Governor  Shirley's  Speech,  1740. 
t  Mass.  Rec.  vol.  16. — Jour,  of  House  of  iicp.  p.  43. 
I  Gov.  Maicarene's  letter  to  Gov.  Shirley,  in  Mny,  1749. 
5  Jour   House  of  Represeutntives.  p.  14. 


Chap,  ix.]  of  maine.  259 

mer,  (in  1726,)  was  its  basis.  It  was  denominated  "the  sub-A.D.  1749. 
mission  and  agreement"  of  the  tribes  just  mentioned.  Its  stipu- Treaty, 
lations  were,  that  all  hostilities  on  the  part  of  the  Indians  should 
cease  and  not  be  renewed ;  that  all  their  captives  should  be  im- 
mediately restored  without  ransom  ;  that  the  English  should  enjoy 
all  their  possessions  and  places  of  settlement  in  the  eastern  parts 
unmolested  ;  that  the  trade  between  them  and  the  Indians  should 
be  under  the  direction  of  the  Massachusetts  government ;  that  all 
personal  wrongs  should  be  redressed  by  due  course  of  law  and 
justice,  without  any  act  of  personal  revenge ;  and  that  they,  as 
the  king's  faithful  subjects,  would  render  obedience  to  his  ordi- 
nances. But  the  Sagamores  reserved  to  the  Indians,  all  lands 
and  proprieties  not  conveyed  by  them,  nor  possessed  by  the  En- 
glish ;  and  all  the  privileges  of  fishing,  hunting,  and  fowling,  as 
in  times  past. 

New-Hampshire,  as  well  as  the  Province  of  Massachusetts, 
was  included  in  the  treaty;  and  when  the  Commissioners 
had  signed  it,  and  gave  the  Chiefs  a  counterpart,  and  presented 
them  with  the  usual  presents,  the  parties  separated  with  saluta- 
tions of  mutual  and  cordial  friendship,* 


*  The  treaty  premised,  that  these  Indians,  and  others,  "  inhabiting-  within 
iiis  Majesty's  territories  of  Ncw-Eng-land,"  had  carried  on  war  against 
Massacliusetts  and  New-Hampshire,  contrary  to  treaties.— This  truly  does 
not  expressly  include  the  Jlickmalcs,  nor  the  JMarechites,  at  St.  John's 
river ;  yet  it  is  thought  the  Indians  at  Passamaqnoddy  were  mixed  with 
those  of  Penobscot.— The  treatij  itself  is  sig-ned  by  nineteen  Sag-amores  and 
chief  captains;  and  it  is  remarkable  that  those  of  Penobscot,  of  Norridg-e- 
wock,  and  of  St.  Francois,  [by  their  omgmal  names,  "  Anasag-unticooks, 
and  Wawenocks"]  signed  in  separate  columns,  thus: 
^^Anasagu?iticooks  and  «  JYorridgewocks,'"  [or,  *'  Penobscots,"  [or,  Tar- 
"  Wawenocks,"  [or  St.         Canibas  tribe.]  ratines.] 

Toxus  (seal)     Eger-en  mut         (seal) 

Cneas  (seal)     Mag-anumba  (seal) 

Magawonbee        (seal)     Natambouit  (seal) 

(seal)     Harry 

(seal)     Soosephnia 

(seal)     Noktoonos 

Wawawnunka      (seal)     Nesagumbuit 

Peereer 

Seetreatij  entire,  JUass.  Council  Records,  vol.  JL  D.  1'734-1757,  p.  108-11. 

—Alto,  9  Coll.  Mast.  Hist.  Soc.  p.  220-222. 


Francois  Indians.] 
Sawwaramet        (seal) 
Ausado 
Waaununga 
Sauquish 
Warcedeen 


(seal) 


(seal)     Esparagoosaret    (seal) 

(seal)     Nesnouon  (seal) 

(seal) 

(seal) 

(seal) 


260  "^"E  HISTORY  [Vol.  ii 


CHAPTER   X. 

The  two  eastern  provinces — Governor  Shirleij's   embassy  to  Paris, 
as  to  the  boundaries  between  Canada  and  Nova  Scotia — All  paper 
money  redeemed — Coins   regulated — Laws — Anonymoits  letters — 
Recovery    of   captives — Truck  houses — Trade — Jonquiere    sends 
troops  to  the  ncrth-casterly  isthmus  oj    Nova    Scotia — 3Iinas   at- 
tacked by  Indians — Jonquiere  refuses  to  release  captives — Halifax 
settled — Governor  Cormcallis  drives  the  French  from  Chignecto — 
They  fortify  at  the  isthrnus  under  la  Come — The  Fort  of  Corn- 
wallis — Peace  with  the  Indians  unsettled — Affray  at  Wiscasset — 
Northern  Indians  attack  fort    Richmond — Commit  mischief  at 
Dresden,  Swan  Island,  and  Georgetown — Priso7icrs  carried  off — 
Defensive  measures — Indian    outrages   at    Falmouth  and  New- 
Meadotvs — Treaty  u'ith  the  Natives  confirmed. 
A.  D.  1749.      All  the  occurrences   in  relation  to  these  eastern    Provinces, 
Maine  and   since  they  were  first  settled,  had  not  given  them  so  much  import- 
hodTviewed  ^"^^^  ^"  ^^^^  "^^^^^  °^  foreigners,  as  the  events  in   the  late  war. 
Willi  inter-  Something  had  been   previously  known  of  their  geography,  cli- 
mate, soil  and  natural  resources  ;  now  they  were  thought  worthy 
of  public  consideration,  by  the  politicians  both  of  England  and 
Lines  be-    France.     The  divisional   line  between  Canada  and  Nova  Scotia 
LXTiid^^"'  ^^^   "0^  ^^^"  settled    by   negotiation  ;    and   therefore   Governor 
iSoya Scotia  ^^^Y^gj.  ^^^  ^j^g  Marquis  VGalisionierc,  late  Governor  of  New- 

in  dispute.  J  ^ 

France,  were  appointed,  soon  after  the  late  treaty,  to  meet  at 
shn\e*'^"oes  P^^'^Sj  ^"^  open  a  commission  upon  the  subject.  Shirley  eni- 
to  Paris,      barked  at  Boston,  Sept.  11,  1749,  and  left  the  chair  to  Spencer 

Phips,  the  Lieutenant-Governor.* 
Specie  nr-  '^^^®  ^^"^6  month  arrived  at  Boston  the  sum  of  £183,649,  2s. 
Eu"ia*^^d"'  "^^-  sterling,  remitted  from  England  to  reimburse  the  Province  of 
Massachusetts,  her  expenses  in  the  Louisbourg  expedition.  It 
had  been  ascertained  by  the  General  Court  since  the  war,  that 
about  £2,200,000  in  bills  of  credit  were  outstanding  in  circula- 

*  Here  closes  the  History  of  Massachusetts  by  Jlr.  Hutchinson.  It  is 
said  be  finished  it  in  1766.  He  died,  June  3,  1780.  Douglass'  Summary 
closes  in  May  1749.     He  died  in  1752. 


Chap,  x.]  of  Maine.  261 

tion,  which  had  at  length  so  depreciated,  that  one  ounce  of  silver  A.D.  1749. 

would   purchase   505.  of  the  old  tenor,  or    12s.  6d.  of  the  new 

tenor  bills  ;*  and  a  Spmiish  milVd  dollar,   45s.  of  the  one,  and 

1  ]  s.  3^.  of  the  other.    Determined  to  redeem  the  whole  of  them,  i-'"^.  "f„ 

crerlii  all  re- 
take  them   in,   and   substitute   a    specie   currency,    exclusively,  deemed. 

the  General  Court  laid  a  direct  tax  upon  the  Province  of  £75,000 
sterling,  which  they  allowed  to  be  paid  in  these  bills,  at  the  rate 
of  45s.  old  tenor,  or  lis.  3of.  new  tenor,  for  every  Spanish 
mill'd  dollar,  now  called  6s.  lawful  money,  or  4s.  6f/.  sterling. f 
Fully  to  effectuate  the  purpose,  it  was  enacted  by  the  Legislature, 
that  all  pecuniary  contracts,  made  after  March  31,  1750,  should 
be  paid  in  coin  or  specie,  at  the  rate  of  Cs.  8(/.  in  silver  by  the 
ounce  ;  and  that  whoever  paid  or  received  a  bill  of  another  colony, 
should  be  liable  to  a  penal  prosecution.  Many,  especially  mer- 
chants and  speculators,  were  clamorous  against  the  measure. 
They  said  the  time  set  was  too  short, — silver  and  gold  could  not 
be  retained  in  the  country, — there  must  be  a  great  scarcity  of 
money, — and  creditors,  anxious  to  obtain  the  specie,  would  be 
tempted  to  oppress  their  debtors.  But  the  treasury  was  opened, 
April  2,  1750,  and  so  many  of  the  bills  were  redeemed  in  the 
course  of  15  months,  that  they  were  afterwards  uncurrent. 
None  of  the  evils  foretold  were  experienced  ;  the  principles  of 
moral  honesty  and  public  confidence  were  extensively  promoted  ; 
and  renovated  vigor  and  cheerfulness  were  diffused,  through  the 
community,  in  all  their  pecuniary  transactions. 

On  the  introduction  and  use   of  a  metallic  currency,  statutes 

*  See  ante,  A.  D,  1742. 

+  By  this  mode  of  redemption,  tlie  ratio  stands  thus  .• — 

.     Sler. 

£   s- 

0    5 
0  15 
2    5 
22  10 
225    0 
100,000,00      9J,000     30,000    0    0   22,500    0  56,250  GO  00     225,000  00  00 
Money  remitted  £183,649,  2*.  l^d.-\-ta.x  £75,O0O=£258,649,  2s.  l^d. 
whicli  would  redeem  about  £2,586,500  of  the  old  tenor,  or  £646,625,  of  the 
new  tenor. — In  Nov.  1752,  Lieutenant-Governor  Phips  says,  '  if  the  out- 
'  standing  taxes  were  paid,  the  Province  would  be  out  of  debt— a  happi- 
'  ness  not  known  for  50  or  60  years.' 


■ed.  mo.    Uz.  St/,    til 

at.  or  l.a\ 

W.  7)10. 

JD.    C.    Troy  W. 

£■  •"■ 

d. 

1,11^             1 

0    G 

8 

3,33^              3 

1    0 

0 

10)0                9 

3    0 

0 

1,C0,00             00 

30    0 

0 

1,000,00           900 

300    0 

0 

JVcu)  Tenur. 

Old  Tenor. 

£.    ..    d. 

£.    s.    d. 

0   12    6 

2   10  00 

1     17    6 

7   10  00 

5     12    6 

22  10  00 

5©      5    0 

225  00  00 

562  10    0 

2,250  00  00 

262  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II. 

A.  D.  1749.  were  of  necessity  passed  to  fix  and  settle  the  sum  at  which 
Rales  of  several  descriptions  of  coin  should  pass  ;  and  to  preserve  their 
weight  and  purity  or  fineness.  A  guinea  was  set  at  285.  ;  a  crown 
at  6s.  Qd. ;  an  English  shilling  at  Is.  4d.  ;  a  Johannes  of  Portugal 
at  48s. ;  a  moidore  at  3Gs.  and  pistole  at  22s. ;  and  whoever  took 
or  passed  them  at  a  higher  rate  forfeited  £50.  At  the  same  time, 
laws  highly  penal  were  enacted  against  counterfeiting,  clipping  or 
in  any  way  lightening  the  current  coins,  or  knowingly  passing  such 
as  were  aduherated  or  impaired.  Within  a  few  years,  some  other 
acts  had  passed  the  Legislature  which  ought  to  be  noticed.  In 
i.anspro-    1 743   tovvns  wcre  for  the  first  time   authorized  bylaw,  to  erect 

vidiii!^  tor  '  1      1  T 1 

vvoikhouses.^^o^^.^oj(5g5  for  the  employment  of  the  slothful  and  shiftless, — a 
provisional  regulation  still  in  force.    Another,  the  next  year,  direct- 

Firewards.  ed  towns  to  choose  ^reii;ar£?s  ;  appointed  them  a  badge  of  ofiice, 
namely,  '  a  staff  5  feet  long,  painted  red  and  headed  with  a  bright 
'  brass  spire,  a  half  foot  in  length  ;'  and  assigned  them  great 
powers  and  important  duties,  which  still  belong  to  them  in  times 
of  raging  fires.     At   the  commencement   of  the  late   war,  the 

Against       christian    community,   making   diligent  enquiry  into  the   fearful 

pro aneness. ^^^^^^  of  the  Divine  displeasure,  detected  profaneness  as  one; 
and  induced  the  General  Court,  in  1746,  to  revise  the  law  and 
sharpen  the  penakies  against  profane  cursing  and  swearing.  Nay, 
the  Legislature  ordered  the  act  to  be  read  in  the  court-house  at 
the  opening  of  every  court,  and  by  ministers,  every  year,  to  their 

In  favor  of  respective  congregations.     It  was  found  likewise  to  be  necessary 

poor  debt-  jQ  ameliorate  the  law  in  relation  to  Imprisonment  for  debt.  For 
though  during  the  century  past  a  poor  debtor  might  be  discharged 
by  a  magistrate,  on  taking  an  oath  that  he  was  "  not  worth  £5  ;'* 
yet  the  creditor  could  still  keep  him  confined  within  the  prison- 
walls,  by  paying  his  weekly  board  ;  and  oftentimes  his  companions 
were  criminals.  Separate  apartments,  therefore,  were  by  a  law  of 
1748,  ordered  to  be  provided  for  that  unfortunate  class  of  men; 
and  they  were,  on  giving  a  bond  to  the  sheriff,  also  allowed  in  the 
daytime  "  the  liberty  of  the  yard  within  any  of  the  houses  or 
"  apartments  belonging  to  such  prison  :" — a  liberty  afterwards 
extended  to  a  limited  area  of  their  vicinity ;  and  finally,  since  the 
Separation,  to  the  bounds  of  the  county.     In  the  spring  of  1749, 

Anonymoui  ^^^^^^^^^  i^f^^j.^  ^gre  Sent  to  the  Governor,  one  of  the  Council, 
and  other  wealthy  gentlemen,  threatening  them  with  some  fearful 
evil,  if  they  failed  to  do  as  required.     This  was  a  new  offence  in 


Chap,  x.]  of  waine.  263 

the  Province,  and  occasioned  the   passage   of  an   act,   by   which  a.  d.  1749. 
the  offenders,   upon   conviction,   were  to  be  punished  with  great 
severity.* 

Our  administration  at  this  period  was  energetic  and  popular.  Kecovrryof 
When  Governor  Shirley  left  the  Province,  the  House  expressed 
*  an  efFectionate  farewell,  and  strong  wishes  for  his  safe  leturn ;' 
and  in  his  absence,  Mr.  Phips  proved  himself  to  be  a  worthy 
and  vigilant  magistrate.  After  a  call  upon  the  people,  through 
the  medium  of  the  newspapers,  to  produce  the  names  of  all 
who  had  been  carried  into  captivity,  and  the  places  where  taken  ; 
Cols.  Chandler  and  Heath,  were  sent  into  Canada  to  recover 
them  and  bring  them  home.  A  great  sum,  as  ransom-money, 
sometimes  £100  sterling,  had  been  demanded  for  an  individual, 
during  the  war  ;  and  in  peace,  where  the  Canadians  had  pur- 
chased captives,  they  were  unwilling  to  surrender  them  without  a 
remuneration. 

Great  care  was  now  taken,  to  keep  the  Indians  tranquil.  Tia(iin<j 
Trading  houses  were  again  opened  at  St.  Georges  and  Fort  ''"""^*" 
Richmond  ;  all  private  traffic  with  the  tribes  was  strictly  forbid- 
den ;  provision  was  made  for  supporting,  as  paupers,  all  friendly 
Indians,  when  needy  and  residing  among  the  English  ;  and  two 
broadcloth  mantles  were  given  to  a  couple  of  Indians  by  the 
name  of  Frambegan  and  Lovel,  as  presents,  for  going  in  behalf 
■of  the  eastern  tribes  to  Canada,  and  inviting  the  Indians  of  St. 
Francois  to  attend  the  late  treaty  at  Falmouth. 

Although  the  population  in  Maine  and  Sagadahock  had  sus-  T^ade  and 
tained  a  loss,  during  the  late  war,  of  two  or  three  thousand  ;  '^"^'"ess- 
there  were  many  considerations,  which  still  afforded  encourage- 
ment to  survivors  and  residents.  Ship-building  revived,  and 
schooners,  first  known  about  thirty-five  years  previously,  were  a 
class  of  vessels,  which  had  been  built  in  great  numbers  along 
our  seaboard,  and  were  found  of  great  use  in  the  fisheries  ; — one 
of  them  in  the  cod-fishery  being  worth  two  shallops.  So  hardy 
and  skilful  were  the  eastern  men  in  that  business,  that  they  could 
afford  to  undersell  the  French  before  the  war.  Men  since  had 
usually  found  a  profit  in  their  eastern  adventures.  The  articles 
which  the  country  afforded,  lumber,  potash,  pitch,  called  '  raw  ma- 


*  See  these  acts  in  An.  Charters  and  Prov.  Laws.— 17  Council  Rcc.  6.— 
Jour,  of  H.  Rep.  A.  D.  1749,  p.  59. 


264  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II. 

A.  D.  1749.  lerials,'  furs  and  fish,  were  uniformly  quick  in  market ;  and  in  ex- 
changing them  for  pork  and  breadstufis  brought  into  our  liar- 
bors,  the  freighter  acquired  a  profit  without  much  risque. 

Nova  Sco-  The  means  used  to  enlarge  and  muhiply  the  settlements  in 
Nova  Scotia,  and  the  energetic  exertions  of  its  government  to 
bring  the  Acadians  or  French  J\eutrah*  into  obedience,  were 
circumstances  indicative  of  its  rising  strength,  and  encouraging 
to  its  English  neighbors.  Yet  when  it  was  understood  by  the 
French,  that  Gov.  Mascarene  had  ordered  a  Romish  priest  from 
Minas,  on  account  of  treasonable  practices ;  and  that  he  was 
requiring  the  Acadian  people  at  Beau  Basin,  or  Bay  of  Minas, 
Bay  Verte,  and  the  river  St.  John,  to  take  the  oath  of  allegiance 

Jonquiere    to  the  British  crown  ;  M.  de  la  Jonquiere,  then  in  Canada,  or- 

sends  troops  ^ 

toihenoiih- dered  out  a  detachment  to  the  north-easterly  isthmus  of  the  great 

isthmus  of    peuinsula.     He  pretended  his  men  were  sent  there   to  cut   fuel 

ince.  for  the  garrison  at  Louisbourg  ;  whereas  his  whole  design  was  to 

take  possession  of  the  passes,  and  gain  some  advantage,  while  the 

question   of  boundaries  was  before  the  Commissioners  at  Paris. 

His  habitual  hatred  of  the  English   had   been   greatly  provoked 

and  increased,  by  misfortune  and  defeat  in  the  late  war  ;  while 

years  had  given   something   like  venom    to   his  inveteracy,   and 

made  him  a  fit  instrument  to  execute  the   projects  of  a  wicked 

The  Indians  king   and  vain  ministry.     Emboldened  by  him,  a  body  of  about 

Slilh"     300  Mickmak  and  Marechite  Indians,  attended  by  a  few  villainous 

garrison  at  Pi-enchmen,  besieged  the  English  garrison  in  Minas,  for  three  or 

Minas.  '  o  o  o  ' 

four  weeks,  at  intervals  ;  in  which  time  they  killed  two  men  and 
took  sixteen  prisoners. f  De  la  Jonquiere  justified  their  conduct, 
and  affected  to  espouse  with  great  sincerity  and  warmth  the  inter- 
ests of  all  the  eastern  tribes.  He  even  took  a  high  affront  when 
he  heard,  that  26  of  the  principal  Indians  at  Pegwacket  had  been 
united  to  the  English  through  the  war,  and  that  several  were  vol- 
unteers in  the  siege  of  Louisbourg.     He  declared,  he  knew  they 


*  JN'cutrals  being'  the  name  assumed  by  the  French  settlers,  or  inhabitants 
of  French  extraction  in  Nova  Scotia,  who  had  engaged  after  the  reduction 
of  the  country  to  the  English  crown,  and  the  treaty  of  Utrecht,  March, 
1713, — that  the}'  would  be  faithful  to  tlic  English  government,  and  never 
take  arms  or  sides  against  it, — being  excused  from  entering  into  any 
war  against  France. 

^J\Iass.  Let.  Book,  p.  87-91. — Some  of  those  who  made  the  attack  were 
"  dwelling  on  the  borders  of  the  St.  John's  river." — 1  Haliburton,  p.  153. — 
Also,  did  mischief  at  Cansoau,  Dartmouth,  and  even  Halifax. 


Chap,  x.]  ofmaixe.  265 

were  holden  in  duress  by  the  English  ;  and  he  would  not,  he  said,  A.  D.  17-59. 
release  captives,  till  these  enslaved  Indians  were  set   at  liberty.  Jonquiere 

refuses   to 

His  suspicions,  however,  were  not  wholly  unfounded  ;  lor  some  of  re'.-asecap- 
the  natives,  probably  from  St.  Francois,  who  might  wish  to  draw 
others  thither,  did  complain  to  him;  and  he  appointed  a  French 
officer  to  go  with  one  cf  them,  and  visit  the  supposed  unhappy 
mortals.  The  Indian  emissary,  on  his  way,  being  ill-treated  at 
Albany,  by  a  party  of  rough  sailors,  hurried  back  to  his  brethren, 
and  told  them  the  story  in  a  manner  most  likely  to  arouse  their 
resentments. 

About  this  time,  there  was  an  accession  of  3,760  inhabitants  to  Halifax  set- 
the  population  of  Nova  Scotia,  who  ssttled  principally  about 
Chebucto-bay,  now  Halifax.  Their  emigration  was  under  the 
patronage  of  Parliament, — at  the  expense  of  £40,000  sterling 
to  the  English  nation;  and  the  administration  of  the  Province 
was  given  to  Edward  Cornwallis,  who  was  commissioned  Gov-  Comwaiiis, 
ernor,  and  to  a  Council,  formed  agreeably  to  his  wishes  or  nom- 
ination. 

When  Cornwallis  was  made  acquainted  with  the  outrages  of  the  a.D.  1750. 
Indians  at  Minas,  he  resolved  to  chastise  them  as  early  the  next 

,         .  ,,      ,       He  drives 

spnng,  (1750,)  as  the  weather  would  permit;  and   with   all  the  ii,e  French 

,  1         r<  •  r     u  "u     fromiliedis- 

severity  their  miquities  deserved.  Suspecting  some  ol  the  tribe  ,ri(t  of 
at  Penobscot  were  concerned  with  them  in  their  hostilities,  he  "S"  <^*'- 
required  the  government  of  Massachusetts  to  declare  war  against 
them  without  ceremony  or  delay.  By  this  he  gave  abundant 
proof  of  being  a  total  stranger,  both  to  colonial  politics  and  sav- 
age warfare.  But  the  General  Court,  mindful  of  the  mutual  ob- 
ligations in  the  late  treaty,  considered  it  quite  questionable,  if  the 
Indians  had  in  fact,  violated  any  of  its  articles  ;  and  therefore  re- 
fused to  comply  with  the  Governor's  demand,  till  their  guilt  was 
ascertained.  This  threw  him  into  a  fit  of  passion  ;  and  he  forth- 
with despatched  a  body  of  400  regulars  and  rangers  under  Major 
Lawrence,  to  humble  the  base  Neutrals  and  dislodge  the  "  cursed" 
Indians  and  French*  from  Chignecto  [Cumberland,] — a  district 
situated  between  the  basin  of  Minas  and  Bay  Verte.  At  their 
approach,  la  Corne,  the  French  commander,  drew  off  his  forces 

*  Cornwallis  offered  a  reward  of  ten  guineas  for  every  Indian  scalp. — 1 
Haliburton,  p.  157. 

Vol.  II.  34 


266  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II. 

A.D.  1750.  and  such  inhabitants  as  adhered  to  him*  with  their  effects;  and 
after  setting  fire  to  the  habitations  of  the  remaining  residents,  he 
retired  to  the  north-eastern  isthmus.  Here  he  firmly  posted  him- 
self— declaring  that  the  territories   on   the  northern  side   of   the 

The  I'rencli  _.  .    „        i  Tr  i        i       •  i     i  i  i        ■!-<  i 

i.iidFr  la      Bay  of  Fundy  even  to  Kennebeck  river,  belonged  to  the  r  rencn 

fv  n(  ihe     crown  ;  and  that  he  should  defend   the  country  to  the   last  ex- 

isih.nus.       trgmity.       The   French  then   erected  three  forts, — viz.   on  the 

°'^'*"       neck  of  tlie  peninsula,  Fort  Baye  V^erie,  near  the  eastern  shore. 

Gaspereaux  [since  fort  Monkton,']  a   short  distance  above ;  and 

Beau-se-jouv\  [fort  CumberJan(l,'\  on  the  north  side  of  the  Mis- 

saquash,  where  it  empties  into   Cumberland   Basin.      They  also 

constructed  another    fortification,  at  the  mouth   of  the  river   St. 

Comwaliis   John.     Cornwallis  likewise  fortified  at  Grand  Pre  [Hortonl  ;  and 

torlifies  at  ...  u  j  ^ 

Horioi).       complained  to  the  king,   against   the   insolent   French,    the  per- 
fidious Acadians,  and  barbarous  Indians. J 
,,      ,  ,         These  measures  were  the  fruits  of  de  la  Jonquiere's  nefarious 

Unsettled  ^ 

ppace  with  policy  ;  in  which,  he  perceived  he  was  meeting  with   successes, 

the  Indians.  *^.-''  ...  , 

which  compared  well  with  his  wishes.  The  Marechites  on  the 
river  St.  John,  were  fully  in  his  interest,  ready  to  join  his  forces 
in  any  enterprize  projected  against  the  English — no  matter  how 
bloody  or  unprovoked,  provided  they  could  be  the  companions 
of  French  officers  and  partakers  of  the  booty.  That  tribe  and 
those  at  Passamaquoddy  and  Penobscot,  were  without  doubt  in 
league  or  in  fraternity  of  the  strongest  ties.  By  their  collective 
superiority  in  numbers  and  strength,  they  controlled  the  Abena- 
ques,  of  whom  however,  only  the  Canibas  tribe  now  remained 
entire  ;  and  none  other  owed  the  inhabitants  of  Maine  and  Saga- 
dahock  more  ill-will.  The  latter  saw  their  people — once  so  pow- 
erful,— now  small  and  feeble,  and  still  felt  jealous  of  their  rights  and 
sensitive  of  injuries ;  on  the  other  hand,  the  white  people, 
having  always  in  fresh  recollection  savage  cruelties — and  the 
loss  of  friends  by  savage  hands,  could  wish  the  whole  Indian  race 
exterminated.  In  such  a  state  of  mutual  dislike  and  irritability, 
the  utmost  watchfulness  was  necessary  to  avoid  affrays  and  pre- 
vent a  rupture. 

But  a  bloody  affair  happened  at  Wiscasset,  December  2,  the 


*  La  Corne  was  now  at  t!ie  head  of  1,500  ii;en  ;  he  said  lie  could  command 
2,500. 

t  The  English  nlso  built  Fort  Lawrence,  on  the  opposite  side  of  the 
same  river.  %  1  Haliburton's  N.  S.  p.  150-9-160. 


Chap,  x.]  of  maine.  267 

year  past,   which,  though  it  was  in  itself  of  no  very  great  mo-  A.  D.  1750. 
ment,  filled  the  eastern  inhabitants  with  fear  and  trembling.    This  The  homi- 
was  a  violent  quarrel  between  several  white  men  and  some  of  the  cosset. 
Canibas   tribe,  in   which   one    Indian   was  killed    and  two  others 
badly  wounded.     So  unfortunate  was  the  affray,  in  point  of  time, 
as  to  occur  within  six   weeks  after  the  late  treaty  of  Falmouth, 
and  before  peace  had  become  fairly  settled.     Three  of  the  white 
men,   Obadiah  Albee,  Richard   and   Benjamin   Holbrook,  were 
taken  into  custody  by  Samuel  Harnden,  upon  a  charge  of  murder  ; 
and  being  removed  to  Falmouth,  were  confined  in  the  house  of 
Gowen  Wilson.     The  whole  transaction   was  a  topic    in    every 
one's   mouth,   though   there   was  a  strong  current  setting  against 
every  thing  Indian  ;  and    in  a  (ew  weeks  the   prisoners  effected 
their  escape.     Some   called  it  a  riotous   rescue,  others   imputed 
it  to  the  negligence  and  collusion  of  the  keepers.     The  Lieuten- 
ant-Governor, hearing  of  it,  offered  a  reward  of  £50  to  such  as 
would  retake  either  of  the  fugitives,  and  £25  for  the  detection  of 
any  abettor.     The  General  Court,  when  next  in  session,  also  took 
notice  of  the  affair,  and  ordered  Jabez  Fox,  Esq.  of  Falmouth, 
a  justice  of  the  peace,  to  examine  in  a  legal  form,  into  the  con- 
duct of  Harnden  and    Wilson,   and  deal   with  them  according  to 
law  and  the  testimony.     In   the   meantime  the  culprits,  January 
11,  (1750)  surrendered  themselves  5  and  being  removed  to  the  gaol 
in  York,  were  indicted  and  arraigned  for  murder,  at  a  special  term 
of  the  Superior  Court,  holden  by  resolve,  the  last  week  in  Feb- 
ruary.*    But  there  was  no    trial  till   the  regular  term  in  June  j  Trial  ac- 
when  Albee  was  tried  and  acquitted.     The  Court  were  quite  dis- 3|"^J,^J;J'J''^ 
satisfied  with  the  verdict ;  and  the  Legislature  ordered  the   other 
two  into  the  county  of  Middlesex,  to  take   their  trial   in  August. 
Albee    was  then   convicted  of  a  felonious   assault ;    and  at  the 
trials  of  the  others,  all  the  relations  of  the  deceased,  the  wounded 
Indians  and  the  chiefs  of  the  tribe,  were  invited  to  be  present  and 
witness  the  fairness  of  the  proceedings.     Accordingly,  13  of  them 
proceeded  as  far  as  Boston,   where  they  had   an  interview  with 
Lieutenant-Governor  Phips,    and    received  the  most  courteous 
treatment,  as  well  as  some  valuable  presents : — and  though  they 

*  The  next  year,  tho  Jiiot  ac.  was  revised  ;  and  the  Superior  Court  au- 
thorized to  hold  special  sessions,  in  any  county,  on  great  emerg-encies, 
wherein  there  was  appointed  by  law  only  one  term  to  be  holden  in  a  year. 


•268  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.    11. 

A.  D.  1750.  found  there  could  be  no  trial  of  the  offenders,  at  that  time,  they 
returned  home,  apparently  satisfied.  The  prisoners  were  subse- 
quently remanded  to  Yorkshire,  while  the  difficulties  with  the  In- 
dians were  assuming  again  a  very  gloomy  aspect ;  and  I  do  not 
find,  that  either  of  the  Holbrooks  were  ever  convicted.  Certain 
it  is,  that  whenever  a  white  person  was  tried  for  killing  an  Indian, 
even  in  times  of  profound  peace,  he  was  invariably  acquitted  ; — 
it  being  impossible  to  impannel  a  jury,  on  which  there  were  not 
some,  who  had  suffered  by  the  Indians,  either  in  their  persons, 
families,  or  estates. 

Rumor  of        Touchcd  On  this  occasion,  with  natural  or   affected   sympathy 

an  arrival  of  i      •       i  i  i  •      n     i     i  t^  •  •         • 

the  imiinns  for  thcu"  brothcrs,  and  enkmdled  by  b  rcnch  emissaries  mto  a 
Francois  Id  flame  of  resentment  towards  the  English,  the  Indians  at  St.  Fran- 
Kiciuiiond.  cois  and  Becancourt,*  took  occasion  to  aggravate  the  above  men- 
tioned wrong,  and  magnify  some  supposed  provocations,  into 
sufficient  causes  for  acts  of  retaliation  and  revenge.  Hence,  a 
company  of  80,  receiving  supplies  from  Trois  Revieres,  proceeded 
to  visit  Norridgewock  and  Penobscot.  About  the  time  of  their 
arrival,  it  was  reported,  that  these  northern  fighters  were  to  be 
joined  by  150  Tarratines ;  that  a  French  ship  of  64  guns,  three 
or  four  brigs  and  20  transports,  probably  full  of  troops,  provis- 
ions and  warlike  stores,  had  been  seen  shaping  their  course 
towards  St.  Georges  or  Sagadahock  river ;  and  that  the  garrison 
at  Richmond  had  been  told  by  an  Indian — they  might  expect 
an  attack  in  48  hours. — Since  the  peace,  the  soldiers  at  that  fort 
were  only  14;  at  Pemaquid  6;  at  St.  George's  15;  at  fort 
George  4  ;  and  at  Saco  8,  including  two  or  three  armorers;  all 
of  them  being  illy  prepared  to  encounter,  or  withstand  an  assault 
so  little  expected. 
'I'heattnck       But  thouffh  thesc  rumors,   so  alarming  to  the   eastern   people, 

upon  the  _  °  _  .^  _  r      r     ' 

panison  of  were  in  part  unfounded  and  incorrect ;  it  is  true,  that  a  body  of 
mend.  Indians  from  the  north,  associating  with  themselves  probably  some 
young  Canibas  fighters, f  did,  Sept.  11,  fall  with  great  lury  upon 
Richmond-fort,  which,  notwithstanding  the  timely  notice  given  it 
by  the  Indian,  inigiit  liave  been  easily  taken,  had  they  known  its 
weakness,  and  made  the  best  use  of  their   advantage.     But  they 


*  About  this  time  a  letter  was  recuivcd  at  Boston,  from  Asseramo,  chief 
of  the  Wawcuocks,  (spelt  *'  Worenock,"  in  the  record,)  making;  complaints, 
f  There  were  about  lf,0  in  all. — MS.  Letter. 


Chap,  x.]  of  maine.  269 

spent  the  day  in  spoiling  some  habitations  in  the  vicinity,  and  A.  u.  nso. 
killing  domestic  animals,  probably  for  food  ;  nine  great  cattle 
being  butchered  by  them,  and  two  others  barely  escaped  slaughter 
by  running  within  the  reach  of  the  guns  at  the  fort.  In  this  crit- 
ical juncture  as  it  truly  was,  Capt.  Samuel  Goodwin  and  a  small 
party  of  his  men,  had  the  good  fortune  under  the  covert  of  dark- 
ness to  reach  the  garrison  in  safety.  When  informed  of  this  fact  Other  mis- 
by  a  prisoner,  the  assailants  abandoned  the  place  ;  and  lorming 
themselves  into  parties,  committed  acts  of  mischief  in  different 
places,  on  both  sides  of  the  Kennebeck  river. 

A  small  part  of  those  who  crossed  the  river  lurked  about  the  Some  com- 
plantation  of  Frankfort,  [now  Dresden],  watching  every  move-  Dresden, 
ment  of  the  inhabitants.  The  next  day  about  sunrise,  as  a  Mr. 
Pomeroy  was  returning  from  milking  his  cows,  an  Indian  shot  him 
from  an  ambush,  and  he  fell  dead,  just  as  he  was  entering  the 
door  of  his  house.  Aroused  by  what  had  taken  place,  Davis, 
who  dwelt  in  another  apartment  of  the  same  house,  sprang  up  to 
close  the  door,  when  the  Indian  thrust  in  the  barrel  of  his  gun 
to  prevent  its  shutting.  Davis  seized  it,  and  with  the  assistance 
of  some  women  in  the  room,  wrested  the  gun  from  the  savage, 
^nd  kept  it  as  a  trophy  of  his  success.  As  the  only  way  of  ad- 
equately avenging  himself,  the  savage  caught  a  young  child  of 
Davis',  in  the  outer  kitchen  or  near  it,  and  carried  it  away  cap- 
tive. Another  Indian,  concealing  himself  in  the  field,  fired  at 
McFarland,  as  he  went  to  work,  and  wounded  him.  Before  they 
left  the  settlement,  they  seized  two  other  men  ;  and  these  they 
carried  to  Canada.*  In  the  same  unanticipated  visit,  perhaps  ^,5^,0^ 
the  same  day,  another  party  of  them  was  ravaging  Swan  Island,  ^"j^"  '*'' 
burning  the  people's  houses  and  killing  their  cattle  ;  and  when 
they  left  the  place,  they  carried  away  with  them  thirteen  or  four- 
teen of  the  inhabitants  prisoners. f 

But  the  main  body  proceeded  down  the  river,  and  then  visit  Par- 
divided  into  scouts.  One  of  them  undertook  the  destruction  of  ^'^^  " 
Wiscasset  and  the  settlements  of  Sheepscot,  set  several  houses 
on  fire,  took  two  prisoners,  and  would  have  laid  waste  the  neigh- 
boring country,  had  they  met  with  success  in  surprizing  the 
block-house.  Another  scout  proceeded  against  Georgetown ; 
aiming  their  vengeance  at  the  garrison  on  Parker's  Island,  in  the 

*  MS.  Let.  from  Dresden.  t  See  vol.  I,  p.  50-1. 


270  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  11. 

A.  D.  i7:o.  heart  of  the  village.  Having  come  to  a  house,  Sept.  25,  within 
Sept.  23.  call  of  the  fort,  they  were  probably  discovered,  for  they  began 
their  depredations  by  assailing  it  with  their  hatchets  while  the 
owner  bravely  fought  them,  without  asking  quarter,  till  they  had 
literally  cut  their  way  into  it  through  the  doors.  He,  then  leap- 
ing out  of  a  back  window,  sought  safety  by  flight.  But  so  close- 
ly was  he  pursued  by  two  savages,  that  he  saw  no  possibility  of 
escape  otherwise,  than  by  betaking  himself  to  the  water,  and 
swimming  to  the  Island  Arrovvsick.  His  pursuers  as  nimbly 
springing  into  a  canoe  were  able  to  gain  upon  him  ;  and  when 
almost  within  reach  of  their  paddles,  he  suddenly  turned  upon 
them,  and  with  great  presence  of  mind,  overset  their  light  bark 
and  plunged  them  both  into  the  water,  when  all  three  were  on  a 
level — equals  in  the  same  element.  During  the  struggle  of  the 
Indians  lor  the  preservation  of  their  own  Uves,  he  escaped  tri- 
umphantly to  the  shore.  But  though  he  providentially  saved  his 
life,  his  house  and  barn  with  most  of  their  contents  were  reduced 
to  ashes.* 
Cany  Boldly  resisted  or  foiled  in  all  their   assaults,   they  withdrew ; 

pi^roners.  carrying  away  with  them,  between  20  and  30  prisoners,  and  taking 
on  their  route,  one  man  at  Maquoit,  one  at  New-Marblehead, 
[Windham]  and  one  at  Gorhamlown.  On  their  return,  they 
shewed  themselves  in  the  outskirts  of  Falmouth,  and  did  some 
mischief  in  several  other  places.  Particularly  in  passing  through 
New-Gloucester,  they  met  Joseph  Taylor  and  Mr.  Farewell  near 
Seabody-pond  ;  whom  they  seized,  and  proceeded  with  them 
through  the  woods,  towards  the  sources  of  the  Little  Androscog- 
gin, in  the  northerly  part  of  the  present  Paris.  Discovering  a 
ot\Snnw?.id  new  track,  they  pursued  it  to  the  height  of  land,  where  they 
iJuuerfifki.  ^^^^^^  ^j^^  ^_^^^^  ^^  ^^^^^  hunters,  Snow   and   Butterfield.     At  the 

moment  of  discovery,  the  Indian  file-leader,  hooded  with  a  large 
hawk-skin,  retaining  its  feathers,  and  hanging  down  upon  his 
shoulders,  raised  a  hideous  yell,  and  quickened  his  pace.  Snow, 
having  been  a  captive  in  a  former  war,  and  conceiving  a  great 
antipathy  to  the  Indians  and  their  manner  of  living,  had  deter- 
mined to  sacrifice  his  life,  rather  than  be  again  their  prisoner. 
When  he  heard  the  shout,  he  was  in  a  sitting  posture,  pecking 
the  flint  of  his  gun,  which  was  at  the  time   loaded  with  only   a 

•  1  Minot,  p.  141. 


Chap,  x.]  of  maIne.  271 

partridge-charge.  Deliberately  rising  on  his  feet,  and  taking  a..  D.  iioo. 
good  aim,  he  brought  the  foremost  Indian  to  the  ground,  only  a 
kw  feel  distant.  He  was  their  Chief.  This  so  infuriated  his 
companions,  that  they  instantly  fired  upon  him  a  volley,  which 
pierced  his  body  through  with  several  bullets.  To  satiate  their 
rage,  they  then  cut  and  mangled  it  till  tired  ;  leaving  it  above 
ground,  and  forbidding  Butterfield,  and  the  other  prisoners,  to 
bury  or  touch  it.  The  body  of  their  Chief  they  carried  into  a 
bog,  where  IMoose-pond  empties  into  Little  Androscoggin  ;  and 
after  breaking  the  turf  and  forming  an  aperture,  they  crushed  it 
deep  into  the  mire,  and  departed  ;  uttering  expressions  of  inter- 
mingled grief  and  respect.  At  Umbagog  Lake,  they  fell  in 
company  with  another  party  of  Indian  plunderers,  when  all  of 
them  joined  in  something  like  funeral  solemnities,  commemorative 
of  their  Sagamore's  death  ; — then  wiping  the  tearful  eye,  re- 
hearsed to  each  other  their  adventures  and  feats,  with  the  same 
good  cheer,  as  if  nothing  melancholy  had  happened.  Taylor 
was  with  them  five  years,  became  acquainted  with  both  the 
French  and  Indian  languages,  and  was  afterwards  an  instructer 
of  Indian  youth  at  Dartmoutli  College.* 

This  sudden  and  unexpected  incursion  of  the  Indians,  ag^^iin  Tho  easiprn 
filled  the  eastern  country  with  fearful  distress,  and  the  government  '^""""'^„  , 
with  great  anxiety.  For  if  peace  could  not  be  enjoyed  when  "'^'^  alarm, 
there  were  subsisting  treaties  between  the   English   and   French  i^efnnsive 

°  "  measures. 

crowns, — and  between  New-England  colonists  and  the  natives ; 
then  surely  no  respite  from  perpetual  warfare,  could  be  expected. 
As  the  best  way  to  encounter  such  an  emergency,  the  Lieutenant- 
Governor  ordered  150  men  to  be  detached  or  drafted,  from  the 
eastern  Regiment,  now  commanded  |  by  Col.  Charles  Cushing 
of  Falmouth,  and  sent  to  scour  the  woods  on  the  frontiers  be- 
tween Saco  and  St.  Georges ; — also  supplies  of  ammunition  were 
put  into  the  hands  of  Capt.  Williamson  of  Wiscasset,  and  Capt. 
Nichols  of  Sheepscot,  for  the  common  good.f  Nor  did  the  de- 
fensive measures  rest  here  ;  for  the  General  Court  being  specially 
convened,  Sept.  26,  voted  pay  and  supplies  to  the  soldiers  raised, 
until  the  1st  of  November,    the  succeeding  year,   unless  sooner 


*  J!S.  Let.  J.  S.  Holmes,  Esq.  1721. — Mr.  I'aylor  lived  in  Claremont,  N. 
11.     His  oldest  daughter  was  the  wife  of  Col.  E.  Rawson  of  Paris,  Maine, 
t  Jour.  IT.  of  Rep.  p.  G6,  A,  D.  1750. 


272  THE  HISTORY  [Vol.  n. 

A.D.  1750  discharged;  and  requested  the  Lieutenant-Governor  to  send   de 

la  Jonquiere  a  letter, — remonstrating  in  most  pointed  terms  against 

his  course   with  the  northern   Indians  ;  and   demanding   redress 

and  a  release  of  prisoners  without  delay. 

A.D.  1751.      'Pq  f^j-iish  vvhat  is  to  be  related  of  the  Indians  prior  to  a  formal 

Indians       ^^^  j-,g^y  Confirmation  of  the  late  treaty;  it  remains  to  be  stated, 

commit  mis-  •'   ' 

ohiofsai      that  June  8th,  the  next  year,  (1751)  they  killed  Job  Burnal,  in 
an-t  ,\'ew-    the  highway  at  Falmouth,  and  shot  his  horse  under  him.     About 

Meadows.  ^  J  ^  r  tvt  tit       j 

a  month  afterwards,  they  carried  away  from  JNew-IMeadows,  seven 
of  the  inhabitants,  prisoners.  Purrington  and  Lombard  were  the 
names  of  two,  and  the  others  belonged  to  the  families  of  Messrs, 
Hinkley  and  Whitney.*  But  it  was  manifest  that  since  the  return 
of  the  northern  Indians  the  previous  autumn,  to  St.  Francois,  and 
Trois  Revieres,  the  instances  of  mischief  were  principally  acts 
of  mere  revenge,  committed  by  stragglers  and  renegadoes,  unen- 
couraged  probably  by  any  tribe.  The  Sokokis  Indians,  whose 
families  had  been  with  the  English,  while  they  themselves  were 
at  Louisbourg,  had  of  choice  returned  to  their  former  places  of 
abode  and  hunting  grounds  at  Pegwacket ;  satisfied  with  the 
treatment  received,  and  much  attached  to  their  English  friends. f 
Inieresting  Indeed,  an  interesting  Indian  girl,  the  daughter  of  Capt.  Sam, 
Cci?a°!giri.  was  so  captivatcd  with  the  idea  of  neatness,  learning  and  fashion, 
that  she  chose  to  leave  the  tribe,  and  live  with  her  well  beloved 
mistress.  No  particular  eastern  tribe  appeared  now  to  be  hos- 
tile. The  Sagamores  at  Penobscot  and  even  Norridgewock,  de- 
clared they  had  no  share  in  the  late  rupture,  and  expressed  strong 
desires  of  immediately  renewing  their  former  trade  and  connex- 
ions with  the  English.  J 
August.  Commissioners,  therefore,  attended  by  a   guard  of  150   men, 

'it?n^iaus'  detailed  from  Col.  Cushing's  regiment,  met  at  St.  Georges'   fort, 
confirmed.    August  3,  the  delegates  from  the  tribes  at   Penobscot,  Passama- 
quoddy  and  St.  John's  river,  for  the  purpose   of  settling   all   for- 
mer difficulties. — "  Long  talks,"  were  followed  by  re-assurances 
from  the  chiefs,  of  their  wishes  to  live  in  tranquillity ;  and  hence 


*  Smith's  Jour.  p.  55.  f  Mass.  Letter  Book,  p.  114-15. 

\  1  Jlinol,  p.  165.— 'Tlie  Norridg-ewocks  have  left  their  usual  place  of 
'  residence,  and  in  all  probability  have  joined  the  St.  Francois  Indians. — I 
'  was  well  satisfied  they  would  not  meet  us  at  St.  Georges.  A  further  and 
'  more  general  conference  may  be  expected,  and  all  difficulties  accommo- 
*  dated.' — Lieut.  Gov.  Speech, 


Chap,  x.]  of  maine,  273 

the  treaty,  signed  two  years  before,  was  fully  and  formally  con-  A.D.  1751 
firmed.  However,  as  there  were  present  no  delegates  from  Nor- 
ridgewock  or  St.  Francois,  another  and  larger  convention  was 
agreed  upon  ; — the  Lieut.  Governor,  Sept.  3,  proclaimed  a  ces- 
sation of  hostilities  ; — and  the  General  Court  resolved  to  make 
the  tribe  at  Penobscot  a  valuable  present  every  year,  as  a  token 
of  subsisting  amity,  so  long  as  the  Indians  observed  their  treaty- 
obligations.* 


*  17  C.  Rec.  p.  399. 

JN'ote. — List  of  the  French  Governors  of  Canada,  from  1610,  to  1711. 

Accessus.  Exitus. 

1610-11  Count  de  Bourbon,  Prince  of  Conde,  and  Montmorency 

Samuel  Champlain,  Deputy-Governor  1635 

1636         M.  de  Montmagny 

1647         M.  d'Ailleboust  1651 

1651         M,  de  Lauson 
1657         Vicount  d  Argenboil 
1661         Baron  d'Avangour 

1663        M.  de  Mesey.— Governor  of  "  New  France.'* 
1666        M.  de  Courcelles,  recalled     1671 

1671  Count  de  Frontenac 

1672  M.  de  Courcelles,  (returned) 

1682  M.  le  Fevre,  de  la  Barre,  Gov*  Gen.  New-France 

1687  M.  Denonville 

1689  Count  Frontenac,  returned                                                 died     1698 

1698  Mons.  Caillieries,                                26  May,                       "       1703 

1703  M.  de  Vandreuil,                                        Oct.                       "       1725 

1725  Charles,  J\Iarquis  de  Beauharnois                                                  1744 

1744  Marquis  I'Galisioniere                                                                         1740 

1746  Marquis  Jonquiere                                                                died     1751 

1752  "        du  Quesne  Menueville 

1756  "        Vandreuil  de  Carnegal : — who  surrendered  to  the 
British  arms,  1760-1. 


Vol.  ri.  35 


274  TIIF.  HISTORY  [^OL.  U. 


CHAPTER  XI. 

The  eastern  country — Sentiments  of  the  people — Happy  change 
from  rigid  intolerance,  to  freedom  of  eomeience — Sectarians — 
Public  ivorskip  enjoined  as  a  duty — A  learned  ministry  required 
—  The    clergy    of   Maine — Congrrgationalists   in  general,    unth 

few    exceptions — British    American    system Navigation   act 

Trespass  act — Bills  of  credit — Iron  act — West  India  trade 
restricted — Ncto,  or  enlarged  eastern  settlements — German  emi' 
grants — Netv  valuation — Excise  and  impost  duties — New  style — 
A  parley  with  the  Natives,  favorable  to  peace — Fortifications  im- 
proved— A  new  county  desired  on  Kennebcck — Settlements  there 
disturb  the  Indians — Fires  in  the  Icing's  zvoods — Reasons  ivhy  the 
eastern  country  docs  not  settle —  Vassal's  project  of  settlement — 
Newcastle  incorporated — Shirley's  return  froin  Europe — Dispute 
about  the  boundaries,  stated — The  Indians — Captives  withholden 
by  the  French — An  agency  for  them — First  French  aggressions 
were  at  Lake  Erie — George  Washington — Nova  Scotia  fortified 
by  the  French — Forts  Halifax,  Western  and  Shirley  on  Kenne- 
bcck— Plan  of  Colonial  Union — Indians'  attack  at  Fort  Hcdifax 
— Embargo — Captives  again  sent  for — St.  Francois  Indians — 
Defensive  measures — Public  emergency. 

A.  D.  1750,  '^  *^'^6  neighboring  Province  of  Nova  Scotia  owed  its  advance- 
PioJpe'ct  "^^"^  ^°  *^^^  patronage  and  treasure  of  the  moth::-  country  ;  the 
prove'ment  "^^ercsts  of  Maine  and  Sagadahock  were  nourished  by  the  enter- 
of  the  east-  prize  and   blood   of  their  own   inhabitants.     Untold   numbers  of 

ern  country.  '■ 

them,  the  bravest  and  best  of  men,  had  sacrificed  their  lives,  at 
the  shrine  of  French  and  savage  warfare;  while  numbers  still 
greater,  survived  to  see  the  wreck  of  their  families  and  their 
estates.  In  a  former  ase,  too,  political  changes  were  their  un- 
happy doom  ;  and  at  all  time?,  it  Iiad  been  their  destiny  to  en- 
dure an  incredible  share  of  privation  and  suffering.  But  a  more 
cheering  aspect  is  at  length  given,  equally  to  their  affairs  and 
their  fortunes.  The  wars,  which  had  so  often  wasted  them  and 
their  substance,  were  likewise  the  principal  means  by  which  sev- 
eral tribes  were  nearly  exterminated,  and  others  greatly  thinned 


Chap,  xi.]  ok  Maine.  275 

and  weakened.     In  the  last  one,  there   were  no  exploits   of    theA.D.  1750, 

.  .  ,10  1751. 

Indians,  which  gave  them  any  occasion  of  boasting  or  triumph. 
No  towns  were  sacked  or  overcome,  not  a  fort  nor  yet  a  block- 
house taken  by  them.  Our  losses  consisted  chiefly  in  the  many 
lives  of  individuals  killed,  and  in  the  destruction  made  among 
the  domestic  animals  ; — while  the  enemy's  trophies  were  cap- 
lives,  scalps,  and  plunder.  Never  had  the  inhabitants  evinc- 
ed purer  patriotism,  or  more  determinate  fortitude  and  res- 
olution, than  in  that  war.  Nor  is  there  undue  merit  claimed  in 
the  reduction  of  Louisbourg,  when  we  consider,  that  the  chief 
officers,  and  also  a  soldiery  entirely  disproportionate  to  popula- 
tion, were  from  Maine.  As  soon  as  the  war  closed,  the  people,  Merits  and 
who  had  been  driven  into  forts  and  block-houses  for  the  preser-  of  ihe  peo- 
vation  of  their  lives,  cheerfully  returned  to  their  habitations,  and '"^' 
resumed  their  industry  and  pursuits.  It  seemed  to  be  an  age  of 
unanimity  in  sentiment,  of  deep  moral  sense,  and  of  pious  confi- 
dence in  the  Providence  of  God.  In  times  of  war,  drought, 
sickness,  or  other  severe  afflictions,  they  with  great  unity  of 
heart,  consecrated  particular  days  to  fasting,  humiliation  and 
prayer;  and  if  special  relief  were  interposed,  or  remarkable 
successes  granted,  they  celebrated  the  occasion  in  a  public  thanks- 
giving. There  was  harmony  too,  in  the  government,  and  union 
among  the  people.  Rigid  tenets  and  a  persecuting  spirit  had  at 
length  yielded  to  maxims  of  reason,  to  dictates  of  good  sense, 
and  to  the  more  benevolent  principles  of  the  gospel. 

A  century  had  wrought  so  happy  a  change   in   religious  senti-  Uniformity 
ment ;  that  we  ought  not  to  pass  unnoticed  the  traces  of  its   pro- "I^^^IJo^/yl.',^. 
gress.     Our  puritan  fathers   were  not  only  educated   to  notions  l^hu,"^  g^^i 
of  royal  supremacy,  and  to  rules  of  dictation  by  prelates,  in   all  ^'^'^• 
matters  of  belief  and  church    government ;  they  were   animated 
by  an  unhallowed  zeal,  without  a  consciousness  of  its  force ;  and 
in  this  way,  they  unfortunately  fell  into   errors  similar  to  those  of 
the  arbitrary  religionists,  from  whom  they  had  separated.     These 
errors  consisted  summarily  in  two  particulars ; — the  supposed  ne- 
cessity of  uniformity  in  public  worship ;    and  the  connexion   oj 
Church  and  State.     The  one   led   on  to  measures  against  relig- 
ious  toleration;  and  the  other  armed   the  law   and  the   magis- 
trate with  the  sword,  in  support  or  defence  of  what  was  believed 
to  be  vital  religion.     In  England  the  church  split  and  parted 


276  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II, 

A.n   1750, upon  the  same   rock;  yet  the  puritans  neither   saw   it  nor   sus-^ 

lo  1751.  ^  ''  ^ 

pected  It. 

Theocraf''  ^  Spiritual  father  of  Massachusetts,  in  1633,  preached,  that 
"  government  ought  to  be  considered  as  a  Theocracy,  wherein 
'<the  Lord,  was  Lawgiver,  Judge,  and  King,  and  the  people  as 
"  God's  people  in  covenant  with  him ;  that  none  other  than  per- 
*'  sons  of  approved  piety  and  eminent  gifts  should  be  chosen 
"  rulers,  or  appointed  judges  ;  and  that  ministers  should  be  con- 
'f  suited  in  all  matters  of  religion,  and  magistrates  have  a  supei> 
''  intending  coercive  power  over  the  churches."  A  test  act  fol- 
lowed, which  excluded  from  civil  office  all  who  were  not  in  com- 
munion ;  but  this  only  lasted  till  1 665.     Still  there  was  a  spirit  of 

toleration,  rigid  intolerance,  which  nothing  could  effectually  shake.  A  ven- 
erable Massachusetts'  magistrate  of  good  reputation,  left,  when  he 
died,  A.  D.  1653,  some  doggerel  poetry,  in  which  he  cau- 
tioned '  the  men  of  God  in  Courts  and  Churches,  to  watch  over 

*  such  as  would  hatch  the  cockatrice  egg  of  toleration.''     At  this 
Religious     early  age  the  opposing  sects  were,    1,   the    Gortonists,  ^^  who  de-^ 

'^  nied  the  humanity  of  Christ;"  2,  the  Familists,  "who  depend^^ 
<'ed  upon  rare  revelations;"  3,  the  Seekers,  '*  who  question  the 
"  word  and  ordinances  ;"  4,  the  Antinomians,  "  who  deny  the 
*«  moral  law  to  be  the  rule  of  Christ ;"  or,  "  who  prefer  faith 
^'  without  works  ;"  5,  the  Baptists,  "  who  openly  condemned  or 
*'  opposed  tlie  baptising  of  infants  and  parish  assessments  ;"*and 
6,  the  Quakers  who  v«-ere  foes  to  forms,  fashions,  oaths,  parish 
taxes,  wars,  and  the  dictates  of  magistracy ;— ^believing  the  outer 
and  inner  man  should  "  be  yea,  yea,  and  nay,  nay." 
,  ..  The  Cainbridsie  Pluform,  concluded    1648, f   recognized   the 

Piaiii.im!  power  and  authority  of  magistrates,  "  so  far  as  to  help  and  further 
the  Churches;"  and  aimed  at  uniformity  as  well  as  purity  in  doc- 
trine and  practical  discipline.  This  was  followed  by  a  law  passed 
in  1658,  which  forbade  the  preaching  of  any  person,— provided 

*  two  organic  Churches,  the  Council,  or  General  Court  should  be 
dissatisfied  with  his  qualifications.'  One  of  the  last  of  these  in-? 
tolerant  enactments,  was  in  1677,  which  rendered  a  person  fina- 
ble who  even  attended  a  quaker-meeting. 

*  9  Coll  M.  Hist.  Sue.  p.  49.— Called  ?A  tliat  liine  ■>  Anabaptists."'— Rev. 
Dr.  Chauricey  lho!iL;-lit  infants  "  shoDltl  be  dippi^n!  in  tiie  w.ilcr." — 10  Co/L 
JUax.1.  Hist.  Soc.  31.  f  2  Math.  Mag-.  202. 


Chap,  xi.]  of  Maiwe.  277 

In  support  of  these  sentiments  and  laws,  one  grave  divine  a.  D.  i750, 
insisted,  that  what  "  is  contrary  to  the  gospel,  hath  no  right,  and 
"therefore  should  have  no  liberty."  Another,  in  1673,  who  was  conscience 
President  of  Harvard  College,  pronounced  '  the  outcry,  in  this 
'  age,  for  liberty  of  conscience, — to  be  the  great  Diana  of  the 
'  libertines.'  Nay,  said  he,  "  I  look  upon  toleration  as  the  first 
"  born  of  all  abominations."  A  third  uses  this  sort  of  language, 
'  I  abhor  the  toleration  of  divers  religions,  or  of  one  religion  in 
'segregant  shapes.  For  surely,  an  untruth  authorized  by  tolera- 
'  tion  of  the  State,  is  but  a  battlement — laid  to  batter  the  walls 
'  of  heaven.  "  He  that  is  willing  to  tolerate  an  unsound  opin- 
"  ion,  that  his  own  may  be  tolerated,  though  never  so  sound, 
"  would,  if  need  be,  hang  the  bible  at  the  devil's  girdle.  It  is  said, 
"  men  ouglit  to  have  liberty  of  conscience,  and  it  is  persecution 
"to  debar  them  of  it: — 'But  to  me,  it  is  an  astonishment,  that 
"  the  brains  of  men  should  be  parboiled  in  such  impious  ignor- 
"ance."* 

Influenced  as  the  men   of  the  asre   were,   by   such   a   spirit  of  r, 

°  j'  _  •  leisecution 

intolerance  in  life  and  also  in  laws,  penned   with   the   point    of  a  ''"ii<'weii  by 

,,.,.,,,  loletation. 

diamond,  dipped  in  blood,  no  wonder  the  government  and  the 
church  in  league  turned  the  sword  upon  those  hapless  mortals, 
whose  free  opinions  when  merely  expressed,  rendered  them  ob- 
noxious to  all  the  severities  of  persecution.  The  familists  and 
antlnomians  were  banished  ;  the  baptists  whipped,  and  the  quakers 
hanged. f  It  was  a  period  of  maddening  zeal,  which  fits  men 
for  unrelenting  animosities,  and  forges  the  weapons  of  civil  war. 
In  short,  strange  as  it  may  appear  to  us  of  the  present  genera- 
tion, neither  the  benign  principles  of  the  gospel,  the  lights  of 
reason,  nor  even  the  sympathies  of  our  nature, — nothing,  but  a 
mandate  from  the  king,  July  24,  1679, J  could  or  did  dissolve 
the  demoniac  spell,  and  give  to  all,  except  papists,  the  freedom 
of  conscience.  This  injunction  was  re-sanctioned  by  the  crown, 
in  the  Provincial  charter  ;  and  hence  there  were  no  more  enact- 
ments against  heresy.     Society  became  peaceful  and  harmonious,  I'li-i'pgfs 

.  .  J  f  5  e.NiPnd<-d  to 

and  sectarians  ceased  from    troubling.^     In  1742,   Episcopalians  t:piscopaii- 

*  lEclk.  N.  H.  p.  72. 

t  I  Doug-.  Sumin.  p.  4n.— See  Ordinances,  A.  D.  1646-{J ;  and  vol.  1, 
Chap.  12.  p,  379-81.         |  Hutchinson's  S.  Papers,  p.  520.— 1  Hist.  p.  293.- 

q  We  find  that  in  those  places  where  the  Quakers  "  are  most  of  all  suf- 
.*'  fered  to  declare  themselves  freely  and  ere  onl}'    opposed   by   arguments, 


278  "^'^^^  HISTORY  [Vol.  II. 

A.  I).  1730,  were  allowed  to  apply  their  taxes  to  pay  their  own  minister ; 
Baptists  and  Quakers  were  exempted   from   ministerial  or  par- 

rS  ^a'^'d     ochial  taxes,  in  Connecticut,  A.  D.  1729  ;*  and  by  temporary  laws 

Quaker.-.  .^  Massachusetts,  made  perpetual,  in  1757,  the  same  relief  was 
extended  to  them  through  this  Province.  Tlie  next  year,  affirm- 
ation was  allowed  to  Quakers,  instead  of  an  oath  ;  and  in  1763, 
they  were  excused  from  doing  military  duty. 

As  this  happy  revolution  in  sentiment  had  been  in  great  measure 
effected,  by  enlightening  and  liberalizing  the  mind,  educating  the 
heart,  and  softening  the  affections ;  it  is  interesting  to  mark  the 
vigilant  care,  exercised  by  government  over  both  the  instructers 
in  religion  and  teachers  of  youth.  Habits  of  thought  and  closer 
investigation,  being  thus  promoted,  finally  produced  the  best  of 

Public  wor-  fruits.     The  ministry  and  the   common   schools  have  ever   gone 

ship  enjoin-  .  r         i  i-  i  • 

ed  as  a       hand  in  hand.      The   privilege  and  pleasure  ot  public  worship 
"'■^'  were,  however,  in  1641,  made  a  duty  ;  while  all  towns,  in  1654, 

were  required   to  provide  themsekes  meeting-houses,   and    give 
their  ministers  an  "  honorable  support ;"  also  in  1692,  it  was  en- 
joined   upon    them  to    be   constantly    provided   with   "  an   able, 
Liiersry      jgarned,    and    orthodox    minister."      Indeed,  another  statute,  in 
lions  of  mill-  17(50,  disallowed  assessments  to   pav  him,   unless  he  had  been 

islers.  '  . 

'  educated  at  some  university,  college  or  public  academy,  where 
'  the  learned  languages,  the  arts  and  sciences  were  taught ;  or 
'  had  received  a  degree  from  some  public  seminary  ;  or  could 
'  show  testimonials  from  a  majority  of  the  settled  ministers  in  the 
'  county,  where  he  proposed  to  settle,  that  he  had  sufficient  learn- 
'  ing  to  qualify  him  for  the  work  of  the  ministry.'  Though  min- 
isters must  be  orthodox  [pious  and  evangelical,]  their  literary 
qualifications  were  in  the  eye  of  the  law  indispensable  to  their 
usefulness. 
The  minis-  At  this  period,  there  were  fifteen  Churches  in  these  two  eastern 
''>°''^^'''"^' Provinces,  and  fourteen  settled  clergymen,  whose  character  for 
B.  Stevens,  abilities,  learning,  and  piety,  rendered  them  ornamental  to  their 
profession.  At  Kittery-point,  Rev.  Benjamin  Stevens,  ordained, 
May  1,  1751,  the  colleague  of  Mr.  Newmarch,  was  a  gentle- 
man so  approved  for  his  talents,  and  knowledge  of  science  and 
theology,  as  to  have  a  doctorate  given  him ;  and  so  esteemed  by 

"  tliere  thev  nave  least  desire  to  comc.'^— Letter  of  Governor  and  Council 
in  R.  /•  Oct.  13,  1657,  lo  General  Court,  Boston. 
*  1  Hoi.  A.  Ann.  \\  121. 


Chap,  xi.]  of  biaine.  27^ 

his  parish,  as  to  be  its  minister  40  years.     His  cotemporary   in  a,  d.  1730, 
the  north  parish  of  the  same  town,   [Eliot]   was  the   Rev.  John 
Rosrers.     There  were  two  parishes  in  York.     Rev.  i^aac  Z/wman.  a '  / 

^  '■  •'I.  Lyman. 

graduate  of  Yale  College,  1747,  succeeded  the  famous  Mr. 
Moody,  in  1749  ;  and  for  50  years,  faithfully  performed  the  pas- 
toral duties  to  his  charge.  He  was  a  man  of  great  sedateness, 
good  understanding  and  fair  fame  ;  there  being  ^q\w  men  whose 
characters  are  so  entirely  free  of  blemishes.  Of  the  Scottish 
pai-isb,  Mr.  Samuel  Chandler  was  the  minister  for  ten  years  ^-  ^''^"" 
prior  to  his  dismission,  in  1751.     His  successor  was   Rev.   Sam- 

'■  _  _  ,  _  S.  Lankton. 

uel  Lankton^  settled,  in  1754,  who  filled  his  station  "with   honor 
"  to  himself  and  benefit  to  his  people,  more  than  40  years.     He 
*'  was  an  accurate  scholar,  a    very  close   student,  and   an   exem- 
"  plary  devout  christian."     In  Berwick,  Mr,  Jeremiah  Wise  has 
been  previously  mentioned,  as  a  man   of  learning,   prudence  and 
piety.     He  was  succeeded  in  the  ministry,  September,  1756,  the 
year  of  his  death,  by  Mr.  Jacob  Foster.      This  gentleman   was  a  j  poster 
graduate  of  Harvard,  in  1 754  ;  a  lover  of  learning  and  of  pure  re- 
ligion.    His  manners  were   exceedingly   pleasant   and   engaging, 
and  his  discourses  orthodox  and  well   written.      Finding   it  diffi- 
cult to  support  his  family  in  the  revolutionary  war,  he   was   dis- 
missed at  his  own  request,  in  1777  ;  and  being  warmly   devoted 
to  whig-principles,  he  entered  as  chaplain  into  the  army.     A  sec- 
ond parish  was  established,  in    1751,   at   "Blackberry   Hill,"   in 
Berwick,  a  church  was    formed,  and   Mr.  John  Morse  settled,  joim Morse, 
in  1755.     He  was  a  serious   godly   young  divine,   possessing   a 
soul  adorned  with  the  choicest  flowers  of  religion,  and  the  quahfica- 
tions  of  a  pastor,  which  greatly  endeared  him  to  his  flock.     In 
about  ten  years  he  was  taken   from   them   by    death,   universally 
lamented.     Rev.  Mr.  JefFerds  of  Wells,  dying  in    1752,  after  a 
ministry  of  27  years,  was  succeeded  by   Rev.  Gideon   Richard- ^•^^'^^^'^^' 
son,  in  1754;  and  he,   by  Rev.   Moses   Hemmemvay,  in    1759.3]   Hem- 
At  an  early  period  in  life,  the  latter  gentleman  received  a  doctor-  '"^"^^y- 
ate  from  Harvard  College ;  and  through  his  ministry,  he  was  dis- 
tinguished for  a  patient  study  of  the  fathers,  and  laborious    inves- 
tigation    of    abstruse    points   in   polemical  divinity.      Mr.   John 
Hovey  was  minister  of  Arundel,  a  period   of  27  years  prior  to 
his  dismission,  in    1768,      At  Biddeford,  Mr.   Moses  »^o^^«*^^»  ^  M.  Morrill, 
graduate  of  Harvard,  was  settled,  in  1742,  while   quite  a  young 
man — scarcely  21  years  of  age.     Endued  with  a  spirit  of  peace, 


280  f^^'^  HISTORY  [Vol.  ii. 

A.  D.  1750,  he  passed  through  a  happy  and  useful  ministry  of  35  years,  leaving 
a  name  dear  to  his  charge  for  his  many  excellencies.      Mr.  Wm^ 
""'''  Thompson,  the  minister  of  Scarborough,  before  mentioned,   died 


son. 


in  1 759.  He  appears  to  have  been  a  minister  of  considerable 
learning  as  well  as  gifts,  also  sound  in  the  faith,  if  not  the  most 
successful  preacher.  Though  a  parish  was  formed  in  Falmouth,* 
at  Purpooduck,  A.  D.  1734,  and  another  at  Presumpscot,  [New- 

T  Smith.  Casco]  in  1753,  the  Rev.  Mr.  Smith,  was  the  only  setded  minis- 
ter in  the  town  for  many  years.  He  was  a  man  of  brilliant  tal- 
ents and  ardent  piety.  His  religious  sentiments  were  purely 
evangelical,  and   his   discourses  fraught  with  pathos  and  sound 

N.  i.oriiig.  doctrine.  Of  North-Yarmouth,  Mr.  JVicholas  Loring  was  the 
parish  minister,  from  1736  to  1763,  the  year  of  his  death.     Mr. 

R.  Duniap.  Robert  Dunlap,  a  native  of  Ireland,  educated  at  the  University 
of  Edinburgh,  was  ordained  in  Boston  by  the  Presbytery,  A.  D. 
1747,  to  the  ministry,  over  the  people  of  Brunswick.  Here  his 
pastoral  relation  continued  thirteen  years.  The  inhabitants  of 
Topsham  plantation  were  a  part  of  his  charge,  and  contributed 
something  towards  his  support.f 


*  In  1753,  there  were  in  Falmouth, — 120  families  on  the  neck ;  48  in 
Stroudwater,  including- Long'-creek ;  21  at  Back-cove  ;  51  on  the  Islands 
and  elsewhere — in  all,  240  families,  besides  200  families  in  Purpooduck, 
(Spurwink.) — Smith's  Jour.  p.  58. — Also  in  New-Casco,  including  three 
small  Islands,  100  families. — 8  Jour.  House  of  Rep.  p.  228. 

i  Mr.  Stevens  graduated  at  Harv.  Coll.  1740,  settled  1751,  died  1791 


Mr.  Rogers 

(C 

(( 

1711, 

Mr.  Chandler 

(( 

(( 

1735, 

Mr.  Foster 

(( 

(( 

1754, 

Mr.  Morse 

(( 

(( 

1751, 

Mr.  Richardson 

(( 

C( 

1749, 

Mr.  Hemmenway 

(( 

(( 

1755, 

Mr.  Hovey 

(( 

M 

1725, 

Mr.  Lyman 

«  at 

Yale 

College, 

1747, 

Mr.  Smith 

«  at  Harv. 

College, 

,  1725, 

Mr.  Morrill 

(( 

li 

1737, 

Mr.  Loring 

it 

«( 

1732, 

Mr.  Thompson 

Mr.  Wright 

Mr.  Lombard 

Mr.  Lankton 

1721, 

" 

1761 

1751, 

1756, 

dis. 

'■',??  I") 

1755, 

died  1765 

1754, 

u 

1758 

1759, 

a 

1811 

1741, 

dis. 

1768 

1749, 

died  1810 

1727, 

" 

1795 

1742, 

(( 

1778 

1736, 

u 

1763 

1727, 

il 

1759 

1743, 

(( 

1754 

1750, 

(( 

1764 

1754, 

« 

1794 

(a)  Mr.  Chandler  was  installed  in  1761,  at  Gloucester,  Mass. — Mr.  Fos- 
ter was  installe*!  in  1781,  at  Packersfield,  N.  H.,  and  after  about  10  year* 
he  was  dismissed  and  settled  at  Rye,  N.  H.—  See  Greenleafs  Ecc.  Sketchen. 
— See  ante.  p.  17. 


Chap,  xi.]  '     OF  waine.  281 

Besides  these   ordained    clergymen   in   the   corporate    towns,  ad.  1750, 
there  were  a  few  plantations,  which  had  become  parishes,  and  had 
settled  ministers,  also  there  were  several  itinerant  preachers  in 
the  eastern  country. — New  Marblehead,   [Windham,]    in    1747, 
settled  Mr.  John  Wright,  where  he  lived  and  labored  in  the  gos- J^yrig,,^ 
pel  ministry,  till  his   death,   in    1754.     Rev.    Solomon  Lombard  ^i^^,.^^^^^ 
was  ordained  at  Gorhamtown,  in   1750;  and  Jlierr?/coneffg-pen- [;'^;.j_^"'"' 
insula,  (Harpswell,)  being  separated  the  same  year  from  North- 
Yarmouth,  and  formed  into   a  precinct  or  district,  settled   Rev. 
Elisha  Eaton  in  1753,  who  was  happy  with  his  people  so  long  as 
he  lived — being  a   faithful  and  acceptable  minister  eleven  years. 
To  enable  such  plantations  as  entered  into   ministerial   contracts,  Plantations 
to  fulfil  them,  an   act  was  passed   in   1751,  by  which  the  Courts 
of  Sessions  were  authorized  to  apportion  the  assessments  and  ap- 
point a  collector.     They  were  also  now   for  the  first  time,  taken 
into  the  general  valuation,  and  rules  prescribed  by  law,  for  their 
organization   and   the  choice  of  officers. — Rev.  Robert  Ruther-  R.  Rmlier- 
ford,^  a  man   of  a   very  amiable   and  excellent  disposition,  offi- 
ciated  several  years,  in  the   double  capacity  of  minister   to  the 
people,   and   chaplain   in  the  fort  at  St.  Georges'  river,  where  he 
died  in  1756.     For  4  or  5  years.  Rev.  Alexander  Boyd,  a  presby-  a.  Eoyd. 
terian  candidate,  preached  with   great   acceptance  to  the  people 
of  Georgetown  ;  and   from   the  first  time  of  their  becoming  ac- 
quainted with   his   eloquent  manner  and   able   performances,  in 
1748,  they  would  have  settled  him,  had  not  the  presbytery   found 
obstacles  in  the  way  of  his  ordination. 

Hence  it  is  manifest,  that  though  the  devout  religionists  of 
Massachusetts  might  look  with  obloquy  upon  this  Province,  as 
the  receptacle  of  scismatics  and  excommunicants  ;  or  tauntingly 
say,  "  that  when  a  man  could  find  no  religion  to  his  taste,  let  him 
remove  to  Maine ;" — we  find  at  the  present  period,  its  inhabit- 
ants, in  proportion  to  their  numbers  and  wealth,  supporting  as 
many  learned  and  worthy  ministers  as  any  part  of  New-England. 
In  no  Province  was  there  greater  unanimity  in  religious  sentiment 

*  Mr.  Rutherford  came  to  Pemaquid  with  Col.  Dunbar  about  1729-30. 
He  died  at  St.  Georges,  and  was  interred  in  the  burying  ground  near  the 
mansion  of  the  late  Gen.  Knox.  On  his  grave  stone]  is  this  inscription,— 
"  Here  lies  buried  the  body  of  Rev.  Mr.  Robert  Rutherford,  M.  A.  who 
"  died  on  the  18th  of  October,  1756,  aged  68  years,* 
Vol.  II.  36 


282  'I'HE  HISTORY  [Vol.  ii. 

A,  D.  1750,  among  the  people  ; — in  none,  more  fellowship  among  the  minis- 
terial brethren.  The  community  was  in  general  a  body  of  con- 
muiiity,  ill  gregationalists,^  if  a  very  few  presbylerians  and  episcopalians, 
%7Jatiojmi'-  and  still  fewer  baptists  and  quakers,  be  excepted  ;  and  even  with 
"'*'  them,  there  were  now  no  important  dissensions  in  sentiment. 

Biiiish  Another  subject,  important  to  this,  and  every  English  Province, 

system.        was  the  trade  of  the  country,  as  connected  with   England.     The 
same  year  (1696)  in  which  die  crown  established  the  Board,  called 
"  The  Lords  Commissioners  for  Trade  and  Plantations;^^  par- 
liament commenced   the  American    System  :f — passing  first  the 
Navigation  jsfavigation  Act.     By  this  it  was  required  that  all   ships  trading 
between  the  mother  country  and  her  colonies,  be  English,  Irish,  or 
American  buih,  and   their   cargoes,   the  property   of  the  king's 
Trespass      subjects.     Another  called  the  Trespass  Act,  was  passed  Sept.  24, 
1710.  to  preserve  the  mast-pines  in  the  forests  of  New-England, 
New-York  and  New-Jersey,  for  the  use  of  the  royal  navy.     By 
this,  every  person  who  cut  a  single  tree,  forfeited   £100  sterling, 
recoverable  in  a  Court  of  Admiralty.     The  last  provisional  clause 
was  deemed  a  grievance,  because  that  tribunal  tried  cases  without 
a  jury. 
The  system      But  immediately  after  the  peace   of  Aix-la-Chapelle,  (1748,) 
attempts  were  made  to  give  the  system  an  entirely  new  and  more 
energetic  character.     Upon  this  subject  a  multitude  of  English 
politicians  were   so  rank  and   determinate,  that  the  passage  of  a 
bill  in  parliament  was  hardly  prevented,  though  it  went  so  far  as 
to  give  royal  instructions  the  force  of  law — a  power  which  would 
have   enabled   the   crown,   by  a  single  blow,  to  sweep  off  every 
Colonial  charter  and  law,  in  this  country. — Fully  sensible  of  what 
^'"j.  "'^       bills  of  C7-edit  Imd  done,   especially  in   the  siege  of  Louisbourg, 
stricteti.       and  what  they  might  do  in  other  emergencies,  parliament  forbade 
the  emission  of  them  to   any  amount,  except  expressly  to  meet 
the  annual  public  expenditure,   or  to   repel  invasion.     This  was 
Iron  act.      foUowed  by  the  Iron  Act,  passed  in  1750,  professedly  to  promote 
the  importation   of  Pig  and  Bar  Iron  from  the  American  Colo- 
nies into  England. J     But  in  the  light  of  its  provisions,  the  flimsy 
guise  which   veiled   its  title,  was  easily  seen  through  ;  for  it  pro- 

*  Quakers  had  a  meeting  at  York,  in  1662  ;  and  at  Mr.  Proctor's  in  Fal- 
mouth, in  1750  ;  and  the  Baptists  had  a  meeting-  in  Kittery  as  early  as  1681. 
— Smith's  Journal,  p.  f  See  post,  A.  D.  1763. 

I  1  Dotig.  p.  540-1. 


Chap,  xi.]  of  Maine.  283 

hibited,  under  severe  penalties,  the  use  of  any  mill  for  slitting  or  a.d.  1750, 

.  .to  1732. 

rolling  iron,  and  likewise  any  furnace  for  making  steel.  This 
would  compel  the  Colonists  to  export  their  iron  in  pigs  and  bars, 
to  London,  the  only  iron  market  for  foreign  trade  in  the  realm  ; 
and  to  take  in  exchange,  cutlery,  woollens  and  other  fabrics. 
Attempts  were  also  made  to  restrict  the  colonies  in  their  trade  with  ,^^ade/i"fn'*. 
the  West  Indies*  to  the  Islands  belonging  to  the  English.  A  ^J- 
principal  article  exported  thither  from  Maine  was  lumber;  for 
which  molasses  was  received  in  larse  quantities.     In  its  primitive  ''umbprand 

^        i-  i  Molasses. 

state,  this  was  an  article  of  great  use  ;  and  when  distilled,  it  was 
supposed  [though  erroneously]  to  be  a  needful  drinkf  for  those 
engaged  in  the  fisheries,  in  the  lumbering  business,  in  the  military 
service,  and  in  navigation — as  better  enabling  them  to  endure 
hardships.  Besides,  rum  and  molasses  were  carried  by  fishing 
vessels,  in  the  winter,  to  the  southern  Colonies,  and  exchanged 
for  corn  and  pork,  which  were  every  year  needed  in  this  eastern 
country.  The  balance  of  trade  at  this  time,  was,  even  while  un- 
restricted, against  the  fishermen,  the  ship-builders,  the  lumber- 
ers and  the  seamen  ;  for  it  was  found,  that  all  those  engaged  in 
such  employments,  could  not  pay  the  bills  for  their  supplies  and 
support,  at  the  prices  they  were  compelled  to  give  for  articles 
consumed  j  and  should  they  be  restrained  to  a  trade  with  the 
English,  in  the  single  article  of  molasses,  a  fatal  check  must  be 
given  to  the  kinds  of  enterprize  mentioned. J 

But  what  more  particularly  engaged  again  the  attention  of  the  seiiiemem 
government  and  the  people,  was  the  settlement  and  the  safety  of  ^*[,jj^'|,^i^j"(*,.y 
this  eastern  country.^     In   the    autumn  of    1750,  Richard   Ha- 
zen  was  employed  at  the  public  expense,  to  make   surveys,   and 
form  a  correct  chart  or  map   of  the  whole   coast,  between  the 

*  Tliis  trade  was  less  profitable,  than  in  tbe  reigns  of  William  and  Anne. 
—2  Hukh.  Hist.  p.  397. 

I  "  It  has  killed  more  Indians  than  the  wars  and  their  sicknesses  ;  it  does 
"  not  spare  white  people,  especially  when  made  into  flip." — 1  Doug.  Summ. 
p.  540. 

N.  B.  The  Sugar  Act  passed  A.  D.  1755,  by  which  a  duty  of  9t/.  per  g-al- 
lon  was  laid  on  rum  ;  on  molasses  6d. ;  on  100  wt.  sugar  5*. ;  if  imported  from 
any  other  than  English  Islands.  —  1  Minot,  p.  301.  |  1  Minot,  p. 

\  "  Every  new  house,  new  farm,  new  subject,  adds  to  the  consumption  of 
"  British  manufactures ; — and  nothing  contributes  more  to  speedy  set- 
"  tlements,  than  a  vent  for  the  lumber — a  great  help  in  clearing  lands." — 
2  Hxdch.  Hist.  p.  399. 


284  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II. 

A.  I).  1750,  Merrimack  and  the  St.  Croix.     Also  two  new  townships  were,  in 

consideration  of  military   services,  appropriated  and   ordered  to 

fjrnnt';  rS    bc  surveycd.     One  was  assi2;ned  to  Captain  Pierson  and   his   as- 

:ihI  iIoMs- gociates,  who  were  in  the  expedition   against   Liouisbourg — called 

i^uan-iisk.     Piersotitown  phiniaiion.     The  other    township   was   appropriated 

to  the  benefit  of  Copt.  Hohbs'-^  and  his    company,  wlio   were  in 

the  same  service;  each  to  be  hiid  out  and  settled  on  the   general 

terms  ; — both  now  forming  the  town   of   Standish.      For  several 

r.Miolisrol 

visaed  years,  the  Islands,  t!ie  waters,  and  the  banks  of  the  Penobscot, 
had  all  attracted  great  attention  ;  and  in  July,  (1750.)  a  large 
vessel  "  full  of  people,"  visited  these  parts.  The  view,  as  it 
was  designed,  afforded  the  passengers  an  opportunity  to  select 
j)lacts  for  tlieir  future  residence.  A  settlement  of  these  lands 
had  hitherto  been  I'etarded  by  the  hostilities  of  the  Indians,  more 
than  in  consequence  of  their  belonging  to  the  crown  ;  therefore 
nothing  but  their  opposition,  jealousy,  and  ill-will,  now  prevented 
several  enterprizing  people  from  planting  their  habitations  perma- 
nently, upon  the  banks  of  that  commanding  river.  Every  prac- 
ticable method,  subsequent  to  peace,  was  used  to  keep  the  tribes 
tranquil,  two  trading  houses  were  opened  and  well  supplied  ;— 
Tnu-k  mas- Wihiam  Litligow  being  appointed,  in  1752,  truck-master  at 
Richmond  fort,  and  Jabez  Bradbury,  at  St.  Georges;  and  a 
confidence  began  to  be  strongly  entertained  in  the  future  safety 
of  settlers, 
.'^eiii.'monts  '^^^'  '''•^^''^d  wcre  tho  great  and  various  exertions  made,  during 
ruiiujj.ci  j|)g  ]^5[  (fiirtii  years,  to  settle  this  section  of  country,  without 
cicoi-es'  considerable  success. -j-  Emigrants  had  been  introduced  and 
planted  within  it,  from  Ireland  by  Dunbar  and  his  friends;  from 
Germany,  by  Gen.  Waldo,  and  the  ]Muscongus  patentees ;  and 
from  some  parts  of  New-England,  by  Drowne  and  other  propri- 
etary claimants.  Between  1733,  and  1735-6,  Irish  protestants 
of  Scottish  descent,  settled  in  the  '  Upper  and  Lower  towns,'  on 
St.  Georges'  river ;  also  on  lands  towards  its  mouth  [now  Gush- 
ing ;]J  and  at  Broad-bay ;  and  the  English  settled  Medumcook, 


nvcr, 


*  Jour.  House  of  Rep.  (17C0,)  p.  SO."),— called  Ilobljitoxcn. 

f  4  Coll.  Mass.  His.  Soc.  p.  2  J. 

|JI7S.  letters  from  St.  Gorge,  Cuihhi'^,  and  Thorn  iston. — 'll.ta  JIS. 
J^arrative  of  C.  Eaton. — Samuel  Waldo,  son  of  Gen.  'Waldo,  went  to  Ger- 
man)' in  1753,  and  "  circulated  proclamations  to  induce  emig^rants  to  como 
to  America." — J.  Ludwig^t  testimony. — Report,  ISll,  p.  164. 


Chap,  xi.]  OF  MAi.\E.  285 

fnow  Friendship.!     Accessions  were  made  in  1740,  to  the  plan-  a.u.  1750, 

lation  at  Broad-bay  ;*  in  1743,  to  those   on    St.  Georges  river, 

and  on  the  Kennebeck  ;f  and   a   few   migrated   to  other   places 

soon  afterwards.     Early  in   1750,  Mr.  Crelleus,  a  German  gen- ^,^^^  i,^^ 

lleuian,  presented  a  memorial  to  the  General  Court,  in  which  he  <;*''"i;'"'^  ^' 

'  i  '  liroeid-bay. 

proposed  to  remove  several  protestant  families  from  his  country, 
into  the  Province,  provided  they  could  see  sufficient  inducements. 
Jt  seems  he  had  made  a  voyage  across  the  Atlantic,  upon  this 
errand.  So  favorable  to  the  proposal  was  the  Lieutenant-Gov- 
ernor, that  he  threw  his  weight  into  tiie  scale  with  the  applicant, 
and  stated  to  the  General  Court, — 'from  the  character  and  dispo- 
■'sition  of  that  people,  I  apprehend  it  to  be  of  great  importance 
*  to  encourage  then*  settlement  among  us ;  as  they  would  intro- 
'  duce  many  useful  manufactures  and  arts.' — Four  townships  of 
land  therefore,  were  appropriated  for  the  accommodation  of  for- 
eign protestants  5  and  the  Province  frigate  offered  to  transport 
ihem,  after  arrival,  to  the  places  of  their  selection  or  destination. 
The  Legislature  also  adopted  provisional  measures  for  their  ac- 
commodation and  comfort,  for  naturalizing  them  and  their  fami- 
lies, and  for  encouraging  tiieir  ministers  and  interpreters.  The 
next  year,  (1751,)  between  20  and  30  families  arrived,  with  Mr. 
Etter,  their  interpreter  :J  whose  necessities,  in  the  ensuing  winter, 
were  relieved  at  the  public  expense,  as  well  as  by  private  char- 
ity ;  beds,  bedding  and  other  articles  being  furnished  them,  till 
their  removal  to  Broad-bay  and  other  places. 

By  the  new  valuation  finished  in  1751,  there  were  exhibited  npw  valua 
melancholy  proofs,  how  much  war,  sickness,  the  small-pox,  and 
other  adversities,  had  checked  the  progress  of  population  ;  for 
the  inhabitants  of  the  whole  province  of  Massachusetts,  within 
the  last  seven  years,  had  actually  increased  only  about  500 ;  and 
no  more  than  five  added  to  the  corporate  towns  in  that  Province. 
In  Maine,  the  towns  at  that  and  the  present  time,  were  eleven  ; 
and  the  proportion  of  £1,000  tax,  assigned  to  her,  including  a  few 
plantations,  was  merely  £2  II5.  od.  more  than  in  the  preceding 
valuation. §     Hence  it  would  appear,  that,  on  the  whole,  her  pop- 

*  Germans  emigrated  to  Broad-bay.  — J/S.  LeAler  of  Jlr.  Ludwig . 
j[J}S.  Letter  from  Dresden. — New  settlers  planted  at  Frankfort,  [Povvnal- 
borough.] 

X  MS.  Let.  M.  R.  Ludwig,  Esq 8  Jour.  H.  of  Rep.  p.  76. 

\  See  ante,  1743. 


286  TUK  HISTORY  [Vol.  n. 

A.D.  1752.  Illation,  during  seven  years,  had  in  a  small  degree  increased.  To 
Excise  mid  lessen  the  direct  taxes,  however,  there  were  excise  and  impost 
ties.  laws  still  in  force,  which  brought  considerable  sums  into  the  Pro- 

vincial treasury.*  The  excise  was  laid  on  ardent  spirits,  distil- 
led ;  and  duties  exacted  on  wines,  rum,  sugar,  and  molasses, 
tobacco,  logwood,  and  West  India  fruits;  also  on  most  other 
articles  imported,  unless  by  law  exempted. f  The  tonnage  duty 
was  "  a  pound  of  good  pistol  powder  per  ton,"  on  every  vessel 
not  British,  nor  English  colonial — which  was  to  be  paid  every 
voyage.  There  were  also,  in  1750,  duties  exacted  on  lea,  cof- 
fee, and  arrack — also  on  coaches  and  chariots  imported  ;  and  the 
dui'ies^.'"'^  ""^same  year,  Jabez  Fox,  o(  Falmouth,  was  chosen  Collector  of  the 
duties  or  imposts,  for  Yorkshire  ;  the  excise  being  usually  farmed 
out  for  periods  of  three  years. J 

A  very  important  alteration   was  made   at  this  period   in  the 
New  sijle.  .  .  . 

record  of  dates,   which  deservedly  claims   particular  notice.     It 

had  been  satisfactorily  ascertained,  and  generally  conceded  through- 
out European  coiuitries,  that  in  consequence  of  small  increments 
during  a  long  series  of  years,  the  computation  of  time  was  in- 
correct. An  act  of  Parliament,  therefore,  was  passed,  January 
22,  1752,  extending  to  all  the  British  dominions;  which  ordain- 
ed, that  every  year,  including  the  present  one,  should  begin  Jan- 
uary 1,  instead  of  March  25  ;  and  that  eleven  days  be  expunged 
from  the  Calendar ;  and  the  3d  of  September,  in  the  present 
year,  be  called  the  14th.  This  correction  has  been  denominated 
the  New  Style. § 
Commis-  To  pavc  the  way  for  a  conciliatory  conference  with  the  Indians, 

tiie'imiuns  government  transported  to  Fort  Richmond   and  to  St.   Georges, 
ges^''  ^^°^'  ^'^^  hogsheads  of  bread  and  six  barrels  of  pork,  to  be  distributed 
among  them  ;  and,  Oct.  20,  lour  commissioners  were  met  at  the 
latter  place,  by  delegations   of  Sagamores  from   all  the  eastern 
tribes,  except  the  Mickmaks  and   those   of    St.    Francois.     The 


*  The  duties  on  articles  ad  valorem  were  4d.  in  jjl. 

f  Duties  by  tiie  Hiid.  on  molasses,  16d.  ;  ruin,  jji  ;  sug-ar,  jj2  ;  tobacco, 
jF^2  ;  a  pipe  of  wine,  £4, — "  old  tenor:" — ajg^reg-ate  of  excise,  impost,  and 
tonnag-c,  in  1748,  £33,480,  old  tenor.  On  every  g-allon  of  rum  distilled, 
2s. — 1  Doug.  Summ.  p.  521-3. 

J  Farmers  of  the  excise  in  i\Iaine,  (1752)  were  "Major  Cutis,  Capt. 
Plaisted,  and  Hon.  John  Hill." 

\  Prov.  Laws,  p.  579-586 — where  the  act  is  entire. 


Chap,  xi.]  of  maine.  287 

non-appearance  of  the  latter  was   an    unfavorable  circumstance  ;  A.  D.  1752. 
otherwise,  as  Lieutenant-Governor  Phips  told  the  General  Court, 
— "  we  have  succeeded  as  well  as   we   could  expect,  and    the 
"  conference  may  have  a  good  tendency  to   prevent   any   further 
"  molestation  of  our  frontiers." 

The  present  aspect  of  Indian   affairs  extensively   encouraged  Enroumire. 

.  ,  111111  II  •  mem  (if  the 

residents  and  landholders,  to  undertake  some  new  miprovements  |,e<ipie  ami 
of  their  condition  and  estates.  Settlements  in  what  are  now '""'^'^"' "'*' 
Woolwich,  Edgecomb,  Bath,  Dresden,  Bowdoinham,Topsham  and 
in  many  other  places,  were  found  to  be  permanent  and  increas- 
ing ;  and  the  people  of  Wiscasset,  Sheepscot,  and  Merryconeag, 
were  severally  desirous  of  being  incorporated  into  towns,  or 
districts.  The  claim  of  Sir  Richard  Edgecomb's  heirs  to  a  tract 
between  Richmond  fort  and  Cathance  river,  was  revived  by  John 
Edgecomb  of  New-London.  He  traced  the  title  from  Sir  Fer- 
dinando  Gorges.  The  proprietors  of  the  Plymouth  patent  for 
the  purpose  of  establishing  their  limits,  took  depositions  in  per- 
petual remembrance,  made  some  surveys,  and  exhibited  an 
ingenious  chart  of  their  claim.  Nay,  to  facilitate  the  meetings  of 
''^proprieties,''^  a  law  was  passed  giving  them  equal  privileges, 
whether  their  lands  were  within  or  without  a  located  township. 

Fortifications  were  repaired  or  enlarged, — that  at  St.   Georges  ponifica- 
river,  being  constructed  of  hewn  timber,  20  inches  square,   with"""*","'  , 

'  o  '  1  '  proved,  or 

walls  about  16  feet  in  height.     Its  form   was  quadrangular,  each  ^"'■■^'"S<^<^- 
side  being  100  feet.     Within  were   the  barracks,  or  apartments, 
built  of  timber  against  the   walls,  for  the  dwelling   or  retreat  of 
the  people,  every  one  being  occupied  by  a  single  family  or  more,  si.  Georges 
according  to  the  size  of  the  rooms  or  numbers   in  the  families. 
In  the  centre,  was  a  good  well  of  water ;  and  from  the  southern 
wall,  a  covered  way  was  formed  by  means  of  logs,  and  extended 
to  a  large  timber   block-house,  200   feet  distant,  at  the   water's 
edge.     Here,  12  or  15  pieces  of  cannon   were  mounted,   com- 
pletely commanding   the   river.      This   fortress  was   erected   in 
1719-20;*  improved  in  1740;  and  since  the  last  war,    the   es- 
tablishment had  been    enlarged  at  the   expense   of   the  settlers. 
They  built  what  they  called   block-houses,  about  100   rods  west- 
ward of  the  fort,  in   two    rows  or  ranges ;    and  surrounded  the 
whole  by  a  picket  made  of  posts  driven  into  the  ground,  as  thick 

*See  ante,  A.  D.  1719. 


fort. 


288  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II. 

A.D.  1752.  as  they  could  stand,  and  ten  feet  in  height.     Thus  accommodat- 
ed and  secured,  they  formed  themselv^es  into  a  military  company 
for  their  mutual   defence.      In   times    of   danger,    either    they 
or  the  soldiers,  were  continually  scouting  ; — such  as  went  to  labor 
in  the  field  were  well  armed  ;  and  when  the  signal  of  a  general 
alarm  was  given  at  the  fort  by  '  the  discharge  of  a  heavy  cannon,' 
all  who   were  abroad   made  a    speedy  retreat  to    the    garrison. 
"  Year  after  year,  the  inhabitants  had  no  other  way  of  cultivating 
their  farms,  and  obtaining  wherewithal  to  support  their  families."* 
Fnriificn-     ^^^^  garrison  was  commanded  by  Jabez  Bradbury.      The  block- 
N-'ums''^  house  at  the  Narrows  above,  was   garrisoned   by  a  party  of  the 
111  Cushiri"-  i"Ii^bitants,  under  Capt.  Kilpatrick  ;  that  in  Gushing   by  another 
party  of  volunteers,   under   Capt.   Benjamin  Burton ;    and   that 
In  St.         j^ggj.  ^i^g  mouth  of  the  river  [in  the  present  town  of  St.  George,] 
At  Broad-    ^^  Others,  under  Capt.    Henderson. f     The  forts  at  Broad-bay 
bay  n lid      ^j^^  Medumcook,  were  also  rendered  defensible,  and  the   inhabi- 
cok.  tants  were  determined  never  more  to  be  driven  from  their  homes. 

A  petition  siirned  by  Jacob  Wendell,   Edward  Winslow,  and 

A  petition  I  o  J  '  ' 

for  a  new    their  associatcs,  proprietors  of  the  Plymouth   patent,  and  a  large 

coimly  on  'II  j  i  '  o 

iiie  Keiine-  number  of  settlers,  was  presented  to  the  General  Court,  Decem- 
ber 18,  1752,  complaining  of  the  inconveniences  they  suffered 
in  consequence  of  their  remote  situation  from  the  shire- towns  and 
the  seats  of  justice,  and  praying  to  be  erected  into  a  7ieiv  county, 
A  bill  to  this  effect  was  reported  in  December  of  the  following 
year ;  but  through  the  apprehensions  of  another  rupture,  it  was 
never  matured  into  a  law. 
A.  D.  1753.  The  embers  of  conflicting  claims,  which  circumstances  had 
Sctiiemonts  only  smothercd,  were  now  in  several  places,   either   disturbed  or 

there  dis- 
turb tlie       rekindled.     Heated  controversies  among  proprietors   might  have 

Indians.  iici  iitt  r\ 

soon  spread,  had  not  a  back  fire  been  set  by  the  Indians.  Un 
seeing  the  English  make  improvements,  they  complained  loudly, 
as  heretofore  of  encroachments,  and  shewed  impatience  and 
some  ill-temper.  An  able  committee  of  seven,  to  whom  the 
matters  were  all  referred,  after  giving  notice  in  the  Boston  news- 
papers to  all  concerned,  carefully  investigated  the  subjects  of 
claim  and  complaint,  and  reported,  that  the  lands  on  both  sides 
of  the  Kennebeck,  had  long  before  been  conveyed  by  the  chiefs 

*  MvS.  Letter  of  Hez.  Prince,  Esq. 

+  MS.  Nar.  C.  Eaton,  Esq.— See  Thomaston,  A.  D.  1777. 


Chap,  xi.]  oP  mal\e.  289 

to  the  English  :  and  settlements  made  by  consent  of  the  Indians,  a.d.  17o3 
and  continued  "  many  miles,"  above  Fort  Richmond  ;  that  they, 
within  sixty  years,  had  repeatedly  engaged  by  solemn  treaty,   not 
to  molest  any  of  the  English    in  the  exercise  of  their  rights,  or 
the  enjoyment  of  their  possessions  ;    and    that  if  the  law,  whicli  Theimnting 
forbade  all  hunting  eastward  of  Saco  and  northward   of  the   set-  ed. 
tiers'  habitations,  were  carried  into  rigid  execution,  they  believed 
the  Indians  would  manifest  no  more  inquietude.      Copies   of  the 
law,  therefore,  w'ere  distributed  throughout  this  eastern   country; 
and  the   commanders  of   the  garrisons  and   the   keepers  of  the 
truck  houses  w'ere  ordered  to  see  its  provisions    strictly  observed. 
But  when  untutored  Indians,  dupes  to  designing  Frenchmen,  were 
under  the  influence  of  jealousy  and   suspicion,  every  incident  or 
even   mishap   spread   and  faned  the   flames.      Though   all  were 
forbidden  to  hunt,  or  to  cut  timber  in  the  extensive  forests,  or   to 
settle  contiguous  to  them  ;  thoughtless  people  were,  without  doubt, 
careless  of  their  preservation,  and   indifferent,  whether  the  In- 
dian hunter,  or  the   Britisii   king   suffered.      But  the  Provincial  Great  fires 
government  always  conducted  in  respect  to  the  crown   lands,  ac-^vo^Js  "'"' 
cording  to  the   principles  of  duty,   honor,   and  justice ;    and  in 
consequence  of  the  immense  damage  lately  done  by  fires,  spread 
by  accident  or  design,  actually  passed  a  penal  statute  against  set- 
tins;  fires  in  or  near  the  woods.      Yet  nothing  could  tranquillize 
an  affronted  or  disaffected  Indian.     It  was  sufficient  offence,  that  against  set- 
these  destructive  fires,   which  alarmed  and  annoyed  them  and 
ruined  their  nearer  hunting  grounds,  were  the  works  or  wrongs 
of  Englishmen. 

Hence,  it  was  correctly  stated  by  the  Lieut.   Governor,  in  his -pi^gj^.^^^j^, 
speech,  June  12,  to  the  General  Court,  that  '  the  two  principal  and  s|a«"'<^s  '" 
'  perhaps  only  material  obstacles  to  the  settlement  of  the  eastern  se"i'"g  ''''-' 

,  .  .  .  eastern 

'  country,  were  its  exposed  situation  to  the  Indian  enemy  in  case  of  country. 
*  rupture  ;  and  the  great  controversy  about  titles,  by  reason  of 
'  different  claims  to  the  same  tracts  of  land.'  As  the  readiest 
means  to  obviate  these  evils,  he  recommended  the  establishment 
of  a  special  tribunal  to  settle  land-titles ;  and  the  adoption  of  all 
practicable  measures,  for  filling  the  country  with  inhabitants.  En- 
couraged by  the  public  sentiment,  Florentius  Vassal,  an  emin- 
ent gentleman  from  Jamaica,  proposed  to  the  General  Court, 
that  if  the  territory  between  the  waters  of  the  Penobscot  and 
V©L.  II.  37 


290  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II, 

A.  D.  1753.  St.  Croix,  were  granted  to  him  and  his  associates  ;  they  would 

Vassal's       settle    there    within   a  stipulated  time,   such  number  of   iniiab- 

seiiiin;^  tiie  itants,  as  would  form  a  barrier  to  the  French,  and  a  check  to  the 

tm'eii'Pe-    Indians.     It  was  a  suggestion  at    a  favorable   moment ;    and   the 

St.'cr'oix"   legislative  branches  assured  him,  that  if  he  would,  by  May,  1758, 

obtain  his  Majesty's  approbation,  introduce  5,000  settlers,  and   a 

proportionate   number  of    protestant   ministers,   and   satisfy  the 

Indians  as  to  their  claim ;  the  emigrants  should  have  all  the  lands 

they  would  settle,  and  all  the  Islands  within  three   miles  of  the 

coast.* 

New  castle      jf  Georgetown  were   within  the  old   Province  of   INlaine,  the 

incorporat-  ^ 

eti-  first  municipality,  established  by  the  Provincial  government  with- 

in the  territory  of  Sagadahock,  was  that  of  Sheepscot  planta- 
tion, which  was  incorporated  June  19,  1753,  into  a  town,  with 
the  usual  powers  and  privileges,  by  the  name  of  Newcastle  ;f — 


*  8  Jour.  House  of  Rep.  p.  .50,  1G9. 

fit  was  so  called  probably  ia  compliment  to  the   Duke  of  Newcastle, 
tlie  king^'s  principal  secretary  at  that  time,  and  a  friend  to  the  American 
Colonics.     It  was  the  same  name  given  by  the  royal  Duke's  agents,  166-1-5, 
to  another  i«art  of  his    patented    territory  on   the  Delaware. — JSi''cwcastle, 
Jirst  settled  about   1630-1,  was  for  thirty-iive  years,  or  long-er,   called  the 
"  Sheepscot''''  plantation.      Waller  Phillips,  an  early  settler,  resided  on  the 
western   side  of  the  Damariscotta,  not  far  from  the  lower  or  salt  water 
Falls,  where  the  Newcastle   village  now  is.     In  1661-2  and  1674,  he   pur- 
chased large  tracts  around   him,  of  the  Sagamores, — whence  is  deduced 
the  "  Tappan  Right."     John  J\lason  was  a  cotemporary  or  earlier  settler, 
on  the  easterly  side  of  the  Sheepscot,  at  the  "  Great  Neck" — a  short  dis- 
tance from  Pliillips'.     About  the  year  1649-50, — Mason  also  purchased  of 
Robinhood  and  Jack  Pudding,  two  Sagamores,  a  considerable  tract  about 
his  residence.     In  1665,  the  king's  Commissioners  sat  at  his   house,  when 
they  organized  a  government  within  the  Duke's  patent.     They   called  the 
plantation  Dartmouth,  or  JVcw  Darttnovih,  and  appointed  Mr.  Phillips,  Re- 
corder.    They  both  finally  left  the   country  at  the  commencement  of  the 
2d  Indian  war,  in  16SS  ; — Pliillips  went  to  Salem,  Massachusetts,  where  he 
was  living  in  1702  ;  and  Mason  removed  to  New-Jersey,  where  he   died. — 
See  1st  Vol.  this  Hist.  p.  56,  330,  408,  and  536.— In  August,  1676,  the  inhab- 
itants fled  before  the  Indians,  but  returned  after   the  Avar.     However,  in 
Sept.  1688,  the  first  year  of  king  William's  war,  the  settlement  Avas  wholly 
destroyed,  and  lay  waste  thirty  years. — The  plantation  was  revived  and 
resettled  in  1719.     It  is  believed  the  settlement  was  erected  into  a  district 
or  precinct,  in   1751. — See   18    Council   Records,   p,   19-20,  51. — 8  Jour. 
House  of  Rep.  (1753.)  p.  44. — It  was  first  represented  in  the  General  Court, 
A.  D.  1774,  by  Benjamin  Woodbridge.     By  the  census,  in  1764,  there  were 
then  454  people  in  town.     Newcastle  lies  between  the  rivers  Damariscot- 
ta and  Sheep»cot.     It  is  the  western  section  of  the  Tappan  Right ;  and  in 


Chap,  xi.]  of  maine.  291 

the  twelfth  in  the  present  State.     According  to  usage,  it  received  a,d.  1753. 

a  law-book,  presented  at  the  public  expense ;  and   in   respect  to 

the  number,  reputation  and    enterprize   of  its   inhabitants,   it  has 

always  holden  an  elevated  rank  among  the  towns. 

On  the  6th   of  August,  the  return   of  Governor   Shirley,  was  August  6 

heartily  greeted    by  the   people  of   the  whole  Province  *     '  It  J^'"'"  "'^ 
,  ,  (jovpiiior 

*  would  have  given  us  singular  pleasure,'  say  the   General   Court  ^'"r'*:.)"- 
to  him,  '  if  your  Excellency  had  succeeded  in  settling  the   boun- 

*  daries  with  the  French  in  America  ;  for  which  his  Majesty   has 

*  been  pleased  to  detain  you  so  long   fi-om   us.      But   for   a  long 

*  time,  that  nation  has  been  famous  for  doing  justice   by   compul- 
*sion,  rather  than  by  inclination.' — In  reply,  the  Governor  says, — 

*  my  employment  as  one  of  his  Majesty's  commissioners  at  Paris, 
'  has  occasioned   my  absence  from  you,  three  years  longer  than 

*  I  proposed  to  myself,  when  I  left  Boston. f     Among  other  inter- 

*  ests  of  the  crown,  which  I  had  it  in  my  heart  to  secure   by   this 
'negotiation,  was  a  large  portion  of  territory  [Sagadahock,]    be- sp<.ada- 

*  longing  to  this  Province  claimed  by  France  ;  and  the    preserva-  ^°''^' 

*  tion  of  the  whole  of   it,   against  her  encroachments,  will   in   a 
'  great  measure  finally  depend  upon  the  issue  of  this  dispute.' 

As  the  territory  of  Sagadahock  was  thus  involved  in  the  same 
controversy,  it  is  important  to  give  a  short  outline  of  its  merits. 
The  French  contended   that   ancient  Acadia  or  Nova   Scotia 

1      •         1        r     I  •  ••11  •      •  1         .       .  ^  T'"^  clnims 

admitted  01  this  territorial   description — beginning  at   Cape   St.  "''  Fm.ire 
Mary's  on  the    southerly  side   of  the  entrance   into  the  Bay  of  ed.' '  ^''*^'^' ' 
Fundy,  thence  following  the  westerly  and  southerly  shore   of  the 

it,  arc  also  lands  purchased  of  the  Sagamores  by  John  Mason,  as  mention- 
ed.— Sullivan,  p.  166,  286. — One  Randolph,  many  years  before  the  Ameri- 
can revolution,  came  from  New-Jerse}',  and  endeavored,  in  vain,  to  revive 
the  Mason  claim,  in  rig-ht  of  his  mother.  Mason's  daug-hter.  Randolph  said 
his  parents  informed  him,  he  was  born  at  Sheepscot,  and  carried  away 
while  an  infant,  when  they  fled  from  the  savag-es. — There  was  a  fort  on 
Sheepscot  river,  before  the  2d  Indian  war.  Rev.  Alexander  Boyd,  was 
employed  to  preach  in  Sheepscot  soon  after  it  was  made  a  district.  He 
was  ordained  by  the  ^o«fon  Presbylerij,  Sept.  19,  1754,  and  dismissed  in 
1758.  After  a  lapse  of  18  years,  in  which  time,  Messrs.  Ward,  Lain,  Per- 
ley  and  Benedic,  were  employed  as  preachers,  Rev.  Thurston  Whiting- 
was  settled,  in  July,  1776,  and  a  Cong-reg-ational  Church  formed.  Rev. 
Kiah  Baily  was  settled  in  1797 — Greenleafs  Ecclesiastical  Hist.  p.  101-6. 
— There  is  now  a  society  there  of  Roman  Catholics. 

*  1  Minot,  p.    173 — He  had   gratulatory  addresses  from    the  College, 
Clergy,  and  Courts.  f  See  ante,  A.  D.  1749,  p.  260. 


292  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II. 

A.D.  1733.  great  peninsula  eastward  to  Cape  Canseau;  thence  by  the   shore 
to  the  head*  of  Chcdabucto  bay  j  and  thence  westerly  and  diag- 
onally, through  the  heart  of  the  peninsula,  to  Cape  St.  Mary's  be- 
fore mentioned — on  an  imaginary  line  along  the  heads  of  the  rivers, 
that  run  southerly  and  empty  into  the  Atlantic,  or  northerly  and 
empty  into  the  bay  of  Minas,  or    the  bay   of  Fundy  ;    and   they 
clain^ed  as  a  part  of  Canada  or  New-France,   all  the   territories 
northerly  of  this  imnginary  line  ; — embracing  Annapolis  and  both 
the  southerly  and  northerly  coasts  of  those  two  bays,  even  to  the 
St.  Lawrence,  and  also  extending  westwardly  to  the  river   Ken- 
nebeck, 
Tiie  claims       On  the   contrary,  the   English  insisted,  that  Nova  Scotia   or 
To  Nova*""    Acadia   manifestly  embraced  the  whole    country  southerly  of  the 
'^^°""'        St.  Lawrence  and  eastwardly  of  St.  Croix,   including   the  great 
The  ques-    peuinsula.— Hcuce,  the  question  was,   hoiv  much  of  the  country 
lion  staled,   i^j^^g^^j  ^^  England,  and   hoiv  much   to   France.  ? — and  where 
ought  the  divisionnl  line  between  Canada  and  JVova   Scotia,  to 
he  drawn  ?f 

The  English,  in  support  of  their  position,  adduced  certain 
nienirad-  documents  and  facts,  thought  by  them  to  be  conclusive  : — such 
ti"e*'Ensiisii  as,— the  discovery  of  Newfoundland,  in  1497,  by  Cabot  ;—for- 
iSdaiii.  mal  possession  taken  of  the  country,  in  1583,  by  Humphrey  Gil- 
bert;— the  patent  of  North  and  South  Virginia  between  the  34th 
and  45th  degrees  of  north  lathude,  granted  in  1606; — that  of 
New-England,  in  1620,  between  40°  and  48°  of  north  latitude  ;— 
and  that  to  William  Alexander,  Sept.  10,  1621,  called  JSova 
Scotia,  which  embraced  the  lands  claimed,  whereof  commensur- 
ate possession  had  been  taken  and  continued  ;  and  though  the 
Commission  of  Governor  Temple,  by  extending  his  jurisdiction 
to  the  river  St.  Georges,  seemed  to  imply,  that  Nova  Scotia,  as 
the  French  under  tiie  treaty  of  Breda,  1667,  contended,  must 
extend  as  far  westward  ;  yet  that  Province,  it  is  well  known,  did 
always  extend  northward,  to  the  Bay  Chaleur,  and  eastward 
to  the  Passamaquoddy  bay  only.  For  the  Provincial  charter,  A. 
D.  1691,  did  embrace  the   whole   territory  eastward  to  the   St, 

*  A  few  leagues  north-westerly  of  Cape  Canseau. 

t  1  Jlinot,  p.  120-130.— But  Mr.  Minot  is  in  part,  incorrect.— See  Col- 
lection of  J\le7norials,  printed  in  Englisti,  1756  ;  also  the  Report  of  the  doins^s 
and  arguments  of  Messrs.  Shirley  and  Galissionere,  the  Comviissionert,  in 
French  and  Latin. — Boston  Athenceum. 


Chap,  xi.]  of  Maine.  293 

Croix,  (likewise  Nova  Scotia  inclusive,)  and  northward  to  the  St.  a.d,  1753. 
Lawrence.  At  any  rate,  whatever  might  be  the  limits  of  Nova 
Scotia,  the  treaty  of  Utrecht,  in  1713,  expressly  conceded  to 
England,  "  Nova  Scotia  or  Acadia  in  its  full  extent," — which 
must  be  the  same  country,  she  had  resigned  to  France  by  the 
treaty  of  Breda,  A.  D.  1667;  and  the  late  treaty  of  Aix-la- 
Chapelle,  1748,  re-establishes  all  things,  as  they  were  before  the 
war.  Nay,  the  commissions  to  the  French  Governors  of  Nova 
Scotia,  gave  them  jurisdiction  to  Penobscot,  and  as  they  said, 
even  to  Kennebeck  on  the  '  confines  of  New-England,'  shewing 
that  they  considered  the  latter  joined  the  former ;  and  indeed  the 
French,  till  the  treaty  of  Utrecht,  had,  or  at  least  claimed,  actual 
possession  of  the  country  to  Penobscot,  as  a  part  of  Acadia. 

But  according  to  the  arguments  of  the  French,* — if  prior  dis- 
covery or  settlement  were  to  be  considered,  they  could  mention  Ai<^'uments 
enterprizes  of  that  character  by  Baron  de  Lcry,  in  1518;  hyp|.^''^[j 
James  Cartier,  who  in  1 535  took  possession  of  Canada ;  and  by 
de  Monts,  who  had  a  patent  of  Acadia  in  1 604,  and  made  per- 
manent settlements  on  the  coast  of  the  Etechemins,  and  though 
the  next  year  he  removed  over  the  Bay  of  Fundy  to  Port  Royal, 
he  did  not  abandon  the  St.  Croix.  Whereas  the  earliest  English 
settlement  was  not  till  1607,  even  in  Virginia  ;  and  Capt.  Smith, 
when  he  surveyed  the  northern  coast,  in  1614,  said  ihe  country 
-was  known  by  French  names,  and  "  that  of  Canada  stifled  all 
the  rest."  The  patent  to  William  Alexander  was  itself  a  nullity, 
as  the  country  was  not  '  vacant,'  according  to  the  condition  it 
contained,  but  previously  and  actually  occupied  by  the  French 
under  de  Monts.  Indeed,  the  charter  of  William  and  Mary 
gave  the  provincials  no  right  to  grant  any  of  the  lands  between 
Sagadahock  and  St.  Croix,  but  reserved  them  to  the  British 
crown, — a  territory  to  which  no  name  was  ever  so  much  as  given, 
evidently  because  the  English  knew  their  rights  to  the  country 
were  nugatory,  or  at  least,  extremely  problematical.  Nor  did 
France  take  the  country  by  the  treaty  of  Breda,  as  a  cession, 
but  as  a  restitution  of  what  she  had  originally  been  the  owner.     It 


*  Gov.  Shirley  says  [S'ce  his  speech  in  Feb.  1755,]  "  by  memorial  of  tbe 
"  French  commissioners  delivered  to  those  of  Eng-land  at  Paris,  1750,  they 
'•  claim  the  whole  country  to  the  westward  and  southward  of  the  river  St. 
"  Lawrence;  as  far  as  the  Kennebeck,  on  one  side  of  the  bay  of  Fundy, 
*'  and  Annapolis  Royal  on  the  other." 


294  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II. 

A.  D.  1753.  is  true  that  by  the  treaty  of  Utrecht,  '  Acadia  or  Nova  Scotia  in 
'  its  full  extent,  according  to  its  ancient  limits' — also  '  the  town  of 
'  Port  Royal,' — and   in   general,   "  all  that  depend   on  the  said 
countries  and   Islands   belonging  to  them,"  were  conceded  to  the 
English ;  yet  the  very   language  of  the  treaty  renders  it  certain, 
that  '  Acadia  as  originally  limited,  and  Port  Royal  were  different 
'  countries,  otherwise  they  would  not  have  been  both  mentioned, 
'  the  early  and  correct  French  geographers  establishing  the  same  ;* 
'  — and   the   only   question  was,  where  to  draw  the  line  between 
'  them.' 
Negotiation       This  negotiation,  opened  solely  about  boundaries,   was  through 
tiiraTne*^oftbe   management  of  the   French,   protracted  till    their    schemes 
formed  from  wcrc   in   a  great   degree   matured.      The  late  treaty  of  Aix  la 
i^^NeTv  "^o    Chapelle  was  evidently  treated  by  them  as  a  truce  ;  and  at  length 
leans.         jj-  ^y^g  perceived,  that  they  had   conceived   the  prodigious  design 
of  forming  a  line  of  forts  from   Bay  Verte,  along  the   St.  Law- 
rence and  the  great  lakes,  and  through  the  Ohio  country,  termin- 
ating only  at  New-Orleans ;  and   that  the   real    question,  which 
must  ere  long  be  tried  by   the    arbiter  of  war,  and  decided  by 
arms,  was,  who  shall  have  the  ultimate  and  paramount  command 
and  rule  of  this  JSorthern  Hemisphere  ?f — Already  the   French 
had   about  30  forts  within  the  disputed  territories,  including  one 
at  Crown  Point,  and  one  on   Sorel  river.     The  Indians  of  St. 
Francois  and  Nova   Scotia    were    hostile,    the  Acadians   were 
treacherous,  and  the  French  bold  and  insolent. 
Se)t  21  To  ascertain  at  this  crisis  the   disposition   and  temper  of  the 

Tarraiines    eastern  Indians,  Commissionerst  met  the  Sagamores  of   Penob- 

quiet,  '  -r  o 

scot,  at  St.  Georges,  Sept.  21,  and  had  a  free  conference  with 
them.  They  acknowledged  they  had  received  a  letter  from  a 
Jesuit  missionary,  by  which  they  were  advised  and  encouraged  to 
take  measures  for  the  defence  of  their  lands  and  rights ;  but  still 
they  wished  for  peace,  and  had  determined  to  abide  by  the  treaty. 

*  Champlain  and  M.  Denys. — See  aide,  vol.  I.  p.  248,  note  J. 

f  Tlie  French  are  executing-  a  plan  projected  more  than  50  years  since, 
"  for  extending-  tlieir  possessions  from  the  mouth  of  the  Mississippi  to  Hud- 
"  son  Bay — securing-  the  vast  body  of  Indians  in  that  inland  coimtry,  and 
''  subjugating-  the  whole  continent  to  the  crown  of  France." — Got-.  Shirley^s 
Speech. 

■\  These  were,  Sir  IF.  Peppercll,  Jacob  Wendell,  Thomas  Hubbard, 
John  Wintlow,  and  James  Boicdoin. 


Chap,  xi.]  of  maine.  295 

Trusting  to  their  sincerity,  tlie  Commissioners  proceeded  to  Fort  A,  i).  1753. 
Richmond,  where  they  had  an  interview  with   several   from  the 
Canibas  tribe.     They  appeared  to  be   disaffected  because   there  Tiie  Cani- 
were  settlements  begun  and  prosecuted  above  that  fortress ;  and  pkiin"""' 
repeated  what  they  had  so  often  alleged,  that  their  fathers  never 
could  have  intended  to  deprive  their  children  of  their  homes,  or 
their  hunting  grounds,  and  leave  them  to  starve.     '  Still,  if  we  are 
'  unmolested,'  said  they,  '  we  shall  be  tranquil ;'  and  on  receiving 
renewed  promises  of  protection   and  justice,  they  engaged  to  use 
their  endeavors   to  effect   a    release    of   the    captives  taken    at 
Swan  Island,  Frankfort  [Dresden,]  and  in  other  places,  and  to  capiives 
preserve  the  peace.     Benjamin  Mitchell  and   Lazarus  Noble,  of  |7.!"jjj°''^^'^ 
Frankfort,  had   taken   a  journey   to   Montreal,   to  recover  their  ^'^''^^ch. 
captive  children ;  and  after  finding  them,   as  they   informed   the 
General  Court,  they  w'ere  compelled  by  the  threats  of  the  Cana- 
dian Governor  to  return  without  them.     By  this,  and  other  base 
conduct  of  the  French,  they  virtually  violated  both   the   laws  of 
nations  and  the  faith  of  the  subsisting  treaty  ; — "  injuries,"  said 
the  Legislature,  "  to  which  we,  who  know  the  rights  of  freedom 
"  and  justice,  can  never  tamely  submit."     Hence,  Governor  Shir-  Messenger 
ley  sent  a  special  messenger  into  Canada,  to  demand  a  restoration  'hem!^"'^ 
of  the  children  and  of  all  other  captives  ;  remonstrating  to  the 
Governor  of  Canada  in  most  pointed  terms,  against  the  vile  and 
cruel  conduct  of  the  Indians,  his  allies,  and  warning  him  against 
any  further  interruptions  of  the  amity  between  the  two  crowns. 

There  was  considerable  anxiety  among  the  English,  occasion-  pj.gjjpj^  ^^^^ 
ed  by  the  appearance  of  French  settlements,  lately  rising  upon '|*="'^"'^°" 
the  banks  of  the  river   Chaudiere,   which  empties  into    the  St.  d'ere begun. 
Lawrence,  a  few  miles  above  Quebec.     The  sources  of  that  river 
were  near  those  of  the  Kennebeck  ;  and  the  Indians  of  Norridge- 
wock  had  told  at  Richmond  fort,  that  they  had  given  the   settlers 
full  liberty  to  hunt  and  live  in  any  part  of  that  region — as  an   in- 
ducement for  them  seasonably  to  furnish  provisions  and   military 
stores,  whenever  the  Indians  might  be   again  at    war   with    the 
English.     Measures,  therefore,  were  diligently  pursued  for   de-  defensive 

r  1  .   ,       ,  .  ,  '  measures. 

lence ;  each  eastern  mland  garrison  was  furnished  with  two  co- 
horn-mortars  and  sixteen  cannon  ;  and  the  frontiers,  with  100 
stands  of  small  arms  and  a  suitable  quantity  of  ammunition.* 

19  C.  Reo.  p.  140-1.-8  Journal  H.  of  Rep.  p.  96-100. 


296  THE  HISTORY  [Vol.  ii. 

A>D.  J733.      The  first  acts  of  hostility  were  committed,   in  Oct.    1753,  by 
First  French  the  French  and  Indians,  in  the  vicinity  of  the  fort  at  Presque  Isle, 
w^^c^at'""'*  on  the  southerly  banks  of  lake  Erie  ;  three  British  traders   being 
Lake  Erie,  ggj^g^j  a,^(j  ggnt  to  Montreal,  their  goods  confiscated,  and  several 
settlers  murdered.     To  effectuate  the  release  of  the  prisoners, 
and  to  prevent  a  repetition   of  the   wrongs,  the  Lieutenant-Gov- 
ernor of  Virginia  despatched  to  the  commander  of  the  French 
forces    on    the   Ohio,    a   messenger,   who  was    afterwards    the 
ingiou's       illustrious   George  Washington.* — An    answer    was  returned 
agen<^y-       1^^  ^|jg  officer,  that  the  country  was  French  territory ;  and  he  had 
taken  possession  of   it  under  orders,    which    he    was    bound    to 
obey. 
The  French      Equally   violent    and    reprehensible,   was   the   conduct   of  the 

fortify  ill  i  J  1  '-n.         ,  ,  • 

Nova  Sco-  French  and  Indians  in  Nova  Scotia.  Besides  the  garrisons  erect- 
ed at  Louisbourg,  at  the  Isthmus,  and  on  the  river  St.  John,, 
'near  the  borders  of  Maine,'  the  French  were  fortifying  or 
strengthening  themselves  in  other  places  ;  prohibiting  the  tribes 
from  having  any  intercourse  by  treaty  or  trade  with  the  English,f 
and  encouraging  them  by  rewards,  to  take  either  prisoners  or 
scalps  : — And  when  captives  were  carried  to  Canada,  the  ran- 
som demanded  and  often  paid  was  exorbitant.  The  new  and 
improved  route  between  Canada  and  these  eastern  parts,  by  way 
of  the  rivers  Chaudiere  and  Kennebeck,  increased  the  public  ap- 
prehensions, that  some  place  on  the  upper  branches  of  the  one 
or  the  other,  was  to  be  the  encampment  or  general  rendezvous  of 
the  Indians,  and  that  the  present  peace  with  them  must  be  of 
short  duration. 

In  February,  (1754,)  a  company  of  about  60  able-bodied   In- 

A  partv  of  ,       .  ,  ,    ,  ^      ,         ,     .  . 

Indians  visit  dians,  besides  several  boys,  made  their  appearance  near  lort 
niond. '  '  Richmond,  and  expressed  to  Capt.  Lithgow,  their  desire  of 
sending  a  written  communication  to  Governor  Shirley.  They 
were  evidently  a  mixture,  composed  of  some  from  St.  Francois, 
some  from  Norridgewock,  and  perhaps  a  few  from  Penobscot. 
Their  looks  and  demeanor  gave  indications,  that  they  were  rather 
spies,  than  a  peace-party;  for  after  they  had  delivered  their 
letter,  which  was  of  no  great  importance,  they  manifested  un- 


*  He  travelled  400  miles— of  which  200  were  through  a  trackless  desert. 
He  arrived  at  the  forts  on  the  Alleghany,  Dec.  r2th.— 2  Holmes'  A.  Ann.. 
p.  194-5.  "i"  Gov.  Shirley's  speech,  Nov.  1754. 


Chap,  xi.]  of  Maine.  297 

usual  insolence,  and  uttered  low  malignant  threats. — '  Better  for  A.  D.  1754, 
'  Englishmen,  said   some   of  them,   to   leave  these   rivers,*  else  Their  meu- 

SlCCS, 

'  our  French  brothers,  clad  like  Indians,  will,  soon    as  the  ice  is 

*  gone,  help  us  drive  you  all  away.  Certain  they  will  come  to 
'  us  from  Canada  in  the  spring,  and  bring  us  guns  and  powder  ; 
'  for  a  good  priest  tells  us  the  truth  : — Yes,  and  the   Hurons  will 

*  come  likewise.' 

There  was  other  satisfactory  intelligence,  that  the  Governor  of  The  French 
Canada  was  industrious  in  his  endeavors,  to  persuade  all  the  eas-  t°iuies. 
tern  Indians  to  prevent  any  further  settlements  of  the  English  on 
the  Kennebeck  ;  and  that  a  French  Jesuit  had  been  making  dili- 
gent enquiry  after  catholic  families  ;  using  persuasives  to  assist 
in  building  a  chapel  for  worship,  and  a  dwellinghouse  for  himself, 
either  at  Cushnoc  or  Teconnet,  and  promising  favor  to  all  those 
who  would  join  in  amity  with  the  French.  In  short,  vengeance 
was  denounced  by  them  against  any  tribe,  that  should  undertake 
to  mediate  between  the  English  and  the  Indians. 

It  was  now  extensively  believed  to  be   worse  than   in  vain  to  6  compa- 
think  of  perpetuating  the  peace,  and   securing  the   friendship   of  poimeci  for 

,  1  1       •      1  •  )  1  defence  of 

savage  men  by  presents  ; — men  already  m  league  with  a  malev-  Maine. 
olent  adversary,  who  was  waiting  impatiently,  for  the  word  to 
strike  our  frontiers  with  deadly  and  repeated  blows.  Tribute 
can  never  long  satiate  the  appetite  of  an  hungry  enemy,  and  war 
is  preferable  to  peace  purchased  on  such  degrading  terms.  Per- 
ceiving the  hazardous  exposure  of  these  eastern  Provinces,  the 
Governor  ordered  six  companies  to  be  enlisted  or  detailed  from 
their  militia,  and  to  hold  themselves  in  perfect  readiness  for  a 
march,  on  the  shortest  notice.  Should  the  Indians  at  Norridge- 
wock  be  guilty  of  any  mischief,  he  directed  the  officers  '  to 
'  break  up  their  village,  and  kill  or  take  captive  all  they  met  with 
'  of  that  tribe.' 

The  emergency  drew  from   the  General   Court,   April   9,   an  Provision 
asseveration,  that  they  considered  it  as  indispensable,  to   prevent  ("ri^o"  the 
the    French    from    making  any   settlements  whatever  upon   the    ^"""^  ^^ 
banks  or  branches  of  the  river  Kennebeck,  or  upon  the  carrying 
places  at  its   head  ;    that  as  Richmond   fort  was  in   a   decayed 
state,  the  House  desired  the  Governor  to  order  the  erection  of 

*"  The  new  settlement  of  the  Plymouth  patent  is  the  provocation." — 
Smith'' s  Jour.  p.  58. 

Vol.  II.  38 


298  '^^^  HISTORY  [Vol.  ii, 

A.  D.  1751.  a  new  fort,  about  100  feet  square,  as  far  above,  as  he  might 
think  it  best ;  and  when  it  should  be  finished,  to  remove  thither 
the  garrison,  artillery  and  military  stores,  and  cause  the  fort  it- 
self to  be  demolished.*  At  first,  500  men  were  enlisted, — soon 
augmented  to  800,  in  consequence  of  some  recent  acts  of  vio- 
lence on  or  near  the  borders  of  "  the  eastern  settlements."  The 
goldiers  received  a  generous  bounty  and  were  furnished  with 
every  sup})ly.  Also,  2,500  prime  firearms  were  ordered  to  be 
purchased  for  defence. 
jnn.-2i,  Qj,  {{j^    ojgt^  of  Jmjc,   tlic    Govcmor,  accompanied    by    Col, 

(■(.iniiiis-      Paul  iNlascarenc,  as  Commissioner  from  Nova   Scotia,   General 
iroops  em-  John  Winslow,  who  had  the  immediate  command   of  the   forces, 
]Mr.  Dummer,  late   Lieutenant-Governor,  and   other  persons    of 
rank,  embarked  at  Boston  in  the  Province  frigate   Massachusetts 
for  Falmouth,  the  place  of  rendezvous.     The    troops   encamped 
A  paiiey  at  On  Bangs'  Island.     Finding  on   his    arrival  the  Commissioners 
Falmouth,    r^.^^^^  New-Hampshire,  and  42  of  the  principal  Indians  from  Nor- 
ridgewock,  the  Governor,  on  the  28th,  opened   a  general  confer- 
ence.    Upon  enquiring  why  none    of  the   Anasagunticooks  were 
present,  he  was  told  that  two  of  their  tribe  had  been  offensively 
killed  tlie   preceding   year   in   New-Hampshire  ;  whereas  it  was 
their  bloody  act  of  revenge,  which  was  evidently   the  true  cause 
of  tlifcir  absence, 
A  trraly  Govcmor  Shirley  told  the  Canibas  Chiefs,  among  other  things, 

'^'""'  "  that  lie  had  concluded  to  build  a  new  fort  at  Teconnet,  on  the 
point  of  land  between  the  rivers  Kennebeck  and  Sebasticook,  at 
their  confluence,  for  which  he  had  made  ample  preparations, 
Strongly  averse  as  they  were  to  the  establishment  of  any  fortress 
on  the  lands  of  their  forefathers,  they  persisted  in  their  objection, 
till  they  were  shown  by  deeds,  how  the  territory  had  been  con- 
veyed away ;  and  then  they  gave  their  consent,  signed  a  treaty, f 
and  had  their  dance  ;— all  returning  home,  July  3,  except  three 
of  their  young  men.  Two  days  afterwards,  fifteen  principal  In- 
dians arrived  from  Penobscot :  and  on  the  Gth,  they  ratified  the 
same  treaty,  and  returned,  leaving  two  of  their  young  men  also ; 
— -and  the  five  were  sent  to  Boston  to  be  educated. 

Immediately  the  Governor  sent  off  the   forces  upon  the  pro-^ 

*See  ante,  1719. 

f  This  was  ncp.rly  the  sanie  ns  <*  Dummcr's  Treaty." 


Chap,  xi.]  of  maine.  299 

jected  enterprize,  and  gave  orders  that  500  of  the  troops  recon-  A.  .D  1754. 
noiter  the  heads  of  Kennebeck  river  and  the  great  carrying  places  i^uiiding  of 
between   that  and  the    Chaudiere  ;  and    the  residue  proceed  to 
build  the  fort  according  to  the  plan  and  dimensions  given. 

Perceivina;  a  war  with  France  inevitable,  and   acquainted   with  T"^-Ty  wiib 
the   open    and   exposed   condition   of  the   northern   and    eastern  t'ons. 
frontiers,  the  British  ministry  issued  instructions  unto  the  Ameri" 
can  Governors,  early  in   the   spring,   to  negotiate,   if  possible,  a 
treaty  offensive  and  defensive  with  the  Six   Nations ;  to   form  an 
union  of  the  colonies  for  the  general  defence  ;  to  resist  by  force 
the  invasions  of  the  French ;  and,  in  fine,  to  dislodge  them   from 
the  American  territories,  upon  which  they  had  so  wrongfully  en- 
croached.    Therefore,  Commissioners  from  seven  colonies*  con- 
vened at  Albany,  June   14,  where   they  were   met  by    50   chief  June  14, 
men    of  those    Nations,  with    whom    they    concluded    a  treaty. 
They  then  proceeded  to  form  a  plan  for  the  General  Union  and  pian  of 
DEFENCE  OF  THE  CoLONiEs ;  in  which  it  was  proposed   to  peti- (j',',i"n" 
tion  Parliament  for  an  act  or  charter,  to  establish  a  Grand  Coun- 
cil of  48  members,  annually  elective   by   the   colony  assemblies  ; 
and  a  President  General  to  be  appointed  by  the  crown,  with   the 
right  of  negative  upon  the  council ;  and   to  vest  him   and   them 
with  power  to  make  general  laws, — ^apportion  the  quotas  of  men 
and  money  to  each  colony  in  time  of  war  ; — ^establish   forts,   and 
direct  all  needful  measures  both  for  the  public  safety  aiul  common 
defence.-^Reasonable  and  judicious  as  the  j)roposiiion   may   ap- 
pear, it  met  with  the  singular  fate  of  being  rejected  both  by  the  king 
and  the  colonies,— for    it  was  thought   by   the   former,   that  the 
popular  assemblies  thereby  had  two  much  independence,  and  by 
the  latter,  that    the   President-General  had  too  much  power. — 
Hence  it  was  evident,    that  no  project,  whatever,  could  possibly 
meet  the  views  of  both  parties. f — About  this  time  there  were  Troop? 
enlistments     made    in  Virginia — likewise    in    other    Provinces,  ouieTcoV- 
measures  were  adopted,    to    repel    the    invading    forces    of  the  "'®*' 
French ;  while  each  of  the   two  crowns  out  of  regard   to   their 
respective  allies,  was  waiting  for  the  other,  first  to  declare  war, 

*  From  Massachusetts,  New-Hampshire,  Rhode-Island,  Connecticut,- 
Pennsylvania,  Maryland,  and  New-York.  The  deleg-ates  took  "  rank  m 
geographical  order  beginning-  at  the  north.  See  the  names  of  the  Com- 
mittee appointed  to  draw  '■'■apian  of  Union.'''' — 2  Belknap'' s  JV.  //.  p.  220.- 

f  1  Minot,  191-2,  where  the  draft  is  entire. 


300  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.    11. 

A.  D.  1754.      After  Governor  Shirley  had  passed  several  weeks  in  Falmouth 
Shirley  re-  and  its  vicinity,  in  making  himself  acquainted  with  the   condition 
turns  10   os-^^  ^^^  towns  and  frontiers,  and  devising  means  for  their   defence^ 
he  proceeded  to  Teconnet,  and  ascended  the  Kennebeck   as   far 
as    Norridgewock.     Ascertaining    that  no  fort  had  been  erected 
on  that  river  by  the  French,  nor  on  the  carrying  places  between 
its  sources  and  the  Chaudiere,  he  returned   to   Boston,   Sept.   9, 
where  he  was  met  widi  vivid  congratulations. 
Form  end         The  Site  selected  for  the  fort  was  an  eligible  and  beautiful  situ- 
forrrel.^'""    ation.*     Its  exterior  form  was   quadrangular;   being   about    100 
feet  in  length  and  40  in  breadth.     It  was  constructed   of  hewn 
pine  timber  and  raised  about  20  feet  in  height,  with  flankers  and 
block-housesf  of  the  same  material,  the  v/alls  being  thick  enough 
to  resist  musquet  bullets.     It  was  sufficiently  spacious  to   contain 
400  men.     Tliere  was  also  a  strong   redoubt  constructed   on   an 
eminence  to  overlook  the  country  road,  fortified  by  two  small  can- 
non and    a  swivel.     In   the   main   fortress    were    mounted    sev- 
eral small  cannon,   and  a  garrison  was  established  of  100  men. 
Named  fort  jt  ^yas  finished,  Sept.  3d,  and  called  Fort  Halifax  ;  in  naming 

Halifax.  '-  ... 

which  there  was  some  ceremony  and  a  comphmentary  mscrip- 
tion  in  Latin,  which  admits  of  this  literal  translation  ; — For  the 
benefit  of  the  Massachusetts  Province,  ffiUiam  Shirley,  her 
Governor,  under  the  auspices  of  the  most  nolle  George  Mon- 
tague Duck,  Earl  of  Halifax,  the  highly  distinguished  friend 
and  patron  of  the  British  Provinces,  throughout  America,  has 
reared  this  fortress. — September  3,  A.  D.  17  54.  J 

*  The  Governor  told  the  House,  the  fort  was  3-4lhs  of  a  mile  below  Te- 
connet Falls;  S7  miles  above  Richmond  Fort ;  50  from  Penobscot;  31  by- 
water,  and  22  by  land,  fi'om  Norridgewock,  and  18  above  Cushnoc. — 18 
Coun.  Rec.  p.  281-7.  j  In  1830,  one  block-house  was  still  standing. 

I  The  Latin  : —      Quad  felix  faustum  qucsit 

PuoviNCiAE  Massaciiusetensi  ; 

Hunc  lapidcm  posuit 

GuLiELMUS  Shirley,  Gubernatok, 

Sub  auspiciis 

Nobilissifni,  Georgii  Montague  Duck, 

Comitis  de  Halifax, 

Provinciarum, 

Quotqout  sunt  ditionis  Brittannicae  ; 

Per  Americam  utranupir, 

Prefecti  atq ;  Patroni  illustrissimi, 

Die  3,  Septcmhris,  A.  D.  1754. 

[See  1  Miiiot,  p.  187.— MS.  Let,  from  TriV«/ow.] 


Chap,  xi.]  of  Maine.  301 

Encouraged  and  animated  by  this  enterprize  as  soon  as  under-  'VD.  1754. 
taken,  the  proprietors  of  the  Plymoutli  patent  or  Kennebeck 
purchase,  built  two  forts,  the  same  season,  both  on  the  eastern  side 
of  the  river.  One  was  situated  at  the  head  of  sloop  navigation 
near  the  water's  edge,  and  just  below  the  easterly  end  of  the  pres- 
ent (Augusta)  bridge  ;  the  place  and  the  vicinity  being  anciently 
called  by  the  Indians,  Cushnoc.  Some  appearances  of  the 
circumvallation  are  yet  to  be  seen.  The  fortress  was  a  large 
building,  in  dimensions  100  feet  by  32,  constructed  of  hewn 
timber,  like  Fort  Halifax.  There  was  also  near  it  a  block-house, 
24  feet  square,  formed  of  the  same  timber.  Here  were  mounted 
four  cannon,  and  a  garrison  established  of  20  men. 

It  was  designed  especially,  as  a  depositary  of  provisions  and  Poris  West- 
military  stores  for  the  upper  garrison.  It  was  named  Fort  ?'^es- silideyf 
tern.*  The  other  one,  called  Fort  Shirley,  was  situated  in  the 
plantation  of  Frankfort,  [now  Dresden]  about  a  mile  above  tlie 
northerly  end  of  Swan  Island,  and  hence  sometimes  called  Fort 
Frankfort.  The  parade  ground,  was  200  feet  square,  enclosed 
by  pickets ;  the  westerly  side  of  which  was  on  the  margin  of 
the  river.  Within  were  two  block-houses,  the  projecting  stories 
of  which  were  24  feet  square.  The  walls,  which  were  ten 
inches  thick,  were  built  of  pine  and  hemlock  timber,  hewed  on 
four  sides  and  interlocked  where  they  crossed  at  the  ends.  One 
block-house  was  in  the  north  and  the  other  in  the  south  corner  of 
the  parade,  on  the  tops  of  which  were  watch-boxes  for  senti- 
nels. The  exterior  pickets  were  of  sufficient  height,  and  within 
were  barracks,  for  the  accommodation  of  those  belonging  to  the 
fort.  It  was  afterwards  under  the  command  of  Samuel  Good- 
win, whose  family  lived  with  him  in  the  garrison. f 

A  road  between  Fort  Western  and  Fort  Halifax,  was  ordered  communi- 
by  the  Governor  to  be  cleared  and   made  fit  for  the  passage  of  f„^^\'"j5g|^J-g''^^. 
wheel   carriages.      He   also  made  arrangements  by  means   of 


*  JIS.  Let.  of  Hon.  D.  Cony,  A.  D.  1S23.— Some  part  of  tlie  fort  was 
tlicn  standing.  Us  lat.  44°  14'. — 'The  patentees  at  a  very  ear]}'  period,  built 
♦  a  trading  house  at  Cushnoc  ;  and  when  government  was  instituted,  A.  D. 
«  1653,  under  Thomas  Prince  at  Kennebeck  ;  it  appears,  that  the  people 
'  residing  at  Cushnoc,  or  Cushenoc,  were  included  therein  and  took  (lie 
'  oatii  of  fidelity,  to  New-Piyinonth  colony.' — James  Howard  had  command 
of  Fort  Western. 

t  .l/S.  Lrt.  from  Dresden,  1821. — One  block-house  was  then  standing. 


302  The  history  [Vol.  a. 

A.  D.  1754.  whale-boats,  and  videttes,  for  the  communication  of  expresses, 
^        J.     between  Fort  HaHfax  and  Fahnouth,  in  24   hours.     The  troops^ 

Troops  diS'  '  ,  ' 

charged,      except  thosc  retained  in  the  garrisons,   were   all   discharged,  be- 
fore Oct.  17  ;  receiving  from  the  Commander-in-Chief  and   the 
Monies  vol-  Crcneral  Court,  expressions  of  particular  approbation,*      Imme- 
ed  and  sup-  djately  the  General  Court  voted  £600,  to  defray  the   charges  of 

plies.  -  .  . 

the  campaign,  and  £300  to  be  laid  out  in  presents  which  were 
to  be  sent  to  the  tribes  upon  the  Kennebeck  and  Penobscot ;  also- 
appropriated  a  sura  necessary  to  procure  provisions,  shoes  or 
moccasins,  and  other  supplies,  for  the  garrison  at  Fort  Halifax, 
and  £470  for  building  a  small  fort  at  the  second  or  ten-mile 
falls  in  the  Androscoggin,  and  for  repairing  Fort  George  at 
Brunswick  and  the  block-houses  or  fortified  habitations  at  Tow-- 
woh,  [Lebanon]  Phillipstown,  Saco,  Narraganset  Number  If 
Gorhamtown,  Sebago,  New-Marblehcad,  Saccarappe,  and  Tops- 
ham.f 
Ati  nitack  Qn  the  6th  of  November,  an  express  arrived  from  Fort  Hali-' 
soldiery  of  fax  to  the  Govcmor,  informing  him  that  the  Indians  had  fallen  upon 
fax.  '  a  parly  of  the  garrison,  while  they  were  engaged  in  hauling  logs- 
for  the  use  of  the  fort,  killed  and  scalped  one  soldier  and  car-- 
ried  away  four  others,  prisoners.  This  outrage,  committed  so 
soon  after  solemn  confirmation  of  former  treaties,  was  universally 
viewed,  not  only  as  a  piece  of  base  and  cruel  treachery,  but  a 
certain  precursor  of  another  Indian  war.  It  entirely  changed 
the  aspect  of  our  eastern  affairs,  throwing  a  dark  cloud  over  the 
whole.  About  the  same  time,  an  English  captive,  who  had  pur" 
chased  his  freedom,  brought  news  from  Canada,  that  500  French 
and  Indians  were  collecting  at  Quebec,  and  preparing  to  make 
a  furious  assault  upon  Fort  Halifax. 
frpsents  Hence,  the  Governor  was  induced  to   withhold  the  valuable 

frimTh?"  presents  designed  for  the  tribes  at  Kennebeck  and  Penobscot,- 
Tribes.  ^jjg^^  ^^  ^^^^.^^  qJ  ^}^g  Province  Sloop  ;  but  sent  to  Fort  Halifax 
Slced'^'  a  re-enforcement  of  100  men,  with  five  additional  cohorn-mor- 
tars ;  and  issued  orders  to  the  six  companies  of  minute  men  in 
Maine,  to  be  in  constant  readiness  for  marching,  at  the  shortest 
notice.  Halifax  and  the  frontiers  were  put  in  the  best  possible 
state  of  defence  for  the  winter  ;  and  as  there  was  fear,  that  our 
vessels  might  be  taken  by  the  French,  who  were  supposed  to  be 


*  IS  Council  Records,  p.  297-S.  t  18  Couocil  Records,  p.  329* 


Chap.  XI.]  of  maink.  303 

ranging  the  eastern  coasts,  an  embargo  of  26  days,  was  laid  upon  a.d.  1734. 
all  such   as  had   on  board,   either  provisions  or  other  supplies.  An  embar- 
Extremely  anxious  to   effect  a  release   and  return  of  captives, 

I  r        1  •  1     1  /I"  1     r  •        1  ''^"  agency 

numbers  01  whom,  it  was  represented    by  afflicted  Inends,  were  to  Canada 
still  in  Canada  ;  Massachusetts  and  New-Hampsliire   sent    Capt.  iile'reiease 
Phinehas  Stevens  thither  on  that  errand;    hoping,  no   doubt,  to"  '^'^P"^^*- 
learn  likewise,  something  of  the  measures  or  designs  of  the   Ca- 
nadians.    But   the    mission   was  productive  of   more  evil  than 
-good  ;  for  by  paying    or  even   ofiering   extravagant  ransom,  we 
actually  encouraged  and  tempted  the  Indians  to  the   savage  ex- 
ploits of  taking  captives.*     If  they  were   redeemed,   the   price 
paid  gave  the  foe  fresh  strength  and  means  to  carry  on  this   dia- 
bolical kidnapping  mode  of  warfare. 

The  indignation  of  the  public  was  now  more  especially  aroused  St.  Francois 

^        _  '  _  I  •'  Indians,  in- 

against  the  Indians  of  St.   Francois;    as   it  was   manifest,   they  s"saiors  to 

,  .       .  .        .  war. 

were  the  principal  instigators  to  a  rupture.     Many   believed   the 
time  had  in  fact  arrived,  when  that  tribe,  if  none  other,   ought  to 
be  utterly  exterminated.     The  General  Court  offered  £100,  for  p.,r,||pr 
any  one  of  their  scalps,  and  £10  more,  for  any  one   of  their  In- "^"i'^^^^^^ 
dians  taken  alive ;  and  directed  their   agent  in   England   to   pur- 
chase for  the  Province  250  stands  of  arms,  and  1 500  barrels  of 
powder.     The  whole  winter  was  passed   in  restless  anxiety  ;  it 
being  fearfully  apprehended,  that  none  of  all  the  eastern  Indians, 
except,  possibly,  the  Tarratines,  could  be  deterred   from  rushing 
into  hostilities.     To  satisfy  them  and  keep  them  tranquil,  govern- 
ment made  them  presents,  gave  them  the  strongest  assurances  of 
friendship  and  kindness  ;  and  finally  promised  them,  if  they  would 
rest  quietly  under  the  verdant  trees  of  peace,  that  a  truck  house 
should   be  established  upon  the  Penobscot,  and  be  well  supplied 
with  all  the  articles  they  needed,  at  fair  prices.     It  was   a  period  Public 
of  uncommon  interest  and  solicitude ;    the   public   treasury  was  cier^'^"' 
empty ;    and  "  the   distressing   circumstances  of   the  Province" 
were  laid  before  his  Majesty,  with  earnest  solicitations  for  assist- 
ance. 

"'*'  Hence,  "  the  savag-es  were  more  desirous  of  taking  captives  and  more 
tender  of  them  when  taken,  than  in  former  wars." — 2  Belk.  JV.  H.  p.  222. 


304  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II. 


CHAPTER  XII. 

The  French  war  and  Gth  icar  with  the  Indians — Fortijications — 
Four  expeditions  against  the  French — Thci/  arc  driven  from  Nova 
Scotia  by  Winsloxo  and  3JonJcton — The  French  Neutrals  removed 
— Depredations  oj  the  Indians — War  declared  against  them  all, 
except  the  tribe  at  Penobscot — Bounties — Defence  of  the  eastern 
fro7itiers — Affair  of  Cargill — War  against  the  tribe  at  Penob- 
scot— An  earthquake — Four  expeditions  against  the  French — 
Public  embarrassments — A  loan  of  ^30,000 — A  force  of  3,500 
men  raised — War  declared  against  France — English  Generals — 
Shirley  leaves  the  Province — J.  Wheelwright,  Com.  Gen. — At- 
tacks of  the  Indians — A  gloomy  period — Louisbourg — Skirmishes 
with  the  Indians — Gov.  Pownal  arrives — /.  Bradbury — Small- 
pox— Ilarpsicell  incorporated — William  Pitt,  prime  minister — 
His  plan  of  operations — Eastern  forts — Louisbourg  captured — 
Repulse  of  the  Indians  at  St.  Georges  and  Mcduncook — Their 
last  efforts  eastward — Possession  taken  of  Penobscot — Fort  Pow- 
nal built  there — Death  of  Gen.  Waldo — Great  successes  of  the 
English  arms — Capture  of  Quebec — Destruction  of  the  Indian 
village,  St.  Francois — Death  of  Sir  W.  Pepperell — WoolwicJt 
incorporated — Treaties  of  peace  with  the  Indians — Entire  reduc- 
tion of  Canada. 
A.D.  1754.  The  encroachments  of  the  French,  the  mischiefs  of  their  In- 
The  dian  allies,  and  some  skirmishes  upon  our  frontiers,   during  the 

anHiiie'6th  year  1754,  were  considered  as  the    commencement  of  hostilities 
"  ""'< '''^''"  in  v/hat  has  been  usually  denominated  the  French  War,  and  the 
certain  presages  of  another  rupture  with  the  Indians.     The   war 
with  them  in  fact  began,  as  did  the  one  between  the  two   crowns, 
without  being  formally   declared  ; — this   being  the   sixth  Indian 
war.  within  eighty  years. 
The  fortifi-       The  French  had  not  only  forts  in  Nova  Scotia,   the  Beau  Se- 
the  "prendi  j^^^j  ^"V  ^cri:e,  and  itwo  on   the  river   St.  John,  built  two  or 
three  years  since ;  they  had    also   a   fortress  at   Ticonderoga,* 


*  From  .Whaxij  to  fort  Edward,  on  the  east  side  of  the  river  Hudson 
below  the  bend,  is  36  miles,  and  thence  IN.  W.  over  land,  10  miles  to  Fort 
JVilliam  Henry,  at  the  southerly  end  of  Lake   George ;— Wood  Creek 


Chap,  xii.]  of  Maine.  3Q5 

situated  on  the  isthmus  between  Lake  George  and  Lake  Cham-  a.  d.  1754. 
plain  ;  Fort  Frederick  at  Crown  Point,  on  the  western  side  of 
the  last  mentioned  lake ;  Fort  Frontenac,  at  the  outlet  of  lake 
Ontario  northwardly ;  Fort  Ontario  at  Oswego  river,  on  the  south- 
easterly margin  of  the  same  lake  ;  Fort  JViagara,  between  the 
lakes  Ontario  and  Erie,  below  the  Falls ;  and  fort  Du  Quesne, 
at  the  confluence  of  the  Alleghany^ and  Monongahela  rivers,  which 
form  the  head  of  the  river  Ohio,  at  the  present  Pittsburg. 

The  British  minister  at  the   court  of  France  demanded,    that  Complaints 
express  orders  be  sent  to  M.  de   la  Jonquiere,   the  Governor  of  French  king 
New-France,  to  desist  from  violence  against  the   British   subjects  abuses! 
in  this  country ;  that  Fort  Niagara  be  immediately  razed  ;  that  the 
English  subjects  who  had  been  made  prisoners,  be  set  at  liberty, 
and  indemnified  for  the  losses  they  had  sustained  ;  and  that  the 
persons  who  had  committed   these   excesses  be  punished   in   an 
exemplary    manner.      Meanwhile,  the  Indians  being  constantly 
assisted  by  the  French,  in  Nova   Scotia,  and   furnished   as  they 
wished,  with  boats,   arms   and   ammunition,  continued  in  many 
places  to  plunder  and  massacre   the  British  subjects  with  impu- 
nity.    Though  it  were  true,  that  the  Court  of  Versailles  prom- 
ised to  remove  all  causes  of  complaint ;  yet  the  French  Governor 
was,  without  doubt,  secretly  exhorted,  to  proceed  in  the  work  of 
bringing  their  ambitious  and  nefarious  projects  to  perfection.* 

On  the  other  hand,  there  was  a  line  of  forts  and  block-houses,  r.   .      , 

'  '  Eastern  for- 

along  our  frontiers  from  Salmon  Falls  river,  to  the  forts  on  the  tificat'ons. 
river  St.  Georges.  At  Berwick,  within  two  or  three  miles  above 
Quampeagan  landing,  were  several  strongly  fortified  houses,  called 
Gerish's,  Key's,  Wentvvorth's,  and  Goodwin's  garrisons.  There 
was  also  a  picketted  fort  on  the  height  of  land  at  Pine  Hill,  form- 
ed of  poles  set  in  the  ground,  about  twenty  feet  in  height  and 
sharpened  at  the  upper  end.f  Similar  fortifications  and  block- 
houses, constructed  of  hewn  timber,  enclosed  by  palisades,  or 
other  works  for  defence  and  retirement,  were  built  or  established 
in  every  frontier  township,  that  was  settled   in   Maine   and   Saga- 


being  11  miles  N.  E.  of  Fort  Edward  and  at  the  south  end  of  Lake  Cham- 
plain.  On  the  isthmus,  between  Lake  George  and  Lake  Champlain,  is 
Ticonderoga.  Crown  Point  is  15  miles  north  of  Ticonderoga;  thence 
N.  to  the  outlet  of  Lake  Champlain,  55  miles,  at  the  head  of  Chamblaxj 
and  mouth  of  Sordl  river;  thence  north  to  Isle  Aitx  JVoix,  10  miles_;  and 
thence  to  the  St.  Lawrence,  50  miles.  *  2  Smollett,  f  Sullivan,  p.  253. 
Vol.  II.  39 


306  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.    II. 

A.  D.  J754.  dahock.  The  men  were  at  all  times  armed,  whether  they  went 
to  public  worship,  to  labor,  or  were  travelling.  The  moment 
a  lurking  Indian  was  discovered,  means  were   used  to   communi- 

Au..„„„.,o  catc  notice  to  the  nearest  garrison  or  block-house,  when  an  alarm 
gun  was  fired,  and  all  the  scattered  people  fled  within  the  gates.* 
Or,  if  the  people  were  in  possession  of  no  larger  guns  than  mus- 
kets, three  of  them  were  fired  in  succession,  at  short  and  meas- 
ured   intervals,   between  them.     There   was   another    expedient 

Large  and  i     i  i  •     i  •  •  i 

quick  scent- recommended,  and  to  some  extent  tried,  as  a  security  agamst  the 

°'      sudden    and  silent  incursions  of  the  savages; — this   was   the   use 

of  '  staunch  hounds'  and  well  taught  dogs,  which  by  the  scent  of 

footsteps,    could  detect  skulking  parties,   and  route  or   frustrate 

ambuscades. 

A.D.  1755.      Early   in   the  year    1755,    four    expeditions,   formed   without 

Fourexpe-  mucli  couccrt,  were  bravely  undertaken  against  the  several  French 

clitions  -^  _  ... 

against  iiie  forts.     General  Braddock  arriving  at  Virginia,  the   last  of  Feb- 

Frencii.  ,  .  . 

ruary  from  Ireland,  with  two  resiiments,   conducted   one  expedi- 

Ist,  Brad-        ,       •'  '  ... 

dock's,        tion  of  2,200  regulars   and   provincials  against   fort   du  Quesne, 
Fortdu       before  which  he  fell,  July  9th,  and  his  army  were  entirely  defeat- 

viuGSIlC. 

ed.     The  second  was  aimed  against  the  French,   Acadians,  and 

2(,1  the  Act* 

dian.  '  Indians,  embodied  and  fortified  upon  the  isthmus  of  Nova 
Scotia. — The  third,  containing  5  or  600  provincials,  was  com- 
sio'n's,  manded  by  General  William  Johnston,  of  Schenectady,  who 
Crown-  fought  a  battle  with  the  enemy  near  Crown  Point,  which 
''°"'  ■  won  him  great  applause.     The  fourth,   conducted    by   Governor 

ley's,"  '"     Shirley  in  person,  Commander-in-Chief  since  the  death   of  Gen- 
a^arTaiid'  ^'"^^  Braddock,  proceeded  against  Niagara  and   Fort  Frontenac, 
^nac^'°"   ^^'i^^^o^'t^  ^"y  success. — In  the  midst  of  these  expeditions,  a  large 
French  fleet  left  the  harbor   of  Brest  for    America  ; — the  news 
of  which  aroused  the  British  government  to  despatch   hither  Ad- 
mirals Boscawen  and  Mostyn,  April  27,  with  eleven  ships  of  the 
line  and  a  frigate,  having  on  board  two  regiments,  for  Newfound- 
TwoFrpnciJ'^"^*     ^^ar  Cape  Race,  at  the  southernmost  part  of  that  Island, 
ships  taken  Boscawcn  had  the  good  fortune  to  capture  two  ships  of  64  guns, 

by  the  Ijnt-  ^^  t'  I  O         ' 

'sh-  the  Alcide  and  the  Lys ;  while  the  residue  of  the   French  fleet, 

with  much  exertion,  safely   ascended  the    St.    Lawrence.     This 

*  Tlie  block-house  above  Fort  St.  Gcorg-e  was'garrisoned  by  a  party  of 
the  inhabitants  iinrler  Kilpatrick  ;  that  at  Ciishing-,  built  in  1753,  was  under 
Capt.  Benjamin  Burton  ;  and  that  at  the  month  of  the  river,  was  under 
Capt.  Henderson.— £«fo?i'f  3JS.  JV«r,  p.  12. 


Chap,  xii.]  of  jmalne.  307 

event,  followed  hy  letters  of  marque   and  reprizal,   was   deemed  a.  D.  1755. 
the  commencement  of  the  war  bv  sea.  ,^^^''  '^^S"" 

•'  by  sea. 

But  the  second  expedition,  previously  mentioned,  against  the  Panicniars 
French  in  Nova  Scotia,  and  its  results,  are  sufficiently  connected  "xiledii^on 
with  the  History  of  this  State,  to  admit  of  some  particulars.  As  ^fyl'^^l  '''* 
the  French  laid  claim  to  the  territory  of  Sagadahock,*  as  well  as  A'^^'''^- 
to  the  Bay  of  Fundy  and  northern  parts  of  the  Acadian  Province  ; 
the  eastern  tribes  appeared  determined  to  cast  in  their  lot  with  that 
people,  whatever  might  be  the  hazard ;  hoping,  that  one  and  the 
same  happy  destiny  for  them  and  their  friends  awaited  both  Pro- 
vinces. Hence,  Lieutenant-Governor  Lawrence  of  Nova  Scotia 
proposed  to  Governor  Shirley,  that  he  would,  with  all  the  Pro- 
vincials he  could  bring  into  the  field,  join  the  regular  troops  then 
in  that  Province,  under  Lieutenant  Colonel  Robert  Monkton ; 
provided  they  could  be  re-enforced  by  2,000  men  from  the  Pro- 
vince of  Massachusetts  ;  giving  it  as  his  opinion,  that  such  a  body 
of  troops  would  be  abundantly  able  to  compel  a  speedy  capitu- 
lation of  the  enemy.  Governor  Shirley  laid  the  subject  before 
the  General  Court,  in  February,  when  he  assures  them  of  his 
Majesty's  particular  approbation  of  the  zeal  and  vigor,  evinced  by 
them  in  their  late  enterprizes  upon  the  river  Kennebeck  ;  adding, 
that  the  aid  of  Massachusetts  had  been  required  by  the  Earl  of 
Holdress,  the  British  Secretary  of  State,  to  dislodge  the  French 
from  Nova  Scotia,  beiore  the  arrival  of  their  war  ships  from 
France.  For,  said  the  Governor,  '  should  they  be  prevented  a 
'  free  navigation  in  the  bay  of  Fundy,  they  will  be  driven  to  such 
*  straits  for  provisions  and  supplies,  that  they  would  not  dare, 
'  through  fear  of  famine,  to  embody  their  Indian  allies  ;  while  a 
'  removal  of  them  entirely  from  the  Province,  would  cut  off  their 
'  communication  between  Louisbourg  and  Canada,  across  that  bay 
'  and  the  peninsula,  break  the  principal  link  in  the  chain  of  forts, 
'  and  effectually  wound  the  monster  in  the  head.' 

The  expedition  was  extensively   popular,   and  of  course   duly  yvinsiow 
encouraged  by  the  Legislature.     Within  two  months,  there   were  ^""^  ^^nk- 

"-^  _  '  ton  form   a 

enlisted  about  2,000  men,  for  one  year,  if  their  services  were  soJ""^''°"  **«• 
long     required,    who    were   generally   from    Massachusetts   and  Lawrence. 
Maine,  and  who  had  been   promised   like  pay   and   treatment  in 
every  respect,  as  the  regulars    in  the   same  service.      They  had 

*  See  ante,  A.  D.  1753. 


308  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  11. 

A,  D.  1755.  their  own  officers,  and  were  formed  into  a  regiment  of  two  bat- 
talions, under  Governor  Shirley,  as  Colonel,  and  John  Winslow, 
as  Lieut.  Colonel,  the  latter  having  the  immediate  command 
of  the  whole.  Besides  belonging  to  one  of  the  most  ancient  and 
honorable  families  in  Plymouth  county,  where  he  was  at  the 
time,  a  Major-General  of  the  militia,  he  possessed  soundness  of 
judgment,  amiable  manners  and  military  skill,  as  discovered  in 
the  expedition  upon  the  Kennebeck,  the  year  past ;  which  ac- 
quired him  considerable  reputation,  and   especially  the  love   and 

May  20.  confidence  of  the  soldiery.  On  the  20th  of  May,  the  body  of 
recruits  embarked  from  Boston  for  Annapolis,  where  they  ar- 
rived safely,  after  a  passage  of  five  days.  The  fleet,  consisting 
of  41  vessels,  proceeded  thence  through  Chignecto  channel, 
into  Cumberland  Basin,  near  Fort  Lawrence,  where  they  anchor- 
ed and  were  joined  by  270  regulars  with  a  small  train  of  artille- 
ry, under  Colonel  Monkton,  to  whom  was  given  the  chief  com- 
mand of  the  expedition. 

The  English      On  the  wcst  side  of  the  Missaquash  river,  at  its    mouth,   there 

drive  the  . 

French  over  was  a  block-house  of  the  enemy,  enclosmg  some  small  cannon 
quash  river,  and  swivels,  and  secured  by  a  breastwork, — where  450  men 
were  posted  judiciously,  to  oppose  their  progress.  This  place 
was  attacked  with  such  spirit  by  Winslow,  at  the  head  of  300 
Provincials,  that  the  enemy  were  obliged  to  fly  and  leave  them 
in  possession  of  the  works.  The  French  then  deserted  the 
block-house,  and  opened  an  unobstructed  passage  across  the 
river,  having  first  set  fire  to  their  outer  defences  and  the  village. 
June  16.      On  the  12th  of  June,  a  bombardment  was  commenced  upon  fort 

Fori  Beau- 

sejonr,  (now  Bcau-sejour,    and    continued   four   days.      It  then  surrendered. 

Cumber-  .  „  j  i 

land)  though    the    French  had   26  pieces    of    cannon    mounted,   and 

surrenders.       ,  .  .  .  _„,  .  t        •  u 

plenty  of  ammunition.      Ihe   garrison  was   sent  to  L-ouisbourg, 
on  their  promise  not  to  bear   arms   in  America  for   six  months  ; 
and  300  Acadians  were  pardoned,  because  they   pretended  they 
had  been  forced  into  the  service.      IMonkton,   after   stationing   a 
portion  of  his  men  in  this  fort,  and  changing  its  name    to  that  of 
June  17.       Cumberland,  proceeded  the  next  day,  to  reduce  the  other  French 
Fori  Gaspe- fort,  upon  the    river    Gaspereaux,   which  runs  into  Bay   Verte, 
ducey'     ["^ow  ^°^'^  Monkton]  ;  that  being  the  chief  magazine  for  supply- 
ing the  French,  Acadians  and   Indians,  with  arms  and  ammuni- 
tion.     On  entering  it   after   a  surrender,   he   found   there,  large 
quantities  of  provisions  and  stores  of  all  kinds. — Captain  Rouse 


Chap,  xii.]  of  maine.  309: 

then  sailed  with  three  ships   and  a   snow,   to  the  mouth   of   the  a.  d.  1755. 
river  St.  John,  to  attack  the  new  fort  erected  there  by  the  French  ;  The  fort  at 
but  they  saved  him  that  trouble,  by  relinquishing  it  upon   his   ap-  abandoned.. 
pearance,  after  having  burst  their  cannon,  blown  up  their   maga- 
zine, and  destroyed,  as  far  as  they  had  time,  all  the  works  they 
had  lately  raised.     The  officers  of  the  fleet  were  received  with 
tokens  of  respect,  by    150   of    the  Indian  tribe  residing  on  this 
river, — who  were  glad  to  escape  chastisement,  upon   their  prom- 
ises of  friendship  and  obedience.     During  the  whole  of  this   ex- 
pedition, the  English  had  only  twenty  men  killed,  and   about  the 
same  number  wounded  ;  the  success  of  which  secured  the  tran- 
quillity of  Nova  Scotia.* 

But  after  subduing  the  country  and  disarming  about  1,500  of  Tiie  French 
the  inhabitants ;  the  best  course  to  be  pursued  and  the  most 
politic  disposition  to  be  made  with  them  generally,  were  ques- 
tions which  the  Provincial  government  found  it  extremely  difficult 
to  determine.  They  were  not  prisoners  of  war,  because  under 
the  treaty  of  Utrecht,  April  11,  1713,  they  had  been,  and  still 
were,  permitted  to  retain  their  possessions.  They  were  not 
'  British  subjects,  because  they  had  refused  to  take  the  oath  of 
allegiance,  till  it  was  so  modified  as  not  to  oblige  them  to  bear 
arms  against  the  French,  even  in  defence  of  the  Province. 
From  these  circumstances  they  assumed  the  character  as  well  as  the 
name  of  "  JVeutraJs.^^f  They  dwelt  principally  about  Annapolis, 
Chignecto,  Bay  Verte,  the  Basin  of  Minas,  Cobaquid  Bay  and 
in  that  vicinity  : — and  "  all  together  made  a  population  of  18,000 
souls."!  They  were  an  industrious,  frugal  people,  strongly  at- 
tached to  the  French  interest  and  the  catholic  religion.  So  de- 
sirous were  they  of  throwing  off  the  yoke,  that  they  had  secretly 
courted  the  visit  of  the  French  troops,  and  furnished  them  and 
the  Indians  with  intelligence,  quarter,  provisions  and  every  assist- 
ance ;  and  a  part  of  them  had  actually  taken  arms  in  violation  of 
their  oath  of  neutrality.     Nay,  all  of  them  now,  as  heretofore,  ut-  Ti.eirre/u- 

1  r         1  1  t         r  sal  to  take 

terly  refused  to  take  the   oath  of  unqualified   allegiance   to  the  iiie  oath  of 

i»   •  •  1  II  111  1  I      •  allegiance. 

orilisn  crown ;  though  such  as  had  not  appeared  openly  m  arms. 


*  2  Smollett,  p.  533-9.— 1  Minot.  p.  219-20. 

\  See  ante,  A.  D.  1749,  Note. 

\  1  Halibnrlon's,  JV.  5'.  p.  172,  lUes  Abbe  Reynal. — Bnt  the   number   is 
evident!}-  estimated  too  high. 


310  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  11. 

A.D.  1755.  were  assured,  if  they  would  take  it,  they  should  still  be  allowed 
the  unmolested  enjoyment  of  their  lands  and  houses. 

Perceivina;  the  indissoluble  attachment  of  these  Acadians,  or 
'  French  Neutrals,'  to  tiieir  parent  nation,  Lieutenant-Governor 
Lawrence,  and  the  Provincial  Council,  with  advice  of  Admirals 
Boscawen  and  Mostyn,  finally  determined,  that  the  whole  of  them 
be  removed  and  dispersed  among  the  British  Colonies,  where 
they,  being  unable  to  unite  in  any  offensive  measures,  would  be- 
come naturalized  to  the  government  and  country.  Without 
knowing  their  destiny,  they  were  summoned  to  meet  in  their  chap- 
els, Sept.  5,  to  hear  their  doom.  At  Grand  Pre,  [Minas  and 
Horton,]  assembled  1 ,923  persons,  aged  and  young,  whom  Gen- 
eral Winslow  met,  and  after  animadverting  upon  their  disloyal 
conduct,  said  to  them,  I  now  declare  to  you  his  Majesty's  orders  : 

K)iow  then,  '  that  ijour  lands,  tenements,  cattle  and   live   stock 

'  of  all  kinds  are  forfeited  to  the  Crown,  with  all  other  effects  of 
'  yours,  excepting  your  money  and  household  goods,  which  you 
'  will  be  allowed  to  carry  ivith  you ;  and  that  yourselves  and 
^families  are  to  be  removed  from  this  Province  to  places  suiting 
'  his  Majestfs  pleasure  ; — in  the  meantime,  to  remain  in  custody, 
'  under  the  inspection  and  control  of  the  troops  I  have  the  honor 
'  to  command.''  '  In  a  word,  I  now  declare  you  all  the  kingh 
<■  prisoners.^ — Shocked  and  petrified  at  this  thralling  decree,  some 
of  them  burst  into  tears,  and  some  fled  to  the  woods,  whose 
houses  were  committed  to  the  flames,  and  country  laid  waste,  to 
prevent  their  subsistence.  Indeed,  every  possible  measure  was 
adopted  to  force  them  back  into  captivity. 
TiKirremo-  When  the  transports  arrived  at  Annapolis,  to  convey  away  the 
'"'■  ill-fated    people  from   that  place   and  vicinity,  the  soldiers  found 

the  houses  entirely  deserted  by  the  inhabitants,  who  had  fled  to 
the  woods  ;  carrying  with  them  their  aged  parents,  their  wives  and 
their  children.  But  hunger,  infirmity  and  distress  soon  compelled 
the  return  of  numbers,  who  surrendered  themselves  prisoners  at 
discretion.  The  more  athletic  penetrated  into  the  depths  of  the 
wilderness,  and  encamped  with  the  savages  ;  and  a  (ew  wander- 
ed through  the   woods    to   Chignecto,   and   thence  escaped   to 

Canada. 

In  Cumberland,  the  summons  was  generally  disobeyed ;  and 
hence  it  was  found  necessary  to  resort  to  the  most  severe  meas- 
ures.    Here  253  of  their  houses  were  set  on  fire  at  one  time,  in 


Chap,  xii.]  of  maine.  311 

which  a  great  quantity  of  wheat,  flax  and  other  valuable  articles  A. d.  1755. 
were  consumed  ; — the  country  presenting  for  several  days  and 
several  miles,  a  most  direful  scene  of  conflagration.  As  the  dif- 
ferent Acadian  settlements  were  too  widely  extended  to  admit  of 
an  actual  subjugation  at  once,  only  7,000  were  collected  at  this 
time  and  dispersed  among  the  several  British  Colonies.  On  Sept.  10. 
the  10th  of  September,  161  young  men,  taken  from  among  the 
prisoners  belonging  to  the  district  of  Minas,  were  driven  by  a 
military  guard  on  board  of  five  transports,  stationed  in  the  river 
Gaspereaux.  The  road  from  the  chapel  to  the  shore,  one  mile 
in  length,  was  bordered  with  women  and  children,  all  of  whom, 
bathed  in  tears,  knelt  and  uttered  amid  deep,  heart-broken  sighs 
— -farewell ! — as  the  dejected  prisoners  advanced  with  slow  and 
reluctant  steps,  weeping,  praying  and  singing  hymns  as  they  pass- 
ed. These  were  followed  by  their  seniors,  who  passed  through 
the  same  heart-rending  scene  of  sorrow  and  distress  ;  and  when 
other  vessels  arrived,  they  carried  away  also  their  wives  and 
children.  About  1,300  arrived  in  Massachusetts  and  Maine,  and 
became  a  public  charge, — principally  in  consequence  of  an  irrecon- 
cilable antipathy  to  their  situation.  Also  415  were  sent  to 
Pennsylvania,  and  some  were  transported  as  far  south  as 
Georgia.*     Such  was  the  wretched  fate  of  the  French  Neutrals.f 

During  these  extensive  expeditions,  several  persons  were  taken  Mischiefs  of 
captive,  and  some  were  killed  by  the  Indians  about  the  frontiers 
of  Maine.     The  first  victims  of  the  savage  war,  this  spring,  were 
at  Gorhamtown,  about  the  last  of  April.     Two  men  by  the  name  AtGorham- 

'  ^  -^        .  town. 

of  Peales  were  killed  ; — also  Mr.  Bryant  and  his  family.  In 
this  plantation,  which  crossed  the  thoroughfare  of  the  natives  be- 
tween the  rivers  Saco  and  Presumpscot,  there  were  now  about  60 
inhabitants,  who  in  seasons  of  the  most  danger,  were  only  shel- 
tered by  a  small  fort,  and  defended  by  ten  soldiers.  '  For  several 
'  years,  whenever  the  men  went  into  the  fields  to  labor,  they  car- 
'  ried  their  guns,  and   one  was  uniformly  stationed  as  a  sentry ; 


*  1  Halibnrio7i's  JV.  S.  p.  173-198.— In  the  District  of  Minas  there  were 
destroyed  255  houses;  276  barns  ;  155  outhouses;  11  mills  and  one  cliurch. 
— The  flocks  and  herds  belonging-  to  the  inhabitants  of  Grand  Pre  consist- 
ed of  5000  horned  cattle  ;  493  horses  and  12,887  sheep  and  swine.—  1  Jlinot, 
p.  226. 

f  Provision  was  made  for  their  maintenance  in  Massachusetts  by  the 
General  Court. — See  Resolves,  A.  D.  1755. 


312  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II. 

A.  D.  17.55. « for  the  Indians  were  continually  skulking  in  every  quarter,  and 
'  oftentimes  come  upon  them  in  such  numbers,  as  induced  them 
'  to  fly  witiiin  the  walls   of  the  fort  for   safety  :* — The  Indians 

Ai  (;r.-iy.  next  appeared  in  New-Boston  [Gray]  ;  and  an  alarming  report 
ran  through  the  neighboring  towns,  that  the   plantation  was   de- 

Ai  Dresden,  stroyed.  At  Frankfort  [Dresden,]  May  13,  two  men  were 
killed  and  a  dwellinghouse  laid  in  ashes. — As  five  men  were  en- 

AtNew-  gaged  in  their  spring-ploughing  at  Sheepscot  [Newcastle,]  a  party 
of  Indians  rose  upon  them,  at  an  unguarded  moment,  and  made 
them  all  prisoners ;  though  two  of  them   afterwards,  adroitly  ef- 

At  North-    fected  their  escape.     One  Snow  was  killed  in  North-Yarmouth, 

Yarmouth.  .  .     .  j  i  i 

May  29,  and  his  companion  was  missing — supposed  to  be  taken 
captive.  About  the  same  time,  one  Barret  was  shot  at  Tecon- 
net ;  Mr.  Wheeler  was  taken  as  he  was  passing  from  Fort  West- 
ern to  Fort  Halifax  ;  John  Tufts  and  Abner  Marston  were  made 
prisoners  not  far  from  Fort  Shirley  [in  Dresden,]  and  two  men 
At  New-  ^vei-e  seized  in  New-Gloucester,  while  at  work  on  a  stockade  fort, 
and  carried  into  captivity.  One  of  them,  Joseph  Tailer,  continu- 
ed absent  till  near  the  close  of  the  war.  He  learned  to  speak 
the  French  language  so  well,  during  his  captivity,  that  after  his 
release,  he  acted  as  interpreter  to  General  Amherst.f 
June  10.  In  consequence   of  these  depredations,  and  the  war  in  Nova 

Supplies.      g^Q^i^^  ^Ijg  government,  June  10,  sent  additional   supplies  to  the 
eastern  garrisons,J  especially  to  those  upon  the  river  Kennebeck ; 
and  ordered  the  '  six  Independent  companies'  of  Maine,  to  guard 
them  from  the  landing  to   the   places  of  their   destination. — The 
vvTr  Ve-     "^^^  ^^J'  '■^^^  Governor,  at  the  special   instance  of  the   General 
'^'^•■''^     „   Court,  declared  war  aQ-ainst   the  Anasaffunticook  Indians,  and 

against  all  '  •='  '=' 

the  eastern  ^;/  ^^g  q^Ji^j.  bribes  eastward  of  Piscataqua,  excepting  those  upon 

tribes  ex-  *^  .  zv        i  •     i 

cept  (hat  at  Penobscot  rivcr.  Large  premiums  were  orrered  as  inducements 
to  enter  into  this  peculiarly  distressing  kind  of  warfare.  Com- 
panies of  volunteers,  consisting  of  not  less  than   30   men,  who 

Bounties,  .^ygre  out  one  month  or  more,  were  entitled  to  receive  £200  for 
every  Indian  scalp,  and  £250  for  a  captive.  To  individuals  who 
performed  the  same  service,  £100  were  promised  for  a  scalp,  and 

Eastern  ser-  £1 10  for  a  CaptivC. 

vice  irk-  '■  •  r  •  i  i    •  ir 

some.  To  the  eastern  soldiery,  tins  species  of  service,  though  in  seJt- 

*  MS.  Letter  H.  D.  McLellan,  Esq.        f  MS.  Letter  of  J.  Woodman. 
t  Fort  Halifax  was  now  under  the  command  of  Wm.  Litbgow,  and  Fort 
Western  under  that  of  .Tames  Howard. 


Chap,  xii.]  of  Maine.  313 

defence,  was  undesirable  and  irksome.  A  place  in  Colonel  Pep-  a.  d.  1735. 
perell's  regiment,  or  among  the  forces  in  Nova  Scotia,  where 
glory  as  well  as  wages,  presented  motives  to  military  ambition, 
was  altogether  preferable  to  scouting  on  the  frontiers,  hunting  for 
Indians  in  the  forests,  or  acting  the  part  of  servile  guards.  Since 
the  capture  of  Louisbourg,  in  the  last  war,  there  was  manifest 
among  the  young  soldiery  of  Maine,  a  glow  of  military  ardor. 
The  Independent  companies,  displeased  with  the  duties  of  guards 
and  rangers,  assigned  them,  were  slow  to  obey  their  orders;  and 
drafts  were  made  from  the  militia  to  perform  the  service.  Yet 
Governor  Shirley,  though  requested,  was  not  prevailed  upon  to 
disband  those  spirited  companies. 

The  force  provided  for  the  defence  of  our  frontiers,  consisted  Defence  of 
of  300  men,  besides  officers,  who  were  formed  into  four  parties  ;  fro,aiers." 
— 50  scouted  from  Lebanon  to  Saco  river  j  60  from  Saco  to 
New-Boston,  [Gray,]  by  way  of  Sebago  pond  and  New-Glou- 
cester ;  90  from  New-Boston  to  Fort  Shirley,  at  Frankfort ;  and 
100  from  thence  to  the  river  St.  Georges.  For  the  two  forts 
and  the  block-house  on  Kennebeck  river,  there  were  garrisoned 
80  men,  who  were  well  supplied  with  all  needed  stores.  A  boun- 
ty of  1 85.  was  offered,  to  every  recruit  who  would  furnish  his 
own  gun  ;  also  the  statute  reward  for  captives  and  scalps.  The 
enlistments  were  made  for  five  months,  from  the  20th  of  June. 
But  the  recruits  performed  no  signal  exploits.  Indeed,  the  bril- 
liant successes  of  Monkton  and  Winslow  in  Nova  Scotia,  which 
diffused  so  much  joy  through  the  country,  seemed  to  strike 
the  Indian  tribes  with  dismay.  They  retired  back,  and  we  hear 
after  this  of  no  more  mischief  perpetrated  by  them  this  season, 
on  our  frontiers. 

The   settlements   between   the   rivers    Sagadahock   and    St.  „,  ^        , 

'^  St.  Georges' 

Georges,  now  deserved  and  received  great  attention.  At  Mus-  «"iver. 
congus  and  Meduncook,  [Friendship,]  there  were  forts ;  and 
at  Pleasant-point,  near  the  mouth  of  St.  Georges  river,  at 
the  Narrows  above  the  garrison,  and  indeed  in  every  neigh- 
borhood, there  were  block-houses,  all  of  which  were  put  in 
the  best  posture  of  defence,  and  were  made  the  common  re- 
ceptacles of  the  settlers'  families  and  efiects.  The  Tarratine 
tribe  professed  still  to  be  neutral ;  and  Capt.  Bradbury,  who  had 
command  of  the  garrison  at  St.  Georges,  was  instructed  by  the 
Vol.  II.  40 


314  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II. 

A.  D.  1765.  government  to  cultivate  peace  with  them,  and  if  possible,  to  es- 
trange them  from  the  French  interest.  If  any  of  them  were  abet- 
ters of  the  late  mischief,  nothing  criminal  was  directly  laid  to 
their  charge  by  the  government ;  and  when  the  submissive  pro- 
fessions of  the  tribe  at  the  river  St.  John  were  known,  fresh  en- 
couragements were  entertained,  that  those  on  the  Penobscot 
might  continue  our  ally. 
Jealousies  g^,t  ^}ie  people  indulged  themselves  in  jealousy  and  prejudice. 
pie  Unacquainted  with  facts,  and  unaccustomed  to  discriminate,  many 

were  disposed  to  attribute  all  aggressions  of  the  Indians  to  the 
savage  dispositions  of  the  race,  and  to  avenge  themselves  on  the 
first  of  these  hated  barbarians,  they  met.  All  friendly  intercourse 
with  them  was  looked  upon  as  treachery.  Even  Capt.  Bradbury 
did  not  escape  the  whispers  of  suspicion.  It  was  basely  rumored, 
that  for  tlie  sake  of  pei'sonal  gain,  he  traded  with  them  and  furn- 
ished them  with  arms  and  ammunition,  to  take  the  lives  of  his 
own  countrymen.  Though  all  such  as  were  with  him  in  the 
garrison,  thought  these  rumors  cruelly  slanderous  ;  they  neverthe- 
less gave  him  not  only  much  pain  and  trouble,  but  actually  frus- 
trated some  of  his  plans.  The  people,  particularly  those  at  the 
neighboring  block-houses,  looked  with  an  evil  eye  upon  the  par- 
ties of  Indians,  he  treated  with  caresses  and  presents,  and  some- 
times unprincipled  scouting  parties  plundered  them  of  their  ef- 
fects. Nor  were  the  friendly  individuals  of  the  Indians  them- 
selves always  safe  among  us,  though  they  were  engaged,  at  the 
risque  of  their  lives,  in  bringing  intelligence  to  the  garrison. 
Cargiii's  In  July  a   melancholy   affair   occurred,  which    filled   all   good 

men  with  grief,  and  greatly  embarrassed  the  government.  Gapt. 
James  Cargill  of  Newcasde,  with  a  commission  for  raising  a 
scouting  company,  enlisted  several  men  about  the  St.  Georges' 
river,  and  led  the  whole  on  an  excursion  towards  the  margin  of 
Penobscot  bay.  Near  Owl's  head  [in  Thomaston,]  they  dis- 
covered a  party  of  Indian  hunters,  and  without  taking  any  trouble 
to  ascertain  whether  they  were  friends  or  enemies,  or  rather 
knowing,  as  many  believed,  that  they  belonged  to  the  Tarratine 
tribe  of  that  region,  they  instantly  shot  down  twelve  of  the  num- 
ber, and  took  their  scalps ;  obliging  the  remainder  to  save  them- 
selves by  llight.  On  their  return, they  met  with  Margaret,  a  friend- 
Iv  squaw,  who  had  been  at  the  garrison  on  one  of  her  wonted  ex- 
peditions of  intelligence  and  kindness,  whom  they  also  fired  upon 


Chap.  XII.]  of  MAINE.  315 

and  mortally  wounded.     In   the   agonies  of  death,  she   held   upA.D  1755 
her  infant  to  her  murderers,   and  told  them,  '  take    it  to  Capt. 
'  Bradbury.'     Unmoved  by  this  tender  though   trifling  request, 
one  of  them  more  barbarous  than  a  savage,  uttered  a   base  taunt, 
and  then  despatched  it  before  the  eyes  of  its  expiring  mother.* 

No  other  equally  base  treatment  towards  the  eastern  Indians  ^'^  result. 
can  be  found  in  history.  It  was  a  shameful  violation  of  the  rights 
of  common  neighborhood,  and  a  treacherous  invasion  of  a  solita- 
ry Indian  ally,  at  a  crisis,  when  their  amity  and  their  aid  were 
never  more  needed.  While  the  transaction  was  universally  cen- 
sured ;  Margaret's  fate  was  deplored,  especially  by  the  garrison, 
who  well  knew  the  value  of  her  messages.  All  the  humane  and 
good  among  the  settlers  confidently  predicted  a  verification  of  the 
old  adage,  that  reckless  manslayers  never  die  quietly  in  their 
beds  ;  and  so  far  as  notice  or  remembrance  followed  them,  the 
prediction  was  literally  fulfilled.  Cargill  was  apprehended  for 
trial  on  a  charge  of  murder  ;  a  letter  of  condolence  was  sent  by 
government  to  the  suffering  party ;  their  brethren,  who  had  lately 
visited  Boston,  returned  laden  with  presents  and  soothed  with 
favors  ;  and  the  tribe  were  invited  to  come  under  a  safe-conduct 
and  pro.secute  the  offenders, — full  assurance  being  given,  that 
law  and  justice  would  be  measured  to  them  by  severest  rules.  But 
subsequent  events  prevented  their  attendance  ;  and  after  a  con- 
finement of  two  years,  Cargill  was  discharged. 

Still  the  government  was  unchangeably  anxious  to  secure  their  The  faith 
alliance  and  aid  against  the  other  tribes  ;  and  as  soon  as  the  deep  of\he  Tar^ 
wound  lately  inflicted  ceased  to  bleed,  the  General  Court  offered  e^.'"^^  '"*'" 
to  all  Vi?ho  would  enter  into  the  public  service,  the  same  pay   and 
rations  as  other  soldiers  had  ;  and   also  similar  support  or  pen- 
sions to  their  invalids,  women  and  children.     Prior  to  the  late 
unhappy  occurrence,  nine  of  their  leaders  had  been  called  into  St. 
Georges'  fort  to  hear  the  Governor's    letter   upon    the    subject ; 
when  the  inhabitants  and  garrison  rose   in  arms,  and  would  not 
permit  their  departure,  till  they  would  signify  their  determination 
to  enter  into  the  service  according  to  treaty.     Seeming  to  com- 
ply with  the  requisition,  they  at  last  wrote  to  know   when  they 
must  go  against  the  Indians  of  Canada,  who,  they  said,    had 
struck  them,  as  well  as   the   English ;  and  sent  three  of  their 

*  Eaton's  MS.  Nar.  p.  12-13.— See  post,  A.  D.  1757. 


3 1 6  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II. 

A.  D.  1755.  brethren  to  Boston,  evincive  of  their  sincerity  and  good  faith. 
But  they  were  now,  both  offended  and  aggrieved.  The  fresh 
injuries  they  had  received,  rankled  in  their  bosoms,  and  could 
not  be  forgiven,  nor  pass  unrevenged.  To  reconcile  enraged 
Indians,  or  to  excite  enduring  sympathies  for  them  among  the 
English,  is  a  task  equally  difficult. 
Lieutenant-  To  bring  the  subject  to  an  issue,  the  Lieutenant-Governor, 
address  to  October  2,  addressed  to  the  tribe  a  letter  of  this  purport ; — 
'  You  must  perceive,  that  it  is  impossible  for  us  in  the  present 
'  rupture,  to  distinguish  the  men  of  your  tribe  from  others  with 
'  whom  we  are  at  war ;  and  should  any  of  your  people  be  killed 
'  by  our  forces,  when  pursuing  the  enemy,  you  must  impute  the 
'  misfortune,  to  your  disregard  of  the  proposals  made  by  us,  for 
'  your  safety.  You  are  permitted  to  trade  only  at  St.  Georges' 
'  fort ;  and  should  it  be  found  on  enquiry,  that  any  of  your  tribe 
'  were  concerned  in  the  late  mischiefs,  war  will  be  proclaimed 
'  against  you.  If  you  will  come  in  with  a  flag  of  truce,  you  shall 
'be  protected  from  all  wrongs  and  insults,  and   if  need  be,   have 

*  a  guard  to  defend  you.  By  complying  with  the  articles  of  the 
'  existing  treaty,   and  sending,  within   eight   days   after    demand 

*  made,  20  men  to  join  us  in  arms  against  the  enemy,  you  are 
'  assured  of  receiving  every  token  of  our  favor ;  whereas  a  re- 
'  fusal  will  be  considered  a  breach  of  the  treaty,  sufficient  to  au- 

*  thorize  our  declaration  of  war  against  the  tribe.' 

The  deia  Never  was  a  people  more  sorely  pressed.  Desirous  of  keep- 
to  take  arms  Jpg  peace  with  the  Provincial  government,  unwilling  to  separate 
enemy.  from  their  brethren  and  immemorial  allies,  and  dreading  the  cen- 
sures of  the  catholics,  if  they  failed  to  take  arms  against  the 
English,  they  deliberated  till  the  cup  of  conciliation  was  exhaust- 
ed. A  committee  of  both  houses,  to  whom  the  subject  was  re- 
ferred, reported,  that  the  Commander-in-Chief  be  desired  to  pro- 
claim war  against  them  immediately  ;  and  the  report  was  accept- 
ed by  the  House,  though  rejected  by  the  Council.  Shortly  after- 
wards the  members  of  the  House  sent  a  message  to  him,  stating, 
that  they  had  taken  into  further  consideration,  the  danger  and 
mischiefs  to  which  the  people  in  the  Province,  especially  in  the 
eastern  parts,  were  continually  exposed,  from  the  local  situation  of 
the  Tarratines,  who  refused  or  delayed  improperly  to  join  the 
English,  and  perhaps  were  abetters  of  the  depredations  commit- 
ted by  others,  and  therefore  repeated  to  him  their  request.     But 


Chap,  xii.]  of  maine.  317 

he  replied,  that  it  was   contrary  to  his  Majesty's   instructions  to  A.  D.  1755. 
declare  war  without  the  advice  of  the  Council :  and   hence  the  Nov.  5. 

Wardeclar- 

subiect  was  postponed  to  Nov.  5,  when  a  Proclamation  of  war  ed  aga\nst 
was  issued  and  published  against  them,  and  the  same  premiums  Penobscot, 
offered  for  scalps  and  prisoners,  as  in  other  cases.  Provision 
was  next  made  for  the  winter  establishment,  in  which  there 
were  stationed  at  fort  Halifax,  and  the  store-house  at  Cushnoc 
80  regular  soldiers  ;  at  Saco  truck  house  15;  at  fort  George  in 
Brunswick  5 ;  at  fort  Frederic  20  ;  and  at  St.  Georges'  35  ;  all 
the  others  in  the  eastern  service  being  discharged.* 

These  mingled  scenes  of  civilized  and  savage  warfare,  and  the  Nov.  is. 
gloom  of  the  season,  were  rendered  more  direful  by  the  shock  of  quake, 
an  earthquake,  the  most  violent  one  ever  before  known  in  this 
hemisphere.  It  happened,  Nov.  18,  at  about  11  minutes  after  4 
in  the  morning.  Its  direction  was  trom  north-west  to  south-east, 
and  it  was  heard  and  felt  through  the  whole  country,  from  Ches- 
apeake bay,  to  Halifax  in  Nova  Scotia.  It  commenced  with  mi 
undulatory  motion,  and  lasted  at  least  four  minutes.  In  Boston 
it  did  considerable  damage  to  brick  houses  as  well  as  chimnies  ; 
and  many  in  Falmouth  were  injured  in  like  manner.  According 
to  the  Rev.  Mr.  Smith,  in  his  Journal, — "it  seemed  as  if  it  would 
shake  the  house  to  pieces."  Neither  of  the  four  great  earth- 
quakes,f  which  had  previously  shocked  this  country  since  its 
first  settlement,  could  compare  with  this.  It  had  a  surprizing 
effect  upon  the  moral  sensibilities  of  the  comnmnity.  The 
houses  of  public  worship  were  frequented  and  filled  by  all  or- 
ders of  people  ;  and  the  23d  of  December  was  observed  as  a 
day  of  humiliation  and  prayer,  on  account  of  the  awful  dispensa- 
tion.! 

An  act  passed  the  next  day,  for  the  distribution  of  the  French  French 
neutrals  through  the  Province,  and  the  support  or  relief  of  them 
in  the  different  tDvvns,  as  beneficiary  paupers.  A  number  were 
assigned  to  Maine.  The  overseers  of  the  poor  were  required  to 
make  suitable  provision  for  them  at  the  charge  of  the  Province, 
unless  they  were  remunerated  by  the  crown  or  by  the  govern- 
ment of  Nova  Scotia.  Bigoted  to  the  Romish  religion,  necessi- 
tous, disaffected  and  unhappy,  they  entertained  a  settled  uncon- 


*  9  Jour.  H.  Rep.  p.  248.      f  Namely,  A.  D.  1638—1638—1663—1727. 
\2llolmes''A.Ann.ip.2}6. — Lisbon   was  destroyed   by  an  earthquake, 
Nov.  1,  1755.— 2  Smollett,  p.  562, 


318  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.    II. 

A.  U.  1755.  querable  dislike  of  the  English,  their  habits  and  sentiments  ; — 
and  being  exiles  from  their  native  land,  which  they  loved  and 
longed  to  see,  they  were  neither  enterprizing  nor  industrious,  but 
an  intolerable  burthen  to  the  government.  According  to  a  Com- 
mittee's report,  Jan.  25,  17G0,  there  were,  even  at  that  time, 
1,017  of  this  miserable  people  within  the  Province.* 
A.  D.  1756.  A  plan  of  operations  and  campaigns,  for  the  year,  175G,  was 
.Tanuaiy  17.  settled  in  January,   at  New-York,  in   a   Council  of  the   colonial 

Four  expe-  •' 

diiioiispian- Governors  ;  Shirley  being  at  that  time,  Commander-in-Chief  of 
the  troops  on  the  American  station.  It  was  agreed,  that  10,000 
men  proceed  against  Crown  Point ;  6,000  against  Niagara ; 
3,000  against  Fort  du  Quesne ;  and  2,000  up  the  Kennebeck 
river,  to  destroy  the  settlements  on  the  Chaudiere,  and  by  rang- 
ing to  the  mouth  of  that  river,  keep  all  the  neighboring  parts  of 
Canada  in  alarm. 
Embarrass-  When  Governor  Shirley  returned,  and  laid  before  the  two 
rroviiice.'  branches  of  the  General  Court,  the  quotas  of  men  and  supplies, 
to  be  furnished  by  the  Province ;  the  House  stated  to  him  the 
reasons  which  rendered  a  compliance  impracticable.  They  said, 
it  did  not  then  contain  so  many  inhabitants,  as  it  did  at  the 
commencement  of  the  last  war  ;  the  people  were  ready  to  sink 
under  the  burden  of  taxes  incurred  by  the  expeditions  of  the 
preceding  year  ;  and  the  government  had  stretched  its  credit  to 
the  utmost,  without  being  able  to  borrow  money  sufficient  to  pay 
off  their  troops  lately  returned.  Only  1 ,200  men  were  required 
at  the  opening  of  the  last  year,  and  yet  the  number  had  been 
augmented,  in  the  course  of  the  season,  to  4,000  and  naore,  be- 
sides the  eastern  scouting  companies.  Nay,  the  Crown  Point 
expedition  itself,  cost  the  Province  more  than  £80,000,  exclu- 
sive of  charges  for  the  support  of  the  sick  and  wounded.  Nor 
were  the  Provincial  troops,  by  any  means  satisfied  with  the  treat- 
ment they  had  received  in  the  preceding  campaigns ; — particu- 
larly, as  they  had  not  been  permitted  to  return  home,  at  the  ex- 
piration of  their  enlistments.  On  the  contrary,  soldiers  had  been 
taken  from  their  ranks,  to  fill  up  the  standing  regiments  ;  and 
even  Winslow  and  most  of  his  brave  men  were  still  in  Nova  Sco- 
tia.    Another  complaint  was,  the  invidious  distinctions  made  be- 


*  10  Jour,  of  House  Rep.  Y>.  305;— a/io  9  Jour.  p.  219,  266.— In  1758, 
Nova  Scotia  paid  £394  to  Massachusetts  by  way  of  remuneration  for  re- 
lieving- tiiose  transported  neutrals. 


Chap,  xii.]  of  maine.  319 

tween  the  Provincial  troops  and  the  British  regulars  ;  the  officers  A.  D  175G. 
commissioned  by  the  crown,  taking  post  and  precedence  of  those 
from  the  Provinces,  who  had  the  same  rank  and  held  commis- 
sions of  an  older  date.  The  wisdom  too  of  another  expedition, 
as  projected  against  Crown  Point,  was  boldly  called  in  question  ; 
and  in  short,  the  ill  success  of  the  war  drew  down  upon  Shirley, 
so  long  as  he  continued  to  be  Commander-in-Chief,  a  crush  of 
censures  and  invectives. 

In  this  dilemma,  he  a2;reed  to  loan  the  Province  £30,000  ster-  A  loan  of 

.  ^  .        .  .  .  £30,000  ob- 

ling  out  of  the  king's  money  in  his  hands,  to  be  repaid  by  direct  lained. 
taxes  upon  the  people,  the  two  following  years  ;  and   hence,   the 
Legislature  voted  to  raise  3,500  men,  who  were  to  be  command- 3,500  men 

.  voted  to  be 

ed  by   Major-General  Winslow,  called  for  that  purpose  out  of  wised,  lo  be 

.y  _,        .  T»  •  1  •  1  •         •  •        under  Gen- 

JNova  bcotia.     But  owing  partly  to  an  unjust  detention  in   service  erai  Wius- 
of  a  battalion,  sent  the  year  preceding  into  Nova  Scotia,  and  the 
impressment  of  sailors  by  the  king's  ships,  from  the  eastern   ves- 
sels and  even  from  the  fishing  craft,  the  enlistments  were  so  slow, 
that  on  the  26th  of  May,  General  Winslow  had  only  2,600  men  ^^j^^.  oq. 
upon  the  rolls. 

In  June,  the  king  of  Great  Britain   published  a  declaration  of  w^r  de- 
war   against   France ! — and   the    same   month,   General  Aber-  a^j^ist 
crombie,   arriving  with   an   army,  took  the  chief  command  from  ''■^"*^^- 
General^Shirley,   which   he   held  till  he  was  himself  superseded,  Abercrom- 
late  in  July,  by  the  earl  of  Loudoun.     Recalled  for  the  ostensi- 

Lord  Lou- 

ble  purpose  of  giving  the  ministry  a  minute  account  of  American  doun. 
affairs.  Gov.    Shirley   embarked  from  Boston,  Sept.  25,  and  was  pi'i^'ey 

'  •'  '         I  '  leaves  ihe 

never  afterwards  in  the  Governor's  chair.     His  intermarriasre  with  chair  and 

°  llie  Prov- 

a  catholic  lady,   when   he  was  last  in  Europe,  and  his  ill  success  i"ce. 
m  managing  the  present  war,  had  rendered  him  unpopular,  and 
finally  caused  his  removal  from  the  government  of  Massachusetts 
to  that  of  the  Bahamas.* 

The  force  appointed  in  March,  for  the  protection  of  the   fron-  j  wheel- 
tiers  in  Maine,  consisted  of  300  men  exclusive  of  officers,   and  ";'"'?'''. 

■  '  Lommissa- 

of  the  troops  in  service  there,  during  the  winter.     These  recruits  '">'  General, 
were  divided   into   scouting   parties,  and   directed  to  range  from 
place  to  place,  mostly  according  to  the  plan  and  order  of  the  pre- 


*  Gov.  Sliirlej'  returned  to  Roxbnry  in  1770,  and  died  there  the  follow- 
ing- year,  in  April,  "  a  poor  man,"  thoug-h  verj'  respectfully  interred.  He 
was  Governor  of  the  Province  from  July  1740,  to  Sept.  1756.  Nor  was  a 
successor  appointed  till  the  middle  of  the  following-  vear. 


320 

AD.  1756, 


Tiie  In- 
dians attack 
Burton's 
garrison. 


A  general 
alarm. 


The  Indians 
at  Bruns- 
wick and 
New-Glou- 
cester. 


THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II. 

ceding  year.  John  Wheelwright  of  Wells,  Commissary  General, 
and  superintendent  of  the  Indian  trade,  was  instructed  to  take 
care  of  the  munitions  of  war  in  the  eastern  country  '.  to  see  that 
the  forts  and  garrisons  were  in  a  defensible  condition ;  and  to 
procure  all  extra  supplies  necessary  for  the  Kennebeck  expedition. 

The  settlements  which  the  Indians  seemed  1o  have  marked 
first  for  destruction,  this  spring,  were  those  upon  the  river  St. 
Georges'.  Benjamin  Burton,  had  reared  a  commodious  fortifi- 
cation around  his  house,  near  the  mouth  of  the  river,  [in  Gush- 
ing,] which  might  be  well  guarded  by  7  or  8  men.  Yet  the  In- 
dians commenced  their  outrages  by  an  attack,  March  24,  upon 
that  place  j  in  which  they  killed  two  men  and  scalped  a  third, 
leaving  him  half-dead.  The  next  news  was  the  story  of  a  young 
man  by  the  name  of  Knights,  who,  having  escaped  from  the 
enemy,  three  days  after  he  was  taken,  came  into  North-Yarmouth 
and  told  that  120  Indians,  divided  into  small  parties,  were  pre- 
paring to  fall  upon  the  frontiers  at  different  places,  and  spread 
desolation  from  Saco  to  Brunswick.  Alarmed  by  this  intelli- 
gence. Captains  llsley,  Milk  and  Skillings,  with  companies  sud- 
denly collected,  and  Captain  Smith  with  a  re-enforcement  from 
North-Yarmouth  and  New-Casco,  went  out  in  search  of  the  sav- 
ages ;  but  they  were  too  well  acquainted  with  the  woods  and  with 
ambush,  to  be  discovered.  Still  it  was  certain,  there  were  plun- 
dering parties  hovering  around  the  settlements  ;  for  depredations 
were  committed  by  the  Indians  at  several  different  places  about 
the  same  time. 

They  appeared  next  at  North-Yarmouth  ;  and  at  Flying-point 
they  killed  a  man  and  took  a  woman  captive.  On  the  3d  of 
May,  three  men,  well  armed,  went  from  Harpswell  to  Brunswick, 
and  on  their  return  in  the  afternoon,  three  Indians  rose  up  among 
the  trees  and  bushes  at  a  place  called  Smith's  Brook,  and  firing, 
wounded  Young,  one  of  the  scout  and  took  him  prisoner.  The 
others  threw  down  their  guns  and  fled.  They  were  pursued  by 
two  of  the  assailants,  about  a  mile  ;  who,  when  coming  in  sight 
of  a  house  which  was  barricaded,  gave  up  the  chase.  Return- 
ing, they  bound  Young,  and  carried  him  to  Canada.  In  about 
a  year  he  obtained  his  liberty,  and  took  a  water  passage  to  Hali- 
fax, where   he  died  of  the  smallpox.*     New-Gloucester  being 


*  MS.  Let.  of  Rev.  S.  Eaton, 


Chap,  xii.]  of  Maine.  321 

greatly  exposed  to  the  ravages  of  the  enemy;  a  large  block- a.d.  nss. 
house  was  erected  there  two  years  since,  for  an  asylum  and  de- 
fence of  the  settlers,  which  had  been  offered  to  government  with 
a  request  to  make  it  a  Provincial  garrison.  Indeed,  so  extreme- 
ly perilous  was  considered  the  condition  of  this  people,  that  every 
inhabitant,  in  1 756,  was  promised  the  value  of  £2,  old  tenor,  in 
provisions,  who  would  abide  in  the  place  twelve  months.* 

In  the  morning  of  May  14,  at  8  of  the  clock,f  ten  men,  inhab-  May  u. 
itants  of  New-Marblehead  [Windham,]  started  from  the  fort  with  ham. 
an  ox  team  and  sled,  to  work  upon  the  farm  of  Mr.  Brown,  one 
of  the  company,  a  mile  distant.  Armed  with  their  guns  as  usual, 
they  proceeded  the  greater  part  of  the  way,  when  Brown  and 
Winship,  who  were  in  advance  taking  down  the  bars,  received 
a  shot  from  a  body  of  at  least  20  Indians  in  ambush.  Brown 
having  two  balls  lodged  in  his  heart  died  instantly.  A  ball  passed 
through  the  eye  of  Winship,  and  another  entered  his  arm,  and 
he  fell.  The  Indians  supposing  his  wounds  fatal,  scalped  him 
as  well  as  his  companion.  But  though  he  feigned  himself  life- 
less, he  was  perfectly  conscious  of  all  that  transpired.  Hearing 
the  report  of  the  guns,  four  of  the  others  hastened  back  to  the 
fort,  and  the  rest  advanced  in  sight  of  the  spot,  the  Indians  still 
keeping  themselves  concealed.  Abraham  Anderson  and  Stephen 
Manchester,  crept  near  the  place  with  the  utmost  silence,  and  hid 
themselves  behind  a  large  log.  The  latter  then  raised  his  cap 
on  the  muzzle  of  his  gun  behind  a  tree  ;  when  Poland,  a  noted 
Indian  warrior,  believing  it  to  be  a  man's  head,  fired  and  lodged 
a  heavy  charge  in  the  tree.  As  he  turned  and  began  to  load  his 
gun,  Manchester  rose  and  shot  him  to  the  ground.  The  Indians  killed. 
then  raised  a  hideous  yell  and  fled  into  the  woods.  The  bodies 
of  Brown  and  Winship  being  laid  upon  the  sled,  were  returned 
to  the  fort.  An  alarm  gun  having  been  fired  at  that  place,  brought 
thither  from  Saccarappa,|  where  a  company  was  stationed,  a 
party  of  soldiers,  who  pursued  the  enemy  till  night.  At  a  place 
called  the  Great  Meadows,  they  overtook  an  Indian,  bearing  two 
packs  and  two  guns,  and  shot  him.     On  receiving  the  wound,  he 

*  Prop.  Rec.  of  New-Gloucester— A.  R.  Giddings,  Esq. 

t  1  Jlinot,  p.  300.— He  says,"  in  the  month  of  April" — erroneously.— 
Smith''s  Journal,  p.  65,  says,  Capt.  Skillinj s  killed  one,  and  the  "  Indians 
left  5  packs,  a  bow,  and  bunch  of  arrows. 

I  This  wasS.  W,  of  Presumpscot  rirer,  and  northerly   of  Stroudwater. 
Vol.  II.  41 


322  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  11. 

A.D.  1756.  was  seen  to  fall;  but  he  rose,  relieved  of  his  burden,  and  made 
good  his  escape.  One  gun  and  also  one  pack  was  known  to  be 
Poland's,  by  a  small  looking-glass  and  some  other  articles  it  con- 
tained.— Manchester  was  a  man  of  great  courage, — perfectly 
acquainted  with  the  woods  and  with  the  Indian  manner  of  fight- 
ing. He  knew  Poland  to  be  an  inveterate  enemy  of  the  settlers, 
and  once,  in  a  time  of  peace,  he  went  with  his  brother  to  the 
savage's  camp  with  intent  to  despatch  him.  But,  as  several  Indians 
were  present, — when  he  raised  his  axe  to  strike  at  Poland's 
head,  the  courage  of  his  brother  failed  him,  and  nothing  was 
done. — '  Before  I  killed  Poland,'  Manchester  says,  '  I  had  a 
'  mind  to  give  him  a  call ;  but  on  the  whole,  thought  it  better  to 
'  send  him  a  leaden  message  :' — and  through  subsequent  life,  he 
said  he  always  noticed  the  14th  of  May,  as  "  the  day  he  sent  the 
"  devil  a  present." — Poland  claimed  all  the  lands  on  both  sides  of 
the  Presumpscot  river  from  its  sources  to  its  mouth  ;  and  was 
resolutely  determined  never  to  make  a  lasting  peace  with  the 
English,  till  what  he  claimed  as  a  right  should  be  restored.  He 
was  shrewd,  subtle  and  brave, — and  reputed  to  be  a  chief.  Mr. 
Bolton,  a  redeemed  captive,  stated,  after  his  return  from  Canada, 
that  when  he  asked  some  of  the  party,  what  had  become  of  Po- 
land, they  said,  '  he  had  gone  to  Mississippi  with  an  hundred 
men.'  But  after  peace,  his  comrades  told,  how  they  bent  a  stad- 
dle,  till  its  roots  on  one  side  were  turned  up,  then  taking  off  one 
arm  to  be  deposited  in  some  holy  catholic  burying-ground,  they 
placed  his  body  beneath  the  roots,  and  let  the  tree  spring  to  its 
former  position,* 

Indians  at  At  the  head  of  Arrowsick  Island  [in  Georgetown,]  a  party  of 
Indians  killed  Mr.  Preble  and  his  wife,  as  they  were  planting  their 
corn,  and  carried  their  three  young  children  into  Canada.  After 
the  reduction  of  Quebec,  Captain  Harnden  of  Woolwich,  their 
mother's  father,  went  to  Canada  and  brought  them  home.  By 
their  account,  the  Indians  treated  them  with  great  kindness  on 
their  journey  through  the  woods ;  carrying  them  on  their  backs 
when  they  could  not  walk,  and  giving  them  a  share  in  whatever 
of  subsistence  they  could  procure.  So  strongly  attached  were 
they  to  their  Indian  parents,  that  they  never  had,  they  said,  during 
their  absence,  felt  half  so  much  anguish,  as  at  the  time  of  parting 


George- 
town. 


*  MS.  Let.  of  John  Waterman,  Esq. 


Chap,  xii.]  of  maine.  323 

with  them.     There  was  a  fort  on  the  lower  end  of  the  Island,  a. d.  1756. 
and  though  a  strong  party  of  the   Indians  assailing  it  the   same 
year  were  unable  to  take  it,  the  people  within  were  insufficient  to 
drive  them  off; — therefore  they   had   an   opportunity  to   kill  the 
cattle  on  the  Island,  and  to  enjoy  the  spoil  at  pleasure.'^ 

Fort  Halifax  was  viewed  by  the  enemy,  as  an   object  of  great  At  Fort 
affi'ont  and  hatred.     As  two  of  the  garrison  were  catching  fish  at 
the  falls,  four  Indians  fired   and  wounded  them  mortally.     One, 
however,  returned  the  fire,  and  the  arrival  of  men  from  the   fort, 
was  quick  enough  to  prevent  their  being  scalped. 

Finding  that  the   scouting  parties,   established  throughout  the  Andmscog- 

°  OX'  o  gi„  explor- 

eastern  country,  did  not  prevent  attacks  and  rapine,  the  govern-  «'^- 
ment  sent  a  small  force  in  whale-boats  up  the  river  Androscoggin, 
to  alarm  the  enemy  and  prevent  his  incursions  into  the  eastern 
towns.  But  the  party  meeting  with  no  Indians,  carefully  took 
the  courses  of  the  river,  noted  distances  to  the  extent  of  about  85 
miles,  and  made  observations  upon  the  nature,  appearance  and 
state  of  the  country. f 

Before  the  summer  closed,  our  country  was  deeply  shrouded  Gloom  of  . 
in  gloom.  The  barbarians  were  let  loose  from  the  wilderness 
upon  our  frontiers  ;  a  great  number  of  farms  were  abandoned  or 
laid  waste  ;  hundreds  had  lost  their  lives,  their  families  or  their 
property ;  some  places  were  visited  with  severe  sickness  ;  and 
whole  fields  of  corn  and  grain  were  ruined  by  devouring  worms. 
Trade  had  greatly  declined.  Pressed  with  a  load  of  debt  and 
other  burdens,  the  General  Court  had  petitioned  the  king  to  garri-  lorts. 
son  the  forts  whhin  the  Province,  at  the  national  expense.  But 
Mr.  Bollan,  its  agent  in  London,  wisely  raised  these  queries  in 
check  of  the  proposition ; — viz.  would  not  the  surrender  arm  the 
prerogative  with  claims  against  charter  rights }  or  will  the  Crown 
man  and  support  garrisons  at  the  public  expense,  and  not  claim 
jurisdiction  of  the  country  so  protected  ? — In  a  word,  can  it  be 
good  policy  to  fill  our  forts  with  foreigners  ? — or  to  set  any  price 
upon  rights  or  privileges .'' 

The  current  events  extensively  increased  the  discouragements.  Coasters 

SC  •  11  n   ^  •  ,.  1  i)luiidered, 

ome  01  our  coastmg  vessels,  and  even  fishmg  crait,  were  plun-  and  men 

dered  while  at  anchor,  and  several  of  their  crews  killed  by  the 
*  Sullivan,  p.  176-7.  f  1  Minot,  p.  800-1.— Mass.  Records. 


324  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.    II. 

A.  D.  1755.  savages.*     There  was  in  fact  no  occurrence,  which  had    the   ef- 
fect to  raise  the  drooping  spirits    of   tlie  people,  or  the  military 
^   ^     reputation  of  the  country.     The    northern  campaigns  were   ter- 
pxpcd.-ions  minating,  without  memorable  successes  or  exploits.     The  forts  at 
lui.  Otsego,  and  the  regiments  of  Shu-ley  and  repperell  had    surren- 

dered, August  10,  to  the  French  General,  Montcalm;  and  the 
proposed  expedition  up  the  Kennebeck  and  upon  the  river 
Chaudiere,  resulted  in  the  mere  ramble  of  a  scouting  party,  that 
did  nothing  more  than  to  explore  the  country.  A  succession  of 
SLich  reverses  led  the  community  to  call  in  question  the  wisdom 
A<;p:riiof  ^  jj^  ].^jj2  g  j  measures  pursued  ;  and  excited  a  spirit  of  mu- 
tion  pro-      maj    recrimination    amoni^   all  ranks   of    official  trust,  "  from  the 

vails. 

prime  minister  to  the  lowest  comiTiander." 

The  Tarra-      The  Indians  also  were  evidently   in   a   state   of   despondency. 

lon'.'Iee'.     The  French  neglected  them,  and  they  were  wasted  by  the  war, 

and  more  by  the  smallpox,  which  was    destructive   among   them, 

as  it  was  in  the  American  camp  ;  having,  through  the  autumn  and 

winter,  greatly  checked  their  depredations.     The  Tarratine  chiefs 

'    '    '""  '  stated  to  the  government,  through  Capt.  Bradbury  at  St.  Georges, 

that  tlieir  numbers  were  much  lessened   by   that   pestilence,   and 

that  the  tribe   wished    to  feed    again,   upon   the   fruits   of  mutual 

peace  and  friendship.-}-     No  other  eastern  tribe    had    treated   the 

English   with   so   much  forbearance   and   honor;  and   the   good 

man's  heart  must  be  touched  with  sympathy  for  their  melancholy 

condition,  when  he  reflects,  that  in  the    present  war   upon  them, 

our  own  people  were  the  first  and  principal  aggressors. 

Ti.prr.ptMre      The  coufse  of  mcasurcs   for  the   ensuing  year,    (lTo7,)   was 

bou^""'^i',ui- coi'^certed  in  January,  at  Boston,  by  Lord  Loudoun  and  the  Gov- 

"'^''-  — :     ernors  of  the  New-Encland  Provinces  and  Nova  Scotia.     Leav- 

poslijoiied.  ^ 

ing  the  posts  on  the  lakes  strongly  garrisoned,  and  expecting 
6,000  Provincial  troops  equal  to  the  number  of  regulars  then  in 
America,  his  Lordship  limited  his  plan  to  a  single  object — the  re- 
duction of  Louisbourg  ;  and  in  July,  he  inet  Admiral  Holbourn 
at  Halifax,  who  had  arrived  there,  whh  a  powerful  squadron 
and  a  re-enforcement  of  5,000  British  troops,  under  Lord  Howe. 
But  beins;  informed,   that   Louisbourg,   was   defended   by    6,000 


*  Smilh's  Jour,  p  66-7.— Sept.  2G,  at  St.  Georg-cs,  •■•  uQ'i  of  our  .sclioon- 
"  ers  was  burnt,  two  taken.  3  men  killed,  an;i  3  misting^. — Oct.  11,  Capt. 
"  Rouse  put  in  here,  [at  Portland,]  having:  lost  his  lieutenant  and  9  men, 
"  with  hi*  pinnare,  hy  Indian'!.'"  f  Lieut.  Gov.  Speech,  March,  1757. 


Chap,  xii.]  of  maine.  325 

regulars,  and  "  a  line  of  17  battle  ships  moored  in  the  harbor,"  a.d.  i757. 
and  that  a  French  fleet  had  lately  sailed  from  Brest,*  the  Ad- 
miral and  General  concluded  to  defer  the  enterprize  to  the  next 
year,  and  sailed  on  the  last  of  August,  for  New-York  ;  when 
the  Provincials  were  dismissed.  Meanwhile,  Montcalm,  with  an 
army  of  9,000,  took  Fort  William  Henry,  and  made  Col.  Mon- 
roe and  3,000  men  prisoners. 

The  military  force  assigned   for   the  protection   of   Maine  the  April  7. 

.  .  .  .  .         ]  I'lolertioii 

ensuing  year,  besides  the  soldiery  in  the  garrisons,  consisted  of  of  i\iaiiie. 
260  men,  divided  into  five  ranging  parties,  who  were  directed  to 
scout  from  post  to  post  along  the  frontiers,  between  Salmon  Falls 
and  St.  Georges.  Two  vessels  were  also  employed  to  coast 
upon  the  eastern  seaboard,  for  the  purpose  of  protecting  and  re- 
lieving the  people. 

The  Anasagunticooks,  who  originally  inhabited  the  banks  of  Mny  is. 
the  Androscoggin,  still  viewed  the  country  as  their  own,  and  often  31  j-Jj^sii'^n,, 
visited  it.  Waylaying  Capt.  Lithgovv,  and  a  party  of  eight  men, 
they  fired  on  them.  May  18,  near  the  fort  in  Topsham,  and 
wounded  two  at  the  first  onset.  A  severe  skirmish  ensued,  in 
which  the  Indians,  on  seeing  two  of  their  number  fall  dead  by 
tlieir  side,  seized  their  bodies,  and  fled.  Two  Englishnaen  were 
killed  further  up  the  river. 

The  Tarratines  at  Penobscot,  communicated  with  the  garrison  ATarraiine 
at  St.  Georges  by  flags  of  truce,  so  frequently,  as  to  excite  some  iiieionaiSt. 
apprehensions.     In  this  manner  an  Indian  party  visiting  the   fort,  ^^l,"  {l^y^  a 
on  an    evening,  had  some  traffic  there.      When   they   left,   the""^'""*" 
commander  assured    them,  they  had   nothing   to  fear   from   his 
men  ;    but  told  them,   they  must  beware   of  the   sharp   shooters 
at  the  block-house,  farther    up  the  river,   under  Capt.  Kellock, 
for  whose  conduct,  he  felt  no  responsibility.     The  Indians  turned 
and  went  as  far  as  the   "  Gig,"  [In  Thomaston,]  and  encamped  ; 
leaving  one  pack  in  the  path  to  attract  the   attention,   and    check 
the    progress  of   suspected  pursuers,   till   the   Indian  watchman 
might  have  time  to  fire  an  alarm  gun,  and  the  whole  escape.     In 
the  night,  when   the   patrol  from   the   block-house,   travelling   in 
close  single  file,  came  across  the  pack,  the  leader  griped  the  next 
man  in  his  rear, — the  passport  ran  through   the  whole  file,  and 


*  Namely,  "  17  ships  of  tlie  line,  15  other  men  of  war.  and  64  transports" 
— said  to  have  arrived  in  July. — Smith\i  Jour,  p.  68. 


326  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II. 

A. I).  1757.  they  came  to  a  dead  halt.  The  Indian  sentinel,  having  in  all 
probability,  partaken  too  freely  of  the  "  occapee,''^  [ardent  spirits] 
was  heard  to  snore  in  a  deep  sleep.  One  aimed  a  musket  at 
the  place,  and  pierced  a  bullet  through  his  head.  He  gave  a 
prodigious  leap  into  the  air,  and  falling,  moved  no  more.  The 
report  aroused  his  companions,  and  the  parties  for  a  short  time 
fought  desperately  ;  levelling  at  the  flashes  of  each  other's  guns. 
Such  expert  marksmen  were  the  Indians,  that  one  of  them,  for 
instance,  aimed  at  the  flash  of  Kellock's  musket,  so  precisely  and 
quickly  as  to  shoot  off  the  gun-lock  without  injuring  him.  This 
sharp  contest  in  the  dark,  however,  ended  without  harm  to  either 
of  the  English.  The  Indians  retreated,  leaving  traces  of  blood 
in  their  tracks ;  also  several  muskets,  a  quantity  of  beaver  and 
other  articles, — so  much  in  amount  as  to  divide  the  value  of  ^15 
to  a  man.  At  another  time,  when  it  was  supposed  that  the  In- 
dians, who  had  attacked  the  block-house  below  at  Pleasant-point, 
had  all  withdrawn  ;  one  Coltson,  a  soldier,  in  looking  over  the 
platform,  was  instantly  shot  through  the  head,  by  an  Indian  con- 
cealed under  it,  who  bounded  off  and  was  soon  out  of  sight.*" 
Cox  visits  Capt.  Cox,  cruising  off  the  eastern  coast  this  season,  in  one  of 
Penobscot,  ^j^^  ^rmed  sloops,  visited  Penobscot,  killed  two  Indians,  and  took 
their  scalps  ;  also  two  canoes,  a  quantity  of  oil,  fish,  and  sea- 
fowl  feathers. f 

On  the  first  of  June,  a  party  of  Indians  beset  the  dwelling- 
house  of  Ebenezer  Hall,  on  the  Island  Matinicus,  containing  his 
wife  and  a  young  family  of  two  sons,  three  daughters,  and  a  son- 
in-law.  He  was  a  man  of  courage,  and  some  distinction,  having 
been  a  Lieutenant  at  the  reduction  of  Cape  Breton.  The  at- 
tacks were  renewed  several  days,  and  the  house  resolutely  de- 
fended by  him  and  his  wife,  at  the  imminent  hazard  of  their 
lives,  until  the  10th;  when  he  was  killed,  his  house  broken  up, 
rifled  of  its  contents,  and  reduced  to  ashes.  The  brave  Hall  was 
then  scalped,  and  his  wife  and  children  carried  into  captivity.  At 
some  place  up  the  river  Penobscot,  she  underwent  the  painful 
trial  of  being  separated  from  them  ; — thence  compelled  to  take  up 
a  tedious  journey  to  Quebec.     The  fair  captive  was  a  woman  of 


*  Eaton's  Kar.  p.  13-14.— This  is  the  skirmish,  probably,  which  is  men- 
tioned in  Jlinot,  2d  vol.  p.  34.— He  says,  20  men  were  sent  in  the  nig^ht 
time,  and  took  a  scalp,  j  Smith's  Jour.  p.  67-8. 


Chap,  xii.]  of  maine.  327 

piety  and  charms,  which  attracted  every  eye.  Captivated  by  A.  D.  I757i 
her  uncommon  abilities  and  beauty,  Capt.  Andrew  Watkins,  in  a 
spirit  of  honor  and  generosity,  paid  her  ransom,  amounting  to 
215  hvres,  and  finding  a  vessel  bound  to  England,  procured  a 
passage  for  her  thither.  From  that  country  she  re-crossed  the 
Atlantic,  returning  by  the  way  of  New- York  to  Falmouth,  after 
an  absence  of  13  months.  But  notwithstanding  her  inquiries 
were  pursued  for  her  captive  children,  through  a  long  life,  with 
the  energetic  perseverance  which  marked  her  character,  she 
never  could  gain  the  least  knowledge  of  either.  A  son  of  12 
years  old,  by  a  former  husband,  Mr.  Greene,  who  was  in  the 
house  when  it  was  assailed,  escaped  and  hid  himself,  till  the  sava- 
ges were  gone;  and  after  three  days,  he  ventured  with  an  old 
canoe  into  the  bay,  where  he  was  taken  on  board  of  a  vessel. 
Subsequent  to  the  war,  his  mother  and  he  returned  to  the  Island, 
and  dwelt  there  till  her  death.* 

On  the  4th  of  April,  six  months  after  Governor  Shirley's  de-  Governor 

^  .  ''         ,       Pownal  ar- 

parture.  Lieutenant-Governor  Phips  was  taken  from  the  executive  rives,  the 

successor  of 

trust  by  death ;  and  the  duties  of  the  chair   devolved   upon   the  siiiriey. 
Council,  till  the  arrival  of  his  Excellency  Thomas  Pownal,  early 
in  August. — He  was  an  Englishman  by  birth,   possessing  hand- 
some talents,  and  making  "  great  pretensions  to  learning."     But 
his  manners  were  too  light  and  debonair,  to  suit  the  grave  and 
sober  habits  of  New-England. f     His  commission  was  obtained 
through  the  influence  of  his  brother,  John   Pownal,   who  was 
Secretary    to    the    Board    of   Trade    and    Plantations, — a   man 
thoroughly  versed  in  all  colonial  affairs.     The   Governor's  whig 
politics  were  an  antepast  of  popular  esteem  ;    and   his  measures 
were  accommodated  with  happy  address,  to  the  sentiments  of  the 
people.     He  met  the  Legislature,  on  the   16th,   and   in   his   first  ^^^^1,^^  jg 
speech,  he  says,  'the  times  in  which  I  meet  you  are  critical  and  '''siij^si 
'  perilous. — The  war  is  no  longer  about  a  boundary,  whether  the 

*  French  usurpations  shall  extend  to  this  or  that  mountain,  this  or  - 
'  that  river ;    but  whether  that  people  shall  wrest   from   British 

*  hands  the  rights  and  power  of  trade,  and  drive  us  from  the  con- 

*  tinent.     If  our  colonies  and  our  trade  are  ruined,  where  is  our 


*  He  was  living',  A.  D.  1825,  aged  80,  on  one  of  the  Fox  Islands.  His 
mother,  Mary  Hall,  also  lived  to  a  great  age. — MS.  Letter. — 11  Jour. 
House  of  Rep.  p.  236. 

t  Dr.  Allen's  Biog.  p.  483.-2  Minot,  p.  16,  19. 


328  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  11. 

A.  D.  1757.  <  naval  superiority  ? — if  second  to  another,  where  is  our  dominion  ? 
'  Nay,  if  our  naval  glory  is  tarnished  and  lost,  Great  Britain  can 
'  no  longer  maintain  a  free  government, — the  British  Colonies  are 

*  no  more  a  flourishing  and  happy  people.  They,  from  the  be- 
'  ginning,  have  been  a  country  of  soldiers,  unused  to  draw  the 
'  sword  in  vain, — distinguished  for  their  spirited  support  of  arma- 
'  meats  by  sea  and  land  in  defence  of  the  British  American  do- 
'  minions.' — The  House  replied,  '  that   they   hoped  his   adminis- 

*  tration,  at  this  most  important  juncture,  would  meet  uith  such  suc- 
'  cess,  as  to  free  the  people  from  the  impending  dangers  and  calam- 
'  ities,  and  render  us  once  more  a  safe  and  prosperous  Plantation.' 

^'''^'.'r  ["!"'      ^"  ^  ^^^^  ^'^3'^  ^^®  performed  the    ceremony  of  taking   posses- 
.sir  William  gjon  of  the  Castle.     The  sarrison  was   then  commanded   by  Sir 

rcpperell.  _  °  •' 

William  Pepperell,  who  presented  the  fortress  to  the  Governor, 

as  the  key  of  the  Province.     '  Yes,'  he  replied,  '  and  therefore  I 

'  shall  always  be  pleased  to  see  the  keys  of  it  in  your  hands.' 

iaprnm°o?'       About  this  time,  Capt.  Bradbury  and  Lieutenant  Fletcher  re- 

the  fori  ai    gig^gf]  [\^q  coumiand  of  the  fort  at  St.  Georges'  river:  and   were 

ill piHceofj.  succeeded  by  John  North,  a  surveyor  of  lands,  a  magistrate   and 

Bradbury.  •'  _  . 

one  of  the  first  Irish  settlers  upon  the  river.  One  Mr.  Chapeny 
was  Lieutenant,  and  Joshua  Treat,  armorer.*  It  seems,  however, 
that  Bradbury  and  Fletcher  had  probably  been  liberal  in  their 
censures  of  James  Cargill's  bloody  affair  with  the  Indians ;  for 
after  his  discharge  and  receipt  of  £600,  as  a  premium  for  his 
exploit,  he  charged  them  with  treasonable  practices, — in  trading 
with  the  Indians  clandestinely  in  time  of  war,  and  giving  them 
intelligence  inconsistent  with  the  duty  of  officers.  In  the  tedious 
Histriai  and  investigation  of  the  charges  before  the  two  Houses  of  the  Legis- 
acquiiu .  ]j^^,j.g^  there  were  at  least  twenty  witnesses  examined  ;  among 
whom  were  Capt.  Lithgow  of  Fort  Halifax,  Capt.  Howard  of 
the  store-house  at  Cushnoc,  and  others  from  Pemaquid,  Bruns- 
wick, York,  Newcastle  and  St.  Georges.  But  though  the 
disquisition  was  protracted,  the  decision  exculpated  the  respond- 
ents ;  and  hence,  the  public  confidence  in  the  management  of  the 
eastern  garrisons,  was  both  confirmed  and  enhanced. f^ 


*  Eaton^s  JIS.  J<ar.  p.  14-15. — It  is   said,   Justice   North   never  tried  a 
cause,  making  it  a  point  to  laugh  or  scold  the   parties   to   a   settlement. 
When  the  law-suitors — "  entered  but  his  door, 
"  Balli'd  was  the  cause,  and  contest  was  no  more." 
1 10  Jour.  H.  of  Rep.  p.  209-217-246.— Coun.  Rec.  p.  181.— Sec  ante,  1755. 


Chap,  xii.]  of  malxh.  329 

In  Maine  the  people's  blessings  were  greater  and  their  suffer-  A.  D.  1757. 
ings  and  losses  less  this  summer,  than  in  either  of  the  two  former  Prospects  of 

■  1         J  r  r         Maine. 

years.  The  drought  of  springs  which  occasioned  a  day  01  last- 
ing and  prayer  and  considerable  anxiety,  was  succeeded  by  a 
profusion  of  Divine  favor.  The  products  of  the  field  were 
plentiful,  and  the  fruits  were  never  more  abundant.  The  health 
of  the  inhabitants  was  great  and  general,  if  we  except  one  ca- 
lamity, the  smallpox ;  and  this  seemed  to  be  at  once  a  safeguard  Smaiipo* 
as  well  as  a  destroyer.  For  the  Indians,  through  fear  of  taking 
the  contagion,  no  less  than  in  consequence  of  other  discourage- 
ments, abandoned  the  frontiers  early  in  the  season,  thus  affording 
the  husbandmen  ample  opportunity  to  gather  and  secure  all  the 
productions  of  their  farms. 

On  the  25th  of  January,  1758,  Harpswell   was  incorporated  a.d.  i7n3-. 
and  vested  with  all  the  powers  and  privileges  of  a  town,  except  incorporat- 
that  of  sending  a  representative  to  the  General   Court.     It  eni-^  " 
braces  the  Merryconeag  peninsula,  Sebascodegan,   and   as  many 
as  twenty  other  Islands;*  being  bounded  ^easterly  onPhipsburg; 
'  northerly  and  westerly  on  Brunswick  and  Freeport ;  and  south- 
*  erly  upon  the  ocean/     It  was   first  settled  permanently   about 
the  year  1720.f 

*  See  ante,  Vol.  I  p.  40. 

f  Harpswell  is  the  13th  incorporated  town  in  the  State.  The  name  was 
g-iven  at  the  pleasure  of  the  Legislature.  It  was  set  off  from  North-Yar- 
mouth and  made  a  precinct  in  1750.  The  air  of  this  place  is  so  salubrious, 
that  "many  valetudinarians,  who  have  visited  it,  have  quite  recovered 
their  health."  The  soil  is  g-ood  ;  either  gravel,  clay,  or  dark  mould.  The 
settlers  had  their  titles  to  land  principally  from  proprietors  in  Boston,  who 
purchased  of  the  Plymouth  Company.  In  1821,  there  were  in  Harpswell 
6  stores ;  3  grist  mills  ;  920  tons  of  shipping ;  one  bridge  300  feet  in  length, 
from  Sebascodegan  to  Brunswick  ;  The  soil  grows  wheat  and  coi'rt. — There 
are  two  meeting-houses,  one  in  the  westerly  part  of  the  town  on  the  penin- 
sula, and  the  other  on  Sebascodegan.  The  first  settled  minister  was  Rev. 
Elisha  Eaton,  ordained  1750,  who  died,  Apiil,  1764,  He  was  succeeded 
by  his  son,  Rev.  Samuel  Eaton,  Oct.  24th  of  the  same  year,  a  graduate  of 
Harvard  in  1763.  His  settlement  was  £120  ;  and  his  salary  j£66  13s.  Ad. 
In  1766-7,  there  was  a  remarkable  reformation  ;  in  which  between  60  and 
70  members  were  added  to  the  church.  Now  the  members  of  the  congre- 
gational church  are  few  ;  there  are  some  Baptists  and  Methodists.  The 
inhabitants  are  farmers,  mariners  and  fishermen,  their  "habits  virtuous 
and  hospitable."    The  number  of  inhabitants  in  1790,  1,071.    The  tov/Td 

Vol.  II.  42 


330  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  IK 

A.D.  1758.  Other  places  and  objects  in  Maine  likewise  received  legislative 
A  lottery,  attention.  A  lottery  was  granted  to  raise  £1,200  for  the  purpose 
of  building  bridges  over  the  rivers  Saco  and  Presumpscot.  It 
was  also  proposed  to  the  Legislature  by  the  Plymouth  Company, 
that  they  would  settle  50  families  in  each  of  the  two  townships 
in  the  vicinity  of  Fort  Halifax,  provided  50  of  the  men  could 
be  employed  and  paid  for  garrison  duty  ; — a  project,  which  the 
Governor  and  others  favored. 
The  war.  The  war  on  our  part  had,  hitherto,  been  quite  unsuccessful. 
The  great  expenses,  the  frequent  disappointments,  the  losses  of 
men,  and  the  capture  of  forts  and  of  stores,  were  extremely  dis- 
couraging. The  enemy's  country  was  filled  with  prisoners  and 
scalps ;  with  private  plunder ;  and  no  less  with  public  stores  and 
provisions,  borne  thither — by  our  people  as  beasts  of  burden, 
through  the  fatal  reverses  of  the  war.  Hence,  whatever  could 
be  contrasted  with  such  a  calamitous  state  of  affairs,  was  inor- 
dinately appreciated.  So  that  a  law,  enacted  for  rendering  the 
militia  a  more  efficient  defence,  and  measures,  devised  to  regu- 
late trade  and  business  upon  the  strictest  principles  of  industry 
and  economy,  were  highly  applauded. — As  to  offensive  measures, 
on  our  part,  observed  the  Governor,  they  will,  at  present, — be 
useless.  '  Let  us'  said  he  to  the  General  Court,  '  save  the 
'  strength,  collect  the  force,  and  treasure  up  the  funds  and  means, 
'of  the  Province,  until  God  shall  call  them  out,  one  and  all,  to 
*  wreak  his  vengeance  upon  the  savage  violators  of  amity  and 
'peace,  and  the  perfidious  French  of  Canada.' 
William  As  soon,  howcver,  as  the  closing  winter  called  for  renewed  en- 

attheiiead  terprizcs,  it  was  happy  for  this  country,  that  in  a  change  of  the 
Tstry.^  '"'"'  British  ministry,  the  direction  of  the  war  had,  according  to  the 
united  wishes  of  the  people  in  England  and  America,  been  put  into 
the  hands  of  that  distinguished  and  decisive  statesman,  William 
Pitt.  His  wisdom  immediately  devised  great  and  judicious 
plans  ;  and  his  active  spirit  was  able  to  infuse  new  life  into  all 
those,  whose  province  it  was  to  execute  them.  In  a  circular 
letter  to  the  colonial  Governors,  he  assured  them  of  the  settled 
determination  to  send  hither  a  large  force,  to  operate  by  sea  and 

was  first  represented  in  the  General  Court,  A,  D.  1777,  by  Isaac  Snow. 
— */S.  LcUer  of  Rev.  Samvd  Eaton,  A,  D.  1821.-10  Jour.  House  of 
Rep.  p.  308. 


His  plans. 


Chap,  xii.]  of  Maine.  33] 

land  against!the  French;  and  called  on  them  to  raise  as  many  A.  D.  1758. 
men^as  the  number  of  inhabitants  would  allow  ;  leaving  them  to 
form  the  regiments  and  to  appoint  officers  at  their  discretion.  He 
told  them,  that  provisions,  arms,  ammunition,  tents,  and  boats, 
would  be  furnished  by  the  Crown  ;  and  that  the  colonies  must 
levy,  clothe,  and  pay  their  men, — for  which  they  might  expect 
a  reasonable  remuneration,  through  the  wise  and  liberal  policy  of 
Parliament.  Yielding  now  no  more  to  despondency  amidst  their 
adversities,  they  resumed  fre.sh  courage,  and  readily  made  the 
preparation  required. 

Three  expeditions  were  proposed  for  this  year,  the  first  was  .^^^^^ 
against  Louisbourg  :  the  second,  ajrainst  Ticonderoga  and  Crown  P«t''io"s 

"  _  .  .  proposed. 

Point ;  and  the  third,  against  Fort  du  Quesne. 

In  the  Governor's  address  to   the   General   Court,   March   2d,  jyjg^p,,  o^g 
he  says, — 'The  enemy,  in  consequence  of  our  unfortunate  situa- ^Py*^'""°'"'' 

•'  _  •'  ^  address. 

'  tion,  is  about  the  heads  of  all  our  waters,  ready  to  come  down 
'  upon  us  even  at  our  very  doors.  It  is,  therefore  absolutely  ne- 
'  cessary  to  keep  up  a  constant   and  vigilant   defence  upon  our 

*  frontiers.  When  I  met  the  Earl  of  Loudoun  at  Hartford,  Feb. 
'  24,  he  expressed  his  intention  of  employing  the  aid  of  our    sol- 

*  diers  in  a  contemplated  service   at  the  eastward ;    and  I  hope 

*  you  will  make  provision  for  suitable   forces  to  co-operate   with 

*  his  Majesty's  regular  troops,  on  the  eastern  expedition,  and  for 

*  fitting  out  the  provincial  ship  of  war.  King  George,  to  cruise  for 

*the  protection  of  the  trade  and  fishery  of  the  Province.' — These 

.  ]  •        r  1       TT  1  Replyofihe 

suggestions  drew  an  expression  trom  the  House,  that  many  men  House. 

in  the  Province,  especially  in  its  eastern  parts,  were  well  acquaint- 
ed with  Louisbourg,  having  served  in  the  expedition  that  effected 
its  reduction ;  and  it  m.ight  have  a  good  tendency  to  promote  his 
Majesty's  interest,  if  some  of  the  regiments  from  this  Province 
should  be  employed  the  present  year,  in  that  part  of  the  service. 
So  spirited  and  united  were  the  people,  and  so  popular  the 
expedition  against  Louisbourg,  that  there  was  no  difficulty  in  ob-  ed 
taining  a  vote  in  the  Legislature  to  raise  7,000  men  in  the  Prov- 
ince ;  of  whom,  6,925  were  actually  enlisted  before  the  close 
of  May,  About  600  were  recruited  in  Maine  ; — besides  300 
raised  to  do  garrison  duty  and  range  from  place  to  place.  The 
latter  were  thus  stationed  ; — at  Fort  Halifax,  50  ;  at  Cushnoc, 
16;  at  Saco  truck  house,  12;  at  Fort  Frederick,  15;  at  St. 
Georges  Fort,  35 ;  at  Burton's  garrison,  near  the  mouth  of  St. 


Troops  rais- 


332  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II. 

A.  D.  1758.  Georges' river,  6  ;  at  Handerson's  garrison-house,  on  the  other 
The  o;iMerii  side  of  the  river,  6;  at  Meduncook,  10;  at  Broad-bay,  17; 
ed*  *"""  "at  Fort  George  in  Brunswick,  5  ;  at  Lebanon,    1 1  ;    at  Phillips-^ 

town,  18;  at  Narraganset  No.  1,  14;  at  Standisii,    15;  and   63 

were   assigned  to   New-Marblehead,    New-Gloucester,  Frankfort 

and  Pr  suinpscot  Falls.* 
jst  and  2d        The  exjiediiion  against  Ticonderoga  and    Crown   Point,   conr 
expe.iii.en.  j^^^^^.j    ^.y    General   Abercrombie,  was  unsuccessful.      General 

Forbes  coinmanded  the  one  against  Fort   du  Quesne,  which   he 

captured  and  called  Pittsburg. 
„ ,        ..         in  the  sie£;e  of  Louisbourg,  Major-General  Amherst,  command.^ 
tion  c.ip-     gj.  ^^  ^j^g  resiular  and  Provincial   land   forces,   and  Admiral  Bos-- 

tiires  Louis-    ■     •  o    • 

^""'■ff-  cawen  with  a  fleet  oi  57  sail,  mostly  from  England,  (ormmg  a 
junction,  proceeded  eastward,  and  anchored,  June  2,  in  the  bay, 
opposite  the  city.  The  French  garrison  in  that  place  consisted 
of  2.500  regular  troops,  300  militia  and  60  or  70  Indian  war- 
riors. The  harbor  was  secured  by  six  ships  of  the  line,  and  five 
frigates.  When  the  landing  was  effected,  and  the  artillery  and 
stores  were  brought  on  shore.  General  James  Wolfe  was  de-. 
tached  with  2,000  men,  to  seize  a  post  occupied  by  the  enemy 
at  the  light-house  point ;  from  which  the  ships  in  the  harbor  and 
the  fortifications  in  the  town,  might  be  greatly  annoyed.  On  his 
approach,  the  post  was  abandoned,  and  strong  batteries  were  im- 
mediately erected  there  by  the  English.  In  the  heavy  cannon- 
ade perseveringly  urged,— a  bomb  set  one  of  the  enemy's  great 
ships  on  fire  in  the  harbor,  and  blew  her  up ;  whence  the  flames 
were  communicated  to  others,  which  shared  the  same  fate.  Six 
hundred  men  were  next  sent  in  boats  to  make  an  attempt  upon 
the  two  ships  of  the  line  in  the  basin  ;  one  being  aground,  was 
destroyed,  and  the  other  they  towed  off  in  triumph.  The  Eng- 
lish being  now  in  complete  possession  of  the  harbor,  and  several 
large  breaches  being  actually  made  in  the  works,  the-  place  was 
f''-^'-^;  deemed  no  longer  deiensible  ; — thereibre,  July  26,  the  French 
ulateii  commander  capitulated. f  Tue  inhabitants  of  Cape  Breton  were 
sent  to  France  ;  and  the  garrison,  sea-officers,  sailors  and  mar- 
iners, in  all  5,037,  were  carried  prisoners,  to  England.  The 
conquerors  lost  400  men,  killed  and  wounded  ;  and  found  in  the 
fort  21  pieces  of  cannon,  18  mortars,  and    an   immense   quantity 


*  10  Jour.  House  of  Rep.  p.  432.— The  wlio'.e  number   was   29  J,  beside* 
officers.  '  "!  S^^  ante,  June  17,  1745. 


Chap,  xii.]  of  MAmE. 


333 


^f  stores  and  ammunition.     The  conquest  filled  England  as   well  a.  d.  1758. 
as  this  country,  with  extravagant  demonstrations  of  joy.* 

The  depredations  committed  in  Maine  by  the  Indians,  thisTi'c  In- 
•year^  were  few ;  three  years  of  warfare  being  usually  sufficient 
:to  satisfy  them.  In  May,  however,  a  man  by  the  name  of  Pome- 
joy  was  killed  at  Kennebeck,  and  a  youngster  taken  captive ; 
.and  iu  June,  an  inhabitant  of  Arrowsick  Island  and  his  wife  were 
slainj  and  their  six  children  and  a  young  woman  were  carried 
into  captivity, 

A  communication    was  received   at   Boston,    in   August,   from  An  aiiack. 
Brigadier   General   Monkton,   stationed   in   Nova   Scotia,  which  im-rat'S. 
stated,  that  a  body  of  Frenchmen,  in  conjunction  with  the  Indians  river^inlt 
on  the  rivers  St.  John,  Penobscot,  and  probably  Passainaquoddy,  "■'•i'"'""- 
were  meditating  an  attempt  upon  the  fort  at  St.  Georges,  and  the 
destruction  of  all  the  settlements  in   that  vicinity.     Immediately, 
.Governor  Pownal  collected  such  a  military  force,  as  was  at  com- 
mand, and  eir.barked  with  them  on  board  the  King  George,   and 
;the  sloop   Massachusetts.     Arriving,   he  threw  these   auxiliaries 
.wi<h  some  additional  warlike  stores  into  the   fort   at  a   most  for- 
tunate juncture  ;  for  within  36  hours  after  his  departure,  the  fort 
was  actually   assailed   by   a   body  of  400    French    and    Indians. 
But  so  well  prepared  was  the  garrison  to  receive  them,  that  they 
were  unable  to  make  the  least  impression.     Nor   did   any  repre- 
sentations of  their  numbers,  nor  any  threats,  communicated  to  the 
fort   by   a  captive  woman,  whom   they    purposely  permitted  to 
£scape  thither,  occasion  the  least    alarm.     Hence,  the    besiegers 
gave  vent  to  their  resentments  and  rage,  by  killing   the  neighbor- 
ing cattle,  about  60  of  which,  they  shot  or  butchered. 

This  active  and  conspicuous  service  of  the  Governor,  was   not . 

\  5    «»"^      ^"^  Service  of 

only  applauded  by  the  General  Court  in  terms  of  high  considera-  "'°  Gover- 

I         -TIT       r->-         1  1   1  •         •    1       1  "*""  ''ig'ily 

tion  ;  but  Mr.  Fitt  also  assured  hmi,  it  had  received  the  particular  app'"^'ed. 
approbation  of  the  king  himself.     The   enemy   afterwards  made 

I        r  Til     1  ,      r-A  ^■''^'  efTorls 

an  attempt   upoa    the  lort  at  Meduncook    [Friendship]  without  °'  ''^^  ^'asi- 

bi  I  -1  11  1  MI     1  ,  <^''n  Iiicliaiiii, 

eing  able  to  carry  it ;  though  they  killed  or   took  captive   eight  ''''^  ^a'- 

men.fr— These,   so   far   as  our    knowledge  extends,   closed  the 

scenes  of  massacre,  plunder  and  outrage  by   the   Indians,  durin^- 

jhe  present  war  aqd  forever. 


*  9  Smo'ldl,  p.  233-6.— The  people  in  Falmouth  spent  the  afternoon   and 
piost  of  the  night  rejoicing- — Smith.  ^  2  Minot,  p.  41, 


334  "THE  HISTORY  [VoL.    II. 

A.  I).  J759.      The  plan  of  operations,  for  the   memorable  year  1759,  was 
rianofo[.e- nothing  less  than  an  universal  attack  upon  the  French,  in  every 
year."'' ""' direction ; — by  so  connecting   all  the  parts,   as  to  transfuse  the 
effect  of  victory  or  success  in  one  quarter,  throughout  the  whole 
system  ; — with  a  determination  to  bring  the  contest  to  a  final   and 
speedy  decision.     For  these  purposes  it  was   agreed  and  deter- 
mined, that  three  powerful  armies  should  enter  the  territories  of 
the  French  by  different  routes,  and  make  a  simultaneous  attack 
Against       upon  all  their  strong  holds  of  security  or  defiance.     The  capture 
Quebec       ^^  Q^jg^g^  ^^.^5  assigned  to  an  army  of  9,000  men,  under  General 
Wolfe,  and  a   fleet  under  Admiral  Saunders  : — The  reduction  of 
Niagara.      Niagara,  one  of  the  most  important  posts  in  all   North   America, 
was  to  be  undertaken  by  General  Prideaux,  with  a  powerful  body 
of  Provincials  and  friendly  Indians  : — And  the  main  army,  under 
General  Abercrombie  the  Commander-in-Chief,  was  to  invest  Ti- 

Ticoiidero-  ,  1     1  r  •  •  t 

ga  and       condcroga  and  Crown  Pomt,  and  then  form  a  junction,   if  possi- 

Crown  ~ 

Point.         ble,  with  General  Wolfe. 

Troops  rais-  The  subject  was  laid  before  the  General  Court,  when  the 
Provilice.  House  votcd,  March  10,  to  raise  5,000  men;  believing  the 
Province  in  its  present  exhausted  state  could  do  no  more.  Yet, 
in  consequence  of  an  urgent  letter  from  General  Amherst,  then 
in  Nova  Scotia,  the  House  added  to  the  levy  1 ,500  more  ;  sub- 
Staicof  iheJ°i""''S  ^  ^"""^  though  molancholy  representation, — how  '  surpriz- 
frovijice.  t  ingly  the  burdens,  the  sufferings,  and  exigencies,  occasioned  by 
'  four  years  of  warfare  succeeding  other  long  and  bloody  wars, 
'  had  prostrated  public  credit,  and  filled  the  Province  with  dis- 
'  tress.  The  ranks  of  our  bravest  inhabitants,  said  the  House, 
'  have  been  thinning  from  year  to  year  ;  untold  numbers  having 
'  fallen  in  battle,  died  of  their  wounds  or  of  sickness,  or  been  carried 
'  into  an  appalling  captivity  ;  while  not  a  few,  fired  with  patriotism, 
'  have  actually  left  all,  for  the  service  of  their  king  and  country. 
'  The  charge  of  our  own  regiments  was  £120,000,  the  last  year  ; 
'  the  amount  paid  in  fines  and  contributions  was  at  least  £60,000, 
'  and  it  cost  the  Province  £30,000,  to  defend  its  frontiers  and 
'  seacoasts,  and  to  defray  the  ordinary  expenses  of  government ; — 
'which  sums  being  all  computed  in  money  sterling.  In  the 
<  defence  of  the  eastern  country  only,  we  are  obliged  to  keep 
'  about  600  men  in  constant  pay.  We  have  lately  promised  a 
*  bounty  of  ^6  to  a  man,  being  double  what  we  have  at  any  time 


Chap,  xii.]  of  Maine.  335, 

'before  given,  to  produce  a  voluntary  enlistment  of  1,500  men,  A. .U  1759. 

*  the  additional  levy.*     But  still  we  shall  never   be  found  back- 

*  ward,  to  discharge  all  our  duty,  with  the  fortitude,  emulation 
'  and  alacrity,  which  have  ever  characterized  the  people  of  this 
'  Province.' 

There  was  another  subject  of  great  importance  to  the  people  a  propos!- 
of  this  eastern  country,  which  the  Governor  called  up  and  sub-  poss.^ssionof 
mitted  to  the  consideration  of  the  Legislature.  This  was  a  Jj^"".^'™' 
proposition  to  establish  a  fort  at  some  place  upon  the  banks  of  the 
Penobscot  waters,  and  to  take  formal  possession  of  the  contiguous 
territories.  He  stated,  that  the  undertaking  had  been  postponed 
from  time  to  time,  on  account  of  the  present  war,  and  the  conse- 
quent burdens,  with  which  the  people  were  struggling ;  that  since 
the  British  forces  had  seized  upon  the  river  St.  John,  and  forti- 
fied there,  the  enemy  had  no  other  outlet  to  the  sea,  than  through 
the  Penobscot  river — the  avenues  being  shut  upon  him  in  every 
other  part ;  that  both  the  country  and  the  Islands  ought  to  be  in 
our  actual  possession,  since  as  long  as  an  Indian  has  any  claims 
to  these  lands,  the  French  will  espouse  his  title  and  give  us 
trouble;  and  that  General  Amherst,  having  been  consulted,  has 
declared  the  subject  to  be  a  matter  of  weight  and  necessity,  de- 
serving immediate  attention  ;  and  should  tlie  enterprize  succeed, 
he  has  actually  promised  to  furnish  guns,  ordnance,  stores  and 
other  necessaries,  suitable  for  such  a  fortification,  and  free  of  all 
charge  to  the  Province.  He  has  also  stated,  that  the  expense 
of  building  it  will  be  reimbursed  by  the  crown.  Not  only  will 
this  expedition,  added  the  Governor,  assure  you  the  honor  of  hav- 
ing completed  his  Majesty's  entire  dominion  on  the  Atlantic ;  but 
the  title  to  those  lands  will  be  forever  secured  to  the  subjects  of 
this  Province. f — The  proposition  was  the  more  acceptable  to  the 
House,  because  it  seemed  to  come  fi-om  the  ministry ;  satisfied 
as  the  Legislature  had  long  been,  that  such  an  establishment 
would  afford  facilities  and  means,  either  to  subdue  entirely  the 
Etechemin  natives,  or  bring  them  to  terms  of  perpetual  peace. 

The  General  Court  therefore  resolved,  March   23,   that   400  Provision 
men,  taken  from  the  last  levy  of  1,500,  be  employed  under  the  buliding'^a 
Governor's  direction,  to  take  possession  of  the   Penobscot  coun-  ""^ 
fry,  erect  a  fortification  there,  and  cover  the  workmen  in  the  en- 


2  Minot,  p,  47,  52.  f  See  Governor's  Speech,  Feb.  1,  17.59. 


336  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  IJ.- 

A.  D.  1759.  terpfize  J  that  they  be  immediately  enlisted,  put  under  pay,  andi 
furnished  with  provisions,  blankets  and  camp  utensils, — every 
soldier  being  offered  six  dollars  by  the  month,  if  he  supplied 
himself  with  firearms ;  and  that  the  fort,  when  finished,  be  gar- 
risoned by  100  men,  from  the  forts  at  Pemaquid  and  St.  Georges,- 
which  were  to  be  dismantled.  About  the  same  provision  was 
also  made  for  the  general  defence  of  the  eastern  frontiers,  as- 
The  foi-ce  at  was  assigned  to  that  service  the  preceding  year.  Next,  every 
fnxdiscon-  argument  and  method  were  used  to  persuade  the  troops  stationed 
leoie  .  ^^  p^^^  Halifax  and  Fort  Western,  to  continue  in  the  service,-^ 
troops  whose  complaints  were  raised  to  notes  of  high  resentment. 
The  government  in  its  emergency,  it  is  true,  had  done  little  better 
than  to  break  faith  with  them.  For  they  had  been  enlisted  or 
impressed  into  that  service  for  only  a  twelve  month  :  whereas 
the  present  was  the  third  year  of  their  detention,  and  still  they 
could  not  obtain  their  discharge.  Perceiving,  however,  that  the 
fort  must  be  dismantled,  if  they  left  it,  the  brave  men  sacrificed 
private  considerations  to  the  public  safety,  and  still  continued  in 
the  sei'vice. 
The  Penoh-  The  enlistments  for  the  '  Penobscot  expedition,'  were  complet- 
scot  expedi-  ^^  ^vijijo^H  trouble  or  delay.  The  men  being  arranged  into  four 
companies,  each  of  100  men,  were  put  under  the  command  of  a 
Colonel ;  and  the  whole  embarked  at  Boston  on  board  the  ship 
King  George,  the  Massachusetts  sloop  and  a  few  transports  j 
all  touching  at  Falmouth,  May  4,  as  they  proceeded  to  the  place 
of  destination.  In  ascending  the  Penobscot  Bay,  at  this  pleas- 
ant season  of  the  year,  the  Islands  and  shores  exhibited  a  drap- 
ery of  nature,  which  could  not  fail  to  make  a  deep  impres- 
sion upon  the  beholder.  Farther  into  land,  the  banks  indented 
with  coves,  and  the  acclivities  clothed  with  mast-pines,  rock- 
maples,  and  balsam-firs,  in  thick  forest,  had  power  to  excite  the 
admiration  of  no  one  more  than  the  Governor  himself.  It  was 
to  him,  a  reflection  fraught  with  deep  regret,  that  tliis  line  coun- 
try had  been  so  long  left  to  the  savage  hunter,  the  French  ren- 
egado,  and  the  wild  beast. 
Site.dimen-      Having  examined  sundry  places,  and  taken  formal  possession 

sions  and  ,       ^  ,  ,  ,  •  i 

form  of  the  of  the  country,  the  Governor  selected  a  crescent  crowning  eleva- 
tion on  the  western  side  of  the  Penobscot,  [in  Prospect,]  25 
rods  from  the  waters'  edge,  and  about  a  league  below  the  foot  of 


Chap,  xii.]  of  maixe.  33? 

Orphan  Island,  as  a  site  for  the  fortification.*  It  was  laid  out  A.D.  1769. 
square,  with  the  points  of  compass,  the  east  side  facing  the  wa^ 
ter,  and  at  each  corner  were  flankers.  The  dimensions  of  the 
fort,  were  860  feet,  or  90  feet  on  each  inner  side  of  the  breast- 
work, which  was  ten  feet  in  height.  Tliis  was  circumvallated  by 
a  moat  or  ditch  15  feet  in  width  at  top,  5  at  bottom,  and  8  deep. 
Each  exterior  side  of  the  ditch^  or  the  glacis,  was  240  feet.-  In 
the  centre  of  the  ditch  were  palisadoes  quite  around  the  fort,  ex- 
cept at  the  portcullis,  or  entrance,  at  the  east  side,  where  a  draw- 
bridge crossed  the  excavation  or  ditch.  There  was  also  a 
piquet  in  the  dilch  at  the  foot  of  the  wall.  The  houses  of  the 
commander  and  others,  were  situated  between  the  fort  and  the 
river.  Within  the  breastwork  or  walls,  was  a  square  block-house,- 
44  feet  on  a  side,  with  flankers  at  each  corner,  of  diamond  form^ 
33  feet  on  a  side.  The  whole  was  constructed  o(  square  timber 
dovetail'd  at  the  corners,  and  trenailed.  The  height  of  the 
block-house,  in  two  stories,  was  about  twentj'-two  feet,  the  roof 
was  square  or  hipped,  and  had  a  sentry  box  upon  the  top.  There 
were  several  cohorns  on  the  rooi ;  and  three  or  four  cannon  were 
mounted  in  the  area  between  the  breastwork  and  Walls  of  the 
block-^house,  which  was  20  feet  in  width.  The  upper  story  jut-^ 
ted  over  the  lower  about  three  feet-' — the  space  being  covered 
with  loose  plank,  easily  removable.  The  lower  story  was  used 
as  barracks  ;  and  in  the  upper  one,  where  10  or  12  small  can- 
non were  mounted,  garrison  exercise  was  performed  in  stormy 
weather.  There  were  two  chimnies,  one  in  the  north-west  and 
the  other  in  the  south-east  corner  of  the  block-house. f 


*  A  little  above  Fort-point  is  a  bar ;  between  which  and  Sandy-point,- 
^ths  of  a  iea:gue  farlher  north,  is  Fort-point  harbor.  The  shore  from  Fort- 
point  runs  S.  W.  H  leagues  to  Cape  Jellison-point ;  west  of  which  iS  Brig'- 
adier's  Island  of  5000  acres ; — and  hctween  them  is  Cape  JelHson  harbor. 

■j-  After  the  war,  there  was  a  larg-e  trade  carried  on  many  years,  between 
the  garrison  and  the  Indians.  An  aged  gentleman  says,  "  I  have  seen  one 
"  of  the  flanker-rooms  as  fall  as  it  could  be  well  stowed,  with  the  first  qual- 
"  ity  of  furs,  beaver,  otter,  sable,  &c."  Soon  after  Majorbiguyduce  was 
occupied  by  the  British,  A.  D.  1779,  Col.  Cargill  came  from  Newcastle, 
and  burnt  the  block-house  and  curtilage  ;  and  subsequently  by  order  of 
government,  he  again  appeared  at  the  head  of  a  party,  and  labored  inde- 
fatigably  till  almost  exhausted  with  toil  and  hunger,  in  filling  the  ditches 
and  levelling  the  breastwork.  Yet  some  of  the  cavities  are  now  to  be 
seen. — MS.  Letter  of  Jos.  P.  JlartiuyEsq.  of  Prospect,  with  an  ingcniouff 
plan  of  the  fort. 

Vol.  II.  43 


338  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.    II. 

A.D.  1759.  As  soon  as  the  laborers  had  commenced  work,  the  Governor, 
Governor  attended  by  General  Samuel  Waldo,  with  a  guard  of  136  men, 
Waido"virh  ascended  the  river,  near  the  head  of  the  tide-waters,  below  the 
ascfnd  the  bend  -J  and  May  23,  went  ashore  on  the  westerly  side  of  the 
'''^®'^*  river.     From  this  place  he  sent  a  message  to  the  Tarratine  tribe, 

A  message  givi'ig  them  notice   of  the   enterprize   undertaken   at  Fort-point, 
Sans'*'*  and  assuring  them,  if  they  should  fall  upon  the  English   and   kill 
any  of  them,  the  whole  tribe  should  be  hunted   and   driven  from 
the  country.     But,  added  he,  though  we  neither  fear  your  resent- 
ment nor  seek  your  favor,  we  pity  your  distresses  ;  and   if  you 
will  become  the  subjects  of  his  Majesty   and  live   near  the   fort, 
you  shall  have  our  protection,  and  enjoy  your  planting  grounds, 
and  your  hunting  berths,  without  molestation. 
Doath  of         General  Waldo  took  great  interest  in  this  expedition,  expect- 
Generai      •      ^j    ^  ^^q  Muscongus    for  Waldo]   Patent  extended   to  some 

v\  aide.  o  o         u  -■ 

place  near  the  spot  then  visited  by  them  ;  and  that  he  and  his 
co-proprietors  would  derive  essential  advantage  from  the  project- 
ed fortification.  Withdrawing  a  few  paces  he  looked  round  and 
exclaimed,  "  here  is  my  bound" — and  instantly  fell  dead,  of  an 
apoplexy.  He  was  63  years  of  age.*  To  commemorate  the 
spot,  the  Governor  buried  a  leaden  plate,  bearing  an  inscription 
of  the  melancholy  event.  General  Waldo  was  a  gentleman  of 
great  enterprize,  and  worth  ;  and  the  conspicuous  part  he  acted 
in  the  first  capture  of  Louisbourg,  will  be  long  recollected  with 
intermingled  pleasure  and  praise.  His  sons,  Samuel  and  Fran- 
cis, and  the  husbands  of  his  two  daughters,  Isaac  Winslow  and 
Thomas  Fluker,  were  the  testamentary  executors  of  his  large 
estate,  much  of  which  was  in  the  last  mentioned  patent. 
Fort  Pow-  On  the  28th  of  July,  the  fortification  which  cost  about  £5,000,f 
2j'/°""P'^^' was  completed,  and  called  Fort  Pownal.  It  was  afterwards 
garrisoned  by  100  men,  under  the   command  of  Brigadier-Gen- 

*■  Cow7ici7i2ee.  1756  <o  1767.— GoTcrnor  Fownal  says,  'we  went  up  to 
'  the  first  Falls,  foKT  miles  and  an  half  from  the  first  led^-e,  found  cleared 
« lands  on  the  western  side  of  the  river,  where  General  Waldo  dropt  down, 
'  May  23,  just  above  tltc  falls^  of  an  apoplexy,  and  expired    in   a   few   mo- 

«ments." The  exact  place  is  not  known — supposed    to   be    not   far   from 

Fort-hill  in  Bangor. — Some  say,  it  was  on  the  eastern  side. 

t  Exact  amount,  £4,969, 17*.  2d. ;  besides  the  tempor;iry  use  of  some  of 
the  o-overnment's  property.  The  troops  consumed  250  bbls.  of  pork,  390 
bushels  of  peas  ;   and  1,759  gallons  of  molasses. 


Chap,  xii.]  of  waine.  339 

eral  Jedediah  Preble.     It  was  the  most  regular  and  defensible  a.  d.  1759, 
fort  in  the  Province ;  and  the   expenses  of  building   it  were  re- 
imbursed by  Parliament. 

In  a  subsequent  address  to  the  General  Court,  the  Governor  to  the  ac- 
stated,  that  he  had  taken  possession  of  a  large  and  fine  country,  [^hrp"ov°^ 
belonging  to  the   Province,  within  the  dominions  of  the   British  ""^^^' 
£rown — long  a  den  for  savages,  and  a  lurking  place  for  renega- 
do  Frenchmen  ;  and  had  established  that  possession  by  the  erec- 
tion of  a  fort,  which  would  command  the    river   Penobscot,   and 
the  outlet  at  Edgemaroggan  Reach,  the  rendezvous  of  the   east- 
ern Indians,  in  their  excursions   against  our  frontiers.     He  said, 
the  erection  of  it   incurred   a  less   charge    to    the    Province    by 
£1,003,  than  if  the  same  troops  had  joined  the   army.     Highly 
gratified  with  the  enterprize  and  its  speedy  accomplishment,  the 
General  Court  voted  him  their  thanks,  and  granted   him   £200, 
in  addition  to  his  usual  salary  of  £1,300,  lawful  money.* 

In    each    of  the  three  northern   campaigns,   the    British   and  NiH<rara 
Provincial  arms   met  with    entire   success.     Niagara  surrender-  i.l'^a",^*^'^"' 
ed,    July    25,   to    Sir   William   Johnston,    chief    commander — •l;'""^^", 

,  I  omi  taken. 

General  Prideaux  being  killed.  The  second  day  afterwards, 
Ticonderoga  and  Crown  Point  were  reduced  by  General  Am- 
herst. Before  that  time,  General  Wolfe  had  commenced  the  Quebec  be- 
far-famed  siege  of  Quebec,  The  city,  then  containing  1 0,000  "'°^'^" 
souls,  was  built  on  elevated  ground  near  the  northerly  bank  of 
the  St.  Lawrence,f  and  just  above  the  moudi  of  the  St.  Charles ; 
— a  place  more  stongly  fortified  and  better  garrisoned,  than  any 
other  in  America.  The  plains  of  Abraham,  above  the  city, 
adjoined  the  bank  of  the  river,  where  the  heights  and  rugged 
steepness  were  supposed  to  be  a  safeguard,  entirely  sufficient, 
without  the  least  works  of  art. 

Yet  the  intrepid  Wolfe,  in  the  course  of  one  night,  Sept.  12-13,  s^p,  13 
conducted  his  army  from   the   shipping,   in    single    file,    up   this  uo,l"of  Qug. 
appalling  precipice,   and    commenced    the   attack.     The  battle,  ^''''^• 
bloody  and  desperate,  became  general  about  9  in   the   morning ; 
and  before  noon  the  victory  of  the  English  was  decisive.     Wolfe 
and  Montcalm,  the  two  opposing  generals,  were  both  slain,  and 

*  By  advice  of  the  Council,  the  General  put  the  forces  under  Law  Mar- 
tial, during  the  erection  of  the  fort.— 3  Coun.  Rec.  p.  77. 
t  The  river  opposite  is  a  raile  in  width. 


340  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II, 

A.  D.  1759.  with  them  fell  1 ,600  men  ;  the  loss  of  the  French  being  about 
twofold  that  of  the  English.  On  the  fifth  day,  Quebec,  the  capi- 
tal of  New-France,  capitulated,  and  being  thus  reduced  to  the 
dominion  of  Great  Britain,  was  garrisoned  by  about  5,000  men.* 
The  eastern  people  partook  largely  in  the  great  and  general  joy, 
which  this  event  diffused  over  the  whole  country ;— in  a  well 
founded  hope,  that  savage  warfare  and  scenes  of  blood,  would 
Great  exult- shortly  come  to  a  close,  throughout  the  land.  Besides  firing 
cannon  and  illuminating  ships  and  houses  5— »ran  assemblage,  for 
instance,  celebrated  the  occasion  of  their  mirth  and  exultation  in 
a  festal  barbecue,  served  up  in  due  style  on  one  of  the  Islands 
iti  the  harbor  of  Falmouth. f  There  was  praise  oftered  at  every 
altar;  and  a  day  of  solemn  thanksgiving  was  appointed  by  royal 
proclamation,  through  all  the  dominions  of  Great  Britain. 
The  In-  Every  great  reverse   of  fortune  experienced  by  the   French, 

^'^"*'  had  a  baleful  effect  upon  the  interests  and  affairs  of  the  northern 
and  eastern  Indian  tribes.  Beaten  in  Nova  Scotia,  and  met  at 
every  avenue  in  their  late  hostile  attempts  upon  the  well  guarded 
frontiers  of  Maine,  they  had  entered  the  camp  of  the  French,  to 
help  them  fight  out  their  battles.  They  had  thus  changed  the 
mode  of  warfare  through  necessity.  Their  bloody  cruelties  and 
devastations  in  the  outer  towns  and  plantations  of  New-England, 
were  yet  by  no  means  effaced  from  recollection  ;  and  a  day  of 
retribution  had  at  length  arrived, 
iie],L  18.  General  Amherst,    having  reduced    Ticonderoga,  despatched 

prs'marches thence,  Sept.  13,  Major  Robert  Rogers,  with  about  200  rangers 
Hgains?St.  to  destroy  the  Indian  villages  at  St.  Francois  and  Becancourt. 
iiaacois.  ^|-jgj.  g  fatiguing  march  of  twenty-'One  days,  he  came  within  sight 
of  the  places,  which  he  discovered  from  the  top  of  a  tree.  Halt- 
ing his  men,  at  the  distance  of  three  miles,  he  rested  till  twilight. 
In  the  evening  he  entered  the  former  village  in  disguise  with  two 
of  his  oiFicers.  The  Indians  being,  unfortunately  for  them,  en- 
gaged in  a  great  dance,  he  passed  through  them  undiscovered. 
Having  formed  his  men  into  parties  and  posted  them  to  advantage, 
he  made  a  general  assault,  Oct.  4,  just  before  day,  while  the  In- 


Ocioher  4. 
iJesirovs  it. 


*  3  Smollett,  p,  475— 493.— In  England  "  all  was  triumph  and  exultation, 
'•'  mingled  with  tho  praise  of  the  all  accomplished  Wolfe,  which  was  ex- 
M  alted  even  to  a  ridiculous  degree  of  hyperbole," 

•j-  Since  called,  "  Hog  Isl.md." 


Chap,  xii.]  of  maine.  341 

dians,  fatigued  by  exercise,  were  in  a  sound  sleep.  So  com-A.D.  I759. 
pletely  were  they  surprized,  that  Httle  resistance  could  be  made. 
Some  were  killed  in  their  cottages,  and  others,  attempting  to 
flee,  were  shot  or  thrust  tlu-ough  by  those  placed  at  the  avenues. 
Several  of  them  actually  fell  upon  the  spot,  about  twenty 
were  taken  prisoners,  and  five  English  captives  rescued  from 
suffering.  Daylight  disclosed  to  the  assailants  a  horrid  spectacle. 
It  was  the  sight  of  several  hundred  scalps  torn  from  the  heads  of 
their  countrymen,  elevated  on  poles  and  waving  in  the  air. 

St  Francois  was  a  village  which  had,  through  a  period  of  many  St.  Fmnrois 

dt;*scnbcd» 

years,  been  enriched  with  the  plunder  of  the  English  frontiers, 
and  the  sale  of  captives.  The  church  was  adorned  with  plate, 
and  the  houses  were  decently  furnished.  The  apprehension  of 
alarm  and  of  pursuit  did  not  allow  much  time  for  pillage.  The 
rangers  only  took  such  things  as  they  could  most  conveniently 
bring  away  ;  among  which  were  200  guineas  in  money,  a  silver 
image  weighing  ten  pounds,  a  large  quantity  of  wampum,  and 
some  articles  of  clothing.  Having  set  fire  to  the  village,  Rogers 
made  his  retreat  up  the  river  St.  Francois  ;  intending  that  his 
men  should  meet  in  rendezvous  at  the  upper  Coos  on  Connecti- 
cut river.       Rogers,  having  one   man   killed   and  six   or   seven  {f<""ni  of 

°        '  °         ,  Ut<gers  and 

wounded,  was  under  the  necessity  of  dismissing  his  prisoners  on  iiismen. 
their  parole  ;  and  after  this,  he  was  pursued  and  lost  seven  of 
his  company.  The  whole  party  kept  in  a  body  about  ten  days, 
and  then  scattered.  Some  died  in  the  woods,  and  all  the  rest 
suffered  the  extremes  of  hunger  and  fatigue,  before  they  arrived 
atjany  habitations  of  the  settlers.* 

But  amidst  the  exultation  awakened  by  these  repeated  and  ooathofSir 
triumphant  successes,  a  cloud  of  melancholy  was  thrown  over  peppg^^u 
the  eastern  country,  by  the  death  of  Sir  William  Pepperell.  He 
had  been  a  distinguished  man  among  the  most  eminent  of  the  age. 
Few  others  have  been  favored  through  life  with  such  uninter- 
rupted success  in  their  enterprizes,  both  public  and  private,  as  it 
was  his  good  fortune  to  enjoy.  He  acquired  a  large  property, 
leaving  no  less  than  5.500  acres  of  valuable  land  in  Saco.  Cir- 
cumstancjes  always  seemed  wonderfully  to  combine  in  further- 
ance of  his  wishes  ;  nay,  there  is  a  homely  tradition,  which  had 
much  of  truth   in   it,   that   'whatever  he  willed   came   to  pass.' 


*2  Eclk.  N.  H.  p.  234-5. 


342  '^^^^-  HISTORY  [Vol.  ii. 

AD.  1759.  Even  the  reduction  of  Louisbourg,  the  pillar  of  his  fame,  has 
been  ascribed  to  a  series  of  lucky  incidents,  or  to  special  Divine  in- 
terposition, rather  than  to  any  remarkable  military  skill  of  the 
General.  His  usual  dress  afterwards,  according  to  the  expen- 
sive style  and  costume  of  those  days,  was  scarlet  cloth,  trim- 
med with  gold  lace.  But  amidst  all  his  wealth  and  honors,  his 
affability  of  manners  never  forsook  him.  He  had  a  very  deep 
sense  of  Divine  Providence,  which  made  him  modest  and  hum- 
ble, and  appeared  to  influence  every  action  of  his  life.  He  died 
at  his  seat  in  Kittery,  July  6,  1759,  aged  63, — exhibiting  the 
christian  believer  and  hero,  as  well  in  his  dying  moments  as  in 
his  living  years.  He  devised  a  large  estate  to  William  P.  Spar- 
hawk,  son  of  Nathaniel  Sparhawk,  Esq.  whose  wife  was  the 
only  surviving  child  of  the  Baronet.* 
Defence  To  protect  our  frontiers,   during  the  winter,  there  were   em- 

wmef/''^  ployed  1  GO  men,  who  were  thus  distributed; — namely,  at  Fort 
Pownal,  84  men;  at  Fort  Halifax,  41  ;  at  Cushnoc,  13;  at  St. 
Georges,  13;  and  at  Saco,  9.  Fort  Frederick,  at  Pemaquid, 
which  had  so  long  been  the  principal  eastern  fortification,  had 
been  dismantled  the  preceding  year  ;  and  the  fears  of  a  further 
attack  from  the  Indians  were,  since  the  late  events,  more  than 
half  diminished.  The  ship  King  George  was  likewise  cruising 
off  our  coast  through  the  winter,  partly  as  a  convoy  of  our  trade 
with  Louisbourg,  and  partly  as  a  protector  to  our  fishery  against 
privateers,  who  had  seized  several  of  our  vessels. 
Settlement  Animated  by  a  perspective  of  the  Penobscot  country  filled 
prfposed.*^"^  with  people,  the  Governor  told  the  General  Court,  during  their 
winter  session,  that  "  a  great  many  families"  stood  ready  to  re- 
move thither  and  settle,  provided  there  were  no  obstacles  in  the 
way  of  their  obtaining  a  title  to  the  lands.  The  subject  was  pop- 
ular, and  he  urged  its  importance  upon  their  consideration,  with 
earnestness ;  believing  that  permanent  settlements  there  would  be- 
come supports  essential  to  the  strength  and  interests  of  the  Pro- 
vince. 
Woolwich  On  the  20th  of  October,  1759,  the  plantation  o^  JVequasset,  or 
ed?'^''"'^'    Nauseag,  was  erected  into  a  town  by  the  name  of  Woolwich. f 


*  Allen's  Biog'.  p.  473. — Folsom's  Hist.  Saco  and  Biddeford,  p.  257. 

f  Woolwich  (the  14th  town)  is  said  to  have  been  so  named  after  that  in 
England,  from  the  relative  situations  of  the  two,  to  "  Fiddler's  Reach" — 
in  the  Thames  and  Kennebeck,  the  turns  and  courses  of  the  water  in  both 


Chap,  xn.]  of  maine.  343 

It  had  been  a  precinct  of  Georgetown.  The  first  settlers  were  a,  D.  1759, 
Edward  Bateman  and  John  Brown.  They  resided  here  as  early 
as  A.  D.  1638;  and  the  next  year  took  from  Robinhood,  an 
Indian  Chief,  a  deed  embracing  most  of  the  present  township  : 
though  afterwards,  a  large  part  of  it  was  claimed  by  Clark  and 
Lake,  and  by  the  settlers  under  them,  who  erected  mills  there, 
as  early  as  A.  D.  1660.  The  cellars  and  wells  of  the  original 
inhabitants,  who  were  driven  away  or  destroyed  in  the  second 
Indian  war,  are  yet  to  be  seen.  It  is  supposed,  the  place  was 
resetded  soon  after  Dummer's  treaty  was  formed  with  the  In- 
dians,  in    1726, 

Early  in  the  opening  year,  1760,   there   were   express   indica- a.  d.  nGO.- 
tions,  that  the  wars   between   the   New-England   provincials   and  The  Indians, 
the  eastern  tribes,  which  at  periods,  within   the   last  eighty-five  peace^ 
years,  had  overspread  the  land  with  blood   and   desolation,   were 
about  to  terminate, — probably  forever.     Wasted  by  w-ar^  famine, 
hardships,  and  disease,  particularly  the  smallpox,  and  now  left  to 
their  fate,  by  the  people  that  had  made  them  dupes  and   self-de- 


places  beiDg  alike.  "  Trott's  Neck,"  in  the  southerly  part  of  the  town- 
ship, was  sold  in  1680,  by  Agamag'us,  Moxiis,  Egeremet,  Essemenseco — a 
chief  called  by  ench  of  tliese  names.  Woolwich  is  bounded  northerly  by 
Dresden,  on  the  east  by  Monsweag-  bay,  and  by  water  on  nil  Ihc  other 
sides,  containing'  about  20,000  acres,  in  part  covered  b}'  Nequasset  pond  of 
400  acres.  The  stream,  in  passing'  down  from  the  outlet,  descends  a  fall 
and  meets  the  tide,  where  arc  mill-sites  and  an  alewife  fisherj'.  Though 
the  soil  be  rocky  in  some  parts,  it  has  borne  a  heavy  growth  o( oak,  which 

has  been  much  used  in  ship-building'. It  is  worthy  of  remark,  that  Sir 

William  Piiips,  the  first  royal  Governor  of  the  Massachusetts  Province, 
was  a  native  of  this  place  ; — born  in  (he  south-cast  part  of  the  present 
town  on  a  peninsular  projccfion  into  Monsweag  bay.  The  first  point  east 
of  Nequasset  stream,  is  Hoclvomock  ;  thence  over  Tibbels'  ferry,  one  mile 

and  a  half  to  Phips'  point;  thence    across  to  Westport,  half  a  mile. 

Rev.  Josiah  Winship,  a  graduate  of  Harvard,  was  (he  first  settled  minister 
in  this  place  ;  and  when  he  was  ordained,  June  12,  1765,  there  v/ere  in  the 
town  only  about  twent}'  families,  and  two  framed  houses. — MS^  Letter  of 
i1/osf*  Davis,  Esq. — Sullivan,  p.  75-160. — Mr.  Winship  continu>ed  to  per- 
Ibrm  the  pastoral  and  parochial  duties  of  his  trust  "■  about  fifty  years,"  till 
becoming  enfeebled  by  age,  he  was  persuaded  (o  accept  of  a  colleague. 
Rev.  .Jonathan  Adams,  who  was  ordained  rn  February,  1817.  The  titles  of 
the  inhabitants  to  their  lands,  are  either  by  actual  settlement  under  the 
grantees  of  Robinhood's  deed,  or  by  deeds  from  Thomas  Clark,  and  Sir 
Biby  Lake,  vvho  was  assignee  of  Roger  Spencer. — Sullivan,  p.  145-169.-— 
See  post,  A.  D.  1757  to  1760. 


344  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  11. 

A.  D.  1760.  stroyers,  the  eastern  natives  saw  themselves  at  the  shrine  of  ruin, 
when  it  was  too  late  to  avoid  the  sacrifice.  The  mixed  tribe  at 
St.  Francois,  was  effectually  broken  and  scattered,  and  their  vil- 
lage in  ashes.  The  brave  Tarratines,  that  once  carried  terror 
even  among  the  Sagamores  of  Massachusetts,  were  now  too  much 
enfeebled,  either  to  resent  the  menaces  of  defiance,  or  oppose  a 
seizure  upon  their  country. 

A  treaty  The  tribcs  that  first  sued  for  peace,  were  those  at  the  river  St. 

fiVU.Jdm  John  and  at  Passamaquoddy.     They  had  been  forward  in  taking 

m;miw'ddv"  the  tomahawk,  and  probably  feared  the  severities  of  the  English, 
which  they  so  richly  deserved.  One  tribe,  therefore,  sent  Michael 
Neptune,  and  the  other  Bellomy  Glaube,  to  see  Governor  Law- 
rence at  Halifax,  who  entered  into  a  negotiation  with  them,  Feb. 
23,  1760  ;  by  which,  the  treaty  made  in  December,  1725,  and 
confirmed  at  the  river  St.  John,  in  August,  1749,  by  the  Mickmaks- 
and  Marechites,  was  fully  recognized,  and  their  allegiance  to  the 
king  renewed.  The  Indian  delegates,  furthermore  agreed  to- 
traffic  only  at  the  truck  houses ;  to  have  this  renovated  treaty 
signed  before  the  20th  of  the  ensuing  May,  by  the  Sagamores 
and  chief  men  in  the  tribes  represented  by  them ;  and  in  faith  of 
the  engagement,  to  put  three  hostages  in  the  meantime,  into  the' 
hands  of  the  English,* 

Also  wiih         This  news  and  the  tranquil  conduct  of  the  Tarratine  tribe,  so* 

the  1  at  ra-  _  _       ^    _ 

tine  tribe,  far  quieted  the  eastern  inhabitants,  that  they  left  the  garrisons 
and  block-houses,  early  in  the  spring,  and  returned  to  their  own 
farms  or  dwelling-places. f  About  the  same  time,  several  of  the 
tribe  in  the  vicinity  of  Fort  Pownal  told  the  commander.  General 
Preble,  that  they  desired  nothing  more  than  peace.  They  said 
they  wished  to  dwell  with  their  families,  at  some  place  near  the 
garrison,  receive  its  protection,  and  enjoy  the  neighborhood  and 
friendship  of  the  English ;  '  living  with  them,  as  many  tribes  had 
'  lived  with  the  French  in  Canada.'  To  effectuate  therefore, 
their  purposes,  four  of  their  chief  men,  Kehowret,  Joseph  Ma- 
rie, Sockaiteon  and  Sockebasin,  went  to  Boston,  and,  on  the  29th 
of  April,  formed  and  signed  articles  of  treaty,  with  the  Governor 

*  See  this  treaty  entire,  on  3  rolls  nf  parchment,  Sec.  office,  Boston.  It  is 
said,  even  the  remaining  neutral  French,  and  tlie  Mickmaks  [Cape  Sable 
Indians,]  finally  joined  in  this  treaty.  The  Mickmaks  at  this  time  were 
in  number  near  3,000  souls. — Chubb^s  Sketches,  p.  99,  100. 

i  Eaton's  MS.  Nnrrative  p.  15. 


Chap,  xii.]  of  Maine.  345 

or  in  the  Council  charnbGr.  As  usi:a1>  llie  Indians  Jicknowkfk'ed  •^-  i^-  I't'O. 
themselves  to  be  the  good  subjects  of  King  George  ;  confessed 
their  rebellion  an;)  the  consequent  ibrfciture  of  their  lands ;  re- 
linquished all  allegiance  to  the  French  government. ;  and  prom- 
ised to  deliver  up  future  offenders  for  trial,  according  to  the  laws 
of  the  Province.  T!ie  tribe  was  reduced,  as  stated  by  the  dele- 
gates themselves,  to  five  Si'.chems,  seventy-three  warriors,  and 
perhaps  500  souls.  All  they  had  left  to  them  was  the  |)rivilege 
of  hunting,  and  the  possession  of  such  tracts,  as  the  Englibh  might 
assign  to  them.  So  few  and  insignificant  had  become  the  whole 
Abenaques  people,  that  not  one  tiibe  of  them,  not  even  the  Can- 
ibas  Indians,  took  any  leading  part  in  settling  a  general  peace. 

The  signal  advantages  obtained  th-e  last  year  over  the   French,  Cannda 

,     ,  .  .  ,  .  ...  ,      ,  .        .  coiitinered, 

were  pursued  this  season  with  an  mtrepidify  and  determuiation,  and  cou- 
which  aimed  at  nothing  less  than  the  speedy  and  entire  conquest  Eii'^iaiid  l^y 
of  Canada.  In  a  train  of  glorious  achievements  and  events,  Mon-  "'''"^'• 
treal  capitulated,  Sept.  8 ;  a  French  squadron  in  the  bay  of 
Chaleurs  was  vanquished  by  Captain  Byron,  commander  of  the 
war  ships,  left  for  the  protection  of  Louisbourg  ;  and  at  length, 
all  the  French  subjects  inhabiting  the  territories  from  the  Bay  of 
Fundy  through  the  Canadian  country,  and  all  the  Indian  tribes  in 
that  region,  were  subdued  and  subjected  to  the  English  govern- 
ment. In  fine,  the  whole  acquisition  so  gloriously  achieved,  re- 
ceived a  solemn  confirmation  to  the  English,  at  the  close  of  the 
war,  by  the  sanctions  of  a  treaty,  which  was  succeeded  by  a 
peace  to  the  frontiers  of  New-England,  firm  and  enduring.  Cap- 
tives returned  to  their  homes ;  and  friends  who  had  long  been 
separated,  joyfully  embraced  in  the  fond  hopes  of  being  never 
more  disturbed  by  the  war-whoop  and  tomahawk  of  the  mer- 
ciless savage.* 

*  As  soon  as  Louisbourg'  surrendered,  July  2G,  1758,  to  the  British  arms, 
JVoi-a  Scotia  resumed  fresh  courage  and  a  more  enlivening-  aspect.  The 
government  was  new-modeled  and  improved, — and  a  House  of  Representa- 
tives established  2d  October ;  when  Governor  Charles  Lawrence,  among 
other  measures,  invited  people  from  the  New-England  and  other  Colonies 
to  settle  upon  the  lands  which  had  become  vacant  by  the  removal  of  the 
Acadians,  or  French  neutrals.  He  also,  through  an  agency  established  in 
Boston,  "  declared  he  was  ready  to  receive  any  proposals,  that  might  be 
made  to  him  for  settling  this  valuable  tract  of  country — 100,000  acres  of 
which  had  produced  wheat,  rye,  barley,  oats,  hemp,  flax,  &c.  without  failure 
for  the  last  century ;  and  another  100,000  had  been  cleared  and  stocked 
Vol.  II.  44 


346  THE  HISTORY  [VcL.  II. 


CHAPTER  XIII. 

Eastern  patents,  and  grants — Business  and  livelihood  of  the  inhab' 
itanti — Ntio  statuic-Uncs —  Trustee  process — Jury-boxes — Poor 
debtors — French  neutrals — Gov.  Pownal  leaves  the  Province — 
Eastern  members  of  the  Council  in  three  administrations — PoW' 
nalborough  incorporated — The  counties  of  Cumberland  and  Lin- 
coln established — Lievienant-Governor  Hutchinson  in  the  chair — 
Governor  Bernard  arrives — Trade  trith  the  Indians — George  III. 

crowned — Neio    valuation PoUticcd   parties — Governor    and 

House  at  variance — Custom-house  officers — Writs  of  assistance — 

Districts    instead   of   towns — Public  f  nances York    bridge — 

Twelve  toicnships,  eastward  of  Penobscot — Mount-Desert  granted 

to    Governor    Bernard Fryeburg    to   J.    Frye — Line    beticeen 

Maine  and  JSuva  Scotia — Calamities,  drought,  sickness  and  fires 

—  Windham,  Buxton  and  Bowdoinham  incorporated — Treaty  of 

peace  at  Paris. 

A  P.  1757      -^'^  '^"^  eventful  period  of  our  history,  there  was  particular  and 

to  17C0.       extensive  notice  taken  of  all  tlie  numerous   interests,  which   so 

essentially  concern  a  rising  community.     The  larger  patents,  and 

proprieties,  though  they  had  for  some  years  been  dormant,  were 

no  longer  neglected,  or  overlooked. 

Limits  of        As   to  the  limits   of   the   Plymouth    patent,    Messrs.  Walcot, 

ouUi  paieiit.  Gridley,  Pratt,  Worlhingtoo  and   Havvley,  five   eminent  lawyers 

with  Eng-lish  grass,  planted  witlj  orciiarJs  an.l  embellished  with  gardens — 
the  whole  so  inteniiixcd,  that  every  individual  fc^nncr  might  hare  a  pro- 
portionable quantity  of  ploughed  land,  grass  land,  and  woodland."  By  a 
second  Proclamation,  Oct.  r2,  1758,  lie  prescribed  (he  terms  upon  which 
lots  would  be  granted  to  settlers,  and  guaranteed  liberty  of  conscience  and 
worship  to  all  christians,  except  papists.  In  consideration  of  these  flatter- 
ing encouragements,  numbers  of  agriculturalists,  emigrated  from  New- 
England  and  settled  on  the  southerly  sl-.ores  and  easterly  borders  of  the 
Bay  of  Fundy,  —  1  Ilaliburions  J^'ova  Scvt'ia,  p.  20''  223— 234. — From  Boston 
'  arrived    there,   six    vessels   carrying   2C0  settlers;    from  Rhode    Island, 

four  schooners  with  100  passengers  ;  from  New-London,  100,  and  Plymouth, 
180  em'grant;:=to  SCO  souls.  In  176-1,  the  Acadians  were  permitted  "to 
settle  in  the  Province  [of  Nova  Scotia]  and  hold  lands  upon  taking  the 
customary  oatbs." 


Chap,  xiii.]  of  Maine.  ^  347 

of  the  age,  to  whom  the  subject  was  referred,  awarded,  in  1757,  A.  D.  1760. 

that  the  southerly  boundary  of  that  patent,  on  the  eastern  side  of 

the  Kennebeck,  be  limited  by  the  line  which  forms  the  northerly 

bound  of  Woolwich  ;  tliat  fliC  claimants  under  Clark   and   Lake, 

hold  the  lands  in  that  town   below   its   north   line,   between   Mon- 

sweag  bay,  and   the  Keimebeck  waters,  southerly   to  Towasset 

bay,  also  all   Arrowsick,  and  450  acres  of  Parker's  Island  ;  that 

the    soullierly  boundary  of  ihe   same    Plymouth    patent  on  the 

west  side  of  the  Kennebeck  be  a  line  drawn  at  right  angles  from 

the  river,  through  the  lowest  bend  of  Cobbeseconte   river  ;*  that 

the  northern  extremity  of  the  same   patent  ought  not  to  extend 

fartlier,  tiian  to  a  line  drawn  east  and   west  across  the   mouth  of 

the  river  Wessarunsct  ;f  and  that  the  Peiopscot   Ccmnanv  ouerlit '•'T^'"'"'^'''® 

'  '  J    I  I       J  O       Pcjepscot 

to  hold  the  lands  eastward  to  the  mouth  ol  Cathaiice,  and  north- P"'"t''a*e. 
ward  to  the  falls  20  miles  above  those  at  Brunswick, — also  Small 
Point  peninsula,  [Phipsburg,]  and  the  Islands  in   New-Meadow's 
river,  excepting  Sebascodegan  and   Little  Damariscove.J     The  Tract  of  the 
territorv  of  the  Wiscasset  Comiiany^   was   determined   in    1702,^^'*"'^''*^' 

•'  I       ./  J  3  company, 

to  lie  between  JMonsweag  river  and  the  water  which  separates 
the  main  from  Jeremisquam,  and  to  extend  as  far  as  the  upper 
Narrows  in  tlie  Sheepscot  at  Flying  Point,  and  westward  to  a 
line  equidistant  between  the  Sheepscot  and  the  Kennebeck. 
There  were  several  plans  renovated  or  projected  at  this  period, 
and  great  exertions  making,  by  the  proprietors  of  these  large 
tracts  and  of  the  Waldo  patent,  to  enhance  the  value  of  their 
lands,  and  to  settle  them  with  enterprizing  inhabitants. 

A  new  and  most  favorable  impulse  was  given  by  the  conquest  Enterprize 
of  Canada,  and  the  prospects  of  a  perpetual  peace  with  the   In-  hood'of 'I'he 
dians,  to  every  species  of  enterprize  and  improvement.    The  losses  "'''^^''^''^s- 
sustained  by  removals  and  deaths,  being  fewer  than  in  any  forin- 

*  This  was  afterwards,  about  A.  D.  17C6,  confirmed  by  the  Superior 
Court  of  the  Province. — Sullivan,  p.  118.— Jeffries  v.  Donnel.— /ion. 
David  SewaWs  JIS.  Let.  also,  see  post,  A.  D.  1774,  note  to  Pittslon. 

f  The  south  line  of  tlie  townsliipof  Cornville,  as  located : — about  half  a 
leag-ue  above  its  present  southerly  boundary.— Mr.  Roger  Walcot  was 
of  Connecticut,  Maj.  Hawley  of  Northampton,  Col.  Worthington  of  Spring- 
field, and  Messrs.  Gridley  and  Pratt  were  of  Boston.     They  sat  in  Boston. 

J  See  Printed"  Statements  of  Kennebeck  Claims." 

5  Called  the  "  Boston  Company'''  in  1734,  who  held  meetings  in  the  name 
of  the  '■'Jeremisquam  or  Wiscasset  Proprietors  ."—Ante,  vol.  I,  p.  330-1,  also 
MS.  Let.  of  M.  Davit. 


34S  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II. 

A.D.  I7C3.  er  war,  were  soon  repaired  either  by  a  return  of  fugitive  settlers 
or  by  new  emigrants.  Sliip-builrling,  trade  and  settlement,  were 
even  promoted,  by  tl)e  stories  of  soldiers  and  visitors,  who,  hav- 
ing lately  seen  the  country,  gave  extravagant  representations  of 
its  goodness,  beauties  and  water-privileges.  A  sailor's  or  travel- 
ler's tales  about  remote  places,  often  carry  with  them  such  an  air 
of  romance,  as  to  have  an  absolutely  irresistable  influence  upon 
both  the  cuiious  and  the  cnterprizing.  If  the  lumber  business, 
opened  a  captivaiing  yet  delusive  i)i'ospect  of  gain  ;  the  cultiva- 
tion of  the  soil  and  the  raising  of  doincstic  animals,  being  prop- 
erly esteenied  the  almoners  of  liuman  life  and  the  means  of  solid 
wealth,  soon  commanded  considerable  attention.  But  the  early 
inhabitants  found  great  difHculties  in  preserving  their  smaller  cattle, 
sheep  and  poultry  from  destruction  by  the  wild  beasts.  So  in 
the  late  war,  when  the  cattle  were  turned  or  strayed  into  the 
woods,  to  get  subsistence,  which  a  new  farm  or  small  enclosures 
did  not  yield,  they  were  often  killed  by  the  savages.  Yet  many 
of  them,  more  ))articularly  cows,  it  is  affirmed,  had  partaken  so 
largely  of  the  general  and  perpetual  fear,  or  had  so  much  in- 
stinctive knowledge  of  their  danger,  that  they  would  flee  affright- 
ed at  the  sight  of  an  Indian,  and  run  with  speed  to  the  nearest 
garrison.  If  they  were  shot,  the  repoit  of  the  gun  would  give 
alarm,  and  therefore  they  were,  to  some  extent,  a  safeguard  to 
the  inhabitants.  A  few  of  them,  being  "  lost  in  the  woods,  were 
"found  on  the  return  of  peace,  afier  an  absence  of  three  years." 
\Vii,i  Though  there  were  in  the   neighboring   forests   great   numbers 

beasts.  ^^^  Varieties  of  wild  beasts,  and  some  of  them,  such  as  bears 
and  wolves,  being  very  bold  and  ravenous,  of;entimes  killed  the 
smaller  domestic  animals;  the  abundance  of  moose  and  deer, 
slain  by  the  huntei's,  was  a  full  equivalent  for  the  loss.  Fond  of 
ground  juniper,  of  which  there  was  a  plentiful  growth  about  the 
river  St.  George,  a  herd  of  moose  resorted  thither  in  1TG2  ; 
and  being  obstructed  in  their  retreat  by  a  crust  upon  a  deep  snow, 
70  of  them  were  killed  in  one  winter." 


*  Ealon\'i  JlS.J^fir.  p.  15.  —  It  wr.s  ncccssarY,  in  (he  vicinltj'  of  the  St. 
Georn^c's  river,  to  rebuild  (he  Louses.  They  were  nt  (liis  age  constructed 
of  logs  and  covered  ^vitii  baric ;  and  nine  of  (licni  ircre  raised  in  one  day. 
The  nearest  mill  was  at  the  distance  of  20  miles.  The  only  road  was  the 
river;  ana  the  travel  from  house  to  house  was  in  foot  paths.     There   wero 


Chap,  xiii.]  of  Maine.  349 

Some  statute  regulations  of  this  period  are  worthy  of  partieu-  a.  d.  itco. 
Jar  notice.     One  act,  passed  in  1758  made  original  provision  for  Siamies  in- 

ice  pro- 


the  attachment  of  a  debtor's  property  in   the   possession   of  his  nusice^ 


cess. 


trustee, — requirmg    a    disclosure  upon   oath.     Others,  in    1760, 

1        •       1  1  r  1  •  /  <-  Sflcrlinn  of 

made   it  tlie  duty  ot  towns  to   keep   two  jury-boxes, — from   one  Jui>iiieij. 
of  which  all  jurors  were  to  be  drawn,  except  tlie   petit  jurors  to 
the  Common  Pleas  and  Sessions,  who  were  to  be  taken  from  the 
other  box  ;  both  being  replenished  with  tickets,  bearing  the  names 
of  townsmen  most  suitable  for  the  important  service.     Prior  to 
this,  they  were  chosen   by  the  qualified  voters  in   town   meetings, 
called  for  the  purpose."      Any  two  justices  of  the  quorum   were  „.   , 
authorized  to   discharge  jjoor  debtors   from  imprisonment,  upon  orpoordt-bi- 
their  taking  an  oath  ol  their   inabihty   to   pay   the   debt.f     The  s--"''. 
support  of  tlie -F/-e??c/t  JVeK!'/Y//5,  though   defrayed   by  the  Prov- Puppnn  of 
ince,  was  a  disagreeable  burden  to  the  towns ;  for  they  were  still  rsWrais. 
ignorant  bigoted   catholics,  broken  spirited,  poor    and   indolent. 
Falmouth,  for  instance,  received  from  the  public  chest,  £141,  and 
York,  £30,  in  one  year,  for  maintaining  a  part  of  them. 

But  the  people  bore  their  burdens  with  fortitude,   and  the  eov- 

,.  .      ,       ^,  .  Govrrnor 

ernment  managed  the  political  aftairs  with  wisdom.  Governor  I'ownal. 
Pownal,  who  was  a  watchful  and  economical  ruler,  had  to  a  re- 
markable degree  acquired  the  confidence  and  esteem  of  the  eas- 
tern inhabitants.  The  repeated  visits  he  paid  them  ;  his  regard 
for  their  critical  and  trying  situation  ;  his  energetic  measures  at 
Penobscot ;  and  his  unremitting  attention  to  their  interests,  in 
general,  merited  in  their  opinion  all  the  tributes  of  respect  and 
praise,  which  they  were  disposed  so  cheerfully  to  render  him. 
His  frank  and  facetious  manners  gave  him  great  acceptability  in 
Sagadahock  ;f  though  they  rendered  him  obnoxious  to  the  shafts 


no  carls.  The  wood  and  staves  were  cut  near  tlie  river  and  liaiiled  on 
handsIcJs,  or  by  liorscs  and  cars.  One  Boijs  brought  from  Boston  the 
first  flock  of  sheep,  into  the  St.  Georges,  ever  owned  there. 

*  Prov.  Slat.  A.  D.  1C99,  p.  332,  624,  633. 

t  Passed  A.  D.  17G3,  and  (lie  debtors  oath  prescribed  in  form,  whicli  lias 
ever  since  prevailed.  The  new  act,  however,  on!y  revised  and  improved 
former  laws  upon  llie  same  snhj?ct.— Sec  ante,  vol.  I,  p.  384. 

I  As  an  instance  of  his  huinar,  accommodate!  to  tlie  blunt  manners  ff 
the  Irish  settlers  upon  the  river  St.  Gcorg-cs,  whom  ho  often  visited,  i(  may 
be  mentioned,  that  he  called  Captain  Thomas  Kilpatrick  whose  name  was 
a  terror  to  the  Indians,— "  Tojra  kill  the  ZJmV,— and  in  return  for  his 
owa  energetic  measures  against  them,  he  was  called,  «  Tom  pound  the 
devil.''— Eaton's  MS.  JSTar.  p.  4. 


350  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.    II. 

A.  D   iTjO.  of  satire, — as  being  inconsistent  with  the  puritan  sentiments   and 
iiabits  of  ^Massachusetts  people.     He  solicited  a  recall,  at  a  point 
of  time   most    favorable  to   his    honor    and   happiness  ;  it  being 
before  the  field  of  battle  was  entered  by  the   antagonists  of  right 
and  prerogative,  and  before  the  tide  of  his  own  fortune  had  slack- 
li'e  Vavos    ^'''^<^-     ^VlioM  lie  embarked.  .Knie  3,   both   houses  in  a   body  at- 
!'"'  '''"''^'    tended  him  to  b.is  bar^e  ;  and   his  subsequent  opposition  to  the 
measures  of  Parliament,  Iramed   against   the   colonies,  while  he 
was  a  member  of  that  body,  lully  proved,  they  had  not  misplaced 
their  contidence  in  him  as  a  friend  to  equal  rights  and  civil  liber- 
ty,* according  to  the  jnire  whig  principles  of  the  age. 
Memhors  of     In  thc  thrcc   administrations  of  Belcher,  Shirley  and   Pownnl, 
in  ihe's'i'iist  a  period  of  thirty  years, f  the  Councillors  from  jNIainewere  Tnno- 
adnm„..,a-  ^^^  Gcfrish,  Sumud  Came,  Jeremiah  JMouhon,  John  HIU,Jabez 
Fox,  A'athaniel   SparhaivJc,  and  Richard    Cutts ; — ibr  Sagada- 
hock,  John  Jeffries,  James  Allen,  John    TVhechcrlght  and    ^7/- 
liam  Brattle. 
Mr.Gerrish.      JJ)-.  Gcrrish  resided  in  Kittcry  and  was  Colonel   of   the   wes- 
tern Yorkshire  regiment.     lie  was  tirst  chosen  into  the  Council,  in 
1730,  and  had  a  seat  at  that  board  five  years  successively.      He 
was  also  on  the  bench  of  the  Common  Pleas.Jin  1731,  where  he 
continued  several  years.     But  he  was  more  distinguished  for   his 
Mr.  Cnmo.  militarv  than  his  judicial  abilities. §     JMessrs.  Came  and  Moulton 
were  both  inhabitants  of  York.     The  former  having    represented 
his  town  in  the  General  Court  five  years,  was   chosen   into  the 
Council,  in  1733,  and  had  in  all,  nine   successive   elections  into 
that  Legislative  branch.     He  was  commissioned  to  the  bench   of 
the  Common  Pleas,  in  1730,  which  he  filled   with  reputation   to 
Col.  Moul-   himself  twenty  years.      Col.  Monlton  was  elected  into  the  Coun- 
*°"'  cil  for  the  first  time  in  1735.      Though  he   was  unassuming  in 

his  disposition  and  manners,  and  never  a  restless  aspirant  for 
ofiice ;  few  men  in  this  age  and  this  Province,  had  a  greater 
share  of  public  confidence,  or  were  called  to  fill  so  many  places 
of  official  trust  and  responsibility.  He  was  representative  of 
his  town  in  the  House  two  or  three  years  j  county  treasurer ;  a 
judge  on  the   bench  of  the  Common  Pleas,  about  thirty  years 

*  Allen's  Biog.  p.  482.— Eliot,  p.  3S6.— 2  Minot,  p.  64. 

■f  See  ante,  A.  D,  1723.  J  Or  "  Inferior  Courts." 

\  One  of  hi«  daughters  married  Hon.  Rishworth  Jordan  of  Biddeford. 


CifAP.    Ziri.]  OF  KATXr,.  351 

prior  to  the  division  of  Yorkshire  ;  also,  in  1760,  he  was  sen- a.d  iTsa 
ior  justice,  and  the  next  year  Jud^e  of  Probate.  He  was  like- 
wise Colonel-cornmandant  of  the  western  regiment ;  and  in  the 
reduction  of  Norridzewock,  and  also  at  other  tirnea,  the  pru- 
dence, skill  and  bravery,  which  marked  his  conduct,  gave  him 
rank  arnon^  the  military  characters  of  distinction.  He  was  a 
member  of  the  Council  board  17  years  in  succession — a  man  of 
sound  judgment — possessing  a  character  of  uncommon  excellence. 
iiia  son,  of  the  same  name,  was  sheriff  of  York  county  many 
years  ;  and  also  Lieutenant-Colonel  of  the  regiment. — Mr.  Hill  y.r.ii:rL 
of  Wells,  was  the  grandson  of  Joseph  Hill.*  He  had  twenty- 
nine  successive  elections  into  the  Council,  first  in  1742,  and 
last  in  1 770.  He  was  appointed  a  Judge  of  the  Common 
Pleas  in  1753, — an  office  which  he  filled  about  13  years.  He 
was  also  a  part  of  that  period  a  Judge  of  Probate.  »l/r.  Fox  y.^.  For. 
had  three  elections  into  the  Council,  A.  D.  1752-3—4.  He  died, 
April  7,  1755,  before  the  political  year  for  which  he  was  last  elect- 
ed had  expired.  He  resided  in  Falmouth,  and  was  a  representa- 
tive of  his  town  to  the  General  Court,  in  1745,  and  in  five  sub- 
sequent years.  Mr.  Sparhawk  was  an  inhabitant  of  Kiltery.  Mr.  Spar- 
His  Vvife  was  the  only  surviving  daughter  and  child  of  Sir  Wil-  ' 
liam  Pepperell ;  and  himself  was  first  elected  to  the  Council 
Board,  in  1760,  the  next  year  after  the  Baronet's  decease; — a 
seat  which  he  filled  13  years  in  succession.  He  was  also  as 
many  years  a  Judge  of  the  Common  Pleas.  He  was  six  years 
a  representative  of  his  town  ;  his  first  election  being  in  1745. 
Mr.  Cults  also  belonged  to  Kiltery.  Three  brothers  of  his 
name,  Robert,  John,  and  Richard,  emigrated  from  the  west  of 
England,  about  1645,  and  settled  on  the  Isles  of  Shoals.  Rob- 
ert, who  removed  to  Kiltery,  was  appointed  a  magistrate  by  the 
king's  Commissioners,  in  1665  ;  and  when  he  died,  In  1672,  he  v 
left  a  large  estate  to  his  son  Richard,  the  father  of  the  Council- 
lor. This  gentleman  was  chosen  a  representative  of  his  native 
town  in  1734,  and  also  in  seven  other  years,  prior  to  his  first 
election  into  the  Council  in    1755,   the  successor  [of  Mr.   Fox, 

*  Peter  Hill  of  £aco,  v/n.s  a  deputy  to  the  \,\%omz.v.  General  Assembly, 
in  1C48.  He  died  in  1667.  His  g^randson,  Joseph  Hill,  whose  father's 
name  was  I'ogcr,  was  born  in  1671;  married  Hannah  Bowles  of  Wells 
in  IC89,  and  settled  in  that  town,  and  superintended  the  erection  of  Fort 
Mary  in  Saco, 


352  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II. 

A.D.  iTf.o.  He  was  also  ciglit  years   a   member   of  the   Bvoard, — a  man  of 

considerable  talents  and  influence. 
.,    ,  _.         For  Sairadahock — Air:  Jeffries  was  the    successor  of  Spencer 

Mr.  Jpfines.  .  .  . 

Phips  at  the  Council  Board  in  1733.  He  received  eleven  elec- 
Mr.  AiicH.  iiyi-|3  in  succession,  except  in  the  year  1742,  when  James  AUen 
Mr.  uiiccl- ^y.^5  ciiosen,  but  never  afterwards.     John  Wheel wrio-Jit  of  Wells, 

WIIJjlll.  '  _  .  . 

succeeded  Jeffries,  A.  D.  1745;  receiving  in  all,  ten  successive 
elections.  He  was  the  great-grandson  of  the  famous  minister, 
Mr.  John  Wheelwright.  For  thirty  years  past,  he  had  acted  as 
I.  '»"'■  (^Jonimissaiy  General  of  the  whole  Province.  Mr.  Braide,  a 
man  of  extraordinary  talents,  was  a  Harvard  graduate,  in  1722, 
a  minister  of  the  gospel,  a  lawyer  and  a  physician* — eminent  in 
each  profession.  He  resided  in  Cambridge.  He  was  a  Mnjor- 
General  of  the  militia,  and  a  member  of  the  Council  eleven 
years.  All  these  Councillors  for  Sagadahock  were  non-residents, 
if  we  except  IMr.  Wheelwiight. 
I'ownni-  The  incorporation  of  Pownalborough,  Feb.    13,   was  prob- 

^'^'i.''^'|:^|^{j'"  ably  the  last  legislative  charter  of  a  township,  approved  by  the 
Governor,  while  he  was  in  the  executive  chair.  Its  name,  of 
sonorous  sound,  is  an  evident  comj)liment  to  his  chai'acter.  Its 
territory  was  large  ;  embracing  the  three  present  towns  of  Dres- 
den!, fViscasset,  and  jilna  ;  also  Swan-Islanci,  four  miles  by  200 
rods  in  extent.  As  there  was  a  petition  pending,  to  divide 
Yorkshire,  the  bill  for  incorporating  the  town  was  pushed  through 
the  Legislature  in  some  haste  ;  and  preparation  made  to  build  a 
Court-house  there, — it  being  intended,  if  possible,  to  make  it  a 
shire-town.  Th.ere  was  a  settlement  begun  at  Wiscasset  point, 
about  1G63,  which  was  afterwards  destroyed  by  the  Indians. 
But  on  the  17th  of  Oct.  1754,  there  were  in  the  place  64  signers 
to  the  petition  for  an  incorporation.  It  was  a  shire-town  thirty- 
four  years  till  divided  ; — the  early  residence  of  several  distin- 
guished men.f 

*  Dr.  Allen's  Biog-.  p.  197. 

I  The  plantation  name  of  Potc?iaZ6orot<^/i  was  Frankfort.  This  is  the 
15th  corporate  town.  It  was  divided,  A.  D.  1794. — See  Dresden  and  JVew- 
J\lilford  [^-i/na] ;  also  Wiscasset,  1802. — The  Court-house  built  opposite 
the  head  of  Swan-Island  by  the  Plymouth  Company,  was  in  its  dimensions, 
45  feet  by  44,  three  stories  in  height.  The  Court  Chamber  was  45  by  19^ 
feet,  with  two  fire  places  in  it.  Fort  Frankfort  or  fort  S/mley,  has  been 
described. — (5ee  1754.) — rownalboroug-h  was  first  represented  in  the  Gen- 


Chap,  xiii.]  of  maine.  353 

The  propositions  for  dividing   the    county   of  York,    hitherto  a  .d.  nca 
embracing  the  whole  territory  of  the  present  State,  were  renewed  Appiim- 
immediately  after  the  reduction  of  Quebec.     The  petition,  which  new  coumy. 
proceeded  from  Falmouth   and  was    presented    to    the   General 
Court,  at  the  beginning  of  the  January  Session,   enumerated  the 
inconveniences  arising  from  the  establishment  of  the  Courts  and  of 
the  public  offices  in  the  corner  of  the  county,  where  all   the  jury 
trials  were,  except  a  few  of  a  minor  class,  which  were  tried   at  a 
single  term  of  the  Inferior  Court  each   year,   at  Falmouth  ;  and 
prayed,  that  the  county  might  be   divided,  a   new   one   erected, 
and  that  appointed  a    shire-town,  in  which,   it  was    said,   a  good 
court-house  and  a  sufficient  gaol  were  already  finished. 

In  consequence  of  the  notice  published  in  the  Boston  news- 
papers by  order  of  the  General  Court,  the  Plymouth  proprietors, 
at  the  May  session,  presented  a  counter-memorial,  stating  that 
they  and  400  settlers  within  their  patent,  had  petitioned  the  Leg- 
islature, six  years  before,  to  erect  the  territory  and  its  inhabitants 
into  a  county ;  that  nothing  but  the  late  rupture  of  the  Indians 
had  deterred  the  memorialists  Irom  pursuing  their  application  ;  and 

eral  Court,  1774,  by  Thomas  Bice. — Jolm  Gardiner,  Esq  a  celebrated 
Barrister  at  law,  represented  tlie  town  in  the  General  Court,  for  three  or 
four  years  ])rior  to  Lis  deatli,  A.  D.  1793-4.  Fie  was  the  son  of  Doct.  S. 
Gardiner,  was  educated  in  Eng-land,  and  practised  law  first  on  the  Island 
St.  Christophers.  His  only  daugiiter  married  with  James  Lithgow.  Mr. 
Gardiner  made  liimself  famous  by  his  endeavors  to  have  '  special  pleading' 
abolished  bj-  la\v.  Major  Samuel  Goodwin,  born  in  Boston,  1717.  and  liv- 
ing- at  Peir  aquid,  came  to  the  assistance  of  Richmond  fort,  in  1750,  when 
it  was  besieg-ed  by  the  Indians.  He  afterwards  commanded  Fort  Frank- 
fort, till  it  was  dismantled.  About  the  time  the  county  of  Lincoln  was  es- 
tablished, three  brothers,  William,  Charles,  and  Rowland  Gushing,  removed 
to  Pownalborough.  Rowland,  a  very  personable  man,  practised  law  at 
Wiscasset  village  till  his  death,  in  17S3.  William,  a  Harvard  graduate, 
1751,  was  an  eminent  lawyer,  and  the  first  Judge  of  Probate  for  Lincoln 
county.  He  resided  and  pursued  his  profession  a  short  distance  from  the 
Court-house,  till  he  was  appointed  judge  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Massa- 
chusetts, in  1772.  He  was  chief  justice  in  1777,  and  commissioned  to  the 
Supreme  Bench  of  the  United  States,  1789.  Charles  Gushing,  graduate  at 
Harvard,  1755,  was  a  military  man,  and  a  Brig.  General  of  the  miliiia. 
He  was  the  first  Sheriff  of  the  county  ;— an  office  he  filled  upwards  of  20 
years.  He  removed  to  Boston,  about  1782,  where  he  was  appointed  Clerk 
of  the  Supreme  Judicial  Court.  He  was  succeeded  ia  the  sheriffalty  by 
Edmund  Bridge,  who  also  lived  in  Pownalborough.  Jonathan  Bowman 
was  second  Judge  of  Probate  and  also  Clerk  of  the  Court. 
Vor,.  IL  45 


354  THE  niSTORY  [Vol.  ii. 

A.  D.  17C0.  that  therefore,  they  would  now  renew  it,  and  pray  the  General 
Court,  to  form  the  eastern  section  into  a  separate  county  and 
appoint  the  Courts  to  be  held  at  Pownalborough. 

The  conn-        jp  yie\y  of  both  applications,   therefore,   and  of  the   extensive 

lies  ol  (aim- 

beiiiUKi  ;iiui  country,  the  General  Court,  by  an  act  of  June  19,  17G0,  estab- 
iai)ii!,iicd.  lished  two  new  counties,  Cumberland  and  Lincoln,  and  pre- 
scribed the  lines  of  division.* 
York  Coun-  The  easterly  line  of  York  County,  by  the  division  passed 
along  in  the  northeasterly  exterior  of  Saco,  and  Buxton  ;  in  the 
south-westerly  line  of  Standish  as  it  borders  on  the  river  Saco 
to  the  north-west  corner  of  the  town  ;  and  thence  "  north  two  de- 
grees west  on  a  true  course,  as  far  as  the  utmost  limits  of  the 
Province."  At  York,  an  autumnal  term  of  the  Supreme  Court 
and  two  terms  of  the  Court  of  Common  Pleas,  were  appointed 
to  be  holden  for  the  county  annually  as  heretofore. 

Cumberland  Countii  adioincd   the   countv   of  York,   and   was 

Ciimbor-  J  J  J  ' 

land  Coun-  bounded  south-castwardly  on  the  Atlantic  and  Casco  bay,  ex- 
tending to  Cape  Small-point  and  including  "  all  the  Islands  in 
that  bay  and  on  the  seacoasts  ;"  and  north-eastwardly  on  the 
eastern  shore  of  New-Meadow's  river  to  Stevens'  carrying-place 
at  its  head  ;  thence  to  and  upon  Merrymeeting  bay  and  the  river 
Androscoggin  thirty  miles ;  and  thence  north  two  degrees  on  a 
true  course  "  to  the  utmost  northern  limits  of  the  Province." 
Tiie  shirc-town  was  Falmouth,  where  the  Superior  Court  was 
directed  by  law  to  hold  an  annual  term  on  the  fourth  Tuesday  of 
June ;  and  the  Inferior  Courts  of  the  county,  to  set  on  the  second 
Tuesdays  of  May  and  September. 

Lincoln  The  residue  of  the  present  State,  including  the  Islands   upon 

the  seaboard,  and  extending  to  Nova  Scotia  eastward,  and  to 
the  utmost  limits  of  the  Province  northward,  was  embraced  by 
the  county  of  Lincoln  ;  of  which  Pownalborough,  was  the  shire- 
town.  Here  the  terms  of  the  Inferior  Courts  were  appointed  to 
commence  on  the  second  Tuesdays  of  May  and  September.  But 
all  matters,  arising  in  this  county,  which  were  cognizable  by  the 
Superior  Court,  were  to  be  heard,  and  tried  at  their  term  in  Fal- 
mouth. 

The  act  took  effect,  November  1,  and   became  operative.     In 
Lincoln,  a  Register  of  Deeds   was  appointed   for   five  years  by 

*  12  Jour.  H.  of  Rep.  p.  44,  73.— Prov.  L.  p.  629,  637. 


Chap,  xiii.]  OF  MAINE.  35.5 

the  Governor  and  Council; — in  Cunnberland,   he  was  appointed  A. D.  1760. 
by  the  Courts  of  Session  to  hold  his  office  till  one  was  chosen.* 

On  the  departure  of  Governor  Povvnal,  Thomas  Hutchin- t.  iinichin- 
soN,  who  had  been  Lieutenant-Governor  two  years,  took  the  ifnam-Gov- 
chair.  He  was  a  native  of  the  Province,  a  graduate  at  Harvard 
in  1727,  and  by  profession  a  merchant.  Not  succeeding  in  his 
commercial  pursuits,  though  it  seemed  to  be  the  most  ardent  de- 
sire of  his  soul  to  acquire  wealth  ;  he  applied  himself  indefatiga- 
bly  to  the  study  of  history,  politics  and  law.  He  was  early 
elected  by  the  inhabitants  of  Jioston  into  the  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives, and  in  1747,  he  was  Speaker.  By  his  industry,  elo- 
quence, and  knowledge  of  public  affairs,  he  acquired  great  influ- 
ence and  distinction.  Besides  being  Lieutenant-Governor  he 
was  a  Councillor,  Chief  Justice  of  the  Superior  Court  in  1760, 
and  also  Judge  of  Probate  for  Suffolk.  The  friends  of  Govern- 
or Pownal,  were  foes  to  Hutchinson,  a  man  destined  and  willingly 
disposed  to  take  a  conspicuous  part  in  the  great  political  drama, 
approaching.  He  assumed  great  concern  for  the  people  on  the 
eastern  frontiers,  and  told  the  House,  June  3,  '  it  was  undoubted- 

*  ly  necessary  to  continue  in  employ  tiie  military  of   the  preced- 

*  ing  year.'f 

Sir  Francis  Bernard  arrived,  August  4,   from  New-Jersey,  Arrival  of 
of  which  Province  he  had   been   Governor;  now  succeeding  to  J,'g|^j|^"j'" 
the  same  office  in  Massachusetts  and   Maine,  at  a  period,  when 
there   was  a  favorable  opinion    entertained   of  his   politics  and 
merits.     In  his  introductory  address  to  the   General  Court,  he 


*  COUNTY  OFFICERS. 
York  County.  Cumberland  County. 

Jeremiah  Moullon,      l    j^^  .      John  Minot  ^      j^^^  . 

Simon  1;  rest,  [   the  Common     {^'/^clucl  C  ushm-,     I    ^/,,  (^„,„„,4 

John  [lili,  f         ,j/,,,,„  I'^noch  Freeman,      r         „, 

Nathaniel  Spnriiawlv,  J         ^  ""'•  Edward  Miiliken,  j         ^  "''*• 

Jeremiali  Mou\ion-,Ju(Jgenf  ProhaU.     Sairinel  Waldo,  Judge  of  Probale. 
Simon  Frost,  Itegister.  Stephen  Longfellow,  liegisler. 

Jeremiah  Moulton,  jr.  Sheriff".  Moses  Pearson,  Sheriff'. 

Lincoln  County. 
Samuel  Denny,       "]       ,    ,^       j.        William  Ciishing-,  Jwc/o-e  o/ Proia^e. 
William  Li  11  iff ow,     !    ,,  '"^^^^  "'         William  Bryant,  Jlpgisle'r. 
.  ri-    I  I  >  the  Lummon      ,,,      ,      r'     i  •         c/       a- 

Aaron  Ilinklcy,         (         p.  Ciiarlcs  (.-uhlimg-,  Shi'r'Jf. 

John  North,  J  '^    '  Jonathan  Bowman,  Reg^r.  of  Deeds. 

N.  B.  By  act,  Feb.  17, 1762,  Biddeford  was  made  a  shire-town  with  York, 
where  one  term  of  the  Court  of  Common  Pleas  and  Sessions  was  holden  year- 
ly, 2d  Tuesday  in  October,     f  12  Jour.  II.  of  Rep.  p.  21.— 2  Minot,  p.  79. 


356  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II. 

A.D.  17C0.  spoke  respectfully  of  the  peoples'  charter  rights;  and  as  the  suc- 
cessful state  of  public  affairs  gave  him  an  opportunity  of  remark- 
ing upon  tlie  peculiar  happiness  of  the  times  ;  he  noticed,  as 
nearest  his  heart,  that  all  parties  were  imited  and  the  voice  of 
faction  wholly  silenced.  But,  replied  the  House,  this  Province, 
happy  as  it  may  appear,  has  been  for  more  than  sixty  years  a 
barrier  as  well  as  frontier  to  his  Majesty's  other  northern  colo- 
nies, against  neighbors  false  and  perfidious  in  peace, — bold  and 
barbarous  in  war ;  and  the  avenues  of  blood  opened  are  yet 
scarcely  closed. 
Imi -uis^re'^  ^^^'  ^^  ^^^^  affairs  of  the  Indians  had  now  as  to  themselves  so 
re'TiVd*^  fatally  changed,  it  was  determined  to  command  if  possible  their 
entire  trade,  through  the  medium  ,of  two  truck  houses,  one  at 
Fort  Halifax  and  the  other  at  Fort  Pownal, — by  furnishing  them 
with  every  article  and  supply  needed  ;  putting  those  houses  un- 
der the  most  judicious  regulations  ;  and  establishing  in  each  of 
the  forts  a  garrison  of  about  25  or  30  men,  with  two  chaplains  and 
armorers.  It  was  also  believed,  the  prejudices  of  the  Indians 
might  be  entirely  overcome,  and  all  disputes  with  them  effectually 
prevented,  by  favor,  presents,  and  honorable  traffic — according 
to  the  policy  and  rules  of  former  times.  The  establishments 
were  therefore  made,*  the  legal  provisions  upon  the  subject  re- 
vised, and  the  expeiiment  tried.  All  this,  however,  was  insufficient, 
for  according  to  the  Governor's  views,  expressed  Dec.  17,  '  still 
*  further  amendment  of  the  laws  concerning  the  Indians  was  de- 
'manded,  particularly  "  to  prevent  their  contracting  large  and 
"  unnecessary  debts,  which  they  have  no  prospect  of  paying,  but 
"  by  a  sale  of  themselves  ;  to  prevent  parents  from  selling  their 
"  children,  or  making  them  subject  to  their  debts  ;  and  to  subject 
"Indian  offenders,  to  corporeal  punishment,  instead  of  fines, 
"  which  they  can  seldom  pay." 
Drc.  23,  In  the  midst  of  this  legislative  session,  the  Governor  announc- 

crosM^ed.  ed  to  the  General  Court,  a  demise  of  the  Crown,  Oct.  25,  and 
the  accession  of  George  III,  to  the  throne  of  Great  Britain ; — a 
young  monarch,  whose  well  known  liberal  sentiments  in  politics 
and  religion  were  presages  of  a  reign,  auspicious  to  his  subjects 
throughout  his  dominions. 

""Balance  of  truck  trade  due  the  government  for  one  year  prior  to  June 
0,  1761,  waȣl01. 


Chap,  xiii.]  of  maine.  357 

To  secure,  more  effectually,  the  trade  of  the  Indians  once  so  a.  d.  17G1. 
lucrative,  and  to  learn  something  more   of  them   and  of  the  re-  Exploring 

1  •    I      I  I  11^  •  .  n  panics 

gions  m  which  they  have  dwelt;  two  rangmg  parties  of  15  men  nonhward. 
each  were  sent  out,  one  under  James  Howard  of  Cushnoc,  to 
ascend  the  Kennebeck  to  its  sources,  and  thence  proceed  down 
the  Chaudiere  to  its  mouth  ;  and  the  other,  to  make  an  excursion 
through  the  waters  of  the  Penobscot,  and  thence  to  the  St.  Law- 
rence. Provision  was  likewise  made  for  a  third  expedition  from 
Berwick  through  Coos,  into  Canada.* 

By  a  new  valuation,  taken  and  completed  in  1761,  it  appeared.  New  vaiua 
that  1 9  towns  and  plantations  in  the  three  eastern  counties,  were 
considered  of  sufficient  importance  and  ability  to  be  called  upon, 
and  that  their  aggregate  proportion  of  a  £1,000  Provincial  tax, 
was  £74,  6s.  4|rf.f  From  these  data,  their  whole  population 
has  been  computed  at  17,500  souls. 


*  12  Jour  House  of  Rep.  p.  79.— Wages  per  month  to  a  Captain  and  two 
surveyors  were  ^*11  each,  and  to  privates  _£6  each. 

I  The  following-  apportionment  exhibits  the  relative  importance  of  these 
towns  and  plantations:  — 

County  of  York.  £      s.     d.     County  of  Cumberland.  £    s. 


York 

Kittery 

Berivick 

Wells 

Arundel 

Biddeford 

Narrajanset       ) 
No.  1  [Buxton.]  \ 


County  of  Lincoln. 
Pownalborough 
Georg-etown 
Newcastle 
Woolwich 
Topsham  Precinct 


3      5  Falmouth 

11)  8}  Scarborough 

10  9  North- Yarmouth, 
17  0  Brunswick 

9  lOi  Ilarpswell 

11  11  Gorhaintown  PI. 

New-Marblehead 
[Windham.] 


11    10 


33  15 

£  ^• 

1  17 

3  7 

1  7 

1  4 

0  17 


Aggreixale. 
York     Count}' 
Cumberland  Co. 
Lincoln  Co. 


Total 


•  £ 

s. 

d. 

13 

16 

2i 

5 

5 

c.f 

2 

9 

3i 

2 

3 

m 

1 

13 

OOJ 

0 

19 

osi 

0 

9 

10 

26 

17 

5| 

£ 

s. 

d. 

38 

15 

6 

26 

17 

H 

8 

13 

5 

74      6     4| 


8  13  5 
There  were  in  number,  about  as  many  more  plantations,  which  were 
not  brouglit  into  the  valuation. — Hampshire  County  of  31  towns  (after 
Berkshire  County  was  established  in  1760)  paid  £75,  15*.  6J,  ;  Plymouth 
County,  of  14  towns  paid,  £75,  4*.  Id. — Falmouth  was  the  principal  town  in 
Maine.  The  Neck,  [now  Portland]  contained  136  dwellinghouses,  besides 
4  shops,  which  had  families  in  them. — Smith's  Jour.  p.  74. 


358  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.    11. 

A.D.  17G1.  As  peace  and  prosperity  bad  never  before  dawned  upon  Maine 
Political  witb  so  mucb  apparent  brightness ;  it  is  to  be  regretted  that  the 
paiiies.  gjQi-iQus  victories  over  the  French  so  long  desired,  had  scarcely- 
been  achieved,  ere  the  wicked  spirits  of  jealousy  and  crimin- 
ation, should  have  countenance  to  poison  the  pleasures  of  success, 
to  damp  popular  ardor,  and  to  mar  all  the  preconceived  enjoy- 
ments and  advantages  of  conquest.  There  had,  it  is  true,  long 
existed  in  the  Province,  party  distinctions, — such  as,  advocates 
for  the  prerogative  of  the  Crown,  and  defenders  of  charter  and 
popular  rights.  It  now  became  a  matter  of  policy,  conceived 
with  much  pride  by  the  ministry  and  their  emissaries  in  America, 
and  advocated  with  great  plausibility  by  them,  that  it  would  be 
inconsistent  with  the  ability  of  the  Colonies,  to  think  of  keeping  up 
a  military  or  marine  force  for  their  defence  ;  but  that  the  country 
ought  to  rely  upon  British  Governors  and  other  select  officers  of 
the  king's  appointment,  and  upon  royal  ships  of  war  and  national 
garrisons,  for  protection  or  security.  This  party  with  us  gener- 
ally consisted  of  all  those,  who  were  holding  commissions  under 
the  Crown,  or  were  courtiers  expectant  of  some  lucrative  post, 
arising  out  of  the  anticipated  system  of  taxation,  planned  ostensi- 
bly for  defence  of  the  Colonies,  under  ministerial  direction.* 
Governor  The  class  to  whicli  Governor  Bernard  belonged,  was  a  ques- 
po^ihicsand  tion  which  did  not  long  rest  in  doubt.  English-born,  educated  at 
Oxford,  and  devoted  to  the  episcopal  religion  ;  a  man  of  tal- 
ents, literary  taste,  extensive  knowledge,  and  fair  moral  charac- 
ter, he  was  selected  by  the  ministry  as  a  fit  instrument  to  promote 
their  deep  and  dark  purposes.  For  though  he,  in  one  of  his 
early  speeches  to  the  General  Court,  spoke  of  merit  as  the  only 
passport  to  preferment ;— and  of  all  party  distinctions  as  resolved 
into  patriotism  and  loyalty ; — even  whig  and  tory — court  and 
country, — (as  he  said)  being  swallowed  up  in  the  name  of  Brit- 
on :  Yet  he  took  upon  himself  to  advise  both  branches,  it  was 
observed,  to  lay  aside  all  political  divisions  whatever,  to  catch  the 
spirit  of  gratitude,  love  and  duty,  which  inspired  the  whole  body 
of  the  English  at  home,  and  to  disregard  all  declamations  intend- 
ed by  designing  men,  to  excite  among  the  people  suspicions  and 
fears,  that  their  civil  rights  were  in  danger. — It  is   true,  said  the 


tCiilimciits. 


*  Two  shocks  of  an  Earthquake   were   felt,  March   12,   at    15   minutes 
after  two  at  night.     That  5  years  ago  was  jarring ;— this  was  undulatory. 


Chap,  xiii.]  of  maine.  359 

House,  a  spirit  of  patriotic  fire  has  powerfully  touched  the  bosoms  A.  D.  1761. 
of  his  Majesty's  American  subjects  ;  and  in  this  Province,  it 
burns  a  pure  flame — undamped  by  any  pohtical  dissensions  among 
the  people.  The  intimation,  therefore,  of  any  party-spirit  prev- 
alent among  us,  is  received  from  the  chair  with  deeper  regrets, 
because  we   are  unconscious  of  its  having  any  foundation  in  fact. 

The  first  controversies  with  him  related  to  the  custom-house  ;  .Mmiers  in 
the  ivrit  of  asssistance  ;  the  estahlishment  oj  new  municipal  cor- Lh,','.""' "" 
porations  ;  and  the  pecuniary  concerns  of  the  Province. 

The  numerous  seizures  made,  were  of  course  all  libelled  in  Officf-rs  of 
the  Court  of  vice-admiralty,  where  exorbitant  fees  were  taxed, 
and  large  rewards  allowed  to  informers ;  and  hence  the  officers 
of  the  customs  not  only  incurred  an  abundant  share  of  popular 
odium, — they  were  also  boldly  accused  of  not  paying  into  the 
Province  treasury,  the  third  part  of  the  forfeitures  or  condem- 
nation money,  as  the  law  required.*  A  resolve,  therefore,  was 
passed,  authorizing  the  treasurer  to  sue  for  the  money  ;  and 
though  it  met  the  Governor's  prompt  negative,  the  suit  was  com- 
menced. It  was  abated,  however,  in  the  Superior  Court,  Mr. 
Hutchinson  being  at  the  head  of  the  bench  ; — a  decision,  gener- 
ally received  with  great  disrelish  by  the  people. 

I  The  writ  of  Assistance  was  a  warrant  granted  by  that  Court,  Writs  of  as- 
commanding  all  subjects,  as  well  as  officers,  to  search  any  house 
or  place  without  designation,  and  without  requiring  a  return  of 
the  precept.  This  arbitrary  stretch  of  power  was  the  more  ob- 
noxious, because  it  was  allowed  to  all  custom-house  officers  on 
request ;  and  it  required  every  body  to  assist  them  in  making 
search,  or  collecting  the  revenue.  Hence,  by  way  of  retaliation, 
the  General  Court  subsequently  passed  bills,  to  exclude  the 
judges  from  both  legislative  branches,  and  to  reduce  their  sal- 
aries. 

Great  affi'ont  was  also  taken,  about  this  time,  especially  by  the  Govnmor 
eastern  people,  because  of  the  Governor's  refusal  to  sign  acts,  in-  l.^afrpola. 
corporating  plantations  into  towns,  with  the  usual  rights  and  priv-  \ZnL  '"^^ 
ileges.     He  contended,  that  a  multiplication   of  these  municipal 
corporations  would  swell  the  House  to  a    size,  never  contemplat- 
ed by  the  charter,  and  incur  an    expense,   unnecessarily  burden- 

*  Due  the  Province  at  this  time,  £475,  9*.  lid.— 12  Jout.  House  of  Rep. 
p.  231,  247. 


360  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  11. 

A.  D,  17G1.  some  to  the  community.  If  they  were  districts,  vested  with  all 
the  rights  of  towns,  except  that  of  sending  representatives  to  the 
General  Court,  he  told  them  his  approval  would  not  be  with- 
holden.  They  reminded  him  of  the  unnumbered  difficulties, 
which  had  attended  the  frontier  plantations  in  the  settlement  of 
a  wilderness ;  also  the  lives,  labor  and  treasure,  their  defence  had 
cost  them  ;  and  protested  against  giving  these  meritorious  sections 
of  the  community,  the  opprobrious  name  of  district ; — a  name 
unknown  to  all  his  Majesty's  other  dominions,  and  designed  to 
imply  a  restriction  of  privilege,  Iiowcver  large  the  place  in  terri- 
tory, or  population.  By  the  charter,  every  '  town  and  place* 
might  choose  two  representatives — till  a  statute  approved  by  the 
Crown,  though  restrictive,  allowed  every  town  of  at  least  40 
freeholders,  to  choose  one  ;  and  hence,  no  district  nor  other 
'  place'  having  that  number  ought  to  be  barred  the  privilege.  But 
afterwards  tiie  Governor  received  a  royal  instruction  to  sign  no 
bill  for  incorporating  new  townships  "  without  a  clause  to  sus- 
pend the  right  of  sending  a  representative  to  the  General  Court."* 
This  touched  a  political  artery — for  the  people  perceived,  he 
already  entertained  a  jealousy  of  the  popular  branch 
I'liMiic  Though  it  appeared,  that  by  levying  a  tax  of  usual  amount, — 

contmumg  an  excisef  on  tea,  coffee,  chma-ware  and  other  arti- 
cles,— and  receiving  £60,634  sterling,  as  reimbursement  money 
advanced,  the  Province  funds  would  be  in  a  good  condition;  yet 
a  question  arose  about  making  gold  a  tender  at  the  current  rates, 
in  payment  of  treasurer's  notes  and  taxes.     In  this  the  Governor 
joined  ih<?  opposition  against   the   House,   and   after  a  fortnight's 
alterjcation,  prorogued   the   General  Court  to  January ;  hoping, 
he  said,  by  the  time  they  met  again,  they  would  be  more  free  from 
bias  and  prejudice,  than  they  had    manifested  by  their  late  con- 
Dispute  of   duct.     At  the    next  session,   however,   the  voice   of  the   House 
nor  and      prevailed  against  the  Governor  and  his  party ; — a  result,   which 
ouse.        threw  him  into  a  fit  of  passion,  and  provoked  him  to  utter  several 
angry  and  unguarded  expressions. 

Among  the  enterprizes  undertaken  at  this  period   in  this   eas- 
tern Province,  we  may  particularly  mention  the  spacious  wooden 


*  Gov.  Speech,  Feb.  1762.— 12  Jour.  H.  of  Rep.  p.  272. 

t  Collectors  of  excise  :  in  York  count}-,  Nathaniel  Clark;  in  Cumber- 
land, Theopbilus  Bradbury;  in  Lincoln,  Charles  Cushing^. — la  Cumber- 
land county  it  was  farmed  out  for  £57  for  one  year. 


Chap.  XIII.]  OF  Maine.  35  j 

bridge,    erected    over   York  river,   one  mile   from   town,  as  an  a.d.  i76i 
ingenious  specimen  of  art  and  improvement.     Exclusive  of  large  Vork 
abutments  at  the  shores,  it  was  270  feet  in  length,  by  25  in  width  ;    "°  " 
resting  on  thirteen  piers,  each  of  which   consisted   of  four  piles 
driven  to  a  depth  into  the  bed  of  the  river,   sufficient  to   render 
the  whole  superstructure  firm  and  solid.     It  was  a  toll-bridge— 
and  is  still  standing.     The  entire   enterprize,  including  the   new 
method  of  driving  the  piles,  owes  its   construction   to  the  inven- 
tive   genius    of  Major    Samuel    Sewall,  a  native    inhabitant   of 
York. 

The  good  disposition,  discovered  at  the    winter  session  of  the  A.  15.  1762. 

Legislature,  was  mutual ;  for  the  interest  of  the    eastern  country  i2town- 
]  . ,        .  ,  ships  east- 

came  under  consideration,  and  all  measures  proposed  for   its  set^  "nrdof  Fe- 

ement  and  security,  were  heartily  espoused  without  distinction  of  ergrai.ied. 
party.  Already  there  were  several  scattered  settlers  in  the  re- 
gion of  Penobscot ;  and  on  application  of  numerous  petitioners, 
twelve  townships  were  conceded  to  them  ; — it  being  confidently 
believed,  that  by  the  united  and  persevering  exertions  of  the 
Legislature  and  Governor,  they  should  be  able  to  procure  a  con- 
firmation from  the  Crown.  Six  of  them  were  granted  to  David  Location  of 
Marsh  and  359  others*  named,  and  were  to  be  located  sever- 1."'' 
ally,  six  miles  square,  in  a  regular  contiguous  manner,  between 
the  Penobscot  and  Union  rivers*  These  grantees,  as  voluntary 
associates  and  tenants  in  common,  individually  bound  themselves, 
their  heirs  and  assigns,  in  a  penal  bond  of  £50,  conditioned  to 
lay  out  no  one  of  the  townships  more  than  six  miles  in  extent^ 
on  the  bank  of  the  Penobscot,  or  on  the  seacoast ;  to  present 
to  the  General  Court  for  their  acceptance  plans  of  the  survey, 
by  the  31st  of  the  ensuing  July  ;f  to  settle  each  township  with 
sixty  protestant  families  within  six  years,  after  obtaining  the 
king's  approbation,  and  build  as  many  dwellinghouses,  at  least  18' 
feet  square ;  also  to  fit  for  tillage,  300  acres  of  land,  erect  a 
meeting-house,  and  settle  a  minister.  There  were  reserved  in 
each  township  one  lot  for  parsonage  purposes— another  for  the 

*  Some  of  the  others'  names  were  Eooch  Bartlett,  James  McHurd, 
James  Duncan,  Peter  Parker,  Edward  Mores,  Dudley  Carlton,  Benjamin 
Harrod,  &c. 

t  A  plan  was  presented  in  June,  \76Z.—See  post^  A.  D.  1785. 
Vol.  II,  46 


362  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II. 

A.  D.  1762.  first  settled  minister — a  third  for  Harvard  College — and  a  fourth 
for  the  use  of  schools. 

The  second      ^^^  Other  class  of  SIX  tovvHships  were  granted  to  several  asso- 

class.  ciations  of  petitioners  upon  the  same  terms.*     These  were  to  be 

laid  out  between  the  eastern  limits  of  the  first  class  and  the  river 
St.  Croix ;  and  to  be  confirmed  by  the  General  Court,  provided 
the  royal  assent  could  be  obtained  within  eighteen  months.  The 
whole  survey  was  made  under  the  superintendance  of  Samuel 
Livermore  j  and  as  six  of  the  townships  were  bounded  on  one 
side  of  "  Union  River,"  and  six  on  the  other,  the  circumstance 
gave  the  river  itself  its  present  name.f 

Confliiicns        ]„  thcsc  and    all   other  conveyances   of   the    '  Crown   Lands,' 

ol  llie  •  ' 

graut.  lying  between  Sagadahock  and  St.  Croix,  the  patents  or  deeds 
were  signed  by  the  Governor  and  Speaker,  countersigned  by  the 
Provincial  Secretary,  and  conditioned,  according  to  the  restric- 
tive clause  in  charter,  to  be  valid,  whenever  they  were  confirmed 
by  the  king,  otherwise  without  effect.  The  names  also  of  the 
grantees  were  inserted,  the  boundaries  described,  and  the  con- 
ditions expressed  ;  each  patent  closing  with  a  proviso,  that  the 
grantee  "  yield  one  fifth  part  of  all  the  gold  and  silver  ore,  and 
precious  stones  found  therein." 
Mourn  Des-  '^'^^  General  Court  granted  the  far-famed  Island  "  Mount 
ert  granted  Dcsert"  to  Govcmor  Bernard,  in  consideration,  as  they   said,  of 

lo  (jovernor  '  t  j  )  ^'^ 

Bernard.  \i\s  "  extraordinary  services  ;" — or  more  probably,  in  fact  and  in 
policy,  to  secure  his  influence  and  efforts  towards  obtaining  the 
royal  assent.     '  Yes,'  said  they  to  him, '  your  immediate  and  undi- 

*  vided  attention  to  the  subject  is   more  especially   requested,  be- 

*  cause  a  sufficient  number  of  subscribers  or  applicants  have  come 

*  forward,  ready  to   go  and  settle  thirteen  townships,  as  soon   as 

*  the  royal  confirmation  can  be  obtained.' 


*  Tlie  associ-itions  of  petitioners  for  the  second  class  of  townships  were, 
David  Bean  and  80  others;  Moses  Twitchell  and  179  others;  Ebenezer 
Thorndike  and  58  others ;  Wait  Wadsworth  and  50  others;  Samuel  Liv- 
ermore  and  40  others. — 13  Jour.  H.  of  Hep.  p.  278-9. — See  post,  A.  D. 
1785. 

f  First  Class  : No.  1  Bucksport.     Second  class  : — IVo.  1  Trenton. 

Between  Pe-  2  Orland.  East  of  Union  2  Sullivan. 

nobscot  and  3  Penobscot,     rivrr.  3  Mt.  Desert. 

Union  river*.  4  Scdg-wick.  v  4  Steuben. 

5  Bluehill.  5  Harrington. 

6  Surry.  6  Addison. 


Chap,  xni.]  of  Maine.  363 

In  the  prevalent  passion  for  new  settlements,  other  grants  were  a.  d.  i762. 
obtained  :  some  in  the  old  Province  of  Maine,   where  the  king  Fr>eburg 

r^  r  1  •  7  I  granted. 

had  no  territorial  rights.     One  was  that  of  a  township  to  Joseph 
Frye,  upon  conditions  cast  in  the  common  mould  with  the  others; 
subsequently  known  by  a   name   derivative  of  his  own.*     The 
liberality  manifested   by  government  in   these   numerous  grants, 
was  a  pledge  of  public  patronage,  encouraging  to  emigrants,   as 
well  as  settlers  ;  the  beneficial  effects  of  which  were  in  a  few  years 
extensively  witnessed.     The  ungranted  territory  of  eastern  lands  LanHs  east 
was  still  immense,  and  according  to  the   report  oi  a   legislative  scot. 
committee,  there  had  hitherto  been  no  claim  pretended  to  any  of 
the  region  between  Penobscot  and  the   eastern  line  of  the   Pro- 
vince,  except   some  right,  which  the  proprietors   of  the  Waldo 
\i2iien\.  challenged ;  and  to  all  this,  they  were  willing  to   sign  an 
acquittance,  in  consideration  of  a  single  township. f    The  General  commis- 
Court,   therefore,    aware    of   the  advantages    which  amity    and  as°certain 
tranquillity   afforded,    appointed   three   Commissioners,    William  {fifebe^ii^pen 
Brattle,  James   Otis  and  John  Winslow,  "  to   repair  to  the  river  ^'^^.g^^"'' 
"  St.  Croix  ;  determine  upon  the  place,  where  the   said   easterly  "^• 
"  line  is   to   begin ',  extend    the   said  line  so  far   as  they    shall 
"  think  necessary  ;  and  ascertain  and  settle  the  same  by  marked 
"  trees  or  other  boundary  marks  ;" — they  being  directed  to   pro- 
ceed ex  parte,  if  not  met   upon  the  ground,  by   Commissioners 
from  Nova  Scotia.     It  seems  their  report  was  made   in  the  fol- 
lowing February,  accepted  by  the  Legislature  and  printed.     But 
it  shewed  rather  a  view,  than  any  descriptive  survey. 

As  the  Indians  were  tranquil,  it  had   been   determined  by  the  Governor's 

.   .        (.  1  .  •  J         I  1     measures 

government  in  a  spirit  ol  economy,  to  keep  a  very  mconsiderable  reimive  to 
force  under  pay  in  Maine  this  season.     Only  one  Lieutenant,  one  op^sed^by 
armorer,  one  sergeant,  and  fifteen  privates  were  stationed  at  Fort  ^'^^  House. 
Pownal ;  and  the  number  was  still  smaller  at  Forts   Halifax   and 
Cushnoc.     The  Province-sloop  cruised  upon  the  eastern  coast, 
and  carried  supplies  and  intelligence  to  the  garrison.     On  her  re- 
turn to  Boston,  news  was  received   of  an   attack  by  the  French 
upon  Newfoundland,  corroborated  by  an  arrival  of  700  French 

*  Fryeburgh, 

•j-  Nor  had  they,  as  it  turned  out,  in  fact,  any  territorial  right  on  the 
easterly  side  of  the  Penobscot ;  though  they  owned  Bcveral  of  the  Islandi 
in  the  Bay. 


364  I'HE  HISTORY  [VoL.    II. 

A.D.  1762.  Neutrals*  from  Halifax,  whom  the  rulers  of  Nova  Scotia  durst 
not  allow  to  live  in  that  Province,  Apprehensive  for  the  safety 
of  our  fishing  vessels,  the  Governor  with  advice  of  Council,  des» 
patched  the  sloop  and  50  men  to  Canseau  for  their  protection. 
But  the  House,  at  the  next  meeting  of  the  General  Court,  thought 
the  en^ergency  did  not  demand  the  expedition,. — it  was  a  charge 
upon  the  treasury  without  au  appropriation,  and  the  precedent 
was  mischievous  ;  therefore  they  blamed  him  and  refused  to  pay 
the  expense.  A  proposition  of  his  to  visit  Fort  Pownal,  and 
acquaint  himself  with  the  temper  of  the  Indians  at  diis  juncture, 
received  also  a  > decided  negative.  'Let  the  Chiefs,'  said  the 
House,  'come  to  Boston,  if  they  wish  to  have  a  talk  or  parley.' — ^ 
He  met  them,  nevertheless,  at  Penobscot,  in  October,  and  cou'^ 
firmed  the  peace,  which  continued  uninterrupted  many  years. 
Two  years  It  is  Worthy  of  remark,  that  when  the  operations  of  the  war 
scarcii/aiid  in  the  northern  colonies  were  closed,  they  were  succeeded  by  two 
years  of  drought  and  scarcity.  In  both,  the  freshness  and  bloom 
common  to  June  in  other  years,  were  shrouded  in  the  habili- 
ments of  decay  ;  and  the  husbandman,  in  view  of  his  withering 
fields,  had  sufficient  reason  for  a  deepening  despondency  of  his 
hopes.  The  drought  of  1761  was  preceded  by  a  wasting  sick- 
ness, which  greatly  added  to  the  calamities  of  the  season.  These 
severe  frowns  of  Providence  were  followed  widi  devouring  fires, 
which  did  immense  damage.  They  burst  forth  from  the  woods 
of  New-Hampshire,  early  in  July  of  that  year;  and  burning 
v.'ith  irresistable  fury,  passed  through  Towoh  [Lebanon]  in 
Maine,  and  being  driven  by  the  winds  to  the  eastward,  entered 
Scarborough,  Gorhamtown,  New-Casco,  and  the  neighboring 
forests,  where  they  raged  till  they  were  only  checked  by  a  flood 
of  rain,  which  fell  on  the  19th  and  20th  of  August.  The  next 
year,  (1762,)  somewhat  earlier  in  the  season,  six  dwellinghouses, 
two  saw-mills,  and  several  barns  were  reduced  to  ashes  at  Dunston 
in  Scarborough  ;  six  families  were  burnt  out  in  North-Yarmouth  j 
and  extensive  fields  were  destroyed  by  the  flames  or  laid  open  by 
a  consumption  of  the  fences.  Even  the  cattle,  in  many  places, 
did    not  escape  the  violence  of  devouring    fire.     A   prodigious 

*  Til  J  General  Court  thoug-lit  it  justifiable  to  "  forbid  the  landing-  within 
the  Province  of  these  unliapp)'  exiles." — 2  Jlijiot,  p,  119. — 1  JJaliLurlon,  p, 
;211,  and  they  were  returned  to  Halifax, 


Chap,  xiii.]  of  Maine.  355 

quantity  of  the  most  valuable  forest-timber  was   destroyed;  andA.D.  i762. 
so  much  were  crops  cut  short,  that  greater  supplies  from   abroad 
than  usual,  were  necessarily  imported  for  the  people's  support. 

There  were  three    Plantations    incorporated,    this  year,    into  Three  plan- 
towns,  by  the  names  of  Windham,  Buxton  and   Bowdoinham  ;  made^owns. 
whose  respective  dates  are,  June  12,  July  14  and  September  18, 
in  their  order.* 

Windham  was  a  grant  by  the  Provincial  government  to  sixty  of  Windham. 
the  inhabitants  in  Marblehead,  A.  D.   1734  ;f  and  was  surveyed 
the  next  year,  when  the  first  permanent  settlements  were  made. 

The  planters,  though  {e\v  in  number,  erected  a  large  block-house 
in  the  fifth  Indian  war,  and  being  aided  by  the  proprietors,  de- 
fended themselves  manfully  against  the  hostile  visits  of  the  natives, 
so  often  repeated;— a  fortitude  which  received  additional  lustre 
in  the  late  war.  They  enjoyed  the  settled  ministry  of  Rev.  John 
Wright,  e] even  years  prior  to  his  death,  in  May,  1753;  and  when 
Rev^  Peter  T,  Smith  was  ordained,  in  1762,  to  the  sacerdotal 
office  among  them,  with  a  salary  of  £80,  there  were  only  thirty- 
nine  families  in  the  place.  J 

The  primary  grantees  and  settlers  of  Narraganset  Number  jjuxion. 
One,  now  Buxton,  originated  from  Ipswich,  Rowley,  Newbury, 
Haverhill,  and  Amesbury  in  Massachusetts  ;  and  the  town  is  full 
of  their  descendants.  It  was  one  of  the  military  townships,  and 
though  it  was  granted  in  1728,  and  allotments  of  land  made 
within  four  yfiars,  we  find  no  settlers  upon  them,   till   after  the 

*  These  three  are  the  I6lh,  nth,  and  \Sth  toions  incorporated  in  the  State. 

f  See  ante,  A.  D.  1734. 

I  Windham  was  previously  called  JVew-JIarhlehead.  It  contains  25,600 
acres.  There  were  630  orig^inal  lots,  the  rest  was  holden  in  common.  To 
make    the    settlement   compact,    the    first   lots  contained  only    10  acres. 

There  are  two   ponds  in  this  town,  Sebago  and  Duck  ponds The   first 

church  (of  7  members,)  was  g-athered  in  1743.— Rev.  Mr.  Smith  was  the 
son  of  Rev.  Thomas  Smith,  settled  in  Falmouth.  When  he  was  ordained, 
the  proprietors  paid  hi:n  £83.  He  was  dismissed  in  1790  ;  and  was  suc- 
ceeded by  Rev.  jYalhaniet  Stone,  in  1798,  The  town  was  first  represented 
in  the  General  Court,  1767,  by  Abraham  Anderson,  and  a  Post  Office  es- 
tablisiied  there  in  1798. — The  soil  is  "  lig-ht,  arable,  and  free  from  rocks." 
In  1821,  there  were  125  orchards — yielding-  15,000  bushels  of  apples  annu- 
ally ;  three  meeting-houses — one  for  congregationalists ;  one  for  friends, 
having  a  society  of  40  families ;  and  one  for  methodists  and  baptists ;  a 
social  library  of  100  vols. ;  13  school  districts ;  12  mills  and  a  Comb-factory, 
^JIS.  Let,  of  J.  Waterman,  Esq.,  1821. 


366  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II. 

A.  U.  17(32.  treaty  of  Aix  la  Chapelle,  in  1748,  and  the  close  of  the  fifth 
Indian  war.  TJjere  were  only  twenty-one  families  in  the  planta- 
tion in  1760-1,  when  the  itinerant  lahors  of  the  Rev.  Doct.  Paul 
Coffin  commenced  there.  Yet  he  lived  to  see  the  wilderness 
subdued  and  blossom,  and  every  interest  of  society  brighten  into 
maturity  ; — for  his  pastoral  connexion  with  this  people  was  con- 
tinued beyond  sixty  years.* 

Bowdoiii-  Botvdoinhnm  is  a  name  evidently  given  to  the  town  in  compli- 
ment to  a  family,  distinguished  for  its  wealth  and  one  of  its  mem- 
bers, whose  benefactions  contributed  so  largely  towards  the  endow- 
ment of  the  first  College  in  this  State.  There  were  probably 
residents  in  the  vicinity  of  Fort  Richmond,  nearly  opposite  the 
head  of  Swan  Island,  soon  after  that  fortification  was  established 
about  1720.  The  township  extends  from  Cobbessecontee  to 
Merrymeeting  bay  and  Cathance  river ;  and  was  originally  claim- 
ed by  the  Plymouth  proprietors,  who  conveyed  it  and  other  con- 
tiguous lands  to  William  Bowdoin  of  Boston. f  But  the  title  was 
involved  in  a  dispute.  For  in  1637,  July  3,  Sir  Ferdinand© 
Gorges  granted  to  Sir  Richard  Edgecomb,  of  Mount  Edgecomb 
in  England,  a  tract  of  8,000  acres,  situated  or  to  be  surveyed 
'  near  the  lake  of  New-Somerset.'  The  bounds  were  undefined, 
if  the  place  of  location  were  not  wholly   uncertain  ;    and   neither 


*  Buxlon  was  so  called,  at  the  instance  of  Rev.  Mr.  Coffin,  wlio  originat- 
ed from  a  town  of  the  same  name  in  i^ngland.  He  was  graduated  at  Har- 
vard, in  1759  ;  ordained,  1763;  and  died,  1821.  He  was  a  man  of  talents 
and  learning; — and  was  honored  with  a  doctorate.  The  first  minister  be- 
fore him,  was  Rev.  Mr.  White  ;  who  preached  in  the  garrison  at  Little 
Falls,  now  in  Hollis.  The  next  was  Mr.  Thompson.  There  are  two  meet- 
ing-houses for  congregatlonalists  in  town,  in  which  Mr.  Loring  the  suc- 
cessor of  Doct.  Coffin,  preaches  alternately  :  also  two  meeting-liouses,  for 
baptists,  and  two  for  methodists.  There  are  three  bridges  over  Saco  river, 
between  Btixton  and  Hollis;  and  in  Buxton  15  mills.  "The  soil  is  gener- 
ally of  a  superior  quality ;"  and  orchards  are  numerous.  The  town  was 
first  represented  in  the  General  Court,  A.  D.  1781,  by  Jacob  Bradbury. 
N.  B.  "Bonny  Eagle  pond"  is  in  Buxton  near  Standish  line. — See  ante,  A. 
D.  1733. — MS.  Let.  of  Charles  Coffin,  Esq.,  1822. 

I  Doct.  Peter  Bowdoin,  was  one  of  the  protestanls,  who  fled  from 
Rochelle  in  France,  after  the  edict  of  Nantz  was  revoked,  and  arrived  at 
Falmouth,  [Portland,]  in  1688,  and  in  1790,  removed  to  Boston,  where  he 
died,  1705, —  leaving  two  sons,  John  and  James. — The  Doctor's  grandson 
was  Governor  of  Massachusetts,  in  1785-6  ;  whose  father  was  rich. — Dr. 
Allen's  Biog.  p.  79. 


Chap,  xiii.]  of  maine.  367 

grantee  nor  his  heirs  paid  any  regard  to  the  patent,  till  after  A.  u.  1762, 
Queen  Anne's  war.  But  John  Edgecomb,  of  New-London,  ap- 
peared for  the  heirs,  in  1718,  and  entered  in  the  Book  of  Claims, 
a  minute  of  the  grant,  which  seemed  to  be  descriptive  of  a  tract 
equal  to  four  miles  square,  on  the  western  bank  of  the  Kenne- 
beck-river  where  it  meets  Merrymeeting  bay.*  The  claim  was 
revived  in  1756  by  Lord  Edgecomb,  the  heir,f  who  committed 
the  agency  of  his  interest  to  Sir  William  Pepperell.  On  his 
death,  the  title  lay  dormant  till  1768;  when  the  Lord  Proprietor 
empowered  Sir  William's  son-in-law,  Nathaniel  Sparhawk,to  pur- 
sue the  claim. 

To  try  the  title,  Mr.  Bowdoin  brought  an  action  against  one  Trial  of  ihs 
Springer  of  Bowdoinham,  the  ter-tenant,  and  shewed  a  derivative 
title  from  the  Plymouth  proprietors,  and  a  quit-claim  from  Abba- 
gadasset,  an  Indian  chief ; — all  which  the  counsel  for  Springer,  or 
rather  Edgecomb,  encountered,  by  exhibiting  Gorges'  grant  to  the 
ancestor,  and  a  transcript  of  the  description  entered  in  the  Book 
of  Claims;  and  endeavored  to  shew,  that  the  lake  of  'New- 
Somerset,'  mentioned,  was  Merrymeeting  bay.  But  the  early 
acts  of  possession  by  the  Plymouth  company,  and  the  Indian 
deed,  prevailed  against  an  obsolete  indefinite  grant ;  and  his  Lord- 
ship lost  his  case.  Yet  by  a  decision  of  the  Superior  Court,  per- 
haps about  1767-8,  the  south  line  of  the  Plymouth  patent  was 
determined  and  fixed  in  the  northerly  line  of  Bowdoinham. { 

Early  in  the  winter  session,   the   Governor   congratulated  the  A. D.  1763.- 
General  Court,  on  the  joyful  news  received   of  a  general  peace.  Peace. 
By  the  treaty  signed  at  Paris,  Feb.  10,    1763,  it  appeared,  thatT.oaiy  of 
France  had  renounced  to  Great  Britain,  all  Canada,  and  all  her  Jj^/.'^' fj''' 
other  northern  dominions  in  America.    This  was  followed  by  a  royal 
Proclamation  from  the  British  crown,   Oct.   7  ;  erecting  Canada 
into  a  Provincial  government  by  the  name  of  Quebec,  and   run-  Qi,ebec 
ning  a  part  of  its  southerly  line,  as  a  boundary,   from   the   point  °""^  ' 

*  Book  of  Claims,  p.  82 Sullivan,  p.  135. 

I  Nicholas  Edgecomb,  removed  from  Blue-point  to  Saco,  in  1660.  His 
son  Robert  married  Rachacl  Gibbons. — Folsom's  Saco,  S^c,  p.  112. 

\See  ante,  1637,  1760. — Sullivan,  p.  IIS. — Bowdoinham  was  called  before 
incorporation,  Richmond.  The  fort  stood  on  the  bank  of  the  river.  It 
was  dismantled,  about  1754-5.  The  town  was  first  represented  in  the 
General  Coiirt,  in  1784,  by  Zacheiis  Beal. 


368  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II. 

A.  D.  17C3.  where  the  45th  degree  of  latitude  intersects  the  St.  Lawrence, 
and  in  that  parallel  eastward,  across  the  outlet  of  Lake  Cham- 
plain,  thence  "  along  the  highlands,  which  divide  the  rivers  that 
"  empty  themselves  into  the  said  river  St.  Lawrence,  from  those 
"  which  fall  into  the  sea'' — extending  to  the  bay  of  Chaleur; — a 
line  supposed  to  form  the  northern  boundary  and  limit  of  Maine. 

Note. — Government  of  Nova  Scotia,  from  De  Monts'  patent,  1603,  to  the 
conquest  by  the  English,  1710—1713. 
1603.     De  Monts'  Patent.     [French.'] 
1613.     M.  Siiassaye,  Gov.  under  Madame  Guercheville. 

"         Conquests  b_Y  Sir  S.  Arg-al,     lEnglish.] 
1G20.     Mons.  Biencourt.     IFrench.'] 

1G21.     Sir  William  Alexander,  Proprietary  Piuler.     [English.^ 
1630—50.     La  Tour— Razilla— d'Aulncy.     [French.'] 
16-51.     La  Tour,  sole  Commander.     [French.] 
1652.     M.  Denys  and  le  Borgne,  Governor's.     [French.] 

1654.  Conquered  by  Major  Sedg-wick.     [English.] 

1655.  Stephen  de  la  Tour's  claim.     [French.] 

1656.  Sir  Tiiomas  Temple,  Governor.     [English.] 
1C67— S.     De  Bourg-  and  M.  Denys.     [French.] 
1682—90.     M.  de  la  Valier.— M.  Manneval.     [French.] 

1690.  Conquest  bv  Sir  W.  Phips.     [English.] 

1691.  John  Nelson,  Governor.     [English.] 
1697.  M.  Villebon,  Governor.     [French.] 
1702.  M.  Brouillon.     [French.] 

1705 — 6.     M.  de  Subercase.     [French.] 

1710.     Conquered  by  Col.  Nicholson, — Vetch,  Governor.     [English.1 
1713.     Conceded  by  treaty  of  Utrecht^to  England. 
[For  residue,  see  1  Hal.  JV.  S.  p.  316—19.] 


Chap,  xiv.]  of  niAirjE.  3gg 


CHAPTER  XIV. 

tlevcnue  in  America — Disturbances  unth  the  Indians — The  F'oris 
Halifax  and  Pownal — Public  lands — Census — Topsham,  Gor- 
ham,  Boothbay,  Bristol  and  Cclpc- Elizabeth  incorporated — Stamp 
act — First  Congress— Stamp  act  repccdcd — The  royal  icnods — 
J.  IVentworth,  Surveyor- — Machias  granted — Lcbanon~-^The  pea- 
pie — Duties  laid  on  teas,  glass,  paper — Salaries  and  Fees  regu- 
lated by  the  Crown — Sjnrlford  incorporated — Penobscot — -A  Con- 
vention — Troops  stationed  in  Boston— Disj^ute  between  the  Gov. 
and  House — Gov^  Bernard  leaves  the  Province- — Duties  repealed ^ 

except    on    teas Boston    3Irissacre — Militia Public     lands — ^ 

Thomas  Hutchinson  commissioned  Gov.  of  the  Province — »SV/- 
tlemrnt  of  Penobscot  and  Kcnnebcrk — HnUoincll,  Vassaliurough, 
Winslow  and  Winthrop  iniorporated — Revenue  officers — Dfec- 
tion  of  'William  Brattle — Pepper eVjorough,  \^Saco^  incorporated 
—  Right  and  Prerogative — Letters  of  the  Gov.  and  others  sent 
hither  from  Kngland — Judge  Oliver  impeached — Befast  and 
Waldoborough  incorporated — -Patriotism  of  ministers  and  laiC" 
yers — Episcopal  sect — Causes  of  political  controversy  well  tinder^ 
stood  by  the  parties — Letter  to  Mr.  Tyng — Teas  destroyed  in 
Baton — Hutchinson  goes  to  England — Edgecomb  and  Ncw-GloU" 
cester  incorporated. 

Amidst  the  diffusive  glory  and  joy  with   which   the  war   had  ^  {^^  |-jcg_ 
closed;  the  politicians  of  Great   iiritain  thought   it   a  highly  fa^  ^..^s.-res 
vorable  period,  for  trying   more   effectually  tlie   experiment  long  '",'i.,'!','',^p"f„^ 
contemplated   of  raising  a   revenue  in  America.     The  colonies  •'^""^'i^'^- 
were  large   sharers    in    the   fruits    of  success  j  and    it  was  said 
the    exhausted    state    of   the    national    treasury,    the  weight  of 
debts  and  taxes  in  England  ;  and  the   reimbursement  money  and 
pensions — all,  rendered  a  call  on  them  for  contributions  both  rea- 
sonable and  just.     The  ministry,  therefore,   whhout  loss  of  time, 
gave  the  officers  o(  the  colonial  revenue,  instructions  very  strictly 
to  enforce  the  acts  of  trade  ;*  and  Grenville  went  so  far  in   the 
House  of  Commons  as  to  suggest  an  internal  tax  by  a  stamp-act. 

*  See  ante,  "  American  System ;"  A.  D.  1750-1-2,  Chap.  xi. 
Vol.  II.  £3 


370  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  11. 

A.  D.  1763.  This,  however,  was  postponed  ;  but  the  order  for  executing  rigid- 
ly the  molasses  act,  occasioned   deep  and  general  excitement.* 
Perhaps  no  act  enforced,  could  more   vitally  affect  the  interests 
of  the  eastern  country.     For  it  was  apprehended,  that  the  fish- 
ing business,  estimated    as  amounting   in  Massachusetts   itself  to 
£164,000  sterling  by  the  year,  might  thereby  be  broken  up  ;  and 
the  particular  advantages  of  sending  lumber  and  other  commodi- 
ties to  the  foreign  plantations,  would  be  entirely  lost.     There  were 
likewise  other  impolitic  measures  urged  by  the  king's   servants. 
General  Thomas  Gage,  having  lately  succeeded  General  Am- 
A  disturb-    herst  in  the  chief  command  of  Canada,  proposed  to  carry  war 
the  norihern  into  the  countrv  of  the  Indians,  south  of  the   Great  Lakes  ;  and 

Indiaus.  _  •'  _  ' 

for  this  purpose,  made  a  requisition  even  upon  Massachusetts, 
for  700  men.  But  the  call  was  deemed  unreasonable  though 
there  were  a  great  rupture  in  that  quarter,  and  the  General 
Court  disregarded  it;  believing  whh  the  Governor,  that  in  view 
of  their  loyalty  and  duty,  there  ought  rather  to  be  adopted  timely 
and  special  measures  for  the  sccui'ity  of  the  eastern  country. 
Savage  hostility  at  tliis  age  was  considered  a  contagion,  and  no 
one  could  foresee  how  far  it  might  extend.  Though  the  eastern 
Indians  were  not  numerous,  said  he,  they  are  able,  even  without 
foreign  assistance,  to  spread  desolation  through  our  scattered  and 
defenceless  settlements ;  and  there  ought  to  be  under  constant 
pay,  at  least  200  men  for  their  protection.  It  is  true,  added  he, 
the  tribes  are  in  professed  amity  with  us,  but  what  is  the  charac- 
ter of  Indian  faith?  what  apprehension  of  evil  from  savage  men 
is  out  of  time,  whose  maxim  is, — "  the  first  blow  is  the  best 
part  of  the  battle  ?"f 

There  were  besides  some  special  reasons   for  these  jealousies 
Eastern  In-  and  fears.     For  early  the  last  spring,  an   unfortunate  affray  had 
elTand  paci-  happened  at  Penobscot,  a  {q\^  miles  from  Fort  Povvnal,  in  which 
^  ■  an  Indian  was  killed   by   a  party  of  four  English  hunters,  who 

took  from  him  several  traps  and  a  large  lot  of  fur.  It  was  sup- 
posed, the  bloody  perpetrators  when  at  home  lived  in  the  county 
of  Cumberland,  yet  the  uncertainty  prevented  detection  ;    and 

*  2Minot,  p.  140— "In  1763,  there  were  three  families  settled  on  the 
"southern  part  of  Orphan  Island  and  not  another  settler  above  them  on 
^  the  river  at  this  time."  Mr,  Buck  settled  at  Bucksport  the  next  year.— 
J\IS.  Letter.  f  Governor's  Speech,  Dec.  1763. 


Chap,  xiv,]  of  maine.  371 

it  was  found  to  be  so  much  impossible  to  repress  the  resentments  a,  D.  1763 
which  the  villainy  enkindled  among  the  Indians,  that  an  actual 
rupture  with  them  was  apprehended-  The  current  of  feeling, 
especially  among  inconsiderate  men,  set  strongly  against  the  very 
name  of  Indian,  so  that  they  wished  for  only  plausible  excuses 
to  take  arms-  Aware  of  this,  the  Governor  issued  a  proclama- 
tion, July  19,  forbidding  all  hostile  acts  towards  the  eastern  tribes  ; 
and  made  the  greatest  exertions  to  soothe  the  people's  fears,  to 
remove  the  Indians'  jealousies,  and  to  take  the  offenders  ;  pursuing 
also  another  party,  who  had  pilfered  from  tlie  Canibas  tribe,  and 
compeHing  a  restitution-*  These  evils  educed  a  legislative  act, 
to  prevent  the  English  from  hunting  in  any  part  of  the  king's 
woods.  About  the  same  time,  three  of  the  Tarratine  Chiefs  vis- 
ited Boston,  and  peace  was  once  more  fully  confirmed. 

On   the  resignation    of  General   Preble,   Thomas   Goldthwait  a.  d.  1764 
was  appointed  commander  and  truck-master  at  Fort  Pownal ;  the  Forts  Pow- 
garrison  then  consisting  of  a  lieutenant,  gunner,  armorer,   chap-  "iuhflx. 
lain,  interpreter,  two  sergeants  and  thirty-two  privates.     Besides 
furnishing  the  establishment  with  all  necessary   articles  and    sup- 
plies suitable  for  the  Indian  trade,  a  large  outer   building  for  bar- 
racks, 40  feet  by  24,  was  erected  near  the  fort,  to  accommodate 
public  worship,  and  to  shelter  the  Indians  in  tempestuous  weather, 
who    resorted  thither  to  trade.     Fort   Halifax,   commanded  by 
William  Lithgow,  had  not  usually  been  garrisoned  by  so  large    a 
number   of   men,  though  the  Governor  said   the   public    safety 
required  it. 

Possession  of  the   Penobscot  country  and   the   prospect  of  a  tiip  public 
long  peace,  drew  to  the  General  Court  a  large  number  of  officers  ob'ipcis  of 
and  soldiers,  with  petitions  to  be  remunerated  for  their   "  services  [!"''  '^  °""* 
and  sufferings. "f     The  claims   involved   the   duties  of  gratitude 
and  justice  ;  and  the  General  Court  directed  lists  to  be   made  of 
all  their  names,  beginning  with  those  in  the  first  expedition  against 
Louisbourg ;  and  directed  a  second  tier  of  townships  eastward  of 
Union  river,  and  all  the   Islands   upon  the   coast,  except   Mount 
Desert,  to  be  surveyed  ; — "  in  order  that  some  further  reward  for 
"  their  brave  services  might  be  given  them  in  the  unappropriated 

*  Council  Rec.  p.  14,  Jour.  H.  of  R.  p.  35. 

f  The  king  by  proclamation  encouraged  these  grants  without  any  pe- 
cuniary exaction  or  terms.— 2  Holmet'  A.  Ann.  p.  263. 


nni 


372  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  11. 

A.D,  i7Gi.'<  lands  of  this  Province." — ^The  demand  for  new  lands  had  now 
greatly   enhanced   their    value  ;  dormant  claims  were    revived  ; 
and  the  Plymouth  proprietors,  for  instance,  thought  their  patent  to 
be  in  fact  above  all   price.     Partaking   of  the  fever,   govei-nment 
ojipointed  again  two  ranging  parties  to  explore  the  bays  and  rivers 
Penobscot  and  St.  Croix. 
Cori'Jiis  01-       At  this  flourishing  period  of  the  colonies,   the  Lords  of  Trade 
L.Ini-,  oi"  ordered  a  census  of  the  inhabitants  to  be  taken,   determining  to 
^'^'^  ^'         know  more  fully  the  extent  of  their  ability  to  bear  taxation.     Ac- 
cordingly the  General  Court  of  Massachusetts  directed  the  select- 
men of  towns,  to  take  and  return   into  the    Secretary's  office   in 
the  course  of  the  year,  a  correct  number  of  the   people,   families 
and    dwellinghouses  ;  Indians   civilized,    negroes,  and  jnolatloes, 
within  the  Province. 
Ti'R  nover-      This  was  evidently   the  cause  which   induced   the  Governor's 
'rj'i,gi'„'j:2„  enquiry    into    the    number   of  the    remaining     eastern     Indians. 
Thougli  his  estimate  be  not  quite  correct ;  the  result,  as  he  stated 
it  to  tlie  General  Coiu-t,  at  the  spriiig  session,  supposed  the   num- 
ber of  VvT.i  liors   at  Norritlgewock   to    be   "  prol)ably   more  tl.an 
30;"  on   Penobscot,  "at   least   CO ;"  and  about  Passamaquoddy, 
*'  at  least  30."     He  said  there  were  two  other  tribes,  "one  settled 
"  at  Wawennock  upon  the  river  Perante  ;  and  the  other  upon  the 
"river  St.  Francois,  both  of  whom  keep  a  constant  communica- 
*'  tion  wiih  our  Norridgewocks   and   Penobscots." — "  The   Pas- 
"  samaquoddy  tribe,  (he  thought,)  belonged  to  the   nation   of  St. 
"  John's  Indians, — a  large  people   consisting   of  many   hundreds, 
"  (the  Indians  say,  some  thousands)  of  warriors."-— The  calcula- 
tion of  the  Governor,  however,   was  manifestly   below  the  true 
census. — For  besides  the  Mickmaks,  the  number   of  the   eastern 
Indians,  including  those  at  St.  John's  river,  must  at  this  time  have 
exceeded   1,500  souls;*   and   according   to  iManack,   a   French 
priest,  the  natives  of  Nova  Scotia  were  now  "  near  3,000."f 
The  census   of  the  Inhabitants,  as    taken,   was  neither  very 


*  See  ante,  A.  D.  1615  to  1675,  vol.  I,  Ckip.  18-^Gor,  Speech,  Jlay,  1764. 
— ]Major  Treat,  a  great  trader  with  the  Indians  at  Penobscot  and  earjy  ac- 
quainted at  Fort  Pownal,  supposes  the  number  of  Indians  on  this  river  after 
this  period  must  have  exceeded  700  souls. 

•}•  ChuhVs  Sktiches  rJ\X.  Brunswick,  p.  100-5. — Manack  was  witli  tlie  In- 
dians 40  years  ;  he  supposed  there  ware,  in  1763,  as  many  as  14  chiefs 
amonj  the  Mickmaks. 


Chap,  xiv.]  of  Maine.  373 

thorough  nor  very  correct.      There   were  many  who  were  not  a.d.  nci. 
without  their  scruples  of  its  being   equally  presumptuous   in   the  Onsus  of 
present  age,  as  in  the   days  of  the   Israelites.      Nor  were  there  ' 
any  orders  for  enumeraling  the    people   in  plantations,  iherefoi'e 
they  wei'e  all  omitted.     But  by  the  census  returned  and   by   esti- 
mation, the  whole  population  in  Maine    was  then   about  24,000 
.souls.* 


*  IjY 

YORK  COL 

•.YTY. 

While.  Inhabits. 

Fam'lies. 

Ilniixex. 

J^'egroes. 

York, 

2,277 

3i7 

272 

5G 

Kiircrv, 

2,353 

372 

288 

62 

Wells/ 

1,563 

251 

219 

34 

Berwick, 

2,:57-l 

364 

222 

44 

Aniiiilel, 

833 

133 

127 

5 

<  Biddeford, 

627 

116 

87 

12 

(  Peppere  boro',  [Saco.] 

533 

9G 

66 

2 

*Towwoli,  [Lebanon.] 

20 

*Pliiilipsto»vn,  [Sandtord,] 

150 

''Buxlon, 

225 
11,145 

C  UJIBE 11  L.I.KB  CO  U.  \''TY. 

Falmoiit]', 

3,770 

58-5 

4G0 

44 

Nortii-Yarmoulh, 

1,079 

188 

154 

IS 

b'carborongh, 

J,272 

201 

200 

15 

Bniiiswiok, 

304 

173 

73 

4 

Uarpsweli, 

S3G 

111 

65 

14 

=*A'ew  Boston,  [Gray,] 

160 

*Ne\v-Gloiiccstcr, 

175 

*VVindliain, 

250 

*Goriiatnlown,  [Pfan.) 

340 

*Piersonfovvn  and  Ttubbs-  ) 

town,  [now  Slandish,]     ^ 

IJ 
fi.lOG 

LIJ\  CO  LjY  CO  UXT  Y. 

I'ownalborongh, 

8S9 

173 

161 

9 

Geortj-elown, 

1,329 

1S4 

18U 

12 

Bowdoinliam, 

220 

37 

38 

1 

AN'oolwicli, 

415 

63 

64 

Newcastle, 

454 

69 

69 

1 

Topsiiarn, 

34(j 

52 

54 

1 

*Gardinertown,  [Hallowcll,  ) 

Gardiner  and  PHtsf.on.']      ^ 

•   200 

^Townsbend,  [BuU/ibay ;]    \ 

1 

Pemaqiiid,  or  Hai'iinirton,   ? 

SCO 

[Bristol;]  and  Walpole,        ) 

^Rroadba}',  Georffekcag-,  "j 

£Thomastou  and  War-        f 

200 

Ten.]  JMedtincook,              / 

^Friendship.]                        \ 

4,347 

23,GS8         3,572  2,78D  332 

Add  Blacks,  332 

Census  published  ill  C.  Cen- 

Total— 24,020  tine.l,  A.  D.  1822. 

In  1764,  the  population  of  Nova  Scotia  was  13,000.-1  Haliburton's  Jf.  S. 
p.  243  :  In  1772,  18,300.— 76.  p.  250. 

N.  B. — Those  of  this  (*)  mark  are  by  estimation. 


374  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  n. 

A.  D.  1764.      The  towns  incorporated  in  1764,  were  Topsham,  January  31  ; 
3  towns  in-   GoRHAM,  Oct.  30  I  and  BooTHBAY,  Nov.   3, — all   being;   planta- 

corporated.     .  ,  °    '■ 

tions  of  considerable  note.* 

Topsham.  Topsham,  bearing  the  name  of  a  town  in  England,  was  so  cal- 
led before  its  incorporation.  In  its  peninsular  form,  it  extends 
on  the  water  to  the  river  Cathance.  Its  territory  is  a  part  of  the 
Pejepscot  purchase.  There  were  at  an  early  period,  probably 
soon  after  Queen  Anne's  war,  three  families  settled  in  Topsham, 
one  at  Fulton's  point,  one  at  Pleasant  point,  and  one  at  the  head 
of  Muddy  river.  They  lived  on  good  terms  with  the  Indians 
till  there  was  a  general  rupture  with  them  ;  when  one  of  the  set- 
tlers, returning  home  and  finding  his  family  murdered,  went  to 
St.  Georges  and  thence  to  Europe.  Giles,  the  one  settled  at 
Pleasant  point  and  his  neighbor  at  Muddy  river,  were  with  their 
families  destroyed,  except  Giles'  children,  who  were  carried  into 
captivity.  The  settlement  was  renewed  in  1730,  by  the  Scotch 
and  Irish  emigrants  ;  and  in  1750,  there  were  in  the  place  18 
families.  By  profession  they  were  presbyterians,  and  in  1 759, 
the  people  built  a  house  for  the  convenience  of  public  worship. f 

iGorham.  Gorham  was  granted,  A.  D.  1735,  in  lieu  of  what  was  called 

one  of  the  Canada  townships,  which  was  found  to  lie  in  New- 
Hampshire,  on  running  the  line  between  this  and  that  Province. 
It  was  so  named  out  of  respect  to  Capt.  John  Gorham, J  who 
was  ancestor  to  some  of  the  grantees.  The  first  settler  was 
Capt.  John  Phinney  ;  whose  fourth  daughter,  Mary  Gorham, i^i 
born  Aug.  13,  1736,  in  the  second  year  of  his  residence  there, 
was  the  first  English  birth  in  the  place.  The  settlers  in  a  short 
time  '  built  a  garrison  on  Fort-hill'  about  a  mile   from  the  pres- 


*  These  were  the  I9th,  2Qth,  and  2lst  towns  corporate  in  this  State. 

^  See  ante,  A.  D.  1725. — A  Church  was  organized  in  1771,  and  Rev. 
Jonathan  Ellis  settled  in  1789.  Topsham  was  for  many  years  connected 
with  Brunswick  in  its  parochial  affairs. — [See  A.  D.  1733.] — The  town 
was  first  represented  in  the  General  Court,  A.  D.  1775,  by  James  Fulton. 
—Letter  of  Rev.  J.  Ellis. 

I  William  Tyng-,  son  of  Commodore  Edward  Tyng-,  sheriff  of  Cumber- 
land county,  from  17  G7  to  1775, — a  refugee  to  Nova  Scotia,  where  he  was 
Chief  Justice  of  the  C,  Com.  Pleas,  removed  to  Gorham  in  1793,  and  died 
there,  Dec.  8, 1807,  a  humane  rnan  and  an  exemplary  christian.  — 10  Coll. 
J\L  His.  Soc.  p.  185. 

5  She  died,  1825,  a  lady  of  great  piety, — the  wife  of  Capt.  James  Irish. 


Chap,  xir.]  of  maine.  375 

ent    village  ;    which    in    the    subsequent    Indian  wars,   was  the  A.  u.  1764. 
asylum  and  only  place  of  safety  for  their  families.* 

Boothhay  is  the  ancient  Cape-newagen  settlement,  situated  Boothbay, 
between  the  Damariscotta  and  Sheepscot.  It  is  supposed  to  have 
been  first  settled  about  1630-1-2; — a  iew  years  after  there 
were  inhabitants  at  Pemaquid.  A  part  or  all  of  the  peninsula 
was  purchased  in  1G66,  of  the  famous  Sagamore  Robinhood,  by 
one  Henry  Curtis;  and  in  1674,  when  the  County  of  Devonshire 
was  established,  this  was  one  of  the  principal  plantations.  It  was 
wholly  overrun  by  the  savages,  in  the  second  Indian  war,  about 
A.  D.  1688  ;  and  subsequently  lay  waste  40  years.  On  its  re- 
vival under  Col.  Dunbar,  in  1729,  he  gave  it  the  name  of  Towns- 
hend.  Rev.  John  Murray,  a  native  of  Ireland,  was  a  burning 
light  to  this  people,  for  15  years  prior  to  1779,  when  he  removed 
to  Newburyport ; — a  minister  whose  piety  was  as  incense  both  at 
the  fireside  and  the  altar. f 


*  Gorham  was  «  Narra^-anset  No.  7."  (See  ante,  A.  D.  1733.)  It  -was 
surveyed  in  1762.— But  there  were  in  tlic  plantation  only  ten  families  in 
1746,  and  reduced  at  one  time  to  four.  The  usual  number  of  persons 
during-  the  5th  Indian  war  was  about  6U  men,  women  and  ciiildren,  besides 
10  soldiers.  For  seven  years,  they  were  mo&liy  confined  to  a  small  fort. 
In  1750,  they  were  visited  with  a  fever,  so  severe,  that  scarcely  one  man 
was  able  to  stand  sentry.  Men  hid  their  .2,'"ns  beside  them  in  tiie  field  ; 
and  when  they  travelled,  it  was  by  nig-ht  (hroug-h  fear  of  an  ambush. 
Yet  Gorham  now  is  a  disting-nished  town,  having-  in  1827,  509  rateable 
polls;  C  mills;  one  cotton  and  one  powder  factory  ;  IS  school  districts  ;  a 
flourishing  academy,  with  ample  funds,  and  a  liandsome  library  ;  four  meet- 
ing- houses — one  for  methodists — one  for  congreg-ationalists — one  for  bap- 
tists— and  one  "  free  meeting  house  ;"  also  six  ministers  of  the  g-ospel.  It 
is  an  agricultural  town — where  are  larg-e  stocks  of  cattle  and  large  or^ 
chards.  The  first  settled  minister  was  Rev  Solomon  Lombard,  ordained 
in  1750.  lie  was  also  the  first  representative  to  the  General  Court,  clioscn 
in  1767.  The  same  year,  Rev.  Josiah  Thatcher  was  ordained  with  a  settle- 
ment of  £100  and  a  salary  of  £80  ;  succeeded  Oct.  1783,  by  Rev.  Caleb 
Jewett;  in  1803  by  Rev.  Jeremiah  Noyes  ;  in  1809  by  Rev.  Asa  Rand.— 
J\1S.  Let.  Hugh  D.  JMcLdlan,  1827. 

t  Boothhay  has  passed  through  great  vicissitudes.  But  "  no  part  of  the 
"  lands  within  that  town  or  Edgecomb  fell  within  the  lines  of  the  three 
"  claims,"  under  Drown,  Tappan  or  Brotcn.  But  Dunbar  claimed  the 
township  till  ousted.  — Com.  Rep.  A.  D.  1811,  p.  24.— Dunbar  made  grants 
to  M'Cobb  and  Rogers,  who  procured  settlers,  whose  "  descendants  form 
"  most  of  the  inhabitants  of  Bootbbay."  Early  reservations  were  made 
for  a  meeting-house  lot,  burying  ground,  and  train  field;  also,  according  to 
usage.  200  acres  for  the  ministry,  and  £100  were  to  be   allowed  and  paid 


3'76  'THE  HISTORY  [VoL.    II.- 

A.  E).  17^5.  The  next  year,  1765,  there  were  two  towns  incorporated,  name-' 
2(owpsin-  ly,  Bristol,  June  18  ;  and  Cape-Elizabeth,  Nov.  1  ;*  the  latter 
eorpoiac  .  ^^j^^  g^ju  y,-,ijgj  ^^.[^^^  Falmouth,  in  the  choice  of  a  Representative 

to  the  General  Court,  eleven  years. 
t5,.i,(j,,  Bristol,  situated  between  Darnariscotta   and   Muscongus,   era- 

braces  the  ancient  Pemaquid,  wliicli  is  more  noted  in  our  early 
history,  than  any  other  eastern  plantation  in  the  State.  A  set- 
tlement was  commenced  on  the  river  of  that  name  near  its  mouth 
in  1626  ;■  the  patent  to  Elbridge  and  Aldsworth  is  dated  Feb.  20, 
1631  ;  and  May  27,  1633,  according  to  Shurte's  testimony,  pos- 
session was  given  "  from  the  head  of  the  river  Damariscotta  to 
'•  the  head  of  the  river  Muscongus,  and  between  them  to  the  sea." 
On  the  eastern  bank  of  the  river  was  the  seat  of  government 
imder  the  patentees,  and  the  site  of  Fort  William  Henry,  built 
of  stone  by  Sir  William  Phips,  in  1692;  prior  to  which  time 
the  settlement  had  been  laid  waste  by  the  savages.  But  under 
the  guns  of  the  fortress,  there  was  a  determinate  purpose  to  pro- 
mote the  babitancy  of  such  as  chose  to  dwell  there,  till  the  gar- 
rison, in  1696,  was  taken  by  the  French.  The  country  lay  un- 
peopled, afterwards  more  than  twenty  years.  A  resettlement 
was  attempted,  about  1717-18  ;  which  was  one  of  the  first  ef- 
fected In  this  eastern  country  after  Queen  Anne's  war.  Dunbar, 
in  1729-30,  repaired  the  fortification  and  called  it  Fort  Freder- 
ick, and  gave  to  the  place  the  name  of  Harrington.  About  the 
time  of  incorporation,  the  people,  who  were  of  Presbyterian  ten- 
ets, voted  to  build  three  meeting-houses,  one  near  the  fort  in 
"  Harrington  parish,"  which  was  soon  erected,  one  north-east- 
wardly  at  "  Broad  Cove  j"  and  one  near  Damariscotta  river,  in 
"Walpole  parish."! 

towards  building  a  meefing--house.  Rev.  Mr.  Murray  was  the  first  settled 
minister.  Hrs  successor  in  1785,  was  Rev.  Mr.  Merril ;  wfio  was  succeed- 
ed in  1789,  by  Mr.  Gould;  in  1796  by  Mr.  Chapin  ;  neither  of  whom  were 
settled.  But  in  1790,  Rev.  John  Sawyer  was  installed  ;  Rev.  J.  P.  Fisher 
in  1808;.  and  Rev.  Mr.  Weston  in  1S18.  Boolhbay  was  first  represented 
in  General  Court,  in  1783  by  Paul  Reed.  As  to  titles  to  lauds;  See  J^ote 
on  Edgecomb,  A.  D.  1794. — See  Greenleaf\  Sketches,  p,  132—145. 

*  These  are  the  22d  and  23d  towns  in  the  State. 

t  See  ante,  A.  D.  1631,  1692, 1729.— 2  Holmes''  A.  Ann.  p.  1 1.— 2  MaVs  M 
E.  p.  118.  The  corporate  name  is  taken  from  the  city  of  Bristol,  the  resi- 
dence  of  the  patentees,  Elbridge  and  Aldsworth.  The  township  fell  under 
the  Brown  and  the  Brown  claims.— Cow.  Rep.  A.  D.  1811 The  settlers  not 


Chap,  xiv.]  of  jviaine.  3'7'7 

The  first  inhabitants  of  Cape-Elizabeth,  which  is  separated  A.  D.  17G5. 
from  the  Peninsula  by  Fore  river,  seated  themselves  opposite  to  Cape  Eliza- 
the  harbor,  upon  Purpooduck  point ;  fi'om  which  the  plantation,  porated."'^ 
commencing  forty-four  years  prior  to  king  Philip's  war,  derived 
its  name.  Among  the  earliest  settlers  at  that  place,  were  several 
brethren  by  the  name  of  Wallace.  Mr.  Jordan  and  family  set- 
tled near  the  mouth  of  the  Spurwink,  which  separates  the  town 
from  Scarborough.  The  settlers  at  Purpooduck  were,  in  the 
third  Indian  war,  "  nearly  all  massacred  by  the  savages."  It  is 
said,  "  50  or  60  dead  persons  were  found"  at  Spurwink  and 
Purpooduck,*  by  the  crew  of  a  visiting  vessel,  "  and  interred  in 
one  vault."  The  settlement  was  resumed  about  the  year  1719- 
20;  a  church  formed  in  1734  ;  the  Rev.  Benjamin  Allen,  settled 
the  same  year ;  and,  in  1752,  the  inhabitants  were  formed  into  a 
parish.  But  in  submission  to  the  Governor's  policy  and  instruc- 
tion, they  were  incorporated  with  only  "  District"  privileges,  and 
thus  disallowed  the  several  and  sole  right  of  representation  in  the 
popular  branch  of  the  Legislature  ;  though  that  body  was  uni- 
formly opposed  to  this  species  of  municipality, — never  satisfied 
with  a  thin  House  ; — two  or  three  towns  in  Lincoln  county,  being 
fined  this  year,  for  neglecting  to  choose  representatives. f     , 

only  suffered  incrcdibh'  in  the  Indian  wars ; — but  in  the  war  of  the  revolu- 
tion "  they  fouglit  under  tiic  idea  Uiat  tliey  were  to  have  tlie  lands,  they 
"  were  defending  ;  and  a  quarter  part  of  the  able  bodied  men  of  Bristol  fell, 
"  either  by  land  or  sea."— fF.  Finders''  lestimnny,  Rep.  p.  157.— Indeed,  there 
never  was  a  braver  people.  Rev.  Kobert  Rutherford,  who  probably  came 
over  with  Dunbar,  preached  to  them  4  or  5  years.  He  died  in  Thomaston, 
in  17oG.  There  was  a  great  revival  of  religion  in  Bristol,  in  1766  ;  when 
a  church  was  gathered  under  the  advisatory  influence  of  Rev.  Mr. 
Murray.  Rev.  Alexander  McLean,  a  native  of  Scotland  and  a  Presbyte- 
rian in  sentiment,  was  settled  in  1773  ;  a  good  preacher  and  excellent 
man.  B}'  reason  of  ill  health  he  was  dismissed,  in  1795.  His  successor 
was  Rev.  William  Riddel,  in  1796;  and  Rev.  J.  Bclden,  in  1807.  Bristol 
was  first  represented  in  the  General  Court,  A.  D.  1775,  by  William  Jones. 
— It  is  the  residence  of  Commodore  Samuel  Tucker,  who  on  a  certain  oc- 
casion, in  1778,  distinguished  himself  so  manfully  in  the  war  of  the  revolu- 
tion, on  a  voyage  to  Europe,  having  on  board  Hon.  John  Adams,  a  foreign 
minister.  *  See  ante,  vol.  II,  this  Hist.  (A.  D.  1703)  p.  43. 

t  In  Cape-Elizabeth,  the  2d  minister  settled,  was  Rev.  Ephraim  Clark, 
who  was  installed  in  1756,  and  died,  1797.  He  was  succeeded  by  Mr.  Wm. 
Grigg.  Cape-Elizabeth,  in  the  choice  of  representatives  joined  with 
Falmouth,  till  1776  ;  but  was  represented  in  the  General  Court  by  James 
Leach,  that  year,  for  the  first  time.  The  town  contains  1.3,000  acres ; 
Vol.  II.  48 


378  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II, 

A.u.  1765,  The  present  was  a  period  of  political  gloom.  No  part  of  the 
A  lime  of  policy  for  raising  a  revenue  in  the  colonies  was  relaxed.  The 
gboi'n.  acts  of  trade  were  enforced,  seizures  were  multiplied,  the  trials 
were  in  the  vice-admiralty  courts,  without  a  jury,  and  if  the 
judge,  perhaps  a  minion  of  the  ministry,  certified  there  was  prob- 
able cause  for  seizing  the  property  libelled,  the  successful  claim- 
ant could  recover  neither  damage  nor  casts.  In  these  direct  and 
predetermined  attacks  upon  our  privileges,  the  wisest  and  best  of 
men,  had  doubts  what  was  the  proper  course  to  be  pursued. 
To  submit,  were  to  take  the  yoke  of  perpetual  servility  upon 
ourselves  and  our  posterity  ; — to  resist,  were  to  commence  a  re- 
volt, by  which  a  long  and  endearing  connexion  would  be  rent  asun- 
der, and  the  country  put  to  the  hazard  of  contest,  with  a  most 
powerful  nation.  As  the  safest  expedient,  resort  was  had  to 
memorials,  filled  with  loyalty  and  complaint,  and  presented 
through  the  medium  of  our  agents,  to  the  British  Court,  But 
all  these  were  in  vain  ;  for,  by  a  rule  of  the  Commons,  '  no  peti- 
'  tion  against  a  money  bill  could  be  received.'  and  in  short,  Par- 
jnmiary  10. jj^j^gj^j    January   10,    17G5,   passed  the  memorable  Stamp-act; 

biamp  act  7  j  '  '    i  j.  , 

passed.  {jy  Yvhich,  all  legal  instruments  and  business  scripts,  made  after 
the  1st  of  November  ensuing,  would  be  invalid,  unless  written 
on  stamp't  parchment  or  paper  ;  the  price  of  which  was  greatly 
enhanced  by  the  duty  exacted.  Its  passage  was  strenuously 
opposed  by  several  members, — one  boldly  styling  American  citi- 
zens '  the  sons  of  Liberty,'  and  predicting  an  uniform  opposition 
among  them  to  the  act.  When  the  news  of  it  arrived,  the  ex- 
citable spirit  foretold  by  the  sagacious  statesman,  diffused  itself, 
like  an  electric  spark,  through  the  continent. 

Nevertheless,  the  Governor,  when  he  met  the  General  Court  in 

May,  endeavored  to  divert  their  attention  from  the  subject,  which 

had  thrown  the  public  into  so  much   agitation  ;    addressing  them 

upon  the  exportation  of  lumber,  fish  and  potash,  and   mentioning 

First  Con-    on^J  matters  of  more  general  concern.     But  the  House  forthwith 

lirNew**''^   proposed  a  Congress  of  deputies  from  each  Colony,  to  meet  in  the 

^*""''-         city  of  New- York,  Oct.  1,  and  consult  upon  the  uncommon  ex- 


— "  soil  red,  brown,  and  black  loam,  some  sand  and  clay,  and  exhibits  10 
orchards."  There  are  in  it  four  meeting-houses;  9  school  districts;  and 
240  voters.  Tlie  bridg-e  that  connects  the  town  with  Portland  is  2,600 
feet  in  length.  This  town  was  taken  from  Falmouth. — MS.  Let.  of  Eben- 
tzer  Thrasher,  Esq.  1821. 


Chap,  xir.]  of  Maine.  379 

igency.     A  very  deep  sense  of  wrong  pervaded  the  whole  people.  A.  D.  17G6. 

In  some  places,  they  burnt  the  bolder  prerogative-men  in  effigy  ; — 

obliged  the  stainp-officers  to  decline  their  appointment,  and  in  the 

burst  of  honest  indignation,  ran  into  some  unjustifiable  excesses. 

In  fact,  when  the  stamped   paper  arrived   at  Boston,  Sept.   26, 

there  was  no  commissioner,  or  person  in  the  Province,   disposed 

to  receive  it: — therefore,  by  order  of  the  Governor,  it  was  lodged 

.  October  1. 

in  the  Castle,     The  Colonial  Congress,  convening  as  proposed, 'j'lieir 

1      1  1     I  J  r  •  7       •       1     •  IT         memorials. 

declared  the  sole  power  oi  taxation  to  be  in  then-  own  assemblies, 

and  prepared  three  several  addresses,  to  the  King,  the  Lords,  and 

the  Commons,  stating  their  grievances  and  praying  for  redress. 

If  the  eastern  Provincials  could  not  by  their  numbers  greatly  The  people 

•'  _  '^  "^  of  Maine. 

swell  the  ranks  of  the  patriots ;  they  could  shew  in  evidence,  as 
good  a  character  for  courage,  union  and  fortitude,  through  the  Sav- 
age wars,  as  any  other  people.  It  was  too,  in  a  spirit  of  true 
loyalty  and  gratitude,  that  they  exulted  so  heartily  in  the  accession 
of  their  present  young  ting  to  the  throne,  and  in  the  late  military 
glory  of  British  arms.  Nay,  though  they  did  not  run  into  equal 
extravagance  and  excess  with  the  inhabitants  of  Boston  and  other 
places  in  the  opposition  ;  they  were  not  less  worthy  of  a  bold 
and  hardy  ancestry,  nor  any  more  flexible  to  the  iron  hand  of 
power.  Taking  deep  interest  in  the  cause  of  liberty  and  the 
public  welfare,  they  hailed  the  event,  with  the  exalted  and  gen- 
eral joy,  which  filled  the  country,  when  the  news  arrived,  in  May, 
1766,  that  the  obnoxious  stamp-act  had,  on  the  18th  of  March,  ^-^  ^''^^^ 
been  repealed.  Particularly  in  Falmouth,  guns  were  fired,  flags  gia^^p^ci 
displayed,  the  church  bell  rung,  and  houses  illuminated; — j^  repealed, 
other  places,  unable  in  their  indigence  to  equal  those  exhibitions, 
the  people  rejoiced  at  the  fireside,  the  table  and  the  family  altar  ; 
and  subsequently  a  day  of  public  thanksgiving  was  observed  on 
account  of  the  repeal.  Even  the  Governor,  in  his  speech.  May 
29,  mentioned  the  same  subject  as  cause  of  congratulation.  But 
still  there  was  an  ingredient  of  extreme  bitterness  in  this  over- 
flowing cup  of  joy  ; — this  was  a  Declaratory  act,  passed  at  the 
time  of  the  repeal,  asserting  the  right  and  power  of  Parliament 
*  to  bind  America  in  all  cases  whatsoever,'  and  annulling  all  the 
resolutions  of  American  Assemblies,  which  had  claimed  the  right 
of  exemption  from  parliamentary  taxation. 

Another  subject  of  considerable  public  importance,  was  that  of  King'i 
the  king's  woods.     A  great  value  was  still  set  upon  them,  though 


380  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.    11. 

A.D,  iTGo.  the  late  northern  conquest  had  widely  added  to  their  extent. 
jMr.  Wentworth,  the  Governor  of  New-Hampshire,  had  now  en- 
joyed the  office  of  surveyorship  twenty-five  years ;  and  till  of 
late  he  had  discharged  the  duties  to  his  own  honor  and  the  general 
acceptahility.  But  he  was  advanced  in  years  ;  his  fortune  was 
made  ;  and  he  had  probably  trusted  too  much  to  his  deputies.  For 
some  of  the  public  officers  had  been  charged  in  England  with 
exacting  exorbitant  fees  for  passing  licenses  and  land-patents ; 
and  when  the  Crown  had  published  a  proclamation  threatening  all 
such  persons  with  removal  from  office,  Wentworth  found  himself 
involved  in  the  charge.  He  had  also  been  accused  of  negligence, 
in  corresponding  with  the  king's  ministers,  and  in  pcrniitting  his 
deputies  to  sell  and  waste  the  king's  timber.  There  is  much 
probability,  that  his  indulgence  or  forbeareance,  was  the  reason 
why  we  have  heard  for  several  years,  no  more  complaints  of  the 

B.  Went-    people  against  him  and   his   deputies.     But  he   escaped   iurther 

worili  sue-    I        1  ~  I  i 

ceeded  by    ccnsurc  bv  a  wise  resic;natIon,  in  August, — beino;  succeeded   by 

J.  Went-  .  •'  b  '  b        5  b  .' 

^vol•lll  MS      his  nephew,  John  fVentworth,  both   to  the   government  of  New- 
tlie  woods.    Hampshire  and  the  surveyorship  oi  the  woods.''' 
Crown  Immediately  connected  with  the  public  timber,  were  the  '  Crown 

Lands'  themselves,    which   foreigners   seemed   to    suppose   were 
*  royal  domains  ;' — j^arlicularly  the  region  north-eastward  of  Mount 
Desert;  and  to  consider  them  as  a  part  of  the  territory   intended 
Prnclama-    by  the  king  in  his  proclamation,   issued  in    1763,   to  be  granted 
"°"'  and  given  unto  the  men  who  had  served  in  the  late  war,  and  been 

disbanded  in  America. f  Each  Colony-Governor  was  empower- 
ed to  make  these  grants  to  such  persons,  without  fee  or  reward  ; 
— subject  only  to  the  usual  conditions  of  cultivation  and  improve- 
ment. "  J/ecAisses" — [now  ^lachias,]  seemed  to  have  attracted 
much  attention,  ever  since  its  situation  first  fell  under  the  eye  of 
visitants,  whether  English  or  French.  In  1633,  the  Plymouth 
Colonists  established  a  trading  house  there  ;  the  French  attempted 
to  settle  it  in  1644;  and  in  1763,  fifteen  men  from  Scarborough, 
encouraged  probably  by  the  Provincial  government,  erected  a 
saw-mill  upon  the  western  river,  and  formed  a  permanent  plan- 
tation.    It  had  a  gradual  increase  ;  and  the  General  Court,  June 


*  2  Belk.  N.  H. 

f  2  Hohnt's  A.  Ann.  p.   264.— To  z  captain,  3,000  ;  a  subaltern  2,000;  a 
private,  50  acres. 


Chap,  xiv.]  of  maine.  381 

15,  1767,  granted  to  Ichabocl  Jones  and   seventy-nine  others,  a  ad   itg?, 
township  upon  the  usual  terms  of  settlement,  uhich  was,  three  .Uiur  15, 
years  afterwards,  fully  confirmed  to  them,  witliout  any  other  license  lownsiiip 
from  the  crown,  than  the  proclamation  mentioned.*     It  might  be  '"'  ' 
this,  which  damped,  or  checked  the  undertaking  of  the  Earl   of 
Catherlough,  Lord  Viscount  Falmouth,  and  Mr.  Francis  Vassalf 
who  proposed,    if  patronized    by    the    General  Court,  to  settle 
the  lands  twelve  miles  in   widtli  on  each   side  of  Machias  river, 
back  50  miles  from  its  mouth,  with  GOO  protestant  families,   con- 
taining at  least   3,000  souls.     About   this    time,    the   survey    of 
Mount  Desert  was  undertaken  and  completedj  and  was  found   to 
contain  100  square  miles,  equal  to  44,000  acres, | 

Early  in  the   summer,    of    17G7,  June  25,   the   plantation   of  l'<^h?in""i  i"- 

corjioialed. 

Towivoh,  was  incorporated  into  a  town  by  the  name  of  Lebanon. 
It  w^as  a  grant  by  the  government,  in  1733;§  and  supposed  to 
have  been  settled,  about  ten  years  afterwards.  Rev.  Isaac  Hasey 
removed  his  family  into  the  township,  in  1747,  where  he  was  sup- 
ported in  the  ministry,  by  the  proprietors,  till  his  ordination,  June 
25,  1765,  and  where  he  dwelt,  beloved  and  respected  by  his 
people,  till  his  death.  || 

Though  hurricanes  are  not  frequent  in  tliis  latitude,  and  very  A  iimri- 
seldom  violent;  there  was  one,  July  31,  winch,  though  not  ex- 
tensive in  its  effects,  did  some  damage.  It  commenced  on  the 
southerly  side  of  Sebago  Pond,  passed  through  Windham,  over 
Duck  Pond,  and  the  contiguous  borders  of  Falmouth  and  North- 
Yarmouth,  unroofed  one  dwellinghouse,  and  prostrated  every 
tree  it  reached,  sweeping  all  before  it,  about  3-4ths  of  a  mile  in 
breadth,  to  the  sea. 

The  high  duties  on  imports  and  the  restrictions  on  trade,  were  -pijp  ppstem 
as  severely  felt  by  the  eastern  people   as  by  any  portion   of  the  P'-"^''^- 
colonists.      Engaged  in   the  lumber  business,  and    in  the  cod- 
fishery,  instead  of  agriculture  and  manufactures,  they  were   dis- 
proportionate consumers  of  foreign    articles.      Lumber   and  fish 


*  Hon.  J.  Jones'  MS.  Let. 

fPerliaps  a  descendant  of  William  Vassal,  one  of  the  fust  Massacliiisetts 
Colony  Assistants.  J  14  Jour.  LI.  of  Rep.  p.  344,  411. 

5  See  ante,  A.  D.  1733. 

11  He  diedin  1812  ;  and  was  succeeded  by  Rev.  Paul  Jewet,  in  1814. 
Lebanon  was  first  represented  in  the  General  Court,  in  1772,  by  Samuel 
Copps.     Lebanon  is  the  24th  town  in  the  State. 


382  THE  HISTORY  [VcL.  II, 

A.  1).  17C7.  vvere  tlie  staples  of  export ;  though  such  large  quantities  of  pot 
and  pearl  ashes  were  sent  to  Great  Britain,  that  a  statute  was 
passed  about  this  time,  to  prevent  fraud  in  the  manufacture  and 
sale  of  them.  Most  people  were  in  debt ;  and  it  has  been  re- 
marked, that  manual  laborers  in  the  business  of  lumbering,  though 
fascinated  with  the  prospect  of  large  emoluments,  never  amass 
wealth.  Few  of  the  eastern  people  were  ])ossessors  of  very  con- 
siderable estates  ;  all  had  been  encouraged  to  expect  some  relief 
from  taxation,  as  well  as  rest  from  war,  whenever  Canada  should 
be  reduced,  and  the  Indians  subdued ;  and  therefore,  many  of 
them  were  more  unwilling  than  other  colonists,  to  submit  to  any- 
new  and  needless  burdens. 

Pariiamen-       Parliament,  however,  in  nursuins;  the  ministerial  plan   of  taxa- 

lary  duties      .  ,  .  .  . 

oil  paper,    tion,  passed  an  act,  June  29,  imposing  a  duty  to  be  paid   by  the 

ginss-,  paints  .  ■  ,         ^  i  •  i 

and  ?tui,iin- colonists  on  all  paper,  glass,  painters  colors  and  teas,  miportea 
into  this  country  ;  premising  in  the  preamble,  that  the  duty  vvas 
laid  "  for  the  better  suppoit  of  government   and  the   administra- 

The  Crown  ttou  of  the  Colonies."      One   clause  of  the   act   authorized   the 

authorized     ,-,  , 

to  rcjfiiiaie   Crown,  by  warrants  under  the  sign  manual,  to  establish  a  gener- 
feesof  of-    al  Civil  List  throughout  every  Province  of  North  America,   with 
such  salaries,  pensions,   and   pecuniary   stipends   or   rewards,   as 
he  might  be  pleased  to  order  and    appoint — providing,  that  after 
the  warrants  so  issued,  for  what    might  be   "  thought  proper   and 
necessary,"  were  satisfied,  the  residue  of  such  revenue  should  be 
at  the  disposal  of  Parliament.     The  duties  were  to   take   place, 
Nov.  21,  ensuing,  and  a  custom-house  office  and  board  of  Com- 
missioners were  established  in  America,   three  of  whom    arrived 
in  season  to  execute  the  trust  reposed  in  them, 
A.D.  17G8.      These  measures  the  colonists  pronounced   oppressive   and   the 
Feb.  11.      appointments    unconstitutional:    therefore,    the    General    Court, 

Circulars  '  '  i         r     i  •  r^    i 

in  union       Feb.  11,  1768,  sent  a  circular  letter  to  each  of  the  sister  Colo- 

for  redress.       .  .  .       .  .     ,  , 

nies,  earnestly  pressing  upon  them  "to  unite  in  suitable  measures 
to  obtain  redress."  Aroused  to  a  height  of  indignation  by  these 
circulars,  the  ministry  condemned  them  as  "  highly  inflammatory 
and  tending  to  sedition  ;"  and  commanded  the  House,  at  the 
spring  session,  through  Governor  Bernard,  to  rescind  them 
without  delay.  But  as  they  persisted  boldly  in  their  refusal, — 
he  dissolved  the  General  Court,  and  protested  against  calling 
another. 

Opposed,  as  the  Governor  was,  to  any  legislative  acts,  by  which 


Chap,  xiv.]  of  maine.  383 

thfi  House  of  Representatives  might  be  enlarged  ;  it  is  not  strange  AiD.  1768. 
that  there   was  only  one  town   incorporated   in    1768, — none  in  Sandford 

mi  •  1  r<  iiicorporal' 

the  two  succeeding  years.  The  one  now  estabhshed,  was  SAND-ed. 
FORD,  Feb.  23,  which  to  this  time  was  the  plantation  of  Phil- 
lipstown.  The  introduction  of  these  names  arose  from  the  facts, 
that  Major  William  Phillips,  A.  D.  1661-4,  took  from  Fluellen 
Hobinowill  and  Captain  Sunday,  Indian  chiefs  of  Saco  river  and 
Newichawannock,  several  quit-claim  deeds  of  a  territory,  ex- 
tending from  the  river  Saco  to  Berwick  and  Lebanon,  and  from 
the  rear  line  of  Welis.  (exclusive  of  Lyman,)  so  l^ir  back  as  ta 
embrace  about  four  townships  of  the  usual  size  ;*  that  the  pur- 
chase, with  revised  bounds,  was  in  1670,  confirmed  by  Sir  Fer- 
dinando  Gorges,  to  the  grantee  or  his  son,  Nathaniel  Piiillips  of 
Saco;  that  ]\Irs.  Phillips,  the  iNlajor's  wife,  devised  by  will,  Sept. 
29,  1696,  to  Peleg  Sand  ford,  a  son  by  her  former  husband,  what 
the  Major  had  given  to  her — and  what  was  included  in  the  town 
now  incorporated,  Sandford.  The  first  permanent  settlement 
was  effected  about  the  year,  1740.  The  second  Baptist  society 
formed  in  the  State,  was  established  here  in  September,  1772; 
and  a  congregational  parish,  in  1788,  of  which  Rev.  Moses 
Swett  was  the  settled  minister  forty-four  years. f 


*  These  were  Phillipstown,  now  Sanford,  and  Alfred;  Massabesec,  now 
Waterboroujh  ;  a  section  of  Little  Falls  plantation,  or  norihem  part  of 
Pliiljipsb'.irgh,  now  Holiis,  and  a  part  of  Liminjton.  Fluellen  also  sold 
the  territory  of  Lyman,  to  Saunders  and  others,  in  1660.  Ilobinowill's 
conveyance  extended  to  Capt.  Sunday's  Rocks,  which  are  described 
as  '  three  Hills  of  Rocks,'  irnpreg-nated  with  ising'lass,  quite  shining,  and 
Avere  supposed  to  be  in  Liming-ton. — Folsom,  p.   1C4-5. 

f  Sandford^  the  25th  town  in  the  State,  embraced  27,000  acres,  till  divid- 
ed, and  Alfred  incorporated,  Feb.  4,  ]794.  There  are  within  (he  town, 
Dearing',  Curtis,  Fish,  Sand,  Duck,  Eel,  Old,  and  in  part,  Conny  Beag*, 
Ponds.  The  place  was  sometimes  called,  JMousum, — from  the  river  which 
issues  out  of  Great  pond  in  Shapleig-h,  and  runs  through  Sandford,  afford- 
ing- remarkablj'  fine  mill  sites.  The  soil,  especially  on  the  ridges,  is  deep 
and  g-ood  ;  and  the  town  exhibits  fruitful  orchards.  It  was  first  represented 
in  the  General  Court,  A.  D.  1785,  by  Caltb  Emery. — The  first  English 
birth  in  the  place  was  that  of  Ephraim  Low's  daughter,  July  28,  1742. — 
The  "  Piclure  Tree,''''  took  its  name  from  this  circumstance  : — A  little 
daughter  of  Peter  Morrell,  in  Berwick,  while  gathering  low-hemlock, 
discovered  a  party  of  Indians,  and  screamed ;  when  they,  to  prevent  an 
alarm,  cut  off  her  head  and  carried  it  to  Sand-pond,  where  they  engraved 
the  child's  image  on  an  antiquated  pine. — MS.  Let.  of  E.  Allen  and  W, 
L.  JFalker,  Esqrt. 


384 


THE  fllSTORY 


[V 


OL.   II. 


The  Penob 
scot  coun- 
try. 


A.D.  17GS,  The  increase  and  entension  of  settlements  in  the  Penobscot 
country,  liad  become  so  affronting  to  the  Tarratines,  that  some  of 
them  be2;an  to  ntter  bold  threats  against  their  progress.  Hence, 
the  Governor  told  the  House,  that  a  chaplain  ought  to  be  under 
constant  pay  at  Fort  Pownal,  who  might  preach  to  the  settlers  in 
the  audience  of  the  Indians  ;  for,  added  he,  there  is  no  "  minis- 
"ter  of  the  gospel  within  a  circle  of  100  miles  diameter,  now 
''  generally  peopled  though  but  thinly  ;  and  the  settlers  of  them- 
"  selves,  were  unable  to  maintain  one."  Nay,  if  the  claim  to  the 
territory  eastward  of  Penobscot  river,  were  to  be  maintained  against 
the  natives,  and  the  improvement  of  it  promoted  by  an  enterprizing 
population,  the  fortress,  he  said,  must  be  made  a  more  respecta- 
ble establishment.  Happily  agreeing  with  him  in  his  eastern  pol- 
itics, the  General  Court  augmented  the  garrison,  from  12  to  20 
men,  and  provided  for  the  support  of  a  chaplain,  at  the  expense  of 
£4  by  the  month. 

As  the  Governor  refused  to  issue  precepts  for  a  new  Legisla- 
ture without  his  Majesty's  command  ;  a  Convention  of  delegates 
met  at  Boston,  Sept.  22,  at  the  instance  of  its  selectmen  ;  in 
which  more  than  100  towns  of  the  Province  were  represented, 
General  Preble  being  the  member  from  Falmouth.  Never  was 
there  in  the  Province  an  assemblage  of  more  sensible,  consider- 
ate men,  and  firmer  patriots.  They  deliberated  upon  the  subject 
of  their  grievances  and  the  best  constitutional  means  of  seeking 
redress ;  expressed  an  utter  aversion  both  to  parliamentary  in- 
direct taxes  or  exactions,  and  standing  armies ;  and  recommend- 
ed a  manly  and  orderly  defence  of  their  rights,  whether  it  brought 
relief,  or  led  to  resistance.*  An  able  writer  in  the  London  maga- 
zine, on  reading  the  essays  and  addresses  printed  at  this  period, 
observes  ; — "  there  is  such  just  and  cogent  reasoning,  and  such 
a  spirit  of  liberty  breathing  through  the  whole  of  the  American 
productions  upon  the  subject  of  civil  rights,  as  would  not  have 
disgraced  ancient  Greece  or  Rome,  when  struggling  against  op- 
pression." 

To  crush  these  rising  energies  of  feeling,  sentiment,  and  ex- 
pression in  Massachusetts,  considered  in  England  the  base  devices 


A  Prnvin- 
cial  Con- 
veiilioa  in 
Ikislon. 
Sept.  "2. 


British 
trocps  sta- 
tioned ia 
Boston. 


*  A  part  of  the  instructions  given  by  Falmouth  to  General  Preble, 
ran  thus — "  in  all  your  consultations  in  said  Convention,  it  is  the  desire  of 
*'  the  town,  that  you  advise  to  the  most  mild  and  peaceable  measures-** 
— Smithes  Journal  Appx.  p.  17. 


Chap,  xiv.]  of  Maine.  3g5 

of  faction,  and  to  aid  the  civil  authority,  supposed  to  be  too  feeble  a.  d,  1768. 
to  support  government,  a  fleet  from  Halifax  brought  700  troops, 
who  were  landed  in  Boston,  Sept.  28,  under  cover  of  the  cannon, 
and  marched,  with  muskets  loaded  and  bayonets  fixed,  into  the 
common.  Shocked  by  this  array  of  an  armed  soldiery,  the  town 
was  necessarily  thrown  into  great  confusion.  The  sentinels  chal- 
lenged the  inhabitants  as  they  passed  ;  and  the  result  was  an  in- 
creasing, mutual  hostility  and  hatred.  In  the  meantime.  General 
Thomas  Gage,  who  still  commanded  in  America,  arrived  at  Bos- 
ton, perhaps  to  enforce  the  orders  of  the  ministry,  by  which  the 
Governor  was  directed  to  remove  every  magistrate  and  other  offi- 
cer from  all  official  trust,  who  were  unmindful  of  their  oath  and 
duty  to  their  prince,  and  to  appoint  in  their  places  such  of  his 
good  and  loyal  subjects,  as  were  faithful  to  his  government. 

Influenced  by  the  ministerial  commands,  as  well  as  by  his  own  A.D.  1769. 
ill-will,  the  Governor  gave  his  negative,  at  the  May  election,  1769,  S'lweeir*^ 
to  eleven  of  the  new  elected  Councillors  ;  and  because  the  House  ^"\  ^T 

'  nard  and 

protested  to  him  against  the  military  guard,  stationed  at  the  door  ^^^  House, 
of  the  State  House,  and  complained  of  it,  as   a   measure   utterly 
inconsistent    with    the    freedom    and    dignity    of   debate,    in    all 
legislative  assemblies,  he  adjourned  the  General   Court  to   Cam- 
bridge.    A  scene  of  severe  altercation  ensued  between  him   and 
the  House  through  a  long  session  ;  in  which   they   resolved,   that 
the  sending  of  an  armed  force  into  the  colony,  under  pretence  of 
assisting  '  the  civil  authority,'  was  highly  dangerous  to  the  people, 
unprecedented  and  unconstitutional ;  and  that  they  never  should 
make  any  provision  for  quartering  the  troops,  though  it  were  so 
strongly  and  perseveringly  urged  by  bis  repeated  messages.     Un-  Aug.  i. 
able,  as  he  found  himself,  to  carry  a  single  point,   he  adjourned  ^n°ciieaves 
the  General  Court  to  January;    and   embarked,   August   1,   for  l*^"  ^''■''^' 
England,  in  disgust. — Governor  Bernard  left  few  friends  of   any 
party.     Nay,  men  of  such  arbitrary  principles  and  supreme   sel- 
fishness seldom  secure  to  themselves,  either  the  friendships  which 
give  charm  to  social  life,  or  which  follow  them  with  afiection  and 
respect  into  retirement.* 

The  trade  between  Great  Britain  and  her  Colonies,  on  an  ave-  Commerce, 
rage  of  three  past  years,  employed  1,078  ships,  and  28,910  sea- 

*  He  died  in  England,  in   1779.     He  was  Governor  of  Massachusetts 
Province,  nine  years. 

Vol.  II.  49 


386  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II- 

A.  D.  1769.  men.     The  value  of  goods  exported  thither  and  elsewhere,   on 

the  same  average,   was   £3,924,606   sterling ;    and   the   imports 

into  the  Colonies,  principally  from  Great  Britain,  were  £3,370,900 

sterling.*     But  the  embarrassments  began  to  operate   as  checks 

to  trade,  ship-building,  and  the  fisheries ; — seamen  found  employ 

proportionably  difficult  to   be   obtained  ; — and   consequently  the 

eastern  people  met  with  more   trouble   in   furnishing  themselves 

with  supplies.     The  agreements  were  more  sedulously  renewed 

against  the  importation  of  British  goods  ;    and   all   persons  were 

declared  adversaries  of  the  public  welfare,  who  refused  to  unite. 

A.  D.  1770.      There  was,  however,  about  this  time,  some  change  in  the  minis- 

pcai'cd  oir  try,  which  was  followed  by  a  repeal  of  the  duties  on  most  of  the 

clesl'excepi  ^^ticles  taxed,  except  teas  ;f — an  exception  designed  in  England, 

teas.  j^g  ^  perpetual  claim  of  right  to  tax  the  Colonies  ;    and  rendered 

effectual   in   America,   to   keep    alive    the    flame    of   patriotism. 

Hence  associations  were  extensively   formed    '  to  drink  no  tea, 

'  until  the  act  imposing  the  duty  should  be  repealed.' 

Connected  as  these  eastern  Provinces  were,  in  all  the  political 
concerns  of  Massachusetts,  an  omission  to  mention  some  par- 
Bosionivias- ticulars  of  the  '■Boston  Massacre,''  as  it  has  been  called,  could 
not  be  excused.  It  happened,  ]Monday  evening,  March  5,  in 
King-street.  One  of  the  soldiers,  being  insulted  by  the  populace, 
discharged  his  gun,  without  doing  any  harm ;  when  another  re- 
ceiving a  blow,  shot  at  the  aggressor,  and  six  of  his  fellows,  in- 
stantly firing,  killed  three  of  the  inhabitants  and  mortally  wounded 
a  fourth. — At  the  funeral  of  those  fallen  men,  there  was  an  im- 
mense concourse,  filled  with  deep  toned  lamentations ;  and  at  the 
next  term  of  the  Superior  Court,  the  Captain  and  six  soldiers 
were  tried  on  a  charge  of  manslaughter,  and  two  were  convicted  ; 
who  according  to  the  laws  of  the  times,  were  branded  in  the 
hand  and  set  at  liberty.  For  several  years,  the  day  of  the  mas- 
sacre was  commemorated  in  Boston,  by  spirited  and  eloquent 
orations  to  very  crowded  auditories. 
Lieutenant  On  the  departure  of  Bernard,  Lieutenant-Governor  Hutch- 
Hutchinson.  insonJ  again  took  the  executive  chair  ;  determined  by  force   of 


*  2  Holmes'  A.  Ann.  p.  293.     |  Date  of  the  repeal  was  April  12,  1770. 

J  Governor  Thomas  Hutchinson  was  born  in  Boston,  1711;  graduated 
at  Harvard  College,  1727  ;  a  Representative  in  1740,  fiom  his  native  town, 
and  Speaker  of  the  House  in  1747.  He  had  the  charms  of  oratory  be- 
yond any  man  in  the  Assembly.     In  1750,  he  was  chosen  into  the  Council ;, 


Chap,  xiv.]  of  maine.  387 

prerogative,  by  management  and  by  address,  to  prostrate  all  oppo-  a.  d.  1770. 
sition.  Possessing  wealth,  talents,  and  learning,  he  aspired  to  the 
rank  of  nobility,  which  he  once  intimated  he  had  been  encour- 
aged to  expect.  No  arguments  of  the  House,  for  more  than  May. 
two  years,  could  induce  him  to  remove  the  seat  of  legislation  from 
Cambridge  to  Boston.  In  a  revision  of  the  military  system,  some 
regiments  were  found  already  destitute  of  officers;  great  numbers 
of  young  men,  old  enough  to  bear  arms,  had  not  been  enrolled  in 
the  trainbands  ;  military  musters  and  discipline  had  been  grossly 
neglected ;  and  therefore  a  bill  was  passed  by  both  Houses  for 
the  improvement  of  the  Militia ;  but  this  was  a  branch  of  gov- 
ernment, which  the  creatures  of  arbitrary  power,  both  disliked 
and  feared,  and  Hutchinson  declined  giving  his  signature  to  the 
bill. 

He  chose  rather  to  call   the   attention  of  the   General  Court  p^,,,jj, 
to  the  public  lands  eastward  of  Kennebeck,  stating,  that  settlers  '^"''s- 
were    by    no    means    confined    to    the    conditional  grants  lately 
made ;   but  others,  either  under  color  of  legislative  patronage   or 
without  any  pretence  of  tide  or  license  whatever,   had   entered 
upon  parcels  of  large  tracts.     All  these  were,  by  the  express  terms 
of  the   charter,  he  said,   direct  encroachments, — without  the  ex- 
press approbation  of  the  crown  ;  therefore   they  demanded   the 
special  consideration  of  the  General  Court.     Any  longer  silence, 
he  thought,  would  be  considered  as  a  virtual  encouragement  "  to 
"  the  waste    and  destruction  of  the    king's  timber" — those    lofty 
mast-trees  so  essential  to  the  naval   strength  of  the  realm.     He 
was  opposed  to  these  unauthorized  possessions,  and  recommend- 
ed a  prosecution  of  trespassers,  and  more  provident  care  of  the 
royal  woods.     He  highly  approved   of  the  establishment  at  Fort  p^^,  p^^, 
Pownal,  and  urged  it  upon  the  House  as   a   duty,  to  keep    it  in  ""'• 
the  best  possible  condition  for  trade  with  the  natives,  and  the  se- 
curity  of   the   settlers.      Accordingly,  some  improvement   took 

in  1756,  a  Judge  of  the  Superior  Court,  and  in  1760,  Chief  Justice.  From 
1758  to  1770,  he  was  Lieutenant-Governor.  When  Pownal  left  the  chair, 
in  1760,  Hutchinson  acted  as  Chief  Magistrate,  a  part  of  the  year,  till  Gov- 
ernor Bernard's  arrival.  He  again  took  the  chair  in  1770,  and  was  com- 
missioned Governor  the  same  year.  He  was  superseded  in  1774,  by  Gov- 
ernor Gage  ;  and  went  to  England,  where  he  died,  June  3,  1780,  aged  69 
years. — Poit^  1772,  note  to  Saco,  see. 


388  TII^  HISTORY  [Vol.  II. 

A.  u,  1770.  place  ;  and  Capt.  Goldthwait  was  superseded  in  the  command 
by  John  Preble. 

Change  of  There  were  some  other  changes  made.  Francis  Waldo,  Esq. 
was  appointed  collector  of  the  customs  at  Falmouth ;  Mr.  Gush- 
ing, commissioner ;  and  on  the  death  of  Samuel  Waldo,*  Judge 
of  Probate  for  Cumberland  County, — Enoch  Freeman  was  com- 
missioned to  that  office.     All  superfluities  and  extravagance  were 

Mechanic     discountenanced  ; — all   mechanic  arts,  manufactures  and   econo- 

aris.     .  _  '  ' 

mics  were  encouraged  ;  so  that  gentlemen  were  enabled  to  appear 
handsomely  clad  in  garments  of  their  own  country's  fabric ;  and 
all  the  people  found,  they  could  live  quite  comfortably,  though 
they  purchased  no  foreign  articles  for  domestic  use.  The  gloom, 
occasioned  by  the  early  drought  of  summer,  was  changed  by 
copious  showers,  into  a  prospect  of  plenty  in  the  autumn  ;  and 
likewise  upon  our  ))oliiical  affairs,  hitiierto  so  much  darkened  by 
ministerial  politics,  there  was  an  imaginary,  or  anticipated  dawn 
of  more  unclouded  light. 
A.  D.  1771.  At  the  ]\Iay  election,  Mr.  Hutchinson  first  met  the  Gen- 
Mr.  Hutch-  eral  Court  in  his  official  character  as  Governor,  though  he  had 

iRSon,  Gov-  .        ,   ,  .  . 

eriior.  received  his  appouitment  some  months  before.  Ample  provision 
having  been  lately  made  for  remunerating  his   services,  by    the 

,  crown ;  he  was  thus  rendered  independent  of  the  General  Court, 

and  under  no  necessity  of  asking  them  for  any  pecuniary  favors 
whatsoever.  The  offer,  however,  and  acceptance  of  a  salary  from 
that  source,  apparently  designed  to  relieve  him  from  all  responsi- 

*  Col.  Samuel  Waldo,  a  son  of  the  General,  died  at  Falmoutli,  April  IG, 
1770,  and  wns  buried  with  military  honors; — afterwards  removed  to  Bos- 
ton. General  Waldo  was  born  in  England,  a  man  personable,  tall  of  stat- 
ure, and  of  lig'iit  complexion.  [See  ante,  A.  D.  1745, 1759.]  He  had  three 
sons,  Samuel,  Fi-ancis,  and  Ralph.  Samuel,  (now  deceased)  married  a 
daug-hter  of  Jolin  Erving- of  Boston,  and  left  three  children,  Samuel  who 
died  young  at  Portland  ;  and  two  daughters,  one  married  Mr.  V/olcott  of 
Connecticut;  and  the  other,  Judge  William  Wetmore  of  Boston.  To  Mr. 
Wetmore's  wife,  as  heiress  or  devisee,  belongs  Orphan  Island,  in  Penobscot 
river.  Francis,  the  Collector,  was  never  married.  He  7-e(ired  to  the 
British  when  Falmouth  was  burnt  and  never  returned.  Ralph  died  un- 
married, when  about  twetitj*  years  of  age.  Their  sister  married  Thomas 
Fluker,  Secretary  of  the  Province.  ?he  had  one  daughter,  who  was  (he 
wife  of  General  Ilcnry  Knox,  and  inherited  a  large  share  of  the  Waldo 
patent, — a  woman  of  strong  mind,  of  fine  education,  and  of  lofty  manners. 
Their  children  survived  liei', — viz.  Henry  and  two  daughters — one  of  them, 
the  wife  of  Hon.  Ebenezer  Thatcher  of  Thoinaston, — several  years  a 
Judge  of  the  Circuit  Court  of  Common  Pleas. 


Chap,  xiv.]  of  maine.  389 

bility  to  tlie  people,  greatly  inflamed  their  jealousies,  and  forfeited  a.d.  rni. 
the  remaining  confidence  of  his  fi-iends — or  those  who  were  foes 
to  arbitrary  domination.  So  deaf  had  he  become  to  the  voice  of 
liberty,  and  so  punctilious  to  the  dictates  of  the  ministry,  that 
many  of  the  high-toned  and  more  discerning  patriots,  were  ready 
to  denounce  him  as  a  traitor  to  the  country,  that  had  given  him 
birth,  and  crowned  his  years  with  riches  and  honors. 

To  assure  in  a  erreater   degree   the  favor  of  the  ministry,   he  He  oppose* 

°.  °  •'  thescule- 

again,  as  some  of  his  predecessors  had  repeatedly  done,  brought  ments  on 
before  the  General  Court  the  territory  of  Sagadahock,  the  pos-  Uock. 
sessions  taken  there  by  settlers,  and  the  abounding  timber. — "  I 
"  am  required,"  he  says,  "  by  the  king  to  recommend  the  subject  to 
"  your  serious  consideration.  I  think  the  people  deceive  them- 
^'  selves,  with  a  groundless  expectation  of  acquiring  a  title  by 
"  force  of  possession.  I  know  his  Majesty  is  displeased  with 
"  such  proceedings.  I  have  reason  to  apprehend,  that  a  longer 
"  neglect  of  effectual  measures  on  our  part,  to  prevent  further  in- 
"  trusions,  and  to  remove  those  already  made,  will  cause  an  in- 
"terposition  of  Parliament, — to  preserve  the  possession  of  the 
"  country  for  the  sake  of  theUimber,  with  which  it  is  said  to 
"  abound." — But  the  Legislature  could  not  be  made  to  believe, 
that  there  were  any  prominent  circumstances  which  required  their 
special  interposition.  The  grants  to  settlers,  they  said,  were  con- 
ditional, till  confirmed  by  the  crown.  .  There  was  a  surveyor- 
general  of  the  royal  woods,  invested  with  the  power  of  appoint- 
ing deputies,  to  whom  the  laws  were  auxiliary  and  the  courts 
accessible,  and  if  there  were  those,  who  were  guilty  of  trespass  or 
intrusion,  they  knew  what  were  the  charter  and  legal  penalties, 
and  the  crown  officers  knew  their  duty. 

There  was  at  this  period  no  disposition  in  the  popular  branch  -j'^eir  in- 
to arm  the  agents  of  the  ministry  with  additional  powers,  or  afford  ,7,e7>euob- 
them  any  special  facilities  in  the  execution  of  their  trust.     Gov-  i^°,'),igbg(,|j 
ernor  Pownal  himself,  it  was  known,  had  been   an  advocate  for 
the  grants,  and  a  patron  of  the  settlements.     They  were  now  ex- 
tending along  the   banks  of  the   Penobscot    to    the  head   of  the 
tide  ;  and  through  the  efforts  and   influence  of    the   Plymouth 
proprietors,  the  settlers  upon  the  borders  of  the  river  Kennebeck, 
from  the  southerly  limits  of  their  patent  to  Teconnet,  had  since 


390  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II. 

A.  D.  1771.  the  reduction  of  Quebec,  increased  in  number  beyond  a  paral- 
lel.* 

Four  towns       ^°"^"  incorporations  of  towns  upon  Kennebeck  river,  bear  date 

mcorporat-  the  Same  day,  April  2G,  1771  ;  and  embrace  a  territory  of  325 
square  miles.  These  were  Hallowell,  Vassalborough, 
WiNSLOw,  and  Winthrop,!  ^ach  of  them,  except  the  last,  lying 
in  about  equal  widths  on  each  side  of  the  river.  The  first  was 
named  for  the  Hallowell  family,  who  were  among  the  Plymouth 
proprietors ;  the  second  probably  for  William  Vassal,  one  of  the 
first  Colony  Assistants  of  Massachusetts,  or  some  of  his  descend- 
ants ;  the  third  for  General  John  Winslow,J  who  had  command 
of  the  expedition  employed  in  the  erection  of  Fort  Halifax;  and 
the  fourth  for  a  family  '  more  eminent  for  their  talents,  learning, 
and  honors,  than  any  other  in  New-England.' 

Hallowell.  ^"  Hallowell,§  which,  when  first  incorporated,  embraced  the 
present  Augusta,  a  settlement  was  resumed  at  the  latter  place, 
[then  Cushnoc,]  in  the  vicinity  of  the  fort  or  block-house,  shortly 
after  the  establishment  of  that  fortification,  in  1754;  and  some 
years  later,  at  the  "  Hook,"  where  the  village  of  Hallowell  is  now  sit- 

*  In  A.  D.  1768,  there  were  "  not  more  than  ten  white  inhabitants"  in 
Vassalboroug-h  and  Sidney. — J\IS,  Letter. 

■}■  These  were  the  26th,  the  27th,  the  28lh,  and  the  29th  corporate  towns 
in  the  State. 

I  General  Winslow  commanded  a  company  in  the  regiment  sent  to  Cuba, 
in  1740.  He  disting:uished  himself  in  the  expeditions  to  Kennebeck  and 
Nova  Scotia,  in  1754-5  ;  and  died  at  Hingham,  in  1774,  aged  71. 

J  HaUowell  was  divided,  A.  D.  1797.  See  "  Augusta,^'' — for  early  set- 
tlement  Sec  JVinthrop''s  Journal^  p.  64,     Penhaliovys  Indian    Wars,  in  1 

JV.  H.  Hist.  Soc.  p.  88.  Ken.  Claims,  p.  15.— In  1794,  June  14,  Hallowell 
was  formed  into  the  Soutli,  JMiddle.  and  JN'nrth  Parishes.  The  two  latter 
were  within  the  present  Augusta.  A  church  was  formed  about  1772  ;  and 
in  May,  1786,  Mr.  Isaac  Foster  was  settled.  His  ministry  continued  about 
two  years.  The  next  year  after  the  town  was  formed  into  Parishes,  viz. 
in  August,  1795,  Rev.  Eliphalet  Gillet  was  ordained  the  first  minister  of 
the  South  Parish.  The  town  was  first  represented  in  the  General  Court,  or 
rather  the  "  Provincial  Congress,"  A.  D.  1775,  by  William  Howard. — 
"  Hallowell  Academy"  was  established  March  5,  1791. — The  first  Bank 
there  was  the  "  Hallowell  and  Augusta  Bank,"  established  March  6,  1804, 
with  a  capital  of  $200,000. — Hallowell  embraces  upwards  of  24,000  acres 
of  land — 3-4ths  of  which  have  not  yet  been  brought  into  a  state  of  im- 
provement. In  182),  there  were  in  the  town  about  280  dwellinghouses, 
two  thirds  of  which  were  in  the  village,  a  very  flourishing  place.  There 
were  then  about  100  warehouses,  stores  and  shops ;  62,334  superficial  feet 
of  wharf;  and  nearly  4,000  tons  ot  shipping  owned. 


Chap.  XIV.]  OF  maine.  391 

uated.     Here  had  been  inhabitants,  or   resident  traders,  at  least  a.  D.  1771. 

one  hundred  and  twenty  years  before  the  present  incorporation. 

But  the  place  was  depopulated  in  the  first  Indian  war  ;  resumed 

before  the  second,  and  again,  after  the  peace  of  1713;  though 

the  inhabitants  were  unable  to  defend  thennselves  against  the  bold 

tribe  of  Indians  seated  at  Norridgewock.     The  original  lots    in 

the  present  Hallowell,  on  the  west  side  of  the  river,   were   four, 

each  a  mile  wide,  extending  from  the   river   to  Winthrop   pond. 

Two  were  granted,  in  17G0,  to  Dr.  Gardiner,  one   to   Mr.   Pitts, 

and  one    to   Mr.    Hallowell,   two  of  the    Plymouth    proprietors. 

The  same  year.  Dr.  Gardiner  erected  a  grist-mill  at  the  mouth  of 

Cobbessecontee  river ;  and  this,  for   many  years,  was  the   only 

place,  at  which  the  inhabitants  on  the   river  above,  were   able  to 

procure  the  grinding  of  their  corn  and  grain.* 

Vassalborough,  when  incorporated,  embraced  the  present  Vassaibo- 
town  of  Sidney.  The  settlements  on  both  sides  of  the  river 
were  commenced  about  the  year  1 760 ;  and  the  town  was  sur- 
veyed and  allotted  the  succeeding  year,  according  to  the  plan  of 
Nathan  Winslow.  In  1768,  there  were  only  ten  families  in  the 
township;  yet,  in  1771,  the  inhabitants  voted  "to  raise  £30, 
lawful  money,  for  the  support  of  a  minister  and  other  necessary 
charges."  "  At  a  public  town-meeting  in  January,  1775,  Den- 
nis Getchell  was  chosen  Captain  of  said  town  for  the  emergency 
of  the  times."  The  same  year,  his  brother  John  was  pilot  to 
the  party  under  General  Arnold,  in  their  memorable  route  through 
the  wilderness  to  Canada. f 

=*■  MS.  Let.  of  R.  H.  Gardiner,  Esq. 

■\  Vassalborough  was  divided,  January  30,  1792. — \_Scc  Sidney.]^The 
present  Vassalboroug-ii  contains  28,000  acres  ;  two  ponds,  the  north  one  is  12 
mile  pond  ; — S.  E.,  Webber's  pond.  In  182 1,  there  were  in  town,  5  meeting- 
houses, one  for  congregationalists,  one  for  baptists,  one  for  methodists 
and  two  for  friends, — one  fourth  at  least  of  the  inhabitants,  belonging  to 
their  society.  Rev.  Mr.  Scales  was  the  first  preacher  ;  and  in  1818,  Rev. 
Thomas  Adams,  a  congregationalist  was  settled,  also  there  were,  in 
1820,  14  mills,  6  carding  machines,  two  large  tanneries,  and  a  woollen  fac- 
tory. The  town  was  first  represented  in  the  Assemblj- or  Provincial  Con- 
gress, in  1775,  by  Remington  Hobby;  in  1777,  by  A.  Lovejoy.  A  post- 
office  wjis  first  established,  about  1795-6.  John  Getchell,  one  of  the  first 
settlers,  dug  an  underground  avenue  from  his  dwelling  to  a  gully  near  the 
river,  whence  he  might  escape  the  Indians.  He  was  a  mighty  hunter. 
Once  he  wounded  a  moose  and  caught  him  with  clenched  fingers,  threvr 
him  to  the  ground,  and  cut  his  throat  with  a  jack-knife. — Let.  of  W.  Buck' 
minster,  Esq. 


392  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.    II. 

All).  1771.  WiNSLovv,*  when  incorporated,  included  the  present  Waterville, 
vviiisiuw.  and  has  never  been  without  inhabitants  since  Fort  Hahfax  was 
established  at  the  triangle,  between  the  Sebasticook  and  the  Ken- 
nebeck,  in  the  heart  of  the  town,  A.  D.  1754;  eleven  families 
making  a  beginning  in  the  place  the  same  year.  The  original 
grant  of  the  township  by  the  Plymouth  proprietors  was  in  1766, 
to  Messrs.  Bradford,  Otis,  Winslow,  Taylor,  Howard,  and  War- 
ren,— all  distinguished  citizens  of  the  Province.  The  first  set- 
tlers were  staunch  whigs,  who  had  their  committee  of  safety,  in 
1776  ;  and  voted  to  raise  or  provide  "  125,000  of  shingles, 
"  and  10,000  of  clapboards,  to  purchase  a  town  stock  of  ammu- 
"  nition."  The  garrison  gave  the  settlement  extensive  protection, 
and  the  place  considerable  celebrity. 
Wimhrop.  WiNTHROP,  by  the  act  of  incorporation  embraced  Readfieldy 
with  which  it  was  connected  twenty  years.  Its  plantation  name 
was  '  Pond-town' ;  and  its  original  settlement  was  effected  in 
1760,  at  the  site  of  the  present  village,  by  emigrants  from  Mas- 
sachusetts and  New-Hampshire. f 

From  the  traces  of  those  and  other  settlements  so  encourage- 


*  JVinslotv,  was  divided,  June  23,  1S02.— [Ste  TFatervillerj— One  of  tlie 
first  settlers  was  Ezckicl  Paltee,  another  was  Thonias  Parker,  wliose 
daug'htcr  Betsey,  born  March  16,  1759,  was  the  first  Eng^lish  birth  in  the 
place.  Col.  Josiah  Hayden  was  a  later  and  very  respectable  settler.  The 
town  was  first  represented  in  the  General  Court,  1782,  by  Zi:nri  Hey- 
wood  ;  and  after  him  by  Mr.  Pattee.  Money  was  raised  for  the  support  of 
the  gospel,  in  1772,  and  each  succeeding  year,  till  the  settlement  of  Rev. 
Joshua  Cushman  in  1795,  whose  connexion  with  the  parish  was  dissolved  in 
1814,  by  mutual  consent.  A  meeting--house  was  erected  in  1796.  The 
natural  beauties  of  the  town  are  picturesque  and  the  soil  g-ood.— There 
were  within  it,  in  1820,  8  mills  and  one  pottery.— [See  a  description  of  the 
Fori,  ante,  A.  £>.  1754.]— It  was  commanded,  first  by  William  Lithgow,  and 
after  him  by  Capt.  Pattee.— J/S.  Letter  from  TVinslow. 

t  Winthrop  was  divided,  March  11,  1791.  [See  Readfcld.]  Situate  within 
the  town  are  the  reservoirs  of  the  Cobbessecontee  waters ;  and  Chandler's 
pond  forms  a  part  of  the  line  between  Winthrop  and  Readfield.  In  the 
former  town  are  four  mills  and  «  a  very  large  cotton  factory."  A  Post-ofSce 
was  first  established  there  in  1800.  The  town  was  first  represented  in  the 
General  Court  in  1783,  by  Jonathan  WTiiting.  Within  it  are  two  meeting- 
houses, one  for  congregationalists,  and  one  for  friends.  The  first  ministers 
of  the  Gospel  resident  here,  were  Messrs.  Thurston  Whiting,  and  Jeremiah 
Shaw.  Rev.  David  Jewett  was  settled  in  1782,  and  died  the  next  year. 
The  town  was  then  divided  into  two  parfshes.  Mr.  Jonathan  Belden 
was  ordained  in  1800,  who  was  succeeded  by  Rev.  David  Thurston  in  1807. 
MS.  Letter  of  Samuel  Wood,  Esq.  1819. 


C'hA?.  XiV.j  6F  MAlNhl. 

ing  to  our  rising  prosperity,  the  reveries  of  mind   in  view  of  the  Ai  u.  i77i. 
future,  were  forcibly  diverted,  by  the  widening  breaches  between  Dispute 
the  parent  country  and  her  colonies.      Ihe  motives  and    spirit  of  Oovemor 

.    .  Til*'  I  •  nlxml  the 

an  imperious  ministry  were  supposed  by  the  American  whigs,  to  revenueoiR- 
be  transfused  into  all  the  servants  of  the  crown  in  this  country  j 
and  there  were  occurrences,  every  year,  which  served  to  deepen 
the  disaffection  of  the  parties.  The  custom-house  laws  and 
officers  were  known  to  be  extremely  obnoxious,  to  mercantile 
men  and  the  people  in  the  seaports,  who  frequently  came  in  con- 
tact with  them  and  their  exactions.  Yet  the  Governor,  sheltered 
by  the  king's  instruction,  had  the  imprudence,  to  withhold  his  sig- 
nature from  the  tax-bill,  because  it  did  not,  contrary  to  all  former 
usage,  expressly  exempt  the  officers  of  the  customs  from  tax- 
ation. The  House  told  him,  they  knew  of  no  such  officersy 
'*'  nor  of  any  revenue  his  Majesty  had  a  right  to  establish  in  he 
Province  ;"  and  a  refusal  of  his  assent  to  a  bill  for  such  a  cause,- 
was  in  effect  to  vacate  the  charter,  and  give  to  instruction  the 
paramount  force  of  law.  Still  he  delayed  a  long  time  to  sign  the 
bill ;  and  nothing  could  have  had  a  more  direct  tendency  to  load 
with  public  odium  and  prejudice,  the  department  he  was  intend- 
ing to  favor.  The  only  custom-house  in  this  eastern  Province  Cnstftrt- 
was  established  at  J^almouth,  Francis  Waldo,  being  collector ;  |'e,'!f*'Ji®' 
Arthur  Savage,  comptroller  and  naval  officer  j  and  Thomas  •^^''""''• 
Child,  surveyor  and  tidewaiter.  As  the  collector  was  absent  on 
a  journey  to  England,  the  comptroller,  next  in  authority  and  trust, 
ordered  the  revenue-cutter,  a  tender,  to  seize,  in  the  harbor,  a 
schooner  of  Mr.  Tyng,  for  breach  of  the  revenue  laws.  It  be- 
ing excusable,  if  not  praiseworthy,  to  evade  if  possible  those  ob- 
noxious laws  and  officers,  as  too  many  were  ready  to  believe  ;  the' 
resentments  which  this  seizure  enkindled  bursting  forth,  were  not- 
satiated,  till  a  mob  assembling,  Nov.  13,  administered  to  the  un- 
happy comptroller  such  indignities,  as  a  spirit  of  extreme  preju- 
dice madly  directed. 

In  June,  1772,  the  Governor  concluded  to  remove  the  General  A.D.  1772. 
Court  again  to  Boston.     But  it  was  too  late  to  acquire  him   any  Governor 

,      .  TT-  r  t  •         r  I       removes  the 

popularity.     His  acceptance  oi  an  annual  compensation  irom  the  General 

,  .  ,  ,  -J         J  Court  10 

crown,  gave  the  representatives  great  umbrage  ;  they   considered  Boston, 
it  an  infraction  of  their  charter;    and  when  he  mentioned  to 
them  the  repairs  needed  upon  the  Province-house,  they  plainly 
Vol.  II.  50 


William 
Bruiile. 


394  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II. 

A.  D.  1772.  told  him,  that  "  as  he  had  accepted  a  salary  from  the  king,  they 
Salaries.  "  felt  110  obligation  to  incur  expense  for  his  accommodation." 
The  Judges  of  the  Superior  Court  were  equally  exposed  to  the 
animadversions  of  the  people,  for  iliey  also  liad  salaries  offered 
them  by  the  crown,  which  they  were  vinder  strong  inducements 
to  accept.  The  subject  underwent  learned  and  able  discussions 
in  the  newspapers,  William  Brattle,  the  Councillor  for  Sagada- 
hock  many  years,  and  now  senior  member  at  the  board,  had  hith- 
ei"to  decidedly  cosidemned  ihe  severe  policy  of  ministers  towards 
the  Colonies ;  strenuously  asserting  the  charter-rights  of  the 
Province,  in  opposition  to  the  arbitrary  conduct  both  of  Bernard 
and  Hutchinson.  But  he  became  now  more  unsettled^,  and  less 
decided  in  favor  of  the  people ;  and  at  length  boldly  declared  it 
as  his  opinion,  that  the  new  regulations,  by  which  the  Judges  were 
to  receive  their  support  from  the  king,  had  not  so  dangerous  a  ten- 
dency as  some  apprehended.  He  publicly  apologized  for  ths 
measure,  upon  the  ground  that  it  made  them  more  independent. 
He  contended  that  the  Judges  held  their  ofllce  during  good  be- 
havior, and  would  not  therefore  be  unduly  subservient  to  the 
views  of  foreign  administration,  though  they  received  their  salary 
from  the  royal  munificence.  He  was  opposed  by  a  series  of  able 
J  Adams,  essays  from  the  pen  of  John  Adams,  already  a  powerful  advocate 
in  the  cause  of  civil  liberty ;  and  at  the  next  election.  Brattle 
lost  his  seat  at  the  Board,  and  the  Governor  gave  his  negative  to 
the  election  of  Adams.* 

Only  one  town  was  added  to  the  list  the  present  year.     This 

Peppcrell-  •'  .  '  .... 

boroush,  or  was  Pepperellborough  ;j  wliich  was  formed  by  dividing  Bid- 

Saco  incor-     t   r      i      -  •  i  •  t  /^i-ii-  i 

poraied.  (lefortl,  incorporating  tlie  moiety,  June  9,  which  lies  on  the 
eastern  side  of  the  river  Saco,  and  giving  it  a  name,  designed  as 
a  compliment  to  the  memory  of  Sir  William  Pepperell  ;J — a 
name  it  bore  37  years,  till  it  was  changed  to  that  of  Saco,  by 
which  it  was  so  extensively  known  abroad.  It  is  fully  estabhshed, 
that  the  present  Saco,  otherwise  Pepperellhorough,  was  first 
settled  six  or  seven  years  before  the  date  of  the  patents  executed 
by  the  Plymouth  Council,  Feb.  12,  1629-30,  to  Vines  and  Old- 
ham, and  to  Lewis  and  Bonython.     In  July,  1653,§  the  govern- 

*  1  Bradford's  Hist.  Mass.  p.  263. 

t  Pepperellborough  was  the  30th  town  in  tlie  State  :     It  was  incorporated 
into  a  district,  June  9,  1762.  \  See  ante,  A.  D.  1759. 

\  See  ante,  A.  D.  1653,  vol.  I,  p.  332. 


Chap,  xiv.]  of  Maine.  395 

ment  of  the  plantation  was  assumed  by  Massachusetts ;  in  1690?  a.d.  1772. 
it  was  depopulated  by  the  Indians ;  and  after  the   pacification   in 
1713,  the  dispersed  inhabitants  began  to  return  to  their  deserted 
homes.     The  town  has  had  a  gradual  growth;  becoming  at  length 
one  of  the  most  important  in  the  State.* 


*  Saco  (or  Pepperellborough,)  was  probably  settled  about  A.  D.  1622-3. 
The  two  patents  dated  in  Feb.  1629-30,  one  to  Lewis  and  Bonython  oa  the 
north  side  of  the  river,  and  the  other  to  Vines  and  Oldham  on  the  south 
side,  have  been  previously  mentioned.  It  was  a  well  organized  plantation 
in  1636;  [SuHivan,  p.  218.)  the  seat  of  Sir  F.  Gorges'  Provincial  govern- 
ment, A.  D.  1610;  and  of  Rigby's,  under  Cleaves,  A.  D.  1646.  In  1653, 
the  inhabitants  submit  to  Massachusetts;  and  in  1G64,  the  Royal  Commis- 
sioners assume  jurisdiction  over  them. — Tlie  town  records  commence  in 
1653.  The  earliest  list  of  town  officers  is  dated,  June  16,  1656,  these  were, 
Thomas  Williams,  Ambrose  Berry  and  Robert  Booth,  Commisslontrs ;  R. 
Booth,  Clerk  of  the  Writs;  and  Booth,  Waddock,  Gibbons,  Tristram,  and 
Hitchcock,  '  Prudential  [or  select]  men  ;'  Williams,  Town  Treasurer  ;  and 
Tristram,  Constable. — The  town  was  represented  in  the  General  Court  of 
Massachusetts,  in  1659,  by  Robert  Booth  ;  in  1660,  by  R.  Hitchcock ;  and  in 
1675,  by  R.  Waldron  of  Dover,  (N.  il.)  Under  the  government  of  the 
king's  Commissioners  in  1667,  Brian  Pendleton.,  was  elected  Burgess,  to 
attend  the  General  Court  of  the  Province.  In  April,  B.  Pendleton,  Ralph 
Tristram,  and  Henry  Waddock,  were  chosen  Commissioners,  or  Judges  of 
small  causes,  and  sworn  in  presence  of  the  meeting  ;  and  James  Gibbons, 
master  of  the  magazine.  In  1670,  there  were  men  who  were  warned  "not 
to  be  inhabitants."  It  seems  there  was  an  "  inventory"  taken,  and  a  tax 
gathered  in  1672-3,  of  1  penny  and  a  farthing  on  the  pound.  There  was 
a  rate  to  build  a  prison  at  Falmouth  about  this  time.  Lewis,  one  of  the 
patentees,  died  about  1638-9.  One  of  his  daughters  married  James  Gib- 
bons. He  afterwards  removed  to  Kittcry.  R.  Bonython  had  one  son, 
John,  a  violent  man,  who  had  the  nickname — "  Sagamore  of  Saco."— He 
died  1634.  He  survived  his  father  31-2  years.  Richard  FoxwcU,  married 
Richard  Bonython's  daughter,  settled  at  Blue-point— a  member  of  the  Gen- 
eral Assembly  rf  Lygonia  in  1648,  and  died  about  1676.  His  daughter 
conveyed  the  estate  to  Sir  William  Pepperell  in  1729, — Henry  Boade, 
settled  at  Winter-harbor,  before  1636,  and  in  1642,  removed  to  Wells,  and 
helped  to  lay  out  the  township.  John  Parker,  removed  probably  from 
Saco,  before  1650,  and  purchased  Erascohegan,  since  Parker's  Island,  at 
Sagadahoc!:,  John  Smith  of  Saco,  was  Marsha!  under  the  government 
of  Lygonia.  He  died  about  1685.  Fra7icis  Hooke,  a  friend  to  the  govern- 
ment  of  Gorges,  was  Provincial  Treasurer  in  1631 ;  removed  to  Kittery  ; 
and  was  a  member  of  the  Provirjcial  Council  of  Massachusetts  in  1692. 
He  died,  1695.  Rev.  Seth  Fletcher,  and  his  father-in-law.  Major  Pendleton, 
removed  from  Saco  at  the  commencement  of  the  first  Indian  War,  1675-6. 
About  10  years  previously,  a  meeting-house  was  erected  at  Winter-har- 
bor ;  and  the  people  seated  by  assignment  of  pews.  The  wife  of  Commis- 
sioner Maverick,  daughter  of  Rev.  J.  Wheelwright,  of  Wells,  had  "  the 


396  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.    II, 

A.  D.  1772.      If  Governor  Hutchinson  was  not  so  much  opposed  as  his  pre* 

^ij;iit  ami    decessor  to  the  division  and  multiplication  of  towns  :  the  ministry 

lound  m  no  American,  more  vigilance  and  zeal  in  defence  of  un- 

highest  seat"  Several  of  the  inhabitants  were  presented  .-—some  for  not 
attending-  meeting-,  and  one  "  for  a  common  sleeper  on  the  Lord's  day,  at 
the  public  meeting',"  another  for  talebearing-;  and  a  fourth  for  idleness. 
Under  the  administration  of  President  Danforlh,  Saco  sent  to  the  General 
Assembly,  in  16S0,  John  Harmon;  in  'i&V.-l,  John  Davis ;  in  1603,  Benjamin 
Blar.kman  ;  in  1684,  John  Sargcnf,  and  in  1685,  George  Turfrey. —  Gover- 
nor Andros  endeavored,  in  1SS8,  to  unite  Saco  and  Cape  Porpoise.— Major 
William  Phillips  married  a  wife,  whose  first  husband  was  Secretary  of 
Rhode-Island,  and  her  son  Peleg-,  Governor  of  that  Colony,  16S0-1-2. 
Elisha  Hutchinson  was  her  son-in-law,  and  Councillor  of  Massachusetts 
in  1692,  and  grandfather  of  Governor  Hutchinson.  Phillips,  in  1661-4, 
made  large  purchases  of  the  Sagamores.  He  died  in  Boston  in  1683. — 
[F(;/*om,  p.  1G2-4.]  Major  Pendleton  removed  from  Portsmouth  to  Saco 
in  1665  ;  and  died,  1680.  Benjamin  Blackman,  a  g-raduate  of  Harvard  C'ol- 
leg-e,  1663,  married  a  daug-hter  of  Joshua  Scottow  in  1675.  From  1676, 
to  1680,  the  records  of  Saco  are  not  foimd  ;  perhaps  none  were  kept.  In 
1703,  the  fort  at  Wjnter-hnrbor  capitulated.  The  nrxt  year  that  at  the 
Falls,  built  of  stone,  Avas  repaired  ;  and  in  1708-10,  a  new  fort  was  built 
at  the  Pool,  or  Winter-harbor,  called  Fori  Jilary ;  and  a  g-arrison  was  main- 
tained throng-h  the  3d,  or  Queen  Anne's  war.  The  town  revived  and  had 
a  meeting  in  March,  1717  ;  and  was  the  next  year  named  Biddrford.  [See 
this  town,  ante,  A.  D.  1714.]  Its  name  is  from  a  town  in  England,  from 
svhich,  probablj',  sojne  of  the  inhabitants  emigrated.  In  the  Spanish,  or 
.4  ye^ars'  war^  fitherwjse  the  5th  Indian  war,  between  1744  and  G  inclusive, 
the  garrisons  in  ©iddefgrd  were  repaired  and  a  new  one  built,  and  four 
houses  neap  Winterrharbor,  strong-Iy  fortified.  Eight  or  nine  of  the  towns- 
men went  in  the  expedition  tp  Cape  Breton,  in  1745  :  Capt.  Thomas  Brad- 
bury then  CQminacdeC  ,th.e  block-house.  The  next  year,  the  Indians  killed 
pr  took  Joseph  GordoE.  aad  Mr.  Pike ;  in  April,  1747,  they  killed  one  or 
two  in  Scarborough  >,  ^nd  in  Julys  ^r.  Eliot  and  Mr.  March,  were  car- 
ried to  Canada.  The  towti  experienced,  after  this,  no  more  attacks  from 
the  Indians.  A  meetiag-hqusej  ei-ected  in  1752  and  finished  in  1755,  on  the 
east  side  of  the  river,  at  the  Falls,  VTas  near  the  site  of  the  present  2d  par- 
ish meetingrhouse.  Rev.  Js/m  Fai);^f/d  was  settled  there  in  1762.  Saco, 
on  the  eastern  side  of  the  river,  was  tlio  early  residence  of  W.  P.  Preble, 
Minister  to  the  Netherlands;  Cyrus  Jlingj  Representative  to  Congress, 
who  died  1817,-  Thomas  G.  Thornton,  who  ifas  ,^arshal  of  Maine  from 
1803  till  his  decease  in  1825  ;  and  Colonel  Thqmas  Cutts,  bejpg  the  young-- 
est  son  of  Dea.  Richard  Cutts,  of  Cutts'  Island,  J^.ittery.  He  was  the 
great-grandson  of  Robert  Cutts,  an  emigrant,  who  came  from  the  west  of 
England,  about  1645,  with  his  brothers,  John  and  Robert.  They  settled  on 
the  Isles  of  Shoals. — In  1825,  a  compan}-,  principally  from  Boston,  made 
purchases  about  the  Falls,  at  the  cost  of  ^110,000,  for  the  erection  of  a 
Cotton  Factory.  It  was  subsequently  put  in  motion,  and  was  flourishing, 
till  destroyed  by  fire.  — Foltoin's  Saco  and  Biddtford. 


Chap,  xiv.]  of  Maine.  397 

limited  prerogative.  He  crowded  his  speeches  with  arguments,  AiD.  i772. 
to  prove  the  entire  and  absokite  supremacy  of  the  ero\vn  and 
parliament,  throughout  all  the  British  dominions.  As  they  had 
an  unquestionable  right  to  establish  charter  corporations,  such  as 
the  colonies  were  ;  surely  these  municipalities,  he  ^Eontended, 
can  never  justly  claim  any  more  power  than  was  expressly  given 
them, — to  be  controlled  or  withdrawn,  at  the  pleasure  of  the  royal 
or  political  grantor. — But  on  the  contrary,  the  G/^neral  Court 
insisted  that  such  preposterous  doctrines  would  overthrow  the 
eternal  principles  of"  reason  and  justice,  and  subvert  the  securi' 
ty  of  every  enjoyment ;  that  it  was  a  fundamental  maxim  of 
British  liberty  never  to  lay  taxes,  nor  even  to  legislate,  in  any 
instance,  where  there  was  no  representation ;  and  that  the  Col- 
onists, by  their  charters,  had  in  themselves  vested  rights,  which 
no  power  upon  earth,  not  even  the  king  or  parliament,  could  just- 
ly take  away  ; — such  were  the  rights  to  make  laws  for  themselves, 
to  hold  assemblies  for  legislation,  to  have  their  ow'n  courts  of 
justice,  and  to  be  protected  in  the  full  enjoyment  of  all  chartered 
privileges,  both  civil  and  religious. 

In  the  height  of  this  contention,  between  the  Governor  and  the  a.D.  1773. 
House,  which  presented  a  fearful  array  of  power  against  princi- Lpuers  re. 
pies  ;  some  original  letters  of  Hutchinson,  Oliver,  the  Lieutenant-  Enobnti"'^ 
Governor,  and  other  officers,  falling  into  the  hands  of  Doct.  Frank-  ^(^H^f' 
lin,  the  agent  of  Massachusetts  in  England.,  were  transmitted   by 
him  to  Boston  and  laid  before  the  General  Court,  early  in  June. 
They  were  dated  in  1768  and   9;    and   as  a  specimen  of  their 
contents,  one  of  them  from  the  pen  of  Hutchinson  himself,  stat- 
ed, among  other   animadversions,  that   '  the  colonies  should   be 
*  abridged  of  what  they  called  English  liberties ;    and  that  the 
'  people  ought  to  be  prohibited  from  holding  town-meetings,  and 
'  forming  combinations  to  disuse  British  goods  imported  into  this 
'  country.' — Justly  and   highly  exasperated,  the  House  forthwith 
memorialized  the  king  to   remove  Hutchinson   and   Oliver  from 
office  ;  and  resolved  to  impeach  the  judges  of  the  Superior  Court 
before  the  Council,  in  case  they  accepted  their  salaries  from  the 
crown.     Judge  Oliver  only  risqued  the  threat,  and   against  him,  j^j^^  qjj_ 
articles  of   impeachment  were   actually  preferred.*      The  Gov-  ^g^^jl^'j 
ernor  complained  of  the  unparalleled   ill  treatment  he  repeatedly 

*  1  Bradford,  p.  264—282. 


398 

A.  I).  1773 

Two  towns 
iiicor|)orat- 
ed. 

Belfast. 


Waldobo- 
rou"li. 


THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II. 

received  from  the  House,  shook  at  them  the  rod  of  his  master's 
wrath,  and  advised  them  to  finish  the  pubhc  business  without 
further  delay. 

But  before  adjournment,  two  towns  were  incorporated  ;  name- 
ly, Belfast,  June  22,  and  Waldoborongh,  June  29,*  both  re- 
spectable plantations. 

Belfast,  so  called  by  request  of  an  early  settler,  out  of  re- 
spect for  the  name  of  his  native  place  in  Ireland,  was  the  first 
town  incorporated  upon  the  Penobscot  waters.  The  township 
being  a  part  of  tlie  Waldo  patent,  was  purchased  of  the  proprie- 
tors, in  1765,  by  a  company  of  fifty-two  associates,  at  the  low 
price  of  twenty  cents  by  the  acre  ; — about  which  time  there  were 
effected  some  permanent  settlements.  The  plantation  enjoyed 
the  encouragements  of  a  gradual  growth,  for  six  years  after  it 
was  incorporated.  But  when  the  British,  in  the  war  of  the  Rev- 
olution, had  fully  established  a  garrison  upon  the  peninsula  of 
Majorbiguyduce  ;  the  settlers  were  forced  to  abandon  their  homes, 
in  consequence  of  the  pillage  and  cruelty  suffered  from  a  rapa- 
cious enemy  ;  nor  did  they  return  till  two  years  after  the  peace. f 

Waldoborough,  previously  a  plantation  known  by  the  name 
of  Broad-hay,  was  inhabited  by  Germans,  and  perhaps  a  iew 
Irish  emigrants,  as  early  as  the  year  1740.  But  in  the  Spanish 
and  Indian  war  whicii  followed,  they  were  all  driven  away  or 
destroyed.  Yet,  immediately  subsequent  to  the  treaty  of  Aix-la- 
Chapelle,  in  1748,  the  settlement  was  revived.  In  1752-3,  Sam- 
uel Waldo,  son  of  the  General,  visited  Germany  and  issued  pro- 


*  These  were  the  31st  p.nil  32d  towns  in  the  State. 

I  The  settlement  of  Belfast  was  begun  on  the  west  side  cf  the  river  Pas' 
sag'-a/tsawd-keag,  near  its  inouth,  where  the  village  now  is.  I'he  town  is 
separated  from  Northport  by  Little  river,  and  from  Prospect  by  Half-way 
brook.  The  Indians  say  the  name  of  the  river  means  'the  place  of  sig'hts 
or  ghosts  !'  It  is  crossed  by  two  bridges,  and  the  lower  one  is  100  rods  in 
length.  The  river  is  navigable  a  league  from  Belfast  bay.  There  are  in 
town  three  meeting-houses.  Rev.  Ebene/.er  Price,  the  first  settled  minis- 
ter, was  ordained,  Dec.  29,  179G,  when  there  were  only  90  families,  and  12 
framed  houses.  A  presbyterian  church  was  formed  at  the  same  time.  Mr. 
Price  was  dismissed  in  1802.  Rev.  Alfred  Johnson  was  settled  in  Sep.  1805. 
*'His  ministry  continued  eight  years.  Rev.  Mr.  Frothingham  was  installed 
in  July,  1819.  The  town  was  first  represented  in  the  General  Court,  A.  D. 
1803,  by  Jonathan  Wilson.  Post  Office  first  established,  July  1,  1786,— In 
the  village  are  30  stores  ;  and  from  15  to  18  vessels  are  owned  by  the  in- 
habitants. It  is  also  the  shire-town  of  Waldo  county. — J\1S.  Letter  in  1825. 


Chap,  xiv.]  of  Maine.  399 

clamations,  promising  every  man  who  would  emigrate  and  settle  A.  U.  1773. 
upon  the  Waldo  patent,  100  acres  of  land,  and  also  assistance  to 
the  first  permanent  planters.  Influenced  by  these  encourage- 
ments, about  1,500  people  removed  from  Germany  to  Broad-bay  j 
a  large  part  of  whom  settled  at  Broad-cove,  on  the  westerly  side 
of  the  Muscongus  river.  Here  the  inhabitants  lived  undisturbed 
till  1763-4,  when  the  lands  on  that  side  were  claimed  by  Drowne 
as  being  without  the  Waldo  patent ;  and  hence  they  were  pur- 
chased anew  by  the  occupants.  On  this  occasion,  at  least  fifty 
deeds  were  executed  to  persons  vvho  had  settled  under  Waldo. 
The  settlers,  a  quiet,  industrious  people,  submitted  to  this  course, 
probably,  because  of  the  patent  to  Elbridge  and  Aldsworth,  which 
was  pressed  upon  them,  and  because  of  a  report  by  a  Legisla- 
tive committee,  Feb.  23,  1762,  which  confined  tlie  Waldo  patent 
between  the  rivers  Penobscot  and  iMuscongus.  The  Brown  claim 
was  likewise  revived  in  1764-5,  to  the  same  lands,  and  deposition-s 
taken  to  support  the  title.  Afterwards,  the  heirs  of  Waldo  had 
an  adjustment  with  the  Commonwealth,  in  which  they  released 
all  the  lands  on  the  west  side  of  the  river  ;  and  (he  German  set- 
tlers resident  on  them,  under  Waldo,  tiius  perplexed,  were  left, 
contraiy  to  "  every  principle  of  justice  and  good  faith,"  without 
indemnity  or  remuneration.  Injured  and  affronted  by  this  ill  soo  fami- 
treatment,  disappointed  in  their  expectations,  displeased  with  the  vvaidobo- 
climate,  and  determined  to  be  rid  of  lawsuits,  300  families  were  ''""S"- 
persuaded  by  their  German  brethren,  who  had  lately  purchased 
lands  in  the  south-western  parts  of  Carolina,  to  remove  thither. 
Therefore  they  sold  their  possessory  estates,  for  the  most  they 
could  obtain,  removed  to  that  Province  in  1773,  and  joined  "a 
large  body  of  Germans,  who  settled  Londonderry.  It  was  with 
the  deepest  regrets,  that  their  neighbors,  and  all  their  remaining 
brethren,  parted  with  them.  For  '  they  were  mostly  husband- 
'  men,  of  excellent  moral  character,  and  considerable  agricultural 
'  skill — distinguished  for  their  industrious  and  economical  habits.' 
When  the  German  pilgrims  first  planted  themselves  at  Broad- 
bay,  they  formed  a  Lutheran  Church,  and  being  a  devout  peo- 
ple, met  every  Sabbath  for  public  worship,  till  the  arrival  of  their 
first  minister,  Rev.  John  M.  SchaefFer,  who  settled  with  them,  in 


400  TfiE  HiSTOPwy  [Vol..  n=- 

A.  D.  1773. 1762,  when  there  were  only  about  80  families.  His  discourses 
were  delivered  in  their  vernacular  language.* 

The  emi-  All  the  German  and  Irish  emigrants,  settled  in  these  eastern 
towns,  were  warm  friends  to  the  cause  of  civil  and  religious  rights. 
For  these,  in  fact,  were  the  principal  motives  which  had  induced 
their  removah  Nay,  few  of  the  yeomanry,  or  the  laboring  class 
of  citizens  any  where,  were  attaclied,   either   to  the   ceremonies' 

The  people  ^r  ecclesiastical  government  of  the  episcopal  church.  The  in- 
habitants of  the  interior,  and  especially  in  the  new  townships,- 
were  v;holly  in  favor  of  the  congregational  order  j— as  being  a: 
systenl  adopted  by  their  pious  ancestors,  more  consonant  to  scrip- 
turcj  according  to  their  belief,  and  more  favorable  to  the  princi- 
ples of  political  freedom,  in  which  they  felt  so  deep   an  interest.- 

^,      .  .     The  settled  mhiisters,  too,  of  whom  there  were  in  the  three  eastern 

The  minis- 

*ers-  counties,  upwards  of  thirty,  partook  largely  of  the  same  free  spirit  ;f 

ready  to  every  good  word  and  work,  as  well  at  the  altar  of  liberty 

*  TFaldcboroitgh  Contains  25,376  acres  of  land.  It  is  separated  from 
Noblcboroiigh  by  Pemaqnid,  Duck-puddle  Pond  and  Brook,  and  a  line  128 
rods  long-,  to  Moody's  Meadon*,  It  is  separated  from  Bristol  by  a  line  of  2 
miles  long  from  DiJck-puddle  Brook  to  the  head  of  Broad-cove  ;  and  from 
Meduncook,  [Frier^dship]  bv  Goose  river.  In  Broad-cove,  there  are  sev- 
eral Islands  appendvint  (o-  Waldoboroujh  ;  viz.  Upper  Narrows,  Hog;,  Po- 
land's, Hadlock,  Hnng-ry,  Otter,  Jones',  Garden,  and  others  smaller ;  sev- 
eral of  which  are  very  pleasant,  and  some  are  inhabited. — A  great  part 
of  the  settlers,  before  their  removal,  lived  on  the  ivest  side  of  Broad-cove 
in  Bristol.  The  Cl>a?ch  of  Mr.  Schaeffer,  corrsisted  of  about  50  or  60  mem- 
bers, each  of  whom  paid  him  £3  °^^  tenor,  one  bushel  of  corn  and  a  day's 
work,  annually.  The  minister  also  had  a  contribution  of  half  a  dollar,  for 
the  ordinance  of  baptism,  or  the  sacrament,  and  a  dollar  for  attending  a 
funeral.  His  successors  were,  1st.  Rev.  Mr.  Croner,  in  1785, — who- 
preached  4  years ;  2d.  Rev.  R.  B.  Ritz,  in  1793.  Ilis  remuneration  was 
100  acres  of  land,  and  $220  annual  salary.  He  died  in  1812,  Mr.  Star- 
man,  the  present  Lutheran  minister,  preaches  a  part  of  the  time  in  Eng- 
lish. There  are  two  other  parishes  in  town  ;  in  the  first  was  settled  Mr. 
Cutting ;  and  in  the  2d,  A.  D.  1816,  Rev.  Mr.  Mitchell,  in  the  village. 
There  are  also  a  baptist  and  a  methodist  society  in  town;  17  saw-mills,  9 
grist-mills,  6  clothing-mills  and  carding  machines,  and  6  bridges.  The  In- 
habitants own  about  30  vessels.  The  town  was  first  represented,  A.  t). 
1780,  by  a  German  gentleman,  Jacob  Ludwig,  Esq. — Waldoborough  was 
a  shire-town,  from  A.  D.  1786-7  to  A.  D.  1800.— J»/S.  Let.  of  R.  Ludwig, 
Esq.— See  ante,  A.  D.  11 AO. — Eaton" s  J\1S.  jXar.  p.  10.— 2  Holmes'  A.  Ann. 
p.  306. — Report  of  Claims,  A.  D.  1811,  p.  26.— Testimony  of  W.  Burns 
and  J.  Ludwig,  p.  161-5. 

t  With  two  or  three  exceptions  only,  and  these  were  episcopalians. 


Chap,  xiv.]  of  Maine.  4(il| 

as   of   religion,    with   their   lamps    burning.      Also   the  gentle- A.  D.  1775. 
men  of  the   Bar,    Theophilus  Bradbury,  David  Setvall,  Caleb  Lawyers. 
Emery,  William  Cnshing  and  James  Sullivan,  were  men  equally 
distinguished  for  their  whig  politics,  and  their  patriotic  zeal,  as 
for  their  talents  and  their  learning.* 

But  the  officers  of  the  crown,  and  some  of  the  more  opulent  Episcopa- 
citizens,  usually  attended  worship  in  the  episcopal  churches.  ''^"''• 
There  was  one  of  this  order  at  Falmouth,  which  had  been  estab- 
lished more  than  ten  years.  At  first,  about  forty  associated  ;  and 
having  invited  Rev.  John  Wiswell  to  settle  with  them,  they  sent 
him  to  England  for  ordination  by  the  Bishop  of  London,  and 
erected  for  him  a  very  beautiful  church. — There  was  another 
edifice  reared  for  this  communion  at  Pownalborough,  about  the 
same  time,  principally  by  the  contributions  and  subscriptions  of 
the    Plymouth   proprietors,  through   whose    encouragement  the 

*  J\lr.  Bradbury,  a  native  of  Newbury,  (Mass.)  graduated  at  Harvard 
Colleg-e  in  1757,  read  law  in  Boston,  and  entered  upon  the  practice  at 
Falmouth  in  1761.  His  wife  was  the  daughter  of  Ephraim  Jones,  Esq.  of 
Falmouth.  Mr.  B.  removed  to  Newbur^'port  in  1779,  was  a  member  of 
Congress  in  1797,  when  he  was  appointed  an  Associate  Judge  of  the  S.  J. 
Court  of  Mass.  He  left  the  bench,  18U3,  and  died  tlie  same  year  ;  beloved 
atid  respected  for  his  talents  and  his  virtues. 

Jlr.  Sewall,  born  at  York,  and  graduated  at  Harvard,  A.  D.  1755,  com- 
menced the  practice  of  law  in  his  native  town,  A.  I),  1759,  where  he  re- 
sided till  his  death.  He  was  Register  of  Probate,  Provincial  Councillor,. 
Judge  of  the  S.  J.  Court  and  District  Court  of  Maine. 

Jlr.  Emery  resided  first  in  York,  then  in  Sanford.  It  seems  he  was  in 
the  practice  of  law,  from  176»  to  1785-6.  He  was  a  military  officer,  and 
represented  his  town  in  the  General  Court,  the  two  last  years  of  his  life. 
He  was  a  younger  brother  of  Noah  Emery,  Esq,  of  Kittery. 

Mr.  Cushing,  resided  in  Pownalborough,  where  he  commenced  practice 
in  his  profession,  soon  after  the  county  of  Lincoln  was  established.  He 
was  son  of  John  Gushing,  a  Judge  of  the  Superior  Court. — See  Pownal- 
borough, 1760. 

Jlr.  Sullivan,  a  native  of  Berwick,  first  opened  his  office  at  Arrowsick 
Island,  soon  removed  to  Pownalborough  where  we  find  him  in  1768.  He 
afterwards  removed  to  Biddeford,  A.  D.  1712-3.— See  post,  A.  D.  1808. 

Mr.  David  Wyer  wzs  a  jtitive  of  Charlestown,  Mass.  and  son  of  a  mer- 
chant of  the  same  name.  He  was  graduated  at  Cambridge,  1758,  read 
law  with  John  Chipman,  who  died  of  an  apoplexy  at  Falmouth  ;  and,  it  is 
believed,  commenced  business  in  his  profession,  about  1764-5.  Mr.  Wyer 
died  at  Falmouth  in  Oct.  1775,  aged  about  40  years.  He  was  of  graceful 
stature  and  manners,  and  possessed  handsome  talents. 

Theophilus  Parsons  settled  in  Falmouth,  [Portland]  A.  D.  1774. 
Vol.  II.  51 


402  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.    II. 

A,  D.  1773.  Rev.  Jacob  Baily  officiated  in  that  place  several  years.  But  in 
the  commencement  of  the  revolutionary  war,  finding  very  few  to 
agree  with  him  in  politics,  he  removed  to  Annapolis,  and  never 
returned.  Excepting  some  of  this  denomination,  there  were  none 
found  in  the  three  eastern  counties,  who  were  advocates  for  the 
supremacy  of  king  or  parliament. 
The  causes  The  present  year  was  remarkable  for  the  maturity,  which  pub- 
°'gf]'*P"|,p^.  lie  opinion  seemed  already  to  have  acquired.  All  due  means, 
stood  by  iiie  j(.  jg  true,  had  been  used,  for  more  than  four  years  past,  to  enlight- 
en and  unite  the  people,  by  essays,  addresses,  and  letters.  Some 
of  the  publications  were  extremely  fine  specimens  of  composition, 
— worthy  the  pen  of  a  Sydney,  a  Sheridan,  or  a  Burke.  Through' 
Committees  of  correspondence,  chosen  in  the  different  towns,  in- 
telligence was  communicated  and  received  with  great  convenience 
and  despatch.  The  Governor's  motives,  in  his  backwardness  to 
improve  the  organization  and  discipline  of  the  militia,  and  to  use 
suitable  methods  for  furnishing  the  inhabitants  with  arms,  were  criti- 
cally examined,  and  their  baseness  fully  exposed.  The  successes 
of  these  indefatigable  labors  among  the  people,  were  more  than 
adequate  to  expectation.  Perhaps  the  grounds  of  political  contro- 
versy between  rulers  and  subjects  were  never  better  understood. 
In  short,  such  were  the  spirit  and  thorough  information  of  the 
community,  and  such  the  tendency  of  measures  pursued  by  ad- 
ministration, that  it  were  strange,  if  there  was  none  to  entertain 
fears  of  a  revolutionary  rupture. — The  instructions  given  early 
in  the  year  by  the  inhabitants  of  Falmouth  to  William  Tyng, 
Esq.  their  representative,  will  exhibit  their  temper  and  apprehen- 
sions. 

'  Sir, — As  vou  are  our  representative,  we  would  offer  a  few 

Letter  lo]  '  •'  ^  .  „    ,  . 

Mr.  Tyi)g.  '  things  for  your  consideration,  in  the  transaction  oi  the  very  im- 
'  portant  business,  which  may  come  before  the  General  Court  at 
'the  next  session.  Though  the  infringements  upon  our  liberties 
'  give  abundant  reason  for  complaint ; — we  shall  not  undertake  _ta 
'  enumerate  our  grievances.  These  having  been  often  and  tho- 
'  roughly  investigated,  are  all  well  known  to  the  General  Court. 
'  At  present,  the  best  methods  of  redress  or  relief  are,  in  our 
'  opinion,  of  the  most  importance.     Endued  with  singular  abili- 

*  ties  and  naturally  fine  disposition,  as  the  Governor  is, — himself 
'  and  family  too,  embarked  in  the  same  bottom  with  ourselves,  we 

*  know  of  no  better  expedient  to  be  tried,  than   for  the  members 


to  the 


Chap,  xiv.]  of  Maine.  403 

'  of  the  General  Court  to  conciliate  him,  if  possible,  by  a  manly  a.  D.  1773. 
'  expression  of  sentiment,  and  an  open  and  elevated  course  of 
'conduct.  The  manner  most  judicious,  will  be  dictated  by  their 
'  wisdom  and  prudence  ; — full  in  the  belief,  as  we  are,  that  if  he 
'  could  be  prevailed  upon  to  join  the  other  branches  of  the  Legis- 
'  lature,  in  a  petition  to  the  throne,  for  a  redress  of  wrongs  and 
*  grievances,  it  would  be  heard,  and  the  much  desired  relief  would 
'  be  administered.'* 

The  same  spirit  of  conciliation   pervaded   the  whole    commu-  Address  of 
nity.     The  General  Court,  in  a  letter  to   Lord   Dartmouth, — as-  ^}l^  General 

•'  '  '  Court  to 

sured  him,  that  the  people    "  would  rejoice  at  the  restoration  of '"'"'^"■>'- 

"  the  harmony  and  good-will,  which  once  subsisted  between  them 

"  and  the  parent  State.     But  it  is  in  vain,  (they  said,)  to  expect 

"  this  happiness,  during  the  continuance  of  their  grievances,    and 

"  while  their  charter  rights,  one  after  another,  are  wrested   from 

"  them."     In  short,   '•'  could   yonr   Lordship  condescend  to  ask, 

"  what  measures  would  restore  the  harmony  so   much    desired? — 

"  we  should  answer  in  a  word,  that  we  are  humbly  of  opinion,   if 

"  things  were  brought  to  the   general    state   in  which  they  stood 

"  at  the  close  of  the  late   war,  it  would  restore  the  harmonious 

"  and  happy  union,  which  then  subsisted." 

His  Lordship,  who  was  Secretary  for  American  affairs,  was  Tea 
altogether  more  favorably  disposed  towards  the  Colonies,  than 
Lord  Hillhouse,  his  predecessor,  had  been  5  yet  there  was  no 
change  in  the  system.  The  duty  on  teas  was  still  -etained ; — 
associations  for  the  disuse  of  them,  prevented  sales  in  America; — 
the  warehouses  in  England  were  full  of  the  article ; — therefore 
the  merchants  obtained  leave  of  Parliament  to  ship  it  on  their 
own  account  across  the  Atlantic.  They  confidently  believed,  upon 
its  being  landed,  the  duty  must  necessarily  be  secured  or  paid ; 
and  great  quantities  would,  in  all  probability,  find  their  way 
into  the  interior  and  be  consumed  by  the  people.  Shipments 
were  of  course  prepared  ; — but  no  measure  of  administration,  not 
even  the  stamp-act,  had  ever  created  more  excitement  and  alarm. 
For  the  Colonists,  who  had  determined  neither  to  import  the  ar- 
ticle nor  use  it,  supposed  it  was  now  to  be  forced  upon  them. 
By  consequence,  early  in  December,  or  late  in  the  preceding 

*  Smith's  Jour.  App.  p.  17-18. 


404  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II. 

A. D.  1T73. month,  three  ships  arrived  in  Boston  harbor,  laden  with  it;* 

Dec.  16.      which  no  motives  nor  arguments,  urged  from  day  to  day  by  the 

j^^Son.    inhabitants  upon  the  consignees,  could  induce  them  to  send  back. 

Hence,  amidst  the  agitation,  seventeen  men,  dressed  like  the  Na^ 

tives,  boarded  the  ships,  on  the  evening  of  the    16th,   and  threw 

342  chests  into  the  water. f 

This  bold  act,  though  not  instigated  by  the  people  of  Boston, 
was  nevertheless  shielded  with  excuses,  framed  equally  by  them 
and  by  the  country ;  being  also  with  the  attendant  circumstances, 
a  principal  cause  of  determining  the  Governor  to  leave  the   Pro- 
A.  D.  1/74..  ^.j^pg_     Every  movement  entrenched  upon  his  plans.     In  the  win- 
Huuiunson  tcr  scssion  of  the  General  Court,  he  was  extremely  perplexed  by 
famr°^"°  applications,  either  to  remove  Chief  Justice  Oliver  from  the  Su- 
preme Bench,  or  to  receive  from  the  House  articles  of  impeach- 
ment against  him,  which  charged  him  with  the  high  misdemeanor 
of  accepting  a  salary  from  the  crown.     Hutchinson  saw  the  gath- 
ering storm  ;  and  having  received  the  royal  consent  to  visit  Eng- 
land, he  prorogued  the  GenerafCourt,  March  8,  and   embarked 
about  two  months  and  a  half  afterwards,  but  never  returned. f 
Two  towns       Among  his  last  ofticial  acts,  in  concurrence  with  the   General 
ulcorporat-  q^^^j.^^    ^^,^3    j^jg    signature    of  two    bills,    by  which  Edgecomh, 
March  5,  and  JVew- Gloucester,  March  8,  were  incorporated   into 
towns.§ 
Edgecomb.       The  township  of  Edgecomb   was  originally  settled   in    1744, 
by  Samuel  Trask  and  others,  in  "  several  places."     Under  a  pos- 
sessory claim,  they  and  subsequent  settlers  lived  undisturbed  upon 
their  lands  ten  years,  when  three  men,  appearing  from   Boston, 
challenged  title  to  them  in  virtue  of  an  Indian  deed,  and  surveyed 
several  lots  next  to  the   Sheepscot,   which  they  numbered   and 
marked.     But  if  the  whole  did  not  justly  labor  under  the  suspi- 
cions of  sheer  speculation,  the  deed  of  the  Sagamores  contained 
no  definite  boundaries ;  no  actual  possession  had  ever  been  taken 


*  The  tea  was  in  two  ships  and  a  brig,  which  lay  at  the  side  of  the  wharf. 
It  was  then  ebb  tide, — the  water  in  the  dock  was  not  more  than  two 
feet  deep,  and  the  tea  thrown  overboard  soon  grounded;  the  heaps  be- 
ing so  iiigli  on  tlie  sides  of  the  ships,  as  to  fell  in  upon  the  decks. — B.  Simp^ 
ion's  slalement. — Folsom's  Saco  and  Biddeford,  p.  288, 

f  2  Holmes'  A.  Ann.  p.  302,-1  Bradford's  Hist.  p.  298—305. 

\  See  ants,  A.  D.  1770,  note.— Allen's  Biog,  Die,  p.  364. 

5  These  were  the  33d  and  31th  towns  in  the  State, 


Chap,  xiv.]  of  maine.  405 

under  it;  and  the  settlers  were  not  disposed  to  surrender.  Made  a.d.  1774. 
acquainted  with  these  facts,  and  actuated  by  a  generous  spirit,  a 
gentleman  of  the  bar  in  Boston,  undertook  their  defence  without 
fee  or  reward  ;  and  the  three  claimants  abandoned  their  pursuit. 
In  compliment  to  the  lawyer's  generosity,  the  plantation  took  the 
name  of  Freetown,  which  it  retained  till  its  present  establishment. 
The  corporate  name  was  given  by  the  General  Court,  in  honor  of 
Lord  Edgecomb,  who  was,  at  this  crisis  of  political  affairs,  a  dis' 
tinguished  friend  to  the  interests  of  the  Colonies.  To  the  Island 
/eremi5^M«7n,*  which  was  a  part  of  the  town;  the  "Wiscasset 
Proprietors"  supported  their  claim,  and  compelled  the  settlers  to 
purchase  of  them.  Among  its  first  inhabitants  were  John  Doors 
and  Joseph  Whittam,  whose  residence  was  commenced  upon  the 
Island  about  1745.  So  populous  or  spirited  was  this  town,  that 
we  find  it  represented  in  the  Provincial  Congress,  by  Moses  Da- 
vis, the  next  year  after  it  was  incorporated,! 

*  "  Jere7nisquum."  [TVestport,']  is  separated  from  Wiscasset,  Woolwich, 
and  Georg-etown,  by  the  Shecpscot  waters,  Mock's  and  Mountjoy's  bays, 
westwardl}';  andeastwardly  by  the  Sheepscot,  which  runs  between  the  Island 
and  Edgecomb.  Jeremisquam  Island  embraces  15,460  acres;  and  is  11 
miles  in  length.  One  George  Davie  purchased  of  the  Sheepscot  Saga- 
mores, Dec.  2I4  16G8,  and  took  their  deeds  of  large  tracts  in  that  quarter 
and  settled  at  Wiscasset  point.  It  seems  that  the  town  of  Wiscasset  and 
the  Island  of  Jeremisquam,  embraced  by  some  of  those  deeds,  came  by  in- 
heritance and  transfer  into  the  possession  of  several  wealthy  gentlemen  in 
Boston,  who  associated  there  in  1734,  under  the  name  of  the  "  Boston 
Company;'''' — but  in  their  subsequent  meetings,  were  called  the  Jeremi- 
squam. and  Wiscasset  Proprietors. — Sullivan,  p.  149. — June  13,  1762,  they 
released  to  the  Plymouth  Company,  the  lands  "  on  the  west  side"  of  the 
Island,  retaining  the  territory  of  Wiscasset. — Kennebeck  Claims,  p.  12 — 25. 
The  inhabitants  of  the  Island  are  principally  fishermen,  or  mariners. 
There  is  another  Island  belonging  to  Edgecomb,  called  the  Folly,  near 
the  N.  W.  angle  of  the  town,  opposite  to  Wiscasset  village,  containing  95 
acres.     This  is  the  site  of  the  United  States  garrison. -^See  vol.  I,  p.  55, 

t  The  land-title  of  the  inhabitants  in  Edgecomb,  otherwise  "  Edge- 
cumbe,"  was  supposed  to  be  involved  in  the  great  controversy,  (like  those 
of  Bristol,  Nobleboro',  Newcastle  and  Boothbay) — with  the  Tappan  claim- 
ants. But  by  i\ie  Report,  1811,  p.  24,  Edgecomb  and  Boothbay  escaped. 
Seethe  Reference— in  Resolves  June  20,  1811,  t^.  238-9.— Award in  Re- 
solves Jan.  7,  1813,  p.  181-202.  Yet  the  settlers  were  embraced  in  the  Re- 
solve of  Feb.  25,  1813,  for  quieting  them,  the  lots  were  surveyed  in  Edge- 
comb, and  deeds  given  them  by  Jeremiah  Baily  and  Benjamin  Orr,  who 

were  Commissioners  appointed  by  the  Executive,  for  the  purpose Resolve 

Feb.  13,  1816.     By  these  deeds  the  Commonwealth  quit-claimed  its  right  to 


cester. 


406  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II. 

A.D.  1774.  New-Gloucester*  was  granted  by  the  General  Court,  in 
New-Glou-  1 735,  to  the  inhabitants  of  Gloucester  at  Cape  Ann,  whence  it 
derived  its  name.  A  survey  of  the  township  into  lots  was  made 
in  1737  ;  and  so  great  were  the  exertions  to  effect  immediate  and 
permanent  settlements,  that  in  1743,  the  proprietors  state,  they 
had  erected  nineteen  framed  houses  and  a  saw  mill, — thrown 
two  bridges  across  Royall's  river,  at  the  cost  of  £400, — made 
twelve  miles  of  road,  and  cleared  considerable  land.  In  the 
subsequent  Indian  war,  this  promising  plantation  was  interrupted, 
and  finally  suspended  for  a  period  of  about  eleven  years.  Not 
long  after  the  peace,  a  block-house  was  built,  in  March  1754, 
which  was  subsequently  a  Provincial  garrison,  a  store-house  and 
asylum  for  the  settlers,  and  for  sixteen  years,  a  place  of  public 
worship.  Encouraged  by  a  bounty  of  £60  old  tenor,  and  by 
some  local  considerations,  twenty  men,  in  the  spring  of  1756, 
undertook  the  resettlement  of  the  township,  engaging  to  dwell 
there  twelve  months.  The  proprietors'  meetings  were,  in  Nov. 
1763,  holden  for  the  first  time  within  the  plantation;  and  in  Jan. 
1765,  Rev.  Samuel  Foxcroft,  a  graduate  of  Harvard,  (1754) 
was  ordained  over  a  church  of  eight  members,  embodied  at  the 


the  lands,  for  13^  cenis  per  acre  ;  [See  jiosi,  A.  D.  1S13,]  and  the  inhabit- 
ants were  quieted. 

A  church  was  first  embodied  in  Edg-ecomb,  June  24,  1783.  Mr.  Pickles 
preached  there  before  that  time,  and  Mr.  Whiting  afterwards;  but  neither 
of  them  was  settled.  Kev.  Benjamin  Chapman,  the  first  minister  of  the 
town  was  installed,  March  4,  1801.  He  died,  July  13,  1804  ;  and  was  suc- 
ceeded in  the  ministry,  Sept.  30,  1807,  by  Rev.  Samuel  Sewall.  About  the 
time,  Mr.  Chapman  was  settled,  Timothy  Cunningham,  an  inhabitant  of 
the  town,  who  was  a  freewill  baptist,  "  was  made  an  elder  of  that  Society, 
and  has  since  been  their  minister."  There  are  two  meeting-houses,  built 
by  the  town  before  it  was  divided — one  on  the  main,  and  the  other  on 
Jeremisquam.  There  are  in  town  six  mills— and  the  inhabitants  own 
about  1,200  tons  of  shipping.  The  original  settlers  suffered  greatly  from 
the  Indians,  from  famine,  and  from  privations,  in  the  fifth  Indian  war. 
Moses  Davis,  Esq.  the  first  representative  of  the  town,  was  born,  Sept.  23, 
1743,  at  Hampton  Falls,  N.  H.  ;  and  in  1770,  removed  to  Freetown.  He 
was  in  the  Convention  of  Mass.  that  ratified  the  Constitution  of  the  United 
States;— one  of  the  most  worthy  men  of  the  town.— J/S.  Let.  of  Rufus 
Sewall  and  Jloses  Davis,  Esqrs.  1822. 

*  In  New-Gloucester,  there  is  a  family  or  society  of  Shakers,  consist- 
ing of  75  or  80  individuals.  They  planted  themselves  in  the  north-west 
part  of  the  town,  soon  after  the  close  of  the  revolutionary  war — a  neat, 
frugal,  industrious  people. 


Chap,  xiv.]  of  maine.  407 

same  time.     The  people  built  for  him  a  dwellinghouse,  and  the  A,  D.  1774. 
proprietors  paid  him  a  salary.     His  ecclesiastical  connexion  with 
the  people  continued  twenty  seven  years.* 


*  J^ew-Gloucester  has  been  one  of  the  most  distinguished  towns  in  the 
State.  Being'  a  half  shire  with  Portland,  the  Courts  of  Common  Pleas  and 
Sessions  sat  here  from  1791  to  1805  ;  when  Oxford  county  was  established, 
and  the  Courts  all  returned  to  Portland. — The  first  openings  in  the  woods 
were  made  by  Mr.  Mason  and  Mr.  Kussell,  on  the  sides  of  "  Harris-hill." 
The  garrison,  which  stood  100  rods  south-west  of  the  present  meeting- 
house, was  sold  in  1772,  at  auction,  for  seven  bushels  of  corn — and  was 
standing  as  lately  as  1788.  Religion,  youthful  education,  and  public  spirit 
early  characterized  this  people.  Two  lots  of  land  were  appropriated  for 
the  ministry  ;  and  one  preacher  here,  before  the  Rev.  Mr.  Foxcroft,  was 
Rev.  Samuel  Eaton,  who  settled  in  Harpswell.  Among  the  candidates  who 
have  labored  with  Mr.  Foxcroft,  was  Mr.  Wait  Cromwell,  a  powerful  young 
divine  ;  <o  hear  whose  discourses,  religious  assemblies  were  crowded.  The 
preachers  in  this  plantation,  who  settled  in  otlier  places,  were  Mr.  Broad- 
street,  (settled  in  Chester  N.  H.)— Mr.  Hugh  Wallis,  (in  Bath) ;  Mr.  James 
Boyd,  (in  Bangor);  and  Mr,  John  Dane  (inNewfield.)  Kev.  ElishaJ\loselejf 
of  Hampton  (Con  )  was  ordained  Feb.  10,  1802,  in  this  town. — Grecnleaf  s 
Sk.  p.  120. — In  the  war  of  the  revolution,  no  people  evinced  more 
zeal  and  public  spirit.  To  furnish  their  quota  of  soldiers,  the  town  paid  a 
bount}-  to  those  who  went  into  the  army,  took  care  of  their  families,  and 
cultivated  their  fields. 

Three  men  in  this  town  worthy  of  particular  notice,  are  Israel  Parsons^ 
William  Widgery  and  James  Slinchfield.  Mr.  Parsons  removed  into  the 
township  in  1762,  was  the  first  magistrate  appointed  in  it;  was  the  repre- 
sentative to  the  General  Court  in  1783,  and  other  years ;  a  senator  ;  a 
colonel  of  the  militia  ;  a  Justice  of  tJie  Sessions  ; — a  man  equally  noted  for 
his  piety,  promptitude  and  integrity.— He  was  a  deacon  of  the  church,  and 
a  clerk  to  the  proprietors  till  his  decease.  He  died  in  1825,  aged  86  years. 
— The  character  of  Mr.  Widgery  is  worthy  to  be  emulated ;  for  he  attain- 
ed to  eminence  by  his  own  industry  and  merits.  He  came  to  this  town  an 
unlettered  youth  and  stranger  :  yet  be  had  the  honor  of  being  elected  to  a 
seat  in  the  House  of  Representatives  ;  in  the  Senate,  in  the  Council,  and 
in  Congress.  He  was  also  a  Judge  of  the  Common  Pleas  ;  and  when  he 
died  was  worth  $100,000.  Mr.  Stinchficld  removed  with  his  father's  fam- 
ily into  the  plantation  in  1753.  He  was  a  mighty  hunter,  and  well  ac- 
quainted with  the  woods,  and  with  the  Indian  manner  of  warfare.  He 
helped  to  build  the  first  fort,  and  was  a  principal  man  in  the  town  for  some 
years.— JUS.  Let.  of  J.  Woodman  and  A.  R.  Gedding,  Esqrs. 


40S  THE  HISTORT  D^O"^-  *'• 


CHAPTER  XV. 

The  destruction  of  the  tea  offends  the  ministry — Port  of  Hosfori 
dosed — Provincial  cJtarter  altered — The  Canadians — Town-meet-' 
ing  oj  Falmouth—^  T.  Gage,  Governor  of  the  Province — Dissolves 
the  General  Court — 'A  fast~day — Resolutions  hy  the  people  of 
Biddeford— ^Provincial  and  Continental  Congresses— ^Resolves  of 
Cumberland  Contention-^^Provincial  Congress  organized — Ap" 
point  Committees-^ Affair  joiih  Coulson-^31oiveft  arrives  in  the 
harbor  of  Falmouth— ^Dismantles  Fort  Pownal-^ Agencies  to  Can- 
ada and  Penobscot— ^Battle  of  Lexington — The  country  aroused 
to  arms — Geii.  Gage  denounced — His  last  official  act. 

A.  D.  1774.      Although  the  tea  destroyed  at  Boston,  was  the  private  prop- 
Thc  de-      erty  of  the  East-India  company,  the  British  ministry  considered 

Struclion  of  "^  i  •         t  j      i        i  • 

the  tea  of-    the  act  an  outrage  upon  the  national  government ;    and  the  kmg,. 

tainisiry.  March  7,  (1774)  made  the  transaction  a  subject  ol  special  mes- 
sage to  both  Houses  of  Parliament.  In  this  communication  he 
represented  the  Colonists  to  be  guilty  of  obstructing  the  com- 
merce of  the  kingdom,*  and  aiming  to  subvert  the  British  con- 
stitution ;  and  particularly  mentioned  Massachusetts  and  Boston, 
as  deserving  immediate  legislative  chastisement.  The  declaration 
from  the  throne,  filled  the  tories  throughout  the  realm  with  great 
satisfaction  ;  and  a  noble  Lord,  proudly  avowed, — that  "  he  would 
"  not  listen  to  any  complaint  or  petition  from  America,  till  she 
"  was  at  his  feet." — On  the  contrary,  among  the  American  peo- 
ple, there  was  no  other  alternative  thought  of,  than  freedom  or 
death ;  and  through  the  medium  of  conventions,  the  organ  of 
expression   in  those  times,  they  solemnly  resolved,  '  that  if  mil- 

*  lions,  swarming  through  a  boundless  extent  of  continent,  will 
'  tamely  submit  to  live,  move,  and  have  their  being  at  the  arbi- 
'  trary  will  of  a  licentious  minister,  they  basely  yield  to  voluntary 
'  slavery,  and  future   generations  shall  load  their  memories  with 

*  incessant  execrations.' 

*  "  The  inhabitants  of  New- York  and  Philadelphia  sent  the  tea  ships 
back  to  London." — 2  Holm,es'  A.  Ann.  p.  303. 


Chap,  xv.]  of  Maine.  409 

Three  statutes  were  hurried  through   Parliament  too  hastily,  if  A.  D.  )774. 
not  too  intemperately,  to  be  examined  with   becoming  delibera-  Ti)e  port  of 
tion.     The  first  closed  the  port  of  Boston  to  all  trade,  after  the  ed. 
first  day  of  the  ensuing  June.     The  second,  which  was  to  come 
into  operation  on  the  second   day  of  the  succeedins;  August,   so 

11  •   •  r    ,        TT  &  b       »  Charter  of 

altered  the  provisions  of  the   Massachusetts  charter,  as  to  vest  in  Massachu- 
the  Crown,  the  appointment  of  thirty-six  Councillors,   in  lieu  of 
the  twenty- eight,  annually   chosen   by  the  two  branches   of  the 
General   Court  in  convention.      The   Provincial   Governor  was  officers, 
likewise  empowered  to  appoint  and  remove,  at  pleasure,   without 
the  Council's  concurrence,  all  judges,  sheriffs,  and  justices;  and 
to  disallow  all  town-meetings,  excepting  what  were  ordained   by  meetings, 
standing  laws.*     Nay,  all  jurymen,  who  had  been  by  law    drawn  Jurymen, 
in  open  town-meetings,  from  the  jury-boxes, — were  to  be  subse- 
quently selected,  summoned  and  returned  by  the  sheriffs  of  their 
respective  counties.     The  third  provided   that  if  any  officer  in  -prjais 
the  act  of  executing  the  laws,  or  any  person  aiding  him  therein, 
should  be  charged  with  murder  or  other  capital  offence,  he  might 
be  sent  for  trial  to    another  Colony   or  even  to   England.      The  The  Cana- 
fourth,  which  was  passed  later  in  the   session,   new  modeled   the  coura<^ed. 
government  of  the    Quebec  Province,   and  also  granted   to  the 
Canadian  catholics,    some  peculiar  privileges,  which  justly   and 
generally  alarmed  the  protestant  colonists  in  the  northern  parts  of 
New-England. f 

The  eastern  towns,   as  well  as  those  in  Massachusetts,   held  ^, 

'  The  senli- 

raeetings  in  the  meantime,  and  strengthened  and  encouraged  each  memsof 

other,  by  resolves  and    communications  through  the  medium  of '"'labiiauts. 

their  Committees.     The  inhabitants  of  Falmouth,  the  only  port 

of  entry   in  this  eastern   Province,  convened  in  town-meeting ; 

discussed  independently  the   different  subjects  of  wrong,  redress 

and  resistance ;  and  declared  it  as  their  undivided  opinion,   '  that 

'  neither  the  Parliament  of  Great  Britain,   nor   any  other   power 

*on  earth,  had  a  right  to  lay  a  tax  on  us,  without  our  consent,  or 

'  the  consent  of  those  whom  we  might  choose  to   represent  us. 

'  This  is  one  of  the  most  important  articles  in  the  glorious  Mag- 

*  Pror.  Laws,  p.  785,  796. 

f  The  catholic  religion  was  now  estabjished  in  Canada,  perhaps  to   ani- 
mate the  French  there,  or  Indians,  to  take  arms  ag-ainst  New-England,  in 
case  of  war. — 2  Holmes^  A.  Ann.  p.  313, 
Vol.  II.  53 


410  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II. 

A.l).  n74.  «na  Charta  ;  the  liberties  of  which  we  have  a    right  inviolate  to 
'  enjoy,  as  being  interwoven  with  the  constitution  of  the  rational 
'  mind,  and  agreeable  to  the   laws   of  God   and  of  nature.     But 
<we  have   in   Parliament  none   to   represent  us;    and  the   vast 
'  ocean,  which  rolls    between  this  continent  and   Great  Britain, 
'  renders  a  representation  impracticable.     But  as  a  substitute,  we 
'  have  a  sacred  compact,  as  yet  unbroken  by  us, — a  Provincial 
'  charter,  purchased   by  our  forefathers,   and  sanctioned  by   the 
'  parent  government ;    whereby,  we    have   a  Parliament   of  our 
'own,  or  rather  a  Supreme  Provincial    Legislature,  in  which  we 
'  are  equally  represented,  and  to  whose  laws,  in  obedience  to  the 
« law  of  God  alone,  ought  we  to  be  subservient.       Controlled  by 
'the  dictates  and  acts  of  two  legislative  bodies  at  the  same  time, 
'  and  in  relation,  perhaps,  to  the  same    subjects,  we  are  exposed 
'to  slavery  of  the  worst  kind.     All  this,  a  corrupt  and  disaffected 
'  ministry  have  attempted  to  palm  upon  us,  by  the  formidable  stamp- 
'  act  and  other  arbitrary  measures ;  turning  at  length  the  tea-mer- 
'  chants  upon  us,  to  achieve  the  projected  and  unfinished  machin- 
'  ation.     Yet  surely,  there  can  be  found  no   subjects  more  loyal 
'  to  their  prince  than  we,  in  all  his  dominions.     We  have  no    de- 
'  sire  to  be  released  from  the  restraints  of  good   government  and 
'  reasonable  laws ;  while  to  obey  such  as  are  oppressive  or  to  re- 
'  sist  them — is   a  most  unhappy   and   trying   ahernative. — If  we 
I  yield, — we  own  the  power  that  oppresses  us,   and  must  forever 
'  submit  to  its   despotic   sway ; — we   detach   ourselves   from  the 
'  great  body  of  our    fellow  countrymen,  and   must  endure  their 
'just  and  severe  reproaches  ; — nay,  we  must  endure  all  the   evils 
'  which  a  servile  submission  will  bring  upon  us  and   our  posterity 
'  in  succeeding  generations. — If  we  resist,  we  help  to  sever  a 
'  mighty  empire  ; — we  arouse  against  ourselves,  a  most  powerful 
'  nation ;  and  in  the  midst  of  our    greatest  exertions,  we  put  to 
'  hazard  our  own  security,  in  all  that  is  dear.' 

'  But  we  have  weighed  the  subject  fully  and  fairly  ;  and  we 
'  feel  constrained  by  the  sacred  obligations  of  patriotism  and  self- 
'  preservation,  and  the  tender  ties  of  filial  affection,  to  join  our 
*  brethren  of  the  several  towns  on  the  continent,  in  opposing  the 
'  operation  of  despotic  measures.  The  dictates  of  nature,  of 
'  reason  and  of  conscience,  admonish  and  i  rge  us  to  the  support 
'  of  our  freedom  ;  for  upon  this  all  our  political  happiness  must 
'  depend.     Our  cause  is  just,  and  we  trust  in  God,  if  we  do  our 


Chap,  xv.]  of  Maine.  411 

'  duty,  he  will  enable  us  to  transmit  to  our  children  that  Sacred  A.D.  J774. 
'  Freedom,  which  we  have  inherited  from  our  fathers, — the  pur- 
'  chase  and  earnest  of  their  purest  blood.' — They  closed  their 
meeting  with  these  resolutions, — to  make  no  use  of  India  teas, 
till  the  duty  be  repealed  ;  to  support  their  brethren  in  Boston  at 
all  times,  in  defence  of  their  country's  rights  and  Hberties;  to 
withhold  licenses  from  all  innholders  and  retailers,  who  might 
presume  to  buy  or  sell  tea ;  and  to  have  a  standing  Committee 
of  correspondence, — as  in  other  towns,  throughout  the  Prov- 
ince.* 

General  Thomas  Gage,  being  appointed  to  succeed   Governor  General 
Hutchinson,  arrived  at  Boston,  May  13,  a  few  days  prior  to  the  pointed 

Governor 

departure  of  his  predecessor  for  England.  Gage  had  been,  lor  May  13.' 
several  years,  Commander-in-Chief  of  the  British  troops  in  Amer- 
ica— residing  mostly  at  Montreal  or  New-York ;  and  his  new 
commission  now  made  him  rather  a  military  ruler,  than  a  chief 
magistrate  of  a  free  people. f  His  sentiments  and  measures 
were  presently  evinced  by  his  devout  subserviency  to  ministerial 
dictation,  and  to  the  politics  of  the  tories.  At  the  May  elec- 
tion, he  gave  his  negative  to  thirteen  of  the  new  chosen  Coun- 
cillors ;  and  in  a  few  days  he  adjourned  the  General  Court  to 
Salem.     Here  most  of  the  session  was  consumed    in   discussions  June  17. 

Th6  HousG 

upon  public  affairs,  and  when  he  was  informed,  June  17,  that  the  chooseSdei- 
House  had  determined  by  a  vote  of  116   to    12,  to  choose   five  congress, 
delegates,  to  meet  others  in   Congress  at  Philadelphia  from   the 
different  Colonies,  he  sent  the  Secretary  to  dissolve  the  Assem- 
bly.    Apprehensive  of  this,  the  House  ordered  the   door   to   be  „     „ 

J  i^i  '  ^  _  _       The  Gener- 

locked  ;  and  as  they  proceeded  in  the  choice,  the   proclamation  ai  Court dis- 
for  dissolving  the  General  Court  was  read  by  the    Secretary  on 
the  stairs ;  and  Governor  Gage   and   the   Legislature  never  met 
afterwards. 

The  inhabitants  of  Boston,  whose  port  had  now  been  shut  sixteen  Falmouth, 
days,  received  testimonies  of  universal  and  most  cordial  sympathy. 
Some  towns  encouraged  them  by  spirited  resolutions,  some   by 
generous  presents,  and  others  by    expressions  of  deepest  regret. 
At  the  time  the  act  took  effect,  a  heavy  gloom   spread   over  the 

*  Smith's  Jour.  App.  T^.  \6-22. — Benjamin  Miissey,  Robert  Pagan  and 
Enoch  Moody,  were  a  Committee  "  to  enquire  what  quantity  of  tea  is  in 
"  town,  of  what  quality,  in  whose  hands  it  is,  'and  when  imported  ;  and 
"  make  report"  at  the  next  town-meeting.  f  1  Bradford,  p.  335. 


412  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II. 

A.  D.  1774.  whole  Province.  In  Falmouth  and  other  places,  the  bells  were 
tolled  the  whole  day  ;  and  the  inhabitants  of  that  town,  assembling, 
addressed  to  the  people  of  Boston  a  letter,  which  breathed  sen- 
timents of  the  purest  and  most  manly  affection. — '  We  look  upon 
'  you,  (said  they)  as  sufferers  for  the  common  cause  of  American 
Lettorto  'liberty.  We  highly  appreciate  your  courage  to  endure  priva- 
'  tion  and  distress — sensibly  aware  that  the  season  puts  to  se- 
'  verest  trial,  the  virtues  of  magnanimity,  patience  and  fortitude, 
'  which  your  example  will  honorably  exemplify.  We  beg  leave 
'  to  tender  you  all  the  encouragements,  which  the  considerations 
'  of  friendsliip  and  respect  can  inspire,  and  all  the  assurances  of 
'  succor,  which  full  hearts  and  feeble  abilities  can  render.' 
^^]  P  According  to  the  usages  of  our  forefathers  in  times  of  emer- 
festiiig.  gency  and  affliction,  a  day  was  appointed  for  fasting  and  prayer, 
through  the  Province ; — a  day,  however,  on  which  the  tories  at 
Falmoulh  and  elsewhere  made  entertainments ;  not  forbearing 
probably  to  treat  the  occasion  with  ridicule. 
Precepts  for  To  meet  the  ^^  Mandamvs  CounciUoi's^' in  legislation,  regard- 
Court,  less  of  the  people's  indignation  and  affront,  at  their  appointment ; 
the  Governor,  in  August,  issued  precepts  to  the  several  towns  for 
the  choice  of  Representatives,  and  ordered  them  to  meet  in  Gen- 
eral Court  at  Salem,  the  first  week  in  October.  In  the  mean- 
time, Conventions  were  holden  in  all  the  larger  towns  of  the 
Province,  which  concurrently  resolved,  that  the  '  royal  or  man- 
damus Council'  be  in  nowise  acknowledged,  as  the  upper  constit- 
uent branch  of  the  General  Court :  and  recommended  that  dele- 
A  I'roviii-    o-ates  be  chosen  in  all  the  towns  to  meet  in  a  '  Provincial  Con- 


cial   Coii- 


b 


gress,         GRESS.'     When  informed  of  these  measures,  the  Governor  issued 
upon.  a  proclamation  by  which  he  postponed  a  meeting  of  the  General 

Court,  till  further  orders. 

In  view  of  the  late  acts  of  Parliament,  which  closed  the  port 

Resniulions 

of  Bidde-  of  the  metropolis, — essentially  altered  the  civil  government,  and 
entirely  destroyed  "  the  invaluable  right  of  trial  by  an  uncor- 
rupted  jury  ;"  the  inhabitants  of  Biddeford,  resolved  in  tovA'n- 
meeting,  to  pursue  with  the  other  towns  in  the  Province  all  such 
legal  and  constitutional  methods,  as  might  be  thought  conducive 
to  the  restoration  of  our  natural  rights  as  men,  and  our  political 
rights  as  Englishmen  ;  and  that  no  inconveniences,  however  inju- 
rious to  private  interests,  shall  be  a  sufficient  cause  to  break  this 
■resolution.     We  determine  also  to  slcin  the  "  covenant  oaths  and 


Chap,  xv.]  of  maine.  413 

agreements,"  received  from  Boston,  and  break  -off  all  commercial  A.D.  1774. 
intej-coLirse  with  Great  Britain,  until  her  oppressive  acts  be  re- 
pealed ;  shrinking  from  nothing,  that  the  General  Congress  shall 
advise.  Nor  will  we  have  any  society,  trade  or  commerce,  with 
the  individual,  who  shall  demean  himself  contrary  to  any  plan 
laid  for  our  deliverance,  either  by  Congress  or  a  majority  of  the 
towns  in  this  Province.* 

County  Conventions  were  recommended  ;  and  the  inhabitants  m.-asures  of 
of  Falmouth,  meeting  August  30,  chose  four  delegates  to  the  one  *^'"^®- 
appointed  in  Cumberland.  Otlier  towns  set  or  imitated  the  ex- 
ample ;  and  the  people  with  great  anxiety  turned  their  thoughts 
upon  the  subjects  of  their  defence  and  safety.  Military  compa- 
nies of  volunteers  were  formed  in  several  places,  who  elected 
their  own  officers.  Arms  and  weapons  of  war  underwent  inspec- 
tion and  repairs.  Great  improvements  were  made  during  the 
year  in  military  exercise  and  discipline  ;  there  being  soldiers  yet 
in  the  prime  of  life,  distinguished  for  their  bravery,  skill  and  ex- 
perience, in  iormer  wars. 

At  lenirth,  delegates  from   eleven  Colonies  appeared  in  Phila-  „ 

o     '  "  -'  '  *  _       Sept.  4. 

delphia,  Sept.  4  ;  and  having  chosen  Peyton  Randolph  of  Vir-  Measures  of 
ginia.  President,  and  resolved  upon  so  conducting  the  public  bu-  gress. 
siness,  as  to  allow  each  colony  one  equal  vote,  whatever  might 
be  the  number  of  its  deputies,  unanimously  agreed  upon  a  De- 
claration of  Rights,  reciting  the  several  parliamentary  acts  which 
had  violated  them ; — declared  the  repeal  of  those  acts  indispen- 
sable to  the  restoration  of  harmony  between  Great  Britain  and 
the  Colonies  ; — recommended  non-importation  and  non-consump- 
tion agreements  ; — prepared  addresses  to  the  king,  to  the  people 
of  Great  Britain,  to  Canada  and  Nova  Scotia ; — and  after  a  la- 
borious session  of  two  months,  adjourned.  Their  recommenda- 
tions, though  advisatory,  it  has  been  said,  were  more  effectually 
carried  into  execution,  than  the  laws  of  the  best  regulated  State. f 

From  this  time,  all  regard  for  royal  authority,  everywhere  Appearan- 
daily  declined.  Inherent  rights  and  defensive  measures  were  the  Revolution, 
topics  in  every  department  and  circle  of  the  community.     In  the 


'*'  Probably  drawn  by  Jaines  Hullivan. — Fohom''s  Saco  and  Biddeford, 
p.  277-8. 

f  2  Holmes'  A.  Ann.  p.  312— The  members  from  Massachusetts  were 
T.  Gushing-,  S.  Adams,  11.  T.  Paine,  J.  Bowdoin  and  J.  Adams. 


Sept.  21. 
Cumber- 
land Con 
vention. 


414  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.    II. 

A.  D,  1774.  Province  of  Massachusetts,  the  legislative  body  was  dissolved. 
The  Superior  Court  found  in  the  fall  circuit,  the  course  of  jus- 
tice greatly  interrupted,  by  popular  excitement  and  distrust.  The 
juries  in  several  counties,  especially  where  Chief  Justice  Oliver 
presided,  refused  to  take  their  oaths.  A  spirit  of  revolution 
seemed  to  pervade  the  community  ;  and  the  people,  resorting  to 
the  principles  of  Social  Compact,  met  and  acted  as  individuals 
in  their  primary  assemblies  ;  and  then  by  their  free-chosen  com- 
mittees, adopted  measures  in  other  bodies. 

The  county  convention  in  Cumberland,  was  holden  at  the 
court-house  in  Falmouth,  Sept.  21,  by  39  members,  delegated 
from  nine  towns.*  Having  elected  Enoch  Freeman,  chairman, 
they  made  it  their  first  business  to  ascertain  if  William  Tyng, 
Esq.  sheriff  of  the  county, f  intended  to  act  under  the  new 
statute  of  Parliament,  which  gave  sheriffs  the  power  of  selecting 
jurors.  They  therefore  addressed  to  him  a  note,  requesting  him 
to  meet  the  convention,  and  answer  for  himself.  He  appeared  ; 
and  after  complaining  of  the  gross  misrepresentations  made  about 
his  compliance  with  the  requisitions  of  the  act,  he  said — '  I  do 
'  here  solemnly  declare,  I  have  not  in  any  way  whatever  acted  or 
'  endeavored  to  act  in  conformity  to  it ;  but  have  complied  with 
'  what  this  assembly  through  their  committee  have  required  of 
'me.  I  further  declare,  that  I  will  not  as  sheriff  of  this 
'  county,  or  otherwise,  conform  to  the  requirements  of  the  act,. 
'  unless  by  the  general  consent  of  the  county ;  and  tliat  I  have 
'  not  received  any  commission  whatever,  since  the  first  day  of 
'  July  last : — It  was  then  voted  by  the  assembly  that  these  de- 
clarations were  satisfactory. 

The  convention  was  probably  urged  to  this  procedure  with  the 
sheriff  by  out-door  influence  ;  for  there  were  present,  early  in  the 
day,  from  the  eastern  towns  in  the  county,  about  500  men, J 
many  of  whom  were  armed,  and  all  determined  not  to  depart, 
till  they  had  compelled  the  sheriff  to  resign  his  office,  or  make 
an  unqualified  avowal  of  his  intent  to  obey  the  province  law  and 
not  that  of  Parliament. 

In  view  of  our  political  affairs,  rendered  so  alarming  by  meas- 


600  men 
present. 


*  The  towns  were  Falmouth,  Scarborough,  North- Yarmouth,  Gorham> 
Cape-Elizabeth,  Brunswick,  Harpswell,  Windham  and  New-Gloucester. 
\  10  Col.  Mass.  Hist.  Soc,  p.  184-5.  J  Smith's  Jour.  p.  100. 


Chap,  xv.]  of  Maine.  416 

iires  of  a  ministry  too  imperious  to  hear  entreaty,  and  by  a  re-  A.  D.  1774. 
enforcement  of  the  troops  at  Boston,  avowedly  removed  thither  JJ;;'"'^'^^^,^"^ 
to  enforce  subjection  at  the  point  of  the  bayonet  ;  the  members  lion. 
of  the  convention,  still  unintimidated  by  any  array  of  consequences, 
advised  to  a  firm  and  persevering  opposition  to  every  design, 
dark  or  open,  framed  to  abridge  our  English  liberties  ;  recom- 
mending, in  unison  with  other  similar  conventions,  that  the  rep- 
resentatives elected  by  the  towns,  meet  at  the  appointed  time  and 
place,  and  form  tliemselves  into  a  Provincial  Congress  ;  that  the 
Justices  of  the  Common  Pleas  and  Sessions,  the  magistrates,  and 
all  other  civil  officers  proceed  to  discharge  their  official  duties, 
as  if  no  parliamentary  act  had  passed  ;  that  the  executive  Coun- 
cillors chosen  for  Maine  at  the  last  election,  take  their  seats  as 
usual,  at  the  Council  Board  ;  that  collectors  pay  into  the  Prov- 
ince treasury  no  more  monies,  till  the  government  be  replaced  on 
its  constitutional  foundation,  or  till  they  receive  instructions  from 
the  Provincial  Congress  ;  that  every  vender  of  merchandize, 
raising  his  prices  in  consequence  of  any  non-importation  agree- 
ment, shall  be  esteemed  an  oppressor  of  his  countrymen  ;  that 
all  due  means  be  used  for  increasing  and  improving  our  flocks  of 
sheep,  for  raising  more  flax,  and  for  promoting  manufactures; 
that  as  there  are  foreign  forces  in  the  Province,  and  as  the  "  very 
extraordinary  and  alarming  acts  for  the  establishment  of  the  Ro- 
man Catholic  religion  and  French  laws  in  Canada,"  may  bring 
down  the  French  and  Indians  again  upon  our  frontiers — every 
man  ought  to  be  well  provided  with  arms  and  ammunition, — mil- 
itary companies  formed  and  officers  chosen  in  every  town,  to  ex- 
ercise and  perfect  them  in  tactics  and  military  arts  ;  and  that 
every  individual  in  the  county  use  his  best  endeavors  to  prevent 
or  suppress  all  riots,  mobs  and  licentiousness — the  Great  God,  in 
whose  presence  we  always  are,  being  himself  a  lover  of  order, 
and  not  of  confusion.  All  the  members  severally  agreed  before 
they  separated,  not  to  take  a  commission  under  the  Provincial 
government,  as  it  had  been  new-modeled  by  Parliament,  nor  re- 
cognize the  '  Mandamus  Councillors.' 

Regardless  of  the  Governor's  proclamation,  the  representatives  October  7. 
chosen  by  the  towns,  to  the  number  of  208,*  met  at  Salem,  Oct.  ^Jcon-' 
7,  and  formed  themselves  into  a  Provincial  Congress  ;  electing  S''*^*^  meets. 

*  Jdr,  Bradford  in  hin  Hialonj,  p.  353,  supposes  the  uuraber  was  "  288." 


416  THE  HISTORY  [V^OL.  O. 

A.D.  1771.  John   Hancock,    President,   and   Benjamin   Lincoln,   Secretary. 

J.  Hiincock,  They  adjourned  to  Concord.  In  their  address  to  the  Governor, 
'*"  '  they  told  him  there  was  indispensable  necessity  for  their  meeting, 
to  provide  for  the  public  safety,  if  not  to  prevent  impending  ruin  ^ 
for  whenever  a  government  originally  designed  for  the  security 
and  welfare  of  the  people,  is  employed  to  ha^'ass  and  enslave 
them,  it  becomes  a  curse  rather  than  a  blessing.  It  was  next  re- 
solved, that  unless  the  Mandamus  Councillors  within  ten  days, 
signify  their  intention  to  resign,  their  names  should  be  published 
and  themselves  considered  as  rebels  against  the  state.     In  adopt- 

H.  Gnrdi-    iug  defensive  measures,  they  elected  Henrrj  Gardiner  of  Boston > 

ner,    leas-  p^^^^^j^g  treasurer ;    and  ordered  the   sheriffs  and  collectors  of 


urcr. 


taxes  to  pay  over  to  him  all  the   public   monies.     They  advised 

the  militia  to  form  companies  and   battalions,  elect  officers,   and 

attend   strictly  to  military   discipline  ;  and   after   prescribing  the 

number  of  citizens  to  be  enlisted  and  in  readiness  to  march  at  a 

moment's  warning,  they  elected  their  general  officers,  viz.   Jed- 

ediah  Preble*  Artemas    Ward  and   El.  Pomeroy,  to    command 

Commiuecs  them,  and  all  the  militia.     They  then   appointed   a  Committee 

ali<?  Sup-     OF  Safety  and   a  Committee   of  Supplies,  vesting  one   with 

*'''*'*•  power  to  put  in  military  array,   if  necessary,  any  portion  of  the 

militia  for  the  common  defence ;  and  the  other,  to  secure  all  the 

public  stores,  which  General  Gage  had  not  already  seized. 

At  the  November  session,  about  12  or  15  of  the  new  Council- 
lors sent  in  their  resignations  ;  a  fourth  part  of  the  JMilitia  was 
put  in  requisition,  and  ordered  to  be  paid  from  the  day  they  left 
home ; — and  two  more  general  officers  were  chosen  or  appointed. 
— This  first  Provincial  Congress,  which  had  three  sessions,  dis- 
solved Dec.  10,  previously  electing  five  delegates  to  a  new  '  Con- 
tinental Congress.' 
A.  D.  1775.  Another  Provincial  Congress  convened,  Feb.  1 ,  1775 ;  between 
2d  Frovin-  which  time  and  its  dissolution,  May  29,  it  had  four  sessions.  It 
consisted  of  215  members; — an  assemblage  selected  and  distin- 
guished for  their  zeal,  intelligence  and  whig  principles.  Among 
the  seventeen  from  Maine,  were  James  Sullivan,  Ichabod  Good- 
win, Samuel  Freeman,  Thomas  Rice,  and  Dummer  SewalL 
This  Congress  urged  the  people  to  be  prepared  for  resistance ; 


cial  Con- 
gress. 


*  General  Preble,  was  an  inhabitant  of  Falmouth,  had  represented  his 
town  in  the  General  Court  several  years  ;  and  at  the  preceding  May  elec- 
tion, was,  the  second  time,  chosen  into  the  Council. 


Chap,  xr.]  of  Maine.  417 

ordered  enlistments  of  minute-men,  and  provided  for  a  system  of  a.d.  1775, 
military  laws  and  regulations. 

Though  there  was  a  scarcity  of  provisions  in  the  eastern  towns,  '^i'e  people, 
owing  to  the  intercepted  intercourse  between  them  and  Boston, 
and  the  general  embarrassments  of  trade ;  the  season  itself  was 
fine,  and  the  enterprize  and  political  courage  of  the  people,  never 
greater.  The  towns  took  measures  to  provide  themselves  with  a 
stock  of  powder,  lead  and  flints ;  and  at  the  annual  town-meet- 
ings in  March,  the  whig  politics  effected  all  the  changes  desired, 
being  wholly  triumphant. 

An  affair  happening  in  Falmouth  at  this  time,  was  the  probable  The  affair 
origin  of  the  train,  which  laid  the  town  in  ashes.  A  vessel  arriv-  son. 
ing  in  the  harbor  from  England,  brought  the  rigging,  sails  and 
stores  for  a  new  ship,  built  by  Thomas  Coulson,  a  resident  of 
Falmouth,  who  was  in  politics  a  tory.  There  was  also  on  board 
a  considerable  cargo  of  goods  and  merchandize.  When  she  had 
anchored,  the  Committee  of  Safety  and  Inspection,  consisting  of 
Enoch  Freeman,  Theophilus  Parsons  and  seventeen  other  gentle- 
men, met,  March  2,  and  summoned  before  them  the  Captain  and  March  2. 
Coulson,  to  give  an  account  of  the  shipment.  They  were  frank 
and  full  in  their  disclosure — when  the  Committee  determined, 
that  the  packages  unbroken,  and  the  suit  of  sails  and  rigging  re- 
maining on  board,  ought  to  be  sent  back  to  England,  in  the  ship 
which  brought  them  ;  and  that  if  Coulson  used  any  of  the  ar- 
ticles, he  would  violate  the  agreement  of  the  '  American  Associa- 
tion.' But  he  resolved  not  to  be  defeated  in  his  purpose  ;  al- 
leging that  the  English  vessel  needed  repairs,  which  could  not 
be  made  unless  she  v\^as  unladen.  By  the  firmness  of  the  Com- 
mittee, however,  and  some  threats  of  the  populace,  he  was  kept 
in  check,  four  or  five  weeks,  till  the  Canseau  sloop-of-war,  com-  ^^pt.  JViow- 

'  '  '  ett  arrives 

manded  by  Capt  Mowett,  arrived   in  the  harbor  and  anchored,  at  Fai- 

J  r  ^  _  _  mouth. 

As  this  visit  was  effected  through  the  instrumentality  of  Coulson, 
he  now  presumed  to  lay  the  English  vessel  beside  his  new  ship, 
and  in  bold  defiance  of  '  Congresses  and  Committees'  he  took  on 
board  the  cargo.  This  so  enflamed  the  people's  resentments, 
that  none  of  them  could  be  hired  or  brought  to  assist  him,  till 
Mowett  pressed  them  into  the  service,  while  the  ship  itself  was 
not  beyond  the  hazard  of  destruction,  by  the  hand  of  popular 
violence,  during  the  whole  time  Coulson  was  rigging  her.  The 
Vol.  II.  63 


418  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.    II. 

A.  u,  1775.  visit  had  the  misfortune  to  give  Mowett  and   the  town's  people, 

unfavorable  impressions  of  each  other,  which  were  not  forgotten. 

Ton  Pow-        Mowett  proceeding  next  to  Penobscot,  dismantled   Fort  Pow- 

iial  ilisman-  •  •  i  i      j 

'led  hy  nal,  Carried  away  the  guns  and  ammunition,  and  nearly  destroy- 
ed the  "  rich  trade"  with  the  natives,  which  had  been  profitably 
improved  upwards  of  twenty  years.  He  then  returned  to  the 
harbor  at  Falmouth.  But  the  Tarratine  Indians,  who  could  not 
be  supposed  to  understand  the  merits  of  the  dispute,  between 
England  and  her  Colonies,  were  thus  interrupted,  at  a  most  criti- 
cal season  of  the  year,  in  the  traffic,  which,  with  its  advantages, 
had  been  secured  to  them  by  treaty.  The  eastern  people,  also, 
were  soon  disquieted  hy  frightful  rumors,  that  an  army  from 
Canada  was  coming  upon  them ;  and  that  a  party  of  40  or  50 
Indians  had  certainly  been  discovered  upon  our  frontiers,  near 
Royalston,  [now  Durham,]  in  this  State. 
An  aj^ency  Though  these  reports  were  groundless,  the  selectmen  of  Fal- 
a°K?^io^Pe-  iTiouth  thought  SO  much  of  them,  as  to  employ  Benjamin  Ham- 
nobscot.  j^Q^^  Jabez  Matthews  and  David  Dinsmore  of  New-Gloucester, 
and  Remington  Hobby  and  John  Getchell  of  Vassalborough,  to 
visit  the  Canadians  at  Quebec,  also  the  Indians  at  Penobscot, 
and  ascertain  if  any  Frenchmen  were  in  motion,  or  any  of  the 
savages  were  preparing  to  ravage  the  frontier  settlements.  The 
three  first  were  seized  in  Canada  as  spies  and  thrown  into  prison, 
from  which  they  by  stratagem,  were  glad  to  escape  with  their 
lives.* 
New  re-  Early  in  the  spring  there  was  authentic  intelligence  from  Eng- 

of 'parHa^-'"  land,  that  the  National  Legislature  had  passed  acts  by  large  ma- 
'"^"''  jorities,  to  limit  the  trade  of  the  New-England  Colonies  to  Great 
Britain  and  the  West  Indies  ',  to  interdict  our  peo})le  from  the 
fishery  upon  the  banks  of  Newfoundland,  and  these  north-eastern 
coasts,  and  to  divide  the  colonies  by  proffering  favor,  to  such 
as  would  submit.  The  vindictive  character  of  these  acts,  from 
which  the  parent  country  could  expect  to  derive  small  advantage, 
and  the  British  re-enforcements  at  Boston,  induced   the  Provin- 


*  They  obtained  their  arms  through  the  help  of  Robert  Forbes,  an  Irish 
tailor,  residing-  there.  After  they  had  escaped  and  travelled  10  miles, 
they  were  stopped  by  a  party  of  Indians— from  wliom  they  also  escaped. 
They  were  15  days  in  the  woods, — Smithes  Jour.  App.  46. — A.  R.  Gid- 
dinse's  Let, 


Chap,  xv.]  of  maine,  419 

cial  Congress,  April  8,  to  raise  a  force  sufficient  to  resist  any  a.  d.  1775. 
attack  the  British  troops  might  make. 

Informed  of  certain  provisions  and  military  stores,   deposited  Battle  at 

,         „  Lexington, 

by  the  people  at  Concord,  18  miles  from  Boston,  General  Gage  April  19. 
sent  a  detachment  of  800  men,  April  18,  to  seize  them.  The 
troops  crossed  Charles  river  before  midnight,  arrived  in  about 
four  hours  at  Lexington,  and  finding  sixty  or  seventy  people  as- 
sembled, fired  upon  them,  killed  eight  men  and  wounded  others. 
The  regulars  then  proceeded  to  Concord,  where  they  destroyed 
what  military  stores  and  provisions  they  could  find  ;  and  being 
on  their  return  re-enforced  at  Lexington  by  900  men,  under  Lord 
Percy,  reached  Bunker  Hill  about  sunset ;  the  citizens,  most  of 
the  way,  hanging  upon  the  enemy's  rear,  with  a  destructive  fire. 
The  battle  of  Lexington  sounded  the  tocsin  of  alarm  through 
the  continent.  As  defence  and  not  aggression,  was  one  of  the 
deepest  principles  in  American  politics ;  many  thought  it  an 
auspicious  omen,  that  the  British  should  have  shed  the  first  blood 
in  the  war. 

The  country  was  instantly  aroused  to  arms.     In  York  the  news  The  country 

c     1       1        1  •        1   •       1  •  aroused  to 

ot  the  battle  arrived  in  the  evening,  and  early  the  next   morning,  arms, 
the  inhabitants  assembled,  enlisted  a  company  of  more  than  sixty  ./' 

men,  and  furnished  them  with  arms,  ammunition,  and  knapsacks 
full  of  provisions, — and  they,  under  the  command  of  Johnson 
Moulton,  travelled  fifteen  miles  the  same  day,  besides  crossing 
the  Piscataqua  ferry,*  being  the  first  company  in  Maine,  that 
took  up  their  march  for  Boston,  The  inhabitants  of  Falmouth 
despatched  their  military  company  under  Captain  Bradish, 
April  21,  to  head-quarters  near  Boston;  and  Colonel  James 
Scarnmon  of  Biddeford  soon  led  to  Cambridge  a  regiment  of 
volunteers,  where  they  remained  about  a  year.  He  was  well 
fitted  to  shine  in  the  military  profession  ;  possessing  vigor  of  mind 
and  body,  and  a  gaiety  of  temper,  which  secured  the  good-will 
and  attachment  of  all  such  as  were  under  his  command. f  Forts 
and  magazines  were  now  taken  for  the  use  of  the  Provincials ; 
regular  forces  were  raised ;  and  every  town  was  disposed  to 
contribute  in  proportion  to  its  abilities.     New-Gloucester,  for  in- 

*SColl.J\I.  Ilist.  Soc.  p.  10,  11.— Colonel  Moulton  was  afterwards 
She  riff  of  his  county.  He  was  also  Lieutenant-Colonel,  in  Scammon's  reg^i- 
ment,  and  D.  Wood  was  Major.  f  Folsom,  p.  283, 


420  'THi:  HISTORY  [Vol,  ii. 

A.D.  1775.  stance,  raised  twenty  men,  and  voted,  that  the  domestic  labor  of 
each  soldier  at  home,  should  be  performed  during  his  absence, 
his  wages  paid,  and  himself  "  billeted  on  the  road  at  the  town's 
expense."  In  a  few  days,  there  were  in  the  environs  of  Boston, 
1 5,000  men ;  and  when  the  Provincial  Congress  was  convened, 
April 22,  ihey  authorized  the  treasurer  to  borrow  i£  100,000  for 
the  use  of  the  Province. 

General  On  the  5th  of  May,   that  Assembly   resolved,   "that  General 

Gage  <Je-  . 

uouEced.  Gage  had,  by  the  late  transactions  and  many  other  means,  utterly 
disqualified  himself  from  serving  this  Colony  as  Governor,  or  in 
any  other  capacity ;  and  therefore  no  obedience  was  in  future  due 
to  him ; — but  on  the  contrary,  he  ought  to  be  considered  and 
guarded  against,  as  an  unnatural  and  inveterate  enemy  to  the 
country."  The  precepts  for  calling  a  General  Court  this  spring 
were  prepared  by  him,  and  perhaps  signed,  but  were  never  dis- 
tributed. He  pronounced  the  Province  in  a  state  of  rebellion ; 
and  the  politics  of  the  Judges  of  the  Superior  Court,  except 
one*  being  obnoxious  to  the  people,  they  held  no  sessions  during 
the  spring  in  any  of  the  counties. — The  last  official  act  of  the 
Governor  was  a  proclamation  in  his  Majesty's  name,  by  which  he 
offered  pardon  to  allf  those  who  would  "  forthwith  lay  down  their 

He  leaves  "  arms,  and  return  to  the  duties  of  peaceable  subjects." — In  a 
'"  '■  few  months  he  embarked  for  England,  and  was  succeeded  in 
the  command  by  Sir  William  Howe.  Thus  an  end  was  put  to 
the  British  government,  throughout  the  Provinces  of  Massachusetts 
and  Maine,  after  it  had  subsisted  under  the  Provincial  charter 
eighty-three  years,  and  through  the  administrations  of  eleven 
Royal  Governors. 

*  This  was   William  Cushing.    The  other  Judg-es  were  Peter  Oliver, 

Edmund  7'rowbridg-e,  Foster  Hutchinson,  and  William  Brown.  Judge 
Oliver  went  to  England  and  lived  several  years  on  a  pension  from  the 
crown.     The  Courts  were  shut  about  16  months, 

f  Except  John  Hancock  and  Samuel  Adams. 

Note. — The  appellations,  Whig  and  Tory,  are  well  known  to  be  political 
expletives  from  the  politics  of  Great  Britain,  wl)ose  origin  may  be  traced 
to  the  last  ten  years  of  the  Stuart  dynasty,  perhaps  to  the  year  1680.  In 
those  times  of  bitter  dissension,  the  Court  party  or  Royalists  reproached 
their  antagonists  with  their  affinity  to  the  fanatical  conventiclers  in  Scot- 
land,— known  by  the  name  of  Whigs ;  while  the  country  party  found  a 
resemblance  between  the  courtiers  and  the  popish  banditti  in  Ireland — 
who  were  called  Tories. — 6  Hume,  p.  140.— >Sce  anle,vol.  1.  p.  602. — [JVo/e, ^.J 


Chap,  xvi.]  of  maine.  421 


CHAPTER  XVI. 

The  war  of  the  revolution — Falmouth — Col.  Thompson  and  volun- 
teers seize  Capt.  Moivett — He  is  discharged — Displeasure  and 
conduct  of  the  multitude — Third  Provincial  Congress  issue  bills 
of  credit — Gen.  Washington,  Commander-in-Chief — Other  officers 
— Distress  of  the  eastern  people — Capt.  Buck  takes  charge  of 
Fort  Pownal —  Tarratine  Chiefs  pacific — Duddingtoti  visits  Fal- 
mouth— He  and  Coulson  leave  the  harbor — Eastern  regiments  and 
troops — Littlcfield,  Di^puty  Commissary-General  for  the  eastern 
counties — The  agents  return  from  Canada — Exploits  at  Harps- 
well  and  Machias — Provincial  Charter  resumed — Councillors — 
Acts  of  the  General  Court — Representatives — All  commissions  va- 
cant after  Sept.  19,  (lllB) — General  Cowt  first  issue  paper  money 
— Defence — Fcdmouth  laid  in  ashes  by  the  enemy  under  Mowctt — 
Statement  of  the  selectmen — Falmouth  visited  by  a  British  ship 
of  war  under  Symonds — Eastern  toicns  defended — Gen.  Mont- 
gomery captures  Montreal  and  proceeds  against  Quebec — Aj-- 
nold's  expedition  thither  through  Kennebeck — Repulsed — General 
Post  Office — Ncio  appointments  of  civil  and  military  officers — 
Militia  reorganized — Style  of  all  legal  papers  changed — The 
British  leave  Boston — Troops  raised  in  Maine — Declaration  of 
Independence — The  advantages  of  it. 

As  the  events  of  the  American  Revolution  have  been  given  to 
the  public  by  several  able  vi^riters  ;  it  will  be  the  design  of  therpj^^^j^r 
present  compiler,  to  confine   himself  essentially  to  such  partic- 
ulars of  it,  as  relate  to  the  History  of  Maine. 

Falmouth,  the  seat  of  justice  for  Cumberland,  and  the  re-  p,j,aoutfi 
motest  custom-house  established  in  New-England,  was  the  me- 
tropolis of  the  eastern  towns,  in  population,  business  and  wealth. 
Here  was  an  episcopal  church,  where  Rev.  Mr.  Wiswell  was  the 
ordained  clergyman  ;  and  where  all  the  crown  officers  with  those 
of  the  customs,  and  their  political  friends,  usually  attended  public 
worship.  At  the  court-house  were  frequent  county  Conventions, 
formed  of  men  most  distinguished  for  their  love  of  liberty,  and 
their  independent  sentiments  ;  whose  resolutions  and  measures 
were  designed  to  exert  an  influence  upon  the  opinions  of  the  in- 


422  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II. 

A.D.  1775.  habitants  in  the  adjoining  counties,  as  well  as  in  their  own.  These 
measures,  boldly  supported  by  one  class  of  citizens  in  town,  and 
as  boldly  condemned  by  their  opponents,  opened  a  severe  warfare 
between  the  parties ;  and  when  reported  with  exaggerations  to  the 
officers,  who  commanded  the  British  war  ships  on  the  New-Eng- 
land station,  excited  very  biiter  resentments  towards  Preble, 
Freeman,  Parsons  and  the  town  itself;  and  prompted  a  most  jeal- 
ous and  hostile  scrutiny  into  their  conduct.  In  short,  Falmouth 
was  denounced  by  adversaries,  as  a  younger  member  of  the  same 
rebel  family  with  Boston. 
Col. Samuel  Among  the  zealous  whigs  of  these  times  was  Samuel  Thomp- 
ihomp-sou.  son,  of  Brunswick  or  Topsham,  a  Lieutenant-Colonel  of  the  mili- 
tary, and  a  member  of  the  Provincial  Congress.  Though  well 
formed  in  stature  and  countenance,  and  quite  acceptable  to  his 
acquaintances,  as  far  as  wit  and  pleasantry  could  render  him  so ; 
and  though  a  zealous  whig  and  a  military  officer,  who  possessed 
a  kind  of  boldness  and  courage  which  was  specious ;  he  was  not 
a  suitable  man  to  be  entrusted  with  a  difficult  enterprize.  For 
coolness,  consistency  and  foresight  were  by  no  means  such  dis- 
tinguishing properties  of  intellect  in  him,  as  to  qualify  him  for  a 
leader  or  chief  commander. 
May  9.  Yet  being  informed  that  Capt.  Mowett  was  often  ashore  in  Fal- 

voLn'i'eprs  mouth,  he  conceived  the  design  of  making  him  a  prisoner.  For 
Mmveu^and  *^^^^  purposc,  he  and  a  company  of  50  or  60  volunteers,  landing 
others.  gj  Sandy-point,  on  the  eastern  part  of  Falmouth  peninsula,  May 
9,  secreted  themselves  from  view,  in  a  neighboring  copse  of  trees. 
Their  appearance  was  more  rural  than  martial ;  they  having  for  a 
standard  a  spruce  pole,  tufted  at  the  top  with  limbs  of  green  foliage  ; 
and  each  one,  for  a' plume  in  his  hat,  having  a  sprig  of  evergreen. 
To  prevent  a  discovery,  unknown  as  his  plan  and  situation  were 
to  the  town's  people,  he  detained  such  of  them  as  happened  to 
pass  near  him,  till  Capt.  Mowett,  his  surgeon,  and  Rev.  Mr.  Wis- 
well.  regaling  themselves  in  a  walk  that  way  after  dinner,  fell  into 
the  ambush,  and  were  all  three  taken  into  custody.  Mowett  was 
tormented  with  chagrin ;  for  he  knew  his  imprudence  in  leaving 
his  ship,  might  ultimately  cost  him  his  commission. — Thompson 
also  had  the  greatest  reason,  soon  to  call  in  question  the  wisdom 
and  expediency  of  the  exploit ;  for  he  had  acted  without  orders ; 
and  presently  found  he  had  filled  the  municipal  authorities  with 
fearful  apprehensions  for  the  safety  of  the  town.     Seizing  upon 


Chap,  xvi.]  of  jmaine.  423 

the  occasion,   Hogg,   the  sailing-master  of   the  Canseau,   being  a.  d.  1773. 
on  board  when   he   heard  the  news,  wrote  to  the  Committee  of 
Inspection,   that  if  Capt.  Mowett   and   his  companions  were  not 
set  at  hberty  within  two  hours,  he  would  lay  the  town  in  ashes. 

A  scene  instantly  opened  ol  wretched   consternation ;    for  the  Great  con- 

c  ^        f.     .  ,.  .        ,  ,  •         1  Ml  slernnlion 

lears  01  a  lurious  cannonadmg  seized  every  heart  m  the  village,  ensued. 
Females  burst  into  cries  and  tears ;  some  gathered  their  children 
and  fled  from  their  houses ;  some  put  their  goods  into  country- 
men's carts,  without  even  asking  the  drivers'  or  owners'  names  ; 
and  there  were  individuals  bedrid,  who  were  hurried  away  from 
home  with  so  much  haste,  as  to  endanger  their  lives.  The  act 
itself  of  Thompson,  was  generally  considered  a  rash  one,  and 
the  tories  thought  the  prisoners  ought  to  be  rescued  by  the  mi- 
litia. 

Admitted  to  Thompson's  quarters,  the  first  characters  in  town  He  refuses 
expostulated  with  him,  pressing   upon  him  the  consideration,  that  Ihe^prb'^n. 
the  exploit,  which   decided  nothing,   exposed  the  town   to   ruin,  *"^*' 
and  urging  him  to  set  Mowett  at  liberty.     But  he  continued  inex- 
orable.    He  said  there  was  open  war   between   Britain  and   the 
Colonies ;  and  the  prisoners,  whom  Providence  had  put   within 
his  power,  ought  not  to  be  discharged.     Suspicious  there   might 
be  a  rescue,  or  some  other  violence  attempted,  Edmund  Phinney 
of  Gorham,  Colonel  of  the  minute-men,  who  happened  to  be  in 
town,  issued  orders  for  two  or  three  of  his  companies  to   appear 
there  in  arms. 

To  avoid  the  chills  and  winds  of  the  night  in  the   open   field,  Mowett  and 
Thompson  consented  to  have  himself  and   party  escorted  by  the  discharged 
Falmouth  Cadets  to  the  dwellinghouse  of  one  Marston  ;  where, ""  ^ 
through  excessive  importunity,  he  was  induced  about  two  hours 
after  dark,  to  give  the  prisoners  their  parol,  taking   Gen.   Preble 
and  Col.  Freeman,  pledges  for  their  re-surrender  by  nine  in  the 
morning.     Never  did  man  express  himself  in  more  grateful  terms 
to  deliverers,  than  Mowett  did,  to  the  town's  people  and  his  guar- 
antees ; — and  then  returning  to  his  ship,  instantly  discharged  all 
who  had  been  taken  and  detained  as  reprizals.    But  the  volunteers 
were  highly  affronted,   when  informed   of   Mowett's   discharge. 
Being  happily  joined  during  the  night,  by  Phinney's   companies 
from  Gorham  and  Windham,  and  most  of  the  militia  from  Scar- 
borough, Cape-Elizabeth  and  Stroudwater,  about  600  men,  they 
all  appeared  determined  to   attack   the  Canseau   in  the  morning, 


424  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II. 

A.D.  1773.  provided  Mowett  continued  in  the  harbor  and  did  not  surrender 

himself. 
„  . .,  ,         But  it  seems,  he  regarded  his  hberty  as  a  man,  more  than  his 

He  failed  to  '  o  ./ 

return,  and  honor  as  an  officer  ;  for  he  broke  his  parol,  and   left  his  pledges 

his  sureties  .  tlit       t     • 

were  seized,  to  be  Seized  and  thrown  into  confinement.  Mr.  Wiswell  then 
appeared  and  declared,  that  though  he  was  ready  to  die  in  a  good 
cause,  and  thought  the  church  of  England  worth  the  sacrifice,  be 
was  an  unbeliever  in  the  doctrine  of  passive  obedience  and  non- 
resistance,  and  thought  Great  Britain  had  no  right  to  tax  the 
Colonies.  But  when  Mowett's  pledges,  Preble  and  Freeman,  in- 
formed him,  that  by  the  forfeiture  of  his  word,  'their  lives  and 
estates  were  at  stake ;'  he  undertook  to  justify  the  Captain's  con- 
duct, stating  that  he  had  been  told — '  if  he  were  again  seen  on 
'  shore  he  would  be  cut  in  pieces.' 
The  officers  ^^^^  military  officers  present,  in  the  next  place,  resolved  them- 
hoidacoun-  ggiygg  [i^^q  jj  committee  of  war,  and  ordering  Preble  and  Freeman 
to  be  brought  into  the  chamber,  compelled  them  to  furnish  at 
their  own  charge,  the  necessary  food  and  refreshments  for  the 
soldiers  ;  voted  by  a  large  majority,  that  the  Canseau  ought  to  be 
destroyed  ;  and  proceeded  to  call  before  them  for  examination, 
all  those  who  were  suspected  of  being  adherents  to  the  crown. 
Mr.  Wyer,  brought  in  by  a  file  of  men,  was  forced  to  make  an 
humble  apology,  for  saying  the  militia  ought  to  have  rescued 
Mowett.  Capt.  Pote,  though  prepared  to  defend  himself  unto 
blood,  was  taken  and  laid  under  bond  of  £2,000,  to  answer  be- 
fore the  next  Provincial  Congress,  for  his  treacherous  conduct. 
Acts  and  The  Collection  without,  were  by  no  means   free  from  tumult  5 

ii'ie  mum-"  and  the  officers  being  aware  of  the  insubordination,  and  of  the 
slender  command  they  had  over  the  men,  rose  and  separated. 
The  multitude  had,  during  the  night,  as  it  appears,  rifled  Coul- 
son's  dwellinghouse,  and  converted  it  into  barracks,  and  now  a 
party  of  about  100  men,  drew  his  boats  through  the  streets  to 
Back  Cove,  with  shouts  of  triumph  and  defiance.  Believing 
William  Tyng,  the  high-sheriff,  to  be  a  toiy,  they  carried  off 
his  laced  hat  and  his  "  Bishop,"  as  they  called  it,  being  a  piece  of 
plate  thought  to  be  worth,  at  least,  £500  old  tenor  ;  which  they 
said  they  would  hold  as  a  pledge  for  the  owner's  good  behavior. 
These  were  among  the  last  acts  of  their  indiscretion.  They 
mostly  left  the  peninsula  before  night  on  the  third  day  ;  and 
Mowett's  threats,  to  hoist  the  proper  signals  for  a  cannonade,  if 


tude. 


Chap,  xvi.]  of  Maine.  425 

the  "  mob,"  as  he  called  the  assemblage,  did  not  disperse,  were  a^d.  i77.5. 
of  course  not  carried  into  execution.     Plausible  excuses  or  palli- 
ations might  easily  be  framed  for  the  people's  conduct  on  this 
emergency.     There  was  a  scarcity  of  corn,  owing  partly  to   the 
embarrassments  of  trade,  and  the  enemy's   presence  in  the  har- 
bor.    The  people  felt  injured  and  were  exasperated.     Yet,  if  it 
could  be  deemed  good   policy  to  seize   Mowett  and  detain  him 
a  prisoner  of  war  ;  it  was  certainly  unwise  to  set  him   at  liberty, 
without  hostages   from  the  ship.      He  knew   the   inhabitants   of  J|,^3^^^"|g 
Falmouth  were  not  partakers  in  his   arrest ;    his   whole   conduct,  ^'^'^or. 
as  he  perceived,  had  thrown  him  into  a  sad  dilemma ;  and   when 
the  multitude   had  dispersed,   he   weighed   anchor,   and   accom- 
panied by  Coulson  in  his  own  ship,  departed  for  Portsmouth.* 

The  third  Provincial   Congress  was  convened   at  Watertown,  May  13. 
May  31,   consisting  of  245  members.     Doct.   Joseph  Warren,  ciai  Coh- 
was  chosen  President,  and  thirteen  of  the  ablest   men   appointed  "  ^ 
a  '  Committee  of  General  Safety.'     A  continual  intercourse   was 
kept  up  between  this  and  the  Continental  Congress,  then  sitting 
at  Philadelphia  ;  26  regiments  were  filled  up;  the  proper  officers 
of  every  grade  appointed  and  commissioned,  and  every  prepara- 
tion made  for  resisting  an  expected  attack ;  the  British  army  hav- 
ing been  lately  and  largely   re-enforced  by   fresh  troops,  under 
eminent  officers,  such  as  Howe,   Burgoyne   and   Clinton.      The  First  bills 
Continental  Congress  emitted   bills  of    credit  to   the   amount  of  ai  money, 
three  millions  of  Spanish  milled  dollars,  for  defraying  the  expen- 
ses   of  the    war ;  pledging    the    faith  of  the    TWELVEf  united  j^^g  15, 
Colonies  for  their  redemption ;  also,  June   15,   chose   George  j^^^j^^^*  " 
Washington,    Esq.    Commander-in-Chief    of    the    American  co'?^"'^')'^: 

'  1  er-in-chiel. 

army.  In  a  few  days,  the  same  Congress  appointed  Artemas  other  offi- 
fVard,  Charles  Lee,  Philip  Schuyler  and  Israel  Putnam,  Major-  '^^"' 
Generals ;  Horatio  Gates,  Adjutant  General ;  and  eight  Briga- 
diers. Being  respectfully  requested  by  the  Provincial  Congress 
to  give  their  advice,  what  form  of  civil  government  was  proper 
to  be  established  for  the  Province,  in  her  novel  and  peculiar  situ- 
ation, the  Continental  Congress,  recommended  the  reassumption 

*  Smith'' s  Jour.  Ajjp.  of  Jlr.  Freeman,  p.  30,  41-7. — As  Mowett  was 
seized,  it  is  pretty  certain,  that  so  long-  as  he  was  detained  a  prisoner  the 
town  would  not  be  injured.  His  imprisonment,  so  long  as  it  lasted,  was 
evidently  an  indemnity  to  the  town, 

f  Georgia  acceded  to  the  confederacy,  in  July,  1775, — the  I3th  colony. 
Vol.  II.  54 


426  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II. 

A.  D.  1775.  of  her  charter,  and  precepts  were  accordingly  issued  for  an  elec- 
tion. 
Distress  of       The  greatest  sufferers  next  to  Boston,  hitherto,  since  the  rup- 

the  eastern 

people.  ture,  were  the  eastern  towns  and  settlements.*  The  people  were 
unable  to  raise  corn  and  grain  sufficient  for  their  support;  there 
were  few  calls  for  wood  and  lumber ;  and  a  messenger,  coming 
to  Falmouth  from  Deer  Isle,  eastward  of  Penobscot,  gave  a 
most  melancholy  account  of  the  dearth  and  distress,  in  that  quar- 
ter. He  represented,  that  according  to  reports,  numbers  of  chil- 
dren had  actually  died  of  hunger  and  cold,  many  families  were 
without  bread,  and  unless  relief  were  immediately  extended  to 
them,  they  must  either  leave  their  abodes  or  perish.  Nay,  a 
memorial  was  actually  sent  to  the  Provincial  Congress,  from  the 
inhabitants  upon  the  bay  and  river  Penobscot,  stating  their 
great  distress  for  provision,  and  equally  their  destitution  and  want 
of  arms  and  ammunition.  That  assembly,  therefore,  recommend- 
ed to  the  Committee  of  safety  and  correspondence  at  Newbury- 
port,  or  in  any  other  town,  to  send  and  exchange  with  them  at 
moderate  prices,  two  or  three  hundred  bushels  of  corn, — for  fuel 
or  lumber,  in  a  spirit  of  charity  and  friendship.     Capt.   Jonathan 

Capt.  Buck,  T-,       ,  T-<  •  r  n       1  T  i 

ihe  people's  xJucK,  at    Ji<astern  river,  [now  13ucksport,J   a  very  worthy  man, 
pointed  to    and    ouc  of  the  memorialists,   was  designated  by  them  as  the 

take  charge  .11  r  t  111 

ofFortPow- trustee   and   almoner   oi  presents,   it  any   were   made;    and   he 

"**■  was  also  appointed  the  Provincial  agent  to  take  from  Capt.  Gold- 

thwait,  the  superintendant  of  Fort  Pownal,   the  keys,   the   arms, 

and  whatever  else  remained,  since  Movvett  had  dismantled  it.f 

Tarraiine         The  Indians  caused  some  anxiety  ;  for  a  report  was  circulated 

Chiefs  visit  r     1  1       1  1  *      1  •  1  • 

Falmouth     that  a  party  oi  them  had  been  seen  at  Androscoggin,   consulting 

on  their  way      ,  •  1  1  1  i     •       •  •         i 

to  the  Pro"-  what  coursc  It  would  be  tlieir  interest  to  pursue  in  the  present 
gr'ess!  °"vvar.  It  was  at  this  juncture,  that  Mr,  Lane,  the  messenger  to 
Penobscot,  arrived  at  Falmouth,  with  four  Tarratine  Chiefs  or 
Captains,  Orono,  Jo  Peare,  Poreis,  and  one  other,  on  their  way 
to  the  Provincial  Congress.  Mr.  Oilman,  their  interpreter,  who 
spake  their  language  with  ease  and  fluency,  represented  Orono,  as 
a  man  of  good  sense,  and  a  hearty  friend  to  the  Americans ;  and 
he  himself  appeared  to  be  well  affected  towards  their  cause.     The 


*  There  were  petitions  to  the  Provincial  Congress  from  Fox  Island, 
Machias,  Waldoborotigh,  and  other  towns. — Frov.  Con.  Records. — Hon. 
S.  Jones''  Letter. 

\  Records  of  3d  Prov.  Con.— MS.  Let.  of  II.  Little,  Esq. 


Chap,  xvi.]  of  Maine.  427 

people  provided  for  them  a  carriage,  horses  and  money  to  help  a.  d.  1773 
them  on  their  journey  to  Portsmouth  ;  entertaining  a   strong   be- 
lief, that  by  generous  usage,  the    tribe  might  be  indissolubly  at- 
tached to^the  interests  of  the  Colonies. 

About  the  same  time,  the  sloop  of  war  Senegal,  of  16  guns,  j^np  12. 
commanded  by  Lieutenant  Duddington,  entered  the  harbor  of  ^" p'^j.^^'*" 
Falmouth,  attended  by  two  tenders,  and  deliberately  anchored  ;  "'""'''• 
followed  by  Coulson,  June  12,  who  gave  his  vessel  a  berth  under 
shelter  of  the  Senegal's  guns.  Supposing  he  intended  to  take  in 
a  cargo  of  masts  and  spars,  the  Committee  of  Safety  consuhed 
upon  the  subject;  and  a  party  of  men,  probably  at  their  instance, 
towed  them  to  a  place  beyond  his  reach.  Indeed,  the  Provincial 
Congress  had  given  orders  to  prevent  the  tories  from  carrying 
'  their  property  or  effects  out  of  the  country.'  Tyng,  the  Sheriff, 
went  on  board  Coulson's  ship,  when  they  both  requested  leave 
of  the  Committee,  that  their  wives,  who  were  in  town,  might  be 
allowed  to  visit  them.  But,  though  the  women  were  not  profess- 
edly detained  as  hostages,  the  request  was  not  granted,  till  Dud- 
dington informed  the  Committee,  that  he  was  only  ordered  to 
protect  the  persons  and  property  of  his  Majesty's  faithful  subjects, 
not  to  distress  them.  Afterwards  five  of  Coulson's  men  and  his 
boat  were  seized,  just  below  Presumpscot  bridge,  and  ultimately  Couison 
released  upon  his  promise  to  leave  the  harbor;  and  in  a  short IfaXr!''^ 
time,  he  and  Duddington  departed.*  All  these  scenes  were  se- 
vere trials  to  the  people  of  Falmouth.  To  give  countenance  to 
the  enemy,  was  treason  ; — to  resist,  was  rendering  the  town  ob- 
noxious to  the  destroyer.  Philip  Crandell  of  Harpswell,  coming 
into  town,  told,  that  he  on  a  trip  to  Salem,  had  been  carried  a 
prisoner  before  Admiral  Graves,  who  declared,  if  Coulson  was 
not  permitted  to  load  his  vessel,  ships  should  be  sent  there  to  lay 
the  rebel  town  in  ruins. 

If  the  antagonists  in  this  war  panted  for  an  occasion  to  try  their  June  17. 
courage  and  strength,  it  had  arrived  ;  as  the  battle  of  Bunker  ba"'t'ie7 "'" 
Hill,  or  rather  Breed^s  Hill,  which  happened  on  the  afternoon  of 
Saturday,  June  17,  is  one  of  the  most  memorable  events  recorded 
in' American  History.  During  the  engagement  the  British  brought 
to  the  field  3,000  troops,  and  lost  in  killed  and  wounded  1,054; 
the  Americans  had  1,600,  whose  loss   was    139   slain,   and   314 


*  Tyng  probably  at  this  time  left  the  country. 


428  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.    II. 

A.  D.  1775.  wounded  and  missing.     Tn  this  action  there  were  several  soldiers 

from  Maine.* 
ThBenstcrn      Thc   Open   and  exposed  condition  of    the   eastern   seaboard, 

seaboard.       ...  . 

lined  with  scattered  villages  or  settlements,  from  Kittery  to  Pas- 
samaquoddy,  and  vulnerable  in  a  thousand  places,  was  sufficient 
to  fill  the  people  with  the  greatest  solicitude.  Men  were 
leaving  home  for  distant  scenes.  Recruiting  officers  met  with 
_  ,  ,,  due  encoi!ra2;ement  b}^  free  enlistments.  Col.  Scammon's  res;!- 
moti's  and    nicnt  was  already  in  service  ;  that  of  Col.  Edmund  Phinnev  was 

l^hinncy  s  _  •' 

regimcHis  nearly  complete,  and  Capt.  Bradish  had  actually  left  Falmouth 
to  join  the  army  at  Cambridge.  The  service  of  military  guards 
upon  the  frontiers  or  in  the  seaports,  was  too  inactive  and  in- 
glorious, to  gratify  tlie  emulation  of  the  ardent  soldier.  He  pre- 
ferred the  camp  and  the  siege.  The  interposition  of  the  Provin- 
cial Congress,  in  this  behalf,  having  been  besought,  the  Assembly 
ordered,  that  four  hundred  of  Phinney's  regiment  should  be 
marched  to  the  camp  in  Cambridge ;  that  the  residue  be  under 

'F  loops  east- the  immediate  command  of  Col.  Freeman  of  Falmouth,  and   be 

ward.  . 

Stationed  at  such  places,  on  the  seaboard,  in  the  counties  of  Cum- 
berland and  Lincoln,  as  he  and  Gen.  Preble  of  the  same  place, 
and  Major  Mason  Wheaton  of  St.  George's  river,  should  appoint; 
that  the   Grand   Committee  of  Supplies   furnish   the   troops  with 
provisions,  conformably  to  the   allowances  established  ;  and   that 
the  towns  in  those  counties  supply   them  with  ammunition,  to   be 
replaced  whenever  the  Provincial  magazine  should  be  sufficiently 
J  Liuiefieid  replenished.      Capt.  James  Littlejield  of  Wells,  was  appointed 
Oommissa-  Dcputy  Commissarv-Gencral  for  the  three  eastern  counties  :  and 
lor  the  three  the  Committee  of  Supplies,  vvere   directed,  during  the  recess  of 
counties,      the  Provincial  Congress,  to  grant  such  succors  out  of  the  public 
stores,   to   any  of  the  eastern   inhabitants  applying,  as  might  be 
deemed  consistent  with  the  general  interest,  and  needful  for  their 
relief  f 
^,|^^  J  _  To  the  Indians,  the  Provincial  Congress  paid  special  attention, 

dians.  calling  those  at  Penobscot  '  our  good  brothers  ;'  making  them  val- 
uable presents,  and   directing   Messrs.   Preble   and  Freeman   to 

*  Namely,  Seth  Spring-  and  Josepli  Leland  of  Saco,  and  many  others. 
Jeremiah  Hill  of  Saco  enlisted  a  companj'  for  three  years  service  and  led 
them  to  Boston.  He  joined  Col.  Vose's  regiment.  In  the  Penobscot  ex- 
pedition, 1779,  he  was  Adjutant-General. — Fulsoin,  p.  264. 

\  Provincial  Congress  Records,  p.  142-273. 


Chap,  xvi.]  of  maixe.  429 

furnish  the  truck  house  at  Fort  Pownal,  with  all  such  goods  and  A.D.  177S. 
provisions,   as  might  suit  the  tribe,  and  to  continue  a  traffic  with 
them,  such  as  had  been  theretofore  practiced.*     Jabez  Matthews  ]yi.,(,j,e„s 
having  returned  from  Canada,  reported  that  some  of  the  Indians  ""•|,"g«'y« 

o  '        '  .       '^'  Canada 

and  a  few  of  the  French  bailiffs,  whom  they  saw,  treated  him  return. 
and  his  companions  roughly ;  yet  the  French  people  in  general, 
were  kind  and  benevolent ;  several  of  their  women  having  been  the 
means  of  their  relief  from  confinement.  '  So  far  as  I  could  obtain 
'  information,  (said  he)  through  the  medium  of  an  intelligent 
*  French  interpreter,  I  have  the  best  reasons  to  believe,  that  the 
'  Canadians  were  "  determined  not  to  come  out  against  us." 
'  Should  they  continue  quiet,  there  would  probably  be  no  rupture 
'  with  the  neighboring  Indians.' 

There  were  some  other  circumstances,  about  this  time,  that  had  (In'j^^i^aTed 
an  encouraging  influence  upon  the  eastern  people.  The  fall  of 
plentiful  showers  changed  the  withering  aspect  of  nature  to  fresh- 
ness, and  opened  a  prospect  of  good  crops.  Tlie  long  desired 
arrival  of  corn  and  flour,  too,  administered  abundantly  to  the  ne- 
cessities of  the  people ;  and  intercourse  between  place  and  place 
was  encouraged.  Yet  the  inhabited  Islands,  and  the  smaller  set- 
tlements were  frequently  severe  sufferers,  from  the  plunder  and 
abuse  of  the  enemy.  For  instance,  a  picaroon  boat,  command-  ^„  expioii 
ed  by  one  Hammon.  visited  an  Island  of  Harpswell,  inhabited  by  ^^gf/"'^''*" 
a  single  family,  whom  he  and  a  crew  of  seven  men  rifled  of  their 
effects,  in  the  night  timej  concluding  then,  to  rest  in  the  house 
till  daylight.  Having  a  hint  of  the  affair,  Nehemiah  Curtis, 
commander  of  the  militia  in  the  western  part  of  the  town,  rallied 
a  party,  and  before  morning  took  the  boat  and  the  crew,  and 
carrying  the  prisoners  to  Falmouth,  caused  them  to  be  confined 
in  the  county  gaol.  Hammon,  however,  as  soon  as  his  plau- 
sible stories  had  procured  his  liberty,  proceeded  again  to  the  same 
Island,  with  a  larger  vessel  and  a  much  larger  crew.  Here  Cur- 
tis with  a  company  of  volunteers,  once  more  engaged  his  enemy; 
and  in  the  smart  skirmish  that  ensued,  one  of  the  plunderers  was 
mortally  wounded,  and  the  rest  made  a  precipitate  retreat.  Cur- 
tis thus  proved  himself  one  among  the  number  of  brave  men,  whose 
exploits  and  merits,  so  much  adorned  the  revolution. f 


*Prov.  Con.  Rec.  p.  146. — Father  La  Juniper  Bart/iuame,  "Recollect"  mis- 
sionary to  the  Tarratiae  tribe  of  Indians,     f  MS.  Let.  of  Rev.  Mr.  Eaton. 


430  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II. 

A.  D.  1775.      The  affair  at  JNlachias,  of  similar  character,  acquired   to   the 
Ex[)ioiis  at  inhabitants  of  the  plantation  much  credit.     The  place,  though  it 

Macliias. 

liad  been  settled  only  twelve  years,*  now  contamed  "  about 
eighty  families  and  one  hundred  single  men."f  Capt.  Ichabod 
Jones  of  Boston,  whose  wife  and  daughter  were  with  their  kin- 
dred at  Machias,  obtained  leave  of  admiral  Graves  to  freight  his 
vessel  with  provisions,  and  carry  them  to  the  settlement ;  upon 
condition  of  returning  with  a  cargo  of  wood  and  lumber  for  the 
British  troops.  Jones  was  accompanied  thither  by  the  Margra- 
netto,  an  English  schooner,  armed  with  four  or  five  4  pounders 
in  the  hold,  several  swivels  mounted,  and  a  sufficient  number  of 
hand  granades ;  being  commanded  by  midshipman  Moor,  a  relation 
of  the  Admiral.  On  their  arrival  in  the  west  branch,  Jones  had 
a  meeting  of  the  settlers  called,  early  in  June,  who  took  a  view 
of  their  destitute  and  remote  situation,  and  passed  votes  to  permit 
his  vessel  to  load.  But  Benjamin  Foster  and  a  party  from  East 
river,  conceived  the  bold  design  of  making  the  British  officers 
their  prisoners,  while  attending  public  worship  on  the  Sabbath  ; 
and  likewise  the  Margranetto  their  prize,  while  lying  below  the  point 
formed  by  the  confluence  of  the  West  and  Middle  rivers.  As 
he  and  his  party,  however,  passed  over  armed,  to  the  southerly 
side  of  the  West  river  ;  the  officers  discovered  them,  and  barely 
avoided  seizure,  by  going  instantly  on  board.  Perceiving  their 
danger,  they  moved  down  their  schooner  and  anchored  near  the 
Foster  and  mouth  of  the  river.  As  Foster  was  thus  disappointed  in  his  first 
object  and  plan,  he  sent  for  Jeremiah  O'Brien,  and  his  sons,  with 
whom  he  held  a  consultation  in  the  woods,  two  miles  below 
O'Brien's  house ;  when  it  was  concluded  to  make  an  attempt 
upon  Moor's  schooner.  Foster  and  his  party,  therefore,  took  a 
coaster  in  Eastern  river,  and  O'Brien  and  his  party  took  Jones' 
largest  sloop  in  the  West  river,  and  having  prepared  lor  action, 
both  proceeded  down  the  rivers,  on  Wednesday,  some  armed 
with  muskets  and  some  with  pitchforks,  and  manoeuvered  to  lay 
their  vessels  along  side  of  the  enemy's  schooner  and  board  her. 
To  prevent  it,  several  hand  granades  were  hove  at  O'Brien,  Fos- 
ter and  their  companions,  also  several  swivels  and  muskets  were 
discharged  at  them,  by  which  two  of  O'Brien's  men,  McNeil 
and  Coldbeth   were  killed,  and  two  or  three  others  were  badly 


*  Ante,  A.  D.  1766-7.  f  Hon.  S.  Jones'  MS.  Let. 


Chap,  xvi.]  of  Maine.  43 1 

wounded.     But  the  British  schooner  received  a  deadly  fire  in  re-  A  D.  1775. 
turn  ;  and  Moor,  who  made  a  brave  defence,  presently  fell  of  a 
mortal  wound.  At  the  same  time,  one  Avery,  master^^of  a  Connecti- 
cut coaster,  then  in  the  harbor,  happening  to  be  on  board,  was  killed  ; 
and  several  of  Moor's  men  also  were  either  slain  or  received  fatal 
wounds.     The  bloody  skirmish  so  terrified   the   second  officer  in  i,er'"and°'' 
command,  a  young  midshipman,  that  he  fled   panic-struck  to  the  com,Vd" 
cabin.     She  was  then  boarded,  and  soon   brought  up  to  the  foot  *""• 
of  the  West  Falls  in  triumph.     Moor,  who   was   kindly   carried 
ashore,  died  the  next  day. 

Hostilities  having  been  thus  commenced,  Jones'   sloop,   sur- O'Brien  and 
named  the  "  Liberty,"  was  fitted  up   with   bulwarks,   and   armed  ir.ke the  i)ii- 
with  swivels   and   cannon,  taken   on   board   from   the   prize   and  iflider!" 
mounted  ;  and  being  prepared  for  a  cruise,  the   plantation   Com- 
mittee of  Safety  appointed  O'Brien  to  take  the  command  of  her. 
He  proceeded  into  the  Bay  of  Fundy,  in  search  of  the  Diligent, 
a  British  schooner  of  70  or  80  tons,  under   Capt.  Knight,   who 
had  been  sent  out  to  survey  the  coast.       Returning  without  suc- 
cess, after  a  cruise  of  three   weeks,  Capt.  O'Brien,  a   few   days 
subsequently,  was   informed,   that   Capt.   Knight,   and  Hutchins, 
the  commander  of  a   tender,  had  anchored   in   Buck's  harbor  ; 
and  had  been  ashore  among  the  few  families  settled  there,  making 
enquiries  about  the  capture  of  the    Margranetto.     Capt.  Stephen 
Smith  and  a  guard  stationed  there,  being  out  in   a  spy-boat,   and 
discovering  Knight,  secreted  themselves  till  a   favorable   opportu- 
nity offered,  and    then  made   him  a   prisoner.      The   next  day, 
O'Brien  in  the  Liberty,   and   Foster  in  the  coaster,  proceeded 
down  the  rivers,  and  finding  Spry,  the  Lieutenant,  wholly  unpre- 
pared for  a  contest,  took  the    schooner  and  tender  without  loss, 
and  moored  them  near  the  other  prize.     Both  crews  were  imme- 
diately transported  in  small  vessels  to  Falmouth,   attended   by 
O'Brien   and  Foster,   who  proceeded  with  the   news   to   head- 
quarters at  Cambridge,  where  they  received   many  plaudits;  and  Voteofpub- 
on  the  26th  of  June,  the  Provincial  Congress   presented   them  iiTem.^'' ^ '* 
with  the  tribute  of  public  thanks,  "  for  their  courage  and   good 
conduct."* 

The  Liberty,   Capt.   O'Brien,   and  the   Diligent,  Capt.  John  O'Brien  and 

T  •••11  /•  T-«  Long   put 

L.ong,  were  put  m  commission  by  the   government  of  the  Prov-  in  commis- 

sion. 

*  Records  of  3d  Prov.  Con.  p.  146. 


432  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II. 

A.  D.  1775  ince,  and  both  cruised  in  the  Bay  of  Fundy,  without  any  other 
success  liowever,  than  the  capture  of  a  brig  by  O'Brien,  which 
was  laden  with  provisions.* 

July  It).  A2:reeablv  to  the   recommendations  of   the  Continental  Con- 

I'lovuice  '^  •' 

charier  re-    p;ress,  the  Provincial  charter  was  resumed  ;  and  208   representa- 

Sumed.  °  j     ^       ,  r\  ^ 

A  meeiincr   tives,  duly  elected  by  towns,  convened  at  vVatertown,  July  19,  and 
of  the  Ge:i-  p^^  ^^■^  gj-,(]  ^o  the  third  and    last   Provincial   Congress  :f — nearly 

erai  Court,    r  u  ^  i  .- 

all  of  its  members  being;  returned  to  the  House.      Becomins;   or- 
for  Maine     cranizcd,  bv  the  choice  of  a  Speaker  and   Clerk,  they  proceeded 
dahoek!      to    elect   28    Councillors; — those    for    Maine    were    Benjamin 
Chadbourn  of  Berwick  ;  Enoch  Freeman  of  Falmouth  ;  and 
Charles  Chauncey  of  Kittery;  and  for  Sagadahock,  JoAn  Tay- 
lor, a  non-resident. 
Arts  of  the      Among  the  first  Legislative   measures  of  the   General  Court, 
Counf'       was  a  resolution  that  the  Council  be  considered  and    recognized 
as  the    Supreme  Executive  of  the  Province,  according  to   the 


=•'=  MS.  Narrative  of  Hon.  Stephen  Jones  of  Macliias. 
f  The  period  of  these  three   Provincial   Congresses   was,   from   Oct.  7, 
1774,  to  July  19,  1775—9  months  and  13  days;  and  the  members  in  them 
from  Maine,  were  the  following : — 

York  County.  Gorham,  Bryant  J\Iorton. 

York,  Daniel  Bragdon.  Solomon  Lombard. 

Kittery,  Edward  Cutis.  North- Yarmouth,  John  Lewis. 

Charles  Chauncey.  David  .Mitchell. 

Berwick,  Jchabod  Goodwin.  Lincoln  County. 

William  Gerrish.  Georg-etown,  Samuel  McCobh, 

Wells,  Ebentzer  Sayer.  Topsham,  John  Merrill. 

Arundel,  John  Hovey.  Samuel  Fulton. 

Biddeford,  James  Sullivan.  Bowdoinham,  Samuel  Hamden. 

Cumberland   County.  Gardinerstown,  Joseph  J^orth. 

Falmouth  and     )  Enoch  Freeman,       Vassalboroug-h,  Remington  Hobby. 
Cape-Elizabeth,  \  Samuel  Freeman.     Winthrop,  Ichabod  Howe. 
Scarboroug-h,  SamweZ  J>/a)*/i.  Pownalborough,  Timothy  Langdon. 

Brunswick  and  >  o      ■>/  -ni  Edg-ecomb,  Moses  Davis. 

Harpswell,  \  ^""^  ^  Thompson. 

The  Provincial  Congresses  received  petitions,  passed  resolves,  desig- 
nated Committees,  and  managed  the  political  affairs  of  the  Province  ;  but 
made  no  Zau-^.— Their  Presidents  were  John  Hancock,  Joseph  Warren, 
and  James  Warren  .-—Their  secretaries,  Benjamin  Lincoln,  and  Samuel 
Freeman. 

Note. — Their  transactions  are  recorded  in  three  manuscript  books  quarto, 
unbound — in  all  57G  pages. — Secretary's  office,  Boston. 

N.  B.— In  August,  the  troops,  assembled  at  Cambridge,  "were  organized 
"into  a  continental  army,  and  received  into  the  pay  of  the  whole  United 
"  Colonies," — 2  Bradford's  Mass.  p.  44. 


Chap,  xvi.j  of  maine.  433 

provisions  of  the  charter ;  the  Governor  and  Lieutenant-Governor,  A.  d.  1775. 
having  vacated  the  chair  by  absenting  themselves  from  the  trust, 
and  disregarding  their  duties  and  the  sacred  obligations  of  their 
official  oaths.  Another  enactment  made  all  the  transactions  of 
the  several  Provincial  Congresses,  valid  and  binding  to  every  in- 
tent and  purpose,  as  if  they  v\rere  the  Legislative  acts  of  the 
General  Court.  A  third  declared  every  corporate  '  District,'  a 
town,  and  enlarged  the  immunity  of  representation  ;  authorizing 
every  town,  in   which   there   were   by  the   charter   30    qualified  Represen- 

•  /-111      'ai'ves. 

voters,  to  return  a  Representative  to  the  General  Court ;  and  the 
next  year,  every  town  however  small,  was  allowed  to  send  one  ; 
and  if  it  contained  220  voters,  three  ; — or  320,  four  ;  100  voters 
being  the  mean  ratio,  for  every  additional  Representative.* 

Upon   the  subject  of  office-holders,  the  General   Court  pre-  All  civil 

■        ,  ,  ,  r       ^  •    -1  1         •!•  and  military 

misecl,  that  there  were  numbers  01  them,  civil  and  military,  offices  va- 
who  were  unfriendly  to  the  rights  and  liberties  of  the  American  te^rnber  \^' 
Colonies,  and  must  be  removed ;  and  that  appointments  ought  to 
be  made  of  those,  and  those  only,  who  were  devoted  to  the  free- 
dom and  interests  of  their  country.  But  still  the  Legislature 
thought  it  inconsistent  with  sound  policy,  and  by  no  means  free 
of  difficulties,  "  to  deprive  all  such  unfit  persons  of  their  offices 
singly  and  by  name,"  and  therefore  enacted,  that  all  executive 
appointments  and  commissions,  made  prior  to  the  present  session 
of  the  General  Court,  should  be  void  and  of  no  efiiect,  from  and 
after  the  19th  of  the  ensuing  September.     Several  military   and  Some  new 

111  •  appoint- 

county  appomtments  were  soon  made ;  though  a  new  organiza-  ments. 
tion  of  the  Judiciary  was  not  undertaken  till  November.  Tyng, 
Sheriff  of  Cumberland,  early  hastened  his  own  removal,  both 
by  his  obnoxious  politics,  and  his  improper  conduct  in  office. 
For  having  a  warrant  against  Noyes,  collector  of  Falmouth,  he 
pursued  him  with  threats,  till  he  extorted  from  him  a  deed  of  his 
real  estate  ; — a  conveyance,  however,  which  was  afterwards  set 
aside  by  the  Legislature.f 

To  meet  the  numerous  pecuniary  calls  and  applications,  the  A  Provin- 

/-,  1    /-~(        ^  ,  ,  .  -  .  .  cial  issue  of 

Lreneral  L-ourt  was  under  the  necessity  01    resortmg  again  to 

*  Prov.  Laws,  p.  695,  798. 

f  Tyng  wa«  appointed  Sheriff  of  Cumberland  in  1767.  He  also  received 
a  Colonel's  commission  from  Governor  Gage.  His  private  character  was 
humane  and  good. 

Vol.  II.  55 


tlie  eastern 
towns. 


434  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II. 

A.i)   ni5.  ^' paper  money.^^ — Therefore,  they  now  ordered  an   emission   of 
paper  £100,000;  and  appropriated  one  half  of  it  to  build  or  buy   ten 

mone>.        yesscls,  and  the  residue,  to  increase  the  army,  pay  and  supply  the 
soldiery,  and  provide  for  the  common  defence.     "  We  have  taken 
"  arms,"  said  they  "  in  defence   of   that  freedom,   which  is  our 
"  birthright ; — for  the  protection  of  our  property,  acquired  solely 
"  by  the  honest  industry  of  our  forefathers  and  ourselves, — and 
"  against  the  violence  actually  offered  us  : — We  shall  lay  them 
"  down  when  hostilities  shall  cease  on  the  part  of  the  aggressors, 
"  and  all  danger  of  their  being  renewed,  shall  be  removed, — and 
"  not  before." 
Defence  of       I"  auswer  to  the  memorials  of  the  inhabitants,  in  Bristol,  Pow- 
nalborough,  Camden  and  other  towns,  stating  their  fears  of  being 
plundered  and  distressed  by  the  enemy,   and   praying   for   relief 
and  protection ;  the  General  Court  ordered  Capt.  James  Curtis* 
company  and  two  others,  into  the  County  of  Lincoln  ;  afterwards 
stationed  another  of  50  men  at  Macliias ;  and  in  the  course  of  a 
month  appropriated  £1,300,  for  the  support  and   safety    of  the 
eastern  towns.     There  were  good  grounds,  for  these  fearful   ap- 
prehensions of  the  people ',  though  it  were  a  maxim  of  the  Brit- 
ish officers,  that  private  property  and  unoffending  subjects  were 
not  to  be  injured.* 
The  burn-        The  burning  of  ill-fated  Falmouth,  the  pride  of  Maine,  was  a 
mfuof.  ^*''  fatal  event — deserving  particular  notice.     '  The  central  part  was 
the  ancient  Casco,  now  Portland,  called  the   Neck;'   which   had 
been  permanently  settled  more  than  one  hundred  and  forty-five 
years.     There  were   upon  the   peninsula,   at  the  present  time, 
about  250    dwellinghouses ;  as  many  shops  and  stores,   besides 
other  buildings;  and,  inclusive  of  the  environs,  not  much  short  of 
2,000j-  inhabitants.     The  village  itself  was  commercial,  fair  and. 
flourishing. 
Captain  ^uch  was  Falmouth  when  first  visited  by  the  detested  and  covv- 

Mow€U.  gj.jjy  ]viowett.  His  arrest,  confinement  and  discharge  had  been 
attended  with  circumstances,  which  vitally  and  incurably  wound- 
ed his  pride.  Though  he  affected  to  be  affronted  at  the  treat- 
ment which  Coulson,  Wisvvell,  Tyng,  the  officers  of  the  revenue, 
and  other  friends  to  the  crown,  had  received  from  the  inhabitants ; 


*  Rec.  Gen.  Court,  A.  D.  1775,  p.  61-5,  100-1.     2  Bradford's  Mass.  p.  43. 
f  In  1790,  the  population  of  Portland  was  only  2,2 10  ;  thoug-h  there  were 
in  all  Falmouth,  in  1764,  3,884  inhabitants. 


Chap,  xvi.]  of  Maine.  435 

he  only  waited  a  plausible  pretext  to  gratify  the  malevolence  of  a^d.  1775. 
his  heart.  For  had  it  been  susceptible  of  any  moral  sense,  or 
even  the  least  generous  sensibility,  the  inward  struggle  would 
have  been  successful  in  favor  of  men,  who,  not  being  the  authors 
of  his  chagrin  and  disgrace,  were  yet  his  deliverers  and  hostages. 
But  without  doubt  the  tories,  who  were  often  more  malignant 
tlian  the  British  themselves,  had  endeavored  to  inflame  his  re- 
sentments; while  the  haughty  spirit  of  Admiral  Graves  and  of 
the  naval  officers,  was  provoked  by  the  people's  conduct  towards 
Coulson  and  Duddington ;  by  the  affair  at  Machias ;  and  by  the 
spirit,  the  union,  and  the  whig  principles  of  the  eastern  Provin- 
cials, especially  those  of  Falmouth  ;  and  hence  Mowett  was  de- 
signated to  lay  the  town  in  ruins. 

On  Monday,  Oct.  16,  he  arrived  in  the  harbor,  with  a  squad- October  IG. 
ron  of  four  armed  vessels,  the  Canseau  in  which  he  himself  was  ;  roll  of  4  ves- 
the  Cat,  a  ship  of   war;  a  large   cutter-schooner,  and   a  small  a^Vai-'^^" 
bomb-sloop  ;  and  dropped  their  anchors  a  league  from  the  town.  "'°"'''- 
The  alarms,  which  their  appearance  excited  among  the  people, 
were  in  some  degree  abated,  so  soon  as  it  was  ascertained   that 
Mowett  commanded.     For  they  had   reason  to  believe,  that  his 
grateful  sensations,  if  real,  which  had  been   so  lately  felt  and  ex- 
pressed for  favors  and  deliv^erance,  could  not  yet  be  stifled  or  ex- 
tinguished ;  and  that  they  ought  not  to  apprehend   any  great  evil 
at  his  hands.     They  supposed   the  object  of  his  errand,  was  to 
take   from  the  Islands  a  supply  of  cattle,   sheep   and  hay  ;  and 
therefore  the  most  of  Capt.  Noyes'  company  and  a  part  of  Capt. 
Knight's,  were  despatched  thither,  to  prevent  if  possible  the  plun- 
der.    By  consequence,  the  town  was  left  without  any  adequate 
means  of  defence. 

The  next  day,  the  vessels  were  towed  up  towards  the  wharves, 
the  winds  not  favoring  them  ;  and  about  four  in  the  afternoon, 
they  moored  in  a  line  near  the  compact  part  of  the  town.  Im- 
mediately, Mowett  sent  ashore  a  flag  by  a  messenger,  who  de- 
livered the  following  letter  : — 

"  Canseau,  Falmouth,  Oct.  16,  1775. 
"  After  so  many  premeditated  attacks  on  the  legal  prerogative  Mowett's 
"  of  the  best  of  sovereigns,  after  the  repeated  instances  you  have 
"  experienced  in  Britain's  long  forbearance  of  the  rod  of  correc- 
"  tion,  and  the  manifest  and  paternal  extension  of  her  hands  to 
"  embrace,  again  and  again  have  been  regarded  as  vain  and  nuga- 


436  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II. 

A.  D,  1775.  "  tory — and  in  place  of  a  dutiful  and  grateful  return  to  your  king 
"  and  parent  state,  you  have  been  guilty  of  the  most  unpardona- 
"  ble  rebellion,  supported  by  the  ambition  of  a  set  of  designing 
"men,  whose  insidious  views  have  cruelly  imposed  on  the  cre- 
"  dulity  of  their  fellow  creatures ;  and  at  last  have  brought  the 
"whole  into  the  same  dilemma — which  leads  me  to  feel  not  a 
"little  the  woes  of  the  innocent,  of  them  in  particular,  from 
"  my  having  it  in  orders  to  execute  a  just  punishment  on  the 
"town  of  Falmouth,  in  the  name  of  which  authority,  1  previ- 
*'  ously  warn  you  to  remove  without  delay,  the  human  specie  out 
"of  the  said  town,  for  which  purpose,  1  give  you  the  time  of  two 
"  hours,  at  the  period  of  which  a  red  pendant  will  be  hoisted  at 
"  the  main  top  gallant  mast  head  with  a  gun.  I  do  also  observe, 
"  that  all  those  who  did  on  a  former  occasion,  fly  to  the  king's 
"  ship  under  my  command  for  protection,  that  the  same  door  is 
"  now  open  to  receive  them. 

"  The  officer  who  will   deliver  this  letter,  f  expect  to   return 
"  immediately  unmolested. 

"lam,  &:c.     H.  Mowett." 
Meciinp:  of       Greatly  surprized,  the  town  forthwith  convened  and  appointed 
A  (onimit-  ^'^"*  Preble,  Doct,  Coffin  and  John  Pagan,  a  Comnlittee,  to  learn 
lec  cxposiu-  Qf  Mowett    the   cause  of  this  extraordinary  letter,    and   of  the 

)ale  Willi  •'  ' 

jiim  R.K.i      threats  it  contained. — To  the  enquiry — '  J\Iy  orders,'  said  he,  'I 

have  Ins  _  _  *       •'  •' 

ienjjs.  <  have  received  from  Admiral  Graves,  and  they  direct  me  to  re- 
'  pair  to  this  place  with  all  possible  expedition,  take  my  position 
'  near  the  town,  and  burn,  sink  and  destroy ; — and  this  without 
'■  giving  the  people  warning  !  The  note  you  have  received  is  of 
*  special  grace,  at  the  risque  of  my  commission.'  They  then  ex- 
postulated with  him  not  to  execute  such  cruel  orders,  till  time 
was  allowed  to  consult  the  Admiral.  He  told  them,  his  orders 
related  to  every  seaport  upon  the  continent ;  and  the  best  terms, 
added  he,  I  shall  give  you  are  these — deliver  me  four  pieces  of 
cannon,  your  small  arms  and  your  amnmnition,  hy  eight  to-mor- 
row 7norning,  and  you  are  safe  tilt  I  hear  farther  from  the  Admi- 
ral, who  may  be  induced  to  save  your  town : — or,  deliver  me 
eight  stands  of  small  arms  immediately,  and  you  will  not  he  mo^ 
tested  till  that  hour. 

The  town         The  terms  were  humiliating, ;  yet  to  gain  time,  the  town   sent 

refuses  to  i  -m  •       v       V  i  j  i 

comply.  him  the  eight  stands.  Jb  ew  were  mclmcd  to  do  more, — and  to  the 
inhabitants  the  night  was   sleepless  and   distressing.      Many  left 


Chap,  xvi.]  of  maine.  437 

the  town,  and  all  made  the  best  preparation  in  their  power,  toA.D.  n75. 
meet  or  avoid  their  hard  destiny.  Another  town-meeting  was 
holden  about  daylight  in  the  morning,  when  it  was  voted  not 
to  comply  with  Mowett's  terms.  Bravely  to  suffer  death  in  a 
good  cause  is  martyrdom — tamely  to  obey  the  assassin's  dictates 
by  a  surrender  of  rights,  or  of  defensive  armor,  is  crime  ol 
which  few  could  be  willingly  guilty.  The  Committee,  in  their 
last  interview  with  Mowett,  urged  upon  his  consideration  every 
argument,  not  forgetting  the  favors  he  had  received  from  the 
town,  to  delay  the  work  of  destruction,  at  least  for  a  short  period. 
I  will  give  you,  said  the  tyrant,  thi7-ty  minutes  and  no  more. 

About  nine,  the  same  morning,  the  firing  was  opened  from  vvednes- 
all  the  vessels,  and  being  urged  with  great  briskness,  a  horrible  Fnl,'^uth*^' 
shower  of  cannon  balls  from  three  to  nine  pounds'  weight,  car-  ^^^^^l^^  '° 
cases,  bombs,  live  shells,  grape-shot,  and  even  bullets  from  small 
arms,  were  thrown  upon  the  compact  part  of  the  town, — which 
was  much  more  exposed  and  injured,  by  reason  of  its  inclined 
situation  towards  the  harbor.  Armed  parties,  under  cover  of  the 
guns,  set  fire  to  the  buildings  ;  and,  though  some  of  them  were 
saved  by  the  watchfulness  and  courage  of  the  inhabitants,  others 
were  shortly  blazing  in  several  parts  of  the  village.  The  can- 
nonading was  continued  between  eight  and  nine  hours  ;  and  the 
conflagration  was  general.  St.  Paul's  church,  the  new  court- 
house, the  town-house,  the  public  library,  the  fire-engine,  about 
130  dwellinghouses,  and  230  stores  and  warehouses,  and  a 
great  number  of  stables  and  outhouses,  were  all,  in  a  short  time, 
reduced  to  ashes.  Two  vessels  only  escaped  the  flames  to  be 
carried  away  by  the  enemy.  To  save  the  houses  of  the  tories, 
there  were  endeavors  made,  which  were  in  a  few  instances  not 
without  success.  Mowett,  when  he  had  accomplished  this  dia- 
bolical work,  departed.  Yet  his  name  lives  to  be  execrated,  and 
his  dark  deeds  are  portrayed  to  teach  base  men,  what  indelible 
infamy  shall  cleave  to  their  memories,  long  after  their  relics 
have  mouldered  to  their  original  element.* 

The  Congregational  meeting-house  of  Rev.  I\Ir.  Smith,   about  a  pan  cs- 
100  of  the  poorer  dwellinghouses  in  the  outer  skirts  of  the    pen-  fc^^'"'^ 


*  "  Mowett  wantonly,  without  tlie  hope  of  c^ain,  cruelly  and  without  pro- 
"  vocation,  destroyed  the  subsistence,  and  blasted  the  hopes  of  a  whole 
^'community." — Sullivan,  p.  20-3. 


438  TPIE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II. 

A.I).  177S.  insula,  and  one  or  two  wharves  escaped  the  flames,  though  sev- 
eral of  the  buildings  remaining  were  injured  by  bombs  and  can- 
non shot ;  and  not  half  the  merchandize,  furniture  and  goods 
were  removed  from  such  as  were  burned.  The  village  was  a 
melancholy  heap  of  ruins ; — 160  families,  who  the  day  before, 
were  in  comfortable  circumstances,  were  reduced  to  want,  and 
turned  upon  the  world,  without  shelter  from  the  autumnal  storms, 
or  the  approaching  winter. 
Selectmen's  The  selectmen  of  the  town  say  in  their  statement, — '  our 
hearts  ache  for  the  misery  in  which  the  greater  part  of  our  people 
are  involved.  We  were  greatly  impoverished  before  the  final 
catastrophe,  by  the  decay  of  navigation  and  trade,  which  were 
our  sole  means  of  support.  So  many  have  now  lost  a  part  or 
the  whole  of  their  subtance,  that  we  conjecture,  not  less  than 
100  families  must  suffer  for  the  necessaries  of  life,  unless  relieved 
by  the  bounties  of  charity.  The  settlements  back  of  us  are 
new,  the  lands  are  only  in  part  cultivated,  and  most  of  the  in- 
habitants are  poor, — having  never  yet  been  able  to  raise  their 
own  bread,  so  that  much  alms  cannot  be  expected  from  them. — 
Since  the  town  of  Falmouth  was  destroyed,  evidently  for  no 
other  reason  than  its  obedience  to  the  Continental  and  Provincial 
Congresses,  and  the  attachment  of  its  inhabitants  to  the  cause  of 
liberty  in  America ;  they  who  live  remote  from  us,  would  do  well 
to  administer  something  of  their  abundance  for  the  relief  of  our 
suffering  poor,  till  they  can  find  some  way  to  support  themselves.'* 
Remarks  I'  was  believed,  when  Mowett's  errand  was  known,  that  meas- 
iosroi''the  ^^^^  °^  defence  would  be  vain.  The  people  were  in  great  agi- 
'°"'"-  tation  and  distress — all  anxious  to  save  their  lives  and  something 

of  their  property.  Two  companies  sent  to  the  Islands  could  not 
be  recalled.  There  were  at  command  only  two  six-pounders, 
and  these  were  wholly  unsupplied  with  cartridges.  The  shot  of 
small  arms  could  not  reach  the  enemy  with  effect.  The  inter- 
val allowed  by  Mowett  for  the  consideration  of  the  town  was 
short ;  and  indeed  the  place  was  wholly  taken  by  surprize. 
False  re-  A  rumor  immediately  spread   along  the  whole   eastern   coast, 

acks  by  the  that  the  British  troo])s  were  landing  in  different  places,  killing  the 
people  and  burning   their   habitations.     To  this,  the   inhabhants 

*  Freeman's  App.  to  Smith's  Jotir.  p.  .50-!J4. — Remembrancer  for  1775.-^ 
E.  Argus  extra,  Nov.  1S20 2  Bradford's  Mass.  p.  63. 


Chap,  xvi.]  of  Maine.  439 

gave  more  credence,  because  of  what  Mowelt  had   said   of  the  A.  d.  ms. 

general  orders  given  him.      Slight  fortifications   were   thrown  up 

about  the  eastern  harbors  ;  but  before  those  at   Falmouth*   were  a  ship  of  ihe 

.  ,  .  enemy  visits 

rendered  defensible,  Capt.  Symonds  appeared  m  a  war  ship  ot  iiie  harbor 
greater  force,  than  all  those  united,  which  had  destroyed  the  town. 
He  found,  also,  that  the  inhabitants  and  volunteers  from  the  neigh- 
boring towns  were  sedulously  engaged  in  laying  the  foundations 
and  walls  of  a  battery,  and  preparing  to  mount  two  six-pounders, 
and  make  defence.  Symonds  in  a  menacing  manner  forbade  the 
work;  but  finding  his  threats  disregarded,  and  his  ship  exposed 
to  an  attack,  from  a  people  rendered  desperate  by  suffering ;  he 
hoisted  sail  and  made  a  precipitate  retreat ; — and  this  was  the 
last  visit  Falmouth  had  from  the  enemy  during   the   war.     How-  Deft-nce  of 

ihe  Cdslenj 

ever,  upon  representations  of  those  outrageous  measures  and  vio-  towns, 
lent  threats  and  orders  of  the  enemy  yet  to  be  executed,  the 
General  Court  appointed  a  suitable  force  to  be  stationed  at  Fal- 
mouth through  the  winter,  ordered  400  men  to  be  raised  for 
the  defence  of  the  eastern  coast,  and  directed  a  call  upon  all  the 
militia  of  the  three  eastern  counties,  if  necessary,  to  resist  the 
attacks  or  prevent  the  inroads  of  the  enemy.  In  December,  Gen.  Frye, 
Brigadier-General  Joseph  Fryef  visited  Falmouth,  and  the  suc- 
ceeding spring,  General  Washington  sent  him  thither  to  take  the 
command. 

But  the  great  objects  of  American  enterprize  were  somewhat  ^^^  jj^^^ 
divided.     After  Ticonderoga  and  Crown-point  had  been  surpriz-  g"'"ery 

or  r  ca))ture3 

ed  and  taken  by  Colonels   Ethan  Allen  and  Seth  Warner,  Gen- M^pt'ea'- 

•'  _  and  marcri- 

eral  Washington,  July  3,  assumed  the  command  of  the  continental  es  to  ciue- 

.         Dec. 

army,  and  ordered  General  Montgomery  to  proceed  against 
Montreal.  It  was  an  important  movement  for  him, — the  place 
and  eleven  sail  of  vessels  surrendering  to  him,  Nov.  12,  when  he 
and  his  troops  taking  up  their  march  expeditiously,  soon  arrived 
before  Quebec. 

Foreseeing,  that  probably  the  force  of  Canada  would  be  con- ^ mold's  e*- 
centrated  about  Montreal,  General  Washington  projected  likewise  [hrough 
an  expedition  against  Quebec  in  a  different  direction.     He  pro- 

*  Remains  of  these  forts  were  seen  more  than  20  years  afterwards. — 
Sullivan,  p.  208. 

I  In  May,  1775,  Mr.  Frye  was  Colonel  ;  J.  Bricket,  Lieutenant-Colonel; 
Thomas  Poor,  Major.     General  Frye  died  at  Fryeburgh. 


440  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.    II. 

A.  D.  1775.  posed  to  send  a  detachment  from  his  encampment  at  Cambridge 
through  the  Kennebeck,  the  wilderness  between  the  upper  settle- 
ments on  that  river  and  those  on  the  Chaudiere,  to  the  St.  Law- 
rence ;  who  were  to  co-operate  with  the  troops  under  the  com- 
mand of  Montgomery  in  the  attack  meditated. 

The  force  detached  and  collected,  chiefly  consisted  of  infantry 
from  Massachusetts  and  Maine,  joined  by  a  few  from  New- 
Hampshire  and  Connecticut,  by  three  companies  of  Riflemen,  one 
of  Artillery  under  Capt.  Lamb,  and  by  a  considerable  number  of 
volunteers — in  all,  about  1,100  men,  including  ofiicers.*  The 
command  of  this  arduous  expedition  was  given  to  Benedict  Ar^ 
nold  of  Connecticut,  lately  commissioned  a  Colonel;  who,  when 
joined  with  Colonel  Allen  in  the  late  capture  of  Ticonderoga, 
had  shown  himself  a  gallant  officer.  Among  his  associate  offi- 
cers, were  Col.  Christopher  Green  of  Rhode  Island,  Majors 
Return  J.  Meigs  and  Timothy  Bigelow;  also  Col.  Roger  Enos, 
who  commanded  the  rear  division.  Some  of  his  Captains 
were  Henry  Dearhorn,  Samuel  McCobb,  and  Daniel  Morgan,  f 
The  forces  having  collected  at  Newburyport,  embarked  Sept, 
-miy-  16,  with  provisions,  arms,  ammunition  and  baggage,  and  proceed- 
ed in  ten  transports  to  Fort  Western,  the  head  of  tide-waters  on 
the  Kennebeck.  From  this  place,  Arnold  despatched  up  river 
an  exploring  party  of  8  or  10  men,  John  Getchell  of  Vassal- 
borough  being  one  of  their  guides.  On  the  25th-6-7-8th, 
Capt.  Morgan,  Col.  Greene,  Major  Meigs  and  Col.  Enos,  suc- 
cessively followed  in  batteaux  with  45  days'  provision.  But  as 
they  advanced  they  found  shoals,  ripples  and  falls,  to  impede 
their  progress  by  water ;  and  on  the  land,  thickets,  cliffs  and 
gullies,  covered  with  decaying  trees  fallen  in  all  directions,  which 
rendered  travelling  exceedingly  slow  and  fatiguing  ;  they  being 
obliged  to  bear  their  provisions  and  baggage  by  falls  and   rips  on 

Oct.  10— 12.  their  shoulders.  They  arrived,  however,  Oct.  10,  11,  12,  with- 
out  much    difficulty,   at  the   Great  carrying-place,  across  from 


=••  There  were  10  New-Eng-land  companies  of  musqueteers,  and  3  com- 
panies of  riflemen  from  Virginia  and  Pennsylvania. 

I  Dearborn,  afterwards  of  Pittston,  (Me.)  Secretary  of  War.  McCobb 
of  Georgetown, (Me.)  afterwards  Brigadier-General,  Lieutenant  Hutch- 
ins,  afterwards  resident  of  Fryeburgh.  Morgan  belonged  to  Virginia, 
and  commanded  the  riflemen. — Aaron  Burr,  then  of  New-Jersey,  and  a 
young  man,  was  a  volunteer,  afterwards  Vice-President  of  the  United 
States.     Meigs  was  father  of  the  late  Post-Master  General. 


Chap,  xvi.]  of  maine.  44  j 

Kennebeck  to  Dead  river,  30  miles  above  Old  Norridgewock,  ad.  1775 
or  the  mouth  of  Sandy  river.  All  proceeded  over  immediately, 
except  the  division  of  Col.  Enos,  who  stopped  on  the  banks  of 
the  Kennebeck  to  build  a  small  block-house.  He  then  followed 
the  main  army,  which  passed  the  third  pond  of  the  carrying 
place,  on  the  1 5th,  and  arrived  at  Dead  river  the  next  day. 
During  the  subsequent  week,  the  advanced  forces  ascended  it 
about  30  miles  to  the  mouth  of  the  river,  which  comes  from  the 
west;  having  previously  met  the  exploring  party  on  their  return. 
As  late  rains  had  flooded  the  country,  and  rendered  the  river 
rapid,  by  reason  of  which  several  barrels  of  provisions,  some 
cash,  clothes  and  guns  were  lost;  the  army  encamped  on  the 
24th,  when  a  council  ordered  the  sick  to  return.  On  the  27th, 
the  army  passed  a  portage  of  4  miles  and  the  height  of  land,  where 
they  met  with  rugged  steeps  and  other  obstacles,  sufficient  to  ap- 
pal the  stoutest  heart.  It  was  in  this  mountainous  wilderness, 
probably  not  far  from  the  mouth  of  West  river,  that  Col.  Enos,  EnoTrl- 
having  charge  of  the  sick,  and  still  commanding  the  rear  divis-  '"'""^' 
ion,  equal  to  a  fourth  part  of  the  army,  separated  from  the  main 
body  and  returned  ;  believing  the  whole  must  inevitably  perish 
through  famine,  if  they  continued  together.  His  arrival  at  Cam- 
bridge, at  first  excited  indignation,  yet  on  his  trial,  the  causes  and 
reasons  alleged  were  deemed  a  sufficient  excuse. 

Arnold  and  the  other  divisions,  pursued  their  march  about  100 
miles  from  the  Kennebeck  river,  as  they  supposed,  through  a  c<^ed»  to 

J  ,,  1         1     •  ■,     n  Quebec. 

rugged  country,  "  represented  as  bemg  never  before  trodden  by 
any  foot  but  that  of  Indians  and  wild  beasts,"  passed  the  Nepess 
Lake  on  the  29th,  and  the  next  day  at  night  encamped  near  the 
north  end  of  Lake  Megantic,  where  the  Chaudiere  issues  from  it. 
They  were  extremely  exhausted,  for  they  had  endured  all  the 
miseries  incident  to  storms,  fatigue  and  cold : — aggravated  by  the 
maladies  of  a  prevailing  sickness,  and  the  dismays  of  famine. 
*'  It  would  be  difficult  to  find  any  thing  in  the  histories  of  war, 
or  indeed  to  conceive  of  greater  hardship,  labor  and  resolution, 
than  attended  the  exertions  of  this  body  of  men."  When  they 
reached  the  head  waters  of  the  Chaudiere,  the  scanty  remnants 
of  provision  were  divided  among  the  companies  ;  and  they  were 
directed  by  their  commander,  to  pursue  their  march,  regardless 
of  military  order,  to  the  nearest  Canadian  settlements.  Even  a  , 
Vol.  II.  56 


442  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II. 

A.  D.  1775.  month  or  more,  they  travelled  this  hideous  wilderness,  without 
seeing  a  house,  or  any  other  human  being,  than  their  own  com- 
panions ;  and  when  they  were  about  ten  leagues  from  the  frontier 
habitations,  eveiy  morsel  of  food  was  consumed.  There  were  a 
few  dogs  in  the  army  which  they  killed  and  ate  5  and  some  did 
not  spare  even  their  moose-hide  breeches,  moccasins  and  bayo- 
net belts  ;  for  they  tried  by  first  boiling  and  then  broiling  them  on 
the  coals,  to  relieve  the  dire  cravings  of  hunger.*  Preceded  by 
Arnold,  however,  who  went  forward  to  provide  for  his  men  the 
best  and  earliest  means  possible,  to  satisfy  the  demands  of  nature, 
the  troops  still  persevered  in  their  march,  unsubdued  by  the 
hardships  they  had  encountered,  until  they  once  more  found 
^"^'  ^'  themselves,  Nov.  4,  at  the  mouth  of  the  de  Loup  river,  in  regions 
frequented  by  human  beings,  though  still  more  than  twenty 
leagues  from  the  St.  Lawrence. 

No  farther  time  was  allowed  for  rest  or  repose,  than  was  bare- 
ly sufficient  to  collect  the  rear,  which  was  greatly  scattered,  and 
to  refresh  the  men.  Here  Arnold  published  his  letter  of  instruc- 
tions received  from  General  Washington,  for  the  information  both 
of  his  troops  and  the  Canadians. — 
General  Dear  Colonel : — "  You  are  entrusted  with  a  command  of  the 

ton'-s  Ta-'  utmost  importance  to  the  interests  and  liberties  of  America.  Upon 
siructious  «0y^^^  conduct  and  courage,  and  that  of  the  officers  and  soldiers 
detached  on  this  expedition,  not  only  the  success  of  the  present 
enterprize  and  your  own  honor,  but  the  safety  and  welfare  of 
the  whole  continent  may  depend.  I  charge  you,  therefore,  and 
the  officers  and  soldiers  under  your  command,  as  you  value  your 
own  safety  and  honor,  and  the  favor  and  esteem  of  your  country, 
that  you  consider  yourselves  as  marching  not  through  an  enemy's 
country,  but  that  of  your  friends  and  brethren  :  for  such  the  in- 
habitants of  Canada  and  the  Indian  nations,  have  approved  them- 
selves in  this  unhappy  contest  between  Great  Britain  and  Amer- 
ica ;  and  that  you  check  by  every  motive  of  duty,  and  fear  of  pun- 
ishment, all  attempts  to  plunder  or  insult  the  inhabitants  of  Can- 
ada. Should  any  American  soldier  be  so  base  and  infamous,  as 
to  injure  any  Canadian  or  Indian  in  his  person  or  property,  I  do 

*  "  iVIany  men  died  of  fatigue  and  hunj^er— frequently  four  or  five  min- 
utes after  making  their  last  effort,  and  setting-  down."     Maj.  Meigs  passed 
'       several,  Nov.  1,  who  were  sick  and  had  no  provisions,  and  who  "  must  have 
perished  in  the  wilderness.'*  1 


Chap.  xvi.J  of  jmatne.  443 

most  earnestly  enjoin  you  to  bring  him  to  such  severe  and  exem-  A,D,  1775. 
plary  punishment,  as  the  enormity  of  the   crime  may  require ; — 
should  it  extend  to  death  itself,  it  will  not  be   disproportionate  to 
its  guilt  at  such  a  time  and  in  such  a  cause. 

"  But  I  hope  and  trust,  that  the  brave  men  who  have  volunta- 
rily engaged  in  this  expedition,  will  be  governed  by  far  different 
views ;  that  their  order,  discipline  and  regularity  of  behavior, 
will  be  as  conspicuous  as  their  valor.  I  also  give  it  in  charge 
to  you,  to  avoid  all  disrespect  to  and  contempt  of  the  religion 
of  the  country  and  its  ceremonies.  Prudence,  policy  and  a 
true  christian  spirit  will  lead  us  to  look  with  compassion  on  their 
errors,  without  insulting  them.  While  we  are  contending  for 
our  liberty,  we  should  be  very  cautious  of  violating  the  rights  of 
conscience  in  others,  and  should  ever  consider  that  God  alone  is 
the  judge  of  the  hearts  of  men,  and  to  him  only  in  this  case 
are  they  answerable. 

"  Upon  the  whole,  Sir,  I  beg  you  to  inculcate  on  the  officers 
and  soldiers  the  necessity  of  preserving  the  strictest  order, 
during  their  march  through  Canada  : — to  represent  to  them  the 
shame,  disgrace  and  ruin,  to  themselves  and  country,  if  they 
should,  by  their  conduct,  turn  the  hearts  of  our  brethren  in  Can- 
ada against  us.  And  on  the  other  hand,  the  honor  and  rewards, 
which  await  them,  if  by  their  prudence  and  good  behavior,  they 
conciliate  the  affections  of  the  Canadians  and  Indians  to  the  great 
interests  of  America,  and  convert  those  favorable  dispositions  they 
have  shewn  into  a  lasting  union."     "  Yours,  &;c. 

George  Washington." 

As  Colonel  Arnold  had  been  furnished  with  £1,000  in  specie 
to  defray  contingent  expenses,  and  his  troops  were  now  supplied 
by  the  Canadians  "  with  great  cheerfulness,"  he  paid  them  fully, 
for  all  the  provisions  received  of  them,  resumed  the  line  of  march,  Arrival  be- 
and,  November  8,  reached  Point  Levi,  opposite  to  Quebec.  The  bee 
town  was  almost  entirely  without  a  garrison ;  and  the  unexpected 
appearance  of  an  army,  emerging  from  the  depths  of  an  unex- 
plored wilderness,  threw  the  place  into  great  consternation.  Had 
the  troops  immediately  crossed  the  St.  Lawrence,  Quebec  must 
have  submitted  to  a  capitulation.  But  the  men  were  greatly 
fatigued, — boats  and  small  craft  could  not  be  readily  procured,  to 
transport  them  over  the  river — the  winds  were  high, — the  weather 
was  chilly — and  there  being  a  consequent  delay  of  several  days, 


444  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.    II. 

A.  D.  1775.  the  fortunate  moment  was  lost.  For  though  Arnold  and  Mont- 
gomery joined   forces  in   a  bold  attack  upon  the  garrison   and 

Repulsed,  city,  December  31,  they  were  repulsed  ; — ^the  gallant  Montgomery 
fell ; — Arnold  was  wounded  ; — and  in  about  eight  months,  the 
Americans  evacuated  Canada.* 

General  Before  the  close  of  the  year  1775,  the  Continental   Congress 

Post  office.  J  ■>  o 

established  a  General  Post  Office,  and  soon  "  put  it  in  operation" 
Reinihurse-  fj-Qm  Georaiia  to  Maine. f     It  was  also  ordered  by  the  same  body, 

mom  lo  . 

ftiassnciiu-   that  £65,000  be  reimbursed  from   the   Treasury  of   the   United 

sells. 

Colonies  to  the  Province  of  Massachusetts,  for  advances  she  had 
made  to  her  troops  in  payment  of  services  rendered  prior  to  Aug. 
1st,  when  the  Continental  army  was  formed.  About  2,000  men 
were  stationed  by  the  Province  at  different  places  upon  her  At- 
lantic shores,  as  the  people  were  constantly  exposed  to  insult 
and  plunder  ;  and  it  was  desirable  also  to  prevent  the  enemy  from 
collecting  any  supplies  for  the  army  in  Boston. J 
New  ap-  To  every  department  of  the  Provincial  government,  which  was 

of'dviToffi-  susceptible  of  political  revolution,  were  now  given   system,   form 
*^^'"*'  and  permanency.    New  Judges  of  the  Supreme  Judiciary ,§  Com- 

mon Pleas,  and  Judges   of   Probate ;    and  new  Justices   of   the 
Peace  and  Sheriffs,  || — were  all  appointed  ;  and  the  General  Court 


*  1  Coll.  Maine  Hist.  Soc.  p.  357— 41C,  by  Dr.  Allen.— 2  Williams'  Vt. 
p.  50-2. — Also  Arnold's  50  Letters— ivom  Sept.  27,  to  Dec.  5,  1775. — Mon- 
tresor''s  Journal,  A.  D.  1760. — To  Arnold's  army  of  G50  men  at  Point  Levi, 
may  be  added  40  or  50  Indians,  who  had  joined  him.  Two  of  them  were 
Sabbatis  and  J\atanis — Abcnaques.  General  Montgomery  arrived  Dec.  1, 
with  600  men  and  3  armed  schooners,  ammunition,  provision  and  clothing-. 
The  remains  of  Montgomery  were  removed  from  Quebec,  in  June,  1818,  to 
N.  York,  and  deposited  in  St.  Paul's  cemetery.— Arnold  died,  June  14, 1801, 
in  London.  |  Samuel  Freeman  of  Falmouth,  1st  Post-Master  in  Maine. 
I  2  Bradford's  Mass.  p.  66-7. 

5  The  Judg-cs  of  the  Superior  Court,  commissioned  in  November,  were 
John  Adams,  William  Cashing,  J^alhaniel  P.  Sargent,  William  Reed,  and 
Robert  T.  Paine.  But  Adams,  Reed  and  Paine  declined  :  and  in  a  few- 
months,  Jedediah  Foster,  and  James  Sullivan  were  appointed  in  their  stead. 
Robert  Treat  Paine  was  appointed  Attorney-General. 

II  COUNTY  OFFICERS  IN  MAINE,  <o  ui7.- 
York  Countv. 
Judges — JVathaniel  Sparhawk,  of  Kittery. 
James  Gowen,  "        " 

Rishworth  Jordan,  Biddeford. 
John  Bradbury,  and  Judge  of  Probate,  Buxton. 
Sheriff— Jo/inio/i  J\loulton,  York. 


Chap,  xvr.]  of  maine.  445 

say  in  their  proclamation,  '  we  have  seen  a  large   and   populous  a.  D.  1776. 
'  Colony,  subsisting  for  more  than  a  year  in   great  harmony   and 
'  order,  under  a  suspension  of  the  powers  of  government.' 

During  the  winter  session,  the  General  Court  arranged  the  The  iMiijiia 
militia  anew ;  and  formed  Massachusetts  proper  into  three  Divi-  ed. 
sions,*  and  Maine  into  one.  To  the  command  of  the  militia  in 
each  county,  there  was  appointed  a  Brigadier-General,  and  the 
three  in  Maine  were  John  Frost  of  Kittery  ;  Samuel  Thompson 
of  Brunswick,  and  Charles  Gushing  of  Pownalborough.  Each 
brigade  was  divided  into  regiments,  the  officers  of  which  were 
a  Colonel,  a  Lieutenant-Colonel,  and  a  first  and  second  Major. 
The  complement  of  a  militia  company  was  sixty-eight  men  in- 
cluding non-commissioned  officers.  All  able-bodied  males  be- 
tween sixteen  and  sixty  years,  were  enrolled  and  compelled  to 
do  military  duty,  except  Quakers,  settled  ministers  of  the  Gos- 
pel, the  officers  of  Harvard  College,  colored  men  and  Indians. 
Any  one  drafted,  or  detailed,  who  refused  to  go  into  the  public 
service,  was  finable  £12,  and  if  he  did  not  pay  the  money  im- 
mediately, he  was  committed  to  prison. 

At  the  May  session,  the  General  Court  enacted,  that  all  civil  Maysession. 
and  military  commissions,  and  all  writs,  precepts,  and  recogniz-  ^{'co^mmis"'^ 
ances  should,  after  the   first  day  of  the   ensuing  June,  be    «  In  sions  and  le- 

'  J  o  '  gal  pre- 

THE  NAME  OF  THE  Government  AND  People  of  Massachu-'^^p',^^  and 

llie  lorm  ot 

SETTS  Bay  in  New-England  ;" — and  bear  date  in  the  year  of  oaihs,— ai- 

.  ...         tered. 

the  christian  era,  without  any  mention    of  the   British   sovereign. 
The  oath  of  office  was  so  changed  as  to  require  the  incumbent, — 

Cumberland  County. 
Judges — Enoch  Freeman,  and  Judge  of  Probate,  Falmouth, 
Jeremiah  Powell,  North-Yarmouth. 
Jonas  Mason,  " 

Solomon  Lombard,  Gorliam. 
Sheriff — John  Watte,  Falmouth. 
Clerk — Samuel  Freeman,     " 

Lincoln  County. 
Judges — William  Lilhgow,  Georgetown. 
Aaron  Hinkley,  Brunswick. 
Thomas  Rice,  Wiscasset. 
James  McCobh,  Georgetown. 
Judge  of  Probate,  Jonathan  Bowman,  Pownalborough. 
Sheriff — Charles  Gushing,  " 

*  The   Major-Generals  were    John  Hancock,  Benjamin   Lincoln,   anJ 
Azor  Orne, — and  P.  Wadsworth  was  Adjutant  General. 


446  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  11. 

A.D.  j77o. '  honorably,  faithfully  and  impartially  to  execute  all  the  duties  of 
'  his  office,  according  to  the  best  of  his  skill  and  abilities.' 

The  British  forces  after  evacuating;  Boston,  March   17,    1776, 

riie   enemy  o  '  '  ' 

leave  Bos-  and  hovering  upon  our  coast  more  than  two  months,  opened 
their  summer  campaign,  by  operations  against  New-York  and 
Charleston,  South  Carolina  ;  and  thither  was  shifted  from  New- 
England,  the  theatre  of  the  present  war.  Still  there  was  kept 
in  vigorous  exercise,  a  constant  assiduity   to   guard   the   eastern 

Defence  of  scaports.  A  Small  force  was  stationed  at  Falmouth,  furnished 
with  six  cannon  and  a  suitable  quantity  of  military  stores.  Also 
one  fourth  of  all  the  male  inhabitants  of  sixteen  years  and  up- 
wards, except  those  eastward  of  Camden,  were  required  to  be 
arranged  into  companies,  either  by  enlistment  or  draft,  and 
equipped  with  a  good  gun  and  bayonet,  or  in  lieu  of  a  bayonet, 
with  "  a  tomahawk,  cutting  sword  or  hatchet ;" — ready  to  march 
at  a  moment's  warning,  and  serve  in  the  continental  army  three 
months,  under  officers  appointed  by  the  General  Court.  Yet  so 
much  exposed  and  so  critically  situated  were  the  eastern  Provin- 
cials, when  Congress  called  on  Massachusetts  for  5,000  men, 
that  only  105  were  taken  from  York,  39  from  Cumberland,  and 
none  from  Lincoln.  There  were  Committees  in  the  several 
counties  employed  to  aid  and  encourage  the  enlistments  ;  and 
to  those  in  York  and  Cumberland,  there  were  entrusted  £1,265, 
from  which  advances  were  to  be  made  of  the  usual  bounty,  a 
month's  wages  and  some  articles  of  outfit,  to  each  soldier  re- 
cruited.* 

Reconciiia-      AH  expectations    of  effecting   a  reconciliation   between  Great 

lion  irnprac-  i       •  i       i     i  i  •        •  i 

ticabie.  Britain  and  these  colonies,  had  by  this  tune,  come  to  an  end. 
The  Americans  were  declared  to  be  out  of  the  royal  protection  ; 
and  Parliament  at  the  last  session,  even  took  measures  for  em- 
ploying 16,000  foreign  mercenaries,  to  effect  our  subjugation. 
But  oppression  exacting  more  than  is  due,  often  loses  the  bene- 
fit of  all  just  rights  and  legal  claims.  The  object  of  the  contro- 
versy had  hitherto  been  '  Constitutional  Liberty,' — not  Indepen- 
dence. Protection  and  allegiance  were  considered  reciprocal ; 
and  as  the  one  had  been  refused,  the  other,  it  was  thought,  might 


*  The  wages  were  per  month,  for  a  Colonel  £l5,  Lieutenant-Colouel 
£12,  Major  £lO,  Captain  £8,  Lieutenant  £5,  8s.,  Chaplain  £~,  10s.,  Sur- 
geon £7,  10s.,  Adjutant  £5,  lOs.,  Quartermaster  £3,  10s.,  and  a  private 
£3. 


Chap,  xvi.]  Op  maine.  4^y 

justly  be  withholden.  If  the  parent  state  calls  in  the  aid  of  stran-  a.  d.  1776. 
gers  to  crush  us,  we  must  seek  similar  aid  for  our  own  preserva- 
tion. If  foreign  auxiliaries  and  succors  then,  be  desired  by  us, 
they  must  be  sought  in  the  capacity  and  character  of  Indepen- 
dent States,  else  the  Colonists  would  still  be  deemed  mere  sub- 
jects rebelling  against  their  king,  though  relying  on  their  own  re- 
sources in  the  mighty  struggle.  To  declare  ourselves  indepen- 
dent— is  only  announcing  to  the  world,  our  true  political  state,  and 
the  grounds  and  reasons  of  the  controversy.  For  in  the  short 
period  of  two  years,  nearly  three  millions  of  people  have  passed 
over  "  from  the  love  and  duty  cherished  by  loyal  subjects,  to  the 
rancor  and  resentment  usually  felt  by  settled  enemies ;" — the 
great  question  of  final  separation  having  been,  for  several  months, 
deeply  and  extensively  considered.  Therefore,  on  the  everJi'iyL 
memorable  July  4,  1776,  the  Continental  Congress  declared  deull"\e- 
these    thirteen  United  Colonies  to   be,   "  free,   sovereign  and 

INDEPENDENT   StATES." 

The  declaration  of  Independence,  everywhere  received  with  Published, 
joy  by  the  people  and  the  army,  was  printed  by  order  of  the 
Executive  Council,  and  sent  to  the  ministers  of  every  denomina- 
tion within  the  State ; — to  be  read  by  them,  to  their  respective 
congregations  at  the  close  of  divine  service,  on  the  first  Lord's 
day  after  it  was  received ;  and  to  be  recorded  by  the  town  clerks 
at  full  length  in  their  respective  town  books.  The  country  was 
now  absolutely  our  own.  No  royal  functionary  had  a  shadow  of 
authority  in  any  of  the  Colonies  ;  nor  had  British  troops  actually 
a  print  of  foot  impressed  within  our  territories.     Relieved  from  ^ 

.  "s  consc" 

the  embarrassments  occasioned  by  the  refined  distinctions  between  wuences. 
liberty  and  authority, — rights  and  prerogatives, — every  individual 
knew  on  what  ground  he  stood,  and  every  thing  assumed  a  re- 
generate appearance.  The  question  became  single,  shall  we  be 
conquered  Provinces,  or  free  and  independent  States.'' — In  poli- 
tics there  were  none  allowed  to  be  neuters.  It  was  a  momentous 
crisis,  and  the  friends  of  liberty  were  bold  to  stake  their  lives  on 
the  issue.  Their  more  traitorous  foes  had  sought  an  asylum  in 
the  enemy's  arms ;  and  all  lukewarm  citizens  were  suspected. 
There  bad  in  fact  arisen  a  mortal  aversion  to  the  very  name  of 
tory,  and  to  every  relic  and  vestige  of  royalty.  Yes,  the  prop- 
erty of  all  absentees  was  deemed  meet  for  destruction,  or  at  least 


the  times. 


448  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II. 

A.  D.  1776.  for  confiscation  ;*  and  if  it  were  in  the  hands  of  confidential  de- 
Passion  of  positarics,  it  ought  to  be  drawn  from  them  by  coercive  power. 
Even  the  portraits  or  pictures  of  any  who  belonged  to  the  royal 
family,  it  was  considered  patriotic  to  deface  ;  the  emblems  of  the 
king's  arms,  crown  or  scepter,  appearing  upon  any  article,  ren- 
dered it  detested  ;  and  all  India  teas  were  looked  upon  with  dire 
antipathy  and  prejudice,  as  if  they  had  infected  the  whole  com- 
munity with  some  deadly  epidemic.  Only  the  active  and  de- 
cided friends  of  freedom  could  have  a  single  particle  of  true 
patriotism  ;  in  short,  nothing  averse  to  republican  equality,  pris- 
tine freedom  and  plain  economical  habits,  could  possibly  possess 
the  least  attribute  of  good.  Whereas  the  man  who  took  arms, 
was  the  legitimate  son  of  liberty,  and  he  who  lost  his  life  in  the 
war,  died  a  blessed  martyr. 


*  2  Bradford's  JMass.  p.  89,  105. — Some  returned,  after  they  retired  with 
the  enemy  from  Boston,  and  were  taken  into  custody,  till  their  penitence 
was  fully  tested. 


Chap,  xvii.]  of  maine.  449 


CHAPTER  XVII. 

Amity  of  the  eastern  Indians — Pleasures  for  dejencc — Nova  Scotia 
and  the  enterprize  of  Jonathan  Eddy  and  his  party  there — They 
fee  repulsed  to  Machias — An  army  raised  for  three  years  or 
during  the  war —  Warren  incorporated — Brilliant  successes  of  the 
Americans — Firearms  and  military  stores  arrive  from  France — 
Treachery  punished — Defence  of  the  eastern  totcns — A  garrison 
established  at  3Iachias — Fryeburg  and  Thomaston  incorporated 
— A  British  force  sent  against  Machias  repulsed — Expedition  to 
Nova  Scotia  unsuccessful — Surrender  of  Biirgoyne — Commodore 
Tucker's  success — Ncto  State-Constitution  rejected — Lyman 
and  Gray  incorporated — Estates  of  Absentees  confiscated — Ar- 
rival of  a  French  fleet  and  army — Maine  formed  into  a  Distinct 
— Pittston  incorporated — Majorbiguyducc  taken  and  occupied 
hy  the  British — Force  raised  to  drive  them  from  the  peninsula — 
Expedition  fails — Particulars  of  it — Towns  and  Islands  ill- 
treated  by  the  enemy — The  Tories — Defence  of  the  eastern  people 
— Gen.  Wadsworth  in  command — Dark  day — Arnold's  treason — 
New  Slate-Constitution  formed  and  ratified — Members  of  the 
Provincial  Council  in  the  District  of  Maine  for  twenty  years 
prior  to  the  Constitution. 

In  the  present  war,  the  Indians  had  continued  quiet.     A  truck  ^  ^  j^^g^ 
house  had  been  established  at  Fort  Pownal,  and  another  recently  j„,^  jg 
at  Machias  ;  and  the  political  relations  which  had    long   subsisted  JJf  g^,™'^ 
between  the  government  and   the  Tarratines   at   Penobscot,   had  g3g^,g°„'^jjf 
been  lately  confirmed.     Under  their  influence,  the  tribe  at  Passa-dians, 
raaquoddy,  had  given  such  indications    of  good-will  towards  the 
Americans,  that  there  was  little  doubt  what  course  they  would 
pursue.     Moreover  a  delegation  from  the  Marechites  at  the  river 
St.  John,*  and  from  the  Mickmaks  of  Nova  Scotia,  went  to  Wa- 
tertown  and  entered,  July  19,  into  a  treaty  of  alliance  and  friend- 

*  This  tribe  (it  is  said,)  promised  the  government  of  Nova  Scotia,  1774-5, 
either  to  aid  in  the  defence  of.that  Province  or  remain  neutral.     But  if  so, 
it  seems  they  had  changed  their  minds  ;  though  they  received  large  pres- 
ents from  that  government  for  their  families, — See  Chubb'' s  Sk.  p.  104. 
Vol.  II.  57 


450  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  11. 

A.D.  1776.  ship  with  the  government  of  Massachusetts,  which  was  subscrib- 
ed by  ten  of  their  chiefs.  Its  preamble  recognized  the  indepen- 
dence of  the  United  States  and  their  power  to  levy  war,  form 
leagues  and  treaties,  and  conclude  peace.  By  its  articles,  an 
alliance  offensive  and  defensive,  was  established  ;  and  those 
tribes  bound  themselves  to  withhold  all  aid  from  the  British  king. 
The  treaty  likewise  strictly  prohibited  all  private  revenge,  and 
provided,  that  if  there  should  be  any  quarrel,  outrage,  wrong  or 
misunderstanding,  the  suffering  party  should  apply  to  the  gov- 
ernment and  laws  for  redress.  It  further  stipulated,  that  the  In- 
dian tribes,  then  treating,  would  send  600  men  to  join  the  army 
of  General  Washington  at  New- York,  and  continue  in  the  ser- 
vice three  years ;  that  they  should  be  formed  into  companies, 
each  one  find  his  own  gun  and  be  allowed  a  dollar  for  its  use, 
and  all  receive  their  other  supplies  at  Machias  truck  house  ;  and 
that  a  vessel  should  be  provided  to  transport  them  from  that 
place  to  the  army.*  The  Indian  delegates  also  engaged  to  per- 
suade, if  possible,  the  Indians  at  Passamaquoddy  and  other 
places,  to  enter  into  the  public  service  ;  and  their  endeavors  were 
partially  successful,  as  we  soon  find  that  tribe  generallyf  united 
with  the  others  in  the  alliance. 

Defence  of       For  the  defence  of  the  country  between  Camden  and  Machias, 

ihe  eastern  .       ,      ,  i         •  j  j-  u 

country.  government  raised  about  200  men ;  loanmg  and  sendmg  to  the 
Committees  of  towns  and  plantations,  on  their  personal  security, 
powder,  balls,  flints,  and  other  articles  to  the  amount  of  £1,543, 
65.  to  be  distributed  among  the  inhabitants  in  reasonable  propor- 
tions ;  and  granted  to  the  people  of  Machias  the  value  of  £170 
in  corn  and  rye,  for  their  relief  and  encouragement.  A  party 
of  thirty  men,  ten  of  whom  were  Indians,  under  the  command 
of  Andrew  Gilman,  was  stationed  at  Fort  Pownal,  for  the  de- 
fence of  the  settlements  upon  the  Penobscot ;  and  the  Tarra- 
tine  tribe  were    furnished  wuh    200  lbs.  of  gunpowder  and  200 


*  This  treaty  was  signed  by  Ombruis  Var,  Newel  VVallis,  J.  Francis, 
delegates  from  St.  Johns; — Joseph  Denaquaza  Charles,  Mattahee  On- 
trane,  Nicholas,  John  Battis,  Peter  Andre,  and  Sabbaltis  Netocombuit, 
delegates  from  the  Mickmaks.—See  the  treaty  in  10  articlet.  Secretary's  of- 
Jice  Boston, 

t  "The  Whig- and  Tory  principles  ran  high  among  the  tribes  ;  but  the 
"  Wliig  Indians  being  much  the  most  numerous,  the  Tories  remained  at 
"  home  as  neutrals." — Ilori.  S.  Jones'"  Letter 


Chap,  xvii.]  of  maine.  451 

lbs.  of  lead,  besides  an  appropriation  made  of  £400   in  money,  A.  D.  1776. 
to  procure  necessaries  for  the  tribe.      A  company  of  Matrosses  Muster- 
was  established    at  Cape-Elizaheth ;    a  Muster-master  was  ap- '"^^^^'^*' 
pointed  in  each  eastern  county  ;*  and    all    the    interior  military 
operations  of  the  State  were  under  the  direction  of  a  Board  of^^^'^^  of 
war,  lately  established,  consisting  of  nme  gentlemen,   chosen   by 
the  two  Houses  of  the  General  Court  in  joint  ballot. 

There  was  a  great  number  of  families  in  Nova  Scotia,  who  Nova  Sco- 
were  connected  by  the  ties  of  consanguinityf  or  interest  with  "^' 
the  people  of  Massachusetts  and  Maine,  and  who  had,  as  it  was 
believed,  a  strong  desire  to  see  that  Province  a  member  of  the 
American  confederacy.  A  free  intercourse  had  been  encour- 
aged, or  rather  allowed,  and  also  a  representation  was  made  to 
General  Washington,  that  an  expedition  thither,  might  afford  re- 
lief to  many  persons,  well  disposed  towards  the  American  cause, 
and  produce  a  result  favorable  to  the  United  States.  To  learn 
their  condition  and  views,  therefore,  he  despatched  to  the  Prov- 
ince two  agents  ;  but  when  they  had  ascertained  what  extreme 
suspicions  the  British  authorities  were  entertaining  of  all  inter- 
course, they  thought  it  imprudent  to  proceed  farther  than  the 
lines. 

But  Jonathan  Eddy,  a  native  of  Norton,   in   Massachusetts,  Jonathan 
who  had  resided  ten   years   in   the   immediate   vicinity  of   Fort  r^sematioTs'. 
Cumberland, J  at  tlie  head  of  Chignecto  bay,  and  was   Sheriff  of 
the  County,  represented  to  the  General  Court,  that  the   garrison 
had  been  lessened  from  time  to  time,  till   the   number   remaining 
was  only  sufficient  to  take  care  of  the  artillery  and  military  stores ; 
and  that  in  his  opinion  it  might  be  easily  taken  by  a  small   force. 
Though  he  in  fact  received  no  aid  nor  direct  encouragement;  yet 
he  returned  and  projected  a  plan  for  taking  the   fort.     To   ascer- 
tain its  true  condition,  he  sent  Capt.  Zebulon  Rowe,  who   visited 
and  thoroughly  examined   it  without  exciting   suspicion.     Eddy  ^^  ^^^^^  ^ 
next  had  the  address  by  persuasives,  threats,  and  the  promises  of  P^J^'^'y^^^' 
rewards,  to  raise  about  150  men:  and  with  a  competent  number  H'li  and  a 

/•   .1  1  7     1  y->.  vessel  in  the 

ot  them  he  proceeded  to  Chepody  Hill,  in  the  night   time,   and  harbor. 

*  These  were  Nathaniel  Wells  of  Wells  ;  Daniel  Ilsley  of  Falmouth 
and  Dummer  Sewall  of  Georg-etown. 

t  See  ante,  A.  D.  1759.— 1  Haliburton,  p.  219. 

I  Eddy  lived  at  Fort  Lawrence,  tvro  miles  south  of  Fort  Cumberland 

See  ante,  A.  D.  1755. 


452  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  11. 

A.  U.  1776.  took  a  Captain,  a  sergeant,  and  14  men  prisoners,  without 
loss.  The  third  night  afterwards,  he  and  a  party  of  25  men 
attacked  a  vessel  of  100  tons  as  she  lay  aground,  and  made  prize 
of  her.  She  had  on  board  600  barrels  of  pork  and  beef,  a  ton 
of  candles,  50  firkins  of  butler,  700  new  blankets,  and  two 
hogsheads  of  rum,  all  intended  for  the  garrison  5 — a  part  of  which 
however  was  retaken. 
The  foil.  fpjjp  whole  fort  embraced  about  an   acre  of  ground.     Its  in- 

trenchment  was  50  feet  ia  width — the  slope  25  feet  and  the  em- 
bankment within,  eight  feet  in  height — and  the  breadth  on  the 
top  four  feet.  On  the  outside  were  pickets,  and  logs  stretched 
along  the  declivity,  which  might  be  rolled  down  with  the  utmost 
ease,  and  with  great  violence,  upon  any  assailants.*  Collecting 
his  whole  force,  inclusive  of  nine  Indians  belonging  to  St. 
Sept.  27.  John's  river,  he  approached  the  fort,  in  a  cloudy  night,  Sept.  27, 
saik^d'by  by  three  parties ;  one  attempted  to  ascend  the  banks,  by  scaling 
hispany'^  ladders,  while  the  others  in  different  quarters  made  a  furious  as- 
sauh.  But  Colonel  Gorham,  commander  of  the  garrison,  having 
been  apprized  of  the  design,  and  been  reinforced,  made  a  brave 
defence,  killed  several  of  the  invaders,  and  completely  repulsed 
the  rest.  Seldom  is  a  defeat  attended  with  more  painful  circum- 
stances. Those  who  had  houses  in  the  vicinity  soon  saw  them 
in  flames,  and  their  families  in  the  depths  of  distress.  No  other 
alternative  remained  to  the  unfortunate  assailants,  than  for  them 
either  to  surrender  at  discretion  or  flee  the  Province.  If  caught, 
their  fate  might  be  that  of  rebels  or  even  traitors ;  and  therefore 
Repulsed,  they  left  their  families,  and  took  their  route  along  the  north  shore, 
Machia's'.  '°  across  the  river  St.  John  at  Fredericton,  proceeding  down  the 
Schoodic,  and  thence  to  Machias,  Here  they  successively  ar- 
rived, half-naked  and  famished,  having  been  in  the  woods  twenty- 
five  days.  Their  families,  who  remained  behind  through  a  winter 
of  severe  suffering,  were  brought  away  in  the  spring,  under  a  flag 
of  truce. f 

*  There  were  in  the  fort  a  magazine  and  barracks  ;  and  a  vessel  of  50 
guns  could  safely  ride  into  the  adjoining-  harbor. 

f  This  account  is  from  Ibroolc  Eddy,  Esq.  son  of  Jonathan  Eddy,  -who 
was  with  the  father  in  (he  siejc  and  retreat.  A  company  of  these  refu- 
l^ees,  Jonathan  Eddy  being-  one,  settled  Eddington. — See  A.  D.  1785.  Mr. 
Eddy,  active,  bold  and  jiatriotic,  was  a  Colonel  in  the  Rcvolntion,  He  af- 
terwards was  one  of  t!ic  petitioners  for  Eddington  township,  where  he  died 
in  Aiig-ust,  A.  D.  ISOl,  nged  7S. 


Chap,  xvii.]  of  Maine.  453 

To  those  who  live  in  peaceful  times,  and  pass  their  days  in  re-  A.  D.  1776 
tirement  and  safety,  it  is  too  incredible  to  believe  what  sufferings  I'he  people. 
were  endured  and  hazards  encountered,  by  the  brave  men  of  this 
eventful  period.     Few  people  in  any  age  have  ever  made  greater 
efforts   for  the  acquisition  of  social,  political  or  religious   enjoy- 
ments.    But  the  flush  of  the  first  year's  war  had  now  subsided. 
The  American  people  had  to  contend  with  a  powerful  and  veteran 
army,  under  intrepid  and  experienced  generals.     The  government 
was  subject  through  the  summer  to  perpetual  alarms,  and  to  solemn 
and  repeated  calls  for  protection,  firearms,  ammunition,  clothing, 
provisions  and  other  supplies.     The  people  saw  that  the  emergency 
was  great  and  the  war  might  be  Ions;.     The  General  Court  were  ,^''^3;,"'"««  "f 
actually  in   session  the  greater  part  of  the  year.     They  directed  ^o"""'- 
a  census  to  be  taken  by  the  selectmen,  of  all  the   males   in   their 
towns  of  sixteen  years  old  and  upwards,  they  laid  a  general  em- 
bargo on  all  vessels,  and  designated  sets  of  committees  to  procure 
different  articles  of  clothing,*  and  to  aid  in   effecting   the   levies. 
The  minute-men  were  well   organized ;  and  calls   upon   portions  Minute- 
of  them  were  frequent.     About  £150,000  were   advanced  this 
year  by  order   of  the   General   Court  for  the   defence   of  the 
State  ;+ — two-thirds  of  which  being  soon  reimbursed  by  Cona:ress, 

.'  °  J  ^         ^  State-treas- 

replenished  the  state-treasury  and  preserved  the  public  credit.        "ry. 

All  the  soldiers  now  in  the  army,  having  been  enlisted  directly  Provisions 
by  continental  authority,  expected  their  period  of  service  would  commemar 
expire  with  the  present  year.     But  men   of  military  talents  and  syia'rtJr 
experience,   saw  that  troops   must  be  raised  for  a  longer  period  fva""^  '^^ 
than  one  year ;  otherwise    small    reliance    could    be   placed   on 
numbers,  discipline  or  equipment.     General  Washington   said, — 
"  our  cause  is  ruined,  if  you  engage  men  only  for  a  year.     You 
"  must  not  think   of  it.     If  we   ever   hope  for  success,  we  must 
"  have  men  enlisted  for  the  whole  term  of  the  war."     Therefore, 
to  prepare  seasonably  for  the  next  campaign,  Congress  in    Sep- 
tember, concluded  to  raise  70,000  menj  upon  the  States,  for  the 
terra  of  three  years,  or  during  the  war  ;  of  whom  the   quota  as- 
signed to  Massachusetts  and  Maine,  was   ultimately  eighteen  bat- 
talions, including  one  of  artillery — equal  in  all  to  13,000  men. 


*  Of  5,000  blankets  which  the  State  called  for  in  the  autumn,  the  quota 
to  York  County  was  212  ;  to  Cumberland  123  ;   to  Lincoln  S3. 

f  2  Bradford's  Mass.  p.  124.  \  Or  ninety  battalions. 


454  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.    II. 

A.D.  177G.  To  raise  and  support  so  large  an  army,  required  the  greatest  ex- 
ertions. It  was  a  time  when  the  people  needed  all  the  encour- 
agements and  supports,  which  an  enthusiastic  spirit  of  liberty, 
and  the  duties  of  self  preservation  could  inspire — with  the  bless- 
ings which  an  approving  Providence  might   be  pleased  to  impart. 

addreis"^^  The  address  of  the  General  Court  to  the  people  was  perti- 
nent :--'  You  have  seen  how  the  paths  of  the  enemy  are  marked  with 
blood.  Our  towns  are  ravished  from  us — our  fields  are  plunder- 
•  ed  or  destroyed. — and  we  robbed  of  our  richest  enjoyments — 
the  fruits  of  our  fathers'  wisdom  and  toil,  by  mercenaries,  whom 
no  laws  can  bind — nor  the  most  sacred  principles  of  humanity 
control.  These  States,  the  asylum  of  freedom  and  happiness, 
are  now  infested  with  a  foe  intent  to  rifle  them  of  every  privilege, 
that  can  render  life  a  blessing.  But  you  will  long  remember 
how  the  first  inroads  of  a  base  invading  soldiery  upon  our  peace- 
ful homes,  were  encountered  by  a  voluntary  array,  which  put  them 
to  flight  and  to  shame.  Nor  are  we,  as  a  people,  called  into  the 
field  to  support  principalities  and  crowns,  but  to  defend  the  dear- 
est rights  of  men, — the  gifts  of  heaven,  consecrated  by  our  fa- 
thers' blood. — You  will  cheerfully  rise  in  arms  to  defend  your 
country,  your  liberty,  your  wives,  your  children,  and  your  pos- 
sessions, from  rapine  and  ruin.  Yes,  we  conjure  you,  by  your 
holy  religion,  by  your  civil  freedom  and  social  happiness,  to  act 
with  fortitude  and  vigor,  at  this  crisis  of  affairs,  so  important  to 
us  all ;  and  your  exertions  will  be  blessed  of  God  with  that  suc- 
cess, which  belongs  to  the  brave,  to  the  wise,  and  the  patriotic' 

Nov.  7,  Jt  vvas  at  this  interesting  period,  that  Warren,*  Nov.   7,   was 

Warren   in-  _  . 

corporaied.  established,  being  so  named  in  honor  of  General  Joseph  Warren, 
who  fell  in  the  battle  of  Bunker  Hill. — It  was  the  first  town  in- 
corporated upon  the  St.  George's  river,  which  had  now  been 
settled  forty  years.  About  forty  Irish  and  Scotch  presbyterians, 
who  had  emigrated  from  the  north  of  Ireland,  to  different  parts 
of  America,  collected  and  entered  into  a  contract,  April  18,  1735, 
with  General  Waldo ;  by  which  he  agreed  to  give  them  severally 
lots  of  100  acres,  extending  back  from  the  banks  of  the  river  be- 
tween the  bend  and  the  falls  ;  to  build  a  meeting-house,  make  a 
road,  and  appropriate  three  lots  for  the  ministry  and  a  free  school. 
In  consideration  whereof,  each  of  them  promised  to  clear  four 
acres  of  land,    build   a   dwellinghouse  within  eight  months,  and 


*  This  is  the  35th  town  in  this  State. 


Chap,  xvii.]  of  maine.  455 

live  on  his  place  three  years.  Thirty  families  removed  upon  A.  D.  1776. 
their  lots  the  next  year  ;  the  most  of  the  men  being  tradesmen  vvarren. 
and  unacquainted  with  husbandry.  Waldo  erected  a  grist-mill 
on  Oyster  river ;  prosecuted  the  business  of  burning  lime,  com- 
menced in  1734  by  him,  imported  provisions  and  necessaries  for 
the  settlers,  which  he  exchanged  with  them  for  staves,  bark  and 
firewood  ;  and  at  length,  built  a  meeting-house,  on  the  western 
bank  of  the  river,  in  the  lower  part  of  this  town.  One  of  the 
first  born  in  the  plantation  was  Thomas  Starret,  in  A.  D.  1737- 
8; — subsequently  an  eminent  citizen. 

The  early  settlement  was  connected  with  that  of  Thomaston  ; 
the  people  of  both  retired  to  St.  Georges'  Fort  in  times  of  war  or 
danger,  though  there  was  a  block-house  north  of  that  fortress  ; 
and  the  two  plantations  together,  were  considered  the  "  Upper 
and  Lower  Towns, ^^*  till  they  were  severally  incorporated. 
During  the  Spanish  and  fifth  Indian  war,  commencing  in  1745, 
many  of  the  settlers  entered  into  the  army  under  General  Waldo, 
and  the  houses  more  remote  from  the  fort,  either  went  to  decay 
or  were  destroyed  by  the  savages.  They  took  the  lead  sashes 
from  the  meeting-house  windows  for  bullets,  carefully  stocking 
the  glass.  They  also  burnt  the  mills,  and  killed  or  drove  away 
most  of  the  cattle.     After  the  war  the  plantation  revived. 

In  1753,  General  Waldo  procured  an  accession  of  seventy 
emigrants  from  Sterling  in  Scotland,  who  settled  in  a  cluster 
towards  the  western  part  of  the  township,  which  has  since  been 
called  by  the  name  of  the  city  they  left. 

The  earliest  Provincial  tax  upon  the  whole  plantation  or  vpper 
town,  was  laid  in  1764  ; — a  year,  when  the  first  ship  was  built 
and  the  first  framed  house  raised  within  the  township ;  and  when 
the  number  of  families  was  about  fifty.  The  town  company,  in 
1775,  commanded  by  Capt.  Thomas  Starret,  consisted  of  thirty- 
four  privatesf — men  whose  genuine  patriotism  and  courage,  their 
posterity  might  be  emulous  to  claim  as  an  inheritance. 

*  See  ante,  A.  D.  1745,  p.  238. — The  ''  Lower  Toion-i'''  also  embraced  orig- 
inally the  settlemeDts  on  the  west  side  of  the  river,  down  to  its  mouth, 
and  along-  the  shore  to  Mednncook  river, — now  Cushing  and  Friendship. 
Tlie  lime  was  then  burnt  at  the  "  Lime  Kiln,"  near  the  present  State's 
prison  in  Thomaston. — See  ante,  Jl.  D.  1719-20,  p.  97. 

f  ?Farre7i  embraces  27,000  acres.  The  river  is  navig-able  to  Andrew's 
pond  for  vessels  of  100  tons,  and  smaller  craft  to  the  bridg-e  and  head  of  the 
tide,  3-4ths  of  a  mile  higher.     The  Jfarrows  are  just  below  the  south  line 


456  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II. 

Ail).  1776.      The  present  had  been   a  season   remarkable  for  the  number 
Army  of  the  and  importance  of  its  events.     Nay,  though  there  had  been  diffi- 
fomed.       culties  attending  the  enhstments  to  fill  and   form   what  might  be 
truly  called    the  Army  of  the  Revolution,  and  though  General 
Washington  found  it  necessary  to  call  into  the  continental  service 
for  a  short  time,  2,000  minute-men  from   the  Province  of  Mas- 
sachusetts, the  spirit,  liberality,  fortitude,  and  union  of  the  people, 
were  seldom  greater  ;  some  events  affording  fresh  and   particular 
encouragement.     Our  cruisers  had  been  so   remarkably  success- 
ful at  sea,  that  the  amount  of  prizes,  taken  by  the  Americans  be- 
tween the  commencement  of  the  war  and  the  close   of  the   pres- 
ent year,  was  estimated  in  England    to   exceed    a  million  and  a 
Battles.       half  sterling.*     In  the  engagements  at    Sullivan  Island,  at  Long 
Island,  and  at  White  Plains, f  and  in  the  withdrawment  of  Gen. 

of  the  town.  Great  quantities  of  shad  and  alevvives  were  formerly  caught 
in  this  river,  and  yielded  a  revenue  to  the  town.  The  natives  marked  a 
tree  near  the  first  falls,  and  forbade  the  English  to  fish  above  it.  Oyster 
river  empties  its  waters  on  the  eastern  side  near  Thomaston  line.  South 
pond  holds  a  communication  with  the  tide  waters  of  the  main  river. 
Mount  Pleasant  is  in  the  N.  E.  part  of  the  town. — On  an  average,  nearly 
33,000  casks  of  lime  were  manufactured  here  in  each  of  the  years  1826-7-8. 
There  are  in  town  12  mills  ;  also  a  brass  foundcry  ;  an  academy,  incorpo- 
rated Feb.  25,  1808  :  and  a  social  library  of  500  vols.  The  town  was  first 
represented  in  the  General  Court  in  1779,  by  Moses  Copeland,  Esq. — after- 
wards by  Samuel  S.  Wilde  and  Samuel  Thatcher. — Henry  Alexander, 
elected  in  1738-9,  was  the  first  captain  of  the  plantation  militia,  and  his 
successor  was  Thomas  Kilpatrick,  about  A.  D.  1748,  who  had  charge  of 
the  block-house,  built  in  1753,  above  the  fort.  To  these,  to  Burton's  block- 
house and  another  at  Pleasant-point  both  in  Gushing,  the  settlers  on  the 
river  were  driven  in  1754,  where  they  abode  till  the  close  of  that  war. — 
The  town  records  commence  in  1777,  and  are  continued  down  unbroken. 
By  these  it  appears,  that  the  inhabitants  were  the  active  and  bold  friends 
of  liberty.  They  even  voted  in  1783,  to  oppose  the  return  of  the  refugees 
to  their  former  homes.  The  first  post  office  in  town,  was  established  in 
1794 ; — and  the  present  meeting-hotise  was  built  the  year  before.  The 
baptists  built  another  in  1806.  Rev.  Robert  Rutherford  preached  several 
years  to  this  people  and  those  at  the  fort,  prior  to  1756.  Rev.  John  Ur- 
quehart,  a  Scotch  presbyterian,  was  the  first  settled  minister.  He  was 
dismissed  in  1782-3.  He  was  succeeded  by  Rev.  Jonathan  Huse,  who 
was  ordained,  Oct.  23,  1795. — The  first  bridge  over  the  river  was  built  in 
1780  ;  and  another  at  the  head  of  the  tide  in  1790-1 ;  and  the  first  saw  mill 
was  built  in  1785.  A  court-house  was  erected  and  courts  established 
there  in  1799. — MS.  J^arrative  of  Cyrus  Eaton,  Esq.  of  Warren. — Jess& 
Page,  Esq.  *  2  Bradford's  Mass.  p.  133, 

t  Namely,  July  28,  Aug.  27,  and  Oct.  28,  1776. 


Chap,  xvii.]  of  Maine.  467 

Washington    beyond    the    Delaware,    the    enemy    acqinred    noA>D.  1770. 
great  advantasre  ;  while  the  battle  at  Trenton,  Dec.  26,  filled  the  Dec  26. 

"  .  .  .  Brilliant 

country  with  exultation,  as  it  won  the  American  arms  much  glory,  successes  of 
and  happily  closed   this  eventful  year  ;  reviving  the  spirits  oi  de-  can  arms  at 
sponding  men,  and  giving  a  timely  impetus  to  the  success  oi  en- 
listments.    This  was  followed  in  the  spring,  by   arrivals   of  fire- 
arms and  military  stores   in  large   quantities,  from   France ;  one  Firearms 

.  arrive  from 

vessel  landing  at  Portsmouth    5,000  stands,  besides  some  other  France. 
articles. 

To  complete  the  State  quota  of  troops,  the  General  Court  pro-  A.D.  1777. 
vided  clothine  for    the  recruits,   and   offered   additional  bounty  ;  Enlistments 

o  '  ''    '  encouraged. 

the  ministers  of  the  gospel  read  the  legislative  address  to  their 
respective  congregations  ;  and  it  was  made  highly  penal  either  to 
discourage  enlistments  into  the  Continental  Army  or  Navy,  to 
depreciate  the  bills  of  credit,  or  to  weaken  the  supports  given  by 
the  people  to  the   National  Independence.      In  short,    if  there  Treachery 

,  ,,  •    •     ■      ^  ^\      and  treason 

were  good  reason  even  to  suspect  any  one  "  inimical  to  the  punished. 
United  States,"  he  might  be  arrested  on  a  Justice's  warrant,  and 
banished  to  the  enemy,  unless  he  would  take  the  oath  of  allegi- 
ance ;  and  his  return  incurred  a  forfeiture  of  his  life.  So  all 
persons  charged  by  the  Selectmen  in  town-meeting  with  political 
treachery,  if  pursued  by  a  vote  of  the  town  against  them,  and 
found  guilty  by  a  jury,  were  immediately  to  be  transported  to 
some  place  within  the  jurisdiction  of  the  enemy  ;  and  should  they 
return,  they  were  to  be  adjudged  felons.  Their  personal  effects 
only,  they  were  allowed  to  carry  with  them,  while  all  their  con- 
veyances of  real  estate  were  pronounced  absolutely  void.  A  law 
was  also  passed  by  the  General  Court  against  treason ;  by  which 
every  one  within  the  State,  deriving  protection  from  its  laws  and 
government,  and  thereby  owing  it  allegiance,  was  declared  to  be 
guilty  of  that  crime,  if  he  conspired  to  levy  war  against  it  or 
against  any  of  the  United  States ;  and  upon  conviction,  he  for- 
feited his  life  and  his  estate.* 

For  the  defence  of  the  more  exposed  eastern  seaports,  compa-  Defence  of 

^  ^  ^        the  eastern 

nies  were  raised  by  the  State,  in  March,  and  stationed  at  Kittery,  towns. 
Falmouth,  Cape-Elizabeth,   and  Boothbay.      There  were  also 
fifty  men  assigned  to  the  last  mentioned  place,  who  were  furnished 
by  the  Board  of  War,  with  one  12  pounder,  two  9's,  and  two  6's, 


*  Statutes  of  1777. 
Vol.  II.  58 


458  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II. 

A.  D.  1777.  on  carriages,  50  rounds  of  cartridges  for  each  gun,  and  apjoara- 
tus  complete.  In  the  course  of  the  last  year,  the  town  of  Fal- 
mouth had  legislative  relief  from  taxes  ;  and  many  of  the  Inhab- 
itants, who  had  been  compelled  by  the  fire  to  remove  into  the 
neighboring  towns,  returned  and  resumed  their  abode  upon  the 
peninsula.* 

Anexpedi-       j^  June,  an  expedition  was  undertaken  for  the  relief  and  aid 

tioii  to  tlie  '  ' 

Bayof  i'u:i-of  the  people  upon  the  river  St.  John,f  and  upon  the  borders  of 

ay,  prcijecl-  i       i  i  i  i 

ed.  the  Bay  of  Fundy,  who  were  friendly  to  the  United   States,  and 

who  were  reputed  to  be  harassed  or  oppressed  by  British 
emissaries.  It  was  probably  projected  through  the  importunity  of 
Jonathan  Eddy  and  his  brave  fugitive  companions,  who  still  be- 
lieved Fort  Cumberland  could  be  easily  taken.  Though  the  con- 
sent of  Congress  was  obtained, — the  plan,  the  outfit,  and  the 
expense,  all  attached  to  Massachusetts.  A  regiment  was  raised 
in  Maine,  a  naval  force  suitable  for  the  purpose  procured,  and 
high  expectations  entertained  of  success,  there  being  many  anx- 
ious to  see  Nova  Scotia  a  member  of  the  Union.  But  there 
arose  unexpected  difficulties  in  the  prosecution  of  the  plan,  which 
occasioned  delays,  and  finally  an  entire  abandonment  of  the  en- 
terprize  in  its  original  form. 
A  ffaHson  '^^®  eastern  department  first  underwent  a  revision  ;  Machias 
esiahhshed  ^vas  made  the  place  of  eeneral  rendezvous  and  the  head-quarters 

at  IVIachias,  »  °  J 

under  Col.  of  Operations :  and  a  trarrison  with  a  truck  house  was  established 

Allen  ;  and  . 

a  truck       there.     It  was  then  raised  to  a   continental  establishment,   and 

lioiise  under 

Siephen      Johu  Allen,  Esq.  an  inflexible  Whig  of  Nova  Scotia,  as  well  as  a 

Smith.  ,  -...,.  ,  , 

gentleman  oi  mtegnty,  mtelligence  and  popular  manners,  was  ap- 
pointed general  agent  and  superintendant,  with  the  rank  and  pay 
of  Colonel.  The  garrison  consisted  of  300  volunteers,  enlisted 
from  the  County  of  Lincoln  exclusively,  and  were  furnished  with 
100  stands  of  new  firearms,  two  9  pounders,  one  6  pounder  and 
the  necessary  stores.  For  the  piu-poses  of  promoting  the  trade 
with  the  Indians,  and  strengthening  the  alliance  or  amity  with 
them,  connected  with  measures  of  defence,  500  bushels  of  corn, 
30  barrels  of  flour,  1 5  firkins  of  lard  and  numerous  other  articles 

*  Resolves. 

|-  A  town  was  settled  there  from  Essex,  in  Massachnsctts,  A.  D.  1762. — 
'■'■  The  party  amounted  to  near  20  men,  besides  two  families  that  took  pas- 
"  snp^e  from  Newbiiryport,  May  16,  1762,"  to  St.  John's  river. — Chuhh^s  Sk. 
of  jV.  B.,  p.  101. 


Chap,  xvh.]  of  Maine.  459 

which  they  wanted,  were  shipped  to  that  place;  a  chaplain  was  A.u.  1777. 
employed  ;  and  Stephen  Smith  was  appointed  truck-master. 
Colonel  Allen  then  taking  six  of  the  Indians  into  the  military 
service,  clothed  them,  paid  them  wages  and  found  them  rations ; 
becoming  entirely  successful  in  his  endeavors  to  keep  the  Indian 
tribes  in  the  interest  of  the  United  States.  The  next  year,  he 
was  authorized  to  raise  two  volunteer  companies,  one  of  artillery 
and  one  of  rangers  ;  and  also  entrusted  with  large  sums  of  money, 
to  procure  supplies  and  build  two  block-houses. 

Early  the  current  year,   there   were   incorporated  two  towns,  '^'^o  new 

_-,  _  I    m  -n/r  towns  in- 

fRYEBURG,   January    11;  and    Ihomaston,  March  20;*   both  corporated. 
flourishing  plantations.      The  Indian   name  of   one   was  "  Peg- 
wacket  ;^^    and    the    other    had    been    called^;"  Georgeekeag  ;^^ 
as  connected  with  Warren,  it  was  the  upper  part  of  the  "  Lower 
Town.'' 

The  original  town  of  Fryeburg  was  granted  by  the  General 
Court,  March  3,  1762,  to  Joseph  Frye,  Esq.  afterwards  General  Fryeburg. 
Frye,  from  whom  it  derived  its  name.  He  divided  the  whole 
into  sixty-four  parts,  and  commenced  a  settlement  the  next  year. 
The  first  church  being  congregational,  was  embodied  Aug.  28, 
1775;  and  Rev.  William  Fessenden  was  settled  in  October  of 
the  same  year.f 


*  These  were  the  36th  and  37th  towns  in  the  state. 

\  Fryeburg,  when  incorporated,  though  now  of  a  semi-diamond  form, 
was  2,172  rods  square.  A  triang-le  of  4,147  acres  was  talcen  from  its  south- 
west corner,  when  the  dividing-  line  between  New-Hampshire  and  Maine 
was  rim  ;  and  an  "  addition,"  has  since  been  annexed  to  tiie  north  part, 
and  another  tract  added,  wliich  was  taken  from  Brownfield.  Tiie  circuity 
of  the  Saco  forms  a  northern  bow  in  the  town,  31  miles  in  extent ; — cross- 
ed about  midway  of  the  town  by  a  canal  through  Bog-pond.  The  mead- 
ow bottoms  and  intervals  of  Fryeburg  are  very  fine This  place  has  been 

rendered  famous  by  being-  the  seat  of  an  Indian  tribe  ;  or  a  branch  of  the 
Sokokis ;  znd  hy  LoveicelPs  Jight,  in  May,  1725.  The  village  is  situated 
between  a  pond  of  his  name  and  the  river,  in  the  south  part  of  the  town. 
Here  is  an  academy,  incorporated  A.  D.  1792  ;  a  cabinet  of  curiosities  ; 
a  library  of  150  vols. ;  and  a"  telescope  of  great  magnifying  powers,  much 
the  largest  in  the  State."  The  meeting-house  in  the  village  is  elegant. 
Rev.  Mr,  Fessenden,  an  able  and  excellent  man,  graduated  at  Harvard 
College,  1768,  died  in  1805;  and  was  succeeded  Oct.  11,  1809,  by  Rev. 
Francis  L.  Whiting,  who  was  dismissed  in  1817.  The  amount  of  the  min- 
isterial fund  is  about  $2,600.  It  was  first  represented  in  the  General 
Court  A.  D.  1781,  by  Simon  Frye,  many  years  a  senator  and  judge  of  the 


460  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II. 

A. D;  1777.  Thomaston*  was  so  named  in  honor  of  Maj.  Gen.  John 
Thomasion.  Thomas,  of  Massachusetts,  a  brave  officer,  who  died  the  preced- 
ing May,  in  the  army  at  Chamblee.  The  fort  in  this  township, 
rendered  the  place  more  noted,  than  any  other  on  the  river  St. 
George.  It  was  the  heart  of  the  Waklo  patent.  Several  men 
emigrated  hither  for  the  purposes  of  trade  and  business,  within 
a  few  years,  after  the  Plymouth  Council  made  the  grant ;  but  no 
permanent  settlement  was  effected.  A  new  fortification  was 
erected  in  1719-20,  which  was  rebuilt  and  enlarged  before  the 
Spanish  and  5th  Indian  war — though  at  no  time  abandoned  from 
its  first  establishment  till  the  close  of  the  revolution.  In  1750-2, 
the  fort  was  so  crowded  with  people,  that  15  or  20  families  at 
their  own  expense,  built  two  rows  of  block-houses,  100  rods  dis- 
tant from  it  on  its  westerly  side,  which  they  surrounded  with  a 
picket  of  perpendicular  posts,  ten  feet  in  height.  The  men  form- 
ed themselves  into  a  military  company,  and  frequently  performed 
the  duty  of  rangers  as  well  as  guards,  and  sentinels. f  Upon 
Mill  river,  which  issues  bom  Tolman's  pond  partly  in  Camden, 
and  empties  into  the  main  river  at  the  elbow  or  bend.  Mason 
Wheaton  commenced  a  settlement  in  1763 ;  and  three  years 
later,  Messrs.  Snow,  Coombs  and  their  associates,  settled  at 
Westkeag  river  in  the  south-easterly  section  of  the  township  at 
the  head  of  the  creek.  Distinguished  for  its  natural  privileges, 
the  enterprize  of  its  earlier  and  later  inhabitants,  and  the  special 
patronage  of  the  Waldo  proprietors  and  heirs,  this  place,  it  was 
foreseen,  must  attain  to  an  elevated  rank  among  the  eastern  towns, 
which  time  has  fully  evinced.  J 


Common  Pleas.  A  post  office  was  established  there  in  1798.— See  "  Saco 
river,"  ante,  introduction  p.  27-28  :  also  vol.  II,  this  Hist.  p.  135-141,  and 
A.  £>.  1762.     MS.  LHlers  of  A.  J.  Cook  and  J.  Frye,  Esq. 

*  Latitude  44®;  long-itudc  G9°  from  London.  The  incorporation  took 
several  lots  from  Warren.  f  See  ante,  A.  D.  1752,  p.  287. 

I  There  are  in  Thomasion  four  meeting'-houses  ;— one  for  cong-reg-ation- 
alists,  not  far  from  the  great  Bend;  two  for  baptists,  one  at  the  mouth  of 
Mill  river  and  the  other  at  Westkeag- ;  and  a  fourth,  of  brick,  between'Tol- 
man's  pond  and  Owl's  head.  Rev.  Robert  Rutherford  first  preached  here 
as  well  as  in  Warren.  He  was  a  native  of  Ireland  and  a  presbyterian. 
He  came  over  with  Col.  Dunbar  about  1729.  He  retired  to  St.  George's 
Fort,  when  Dunbar's  widow  married  Mr.  Handerson,  and  settled  there 
and  was  chaplain.  He  died  rtt  the  fort,  Oct.  1736.— [S<?e  ante,  vol  II,  p. 
281,  JVo^c*.]— At  7rf.9Z^Y'«5-,  Elder  Elisha  Snow  was  settled  over  the  first 
baptist  church  in  1781;  and  at  Mill  river,  Elder  Job  Washburn.     A  con- 


Chap,  xvii.]  of  maine.  461 

The  expedition  planned  against  Fort  Cumberland,  St.  John's  A.  d.  I777. 
and  other  places  about  the  Bay  of  Fundy,  and  the  general  ren-  Four  armed 
dezvous  established  at  Machias,  were  measures,  which  could  not  against  Ma 
be  kept  secret  from  the  British  Admiral  at  New- York  ;  and  be- 
fore many  of  the  recruits  had   arrived   at  Machias,  he   sent  the 


greg'ational  church  was  g-athered  in  1807,  and  Rev.  John  Lord  settled. — 
In  1826,  there  were  in  town  a  printing'  office,  a  Bank  edifice  of  g'ranite 
front,  a  banlc  of  $50,000  capital ;  -40  stores;  seven  ship  yards;  eight  mills 
of  different  kinds,  and  a  ropevvalk  600  in  length.  Here  is  the  State's 
Prison,  built  of  split  granite,  since  the  Separation,  situated  northerly'  of 
Mill  river,  200  rods  from  its  mouth. — In  Thomaston  is  an  inexhaustable 
bed  of  Lime-rock,  which  has  been  burnt  into  the  best  of  lime  from  year  to 
year  since  1734 ;  perhaps  annuallj^  for  the  last  10  years,  50,000  casks. 
Connected  with  this  business  is  the  manufacture  of  JSIarhle,  which  abounds 
and  which  has  been  wrouglit  into  beautiful  slabs  for  chimney  pieces, 
hearths,  g'rave-stones,  &c.  The  manufacture  was  commenced  by  Mr. 
Dwight  in  1809,  and  in  1825,  there  were  two  mills  and  factories  of  it,  in 
which  200  saws  were  in  motion,  and  12  or  15  men  constantly  cmploj^ed, 
by  whom  4  or  5,000  superficial  feet  of  polished  marble  is  wrought  in  a 
year.  There  was  also  a  factory  of  Woollens  and  Linens  established  on 
Mill  river  in  1814,  60  feet  by  40  and  four  stories  high — costing-  $20,000. — 
Among-  the  inhabitants  of  this  town,  have  been  several  eminent  men.  J\Ia- 
son  Wheaton.  a  connexion  of  General  Thomas,  its  first  representative  to 
the  General  Court,  elected  in  1781,  and  a  Colonel  in  the  war  of  the  rev- 
olution ;  John  Paine,  a  most  cnterprizing  trader,  who  in  the  sing-le  year  of 
1S20,  paid  $170,000  duties  on  imports  ;  Mr.  Healy,  an  extensive  ship-build- 
er ;  and  DawV/ Fa/fs,  who  removed  to  the  fort  from  Dedham  in  1763, — a 
physician,  schoolmaster  and  surveyor  of  lands.  Employed  by  Mr.  Fhiker, 
son-in-law  of  General  Waldo,  as  agent,  he  became  attached  to  the  same 
politics.  But  the  most  distinguished  inhabitant  of  this  town  was  Major- 
General  Henry  Knox,  commander  of  the  artillery  in  the  American  revo- 
lution. He  was  born  in  Boston,  July  25,  1750.  With  a  common  school 
education  and  a  taste  for  military  science,  he  stood  forth,  in  1774,  among- 
those  ardent  sons  of  liberty  who  blazed  in  the  eause  of  their  country.  He 
was  Secretary  of  war  from  1785  to  1794.  In  the  years  1793-4,  he  built 
his  elegant  mansion  house  in  Thomaston,  not  a  g-reat  distance  from  the 
bank  of  St.  George's  river,  at  the  g-reat  bend,  near  where  the  fort  stood. 
Its  style  of  building-,  its  piazzas,  its  balconies,  its  farm,  summer,  and  out- 
houses, and  its  appendant  g-ardens  and  walks,  formed  a  seat  which  far  sur- 
passed in  beauty  and  commodiousness,  any  other  in  the  State.  It  cost 
more  than  $50,000.  He  married  the  daughter  of  Thomas  Fluker,  Provin- 
cial Secretary,  and  grand-daughter  of  General  Waldo.  He  died,  Oct.  25, 
1806,  aged  56.  His  wife,  son  and  2  daughters  survived  him.— JIS.  Letter 
of  Hon.  Hezekiah  PWnce.— Though  the  post-office  was  not  established 
here  till  1794,  there  was  a  mail  carried  on  foot  from  Falmouth  to  Thomas- 
ton, during-  the  last  years  of  the  revolutionary  war. 


462  thf:  history  [Vol.  ii. 

A.  I).  1777.  Rainbow,  two  frigates  and  an  armed  brig  there,  to  frustrate  the 
August.  expedition.  They  arrived  in  August,  and  came  to  anchor  at  the 
foot  of  the  narrows,  a  mile  or  more  below  the  junction  of  East 
and  West  Machias  rivers.  They  first  burnt  a  tide  water  mill  and 
took  a  coasting  sloop,  and  the  next  day  proceeded  with  her  and 
their  brig  up  the  west  branch ;  and  it  being  foggy,  they  landed  at 
the  "  Indian  Brim,"  two  and  a  half  miles  below  the  village  at  the 
West  Falls.  Here  they  burned  two  dwellinghouses,  two  barns, 
and  a  building  erected  for  a  guard  house — all  near  the  battery. 
The  barges  then  towed  the  brig  and  sloop  to  the  mouth  of  mid- 
dle river  in  a  dead  calm,  and  anchored  them  half  a  mile  below 
the  foot  of  the  Falls,  when  it  was  highwater  and  towards  sun- 
They  were  set.  Being  briskly  attacked  on  the  westerly  side  by  Major  Still- 
repulsed!  man  and  his  party,  and  on  the  other  by  Joseph  Neptune,  Chief 
of  the  Passamaquoddy  tribe,  the  men  were  driven  from  their 
barges  on  board  of  the  brig  ;  and  before  she  could  be  worked 
down  to  Indian  Brim,  she  run  ashore,  and  the  men  to  save  their 
lives  went  below  deck.  When  she  fleeted,  she  received  so  brisk 
a  fire  from  the  north  shore,  that  her  crew  could  not  manage  her, 
and  she  grounded  again  ;  yet  with  a  fair  breeze  she  at  last  effect- 
ed a  retreat  to  the  ships  at  anchor.  Every  man  in  the  place 
able  to  bear  arms,  was  upon  the  shores  ;  and  when  the  barges 
were  ascending  the  river,  there  were  present  between  40  and  50 
Indian  fighters,  who  raised  and  kept  up  a  hideous  yell ;  which 
being  echoed  by  the  white  people  in  the  same  Indian  tone,  so 
reverberated  through  the  forests,  as  to  induce  the  supposition  that 
they  were  full  of  wild  savages.  Discouraged  by  these  appear- 
ances, and  by  the  vigor  and  spirit  with  which  they  were  resisted, 
the  British  squadron  in  a  day  or  two,  left  the  place ;  but  the  offi- 
cers published  in  the  war-bulletin,  or  '  Field  of  Mars,'  a  very 
extravagant  account  of  their  expedition ;  stating,  that  they  had 
destroyed  two  magazines,*  full  of  tanned  hides,  rice  and  other 
stores. 
A  flotilla  of      But  the  exasperation  produced  a  result  highly  favorable  to  the 

whale-boats       ,  n     ,  r       ■  r  i  -i  i     i  , 

eriier  and    safety  of  the  place,  for  It  was  not   afterwards   considered   by  the 
John.    '      enemy,  as  worthy  of  another  visit    during  the  war. — Soon  after 

*  These  must  have  been  the  grist  mill  and  one  of  the  houses  burnt, 
which  had  been  occupied  by  a  shoemaker,  where  they  saw  some  leather 
and  skins. — JIS.  Letter  of  Hon.  Stephen  Jones. 


Chap,  xvii.]  of  Maine.  463 

tlieir  departure,  a  large  party  proceeded  from  Machias  to  the  river  a.  i);  )777. 

St.  John  in  whale-boats,   in  which  they  passed  through  the  Falls 

and  took  possession  of  several  houses  on  the  western    shore,  and  Make  an  un- 

'  _  siiccess/ul 

occupied  them   as  barracks.     Two   whale-boats   carried   another  aitempt  up- 

.  on  Fort 

party  into  Chignecto  Bay,  commanded  by  Captain  Eddy,  who  Cumbcr- 
made  another  unsuccessful  attack  upon  Fort  Cumberland.  How- 
ever, to  prevent  the  Americans  from  continuing  in  the  bay  or 
visiting  it  for  the  purpose  of  plundering  the  towns  on  its  borders, 
the  Vulture  sloop  of  w^ar  was  stationed  between  Annapolis  and 
St.  John's  ; — nay,  she  actually  "  came  into  the  harbor  of  the 
latter,  while  the  Machias  party  were  at  their  head-quarters  above 
the  Falls."  Indeed,  few  of  those  towns  could  be  secured  from 
depredations,  as  whale-boats  might  easily  pass  ships  of  war  in 
the  night  and  in  the  fog.  But  though  Fort  Cumberland  was 
not  captured,  the  same  or  another  party  visited  the  harbor  of 
Pictou,  where  the  men  seized  a  valuable  armed  merchant  ship — 
which  was  afterwards  recaptured.  The  British  in  Nova  Scotia 
were  so  highly  enraged  towards  those,  who  had  retired  to  the 
United  States,  that  they  even  ordered  back  a  cartel  arriving  at 
Windsor  with  prisoners,  to  be  exchanged  for  the  families  of  the 
refugees,  declaring  those  families  should  be  removed  to  Halifax.* 

In  the  language  of  Judge  Jones,  '  it  was  an  immense  advantage  T'lc  eastern 

°      °  .  .       °     Indians  at- 

'  to  the  inhabitants  eastward  of  Penobscot,  that  the  great  majority  lached  to 
'  of  the  Passamaquoddy  and  St.  John's  Indians  joined  with  us  in-  States. 
'  stead  of  adhering  to  the  enemy  ;  for  had  they  been  against  us  and 

*  been  set  on  by  the  British  to  plunder  our  towns  and  settlements, 
'  the  whole  population  in  this  quarter  must  have  been  destroyed. 
'  Great  credit  is  due  to  the  Indians  for  their  rigid  adherence  to 
'  our  cause  ;  although  at  times,  the  commissary's  department  was 

'  destitute  of  sufficient  provisions  and  clothing  for  them.     In  con-  Recruits 
'  sequence  of  the  attack  on  Machias,'  he  adds, '  several  companies  ('"rTand""' 
'  of  Militia,  some  of  them  from  the  western  part  of  Cumberland  ^°""'>'- 

*  Coimty,  were  ordered  out ;  and  all  of  them  tarried  until  the 
'  latter  part  of  the  autumn.' 

There  were  memorable  rencounters  of  'the  contending  armies,  Battles  this 
this  year,  at  Princeton  ;  at  Brandy  wine  ;  at  Germantovvn  ;  and  at  surrender  of 
Red  Bank;  yet  it  was  only  the  surrender  of  General   Burgoyne    """S^^ne. 
and  his  army,  October  17,  at  Saratoga,  which  diffused  any  exulta- 

*  I  Halliburton's  N.  S.  p.  258-9.— Chubb's  Sk.  of  N.  B.  p.  108. 


464  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II. 

A.  D.  1777.  tions  of  joy  through  the  United  States.  This  was  a  great  victory  ; 
for  it  compelled  more  than  nine  thousand  of  our  enemies  to  lay 
down  their  arms, — it  reflected  upon  General  Gates  and  his  troops 
great  glory,* — it  averted  all  danger  of  an  invasion  from  Canada ; 
— the  theatre  of  war  afterwards  was  confined  to  the  southward,— 
and  within  four  months,  an  alliance  with  France  was  happily  con- 
cluded. 

The  eastern      No  part  of  the  Union,  it  was  justly  acknowledged,  could  produce 

seamen.  '  ^  j        j  o      '  1 

braver  or  better  seamen  than  the  towns  upon  the  eastern  shores. 
They  were  hardy,  skilful,  and  bold  ;  of  good  character  and  hab- 
its.    The  water  was  their  wonted   element,  and  many  enlisted 
into  the  navy  ;  also  numbers  entered  the  privateer   service.     To 
Commodore   Samuel  Tucker,  since   an  inhabitant  of  Bristol,  in 
this  State,  was   given   the    command  of  a   Continental    Frigate. 
A.  D.  1778.  Having   on   board,   in   February,  1778,   Hon.  John  Adams,  the 
TuX-r^s""^^  American  Envoy  to  France,  he  fell  in  with  an   English   frigate 
success.       which  he  fought  with  the  undaunted  courage  of  a  veteran,  confi- 
dent of  success  ;  then  manoeuvreing  with  incomparable  valor  and 
skill,  shook  off  his  antagonist,  and  finished  his  voyage  in  safety. 
In  the  action,  the  intrepid  Minister  was  bold  and  active  to  a  de- 
gree, which  drew  from  the  Commodore  rough  mandatory  expres- 
sions of  caution — yet  not  otherwise  affecting  his  illustrious  friend, 
than  to  inspire  still  more  his  energy  and  exertions. 
New  consii-      In  the  preceding  May,  the  General  Court  directed  the  towns 

lution  pro-  j      i       ^     •  ,,  •  i      •  •  • 

•posed.  and  plantations  to  "  mstruct  then*  next  representatives,  m  con- 
"  junction  with  the  Council,  to  form  such  constitution  of  govern- 
"  ment  as  they  should  judge  most  conducive  to  the  public  hap- 
"  piness ;" — which  when  formed,  was  to  be  ratified  by  the  peo- 
ple, convened  in  their  respective  towns  throughout  the  State. 
Accordingly  a  committee  of  twelve  was  appointed  in  June ;  and 
they  reported  a  draft  in  January,  which  was  submitted  to  the 
people  for  their  acceptance,  at  the  March  town-meetings,  A.  D. 
Rejected  by  1778.  But  Still  it  was  not  ratified,  for  several  reasons  : — it  con- 
t  epeope.  j-^jjjgjj  j^q  declaration  of  rights  ;  it  made  the  Governor  the  Presi- 
dent of  the  senate,  and  the  Lieutenant-Governor  a  mere  mem- 
ber ;  it  limited  the  number  of  senators,  besides  those  two  officers 

*  British  force,  surrendered,  was  6,2S0;  Biirgoyne's  other  losses,  2,933, 
— total,  9,213. — 2  Holmes''  A.  Ann.  p.  391. — When  he  returned  home  on  pa- 
rol, his  Sovereign  refused  to  see  him.  The  captured  army  proceeded  to 
Cambridge,  (Mass.)  where  they  tarried  a  year  or  more. 


new 
ncor- 


ChAP.   XVII.]  OF  MAINE.  465 

to   twenty-eight ;    it   provided    for    choosing   the  Judges  of  the  A.  D.  1778. 
Courts  by  the  legislature ;  and  it  was  thought  not  to  have  settled 
upon  a  just  and  equal  principle  of  representation.* 

There  were  two  towns  incorporated  early  this  year,  Coxhall  r^^,^ 
[Lyman,]  March  1 1 ;    and   Gray,  June   19  ;— both  respectable  J^'j;."^!!" 
plantations.  

The  title  to  the  town  of  Coxhall,  or  Lyman  is  derived  from  \ 

Sagamore  Fluellen's  deed,  A.  D.  1660,  to  John  Saunders,  John^^™''"'^ 
Bush  and  Peter  Tarbitt,  who  sold  their  claim  in  1668  to  Harlac-  I 

kindine  Symonds.     This  man   afterwards  conveyed  the  territory  / 

to  Roger  Haskins,  and  thirty-five  others,  under  whose  proprietor-         / 
ship,  the  town  was  first  settled  in  1767.-J- 

Gray,  hitherto  managed  as  a  "  propriety,"  was  granted  by  the  q 
General  Court,  A.  D.  1735  ; — being  afterwards  called  JVew-Bos- 
ton,  because  most  of  its  proprietors  had  their  meetings  and  dwelt 
in  Boston.  It  is  believed  a  settlement  was  attempted  in  1750; — 
certainly  a  fort  and  meeting-house  were  built  in  1755,  near  the 
centre  of  the  township  ;  though  it  was,  during  the  French  war, 
mostly  destroyed,  and  the  plantation  laid  waste.  It  was  never- 
theless effectually  revived  in  1762  ;  and  in  August,  1774,  a  con- 
gregational church  was  formed  and  Rev.  Samuel  Nash  ordain- 
ed.J 


■*  Sec  this  constitution. — 2  Bradford's  JMass.  p.  349-62. 

t  Lyman  is  tlio  name  given  to  tlie  town,  Feb.  26,  1803. — The  people  in 
their  -parochial  affairs  were  at  first  connected  with  Alfred  and  Sandford. 
Their  first  church  was  formed  in  1780.  But  in  1787-8,  they  began  to  asso- 
ciate as  a  separate  people,  from  those  in  the  other  towns ;  and  in  1801,  they 
settled  Rev.  Jona.  Calef.  The  baptist  society  settled  Elder  Simon  Lock ; 
and  each  parisli  has  erected  a  commodious  meeting-house.  It  was  first 
represented  in  the  General  Court,  A.  D.  1786;— John  Low,  Esq.  having 
been  its  representative  30  years.—  Lyman  is  the  38th  corporate  town  in 
the  state.  [See  Sandford,  ante  A.  J).  1768.— JUS.  Let.  John  Low,  E.iq.] 
It  is  believed,  its  present  name  was  chosen  in  compliment  to  Theodore 
Lyman,  Esq.  of  Boston,  originally  of  "York. 

J  Gray,  [the  39th  town]  so  named  for  one  of  the  proprietors,  has  one 
congregational  parish  accommodated  with  a  convenient  meeting-house. 
Mr.  Nash,  the  first  settled  minister,  was  succeeded  by  Rev.  Sam'l  Perley, 
whose  pastoral  charge  was  continued  from  1784  to  1791.  There  are  iu 
town  also,  methodists,  baptists  and  some  universalists;  a  school  fund ;  a 
social  library  ;  six  mills ;  and  a  woollen  factory. — Little  pond  is  partly  in 
Gray  and  partly  in  Windham  ;  and  Goose  pond  is  in  the  corner  of  the  two 
Vol.  II.  59 


466  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II. 

A.  D,  1773.      Both  the  ministers  and  people  of  these  new  townships,  were  in 
The  country  high   estimation  with  the  government ;  for  they  were  all  ardent 
wiiigs.'        friends  of  liberty.     The  Tories  lived  in  the  older  and   more  op- 
ulent towns ;  and   in  September  a  law  was  passed,  by  which  the 
estates  of  310  persons   by  name,   late    inhabitants  of  the  State, 
r  were  all  confiscated.     Only  seventeen  of   these   mistaken  men, 

Properly  of  •' 

absentees     howcver,  dwelt  in  Maine  ;  and  all  of  these  belonged  to  Falmouth 

coiifiscaled.  '  _  '  °  _ 

except  one,  who  resided  in  Pownalboro'.*  As  they  had  retired 
to  the  enemy,  they  were  called  absentees  ;  and  the  several  Judges 
of  Probate,  as  authorized  by  law,  appointed  agents,  to  administer 
upon  the  estates,  as  if  the  late  possessors  were  in  fact  dead. 
Copies  of  the  confiscation  or  "  absentees'  act,"  were  transmitted 
to  every  legislative  assembly  in  the  Union  ;  and  also  to  Hon. 
John  Adams,  our  minister  to  the  coiu-t  of  France.  Should  any 
absentee  return,  he  was  to  be  arrested  and  transported  to  the  do- 
minions or  some  military  occupation  of  the  enemy  ;  and  on  the 
second  return,  he  was  to  suffer  the  pains  of  death. -)- 

Smallpox.  The  greatest  occasions  of  present  discouragement,  were  the 
prevalence  and  fatality  of  the  smallpox,  which  had  brought  many 

Paper  °^  ^^^®  bravcst  men  in  the  army  to  their  graves  : — Also  the  alarm- 
ing depreciation  in  value  of  the  paper  currency,  which  was  al- 
most the  only  circulating  medium  in  the  State.  Thirty  dollars 
of  bills,  which  were  constantly  sinking,  were  now  only  equivalent 
to  one  dollar  in  specie  ;J — a  deterioration  which  wronged  and 
disheartened  the  brave  soldier,  and  yet  the  wisest  men  could  ad- 
minister no  adequate  relief  or  remedy.     For  both  the  nation  and 


nioiiev. 


towns.  Dry-fond  is  a  ctiriosit}-.  It  has  no  apparent  outlet :  but  has  a  re- 
markable embankment,  evidently  a  work  of  art,  a  mile  in  Icng-th — the  la- 
bor of  iiuknowu  hands — MS.  Let.  Jeremiah  Perley,  Esq. 

*  These  were  Francis  Waldo,  IVilliam  Tyng,  John  Wiswell,  Arlhur  Sav- 
age, Jeremiah  Pole,  Thomaa  Ross,  James  Wildridgc,  George  Lydc,  Robert 
Pagan,  Thomas  Wycr,  Thomas  Coulson,  Joshua  Eldridge,  Thomas  Oxnard, 
Edward  Oxnard,  John  IVright,  and  Samuel  Longfelloiv,  all  of  Falmoutl), 
and  Charles  Callahan  of  Pownalboro'. — Statutes,  1778. 

f  There  was  a  Commissioner  appointed  in  each  connly  to  enquire  after 
absentees'  lands,  and  make  lists  and  returns  of  thein  to  the  Secretary's 
office; — in  York  county,  Tristram  Jordan;  in  Cumberland,  John  Wait  ; 
and  in  Lincoln,  Rowland  Cashing,  were  Commissioners. 

'I  There  were  given  $G  for  a  shirt  or  pair  of  stockings  ;  $7  for  a  pair  of 
shoes ;  and  in  1780,  it  was  voted  in  one  town  to  raise  a  sum  of  money  suffi- 
cient "  to  purchase  1780  lbs.  of  beef  at  $5  a  pound." — Eaton^s  JS'arrative, 
p.  18. 


Chap,  xvii.]  OF  maine.  467 

the  several  States  were  without  money  or  pecuniary  funds.     The  a.  d.  1778. 
despondency  at  this  interval,  however,  was  happily  counteracted  Battle  of 
by  the  brilliant  successes  of  the   American  arms  in  the  battle  of 
Monmouth,    June    28 ;    and  by  the  arrival  of   Admiral    Count  Arrival  of 
d'Estaing  with  a  French   fleet  of  12   ships  of   the   line   and   G  fleet  mid 
frigates,  with  a  considerable  army.*     The  ultimate  and  entire  es-'"""^' 
tablishment  of  American  Independence,  and  the  co-ordinate  po- 
litical  rank  of  the   Republic,  among   the  nations  of  the   earth, 
were  after  this,  in  view  of  the  most   intelligent  statesmen,  envel- 
oped with  few  or  no  doubts. 

Congress,  having  by  resolves,  assumed  appellate  jurisdiction  of 
all  maritime  causes,   as  incident  to  the  rights  of  making  peace 
and  war,  divided  the  state  of  Massachusetts   into   three   districts, 
the  southern,  middle   and   northern  ;  the  last  embraced  the  three  j^j^j^^  p^,,_ 
eastern  counties  of  York,  Cumberland  and   Lincoln,  and  acquir- ^,'''."'*'.'^,  ^  , 

'  '  1  Did  net  and 

ed  a  distinctive  name — the  "  District  of  Maine  ;"  which  it  re-  \  maritime 

Court  es- 

tained  till  the  Separation.  The  Judge  of  this  district  was  Timo-  tabiished. 
THY  Langdon,  EsQ,.f  a  lawyer  of  considerable  eminence,  who 
resided  at  jWiscasset ;  and  JVathaniel  Thwing  of  Woolwich  was 
clerk.  The  General  Court  conceded  the  jurisdiction  to  Con- 
gress, and  authorized  an  appeal  from  the  State  Courts  to  that 
Body,  or  its  tribunals,  whenever  the  subject  of  a  foreign  power 
in  amity  with  the  United  States,  claimed  a  vessel  or  cargo  cap- 
tured or  libelled ;  unless  he  chose  to  waive  his  right  of  appeal, 
and  have  his  trial  in  the  Superior  Court  of  the  State.  The 
Judges  of  the  Maritime  Courts  were  also  Judges  in  Admiralty  ; 
but  all  persons  charged  with  piracy  or  felony  upon  the  high  seas, 
were  triable  by  any  two  Judges  of  the  State,  and  the  Admiralty 
Judge  residing  within  it. 

The  foi'tieth  and  last  town  established  by  the  General  Court  un- 

1,11  T-.  •  1  -r.  ^-  O-  ^'''^^■ 

der  the  royal  charter,  was  Pittston;  incorporated  Feb.  4, 1779,  Piitston  in- 

which  embraced  at  the  time,  both  the  present  town  of  that  name 
and  Gardiner.'\_  Our  few  succeeding  observations  will  be  con- 
fined to  Pittston  since  the  disunion.  It  was  a  part  of  Plymouth 
Patent,  and  the  name  given  it  was  either  in  compliment  to  Pitts, 

*  The  fleet  arrived  off  Newport  in  July.     La  Fayette  had  been  in  Amer- 
ica several  months.    The  treaty  with  France  was  signed  Feb.  6,  1778. 
t  See  post,  A.  D.  1790. 
\  See  Gardiner,  incorporated  Feb.  17,  1803.~S  Special  Laws,  p.  92-3, 


468  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II. 

A.  I).  J779.  one  of  the  proprietors,  or  to  Sir  William  Pitt,  a  well  known 
friend  in  Parliament  to  the  late  Colonies.  The  settlement  was 
commenced  by  James  Winslow  and  Ezra  Davis  in  17G1.  Doct. 
Sylvester  Gardiner  was  the  principal  owner  of  the  soil, — conveyed 
to  him  by  the  Patent-proprietors,  and  he  presently  built  mills  on 
Eastern  river  in  Pownalboro' ;  also  two  dwellinghouses  on  Swan 
Island,  and  others  in  Pittston.  JVaumleag,  a  small  mill  stream, 
In  the  lower  part  of  the  town,  which  empties  into  the  Kennebeck, 
opposite  to  an  Island  of  that  name,  was  formerly  celebrated,  in 
consequence  of  the  great  though  unsuccessful  endeavors,  made  to 
limit  the  south  line  of  the  Plymouth  Patent  on  the  easterly  side 
of  the  river,  at  that  place.* 
The  Penob-  The  scttlcrs  upon  the  banks  of  the  Penobscot  and  upon  the 
SCO  coun-  g|-,Qj.gg  eastward,  attracted  at  this  juncture  the  particular  notice 
of  the  enemy,  as  well  as  the  perpetual  regard  of  the  government. 
The  British  commanders  had  become  sensible,  that  they  were 
suffering  considerable  losses  from  the  American  cruisers  and  pri- 
vateers in  these  waters;  owing  to  their  minute  acquaintance 
with  all  the  harbors,  which  their  vessels  could  at  any  time  make, 
with  convenience  and  safety.  The  enemy  perceived  the  advan- 
tage, and  believed,  by  establishing  a  military  post  in  this   quarter, 


*  In  Pittston  is  Wolomontcgtis  stream,  ein])tying'  into  the  main  river  at 
the  north-westerly  corner  of  the  town,  a.  place,  where  in  former  times, 
alewives  crowded  tog-elher  in  such  shoals  that,  "  bears  and  even  swine 
have  been  known  to  devour  them  from  the  water-side."  There  are  in  the 
south-e.iisterij  part  of  the  town  the  '■Pebble  Hills,'' — which  are  ridg-cs  as 
clear  of  earth,  as  if  washed  and  cleansed  by  running-  water.  Some  have 
been  so  infatuated  with  the  notion,  that  there  are  precious  metals  hidden, 
or  bedded  below  the  surface,  that  they  have  dug'  more  tiian  one  hundred 
feet  for  them,  and  are  not  yet  discouraged.  The  town  was  first  represent- 
ed in  the  General  Court  in  1799,  by  Henry  Duarhorn,  In  1320,  there  were 
in  town  162  dwelling-houses  ;  and  two  meeting-.houses,  one  for  methodists, 
and  one  for  cong-regationalists.  The  first  congreg-ational  church  was  gath- 
ered in  18i2,  when  Uev.  Mr.  Kendrick  was  settled,  whose  ministry  was 
continued  eight  years. — Relating-  to  » Nahumkee,"  "Nahumkikc,"  or 
"  Neguinkike,"  there  were  taken  ia  1752-3,  the  depositions  of  Thomas 
Johnson,  Joseph  Bane,  Jabez  Bradbury,  Philip  Call,  Obudiah  Call  and 
James  Colliar,— Bane  testifies,  that  he  was  with  the  Indians  seven  years 
and  ten  months,  and  learned  their  lang-uage,  and  there  was  a  place  called 
"  Jfahvmkeeg  brook,''^  and  falls  on  the  east  side  of  the  Kennebeck,  about 
seven  miles  above  the  foot  of  Swan  Island. — Statement  of  Kennebeck 
Claims,  p.  14-15.— JV/S.  Let.  from  Fiitslon.  1820.  See  the  Plymouth  Pa^ 
toii— ante,  A.  D.  1723^30,  where  "  KeguamUiko,"  is  mentioned. 


Chap,  xvii.]  of  biaine.  469 

it  would  command  those  harbors,  the  coast,  a  wide  region  of  ter-  A.  D.  1779. 
ritory,  and  a   more   ready  supply  of  ship-timber   for  the  royal  * 

navy-yard  at  Halifax  ; — it  would  serve  to  check  incursions  into 
Nova  Scotia  ; — and  it  would  offer  to  their  ships  in  stress  of 
weather  and  at  other  times,  a  favorable  retreat. 

Accordingly  General  McLane,  and  about  900  men,  embarking  .i,,,,^  12 
at  Halifax,  and  attended  by  a  fleet  of  seven  or  eight  sail,  pro-  ^j^.'/f '^''' 
ceeded  to  the  peninsula  of  Maior-bicuyduce,  called  'Bifuyduce*  ""'^  ^^^, 

^      _  ^  o    J  J  o    J  troops  take 

neck,  [now  Castine,]  and  landed,  June   12,   without  opposition.  P"s;^ession 

.  .  -"  '  1  of  'i'lgUJ'- 

They  immediately  cleared  away  the   trees  and   underwood,  and  ''"'c- 
began  to  make  preparations  for  erecting  a   fortification    upon   the  '^'''ey  <br- 
high  ground,  in  the  central  part  of  the  peninsula.     Its  form  was 
rectangular  or  square,  with  a  bastion  at  each  angle;  and   its  out- 
lines were  so  drawn  as  to  embrace  an  area  large  enough  to  admit  of 
a  block-house  in  the  centre,  constructed  with  apartments   for  the 
officers,  and  barracks  for  the  soldiery.      It  was  intended   to  en-  Ti.rce 
viron  the  embankment  with  a  deep  moat,  and  secure  it  by  pickets.  'iaiiruDd'er 
Three    sloops   of   war    under  Capt.   H.   Moweit,f   of    detested  ^''°'''*^"- 
memory,  were  assigned  to  this  station  ;  and  the  rest  of  the   fleet 
in  a  few  days  left  the  harbor. 

Partaking   largely    of   the   general    alarm,    Brigadier-General  Prepara- 
Cushing  of  Pownalborough  addressed  a    letter,  on   the  24th,  tolinveihe 
the  General  Court  then  in  session,  advising   an   immediate  expe-  [i"e 'pe„insu* 
dition  to  dislodge  the  invaders,  before  they  had  time  to  entrench  ''''■ 
themselves.     The  important  subject  had  already  been  considered 
by  that  Body  ;  and  directions  were  forthwith  given  the  Board   of 
War,  to  engage  or  employ  such  armed  vessels.  State  or  National, 
as   could  be  procured  and  prepared  to  sail  in  six  days ;  to    char- 
ter, or  if  necessary,  to  impress  in  the  harbors  of  Boston,  Salem, 
Beverly,  and  Newburyport,  a  number  of  private  armed  vessels, 
belonging  to  individuals,  competent,  when  joined  with  the  others, 
for  the  enterprize  ;  to   promise  the  owners  a  fair  compensation 
for  all  losses  and  damages,  they  might  sustain  ;   to  allow  seamen 
the  pay  and  rations  of  those  in  the  continental  service  ;    and  to 
procure  the  necessary  outfits  and  provisions  with  all   possible   de- 
spatch.     Also    the    Executive    Council    ordered    Cushing    and 
Thompson,  Brigadiers  of  the  militia  in  Lincoln  and  Cumberland, 


*  Pronounced  ^Bageduce. 

t  He  commanded  a  20  gun  ship  of  war,  the  '  Albany.' 


470  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II. 

A.  D.  1779.  to  detach  severally  600  men,  and  form  them  into  two  regiments 
1.200  men  for  a  campaisin  of  two  months,  subsequent  to  their  arrival  in  the 
from  tho      Penobscot ;  and  to  avoid  in  any   event,  the   failure   of  having  a 

onstcrii 

hrigiuics.  sufficient  force,  Brigadier-General  Frost  was  directed  to  detail 
300  men  from  the  York  miHlia,  for  the  purpose  of  a  re-enforce- 
ment. 

Supplies.  'pjjg  sup])lies  and  munitions  of  war  provided,  were  nine  tons 

of  flour  and  bread,  ten  of  rice,  and  ten  of  salt  beef;  1,200  gal- 
lons of  rum  and  molasses  in  equal  quantities ;  500  stands  of 
arms  ;  50,000  musket  cartridges  with  balls  ;  two  18  pounders  with 
200  rounds  of  cartridges ;  three  9  pounders  with  300  rounds ; 
four  fieldpieces ;  six  barrels  of  gunpowder,  and  a  sufficiency  of 
axes,  spades,  tents,  and  camp  utensils. 

The  Amer-       'j^\^q  flgg^  consisted  of  nineteen  armed  vessels  and  twenty-four 

lean  fleet.  •' 

transports.  If  it  were  in  grade  comparatively  a  flotilla,  one  more 
beautiful  had  never  floated  in  the  eastern  waters.*  It  carried  in 
all  344  guns.  At  the  head  of  the  armament  was  the  Warren,  a 
fine  new  Continental  frigate  of  32  guns, — 18  and  12  pounders  : — 
Of  the  others,  there  were  nine  ships,  six  brigs,  and  three  sloops. f 
R.  yaiion-        'pi^e  command  was  entrusted  to  Richard   Saltonstall  of 

.stall,  Com- 
modore.      New  Haven,  in  Connecticut ; — a  man  of  good  capacity  and  of 

*One  who  was  an  eye  witness,  saj's,  "our  fleet  had  an  imposing  appear- 
"  ance  ;  and  I  think  the  cncm}'  must,  from  the  number  of  our   transports, 
"  have  reckoned  upon  our  having  at  least  3000  men  on  board." 
32  guns,  Commodore  Saltonstall. 


+  Frigate  Warren, 

32 

Ships  Monmouth 

24 

Vengeance 

24 

Gen.  Putnam 

22 

Sally 

22 

Ilainpden 

20 

Hector 

20 

Hunter 

18 

Black  Prince 

18 

Sky  Rocket 

16 

Brigs  Active 

16  guns 

Defiance 

16  6  Ib'rs. 

Hazard 

16 

Nancy 

16 

Diligence 

14 

Tyrannicide 

14 

Sloops  Providence 

14 

Spring  Bird 

12 

Rover 

10 

128 

Brought  forward, 

216 

216 


Total,  344 

The  Black  Prince  was  owned  by  Capt.Willlams  and  others,  and  cost  jJ^iOOO 

Hector  by  Jonathan  Peet  and  others,  1,000 

Hunter  by  Samuel  Silsbee,  1,000 

General  Putnam  by  Waters,  [taken  without  leave,]  900 


Chap,  xvii.]  of  Maine.  471 

some  naval  experience,  but  of  an  obstinate  disposition.  His  offi-  A.D.  J779. 
cers  were  chiefly  commanders  of  privateers,  severally  bound  on 
a  cruise  as  soon  as  the  expedition  was  at  an  end.  There  were, 
besides  sailors,  between  3  and  400  marines  and  soldiers  on  board, 
when  the  fleet  sailed  from  Massachusetts ;  and  the  transports 
were  to  take  on  board  1,200  detailed  militiamen  and  volunteers, 
from  Tliompson's  and  Cushing's  brigades.  One  hundred  men 
had  actually  embarked  at  Boston,  who  belonged  to  Lieut.  Col. 
Revere's  celebrated  battalion  of  State  troops,  in  that  vicinity. 
The  command  of  the  land  forces  was  given  to  Solomon  Lovell  s  Loveii, 
of  Weymouth,  at  that  time  Brigadier-General  of  the  Sufiblk  mili- cieiof  iiie 
tia.*  He  was  by  profession,  an  agriculturist,  and  in  the  militia 
'  an  officer  of  high  repute.'  "  He  was  a  man  of  courage  and 
"  proper  spirit,  a  true  old  Roman  character,  that  would  never 
"  flinch  from  danger,  but  he  had  not  been  accustomed  to  the 
"command  of  an  expedition  in  actual  service."  The  second  in 
command  was  Peleg  Wadsworth,  at  that  time  the  Adjutant- ^-^y*^^* 
General  of  the  Massachusetts  Militia.  He  had  been  in  actual 
service,  an  Aid-de-Camp  to  Major-General  Ward,  and  command- 
ant of  a  militia  regiment  from  Essex  to  Rhode  Island,  in  the  ex- 
pedition under  Gen.  Sullivan,  at  the  time  of  his  action  there  with 
the  enemy. f    The  ordnance  was  entrusted  to  the  superintendance 


*  Suffolk  and  Norfolk  at  (his  time  formed  only  one  count}-. "  July  19, 

"  the  vessels  with  their  soldiers  sailed  for  To>vnsend,  where  the  whole  ar- 
"  marnent  was  to  collect  " — On  the  21st,  seventeen  "vessels  of  war  from 
"  Boston,  went  by  us  [at  Falmouth]  lo  Penobscot." — Smithes  Jour  p.  112. 
— The  expenses  of  this  expedition  were  afterwards  presented  to  Congress. 
—See  post,  A.  D.  17S5. 

f  Gen.  Wadswortk  was  born  May  G,  174S,  at  Dnxbiiry  in  the  county  of 
Plymouth  ;  and  graduated  at  Harvard  College,  when  21  years  of  age.  He 
joined  the  army  at  Roxbury,  having'  command  of  a  company  of  minute 
men.  He  was  appointed  by  General  Thomas  an  Engineer,  in  forming- 
the  lines  in  Dorchester  and  Roxbury;  in  which  dut\^  he  spent  the  season. 
In  the  second  year  of  the  war,  (1776,)  he  was  aid  to  Major-General  Ward, 
when  possession  was  taken  of  Dorchester  Heights.  He  at  length  left  the 
army  in  consequence  of  ill  health.  He  was  then  appointed  Adjutant-Gen- 
eral of  Massachusetts.  In  1730,  he  had  command  of  the  coast  from  Pis- 
catatjua  to  St.  Croix.  After  the  war,  he  settled  in  Falmouth,  [Portland^ 
and  represented  the  district  in  Congress,  fourteen  years  in  succession, 
lie  then  removed  to  the  town  of  Hiram,  where  he  died  in  IS30.  He  was 
a  man  of  good  abilities,  true  courag-e,  g-reat  intelligence,  and  zealous  un- 
deviating^  patriotism.  He  had  a  fair  ily  of  several  children.  One  son  in- 
heriting' his  father's  spirit,  fell  under  Decatur  before  Tripoli.  A  daughter 
married  Hon.  Stephen  Longfellow  of  Portland. 


472  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.    II. 

A.  D.  1779.  of  Lieutenant-Colonel  Revere.     The  expedition  was  put  in  mo- 
Lient.  (:;oi.  tion  by  JMassachusetts,    "  thoush  with  the  knowledge  of  Con- 
gress  ;     and  hence  a   draft  was  made  upon   the   State  treasury 
for  £50,000,  to  defray  the  expenses,  exckisive  of  the   provisions 
which  the  merchants  in  Newburyport  and  Salem  supplied  for  six 
of  the  fleet,  two  months. 
Tiionort         ^"^'ilh  so  much  celerity  had  this  expedition  been  prepared   and 
•l"rive"i',r    P"'^  '"  '^^otion,  that  the  whole  force   made  its  appearance,   July 
Pcnoi.scot.  25^   it-,    Penobscot.       But  a  distinguished  officer   has  said,  that 
though  the  government  had    ordered  out  at  least   1,200  of  the 
militia, — "  we  had  less   than    1 ,000   men — about  the  number  of 
the  enemy."     They  were  undisciplined  troops,  having  been  para- 
ded together  only  once,  and  this  was   at  Townshend,  their  place 
of  rendezvous,  while  the  vessels  were  detained  in  the  harbor  by  a 
headwind.      They  were,  however,   "brave  and  spirited  men," 
'  willing  to  encounter  the  enemy  ;  and  had  circumstances  justified 
'  an  attack,  they  would  without  doubt  have  done  their    duty  man- 
'  fully.' 
'I'hf^  v,vWi-h       General    jlicLane    having   heard   of  the  American   fleet  four 

at  'i'lgu^-      1  1      /•  •  •  ^ 

due.!. '  days  before  its  arrival,  used  every  exertion  to  render  his  fortifi- 
cation defensible.  Yet  he  was  illy  prepared  to  receive  a  visit 
from  an  enemy.  Two  of  the  intended  bastions  were  not  begun, 
the  other  two  were  in  no  place  above  five  feet  high,  many  parts 
of  the  ditch  did  not  exceed  three  feet  in  depth,  there  was  no 
platform  laid,  nor  artillery  mounted  ;  and  therefore,  when  he  had 
the  news  of  a  meditated  attack,  he  employed  his  troops  day  and 
night  upon  the  works.  Still  he  was  fully  aware  of  his  weak  con- 
dition ;  consequently  as  soon  as  our  fleet  made  its  appearance, 
he  despatched  a  messenger  with  the  intelligence,  to  Halifax. 
Nothing  was  attempted  on  the  second   day  after  arrival,  owing 

400  Anieri-  to  the  surf  Occasioned  by  a    brisk  wind   from   the   south.*     But 

cans  efi'ect  ^  ,      .        ,  .  »  ... 

landing.  early  in  the  morning  of  the  third  day,  July  28,  it  being  calm  and 
foggy,  our  vessels  were  drawn  up  in  a  line  beyond  the  reach  of 
musket  shot  from  the  enemy  ;  and  200  of  the  militia  and  200 
of  the  marines  were  ordered  into  the  boats  from  the  shipping, 
ready   at  the  signal  to  push   for  the   shore  ;  Mowett  had  taken 


*  But  Capt.  Jolin  Brewer,  a  settler  at  Scg-eunkedunk,  [in  Brewer,]  went 
on  board  the  fleet.  He  had  been  in  the  Fort  on  the  25th  July,  and  exam- 
ined it;  and  now  gave  the  General  and  Commodore  every  information  they 
could  desire. 


Chap,  xvii.]  of  maine.  473 

a  judicious  position,  which  enabled  him  to  command  the  mouth  of  ad.  1779. 
the  harbor,  and  prevent  a  landing  on  the  southerly  side  of  the  penin- 
sula.   A  trench  had  been  transversely  cut  nearly  across  the  isthmus, 
at^the  northward,  which  severed  the  neck  from  the  main,  and  se- 
cured the  passes  in  that  quarter.     No  landing   could   be  effected 
except  on  the  western  side,  which  was  a  precipice — 200  feet  high, 
steep  and  extremely  difficult  of  access  ;  also  there  was  a  line  of 
the  enemy  posted  upon  the  cliffs  or  heights,- '  who  opened  a  brisk 
'  fire  upon  us,  (as  an  American  officer  states,)  just  as  our  boats 
'  reached  the  shore.     We  stepped  out,  and  they  were  immediate- 
'  ly  sent  back.       From  the    enemy's   shipping,  there  was  now  a 
'  stream  of  fire  over  our  heads,  and  from  the  top  of  the    cliffs,   a 
'  shower  of  musketry  in  our   faces.      We   soon   found   the  sum- 
'  mit  at  this  place  inaccessible,  and  we  divided  into  three  parties; 
'  one  deployed  to  the  right  and   one  to  the   left,   in   search   of  a 
'  practicable  ascent ;  the  centre  keeping  up  an  unceasing   fire   to 
'  distract  the  attention   of  the  enemy.      Both   parlies   succeeded 
'  in   gaining   the    heights ;    yet  closing  upon   the   enemy   in   the 
'  rear  rather  too  soon,  gave  them  a  chance  to   escape  ;  and   they 
'  fled,  leaving  30  killed,  wounded  and  taken.      The   conffict  was 
'  short  but  sharp,  for  we  lost  100  out  of  four  hundred  men,  on 
'  the  shore  and  bank — the  marines  suffering  most  as  they  forced 
'their    way    up    the  precipice.       The    engagement    lasted    only 
'  twenty  minutes,  and    would  have   been   highly  applauded,   had 
'  success  finally  attended  the  expedition.     There  was  not  in  fact 
'  a  more  brilliant  exploit  of  itself  than  this,  during  the  war.     We 
'  next  threw  up  some  slight  fortifications,  within  700  yards  of  the 
'  enemy's  main  works.' 

A  council  of  war  was  called  of  the  land  and  naval  officers,  the  a  Council 
same  morning.     The  former  were  for  summoning  the  garrison  to  '^^  '^^'^' 
surrender,  offering  them  honorable  terms  ;  but  the  Commodore 
and  most  of  his  officers  were  opposed  to  the  measure.     It  was 
next  proposed  to  storm  the  fort ;  but  as  the  marines  had  suffered 
so  severely  in  effecting  a  landing,  the  Commodore  refused  to  dis- 
embark any  more  of  them,  and  even  threatened   to  recall  those 
on  shore.     Our  force  was  thought  insufficient  to  drive  the  enemy 
from  the  fort ;  and  the  assistance  wanted  was  communicated  to 
government  by  special  messengers,  sent  in  whale-boats  to  Boston.  Application 
On  application  to  General  Gates,  then  commanding  at  Provi-  Gares"^"^^' 
Vol.  II.  60 


474 


THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II. 


A.  D.  1779.  dence,  he  detached   Colonel  Jackson's   regiment  of  Continental 

troops,  as  a  re-enforcement,  who  were  stopped  at  Falmouth. 
Conduct  of      In  the  mean  time,  General  Lovell  reduced  the   enemy's  out- 
ican's.'"^'     works  and  batteries,  took  several  fieldpieces,   and  by    indefatiga- 
ble labor    every  night,  upon   zigzag   intrenchments,   approached 
within   fair  gunshot  of  the   garrison  ;    so  that  a  man  seldom   in 
daylight  showed  his  head  above  the  enemy's  works.     It  was  after- 
wards fully  ascertained,  that  General  McLane  was  prepared   to 
capitulate,  if  a  surrender  had  been  demanded.      But   SaltonstaJl 
was  self-willed  and  unreasonable.     He  and  the  General  disagree- 
in"'  as  to  the  plan  of  operations,  added  one  more  to  thousands  of 
fatalities,  incident  to  dissension.     Wadsworth  was  the  best  officer 
on  the  ground.     He  urged  upon  General   Lovell  the  expediency 
of  keeping  open  a  good  retreat,  as  one  of   the  first  maxims  of 
war.     For  this  purpose  he  chose   a  place   on  the  west  bank  of 
the  river  near  the  Narrows,  below    the  head  of  Orphan  Island  ; 
and  recommended  the  establishment  of  some  works  there,  whith- 
er '  our  men  might  retreat,  should  there   be  necessity,    or  make 
'  a  stand  in  case  of  pursuit.'     But  Lovell  opposed   this  ;   alleging 
'  that  it  would  dishearten  our  troops,   or  rather  evince  to  them 
'  our  own  despair  of  success.' 
Condiiion  of      A  fortnight's  time  gave  the  British  every  advantage.      General 
^^e  enemy   ^Iq^i^^^q^  \fy  skilful  industry   and  perseverance,  filled   the  gorge 
of  one  bastion  with  logs,  surrounded  the  other  with  facines  and 
earth  ten  feet  thick,  laid   a  platform  and  mounted  several  can- 
non, environed  the  fort  with  a  kind  of  chevaux-de-frize,  and  en- 
closed the  whole  with  an  abatis.     At  intervals,  Commodore    Sal- 
tonstall  manoeuvered  to  enter  the   harbor  ;  and   day   by  day  re- 
Skirmishes,  newed  a  cannonade  from  the  shipping.     On  the  land,  too,   there 
were  frequent  and  fruitless  skirmishes,  occasioned   principally  by 
reason  of  Lovell's  exertions,  to  cut  off  all  communication  between 
McLane  and  Moweft.     In  the  midst  of  their   solicitude,  a  de- 
serter informed   McLane,   that  his   camp  and   Mowett's  vessels 
were  to  be  attacked  the  next  day,  by  the  whole  American  force. 
Had  the  attempt  been  essayed   two   days   earlier,   it  might  have 
met  with  brilliant  success.     But  the   fortunate  day  had   passed  j 
and  little  else  remained  to  the  Americans  than  disaster. 
August  13.       A  spy-vessel  brought  Lovell  news,  August   13th,  that  a  Brit- 
iieet  arrives,  ish  fleet  of  seven  sail,  was  in  the  outer  waters  of  Penobscot  bay, 
standing  in  towards  the  peninsula.     A  retreat  was  immediately 


Chap,  xvii.]  of  Maine.  4175 

ordered  by  General  Lovell,  and  conducted  during  the  night  by  A. u.  1779. 
Gen.  Wadsworth,  with  so  much  silence  and  skill,  that  the  whole 
of  the  American  troops  were  embarked  undiscovered.  As  the 
British  squadron  entered  the  harbor,  the  next  morning,  it  was 
found  to  consist  of  a  large  man-of-war,  a  frigate,  two  ships,  two 
brigs  and  a  sloop ;  commanded  by  Sir  George  Collier,  ten  days 
from  Sandy  Hook,  near  Halifax,  and  cai-rying  200  guns  and 
1,500  men.* 

Saltonstall  drew  up  his  fleet  in  the  form  of  a  crescent,  with  the  The  Amer- 
apparent  design  of  maintaining  his   position  ;    though  in  fact,  for  dispersed! 
the  purpose  of  checking  the  enemy's  advance,  till  the  land  forces 
on  board  the  transports,  could  be   conveyed  to  some  places  of 
safety  or  retreat,  up  the  river,  or  upon  the  western  shores.     Con- 
fident of  his  entire  superiority,  Sir  George  advanced  without   de- 
lay  and  poured  in  upon  his  enemy,  a  heavy  broad-side,   which 
threw  the  American  fleet  into  confusion,  and  caused  a  disorderly 
flight.     Most  of  the  transports   retreated   up   the  river ;    several 
went  ashore  at  the  foot  of  the  narrows,f    from   which  the   men 
took  some  provisions ;  and  after  landing  and  setting  the  vessels 
on  fire,  four  companies  collected  and  were   led   off  by   General  Some  ves- 
Wadsworth  to  Camden.J    Others,  against  a  strong  tide,  were  able  '*'''  ''""""'■ 
to  ascend  the  river. 

A  general  chase,  and  indiscriminate  destruction  ensued.     The  The  rest 
Hunter  and  Defiance  endeavoring  to  get  by  the  head  of   Long  ^^'™^^  * 
Island,  to  sea,  through  the   western  passage,  were   intercepted ; 
and  the  Hunter  ran  ashore  with  every  sail  standing  ;  which,  after  Hunter, 
a  smart  skirmish  between  her  crew  and   Lieutenant  Mackey  with 

*  An  accurate  account  of  this  fleet,  viz : — 

The  Raisonable,   Com.  Collier    )     .,  ^^^ 

Capt.  Evans     \    ^^    8^"°^'  ^^^    '"^°- 


Blande, 

(( 

Berkley 

32 

220 

Grej'  Hound, 
Galatea, 

Dickson 
Read 

28 
24 

200  i 

180; 

>  These  on   their  pas- 
J  sage  took  2  Am.  priv. 

Camilla, 

li 

Collins 

24 

180 

Virginia, 

a 

J.  Ord 

18 

150 

Otter, 

ii 

14 

100 

204  1,530 

t  Between  Orphan  Island  and  the  western  shore. 

I  An  attack  upon  Falmouth  was  afterwards  expected.     Thither  Colonel 

Jackson   and  Colonel  Mitchell   resorted  with   their  regiments Smith's 

Jour.  p.  112. 


476  THE  HisTORV  [Vol.  ii. 

A.  D.  17TJ.  a  party  of  50  men  from  the   Raisonable,   fell  into  their  hands. 
Defiance.     The  Defiance  hid  herself  in  a  small  creek ;  when,  her  crew  find- 
ing the  Camilla  was  in  search  for  her,   blew  her  up   about  mid- 
Sky  Rocket,  night.     The  Sky  Rocket  met  the  same  fate  from  her  crew,   near 
Active.        Fort-point  ledge.     The   brig  Active  was  burnt  off  Brigadier's 
Island.     The  residue  of  the  fleet,  by  means  of  oars   and   studen 
sails  all  set,  also  the  transports,  made  good  their  retreat  into  Marsh 
bay,  closely  pursued  by  the  British  squadron.      Here  the  Ilamp- 
den,  being  oyertaken,  surrendered  ;  and  at  the  same  tmie,  prizes 
^^^^^       were  made  of  the  Nancy  and  the  Rover.     The   frigate    Warren 
\Varren.      was  Committed  to  the  flames  by  her  crew,   at  Oak-point  cove, 
General       half  a  league  above  Frankfort  village.      The    General  Putnam 

r»'"ani.  ".  .  1      1        -11   1  •    1  1 

Vcic-cance  ^"'^'  ^^^^  T"  engeance,  having  ascended  still  higher,  were  burnt  op- 

Monmouiii.  posltc  Hampden.     The  others,  being  the  Monmouth,  Sally,  Black 

Bulck  Prince,    Hazard,    Diligence,    Tyrannicide,    Providence    Sloop, 

Hazard  Spring  Bird,  Hector,  and  several  transports  ascended   to   places 

DiiifTonce.  above  and  iust  below  the  mouth  of  the  Kenduskeag,  where  they 

Tjraimi-  J  ^ 

cicie,  I'rovi-^ere  all  blown  up  or  set  on  fire  by  their  own  crews,*  to  prevent 

ilenceSloop.  '  ,  i  a  j-    • 

Spring        their  falling  into  the  possession   oi    the   enemy. j-      A  prodigious 
Hector.       wreck  of  property, — a  dire  eclipse  of  reputation, — and  universal 
Losses.        chagrin — weve  the  fruits  of  this  expedition,   in  tlie   promotion  of 
which,  there  had  been  such  an  exalted   display   of   public   spirit, 
both  by  the  government  and  individuals.     Our  whole  loss  of  men 
was  probably  not  less  than  one   hundred   and   fifty ;  that  of   the 
enemy,  eighty-five.     So  great  pecuniary  damage   at  this  critical 
period  of  the  war,  and  of  the  State  finances,  was  a  severe   mis- 
fortune.    In  short,  the  whole  connected  was  sufficiently  felt  ;  for 
U  filled  the  country  with  grief  as  well  as  murmurs. 
Aug.  15.  The  officers  and  men  landing  at  different  placesj  on  the   west- 

rlti'Spern  shores  of  the  river,  among  inhabitants  few,  scattered  and 
lo^Kemir''  indigent,  immediately  took  up  their  march  westward,  through  a 
'>eck.  ^^.■^\^}^  and  trackless  country,  thirty  leagues  or  more,  as  they  travel- 

led it,  to  the  first  settlements  upon  the  river  Kennebeck.     Guid- 

*  Several  were  burnt  on  the  morning-  of  the  \5th.— Colonel  Brewer. 

f  Forty  years  afterwards,  adventurers  came  into  the  river  with  a  diving 
bell,  and  took  from  these  wrecks,  some  of  which  could  then  be  seen  at  low 
water,  a  great  number  of  cannon  ;  and  in  the  search,  they  found  a  barrel 
of  pork,  entirely  good,  except  rusted  next  to  the  staves. 

J  Downing,  a  surgeon  of  the  American  fleet,  dressed  the  wounds  of  sev- 
eral, at  Capt.  Brewer's  dwcllinghoiise.— Some  were  carried  to  Maj.  Treat's 
in  Bangor. 


Chap,  xvii.]  of  maine.  477 

ed  by  Indians,  they  proceeded  in  detached  parties,  suffering  every  a.  d.  1779. 
privation.  For,  not  being  aware  of  the  journey  and  fatigue 
which  they  had  to  encounter,  they  had  taken  with  them  provisions 
altogether  insufficient ;  and  some  who  were  infirm  or  feeble  actu- 
ally perished  in  the  woods.  A  moose  or  other  animal  was  occa- 
sionally killed,  which  being  roasted  upon  coals,  was  the  most 
precious,  if  not  the  only  morsel,  many  of  them  tasted,  during 
the   latter  half  of  their  travels. 

The  '  Penobscot  expedition,'  was  so  much  a  subject  of  obloquy  CourtofEn- 
and  remark,  that  the  Legislature  at  its  next  session,  Sept.  9,  ap-''""^- 
pointed  a  "  Committee"*  or  Court  of  Enquiry,  consisting  of  nine 
gentlemen, — to  examine  into  the  causes  of  its  failure  and  make 
their  report.  At  their  second  session,  which  was  in  Boston,  the 
General  and  Regimental  Officers,  and  the  Commanders  of  the 
armed  vessels  attended ;  and  after  a  thorough  investigation,  the 
Court,  Oct.  7,  pronounced  their  opinion,  which  was  this, — 
That  "  the  principal  reason  of  the  failure  was  the  want  of  proper  Their  de- 
"  spirit  and  energy  on  the  part  of  the  Commodore  :"f — That  the 
destruction  of  the  fleet  was  occasioned  essentially,  because  of  his 
"  not  exerting  himself  at  all,  in  the  time  of  the  retreat,  by  oppos- 
"  ing  the  enemy's  foremost  ships  in  pursuit :" — "  That  General 
"  Lovell  throughout  the  expedition  and  retreat,  acted  with  proper 
"  courage  and  spirit ;  and  had  he  been  furnished  with  all  the 
"  men  ordered  for  the  service,  or  been  properly  supported  by 
"  the  Commodore,  he  would  probably  have  reduced  the  enemy  :" 
— ^That  though  a  majority  of  the  Commodore's  naval  Council, 
being  commanders  of  private  armed  vessels,  were  against  offen- 
sive measures,  yet  he  repeatedly  said,  '  it  was  matter  of  favor 
*  that  he  called  any  Council  of  them  ;  and  when  he  had  taken 
'  their  advice  he  should  follow  his  own  opinion ;'  and  in  that  way 
discouraged  all  the  measures  on  the  part  of  the  fleet : — That 
"  the  naval  Commanders,  each  and  every  of  them  behaved  like 

*  This  Committee,  or  Court,  consisted  of  Major-General  Artemas  Ward  ; 
Francis  Dana,  Esq.  ;  Major-General  Timothy  Danielson;  Brigadier-Gen- 
eral Jonathan  Titcomb  ;  Major-General  Michael  Farley ;  Major  Samuel 
Osgood;  James  Prescott,  Esq. ;  Colonel  Moses  Little,  and  William  Searer, 
Esq.  ;  the  last  three  were  not  present  when  the  report  was  signed, 

f  The  popular  voice  charged  Saltonstall  with  treachery  and  cowardice. 
But  it  seems  these  were  not  formally  charged  upon  him  ;  and  report  says, 
that  "  he  fought  a  very  good  battle  afterwards  in  a  large  privateer." 


478  "f^E  HISTORY  [Vol.  ii. 

A.  D.  1779.  "  brave  experienced  officers,  during  the  whole  time  :" — And  that 
"  Brigadier  Wadsworth,  the  second  in  command  throughout  the 
"  expedition,  in  the  retreat  and  after,  till  ordered  to  return  to 
"  Boston,  conducted  with  great  activity,  courage,  coolness  and 
"  prudence." — The  Court  also  found  "  the  number  of  men  or- 
"  dered  to  be  detached  for  this  service,  to  have  been  deficient 
"  nearly  one  third.  Whether  the  shameful  neglect  is  chargeable 
"  upon  the  Brigadiers,  Colonels  or  other  officers,  whose  particu- 
"  lar  duty  it  might  have  been  to  have  faithfully  executed  the  or- 
"  ders  of  the  General  Assembly,  we  cannot  (said  they,)  ascer- 
"  tain." — ^Upon  this    report  the   General  Court  adjudged,  that 

cashiered.  Commodove  Soltonstall  he  incompetent  ever  after,  to  hold  a  com- 
mission in  the  service  of  the  State,  and  that  Generals  Lovell  and 
Wadsworth  he  honorahly  acquitted. 

Conduct  of       The  Tarratine  Indians   at  Penobscot,    conducted  throughout 

the  Indians.  _  _  _  " 

the  whole  campaign,  with  all  due  fidelity  and  friendship  towards 
the  Americans,  agreeably  to  the  articles  of  subsisting  treaty.  To 
two  of  the  tribe,  in  reward  for  their  good  conduct,  the  govern- 
ment presented  suits  of  clothes  ;  and  afterwards  the  Legislature, 
placing  more  confidence  in  their  integrity,  resolved,  that  any 
of  them  be  permitted  to  testify  in  cases  of  prohibited  traffic. 
Public  bur-  '^^  defray  the  expenses  of  the  Penobscot  expedition,  and  the 
dens.  charges  of  local  defence  and  of  the  ordinary  civil  list ;  to  meet 

the  call  of  Congress,  for  six  millions  of  dollars,  being  the  State's 
quota  of  45  millions  ;  and  to  raise  a  re-enforcement  of  2,000 
men  for  the  army  ; — were  burdens  rendered  more  insurmounta- 
ble, because  of  the  great  numbers  taken  from  the  field  and  shop 
of  productive  labor.  Public  credit  was  oppressed,  for  the  nom- 
inal State  debt  was  about  200  millions  of  dollars,  and  if  reduced 
to  a  fair  exchange  of  ^40  in  the  bills  to  one  in  silver,*  the  real 
debt  was  still  more  than  5  millions. 

In  Maine,  the  late  fatal  disaster,  the  enemy  upon  our  coasts, 
the  embargo,  which  prevented  intercourse  between  our  seaports 
and  other  places,  and  the  uncommon  drought — were  circum- 
stances, which  increased  the  dearth  of  provisions  and  the  general 
distress.     Yet  no  measures  were  left  unessayed  to  reheve,  pro- 

*  In  Falmouth,  [according  to  Rev.  J\Ir.  Smithes  Jour.  p.  111-112.]  corn  in 
June  sold  for  $35  per  bushel ;  molasses  $16  per  gallon  ;  and  one  man  ask- 
ed $75  for  a  bushel  of  wheat  meal,  and  another,  in  August,  paid  $19  for  a 
pound  of  tea.     Such  was,  at  this  period,  the  value  of  paper  monej. 


Chap.  xvii.J  of  ihaine.  479 

tect  and  encourage  the  eastern  people.  Provisions  were  sent  A.  D.  1779. 
thither  at  the  public  charge.  Eight  families  were  removed  from  The  eastern 
'Biguyduce  ;  Muster-masters,  committees  of  supplies,  and  pru- 
dential agents  of  different  trusts  were  appointed ;  a  truck  house 
was  established  at  Fort  Halifax,  and  furnished  with  articles  to 
the  amount  of  £5,000,  principally  to  promote  the  Indian  trade  ; 
and  so  much  was  a  map  of  Maine,  especially  a  correct  one  of 
the  eastern  coast,  wanted  at  this  time,  that  government  granted  to 
Mr.  Sheppard,  for  his  labored  deliaeation  of  a  chart,  a  whole 
township  of  land.     As  to  articles  of  sustenance,  no  wines,   spir- 

,  1/1  11     Exporld- 

its,  sugar  nor  molasses, — no  wool,  tlax,  cotton,  nor  goods  made  lionsprohib- 
of  them, — no  coffee,  salt  or  chocolate, — no  shoes,  skins  or  leath- 
er,— no  live-stock,  nor  any  sorts  of  provisions, — were  allowed  to 
be  exported  to  any  other  State,  after  Sept.  23,  upon  the  penalty 
of  forfeiture.  Nor  might  any  person  lade  those  articles  nor  any 
spars  on  board  of  a  vessel,  under  a  pretence  of  carrying  them  to 
the  army,  without  license  first  obtained  from  a  legislative  com- 
mittee-man, appointed  in  every  county.* 

The  people  upon   the  Islands  and  banks  of  Penobscot,  after  ^he  ireat- 
the  British  had  established  themselves  upon  the  peninsula,  suffered  p)fdpie"by''® 
from  their  soldiery  great  insults  and  injuries  ;  though  the  inhabit- ^'^*'^'^'^'^''" 
ants  had  the  promise  of  the  British  General,  that  they  should  re- 
ceive good  treatment,  if  they  would  continue  quiet  at  home.    Be- 
fore the  American  fleet  arrived   in  the  bay,  an   advanced  guard 
was  placed  at  Eastern  river,  [Bucksport,]  to  prevent  all  commu-  -A'  Bucks- 
nication.     This  gave  the  people  umbrage  ;  but  after  the   defeat, 
a  British  party,  visiting   that   place,   burnt  the   dwellinghouse  of 
Jonathan  Buck,  his   saw   mill,  vessel,  and  two  barns,  also  four  or 
five  of  his  neighbors'  habitations, f  and  took   off   a  considerable 
quantity  of  plunder. 

Gen.  McLane  himself,  was  a  man  of  noble  spirit.  He  gave 
to  the  settlers  who  visited  him,  the  fullest  assurances  of  safety, 
if  their  conduct  was  neutral, — he    even  permitted    a  cartel   to 

*  These  were,  for  York  county,  Daniel  Jloulton ;  for  Cumberland,  Col. 
Joh7i  J  fait;  and  for  Lincoln,  Bummer  Scwall. — There  were  at  this  time 
naval  officers  :— York,  Richard  Trevot ;  Pepperellboro',  Tristram  Jordan  ; 
Falmouth,  Thomas  Child  ;  Penobscot,  Jficholas  Crosby  ;  Gouidsboro',  JFm. 
JVichols  ;  Machias,  Stephen  Smith. 

f  The  other  houses  burnt,  were  Moore's,  Peck's,  McDonald's,  Lam- 
phiere's.— JiS.  Let.  of  Henry  LiUlc,  Esq. 


480  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II. 

A.  D,  1779.  take  home  the  wounded  from  different  plantations  on  the  river. 
But  Capt.  Mowett  was  a  different  character.  He  proceeded  up 
the  river,  and  threatened  Capt.  John  Brewer  to  run  him  through 
with  his  sword,  because  he  carried  away  in  the  cartel,  Capt.  Ross, 

aiKmlm-  ^^°  ^^^^^   commanded  one  of  our  armed  vessels.*     Hence,  Mr. 

den.  Brewer  and  Mr.  Crosby  on  the  west  side  of  the  river,  and  others, 

procured  a  passage  and  conveyance  for  their  families  and  effects, 
on  board  of  a  vessel  to  Camden,  under  George  Ulmer,  then  in  the 
river,   who  commanded   at   that   place  ;    and   drove  their  cattle 

A.  D.  17S0.  thither  through  the  woods. — In  the  winter,  the  people  of  Belfast 
were  plundered  and  abused  in  a  manner  so  outrageous,  that  they 
were  forced  to  leave  their  houses  and  possessions,  and  seek  a 
livelihood  in  distant  places.f  At  one  time,  a  plundering  party 
from  the  British  camp,  visited  the   dvvelUng-place  of  John  Gilky 

Isiaiui."  upon  Long  Island,  himself  being  absent  ;  and,  driving  his  five 
cows  to  the  shore,  shot  ihem  all  to  the  ground.  His  wife  begged 
them  to  spare  one  for  the  sake  of  her  children ;  and  one  it  is 
true,  was  spared,  but  it  was  left  dead.  Gilky  then  removed  to 
Cape  Cod ;  yet  returning  before  the  war  closed,  he  was  taken  from 
his  house  by  another  party,  and  confined  in  the  fort  a  year.  His 
house  was  plundered  of  its  contents,  by  the  crew  of  a  boat  called 
the  '  Shaving  mill,'  and  his  family  left  in  a  most  wretched  con- 
dition.    Shubael  Williams,  on  a    neighboring   Island,   afforded   a 

Tiie  Tories.  vlsIting  soldicr  somc  service  or  relief,  for  which  he  was  falsely 
charged  with  encouraging  him  to  desert,  and  carried  before  a 
Court  Martial  at  the  garrison,  and  sentenced  to  be  whipped 
500  lashes. 

Relief  of         The  wretched  condition  and  local  misfortunes  of  the  settlers, 

^leo^'ie^*""  ^^^^'^  greatly  aggravated  by  the  Tories.  They  had  removed  from 
Massachusetts  into  Lincoln  county,  for  the  sake  of  being  in  the 
vicinity  of  their  British  friends ;  and  were  either  acting  as  spies 
and  informers  against  the  inhabitants,  or  encouraging  them  to  a 
treacherous  intercourse  with  the  enemy.  Therefore,  to  inspire 
the  people  in  the  eastern  counties  with  union  and  a  determinate 
spirit  of  resistance,  the  requirements  upon  them  of  men  and 
provisions  to  re-enforce  the  Continental  Army,  were  partially  re- 
laxed. It  was  determined  furthermore,  March  15,  that  the 
troops  stationed  at  Machias  under  Colonel  Allen  ;  and   the  two 

*  Hon.  D.  Perham's  Letter. 

t  They  did  not  return  till  after  the  peace. — See,  A.  D.  1785. 


Chap,  xvii.]  of  maine.  481 

volunteer  companies,  belonging  to  York  and  Lincoln  counties,  A.  D.  1780. 
retained  in  pay  since  the  Penobscot  expedition,  should  be  still 
continued  in  the  service ;  and  that  600  men  be  detached  for  eight 
months'  duty,  from  the  three  eastern  brigades ;  making  a  force 
of  about  800  men,  including  officers.  Every  soldier  was  ordered 
to  march,  well  equipped,  within  24  hours  after  he  was  detached, 
or  pay  a  fine  of  £60  currency  ; — money,  which  was  to  be  ap- 
plied in  procuring  a  substitute. 

This  new  detachment  was  to  be  arranged   and  organized  into  goo  men 
companies  of  a  single  regiment,  and  to  be  thus  distributed, — 300  posted  easi- 
to  Falmouth, — 200  to  Camden, — and  1 00  to  Machias.    Warrants  ^^"^  " 
were  drawn  on  the  public  treasury,  in  favor  of  the   eastern   mus- 
ter-masters for  needful  monies ;  and  the  Board  of  War  ordered 
to  Falmouth,  two  18-pound   cannon,  and   five  4-pounders,   with 
thirty  rounds,  and  supplies  of  shovels,   spades,   crow-bars,   pick 
and  cutting  axes,  wheel  and  hand-barrows,  and  all  articles  neces^ 
sary  in  the  construction  of  a  fortification. 

The  command  of  the  whole  eastern  department,   between  Pis-  General 

Wadsworth 

cataqua  and  St.  Croix,  was  given    to   General  Wadsworth.     He  commands 

.  /•  1  •     '''®  eastern 

was  thereupon  empowered  to  raise  a  company  oi  volunteers  m  department, 
Lincoln  county,  whenever  he  should  think  the  public  safety  re- 
quired it ;  and  to  execute  martial  law,  ten  miles  in  width  upon  Martial  law 
the  coast  eastward  of  Kennebeck,  and  upon  the  Islands,  con- 
formably to  the  standing  rules  and  regulations  of  the  American 
Army.  His  head-quarters  were  at  Thomaston.  That  town 
and  other  places,*  whose  supplies  were  intercepted,  and  proper- 
ty plundered  by  the  British  and  the  Tories,  were  relieved  from 
their  taxes  and  other  public  contributions,  elsewhere  exacted. 

For  the  purpose  of  protecting  friends,  the  General  found  it 
necessary  to  draw  a  line  of  demarkation  between  them  and  their  Executed, 
foes  ;  therefore  he  issued  a  proclamation,  strictly  prohibiting  all 
intercourse  with  the  enemy.  But  yet  forbearance  was  con- 
strued into  tacit  indulgence,  until  a  treacherous  Tory  conceived 
himself  to  be  in  no  more  danger  than  a  zealous  Whig.  For  in- 
stance, one  Soule,  a  staunch  known  friend  of  liberty,  who  lived 
at   Broad    bay,   was  shot  dead  by  the   Tories  or    the  enemy, 

*  No  place  eastward  of  Penobscot  was  called  upon  for  taxes  or  contri- 
butions after  this,  till  the  close  of  the  war. 
Vol.  II.  61 


482  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II. 

AiD.  1780.  while  in  his  bed,  and  his  wife  also  was  severely  wounded.  This 
drew  from  the  General  another  proclamation,  which  denounced 
death  to  any  one  convicted  of  secreting  or  giving  aid  to  the  enemy. 
Afterwards,  a  man  by  the  name  of  Bavm,  was  tried  and  ad- 
judged by  a  Court-martial,  guilty  of  treachery, — and  was  ex- 
ecuted. "  This  act  of  severity,  though  painful  in  the  last  de- 
gree" to  the  General,*  proved  a  salutary  preventive  of  similar 
transgressions — in  verification  of  the  maxim, — '  retributive  jus- 
tice to  foes  is  safety  to  friends.' 

Intercourse       A  great  abusc  had  likewise  crept  into  our  too  indulgent   inter- 

witli  the  °       .  .  /  ^ 

NovaSco-    course  with  Nova  Scotia.      For  it   was  represented,  that  some  of 

lians.  .  ...,_..  r         1  11 

the  smaller  privateers,  visitmg  that  Frovmce  for  the  pretended 
purpose  of  relieving  friends,  collecting  debts,  or  removing  effects, 
had  committed  acts  of  plunder  among  them,  and  thereby  shroud- 
ed our  often  avowed  friendship,  with  suspicion.  The  General 
Court,  therefore,  required  every  commander  of  a  private  armed 
vessel,  to  give  a  penal  bond  for  his  good  treatment  of  that  people. 

There  was  a  feat.  May  22,  at  Townshend,  [Boothbay,]  which 
Boothbay.  is  worthy  to  be  mentioned.  James  R.  Mowett,  captain  of  the 
'  King's  Rangers,'  falling  in  with  a  sloop,  belonging  to  Joseph 
Reed,  seized  her  as  a  prize.  The  owner  being  extremely  anx- 
ious to  recover  her,  managed  with  so  much  adroitness,  the  next 
day,  as  to  make  him  and  nine  of  his  companions,  prisoners.  The 
extent  of  Mowett's  chagrin  can  hardly  be  imagined.  He  offered 
to  restore  the  sloop  and  even  to  surrender  his  own  schooner 
without  a  parley,  if  he  and  his  men  could  be  released  ; — and  the 
offer  was  at  length  accepted  and  the  prisoners  liberated. f 

There  were  two  occurrences  which  rendered  the  present  year 
memorable,  though  they  were  of  no  very  great  importance.  One 
was  the  dark  day,  May  19,  in  which  a  lighted  candle  was  need- 
ful at  noon,  the  darkness  of  the  night  being  equally  extreme  and 
fearful.     It  extended  through  New-England,  and  a  short  distance 

*  General   WadsworlK's  Letter One  account   states  that   Baum  was 

thought  to  have  acted  inconsiderately  rather  than  criminally;  and  "his 
"  death  gave  dissatisfaction  to  many  warm  friends  of  the  Revolution. — 
Eaton's  J^ar. 

■|- The  people  of  Mount  Desert  suffered  much  injury  from  the  enemy. 
The  crew  of  the  ship  Allegiance,  killed  their  cattle  and  robbed  them  of 
their  property.  A  Tory  privateer  took  the  Jolly  Robin,  a  schooner,  and 
the  efTecta  of  several  families  as  prize  property. — Let.  of  Nicholas  Thom- 
as, Esq. 


Chap,  xvii.]  of  maine.  483 

out  from  the  coast.  Among  the  marvellous,  it  excited  interest  A.  D.  1780. 
and  concern  ;  and  among  all,  curiosity  was  awakened  to  enquire 
for  the  cause.  It  is  now  conjectured  to  have  been  in  conse- 
quence of  the  smoke  arising  from  large  and  extensive  fires  in 
New-Hampshire  and  Maine,  and  of  a  peculiar  state  of  the  at- 
mosphere. 

The  other  was  the  treachery  of  General  Benedict  Arnold,  in  Treason  of 
September,  at  West  Point,  New- York  ;  whose  execrable,  though 
defeated  plan,  to  surrender  that  post  to  the  enemy,  resulted  in  the 
execution  of  Major  Andre,  as  a  spy.     If  we   except  the   attack  Events  of 
upon  Connecticut  and  the  plunder  of  New-Haven,  in   1779,   the '"'"  ^^^'■'* 
events  and  incidents  of  the  war,  during  that  and  the  present  year, 
were  confined  principally  to  the  southern  States  : — ^years,  in  which 
there  were  displayed  consummate  generalship  and  great  intrepidity 
of  character,  by  the  troops  of  both  armies. 

In  a  second  attempt  to  form   a  State-Constitution  of  govern- a  new Con- 
ment,  322  delegates,  chosen  by  towns,  convened   at  Cambridge  formecTand 
on  the  first  Monday  of  September,  1779,  who  organized   them- '^*'^^'*" 
selves  into  an  Assembly,  by  the  choice  of  James  Bowdoin,  Pres- 
ident, and  Samuel  Barrett,  Secretary.*     After  a  short  discussion 
of  principles,  a  Committee  was  appointed,   of  31    members,   se- 
lected from  the  different  counties,  to  prepare  and  report  a  draft ; — 
to  whom,  time  was  allowed  for  the  purpose,  till  the  28th  of  Octo- 
ber.    The  Convention  then  re-assembled  and  sat  a  fortnight. 
The  next  meeting  was,  January  5,  (1780,)  at  the   State   House, 
where  a  draft  was  received  from  the  pen  of  John  Adams, f  chair- 
man of  the  Sub-Committee. I     This  of  course  became  the  inter- 
.  esting  subject  of  debate  and  revision,  through  a  protracted  session 
of  nearly  two  months.     At  last,  a  form,  completed,  accepted,  and 
printed,  was  distributed  for  adoption  among  all  the  towns  and 


*  Journal  of  this  Convention,  in  6 — 4to.  MS.  Books, — Secretary's  Office, 
Boston. 

f  The  Sub-Committee  were  J.  Adams,  Sam''l  Adams,  J.  Bowdoin. 

I  The  Committee  struck  out  of  the  Sub-Committee's  report,  two  clauses, 
"  one  was  an  unqualified  neg-ative  of  the  Governor  ;"  the  other  was  "  the 
"  power  of  the  Governor  to  appoint  all  militia  officers  from  the  highest  Gen- 
"  eral  to  the  lowest  Ensig-n." — "  The  declaration  of  rights  was  diuwn  by 
"  John  Adams ;"  "  but  the  article  respecting  religion,  was  referred  to  some 
"  of  the  clergy  or  older  and  graver  persons  than  myself,  (says  Mr.  Adams,) 
«  who  would  be  more  likely  to  hit  the  taste  of  the  public." — MS.  Letter  of 
Hon,  John  Adams,  1812,  to  the  author. 


484  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II. 

A.  u.  1780.  plantations  throughout  the  State.  The  yeas  and  nays  were  to  be 
taken  in  town-meetings  upon  every  article  ;  which  was  seveially 
to  be  declared  ratified,  if  2-3ds  of  the  voters  present  were  in  its 
favor. — Accompanying  the  Constitutional  Draft,  was  an  address 
to  the  people,  written  with  considerable  ability — stating  the  diffi- 
culties of  entire  unanimity,  in  subjects  so  important,  as  the  powers 
and  departments  of  government, — protective  of  civil  liberty,  and 
connected  with  the  rights  of  conscience  and  religion.  However, 
the  Convention  found,  at  their  fifth  and  last  meeting,  that,  of  290 
towns  and  plantations,  18G  had  met  and  acted  ;  and  that  by  the 
returns,  every  article  was  adopted  by  the  requisite  majority. — • 
Hence  it  was  declared,  June  14,  by  that  Body,  "  that  the  people 
"  have  accepted  the  Constitution  as  it  stands,  in  the  printed  form 
"  submitted  to  their  revision ;"  and  therefore  it  will  come  into 
operation,  on  the  last  Wednesday  of  the  ensuing  October. 

Members  of     During  the  last  twenty  years*  of  the  Royal  charter,  the  Coun- 

llie  Provin-      •11  r       nT   • 

ciai  Coun-  cdlors  for  Mauie  and  Sagadahock,  were  thirteen— -John  Brad- 
bury, James  Gowen,  Jerahmeel  Bowers,  Jedediah  Preble, 
Enoch  Freeman,  Benjamin  Chadbourn,  Charles  Chauncey, 
David  Sewall,  Joseph  Simpson,  Edward  Cutts,  Jeremiah 
Powell,  John  Taylor,  and  Henry  Gardiner. 

Mr.  Brad-  Mr.  Bradbury,  an  inhabitant  of  York,  had  been  a  representa- 
tive of  that  town  ten  years,  prior  to  his  first  election  into  the 
Council  in  17G3.  He  v/as  also  ten  years  successively  a  member 
of  the  Board;  and  between    1778  and    1780,  a  Judge  of  the 

Mr.  Gowen.  Common  Pleas.  Mr.  Gowen,  having  been  a  representative  eight 
years  in  the  General  Court,  from  the  town  of  Kittery,  where  he 
resided,  was  elected  into  the  Council  for  Sagadahock,  A.  D. 
1770-1-2;  and  in  1773,  for  Maine.  He  was  appointed  also 
upon  the  bench  of  the  Common  Pleas,  where  he  had  a  seat  about 

Mr.iiowcrs;  seven  years.  Mr.  Bowers  was  a  land  proprietor  and  non-resi-'' 
dent  of  Maine,  dwelling  as  it  is  understood  in  the  county  of  Bristol, 
Elected  in  1773  into  the   Council,  he   was  a  member  that  year 

Mr.  Preb-    only.      Gen.  Preble  lived   in  Falmouth — -a   gentleman  of  great 

ble.  ...  . 

respectability  and   influence.      Eight  years  he  represented    his 

town  in  the  General  Court ;  three  he  was  a  Councillor,  beginning 

with  1773  ;  and  the  first  four  years  of  the  Constitution  he  was  the 

Mr,  Free-    senator   for    Cumberland.!      Mr.  Freeman  lived   in  the  same 

man.  I 

town ;  represented  it  in  the  General  Court  two   years,  and  was 
*  See  ante,  A.  D.  1760.  f  General  Preble  died  March  11,1784. 


Chap,  xvii.]  of  maine.  485 

in  the  Council  in  1774  and  5.     He  was  also  28  years  a  Judge  of  a.d.  nco. 
the  Common  Pleas,  and  12   Judge  of  Probate.     He   was  a  na- 
tive of  Eastham,  Massachusetts;  a  graduate  at  Harvard  in  1729 
when   23  years   of  age,  and   settled   in   Falmouth  in  1741  ; — a 
man  of  worth,  usefulness  and  piety.*    Mr.  Chadbouni  represent-  f/jjr^.''^'^" 
ed  Berwick,   his  native  town,  16  years   in  the  General  Court. 
He  was  elected  into   the  Council,  for  Sagadahock,  in  1774,  and 
for  Blaine   the  two  succeeding  years.     He  was  likewise  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Executive  Council  several   years  under  the    Constitu- 
tion ;  and  a  Judge   of  the   Common  Pleas.     He  was  the  great 
grandson  of   Humphrey   Chadbourn,  who  came   and    settled  at 
Newichawannock  in  163G  ;  and  it  is  believed,  his   father,  of  the 
same  name,  was  a  member  from   Berwick  several  years  in  the 
General  Court.     Mr.  Chauncey,  who  lived  in  Kittery,  was  elect-  '^''■;  Chaun- 
ed  into  the  Council,  in  1775  and  7,  two  years  only.     Mr.  Sew- ^^^.  se„,aii. 
all,  a  native  inhabitant  of  York,  was  a  member  of  the   Council- 
board  in  1776  and  7  ; — -one  of  the  most  distinguished  citizens  of 
the  State — a  graduate  of  Harvard,  a  Register  of  Probate,  a  bar- 
rister at  law,  a  Justice  of  the  Peace  through   the   Province   and 
State,  a  Judge  ot  the   Supreme  Court,    10  years,   and   of  the 
District  Court,  30  years.     Mr.  Simpson  of  York,   was   in   the  Mr.  simp. 
House,  three,  and  in  the  Council,  two  years ;  and  a  Judge  of  the 
Common  Pleas,  and  of  Probate,  about  sixteen  years  subsequent 
to  his  first  appointment  in   1780.     Mr.    Cutis  of   Kittery,   after  Mr.  Cutis, 
representing  his  town  in  the  Legislature  seven  years,  was  elected 
a  member  of  the  Council  in  1779,  and  succeeded  Judge  Simpson 
in  both  the  Judicial  offices  he  held.     Mr.  Powell  dwelt  at  North-  „  „      ,, 

jMr  I'owell. 

Yarmouth,  of  which  he  was  the  Representative  in  the  General 
Court  eleven  years.  He  was  first  chosen  into  the  Council  in 
1766,  and  was  a  member  for  Sagadahock,  four  years  in  suc- 
cession ;  and  afterwards  for  Maine,  eight  years.  He  removed,  it 
is  believed,  for  a  time  to  Boston,  about  the  year  1775,  and  was 
President  of  the  first  Senate  under  the  Constitution. f  For 
Sagadahock,  Mr.  Taylor  was  Councillor  in  1775-6,  and  7,  and  Mr.  Taylor, 

71/r       /~i        T  c   T-»  •  •  1  ^^^  '*^'"' 

Mr.  (jrardiner  ot  Boston,  m    1778   and  9  ; — both  non-residents.  Gardiner. 
The  latter  was  Treasurerof  the  State, 

•j-  He  had  also  filled  the  office  of  Colonel.  lie  died  Sept.  2,  1788,  leaving 
two  sons,     annuel  of  Portland,  and  Enoch  of  Westbrook. 

I  Colonel  Powell  died  at  North- Yarmouth,  September  17,  1784. — 
Smith. 


486  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II. 


CHAPTER  XVIII. 

State-government  organized  under  the  Constitution — Bath  incorpor- 
ated—  General  Wadsworth  made  a  prisoner  at'Biguyduce — Par^ 
ticulars  as  to  his  and  Burton's  escape — Defence  of  the  eastern 
country — General  McCohb,  commander  of  the  eastern  department 

—  The  Indians — Public  debt,   credit   and  burdens — Specie  plenty 

—  The  people — Committee  of  eastern  lands — Surrender  of  Lord. 
Cormvallis  and  his  army — Peace — Revision  of  the  Judiciary 
and  the  fee-bill — Confession  and  tender  acts — The  Militia  organ- 
ized—  The  coast  guarded — Port  at  Machias  discontinued — De- 
finitive  treaty — American  army  disbanded — Losses  in  the  tvar — 

Public  debt  incurred — Losses   in   Massachusetts  and  Maine. 

A  D  1780  "^^  ^^^  Constitution,  adopted  June  14,  and  brought  into  oper- 
,.  o.  ation,  Oct.  25,  the  administration  of  the  State-government  was 
Slate-Con-  [^  several  particulars  essentially  changed.  The  executive  povv- 
er  was  now  vested  in  a  Governor,  Lieutenant-Governor,  and  an 
advisatory  Council  of  nine  members.  Legislation  was  commit- 
ted to  a  General  Court  of  two  branches, — a  Senate  of  40  mem- 
bers, and  a  House  of  Representatives, — the  one  chosen  by  coun- 
ties or  districts,  and  the  other  by  corporate  towns.  The  num- 
ber of  Senators  assigned  to  a  county  was  in  proportion  to  its 
property  returned  in  the  periodical  State-valuation.  Every  town, 
of  1 50  taxable  polls,  was  entitled  to  a  single  representative,  alsa 
to  one  more,  for  every  additional  number  of  375  polls,  or  ratable 
persons.  The  members  of  the  executive  and  legislative  depart- 
ments received  an  annual  election  ;  the  Councillors  were  chosen 
from  the  Senators,  in  convention  of  the  two  Houses ;  and  the 
others  by  the  ballots  of  voters*  given  in  the  town-meetings.  All 
Judicial  officers  were  appointed  and  commissioned  by  the  Exec- 
utive, to  hold  their  offices  during  good  behavior.f  The  militia 
of  the  State  was  arranged   into   Divisions,   Brigades,  Regiments 

*  A  voter  must  be  21,  and  have  aa  income  of  $10,  or  estate  worth  $200. 

t  Except  Justices  of  the  Peace,  who  held  their  offices  seven  years  only^ 
unless  recommissioned.  Under  the  charter,  they  were  commissioned 
during  good  behavior. 


Chap,  xviii.]  of  maine.  487 

and  Companies.  The  Major-Generals  of  Divisions  were  chosen  by  A.  D.  nso. 
the  two  legislative  branches,  each  having  a  check  upon  the  other ; 
the  Brigadiers  by  the  officers  of  their  brigades  ;  Regimental 
officers  by  those  of  the  regiments,  and  company  officers  by  the 
members  of  21  years  old  ; — and  all  were  commissioned  by  the 
Governor  as  Commander-in-Chief.  The  Secretary,  Treasurer, 
Commissary-General  and  delegates  to  Congress,  as  well  as  the 
State  Councillors,*  were  chosen  by  a  joint  ballot  of  the  two  leg- 
islative branches  in  convention. 

At  the  first  election,   Sept.   4,  John    Hancock  was  chosen  John  Han- 

Cock    1st 

Governor,  and  when  the  General  Court  convened,  Oct.  25,  they  Governor, 
elected   Thomas     Cushing,    Lieutenant-Governor ;    no  choice 
having  been  made  at  the   polls.      Jeremiah   Powell  was  chosen  n 
President  of  the  Senate ; — Caleb  Davis,  Speaker  of  the  House, 
and  Samuel  Freeman,  Clerk ;  the  number  in   the  latter  branch 
being  196  members. 

The  Senators  assigned  by  the  Constitution  to  the  District  of  Senators 
Maine  were  four;  York  county  was  allowed  two,  and  elected 
Edward  Cutis  of  Kittery,  and  Benjamin  Chadbourne  of  Ber- 
wick. The  latter  was  then  chosen  into  the  Council.  Cumber- 
land was  allowed  one,  and  Lincoln  one,  and  the  former  elected 
Jedediah  Preble  of  Falmouth,  and  the  latter  Thomas  Rice  of 
Pownalborough. 

When  the  Governor  met  the  Legislature,  he  urged  upon  their  Governor's 
consideration,  in  his  first  Speech,  the  wisdom  and  indeed  the  '*'  Speech, 
necessity  of  supporting  public  credit, — of  enforcing  a  prompt 
collection  of  taxes, — of  encouraging  and  extending  the  means  of 
education, — and  especially  of  providing  relief  for  the  ministers 
of  the  gospel,  those  flaming  lights  of  liberty,  suffering  losses  even 
to  penury,  through  a  depreciation  in  the  currency. f 

Among  the  few  acts  of  a  general  nature  passed  the  first  year.  First  acts  of 
were  those — framed  to  establish  the  salaries  of  the  Governor  and  couri7 
the  Judges  of  the  Supreme  Judicial  Court  ;J  to  provide  by  lotte- 

*  If  the  Councillors  of  tlie  Jirst  choice  accepted, — their  seats  at  the 
Senate-board  remained  vacant  through  the  year;  if  they  refused  to  accept, 
the  second  choice  was  taken  from  the  people  at  large. 

-j-  Tliere  were  at  this  period,  in  the  District  of  Maine,  thirty-one  settled 
ministers  of  the  gospel ; — 28  congregationalists  ;  2  presbyterians  ;  1  or  2 
baptists,  and  in  Kittery,  a  small  society  of  friends. 

I  Governor's  salary,  £1,100  "in  specie;"  Chief  Justice,  £320;— the 
other  Judges,  £300  each.    A  Committee  consisting  of  the  Judges  of  the 


488  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.    II. 

A. D.  1781.  ly  for  clothing  the  Massachusetts  troops  in  the  Continental  army; 
to  regulate  the  currency,  upon  principles  of  equality  and  justice  ; 
and,  March  3,  to  regulate  the  Militia,  in  conformity  to  the  pro- 
visions of  the  constitution, 

Bath  incor-       The  first  tovvn  established  by  the  new  government  was  Bath  ; 

porated.         .  .  . 

incorporated  Feb.  17,  1781  ;  which  had  been,  since  Sept.  7, 
1753,  the  northerly  or  second  parish  in  Georgetown.  It  is  situ- 
ated north  of  Winnegance  creek,  which  mostly  separates  it  from 
the  present  Phipsburg.  It  extends  between  Sagadahock,  Long- 
reach  on  one  side,  and  New-Meadows  or  Stevens'  river  on  the 
other,  to  jMerrymeeting  bay.  The  first  settlement  was  ancient. 
Thomas  Stevens,  between  A.  D.  1667  and  1670,  purchased  of 
Elderunkin  and  Devele  Robin  Nenement,  two  Sagamores,  their 
possessory  right  to  a  large  tract  including  this  township.  But  it 
is  believed,  that  the  first  settlement  was  undertaken  on  the  banks 
of  '  Long-reach,'  above  the  '  Elbow,'  before  A.  D.  1 670,  by 
Rev.  Mr.  Gutch,  without  either  the  patronage  or  interposition  of 
Stevens.  For  in  the  trial  of  Doct.  Gardiner's  action  in  1758, 
who  claimed  1200  acres  under  the  Plymouth  patent,  where  Bath 
village  now  stands,  against  Col.  Nathaniel  Donnel  of  York,  who 
defended  under  a  derivative  title  from  Gutch  ;  it  was  testified 
by  old  Mr.  Preble,  living  on  the  eastern  bank  of  the  river  oppo- 
site, that  he  "could  remember  to  have  seen  Mr.  Gutch's meeting- 
house," and  that  he  was  often  told  '  he  had  been  a  preacher  to 
the  fishermen,  and  was  drowned  "  near  one  hundred  years"  pre- 
vious to  the  time  of  his  testifying.'  Gardiner  recovered  ;  and 
probably  from  the  time  of  that  decision,  the  settlement,  which 
had  lain  waste  from  the  first  or  second  Indian  war,  was  gradually 
revived.  There  was  also  another  settlement  on  Stevens'  or  New- 
meadows'  river,  which  was  till  1770,  probably  the  most  popu- 
lous neighborhood.  The  first  parish-meeting  was  holden  at 
the  house  of  Jonathan  Philbrook,  in  that  part  of  the  settle- 
ment. A  meeting-house  was  raised  and  boarded  in  1760,  on 
the  westerly  side  of  Donnell's  pond  ;  and  January  2,  1768, 
Rev.  Francis  Winter  settled  there  in  the  ministry ;  who  accepta- 
bly acquitted  himself  of  the  pastoral  duties  nineteen  years.* 

Supreme  Judicial  Court, — the  Attorney-General, — J.  Bowdoin,  and  J.  Pick- 
ering' were  appointed  to  revise  the  statute  law  and  report  at  a  future  day. 
*  Bath,  (the  41st  tovvn  in  the  State)  first  settled  by  Samuel  York  or  Mr. 
Gutch,  was  a  name  suggested  by  Duramer  Sewall,  Esq.    The  title  to  the 


Chap,  xviii.]  of  Maine.  489 

To  return  to  the  war — as  soon  as  the  600  militia,  detached  in  a  d.  nsi. 
March,  a  year  ago,  for  eight  months,   had  returned  home  in  De-^  The  attack 
cember.  Gen,    Wadsworth  had  left  to  his  command  a  very  small  vvads- 
force.     So  situated,  he  had  selected  for  a  few  weeks'  residence, 
a  habitation  at  Westkeag,  a  small  rill  in  the  heart  of  Thomaston, 
where  he  was  living  with  his  family  ;  consisting  of  his  wife,  a 
son,  five  years  old,  a  daughter  younger,  and  Miss   Fenno,  a  par- 
ticular friend  of  Mrs.  Wadsworth.     He  was   then   guarded  by 
only  six  soldiers.      Acquainted  with  his  defenceless  condition. 
Gen.   Campbell  despatched  a  party  of  25  men  under   Lieut. 
Stockton,  from  the  fort  at  'Biguyduce  to  make  him  a  prisoner. 
They  arrived  at  dead   of  night,   Feb.  18,   near  his  house,  which 
was  four  miles  from  the  place  where   they  had  landed  and  left 
their  schooner.     The   ground  was  covered  with   snow,  and   the 
weather  was  severely  cold.     The  sentry  hailed,   "  who's  there  ?" 
— and  then,  contrary  to  all  orders,  entered  the  door  of  the  kitch- 
en, which  being  used  as  a  guard-room  for  the  soldiers,  was  now 
opened    by  them,  to  receive  him.      His  retreat  was   instantly 
followed    by  a  volley,  fired  into  that  part  of  the    house.      At 
the   same  moment,   others   discharged  their  guns  into  the  sleep- 
ing apartment  of  the  General  and  his  wife,  and  blew  in  a  part  of 
the  window  ;  and  a  third   party   forced   their  way  to   Miss  Fen- 
no's  room.     Thus  possession  was  taken  of  the  whole  house,  ex- 
cept the  General's  room,   which  was  strongly  barred.     Finding 
no  person  with  Miss  Fenno  except  Mrs.  Wadsworth,  who  had 


lands  was  long  supposed  to  be  in  the  Plymouth  Company. — [See  George- 
toion,  ante,  A.  D.  1716.]— Rev.  Mr.  Winter's  successor  in  the  ministry  at 
Bath,  was  Rev.  Hugh  VVallis,  ordained  in  1795;  but  he  was  dismissed  in 
1800.  Rev.  Asa  Lyman  was  settled  in  1805  ;  and  Rev.  John  W.  Elling- 
wood,  1S12.  Bath  Academy,  incorporated  March,  1805.  In  1820  there 
were  in  Bath  four  commodious  meeting-houses— 2  churches  of  congrega- 
tionalists,  two  of  baptists,  one  of  methodists,  one  of  universalists  and  a 
"  Society  of  JVew-J erusalem,"  since  organized,  (in  1829.)  There  were  in 
town  (in  1820)  two  Banks,  Lincoln  and  Bath,  each  $100,000  capital ;  and 
two  weekly  newspapers  printed.  The  harbor  of  Bath  is  good,  being  12 
miles  from  the  entrance  into  the  river  ;  and  the  passage  to  it  safe.  The 
tonage  of  this  town,  in  Dec.  1828,  was  36,291  tons.  Between  8  and  12,000 
tons  of  shipping  are  annually  built  here — It  is  told  by  tradition,  '  that  in 
'  king  Philip's  war,  there  was  a  battle  in  this  vicinity  between  the  English 
«  and  the  Indians,  in  which  the  former,  though  they  won  the  day,  lost  20O 
'  men  :' — But  unsupported  as  a  fact  by  any  other  accounts.— J/S.  Letter  of 
Zina  Hyde,  Esq. 

Vol.  II.  62 


490  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II. 

A.  D.  1781.  fled  thither  to   dress   herself,  a  British   officer  ordered  the  firing 
(Jen.  Wads- there  to  cease. 

Hi.<  bravery  Armed  with  a  brace  of  pistols,  a  fusee  and  a  blunderbuss,  the 
and  surrcn-  Qg^igi-^l  fought  the  assailanls  away  entirely  from  his  windows  and 
the  kitchen  door.  Twice  he  ineffectually  snapped  his  blunder- 
buss at  others,  whom  he  heard  in  the  front  entry  ;  when  they 
retreated.  He  next  seized  his  fusee  and  fired  upon  those  who 
were  breaking  through  one  of  his  windows ;  and  they  also  with- 
drew. The  attack  was  then  renewed  through  the  entry — which 
he  bravely  resisted  with  his  bayonet.  But  the  appearance  of 
his  under  linen,  betraying  him  to  the  soldiers  in  the  kitchen,  they 
instantly  fired  at  him,  and  one  of  their  bullets  went  through  his 
left  arm  : — He  then  announced  a  surrender.  Still,  they  contin- 
ued firing,  when  he  said  to  them,  "  my  brave  fellows,  why  do  you 
fire  after  I  have  surrendered  .'"' — They  now  rushed  into  the  room, 
and  one  who  was  badly  wounded  exclaimed  with  an  oath — 
"  You've  taken  my  life  and  I'll  take  yours ;"  and  aimed  his  gun 
at  the  General's  breast.  But  an  officer,  coming  in  at  the  instant, 
put  it  aside  and  saved  his  life.  Five  or  six  men,  besides  the 
General,  were  wounded, — the  doors  and  windows  were  in  ru- 
ins ;  one  of  the  rooms  was  on  fire  ;  the  floors  were  covered  with 
blood,  and  on  one  of  them  lay  weltering  an  old  soldier,  who  beg- 
ged that  an  end  might  be  put  to  his  misery.  But  the  children  and 
females  were  unhurt. 
His  removal  An  officer,  bringing  in  a  candle  from  jNIiss  Fenno's  room,  re- 
qaariers.  marked,  '  Sir,  you  have  defended  yourself  bravely, — done  too 
'  much  for  one  man.  But  we  must  be  in  haste.  We  will  help 
'  on  with  your  clothes  ;' — and  in  a  moment  he  was  clad,  except 
with  his  coat,  which  his  wounded  arm  rendered  it  impossible  for 
him  to  wear.  It  was  therefore  committed  to  a  soldier.  His 
wife  and  her  fair  friend,  suppressing  with  admirable  fortitude 
their  intense  emotion,  wished  to  examine  the  wound,  but  time 
was  not  allowed.  One  threw  a  blanket  over  liis  shoulders,  and 
the  other  tied  a  handkerchief  closely  round  his  arm,  to  check 
the  copious  effusion  of  blood.  A  soldier  then  took  him  out  of 
the  house,  greatly  exhausted  ;  and  the  assailants  departed  with 
the  prisoner  in  the  utmost  haste.  Two  wounded  British  soldiers 
were  mounted  on  a  horse  taken  from  the  General's  barn,  himself 
and  a  wounded  soldier  of  his,  travelling  on  foot,  though  aided  by 
their  captors.     At  the  end  of  a  mile,  one  of  the    former,  appar- 


Chap,  xviii.]  of  Maine.  491 

ently  dying,  was  left  at  a  house,  and  the  General  was  placed  A.  D.  i78i. 
upon  the  horse  behind  the  other.  Gen.  Wads- 

^  worth. 

When  he  had  come  to  the  place  where  the  schooner  lay.  His  treat- 
which  was  a  privateer ;  the  master,  impatient  for  a  cruise,  and  "'^"'* 
finding  some  of  his  men  had  been  wounded,  damned  him  for  a 
rebel,  and  told  him, — 'go  help  launch  the  boat,  or  I'll  run  you 
'through.'  The  General  cooly  replied,  'I  am  a  prisoner,  badly 
wounded, — unable  to  assist,  treat  me  as  you  may.'  Acquainted 
with  this  abuse,  the  commanding  officer,  Stockton,  came  instant- 
ly from  the  house,  where  he  was  taking  refreshments,  and  said 
to  the  captain,  '  your  conduct  shall  be  reported  to  your  superiors. 
'  The  prisoner  is  a  gentleman,  has  made  a  brave  defence,  and 
'  is  to  be  treated  honorably.'  Thunderstruck  at  this  severe  repri' 
mand,  the  Captain  set  the  General  and  his  fellow  sufferers  on 
board,  assigned  him  a  good  berth  in  the  cabin,  and  administered 
such  comforts,  as  the  vessed  afforded. 

Next  day  he  was  landed  upon  the  peninsula;  the  shores  His  arrival 
thronging  with  spectators,  Britons  and  Yankee  refugees,  or  To- 
ries, anxious  to  see  the  man,  who,  through  the  preceding  year, 
had  disappointed  all  the  enemy's  designs  in  this  quarter.  The 
rabble  raised  shouts  loud  and  long,  as  he  stepped  ashore,  and  he 
felt  it  a  privilege  to  march  under  guard  to  the  house  of  a  refugee  ; 
and  thence,  half  a  mile  to  the  officers'  guard-room  in  the  fort. 
General  Campbell  soon  sent  a  surgeon  to  dress  his  wounds,  and 
a  messenger  to  assure  him,  he  should  be  made  as  comfortable  as 
his  situation  would  permit.  The  surgeon  found  the  joint  of  the 
prisoner's  elbow  uninjured,  and  pronounced  the  wound  free  from 
danger,  if  an  artery  were  not  touched  ; — a  fact,  he  said,  indeter- 
minable till  a  suppuration  should  take  place. 

At  breakfast  next  morning  with  the  officers,  to  which   he  was  conduct  of 
politely  invited.  General  Campbell  paid  him  a  high  compliment  oncers  to- 
upon  the  defence  he  had   made  ;    yet  thought  he  had   exposed  ^^""'^^ ''""' 
himself  to    a   degree,    which    could   not  be  perfectly  justified. 
'  From  the  manner  of  attack,'  said  Wadsworth,  '  I  had  no  reason 
'  to  suppose  there  was  any  design  to  take  me  alive,  and   I    deter- 
'  mined  to   sell  my  life   dearly  as  possible.' — '  To  men   of  our 
'  profession,'  replied  Campbell,  '  this  is  as  it  should  be.    The  treat- 
'  raent  you  have  received  from  the   captain  of  the  privateer  has 
f  come  to  my  knowledge  ;  and   you   shall  receive  from  him  the 
*  proper  concessions.     A  room  of  the  officers'  barracks  within 


492  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II. 

A.D.  1781. '  the  fort  will  be  prepared  for  you  ;  and  one  of  the  orderly  scr- 
een. Wads-  '  geants  will  daily  attend  you  to  breakfast  and  dinner  at  my  table, 
'where  a  seat  will  be  reserved,  if  you  choose  to  accept  it.' 
Campbell,  moreover,  after  his  worthy  prisoner  had  retired,  sent 
into  his  apartment  several  entertaining  books ;  and  presently  call- 
ing upon  hira  in  person,  endeavored  to  cheer  iiis  spirits  with  ani- 
mated conversation.  In  a  short  time  he  was  visited  by  the  offi- 
cers of  the  victorious  party  ;  and  among  them  was  the  redoubta- 
ble captain  of  the  privateer,  vAio  made  to  him  an  apology  which 
he  accepted. 
Sends  let-        Wadsvvortli    saw    himself  now    alone — wounded — imprisoned. 

ters  10  Cam- __,  ...  ,  ...  •  i  -n     i        .i 

deu.  The  Vivid  ardor    ol  enterprize  was   chilled  ;   there  was   no  new 

plan  to  be  devised  or  executed  in  the  service  of  his  beloved 
country  ;— -no  motive  to  excite  an  effort  or  even  rouse  a  vigorous 
thought.  Neither  books  nor  attentions  could  beguile  the  heavy 
hours.  After  a  few  days,  however,  at  his  request,  an  officer, 
(Lieut.  Stockton,)  was  sent  to  Camden  with  a  flag  of  truce,  car- 
rying letters  from  the  General  to  his  wife,  and  to  the  Governor 
of  Massachusetts,  stating  his  situation,  the  obliging  treatment  he 
had  received,  and  his  desires  to  be  exchanged.  Camden,  the 
American  encampment,  though  down  the  bay,  was  on  its  west- 
ern shore,  only  seven  leagues  distant  from  'Biguyduce,  and  less 
than  four  from  the  place  where  he  had  quartered  ;  yet  the  re- 
ceipt of  an  answer  from  his  wife,  was  not  till  the  end  of  a  fort- 
night from  the  disastrous  night.  His  extreme  anxiety  for  his 
children  was  then  relieved  by  intelligence,  for  the  first  time,  of 
their  safety.  His  little  son,  it  seemed,  slept  through  the  bloody 
scene  undisturbed. 
Denied  a  At  the  end  of  five  weeks,  finding  his  wounds  so  far  healed  as 
''^™''  to  permit  his  going  abroad,  he  sent  a  note  to   General  Campbell, 

requesting  the  customary  privilege  of  a  parol.  But  he  was  told 
that  some  of  the  refugees  were  his  bitterest  enemies,  and  ex- 
posure would  endanger  his  safety ;  that  the  garrison  might  suffer 
hazard  by  the  inspection  of  a  military  man ;  and  that  no  altera- 
tion of  his  circumstances  could  be  allowed,  till  a  return  was  re- 
ceived to  a  communication  sent  the  commanding  General  at  New- 
York.  Favored,  in  about  two  months,  with  a  visit  of  ten  days 
from  his  wife  and  Miss  Fenno,  under  the  protection  of  a  pass- 
port from  General  Campbell,  General  Wadsworth  suspected  in 
the  meantime  from  some  intimations,  that  he  was  not  to   be  ex- 


Chap,  xviii.]  of  Maine.  493 

changed.  Miss  Fenno,  being  also  fearful  of  the  fact,  had  the  a.  u.  nsi. 
address  and  shrewdness  to  ascertain  from  one  of  the  officers,  ^^J'^;,^^'^'^'- 
who  was  fond  of  her,  and  occasionally  in  the  General's  quarters, 
that  he  was  to  be  sent  to  New- York,  Halifax,  or  some  place  in 
the  British  dominions.  This  she  kept  a  profound  secret  till  the 
moment  of  her  departure,  when  she  barely  said,  with  a  most 
significant  look,  "  General  Wadsworth,  take  care  of  yourself." — 
The  monitory  caution  he  more  fully  understood, — shortly  after- 
wards, when  told  by  one  of  his  attending  servants,  that  he  was 
to  be  sent  to  England,  as  a  rebel  of  too  much  consequence  to  be 
safely  trusted  with  his  liberty.  The  commanding  General  hence- 
forth withheld  his  civilities,  though  his  officers  continued  still  to 
visit  his  room  and  treat  him  with  attention. 

In  April,  Major  Benjamin  Burton,  who  had  served  under  the  Major  Bur- 

i  •>  '>  ...  toil  made  a 

General,  the  preceding  summer,  was  taken  prisoner  on  his  passage  prispuer. 
from  Boston  to  St.  George's  river,  the  place  of  his  residence,* 
and  lodged  in  the  same  room  with  the  General.  He  was  a  brave 
and  worthy  man,  and  had  fortified  his  own  habitation  with  stone 
battlements.  Circumstances,  from  day  to  day,  and  hints,  con^ 
firmed  their  suspicions,  that  they  were  to  be  transported  and  kept 
in  confinement  till  the  close  of  the  war  ;  and  that  it  was  indispen- 
sable to  take  care  of  themselves.  They  determined,  therefore,  to 
effect  their  escape  or  perish  in  the  attempt. 

But  they  were  confined  in  a  grated  room  of  the  officers'  bar- The  fori  ans^ 

1-  I-     1        1  1  guards. 

racks  within  the  fort.  Besides  the  surrounding  ditch,  tliey  knew 
the  walls  of  the  fortress  were  twenty  feet  high, — secured  with 
frazing  on  the  top,  and  chevaux-de-frize  at  the  bottom.  Within 
and  upon  the  walls,  and  near  the  exterior  doors  of  the  building, 
there  were  sentinels  posted ;  and  also  two  in  the  entry  about  the 
prisoners'  door.  The  upper  part  of  this  door  was  a  window-sash 
— opened  by  the  guards  at  pleasure,  not  unfrequently  in  times  of 
profound  darkness  and  silence.  From  items  of  information,  ob- 
tained through  enquiries  apparently  careless  ;  Wadsworth  and 
Burton  ascertained,  that  there  were  without  the  ditch,  the  glacis 
and  abattis,  another  set  of  sentinel  soldiers,  who  always  patrolled 
through  the  night.  The  gate  was  shut  at  sunset,  and  a  picket 
guard  was  placed  on  or  near  the  isthmus  north-westward,  to  pre- 
vent any  escape  from  the  fort,  to  the  main  land,     In  view  of  these 

*  His  fortress  was  in  Cushing.-^See  ante,  A.  D,  1752,  p.  288.     . 


494  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II. 

A.  D.  1781.  direful  obstacles,  they  could  never  have  been  wrought  up  to  a 
Gen.  Wads-  resolution  sufficiently  desperate  for  the  emergency,  by  any  thing, 
except  the  apprehension  of  a  deplorable  captivity  abroad,  in  the 
hands  of  an  enemy,  exasperated  by  a  long  and  tedious  war,  car- 
ried on  against  those  who  were  deemed  rebels.     At  length,  a  let- 
ter with  money  was  received  in  a  cartel  from  Gov.  Hancock,  also 
a  proposal  for  exchange — but  it  was  already  otherwise  determined. 
Plan  of  es-       As  their  room  was  ceiled  overhead  with  pine  boards,  they  set- 
'^^'''^'  tied  upon  this  plan  of  escape; — to  cut  off  one  of  them  and  open 

an  aperture,  large  enough  for  a  man  to  pass  ;  to  creep  through  it 
along  one  of  the  joists,  over  the  officers'  rooms  adjoining  theirs, 
to  the  middle  entry ;  and  to  lower  themselves  silently  into  it  by 
means  of  a  blanket.  Should  they  be  discovered,  they  proposed 
to  avoid  detection  by  acting  like  officers  intoxicated, — objects 
with  which  the  sentinels  were  familiarized.  The  transit  from  the 
entry  to  the  walls  was  feasible ;  whence  they  intended  to  slide 
down  into  the  ditch,  and  make  the  best  of  their  way  half  a  mile 
to  the  cove  at  the  isthmus. 
The  labor        They  first  begun  upon  the  ceiling  with  a  penknife,   but  soon 

performed. 

found  that  the  strokes  and  the  appearance  would  betray  them. 
They  next  procured  from  a  soldier,  who  was  their  barber,  a  gim- 
let without  exciting  a  suspicion  ;  making  him  a  present  of  a  dol- 
lar, not  so  much  apparently  for  the  article,  as  for  his  civilities ;  as 
they  knew  he  would  never  disclose  a  fact  or  a  secret,  which  might 
give  him  trouble.  Wadsworth  being  of  middle  stature,  could, 
when  standing  on  the  floor,  only  reach  the  ceiling  with  the  ends 
of  his  fingers ;  but  Burton  being  taller  could  use  the  gimlet 
without  a  chair.  Every  perforation  was  instantly  filled  with  paste, 
made  of  bread  fitted  in  the  mouth.  In  three  weeks,  the  board 
was  riddled  with  holes  twice  across,  and  the  interstices  cut ;  only 
a  (ew  grains  of  wood  at  the  corners  holding  the  piece  in  its  place. 
June  18.  To  prepare  for  their  departure,  they  laid  aside  for  food,  their 

Ion  escaped  trusts  and  a  part  of  their  meat  at  their  meals,  which  they  dried  ; 
and  made  from  sticks  of  their  firewood,  pretty  large  skewers, 
with  which  they  intended  to  fasten  the  corners  of  their  bed- 
blankets  to  the  stakes  in  the  frasing  on  the  top  of  the  wall,  and 
by  those  means  let  themselves  down  into  the  ditch.  After  every 
preparation  was  made,  an  anxious  week  elapsed,  without  a  night 
favorable  to  their  escape.  However,  on  the  evening  of  June  18, 
there  was  a  tempest  and  much  lightning.     About  1 1  of  the  clock. 


Chap,  xviii.]  of  Maine.  495 

as  the  flashes  ceased,  the  rain  suddenly  began  to  descend  in  tor-  a.d.  1781. 
rents;  and  the  darkness  was  profound.  They  now  believed  the  ^en- Wads- 
long  wished  for  moment  had  arrived.  They  retired  to  bed,  while 
the  sentinel  was  looking  at  them  through  the  glass-door  ;  and 
under  his  eyes  extinguished  their  candle.  But  they  presently 
arose  ;  and  in  less  than  an  hour,  the  piece  overhead  was  com- 
pletely out,  and  they  prepared  to  leave. 

Burton  ascended  with  considerable  ease,  through  the  aperture  The  course 
or  passage  first;  but  Wadsworth  found  great  difficulty  in  following  [1,^",,,"*  '^ 
him,  by  reason  of  his  late  wounded  arm.  Becoming  thus  sepa- 
rated, they  saw  each  other  no  more  during  the  night.  Wads- 
worth  after  passing  the  entry  and  the  door,  felt  his  way  along  the 
outside  of  the  building,  dii'ectly  under  the  sheet  of  water  falling 
from  the  eaves,  till  he  attained  the  western  side,  when  he  shaped 
his  course,  for  the  embankment  or  wall  of  the  fort.  Finding  the 
bank  too  steep  for  ascent,  he  felt  out  an  oblique  path,  which  he 
pursued,  as  he  had  seen  the  soldiers  do,  to  tlie  top.  Next  he 
proceeded  to  the  north  bastion,  where  he  and  Burton  had  agreed 
to  cross  the  wall.  Alert  in  his  endeavors  to  discover  and  avoid 
the  sentry-boxes,  he  heard  a  voice  at  the  guard-house  door  on 
the  opposite  side  of  the  fort,  exclaim — relief- — turn  out !  At  the 
same  moment  he  heard  a  scrambling  at  a  short  distance,  and  knew 
Burton  must  be  there.  As  he  was  approached  by  the  '  relief- 
guard,'  he  made  all  haste  to  get  himself  with  his  wet  blankets 
across  the  parapet,  upon  the  frasing,  to  avoid  being  actually  step- 
ped upon  by  the  relief.  Here  he  fastened  the  corner  of  his  blan- 
ket with  a  skewer  to  a  picket,  and  let  himself  down  by  it,  to  the 
corner,  nearest  the  ground,  and  dropped  without  harm  into  the 
ditch.  From  this,  he  crept  softly  out  at  the  water-course,  between 
the  sentry-boxes,  and  descended  the  declivity  of  the  hill.  Once 
more  in  the  open  field,  undiscovered  and  uninjured,  he  could 
scarcely  persuade  himself,  that  the  whole  adventure  was  not  a 
dream  ; — a  reverie  from  which  he  might  awake  and  still  find  him- 
self in  prison. 

Both  the  rain  and  the  darkness  continuing^  he  groped  his  way  tj^^j^  grri- 
among  rocks,  stumps  and  brush  to   an   old  guard-house,  on  the  ^i?i|„,n'j,s^on 
shore  of  the  back  cove,  where  he  waited  in   vain,  half   an  hour, 
to  meet  his  friend,  according  to  previous  agreement.     He  then 
proceeded  to  the  cove,   and   happily   finding   it  was  low   water, 
forded  across  it,  in  some  places  three  feet  deep,  and  in  extent 


496  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.    II. 

A.  D.  1781.  about  a  mile.  Thence  he  travelled  another  mile,  up  a  gentle 
Gen.  Wads-  ascent  over  windfalls,  to  the  road  formerly  cut  by  his  direction,  to 
facilitate  the  removal  of  heavy  cannon.  At  sunrise,  he  was  on 
the  eastern  bank  of  the  Penobscot,  perhaps  seven  or  eight  miles 
from  the  fort.  The  rain  had  ceased,  and  the  weather  was  be- 
coming fair.  He  stopped, — and  as  he  was  resting  on  the  ground, 
— to  his  unspeakable  joy,  he  was  overtaken  by  his  fellow-prisoner. 
The  meeting  was  mutually  rapturous ;  and  the  more  so,  as  each 
believed  the  other  to  have  been  lost.  Here  they  took  a  boat,  and 
obliquely  crossed  the  bay  below  Orphan  Island.  They  had  seen 
the  barge  of  the  enemy  in  pursuit,  though  they  were  evidently 
undiscovered.  From  the  western  shore  they  steered  south-west, 
by  a  pocket  compass,  to  the  sources  or  branches  of  St.  George's 
river ;  and  the  third  day,  they  arrived  to  the  habitations  of  set- 
tlers ;  and  thence  proceeded  on  horseback  to  Thomaston.* 
Defence  of       The  rapacious  depredations  committed  by  the   British  priva- 

ihe  eastern  i     i  i  r  m 

people.  teers,  the  meaner  cruelties  purpetrated  by  the  refugee  Tories 
upon  the  defenceless  inhabitants  in  the  seaports  eastward  of  Ken- 
nebeck,  and  particularly  the  seizure  of  Wadsworth,  excited  popular 
indignation  to  an  uncommon  height,  and  gave  an  impetus  to  public 
measures  for  the  relief  of  the  sufferers.  At  the  special  instance 
of  the  General  Court,  the  Governor  represented  to  General 
Washington,  the  critical  and  distressing  situation  of  the  eastern 
counties,  particularly  Lincoln  ;  the  great  importance  of  this  re- 
gion, to  the  United  States, — as  more  abundantly  evinced  since  it 
has  been  considered  by  the  enemy  among  the  greatest  objects  of 
his  attention  ;  and  the  necessity  of  retaining  in  local  service,  the 
quota  of  500  Continental  troops,  about  to  be  recruited  this  spring 
in  the  district  of  Maine, — subject  as  they  would  be  to  the  orders 
of  General  Lincoln,  till  the  pleasure  of  the  Captain-General  and 
Congress  could  be  known.  Happy,  as  General  Washington  said 
he  should  be,  to  grant  their  request  when  practicable,  he  told 
them  he  could  not  dispense  with  the  eastern  recruits, — they  must 
not  delay  to  join  the  Army  at  Newport  under  General  Lincoln, 
for  an  attack  upon  him  by  the  enemy  from   New- York  was  ex- 

Tiie  land     pected  every  day. 

and  naval      r  J         J 

force  in  the       Ncvcr,  cvcn  in  the  savage  wars,  had  this  eastern  country  been 

eastern  ser-  . 

vice.  infested  with  any  worse,  than  her  present  enemies. — They  were 

*  Narrative  of  General  Wadsworth's  imprisonment. 


Chap,  xriii.]  of  Maine.  497 

vile  mercenaries,  renegade  and  revengeful  Tories,  and  free-  A.  D.  1781. 
booters,  whose  business  it  was  to  deal  in  blood,  treachery  and  plun- 
der. But  they  had  for  antagonists,  men  whose  love  of  liberty 
and  justice  was  unextinguishable,  and  whose  fortitude  and  exer- 
tions never  abated.  The  General  Court,  driven  by  the  baseness 
,and  abuse  of  the  enemy  to  a  measure  of  the  last  resort,  passed 
an  Act,  to  retaliate  upon  prisoners  the  ill-treatment  which  the 
eastern  people  and  others  were  receiving  ;  and  adopted  new  and 
efficient  measures  of  defence.  The  State  government  further- 
more requested  the  French  Admiral  at  Newport,  to  let  the  ship 
Mars  cruise  upon  the  eastern  coast,  and  to  send  a  frigate  as 
soon  as  it  could  be  spared  into  the  same  waters.  To  encourage 
and  animate  privateering,  a  bounty  was  offered  of  £50  in  specie, 
for  every  mounted  2-pounder  which  should  be  taken,  and  a  far- 
ther sum  of  £10  for  any  additional  pound-shot  in  an  ascending 
series  to  £120  for  a  9-pounder,*  and  £6  for  every  prisoner  ; 
^6,000  being  put  at  the  disposal  of  the  Governor  to  pay  bounty- 
money.  There  were  also  employed  two  sloops  severally  armed 
with  twelve  4-pounders,  a  row-galley,  and  a  flotilla  of  whale-boats, 
furnished  with  200  barrels  of  flour,  100  barrels  of  pork,  400 
stands  of  firearms,  2,000  pounds  of  powder,  and  4,000  lbs.  of 
lead,  for  themselves  and  the  eastern  troops — all  which  were  ad- 
vanced by  the  Commissary-General  of  the  State,  and  set  to  the 
debit  of  the  United  States.  Afterwards  two  additional  armed 
vessels  were  hired  to  range  and  guard  the  eastern  coast.  In 
Lincoln  county,  160  men  were  enlisted  to  be  stationed  at  such 
places  eastward  of  Penobscot,  as  the  Governor  might  appoint ; 
and  120  more,  raised  in  York  and  Cumberland,  and  assigned  to 
Falmouth  and  its  vicinity  ; — which  soldiers,  when  armed  and 
equipped  at  their  own  expense,  were  to  receive  2O5.  per  month 
besides  their  Continental  wages.  General  Wadsworth  being  a 
prisoner,  the  command  of  the  eastern  department  was  committed  Coionei 
to  Samuel  Mc  Cobb  of  Georgetown,  Colonel  of  the  first  militia  commands 
regiment  in  Lincoln,  promoted  about  this  time  to  a  Brigadier- deparune™. 
General. f 

The  hostilities  of  the  eastern  Indians,  so  bloody  in  former  wars,  p^jg^j^^- 
were  happily  changed  to  the  amity  and  friendship  of  faithful  and  '^J^^  ^"" 
active  auxiliaries.     Our  alliance  with  the  French,  and  their  influ- 

♦  Mass.  Resolves.        f  General  McCobb  succeeded  General  Gushing. 
Vol.  n.  63 


498  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  11. 

A.  D.  1781.  ence  among  them,  had  a  most  salutary  effect.  Orono,  a  Tarra- 
tine  Sagamore,  fitted  out  at  his  own  expense,  an  express  to  Ma- 
chias,  and  thence  to  the  tribes  at  Passamaquoddy,  St.  Johns  and 
Nova  Scotia,  upon  an  errand  of  intehigence  beneficial  to  us.* 
For  this  firiendly  and  watchful  service,  there  was  dealt  out  to  him 
thirty  daily  rations,  through  an  unknown  number  of  months. 
To  la  Juniper  Barthuaine,  a  Catholic  missionary,  resident  with 
the  tribe,  who  was  recommended  by  the  French  Consul,  as  a 
sincere  friend  to  the  American  interests,  the  government  allowed 
£5  per  month  of  the  new  emission,  in  remuneration  of  his  ser- 
vices, and  provided  for  his  personal  accommodation. 

Public  The  pecuniary  affairs  of  the  State  had  become  highly  interest- 

ing. There  were  incessant  calls  upon  the  people  for  recruits, 
provisions,  and  taxes.  Many  were  creditors  to  the  State,  who 
could  obtain  no  pay,  except  depreciated  bills,  by  which  they  sus- 
tained losses  5  and  soldiers  were  importunate  for  their  wages, 
which  the  most  of  their  families  at  home  greatly  needed.  Yet 
the  state  of  the  public  funds,  at  the  close  of  the  year  1780,  and 
that  of  the  public  credit,  was  such,  that  the  bills  issued  by  the 
State  and  still  in  circulation,  amounting  to  eleven  millions  of  dol- 
lars, had  depreciated  to  be  worth  no  more  than  |,'275  or  300,000, 
specie  value. f  To  draw  these  all  into  the  treasury,  there  was  a 
JYew  Emission  of  paper,  which,  for  a  short  period,  nearly  retain- 
ed its  nominal  value.  These  were  made  a  tender  by  a  law; 
which,  however,  in  a  few  months  was  repealed. 

Public  bur-  JBcsides  the  pecuniary  burdens  and  taxes  upon  every  town  and 
plantation  in  the  State,  there  were  repeated  calls  upon  each  one 
of  them  for  a  specific  proportionate  number  of  recruits  ;  and  for 
particular  articles,  such  as  blankets,  shirts,  pairs  of  stockings 
and  shoes,  and  pounds  of  beef:  and  in  every  county  there  were 
constantly  muster-masters,  and  collectors  of  the  different  articles. 
The  number  of  men  called  into  the  public  service  in  1780-1, 
was  said  to  exceed  one  tenth  of  all  the  male  inhabitants  of  the 
State,  sixteen  years  old  and  upwards.  Yet,  according  to  an  es- 
timation in  the  new  emission  of  bills  receivable  by  law  in  pay- 
ment of  taxes,  at  the  rate  of  one  dollar  and  7-8ths  in    the  bills, 

*  Sept.  1,  1761.  There  is  news,  that  5  English  ships  and  5  brigs  have 
arrived  at 'Biguyduce, — Smitlis  Jour.  p.  114. 

f  2  Bradford's  Mass.  p.  203. — That  is,  one  silver  dollar  would  purchase 
from  35  to  40  dollars  of  the  bills. 


Chap,  xviii.]  of  maine.  499 

to  one  dollar  in  specie,  the  sums  necessary  to  be  raised  in  the  a.  d.  nsi. 
Commonwealth  during  the  year  1781,  would,   as  it  was   stated, 
amount  to  £950,000.* 

But  specie  was  plenty.     The  French  brought  money  into  the  Specie 
country.     Some  probably  found  its   way  among   the  inhabitants 
from  the  enemy,  through  the  medium  of  Tory  emissaries  ;    and 
considerable  sums  were  taken  on  board  the  prize  vessels,  captured 
by    the    Americans.       Nevertheless,   the   difficulties   and   delays  Lp^jsij^tiye 
in  collecting  the  assessments,  so  numerous  and  heavy — drew  from  a^idress. 
the  General  Court  to  the  people  a  pressing  address ; — '  We  con- 
*jure  you  by  all  the   ties   of  honor   and   patriotism,   to   give   up 
'  every  consideration  of  j)rivate  advantage,  and  assist  in  supplying 

*  Items :— This  year's  Civil  List,  £30,000 

Interest  on  public  notes  and  officers'  wages,  213,000 

Instalment  of  public  debt  to  be  paid,  500,000 

For  Congress,  86,000 

Clothing  for  the  army  two  years,  60,000 
Indian  department — Coats  and  firearms  to  the  \ 

Chiefs,  duffel  and  dowlas  to  the  tiibes,  a  barrel  r  „„„ 

of  pork   and  2  bbis.  of  flour,  to  every  family  of  T  ' 
an  Indian  soldier  falling  in  battle,                          } 

Furnished  to  Col.  Josiah  Brewer,  truck-master,  Halifax,  ,500 

To  Col.  Allen  at  Machias,  pork,  corn,  and  other  articles,  ,150 

Defence  of  the  coast,  provisions  and  other  items,  70,150 

£950,000 
Ways  and  means  . — 

Silver  money  tax  assessed  last  year,  collecting,  £  72,000 

Tax,  (1781,)  on  polls  and  estates,  320,000 

Excise  on  articles  of  consumption,  50,875 

Lottery  for  purchase  of  clothing,  20,000 

Sale  of  confiscated  estates,  40,000 

Shoes  and  stockings — specifically  assessed  on  towns,  20,200 

Surplus  of  beef  towards  this  year,  16,000 

Loan,  (on  the  supply-bill,)  400,000 

Deficit  10,925 


£950,000 
N.  B. — In  every  tax  of  £1,000  upon  the  whole  State,  the  District  of 
Maine  paid  thus  :— York,  £39  10s.  lOd.  ;  Cumberland,  £30  9s.  8d.  ;  Lin- 
coln, £22  2s.  7d.=i£92  2s.  Id  Beef  tax  on  Maine,  was  236,120  lbs. 
Total  beef  tax  on  the  whole  State,  2,400,440  lbs. — Shoe  and  hose  tax  on 
Maine  in  1780,  was  1,016  pairs. — York,  for  instance,  furnished  60;  Fal- 
mouth, 72  ;  and  Pownalborough,  36  pairs, — other  towns  in  proportion. — 
Resolves,  1780-1,  vol.  5. 


500  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  11. 

A.  D,  1781.  <  the  treasury  without  delay  j  for  it  is  manifestly  impossible  to 
'  support  an  army,  if  the  towns  withhold  their  taxes.  Let  it  be 
'  evident,  that  the  people  of  Massachusetts,  are  animated  with 
'  the  same  principles  which  inspired  them  in  the  early  stages  of  the 
'  contest ;  and  that  they  feel  the  salvation  of  the  country  to  be  of 
'  higher  importance,  than  any  other  interest  or  object.  Thus  shall 
<  we  dash  the  last  hope  of  the  enemy,  founded  as  it  has  been  and 
'  still  is,  upon  the  inability,  avarice,  or  disunion  of  the  people.' 
The  eastern  fn  the  midst  of  all  the  burdens,  privations  and  evils,  which  the 
^'^^^'  eastern  people  had  been  called  to  suffer, — the  enemy  at  length 
^  firmly  seated  in  the  bosom  of  their  country  ',  there  had  been  rather 
an  increase  than  diminution  of  population.  No  longer  alarmed  by 
the  war-whoop  and  tomahawk  of  the  Savage,  men  chose  the 
depths  of  the  forest  for  a  retreat  and  residence,  rather  than  be 
separated  from  their  families.  Though  they  had  here  to  struggle 
with  poverty,  it  was  to  them  no  new  acquaintance ;  and  though 
removed  from  the  mechanical  and  social  conveniences  of  civilized 
life,  they  could  enjoy  domestic  quiet, — an  asylum  from  the  noise 
and  ravages  of  war ;  and  feed  their  minds  with  reasonable  anti- 
cipations of  future  improvements  and  plenty.  In  short,  an  early 
distinction  was  likewise  made  by  the  public,  between  the  greedy 
trespasser  who  entered  the  forests  merely  to  fell  and  plunder ; 
and  the  enterprizing  actual  possessor,  whose  motives  were  settle- 
ment and  culture.     Espousins:  this  doctrine,  the  General   Court 

A  Commit-  .  .  ,  ... 

lee  to  in-    appointed  a  Committee  of  five  able  men,*  to  inquire  into  all  the 

quiie  into 

(he  slate  of  eucroachments  upon  the  wild  unappropriated  lands  of  the  State  ; 

the*  Ctislcrn 

lands.  to  examine  the  rights  and  pretexts  of  claimants  ;  and  to  prose- 
cute obstinate  intruders  and  trespassers — yet  liquidate  fair  adjust- 
ments with  all  such  as  were  disposed  to  do  right,  upon  principles 
of  equity,  good  faith  and  duty.  So  long  as  the  war  continued, 
there  was  no  great  trade  in  lumber,  and  consequently  the  tempta- 
tion to  plunder  the  forests  was  small ;  though  the  law  which  pro- 
hibited the  exportation  of  masts  and  spars,  was  in  the  spring  fol- 
lowing repealed. 

In  the  southern  States,  which  had  been   for  a  long  time  the 
theatre  of  the  present  war,  a  great  and  auspicious  event  occurred, 


*  These  were  Jedediah  Preble,  of  Falmouth ;  Jonathan  Greenlea/,  of 
New-Gloucester ;  David  Sewatl  of  York ;  John  Lewis  of  North-yarniouth  ; 
and  William  Lilhgow  of  Georg^etown. — Resolve,  May  1,  1781. 


Chap.  XVIII.]  of  Maine.  501 

which  filled  America  with  joy,  and  formed  a  prelude  to  the  clos- a.  d.  1781. 
ine  scenes  of  the  revolutionary  struggle.     This  was  the  surrender  October  27. 

iSurrpiKier 

of  the  British  army  wider  Lord  Cornwallis,  at  Yorktown  in  of  Comwai- 
Vir^inia,  Oct.  27,  1781 — to  the  combined  forces  qj  the  Ameri- 
cans and  French; — four  years  and  two  days,  subsequent  to  the 
capture  of  Burgoyne.  The  prisoners  exclusive  of  seamen,  were 
7,073 ;  of  which  number,  5,750  were  rank  and  file.*  General 
Washington,  on  this  very  joyful  occasion,  ordered,  that  those  who 
were  under  arrest  should  be  pardoned  and  set  at  liberty  ;  and 
recommended,  that  all  the  troops  not  on  duty,  do  attend  divine 
service  appointed  to  be  performed  to-morrow,  "  with  a  serious 
"  deportment,  and  that  sensibility  of  heart,  which  the  recollection 
"  of  the  surprizing  and  particular  interposition  of  Divine  Provi- 
"  dence  in  our  favor  claims." — Congress  went  in  solemn  proces- 
sion to  Church, — returned  thanks  to  Almighty  God  for  crowning 
the  allied  arms  with  success, — and  issued  a  proclamation,  ap- 
pointing December  13,  as  a  day  of  national  thanksgiving  and 
prayer. 

The  period  of  suspense,  as  to  the   future  course   the   British  a.  D.  1782. 
government  might  pursue,  was  short;  for  the  Commons  resolved,  March. 
on  the  4th  of  March  following,  that  they  "  would  consider  as  en-  Commons 
emies  to  his  Majesty  and  the  country,  all  those  who  should  advise,  pm^emie 
or  attempt  the  farther  prosecution  of  offensive  war,  on  the  Conti-  farii',er'.  "* 
nent  of  North  America."     Commissioners  were   soon  after   ap- 
pointed to  negociate  a  peace ;    and   on  the   30th   of  November,  j^^^^  ^q 
they  agreed  upon  the  Provisional  Articles,  by  which^Great  Britain  P«5a<=e. 
acknowledged  the  Independence  of  the  United  States  in  its  full- 
est extent. 

In  the  meantime,  there  were  in  several  places  acts  of  hostility  Private 
by  the  powers  at  war ;  but  the  storm  was  over,  and  the  commu- 
nity felt  relief.  To  the  voice  of  liberty,  which  had  been  so  uni- 
versally revered,  succeeded  that  of  justice,  with  calls  equally 
imperious.  Every  body  was  in  debt,  and  every  body  had  claims.f 
In  adjustments  between  right  and  wrong,  between  debtor  and 
creditor,  resort  was  often  necessarily  had  to  law  and  to  Courts. 
Hence  the  Judiciary  system  was  revised  in  July,  when  there  were 

*  2  fiolmes',  A.  Ann,  p.  458. 

f  Also, "  people  are  in  a  sad  tumult  about  Quaker  raeeting-s,  ministers 
and  taxes."  Feb.  14. — Smith's  Jour,  p   115. 


502  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II. 

A.D.  1702.  established  a  Supreme  Judicial  Court  of  five  Justices  through  the 
Thejuriici-  State;  and  in  each  county,  a  Court  of  Common  Pleas  constituted 
revised.  of  four  Judges  ;  a  Court  of  General  Quarter  Sessions,  formed 
by  the  Justices  of  the  Peace  therein  ;  and  a  Court  of  Probate, 
to  be  holden  by  a  single  Judge.  From  the  adjudications  of  these 
three  latter  Courts,  parties  had  a  right  of  appeal  to  the  Supreme 
Court  of  Judicature.  Two  terms  only  were  allowed  this 
Court  to  the  District  of  Maine,  both  of  which  were  in  June  ;  one 
Fee-bill  im-  being  at  York  and  the  other  at  Falmouth.  The  fees  allowed  to 
civil  officers,  and  those  taxed  in  lawsuits,  were  revised  ;  and  had 
the  policy  been  as  good  as  the  motives  were,  to  prevent  litigation 
and  costs,  the  benefit  of  some  new  statutes  might  have  been  ex- 
tensive. 
Confession  For  an  act  was  passed.  May  3,  widi  a  very  imposing  title,  '  to 
'  provide  a  more  speedy  method  of  recovering  debts,  and  to  pre- 
'  vent  unnecessary  costs  j'  by  which  any  creditor,  if  he  should 
"  see  cause,"*  might  summon  his  debtor  before  a  Justice  of  the 
Peace  to  acknowledge  a  debt  of  any  amount ;  and  his  only  chance 
was  an  appeal : — Otherwise,  upon  his  acknowledgment  or  default, 
payment  might  be  enforced  by  immediate  execution.  But  it 
proved  an  artifice  abundantly  calculated  to  ensnare  both  parties 
in  its  toils.  The  creditor  chose  his  court ;  legal  process  was 
loose  ;  justice  was  abused  ;  undue  advantage  was  taken  of  debtors 
in  their  absence  ;  and  an  extent  upon  their  real  estate  was  some- 
times made  and  recorded,  before  they  had  actual  notice  of  the  suit. 
A  reversal  of  such  proceedings,  with  costs,  through  the  medium 
of  a  higher  court,  was  the  usual  consequence  ;  and  in  less  than 
six  months,  the  General  Court  declared  it  did  not  answer  "  the 
ends  designed,"  and  therefore,  Oct.  19,  the  same  year,  they  re- 
pealed it.  Instead  of  it,  however,  a  salutary  provision  of  law 
was  introduced,  by  which  a  voluntary  recognizance  of  debts  be- 
fore Magistrates,  was  authorized,  and  has  ever  since  been  in  force. 
Tender  act.  To  perfect  the  system  still  more,  another  act  was  passed,  July 
3,  which  provided  for  the  satisfaction  of  executions  by  catde  and/ 
other  enumerated  articles  of  personal  property,  at  the  appraise- 
ment of  impartial  men  under  oath.  In  its  practical  operations, 
this  law  tempted  debtors  to  conceal  their  most  valuable  kinds  of 


*  This  law,  by  way  of  nick-name,  was  afterwards  called  the  "  See  cause 
"  Act ;" — from  that  expression  in  the  first  clause  of  it. 


Chap,  xviii.]  of  maine.  603 

property;  and  when  the  officer  came  with  the  execution,  it  was  AiD.  1782. 
levied  on  articles  of  little  use  to  the  creditor.     It  unjustly  deterred 
him  from  demanding  his   dues,   and   encouraged   the    debtor  to 
neglect  or  delay  payment.      Still  it  was  less  mischievous  than  the 
other  and  had  a  longer  life.* 

By  the  Militia  laws,  March  3,  1781,  and  March  21,  1783,  thcMiiitiaof 
trainbands  were  to  consist  of  all  able-bodied  men  from  16  to  50, 
and  the  alarm  list  of  those  and  others  between  50  and  65,  ex- 
cepting from  both  classes,  all  judicial,  executive  and  church  offi- 
cers, legislators,  masters  of  arts,  and  even  selectmen ;  and  the 
officers  as  well  as  soldiers  were  finable,  if  they  were  unequipped 
or  absent  from  duty.  The  militia  in  the  District  of  Maine,  was 
arranged  into  120  companies;  and  finally  classed  into  13  regi- 
ments,f  three  brigades,  and  two  divisions — denominated  the  sixth 
and  seventh  of  the  State.     Ichabod  Goodwin  of   Berwick,  was  Maj.  Gen, 

'  Ci  nod  win, 

afterwards  chosen  by  the  General  Court,  the  Maior-General  of  ^"'^ '^l^.j?'' 
the  former,  embracing  the  militia  of  York  and  Cumberland ;  and  gow, 
William  Lithgow  of  Hallowell,  still  later,  the  Major-General  of 
the  latter,  embracing  all  the  militia  of  Lincoln  County, 

A  small  armed  vessel  and  tender  were  ordered,  in  March,   to  A,D.  1783. 
cruise  for  the  enemy  in  Casco  bay,  and  along  the   eastern   coast,  A  cruise 
to  collect  the  firearms,  and  public  property  of  the  State,  wherever  coast, 
found  in  the  hands  of  individuals,  and  distribute  the  same   to  the 
best  advantage.     By  this  time,  the   faith  and   honor  of  British 
privateers  and  soldiers,  were  extremely  low.     The  strong   antici- 
pations of  peace  were  no  certain  security  against  predatory   ag- 
gression ;    and    the  guards    at    Falmouth,    Cape-Elizabeth,  and  ^"^fJ^^'^aT' 
probably  at  Camden,  were  to  be  continued  in  the  public  service, 
so  long  as  the  Captain-General  of  the  State  might  order. 

But  on  receiving,  in  May,  more  authentic  intelligence  of  peace  May. 
in  Europe,  furloughs  were  granted  to  the  non-commissioned   offi-  peace  ia 
cers  and  soldiers  of  the  American  Army  ;  prisoners  in   England  pur7j!iths 
were  dismissed  ;  the  military  post  at  Machias  was   considered  to  S'^'t"" '°  '''* 

'  •'    r  soldiery. 

*  The  people  eastward  of  Penobscot,  petitioned  the  General  Court  to 
enlarge  the  jurisdiction  of  Justices  of  the  Peace  among-  them,  to  jF^lO ; 
and  to  establish  the  usual  County  Courts  in  that  quarter,  with  right  of  ap- 
peal to  the  Supreme  Judicial  Court  at  Boston. 

I  In  York  County,  3  regiments ;  Cumberland  4  ;  in  Lincoln  6.  The 
militia  act  underwent  a  revision,  March  10,  1785,  when  the  District  of 
Maine,  was  constituted  one  division, — soon  after  formed  into  two  divisions, 
and  the  Major-Generals  chosen,  above  named. 


504 

A.D.  1783. 

Post  at  Ma- 
chias,  dis- 
coDliimed. 


Definitive 
Irraty   of 
Paris,  .Sep- 
tember 3. 


October  18 
American 
army  dis- 
banded, 


Losses  in 
the  war. 


THE  HISTORY  [VoL.    II. 

be  no  longer  of  general  importance, — and  orders  were  given, 
July  11,  for  the  discharge  of  Col.  Allen,  and  the  removal  or  sale 
of  the  public  stores.  Numerous  stands  of  firearms  had  been 
distributed  to  his  neighbors  and  the  people  of  other  seaports  ; — 
107,  for  instance,  having  been  delivered  to  General  Preble  and 
Capt.  llsley  of  Falmouth,  and  to  Isaac  Snow  of  Harpsvvell — all 
which,  and  others,  were  commanded  to  be  returned  into  the  pub- 
lic arsenal. 

On  the  3d  of  Sept.  1783,  the  definitive  treaty  of  peace  was 
signed  at  Paris ;  the  second  article  of  which  described  the 
north-eastern  boundary  to  be  "  formed  by  a  line  drawn  due 
"  north  from  the  source  of  St.  Croix  river  to  the  highlands, 
"along  the  said  highlands,  which  divide  those  waters  which  empty 
"  themselves  into  the  river  St.  Lawrence,  from  those  that  fall 
"  into  the  Atlantic  ocean,  to  the  north-easternmost  head  of  Con- 
"  necticut  river" — and  "  east  by  a  line  to  be  drawn  along  the 
"  middle  of  the  river  St.  Croix,  from  its  mouth  in  the  bay  of 
"  Fundy  to  its  source  ;" — being  the  eastern  and  northern  boun- 
dary of  Maine.  The  treaty  also  conceded  to  the  United  States, 
"  all  the  Islands  within  20  leagues  of  the  shore,  and  the  right 
unmolested  to  fish  on  the  Grand  Banks,  and  on  all  the  other 
banks  of  Newfoundland,  and  generally  in  every  place  where  the 
inhabitants  of  both  countries  have  heretofore  used  to  fish." 

This  was  succeeded  by  an  entire  cessation  of  hostilities ;  the 
withdrawment  of  the  British  from  our  shores,  and  the  disbanding 
of  the  whole  American  army  on  the  18th  of  October,  (1783). 
It  was  not,  however,  till  December,  that  the  garrison  at  'Biguy- 
duce  was  broken  up  and  abandoned.*  The  people  who  had 
retired  from  the  eastern  parts  made  immediate  preparations  to 
return ;  and  with  them  emigrated  large  numbers  of  new  set- 
tlers. 

It  has  been  stated,  that  Great  Britain,  in  this  war,  lost  of  her 
own  subjects  and  mercenaries,  one  hundred  thousand  lives  ;  and 
added  to  her  national  debt,  £120,000,000  sterling;  winning 
nothing  but  an  inglorious  defeat.  The  United  States  estabHshed 
their  National  Independence,  at  an  immense  sacrifice  of  blood 
and  treasure ;    losing  probably  more  than  fifty  thousand  brave 


*  Colonel  Wardwell. 


Chap,  xviii.]  of  Maine.  505 

men,  and  incurring  a  national  debt  of  45  millions  of  dollars,*  a.  D.  1783. 
besides  local  and  individual  expenditures  and  damages  to  an   un- 
told amount. 

The  loss  of  men  to  Massachusetts,  in  the   field,   in  camp   and  J^osses  in 

'  ^  Massachii- 

in  nrisonships,  has  been  estimated  at  a  number  between  8   and   9  sens  and 

„  .„.  Maine. 

thousand.  Her  own  debt  incurred  was  about  five  mulions  of 
dollars  in  specie  value  ;  besides  her  proportion  of  the  national 
debt,  which  was  estimated  to  be  as  much  more.f  The  quota  to 
Maine  of  these  and  all  other  public  burdens  was  one  tenth,  ac- 
cording to  the  general  valuation  ;  the  ratio  being  subsequently 
from  time  to  time  enlarged,  as  numbers  and  wealth  increased 
proportionably  faster  here,  than  in  Massachusetts  proper.  The 
men  belonging  to  Maine,  who  fell  during  the  war.  must  have  ex- 
ceeded a  thousand. 

*  Namely,  Foreign  debt,  $7,885,085 
Domestic  do.  34,115,290 
Interest  to  1783,     2,415,956 

$44,416,331.-2  Coll.  Mass.  Hist.  Soc.  p.402i. 

Equal  to  about    £10,000,000  sterling-. 

f  2  Bradford's  Hist  of  Mass.  p.  228,  247. 

jVo<e. — Though  the  eastern  Indians  were  friendly,  those  at  the  north 
were  of  a  different  disposition.  For  instance,  in  June,  1782,  a  party  came 
through  the  wilderness  from  Canada,  and  fell  upon  the  infant  settlement 
of  Newry,  set  their  habitations  on  fire,  and  destroyed  all  the  property  they 
could  not  carry  off;  acting  out  their  accustomed  barbarity,  yet  did  not 
molest  the  women  ;— and  fortunately  the  men  were  gone  to  the  next  town, 
now  Bethel,  then  Sudbury  Canada.  The  Indians  proceeded  then  to  that 
place,  where  they  killed  several,  carried  others  away  prisoners,  a  part  of 
whom  they  slew  on  their  way  to  Canada. — Letter  of  Luke  Riely,  Esq. — 
The  same  party  of  Indians  carried  away  from  Bethel,  Nathaniel  Segar 
and  Benjamin  Clark,  and  detained  them  15  or  16  months. — Letter  of  J. 
Grover,  Esq. — Netallie  was  a  Chief,  dwelling  on  an  Island  in  Lake  Umba- 
gog.  His  sons  joined  the  English  in  the  war.  This  so  offended  the  father, 
*'  that  he  drove  them  from  him  and  forever  disinherited  them." — J\1S.  Let. 
of  J.  A.  Poor,  Esq. — On  the  4th  of  August,  1781,  two  men  were  killed  by 
the  Indians  in  Gilead.— ,A/S.  Let.  of  A.  Burbank. 


Vol.  II.  64 


5Q6  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II. 


CHAPTER  XlX. 

The  District  of  Maine — Committees  of  eastern  lands — Land-office-^ 
Surveyor-General — Surveys  by  him — Settlers  encouraged — Lum- 
ber, ashes  and  fish — Plantations — Machias  incorporated — Neio- 
Brunswick — Settlements  at  St.  Croix — Conflicts  of  the  borderers 
— Commissioners  inquire  into  the  causes — The  excise — Statute-law 
revised — Expenses  of  the  Penobscot  expedition — Governor  Han- 
cock resigns — James  Bowdoin  elected  Governor — Demand  for 
eastern  lands — 12  toicnships  confirmed — Netp-Sharon — Number 
three — Mount-Desert — Eddington — The  Islanders  and  settlers — 
Counter-titles  to  lands — Tract  claimed  by  the  Tarratine  Indians 
—  Treaty  with  them — Towns  aiid  plantations  revived — Shapleigh, 
Parsonsfield,  and  Standish,  incorporated — Greed  freshet. 

A.D.  1783.  As  soon  as  peace  was  settled,  and  the  definitive  boundaries 
The  uisirici  knowH  ;  the  eyes  of  thousands  were  turned  upon  the  District  of 
of  Maine,  j^jj^j^^g^  ]\[q  fgg^.g  j^Q^y  i-emained  of  the  Indians.  These  ancient, 
independent  and  hardy  freeholders  of  the  soil,  had  become  re- 
duced by  the  wastes  of  time  and  war,  to  a  spectacle  commanding 
the  generous  sensibilities  of  every  heart.  They  were  our  allies 
likewise;  and  their  conduct  had  given  full  attestation  of  their 
fidelity  through  the  war.  After  allowing  to  them  a  restricted 
territory  ;  the  rivers  and  forests  were  no  longer  theirs.  The  fee 
and  virtual  possession  of  all  the  ungranted  region,  it  was  agreed 
on  all  hands,  were  in  the  State.  She  had  made  very  few 
grants*  since  the  declaration  of  independence.  The  importance, 
at  this  period,  attached  to  the  extent  and  value  of  these  eastern 
lands,  was  great ;  for  if  the  District  of  Maine  embraced  30  mil- 
lions of  acres,  it  was  supposed,  that  when  all  patents  and  other 
conveyances  were  deducted,  two-thirds  of  the  whole  still  remained 
unappropriated.  Nay,  such  were  its  water  privileges,  the  resour- 
ces of  its  forests,  the  goodness  of  its   soil,   and   such   its  various 


*  One  of  the  first  grants  was  September  21,  1780,  of  6,000  acres  to 
Arthur  Lee,  to  be  located  on  Paco  river.  This  was  to  remunerate  hitn 
for  services  rendered  the  State  in  London,  after  the  return  of  Doct.  Frank- 
lin in  1775. 


Chap.  xix.J  of  maine.  507 

attractions  to  enterprize,  that  no  man  needed  the  power  of  pro-  A.  D.  i783i 
phetic  discernment,  to  foresee  the  country  filled   with  mhabitants 
and  wealth. 

For  three  years,  the  primary  Committee*  had  acted  as  watch-  A.D.  1784. 
ful  guardians  of  the  public  lands  ;  in  which  period,  wherever  they  March  ig. 

.    ,  .        .  Priinsry 

found  obstinate  or  incorrigible   trespassers,   they  had   instituted  Commiuee 
prosecutions  against  them.     But,  aware  of  their  inability  to   per- 
form the  numerous  and  complicated  duties  devolving  upon   them, 
they  resigned  their  trust  eastward  of  the  river   Kennebeck;    and 
in  March,   Samuel  Phillips,  jr.   of  Roxbury,   JYathaniel    Wells  New  Com- 

'  I    ^  J  J  ^  ^  millee  of 

of  Wells,  and  Nathan  Dane  of  Beverly,  were  appointed  to  the  eastern 

lands  and 

same  office,  and  vested  With  more  ample  powers.  Ihese  were  their  duties, 
instructed  by  the  General  Court  to  inquire  into  all  trespasses, 
illegal  entries  and  encroachments  upon  the  public  lands ;  to  as- 
certain how  far  grantees  had  complied  with  their  engagements, 
and  what  were  the  limits  of  the  tracts,  owned  or  claimed  by  the 
Indian  Tribes ;  and  to  report  the  expediency  of  employing  skil- 
ful surveyors,  to  run  out  six  townships  on  the  river  St.  Croix, — 
four  on  the  west  side  of  Penobscot,  above  the  Waldo  patent, — and 
all  the  territory  on  the  eastern  side  of  the  latter  river,  between 
the  Indian  lands  and  the  twelve  townships  conditionally  granted 
before  the  war.  For  these  purposes,  they  were  directed  to  send 
one  of  their  number  to  visit  this  District,  in  person. 

To  encourage  soldiers  and  emigrants,  desirous  of  settling  upon  Offers  to 

sctilcrs* 

new  lands,  the  Committee  were  farther  instructed  by  government 

to  offer  every  such  adventurer,  at  one  dollar  per  acre,  his  choice 

of  150   acres  any  where  upon  the  rivers  and  navigable  waters  of 

Maine; — or  to  give  him  100  elsewhere,   if   he   would   but  clear 

1 6  acres  in  four  years.     A  La7id  Office  was  established   at  the  ^labi'st^d"- 

seat  of  government ;  Rufus  Putnam  was  appointed  State-survey-  and  a  sur- 

O  7  J  11  J     veyor-gen- 

or,  and  public  notice  was  given  in   the  newspapers,  that  wild  era!  ap- 

.  .  .  ,  pointed. 

lands  would  be  offered  in  quantities — to  suit  purchasers,  as  soon 
as  the  surveys  and  plans  could  be  made,  and  the  requisite  infor- 
mation could  be  obtained  ;  that  payment  would  be  received  in 
soldiers'  notes,  or  the  consolidated  securities  of  the  Common- 
wealth ;  and  that  all  who  had  entered  and  made  actual  improve- 
ments upon  the  State's  lands,  under  mistaken  licenses,  or  without 
any  leave,  would  be  quieted  upon  fair  and  feasible  terms. 

*  Ante,  A.  D.  1781. 


508  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II. 

A.  D.  1784.      During  the  season,  several  townships  were  actually  surveyed  ii^ 

Surveys      the  county  of  Lincoln,  so  far  as  to  run  the  exterior  lines.     Sur^ 

setiiersen-   veys  Were  also  made  of   Rogers'   Island,   and   three  others,   in 

Moos-pecky-reach,  and  conveyed  to   Paul   D.    Sargent  and   his 

associates.     Burnt-coat  Island  was  sold  to  James  Swan  ;    and  in 

general,  the  Committee  were  authorized  ^  to  sell   and   deed   any 

'  pieces  or  strips  of  unappropriated  land,  at  public  or  private  sale, 

'  for  the  most  they   could   obtain.'      These   encouragements   at^ 

tracted  much  attention.     Great  numbers  returning  home  from  the 

army,  in  want  or  indigence^ — possessing  little   more   than   a   soU 

dier's  note,  a  few  depreciated  bills,  and  a  character   for  courage, 

patriotic  zeal,  and  industrious  habits,   removed   into  this   eastern 

country,  and  la^d  the  foundations  for  their  families'  respectability 

and  fortune. 

pine-iitn-         To  prevent  the  destruction  of  the  innumerable  White  Pines 

ber,  boards  i  i  i-  i 

i^nd  siiin-    yet  Standing  upon  the  public  lands,  by  far  the  noblest  trees  m  the 
^^*'  eastern  forest,  the  Legislature  made  it  penal  in  the  sum  of  f  100 

to  cut  one  of   them, — recoverable   by  indictment.      They    also 
forbade  by  a  perpetual   law,  the   exportation   of  any  other  than 
square-edged  boards,  or  any  other  shingles  than  such  as  were  18 
inches    in  length   and   entirely    sound  j    and   required   towns  to 
Pot  and      choose  surveyors  of  lumber.     Pot  and  pearl  ashes,  and  fish,  be- 
andlst'in-^'  "^§  articles  of  exportation  from  Maine ;  inspectors  of  them  were 
specied.       \yy  ^  statute  of  1784,  required  to    be  appointed   for  the   benefit 
of  trade,  and  the  encouragement  of  exporters.     liy  these  timely 
and  judicious  provisions,  an  additional  value   was  given  to  those 
jarticles,  and  a  more  ready  sale  secured  in  foreign  markets. 
Plantations.      By  a  new  census  and  a  new  valuation  this  year,  several  place? 
were  brought  into  the  lists,  which  had  heretofore  escaped  notice, 
The  plantations  of  Little  Falls,  [Hollis,]  and  Massabeseck,  [War 
terborough,]  were,  for  instance,  bounded  by  law  principally  for 
the  conveniences  of  collecting  taxes.     To  poor  men,  an  exemp- 
tion from  the  public  pecuniary  burdens,  now  so  heavy,   had   be- 
come a  motive,  sufficient  to  induce  them  to  setde  in   plantations. 
These  being  unorganized,  often  escaped  assessments,  and  there- 
fore had  httle  desire  to  be  incorporated  into  towns.     At  last,   the 
General  Court  made  a  thorough   enquiry  into  the  reasons,   why 
there  were  so  few   applications   for  the   establishment  of  towns, 
since  the  war. 
wrporaiLcd."      ^"^'  however,  was  incorporated  this  year.     This  was  MachiaSf 


Chap,  xix.]  of  maine.  509 

June  23,  the  most  noted  plantation  in  Maine*  Its  extent  was  A. D.  1784. 
about  ten  miles  by  eight,  through  which  the  river  runs,  called  by  Ai^ciiias. 
^he  Indians  "  Mechises  ;" — whence  the  tov/n  derives  its  name. 
It  was  the  first  municipal  corporation  established,  between  the 
rivers  Penobscot  and  St.  Croix.  The  effectual  commencement 
or  revival  of  this  plantation,  is  traced  to  incidents  v.'hich  occurred 
in  the  years  1761  and  2  ;t  when  this  place  was  visited  by  men 
from  Scarborough,  for  the  purpose  of  cutting  hay  in  the  marshes. 
jVlill  sites  were  then  selected  by  them,  just  above  the  head  of  the 
^jde  in  West  Machias  river.  Sixteen  associates,  attended  by 
Mrs.  Larrabee,  the  wife  of  one,  removed  from  that  town  in  May, 
1763,  to  the  northern  shores  of  the  river,  erected  a  saw-mill  at 
ihe  place  chosen,  and  laid  out  a  tier  of  16  seven-acre  lots,  below, 
opposite,  and  above  the  mill,  as  far  as  the  southerly  margin  of 
the  marsh,  which  adjoined  Middle  river.  Eleven  of  them  built 
log  houses  upon  their  lots,  into  which  they  removed  their  families 
during  the  autumn.  Accessions  were  made  to  the  settlement 
the  next  year  ;  and  in  1765,  Benjamin  Foster,  and  his  neigh- 
bors, assisted  by  Capt.  Ichabod  Jones  of  Boston, J  erected  a 
double  saw-mill  against  the  west  shore  of  the  east  branch  or  riv- 
fir,  about  100  rods  above  the  head  of  the  tide,  where  the  founr 
dation  was  laid  of  the  eastern  village. 

There  were  several  mills  built  by  Jones  and  others,  on  the  east 
and  west  branches,  and  one  on  Middle  river,  before  1 770 ;  when 
on  application  to  the  General  Court,  in  June,  by  a  petition  bearing 
:"  eighty"  signatures,  the  township  was  granted  and  confirmed 
by  courses  and  bound aries,  to  the  inhabitants,  with  the  usual 
reservation  of  lots  for  public  uses.  Nevertheless,  the  legisla- 
tive grant  was  to  be  void,  unless  the  king's  approbation  should  be 
obtained  within  three  years.  For  this  purpose,  an  agency  was 
committed  to  John  Bernard,  Esq.  a  son  to  the  Governor ;  yet  he  ' 
met  with  no  success  before  J;he  war  of  the  Revolution,  which  ex- 
tinguished all  royal  claims.  The  first  minister  of  the  gospel 
resident  in  the  plantation,  was  Rev.  James  Lyon,  educated  at 
Nassau  Hall,  in  Princeton,  New-Jersey.     Though  never  regular- 

*  JIS.  J\'arrative  of  Hon.  S.  Jones,  35  pages,  finished  in  1825,— w^en  in 
the  S'ih  year  of  his  Ci^c— Machias  has  been  divided  into  the  towns  of  Ma- 
chias, East  Machias  and  Machias-port,  since  tiie  Separation. 

■\  See  ante,  A.  D.  1766-7  and  1775— 3  Mass.  Hist.  Coll.  p.  144. 

t  The  father  of  Hon.  John  C.  Jones, 


510 


A.I).  1781. 


Seitlemeiits 
oil  tlie  St. 
Croix. 


The  Prov- 
ince of  Mew 
Brunswick 
formed. 


Confiicling 
claims. 


THE  HISTORY 


[Vol.  II. 

ly  Invested  at  this  place,  with  the  sacerdotal  office,  he  discharged 
its  sacred  duties,  from  December,  1771,  through  a  period  of 
nearly  32  years;  for  which  he  received  £100  settlement,  £100 
salary,  and  a  land-right  through  the  township.* 

Settlements  were  now  forming  and  extending  upon  both  banks 
of  the  St.  Croix,  and  the  Islands  in  the  bay  of  Passamaquoddy. 
For,  as  soon  as  the  war  closed,  the  Tories  or  Loyalists  retired  in 
great  numbers  to  the  country  northward  of  the  Bay  of  Fundy ; 
which  was  this  year  erected  by  the  British  crown  into  a  Province 
by  the  name  of  JVeiu-Brunsivick, — Col.  Thomas  Carlton  being 
appointed  Governor.  The  people  in  St.  Andrews,  on  the  British 
side,  and  those  upon  IMoose  Island,  15  miles  southerly,  on  the 
American  side,  becoming  neighbors,  were  in  ill  temper  to  enjoy 
mutual  and  immediate  friendship.  Conflicts  as  to  jurisdictional 
claim  resulted  in  bitter  complaints  to  their  respective  Governors, 
and  threatened  serious  difficulties.  The  whole  dispute  arose  from 
the  question,  which  is  the  river  St.  Croix,  as  intended  by  the 
treaty  ? — a  question  which  had  been  agitated  by  Gov.  Parr,  of 
Nova  Scotia,  before  the  Province  of  New-Brunswick  was  estab- 
lished. 


*  Jilachias,  [the  42d  town  of  the  State,)  is  noted  for  its  salt  and  fresh 
meadows  of  1,500  acres,  and  for  its  water  privileges.  The  names  of  the 
16  orig-inal  associates  were  S.  and  S.  Scott,  T.  D.  and  G.  Libby,  S.  and  J. 
Stone,  D.  and  J.  Hill,  J.  Foster,  W.  B.  and  J.  Larrabee,  and  D.  Fog-g.  la 
1765,  Morris  O'Brien  with  his  sons,  and  others,  settled  there,  and  built  a 
double  saw-mill  on  the  south  side  of  the  west  branch.  B.  and  W.  Foster, 
S.  Scott,  J.  Seavy,  D.  Fogg,  and  J.  Mansur,  settled  at  the  East  Falls.  Mr. 
Lyon,  a  native  of  Princeton,  New-Jersey,  was  first  settled  at  Onslow, 
Nova  Scotia,  in  presbyterian  orders  ; — and  died  at  Machias  in  Oct.  1794. 
His  church,  formed  in  1781,  was  small.  He  was  succeeded  by  Rev.  Clark 
Brown,  in  May,  1795,  who  left  in  Sept.  1797,  by  mutual  consent.  Rev. 
Marshfield  Steele  was  ordained,  Oct.  1(300, — with  whom  Rev.  Abraham 
Jackson  has  been  settled  as  a  colleague. — There  are  five  large  bridges  in 
Machias.  The  upper  one  over  the  west  river  is  300  feet,  and  that  over 
Middle  river  is  240  feet  in  length,  at  the  head  of  the  tide.  The  upper 
bridge  over  the  east  branch  is  300  feet, — the  lower  one  is  5  rods.  In  1822, 
there  was  built  at  the  falls  over  the  west  river  and  Middle  river,  a  few 
rods  above  tlieir  confluence,  a  bridge  of  half  a  mile  in  length.  There  is 
a  meeting-house  at  West-Macliias,  built  in  1794; — and  there  is  another 
at  East-Machias.  In  the  west  vill.age,  is  a  Court  house,  gaol  and  county- 
house  ; — In  the  east  village,  an  Academy.  Machias  is  a  port  of  entry — and 
a  shire-town.  Hon.  Stephen  Jones  settled  in  Machias  in  1768.  His  father 
was  killed  at  Minas,  Nova  Scotia,  Jan.  30,  1747.  His  son  was  many  years 
a  Judge  of  the  Com.  Pleas,  and  Judge  of  Probate  in  Washington  county. 


Chap,  xix.]  of  Maine.  511 

To  inquire  into  claims  and  aggressions,  and  report  a  statement  A.  D.  1784. 
of  facts,  Benjamin  Lincoln,  Henry  Knox,  and   George  Patridge  Commis- 

•'  _  .       ,  ,  sioneis  to 

were  appointed  Commissioners,  June  9  ;  who  repaired  to  those  enquire  into 
parts,  and,  so  far  as  they  were  able,  investigated  the  merits  of  the  oi  disinue. 
controversy.  Afterwards  the  evidence,  documental  and  parol, 
was  collected,  which,  with  copies  of  the  correspondence  between 
the  respective  Governors,  Hancock  and  Parr,  were  transmitted 
by  the  State  of  Massachusetts  to  her  delegates  in  Congress,  with 
directions — '  to  procure  if  possible  such  instructions  to  our  Min- 
'  ister  at  London,  as  might  prevent  or  remove  encroachments.' 

Yet  the  dispute  did  not  abate,  but  rather  increased.     The  next  A.  D.  1785. 
year  (1785)  Gov.  Carlton  wrote  to  Gov.   Hancock — "That  the  The  people 

•'  ^  ^  _  _  on  the  l-ior- 

"  Great  St.  Croix,  called  "  Schoodiack"  by  the  Indians,  was  not  fiers  oC  st. 
"  only  considered  by  the  Court  of  Great  Biitain  to  be  the  river  coniend. 
"  intended  by  the  treaty,  and  to  form  a  part  of  that  boundary ;  but 
"  a  numerous  body  of  loyal  refugees,  immediately  after  the  peace, 
"  built  the  town  of  St.  Andrews,  on  its  eastern  banks  ;  and  in 
"  fact,  (added  he,)  it  is  the  only  river  on  that  side  of  the  Province, 
"  either  of  such  magnitude  or  extent  as  could  have  led  to  the 
"  idea  of  proposing  it  as  a  limit,  between  the  two  large  and  spa- 
"  cious  countries ; — and  he  hoped  the  subject  would  be  consider- 
"  ed  with  temper  and  attention,  essential  to  the  preservation  of 
"  national  peace  and  harmony."  In  short,  to  test  the  question, 
the  Provincial  Sheriff  of  Charlotte  County  required  the  inhab- 
itants of  Moose  Island  "  to  send  jurors  to  the  County  Court,  on 
"  penalty  of  forfeiting  their  estates,  in  case  of  refusal." — This, 
they  disregarded.  He  then  actually  arrested,  in  December,  Mr. 
Tuttle,  Deputy-Collector  of  imposts  and  excise*  at  Moose  Island, 
in  an  action  of  debt ;  and  told  him  he  must  either  find  bail  or  be 
committed  to  gaol  in  St.  Andrews.  But  Tuttle  disavowed  the 
officer's  authority,  and  absolutely  refused  to  submit.  Hence  the 
Sheriff,  fully  determined  on  doing  his  duty,  to  the  extent  of  his 
jurisdiction,  which  he  said  included  the  Island,  threatened,  if  he 
did  not  surrender,  to  send  for  assistance  to  an  armed  ship  moored 
at  Campobello ;  but,  fortunately  for  the  antagonists,  the  threat 
was  not  put  in  execution. 

*  The  State  passed  an  act  in  July,  1783,  laying  a  duty  of  5  per  cent,  ad 
valorum  on  imports  ;  Jonathan  C.  Chadbourne  of  Berwick,  James  Lunt,  jr, 
of  Falmouth,  and  Joseph  North  of  Hallowell,  being  Collectors. 


512  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II. 

A.Di  1783.  To  facilitate  and  expedite  the  collection  of  the  internal  revenue, 
The  excise  the  couHty  of  Lincoln  was  divided  into  two  districts,  the  Eastern 
and  Western  ;  and  an  act  was  passed,  extending  the  excise  to 
parchment  commissions,  law  process,  and  legal  instruments.  Also, 
as  goods,  wares,  and  merchandize  were  in  great  demand,  and  the 
population  of  many  places  scattered,  it  was  found  necessary  for 
the  Legislature  to  provide  against  the  frauds  and  impositions  of 
pedlars  in  such  articles,  by  the  enactment  of  a  statute  highly 
Tiie  boriy     penal  against  men  so  employed.     Indeed,  all  the  Legislative  acts 

of  StJllUlC      '.-X.., 

law  revised,  of  the  rrovuicial  government  underwent  a  thorough  examination 
in  1 784  and  5 ; — some  being  repealed — some   modified — about 
140  or  50  revised  or  re-enacted  ;  and  the  whole  body  of  Statute 
Law,  greatly  improved  and  altogether  adapted  to  the  genius  of  a 
free  .government. 
Expenses  of     Ungrateful  as  the  mention  of  the  Penobscot  expedition  always 
scoi  cxpedi-  ^vas,  the  expenses  of   it  brought  the   subject  frequently  under 
^'°""  discussion.     It  was  undertaken  by  the   immediate   direction  of 

Massachusetts,  and  most  of  the  claims  for  services,  losses,  and 
disbursements  had  been  liquidated,  and  some  of  them  paid  ;*  yet 
it  was  insisted,  that  the  enterprize  was  in  fact  a  "  national  concern 
"  and  therefore  ought  to  be  a  national  debt."  For  "  in  the  exi- 
"  gencies  of  our  affairs  through  the  late  arduous  contest,  (the 
"  General  Court  say  to  their  delegates  in  Congress,)f  this  State 
"  on  that  and  other  occasions  often  thought  it  her  duty,  to  seize 
"  every  advantage,  which  could  advance  the  common  cause ;  to 
"  part  with  her  property  and  render  her  services  cheerfully,  rely- 
"  ing  on  the  goodness  of  her  cause,  the  necessity  of  the  measure, 
"  and  the  assurances  given  by  Congress,  of  a  day  of  equal  retri- 
"  bution.  The  enemy,"  they  add,  "were  advantageously  posted 
"  for  the  purpose  of  extending  their  depredations,  by  land ;  and  still 
"  far  better  situated  to  annoy  the  commerce  of  the  United  States. 
"  With  a  view  to  prevent  those  evils,  this  Commonwealth  engaged 
"  in  the  undertaking,  which,  it  is  believed.  Congress  would  have 
"  readily  recommended,  had  their  attention,  at  that  time,  not 
"  been  called  to  other  more  important  scenes — especially  the 
"  operations  of  the  enemy  in  the  other  States.     As  all  were  in- 

*  Though  Governor  Bowdoin  says  in  his  speech,  as  late  as  June  2,  1786, 
— "  all  tlie  accounts  relative  to  the  Penobscot  expedition  have  not  yet 
"  been  settled."  t  Letter,  A.  D.  1784— vol.  5,  Resolves,  p.  76-7. 


Chap.  XIX.]  of  maine.  513 

"  terested  In  this  expedition,  Congress  will  not  let  the  whole  bur-  A.  i>.  nss. 
"  den  of  it  fall  an  intolerable  load  on  those,  who  generously  en- 
"  gaged  in  it,  because  in  the  chance  of  war  it  proved  unfortu- 
"  nate." — It  seems,  however,  that  the  representations  were  trav- 
ersed, and  the  claims  deferred  by  unreasonable  postponements, 
till  the  delays  of  Congress  to  assume  the  expenses,  and  to  repay 
the  bounty  money  advanced  from  time  to  time,  to  the  recruits  of 
the  American  Army,  awakened  an  uneasiness,  which  became 
truly  fearful,  before  the  claims  were  allowed. 

Towards  the  close  of  the  legislative  session  in   March,   1785,  Governor 
Governor   Hancock,   having   fallen  into  a  state  of  ill  health,  re-  si^ns,  and ' 
signed  the  office  of  Chief  Magistrate  ;  and   the  executive   chair  Gov.'cush- 
was  filled  during  the  residue  of  the  political  year,  by  Lieutenant- lUfc'ifa'irf 
Governor  Cushing.     This  gendeman   had   been   Speaker  of  the 
House,  a  Delegate  in   Congress,   and  was  the   first  Lieutenant- 
Governor  under  the  Constitution — an  office   which  he  filled  ac- 
ceptably till  his  death,  in  Feb.  1788.      He  was  a  distinguished 
Whig    and    an    able    statesman, — yet  a    man  of  intrinsic  worth, 
rather  than  of  great  popularity. 

At  the  May  election,  James  Bowdoin  was  chosen   Governor  Mr.  Bow- 
by  the  Legislative  branches;    no  candidate  having  a  majority  of„or?    '^^^'' 
the  votes  given  at  the  polls.     He  was  aware  of  the   uncommon 
responsibilities,  which  the  office  brought  with   it,  at  the   present 
critical  conjuncture. — In  his  first  speech,  he  inveighed  against  the  His  first 
unrestrained  importation   and  use  of  superfluities,  which  stifled  *^^^*^  " 
domestic  manufactures,  and  drained  the  country  of  money.    Pub- 
lic credit,   said   he,   can  be  maintained  only  by  retrenching  un- 
necessary expenses  ;  by  practising  rigid  economy  ;  by  providing 
ways  for  lessening  our  debts,  and  paying  the  interest  on  them  ; 
and  by  manifesting  to  creditors   and  the   world,  that  in  all  our 
transactions,  we  are  guided  by  principles  of  honor  and  a  spirit  of 
strict  integrity.     Taxes,  he  knew,  were  heavy  ;  yet  all  must  know 
and  feel,  that  public  credit  and  pecuniary  justice  are  matters  of 
infinitely  greater  weight. 

But  there  were  no  subjects  which  commanded  more  lively  and  Demand 

.  •'for  eastern 

universal  attention,  than  the  settlement,  the  conditional  grants,  and  lands, 
the  timber  of  the  eastern  lands.     As  turned  thither,  the  current 
of  popular  thought  daily  deepened  and  strengthened.      There 
was  a  passion  for  obtaining  settlers'  lots,  mill  sites,  and  water 
Vol.  II.  65 


514  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II. 

A.  D.  1785.  privileges.  Though  the  State  Surveyor,  Mr.  Putnam,  had  laid 
out  several  townships  in  the  south-eastern  section  of  the  District 
of  Maine,  whicii  the  Committee  were  ready  to  sell ;  the  applica- 
tions for  lands  and  surveys  were  so  numerous,  and  the  claims  so 
various  in  character,  that  he  was  unable  to   acquit   himself  of  all 

assistanf^'  ^hc  duties  enjoined,  and  Barnabas  Dodge  was  appointed  his  as- 

surve>or.       gjgj^^^^^ 

Conf5rma-        The  Conditional  grants  in  March,  1762,  of  the   twelve  eastern 

tion   of  12  ^  '  ' 

townships     townships,  were  now  presented  to  the  consideration  of  the  Leffis- 

on  each  side  ° 

of  Union     lature.     Consequently,  there  were  allowed  to  the  several  settlers, 

river. 

within  those  of  the  Jirst  class*  between  Penobscot  and  Union 
rivers,  convenient  lots  of  100  acres,  so  surveyed  as  best  to  in- 
clude their  respective  improvements  ;  and  after  reserving  1,200 
acres  for  public  uses  in  each  town,  the  residue  was  divided  among 
the  original  grantees  and  their  representatives,  in  proportion  to 
their  shares  or  rights  in  the  primary  divisions.  The  six  town- 
ships of  the  second  cIass,-\-  on  the  eastern  side  of  Union  river, 
were  con6rmed  to  the  original  proprietors,  and  their  representa- 
tives upon  these  conditions  ;  — that  those  of  each  town  should 
pay  to  the  government  in  '  Consolidated  Notes'  £1,200,  and 
within  six  years,  build  sixty  dwellinghouses,  settle  as  many  pro- 
testant  families,  erect  a  meeting-house,  and  ordain  a  learned  and 
orthodox  minister  ;  and  that  they  should  also  quiet  every  inhab- 
itant upon  a  lot  of  50  acres,  who  resided  upon  it  before  the 
peace. 

Among  the  other  numerous  confirmations  and  grants,  a  few 
New-Shar-  may  be  mentioned.  One  township  was  granted  to  the  represen- 
tatives of  Capt.  William  Tyng  and  his  company,  in  consideration 
of  their  services  and  sufferings,  during  a  dangerous  pursuit  of 
the  Indian  enemy,  in  the  first  winter  of  Queen  Ann's  war,  A.  D. 
1734,  upon  snow-shoes  ;J — being  in  lieu  of  one  previously  grant- 
ed, which  they  lost  by  a  survey  of  the   southerly   line  of   New- 

*  See  ante,  A.  D.  1762. — These  were  the  "  David  Marsh  Townships  ;''''— 
the  confirmation  was  now  prayed  for  by  Enoch  Bartlett  and  others. 

I  Claim  to  townsliip  No.  1,  [Tradnn,']  revived  by  Paul  Thorndike  and 
others;  No.  2,  {Sullivan,']  by  N.  Preble  and  4  others;  No.  3,  [J7f.  Desert,"] 
by  J.  Bernard ;  No,  4,  [Steuben,]  by  Edward  Small  and  others ;  No.  5, 
[/i7arnng"<on,]  by  Josiah  Sawyer  and  others;  and  No.  6,  [Addison,]  by  N. 
Parker  and  oihers.— See  Resolve,  J^Tov.  17,  17S6; /or  JVo.  3,  <■' JMajor-big- 
waduce,''''  in  1st  Class,         J  Tyngstown,  [New-Sharon,]  post,  A.  D.  1794. 


Chap,  xix.]  of  Maine.  515 

Hampshire.     A  part  of  Townsend  in  Middlesex  county,  Massa- A.u.  1785. 
chusetts,  was  taken  from  that  State  in  the  same  way  ;  and  there- 
fore the  General  Court  granted  the  whole  township   of   No.   3,  Qi,a,.iot,e 
between  Denny's  river  and  Robbinston,  [now  Charlotte,]   to   the  ai>i>ii>pria- 
sufFerers,  upon  the  payment  of  £870  ; — their  loss  being  in  this  way 
remunerated.     The  whole  Island  of  Mount  Desert,  formerly  the  '^'ount  De»- 

_■'  ert  re-con- 

property  of  Governor  Bernard,  had  been  confiscated  ;  yet  his  son  firmed. 

John,  an  inhabitant  of  Bath,  having  been  an  unchanging  adherent 

to  Whig  politics,  and  being  able  to  exhibit  a  character  meritorious 

through  the  war,  the  government  restored  to  him  one  half  of  the 

Island.      There    appeared   not  long  afterwards  for  the  rest  or 

rather  for  the  whole,  a  very  ancient  and  unexpected  claim.     This 

was  a  patent  of  the  Island  from    the   French  king,  dated   April, 

1691,  to  la  Motte  Cadillac,  which  Mens,  Gregorie   and   his  wife 

presented  in  her  right,  as  grand-daughter  of  the  patentee.*      It 

would  seem  to  have  been  a  claim  too  antiquated  and  obsolete   to 

be  regarded  ;  but  the  government  was  so  highly  disposed  at  this 

time  "  to   cultivate   mutual  confidence   and  union,   between   the 

subjects  of  his  most  Christian   Majesty  and  the   citizens  of  this 

State ;"  that  the  General  Court  were  induced    first  to  naturalize 

the  petitioners  and  their  family,  and  then   quit-claim  to  them  all 

the  interest  the  CommonweaUh  had  to  the  Island,  reserving   only 

to    actual   settlers,   lots   of  100   acres.      General   Thompson   of 

Brunswick,  was  appointed  to  run  the  lines  and  give  possession. 

Jonathan  Eddy  and  his  companions  had,  during  the  war  mani-  Grant  to  J. 

...  Eddy  and 

fested  so  ardent  and  laudable  an  attaclmient  to  the  American  associates, 
cause,  that  Congress,  moved  by  their  merits  and  sufferings,  par- 
ticularly recommended  their  condition  to  the  attention  and  hu- 
manity of  Massachusetts.  Hence  the  government  granted  to 
twenty  of  them,  several  lots  of  different  sizes,  making  an  aggre- 
gate of  9,000  acres, — to  be  located  in  one  body ;  which  now  con- 
stitute a  part  of  Eddington.f 

The  Islands  in  Penobscot  bay,  were  also  surveyed ;    and   the  Provision 
settlers  quieted  upon  them  for  very  small  considerations.     Their  e°fit  of  IjI-' 
lots  were  in  fact  intended  as  mere  gifts,  in  consequence  of  the  ^"  ^"  ^° 

*  It  is  believed  this  is  the  only  French  territorial  claim  ever  sustained  to 
lands  in  Maine,  The  names  of  the  petitioners  were  Batholomy  de  Grego- 
rie and  his  wife  Maria  Theresea. — See  i  Special  Laws,  Oct.  29,  1787,  p. 
no  ;— also  E.  Land  Res.  p.  70-72. 

t  See  ante,  A.  D.  1776 ;  and  post,  A.  D.  1811— Eddington. 


516 


A. D,  1783 


plher  set- 
tlers. 


Counter 
titles  to 


Lands 
claimed  b^' 
the  Tarra- 
Itines. 


THE  HISTORY  [VoL.    II, 

plunder,  privations  and  abuses,  suffered  and  sustained  during  the 
late  war  from  the  enemy.  In  a  word,  no  means  were  spared, 
which  might  promote  the  enterprize,  interest  and  contentment  of  the 
inhabitants.  For  besides  the  reservation  of  lots  in  these  grants 
for  the  use  of  common  schools  and  a  protestant  ministry  ;  the 
General  Court  directed  the  Committee  to  employ  a  public  religious 
teacher  half  the  year,  to  preach  unto  the  people  in  the  destitute 
plantations  of  Lincoln  County,  and  pay  him  out  of  the  State-tax 
collected  from  the  inhabitants. 

The  most  formidable  perplexities  in  relation  to  the  eastern 
lands,  appeared  to  spring  from  counter-claims  to  large  tracts,  the 
Brown,  Tappan  and  Drowne  rights ;  the  Plymouth  and  Waldo 
patents ;  and  at  length,  the  Pejepscot  purchase.*  The  antago-r 
nists,  who  had  rested  in  quiet  and  silence  through  the  war,  ex- 
pected a  full  measure  of  justice  on  the  return  of  peace.  Yet  they 
found  in  many  instances,  it  could  not  be  administered,  without 
the  arbitrainent  of  law,  as  the  last  resort.  The  Waldo  patent 
was  in  a  peculiar  condition.  Samuel  Waldo,  son  of  the  General, 
died  before  the  war  3  and  William  and  Sally  Wetmoi'e,  were  his 
administrators,  she  being  his  daugliler.  The  shares  beloiiging  to 
Francis  Waldo,  his  brother,  and  Mr.  Fluker's  wife,  his  sister,  were 
confiscated  and  sold.  General  Knox,  marrying  her  daughter,  and 
standing  high  in  the  iavor  of  government,  made  purchases  to 
great  advantage  and  amount,  and  saved  a  large  estate  from  the 
wreck.  Under  these  circumstances  to  administer  exact  justice 
to  settlers,  creditors  and  heirs,  involved  a  variety  of  difficulties. f 

The  territorial  claim  of  the  Tarratine  tribe  of  Indians  deserved 
great  regard.  Their  fidelity  and  friendship  had  not  only  merited 
protection,  but  the  government  had  promised  it.  The  Provincial 
Congress,  June  21,  1775,  had  strictly  forbidden  all  wastes  and 
trespasses  upon  lands,  called  theirs,  six  miles  in  width  on  each 
side  of  Penobscot  river,  extending  l"rom  the  head  of  the  tide,  as  far 
up  the  river  as  the  tribe  claimed.  Therefore,  Commissioners 
were  appointed,  in  July,  1784,  to  enter  into  a  negociation  with 
their  Chiefs,  and  if  practicable,  settle  and  fix  their  boundaries, 
and  agree  upon  the  price  to  be  paid  them  for  an  extinguishment 
of  their  claim  to  the  residue.     To  this  trust,    JViUiam  LithgoiUf 


*  See  ante,  vol.  I   (A.  D.  1630,)  p.  236,  240-1 :  p.  329-30:  p.  574. 
t  See  ante,— Note,  [*)  A.  D.  1770. 


Chap.  XIX.]  of  maine.  51 7 

jr.,   Thomas  Rice,  and  Rufus  Putnam,weYe  appointed  in  March,  a.u.  i785. 
1785  ;  and  after,  Benjamin  Lincoln  was  substituted  in  the  place  of 
Mr.  Lithgow,  who  declined  the  service,  they  entered  into  a  treaty 
with  the  heads  of  the  tribe,  which  was  ratified  October  11,  1786  ; 
and  subsequently,  the  proper  deeds  were  executed  and  exchanged. 

By  this  agreement,  the  Indians  released  all  claims  to  the  lands  Treaty  with 
on  the  Penobscot,  from  the  head  of  the  tide  to  the  mouth  of  the  '''*''"■ 
Piscataquis,  on  the  western  side,  and  to  the  Metavvamkeag,  on  the 
eastern  side  ;  reserving  only  to  themselves,  Old-town  Island,  and 
all  the  others  in  the  river  above  it,  to  the  extent  mentioned. — In 
consideration  of  which  the  government  engaged,  that  the  tribe 
should  enjoy  in  fee  all  the  reserved  Islands,  and  also  White  Island 
and  Black  Island,  near  Naskeag  point,  [opposite  Sedgwick]  ; 
that  all  the  lands  on  the  waters  of  Penobscot  river,  above  Piscat- 
aquis and  Metawamkeag,  "  should  lie  as  hunting  grounds  for  the 
"  Indians,  and  should  not  be  laid  out  or  settled  by  the  State,  or 
"  engrossed  by  individuals^"  and  that  350  blankets,  200  pounds 
of  powder,  with  a  suitable  proportion  of  shot  and  flints,  should  be 
given  them  as  a  present. 

Such  corporate  towns  as  had  been  deprived  of  their  privileges,  T^^ns  and 
severally  resumed  them  ;  and  plantations  vacated  were  resettled,  p'^'n'^j;'"" 
For  instance,  the  former  inhabitants  of  'Biguyduce,  and  other 
places  upon  the  Penobscot  returned  ;  and  those  of  Belfast,  under 
a  warrant,  issued  Feb,  24,  1785,  by  Capt-  Jonathan  Buck,  ac- 
jcording  to  the  order  of  the  General  Court,  were  reorganized  and 
fesumed  their  municipal  rights ;  they  having,  the  preceding  year, 
repaired  or  rebuilt  their  habitations,  and  removed  into  them.* 

Three  towns   were  also  incorporated  this  year;  Shapleigh,  3newiowns 
March  5 ;  Parsonsfield,  March  9  ;  and  Standish,  November  ^^^''P"''* 
30 ; — all  of  which  were  plantations. 

Shapleigh,  hitherto  called  Hubbardstown,  was  named  for  Nicho-  Shapieigh. 
las  Shapleigh,  Esq.,  formerly  of  Kittery,  principal  proprietor  or 
claimant  of  the  township.  It  has  Salmon  Falls  river  west,  and 
Little  Ossipee  north.  Its  territory  was  a  part  of  the  original 
purchase  obtained  of  the  Sagamore  Captain  Sunday,  by  Francis 
Small,  who  conveyed  an  undivided  moiety  of  the  whole  to  Major 
Shapleigh.  Small's  original  deed,  unrecorded,  was  found  in  the 
year  1770,  among  the  papers  of  the  family,  and  the  descendants 

*  See  ante,  A.  D.  1779. 


518  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  11. 

A.  D.  1780.  of  the  two  tenants  in  common  made  partition,  August  5,  1771, 
when  this  township  became  the  acknowledged  property  of  the 
claimants  under  Shapleigh.  In  a  short  time  afterwards,  settle- 
ments were  commenced  and  prosecuted  with  vigor,  for  eight  or 
ten  years.  Discovering  at  length,  that  the  original  purchase  of 
the  Sagamore  possibly  might  not  embrace  the  whole  township, 
and  that  the  title  to  the  lands  was  unsound,  the  inhabitants  pro- 
cured from  the  State,  an  acquittance,  Oct.  30,  1782,  for  which 
they  paid  £400  into  the  public  treasury.* 

field.  Parsonsfield,  previously  Parsontown,  its   plantation  name,  was 

so  called  to  keep  in  remembrance  Thomas  Parsons,  Esq.  a  gen- 
tleman of  reputation  and  a  principal  proprietor.  This  township 
is  a  part  of  the  tract  sold  by  Captain  Sunday,  previously  men- 
tioned, of  which  Small  and  Shapleigh  were  joint  owners. f      In 


*  Shapleigh,  (the  43d  town,)  contains  32,150  acres.  In  the  town  are  two 
ponds,  north  or  Square  Pund,  and  south  or  Long  Pond — which  form  the 
sources  of  the  Mousiun  river.  The  soil  is  good  except  about  7,000  acres 
of  sandy  pitch-pine  land,  in  the  north-cast  part  of  the  town.  There  are 
in  town  two  parishes  and  two  ineeting-iiouses — both  for  cong'reg'ationalists 
The  first  or  west  one  is  oq  the  west  side  of  the  ponds.  Here  Rev.  Joseph 
Brown  was  settled  in  January,  1796;  in  the  second  or  eastern  parish,  was 
settled  Elder  Nehemiah  Davis  over  a  baptist  society.  Elder  ^^  illiara 
Godin  was  settled  in  the  1st  parish,  1S06  ;  and  in  1818,  Elder  John  Chad- 
bourn  was  ordained  in  2d  parish.  There  are  in  town  11  saAV-mills;  5  grist- 
mills ;  1  fulling--inill,  and  2  carding  machines.  The  town  maintains  one 
half  of  5  bridges  over  Salmon  Falls  river;  and  one  half  of  5  others  over 
Little  Ossipec  river.  The  town  was  first  surveyed  in  1776;  fij-st  repre- 
sented in  the  General  Court  in  1788,  by  Jeremiah  Emery  ;  and  the  first  post 
office  established  in  it,  1796.  See  note  (a)  "  Parsonsfield." — J\1S.  Letter 
from  Shapleigh,  1820. 

f  INote  (a)  to  avoid  repetition,  it  may  be  well  to  state,  in  this  place,  that 
about  A,  D.  1661,  Capt.  Sunday,  a  Sagamore  of  Newichawannock,  sold  a 
large  tract  of  land  to  Francis  Small,  embracing  generally  the  territory 
between  Great  and  Little  Ossipee  rivers.  Small  conveyed  an  undivided 
moiety  to  Nicholas  Shapleigh,  and  went  to  /[Ilape-Cod  in  the  commence- 
ment of  the  Indian  wars,  where  he  died.  The  original  Indian  deed  being 
found  among  Small's  papers,  in  1770,  his  heirs  and  those  of  Shapleigh  made 
partition,  Aug-.  1,  1771,  of  the  Mhole.  The  tract  was  supposed  to  embrace 
Pamonsjitld,  [Parsontown,]  Shapleigh,  [Kiibbardston,]  and  a  part  of  Lim- 
erick,— which  were  assigned  to  the  Shapleigh  claimants : — Also  JVewJield, 
[Washington,]  most  of  Limington,  [Ossipee,]  and  Cornish,  [Francistown,] — 
which  were  assigned  to  the  Small  claimants.  Doubts  which  occasioned 
dispute  were  afterwards  raised,  if  there  was  an  equal  division  ;  the  Shap- 
leigh proprietors  claiming  one  half  of  Newlield  and  Cornish. 


Chap.  XIX.]  of  maine.  519 

the  partition,  A.  D.  1771,  this  fell  to  the  claimants  under  Shap-A..  D.  nss. 
leigh,  who  conveyed  it,  August  5,  the  same  year,  to  Mr.  Par- 
sons, above  named,  and  39  associates.  Immediately  the  whole 
was  surveyed  into  lots  of  100  acres;  two  of  which  were  reserved 
to  each  proprietor,  nine  others  for  the  use  of  the  ministry  and 
schools,  and  one  for  a  mill  privilege.  According  to  the  conditions 
of  the  grant,  twelve  lamilies  were  settled  in  the  township,  A.  D. 
1772,  increased  within  four  years  to  40;  who,  in  1780,  erected  a 
meeting-house.* 

Standish  was  so  named  from  respect  to  the  courage  and  smndish. 
character  of  Miles  Standish,  one  of  the  original  founders  of 
Plymouth  Colony.  It  was  originally  granted  by  the  General 
Court,  in  1750,  to  Captains  Pierson  and  Hobbs,  and  their  re- 
spective military  companies,  whose  services  were  eminent  in  the 
first  siege  of  Louisbourg.  Its  plantation  name  was  Piersontoivn 
and  Hobhstown ;  situated  between  Sebago-pond  or  Lake,  and 
the  river  Saco.  A  settlement  was  commenced  in  1760.  The 
first  ordained  minister  of  this  place  was  Rev.  John  Thompson, 
in  October,  1768,  when  a  church  of  seven  male  members  was 
organized,  and  when  there  were  not  exceeding  thirty  families  in 
the  plantation.  His  ministry  was  continued  till  1783,  when  he 
removed  and  settled  in  South-Berwick.  To  this  people  there 
were  great  accessions  during  the  revolutionary  war ; — many  re- 
tiring thither  from  the  seaboard,  to  avoid  the  ravages  of  the  en- 
emy.f 

f  Parsonsjiekl,  (44tli  town,)  contains  22,000  acres  of  g-ood  soil. — The  con- 
veyance to  Parsons  and  others,  was  executed  by  Alexander  Pcr.mmel,  Jo- 
tham  Moulton,  and  Philip  Hubbard,  a  "  Committee."  The  public  lots  are 
leased  for  999  years.  There  are  in  town  7  grist-mills,  7  saw-mills,  a  fulling- 
mill,  a  tcoollen  Jaciory,  an  oil-mill ;  one  meeting'-house  for  congregational- 
its  ;  one  for  Calvinist  baptists ;  two  for  free-will  baptists  ;  and  one  for 
friends.  Rev.  Benjamin  Rolfe  was  settled  over  the  congregational  parish 
in  1795,  when  a  church  was  gathered.  He  was  dismissed  in  1815.  Elder 
Samuel  Weeks,  succeeded  by  Elder  John  Buzzell,  was  settled  over  the 
free-will  baptists ;  and  Elder  Wentworth  Lord,  succeeded  Elder  Levi 
Chadbourne,  botli  of  whom  were  Calvinist  baptists — The  town  was  first 
represented  in  the  General  Court  in  1S06,  by  David  Marston.  A  post  of- 
fice was  established  here  in  1798 — MS,  Let.  of  Hon.  Rufus  Mclntire,  A. 
D,  1820. 

f  Standish,  (the  45th  town,)  is  equal  to  8  miles  square  ;  including  a 
large  portion  of  Sebago-Lake,  and  an  Island  of  50O  acres.  Much  of  the 
land  consists  of  pine  plains.     In  Standish,  there  are  two   baptist  societies, 


120  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  11. 

A.  D.  1785.      It  was  in  this  section  of  the  District,  that  the  uncommon  fresh- 
Great         et,  in  October,  did  such  immense    damage.      '  Two   days  and 

freshet.  .,..,.,  .  r  n 

'  nights  It  rauied  without  cessation,  as  powerlulJy  as  was  ever 
'  known.'  The  waters  in  the  rivers,  particularly  the  Saco  and 
Presumpscot,  rising  to  a  fearful  height,  swept  away  bridges  and 
mills,  and  otherwise  made  such  destruction,  that  seven  towns* 
the  next  year,  had  their  taxes,  to  the  amount  of  £530,  abated 
by  the  General  Court. 

one  of  congreg-ationalists  and  one  of  inethodists.  Mr.  Thompson  was  suc- 
ceeded in  Sept.  1793,  by  Rev.  Jonatlian  Gould,  who  died  in  July,  179.5 ;  and 
in  Sept.  1796,  Rev.  Daniel  Marrett  was  setUed.  The  first  representative 
to  the  General  Couit  was  Edmund  Mussey,  in  1S06. — See  ante,  A.  D. 
1750-1-2. — J\IS.  Let.  of  William  Thompson,  1827. 

*  These  were  Biddeford,  £lOO;    Pepperellboroug-h,  £lCO  ;    Lebanon, 
£80  ;  fc^anford,  £60  ;  Buxton,  £7-5  :  Wells,  £90  ;  and  Limerick,  £2.5. 


Chap,  xx.]  of  Maine.  ^21 


CHAPTER  XX. 

Measures  to  separate  Maine  from  Massachusetts — Falmouth  Gazette 
first  printed — A  Convention  vpon  the  subject  of  Separation — No- 
tice taken  of  it  by  government — A  list  of  grievances — Addresses 
and  memorials — Portland,  Turner  and  Union  incorporated — 
Shays'  insurrection — Neic-  York  case  settled^-Land  lottery —  The 
Separation — Result  of  measures — Policy  of  government  to  satisfy 
the  jjcoplc  of  Blaine — Governor  Hancock  re-chosen — Economy, 
industry  and  retrenchment — A  remarkable  explosion — Three  tokens 
incorporated — The  Constitution  of  the  United  States  adopted — 
Slavery  abolished  in  the  State — An  eastern  College  contemplated 
—  Twenty  new  towns  incorporated — George  Washington  inaugu- 
rated first  President  of  the  United  States. 

The  separation  of  Maine  from  Massachusetts  had  now  been  a  a.  D^  1785. 
subject  of  general  conversation  for  many  months.     The  want  of  Separation 
a  distinct  government  had   been  often   felt  during  the  late  war,  discussed, 
and  was  still   recollected.     As  the  State  debt  was  large,  there 
must  be  heavy  taxes  through  a  series  of  years,  which  most  men 
would  like   to  avoid.     An  excessive   thirst  for  superfluities  was 
draining   the  country  of  money,  while  thousands  were  poor   and 
perplexed  with  debts.     These,  and   such  as  had   every  thing  to 
gain  and  nothing  to  lose,   were   inclined   to  try  an   experiment. 
There  were,  however,  advocates  for  the  measure  among  all  class- 
es ; — men  of  probity,  wealth  and  intelligence,  who  believed  a  sep- 
arate administration  would   be  of  essential  benefit  to  every  por- 
tion and  interest  of  the  community.     Some  of   the  greatest  op-  opposition, 
ponents  were  men  in  office  5  and  all  of  them  could  present  plausi- 
ble and  correct  pleas,  that  the  generous  favors  and  provident  care 
which  the  people  of  Maine  had  at  all  times  received,  from  the 
State  government,  ought  to  silence  every  complaint ;  and  that  by 
a  separation  at  the  present  juncture,  the  vigor  and  force,  indis- 
pensable to  the  protection  and  security  of  the  District,  would  be 
essentially  weakened,  if  not  altogether  paralized 

Still  it  was  quite  difficult  either  to  collect  the  public  sentiment  First  No.  of 
upon  the  subject,  spread  and  scattered  as  the  people  were  over  Gazette. 
Vol.  IL  66 


522  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II. 

A.  D.  1785.  an  extensive  District ;  or  to  move  them  in  a  way  altogether  ju- 
dicious and  unexceptionable.  To  aid  the  object,  the  first  num- 
ber of  the  '  Fnhnouih  Gazette,^  printed  by  Thomas  B.  Wait, 
appeared  new  year's  day,  1785  ;  being  the  earliest  Newspaper 
published  in  this  State.  At  the  written  request  of  several  gentle- 
men, the  Editor  published  a  notification,  in  September,  of  the 
following  purport  :-^ 
4  .  ^  '  Agreeably  to  a  request  signed  by  a  large  number  of  respect- 
caiied  upon  ( ab]e  eentlemen,  and  presented  to   the  printers  of  this   Gazette, 

the  subject  .... 

of  siepara-    <  the  inhabitants,  in  the  counties  of  York,  Cumberland   and  Lin- 

tion. 

'coin,  are  hereby  notified,  that  as  many  of  them  as  can  conven- 
'  ienlly  attend,  are  requested  to  meet  at  the  Rev.  IMessrs.  Smith's 
'  and  Deane's  meeting-house  in  Falmouth,  on  Wednesday  the 
'  5th  day  of  October  ensuing,  to  join  in  a  Conference,  upon  the 
'  proposal  of  having  these  counties  erected  into  a  Separate  gov- 
'  ernment ;  and  if  thought  best,  to  form  a  plan  for  collecting  the 
'  sentiments  of  the  people  upon  the  subject,  and  pursue  some 
'  peaceable  and  proper  method  for  carrying  the  same  into  effect.' 
O  tober  5  ^^  *^^  appointed  time  and  place,  thirty-three  delegates  appear- 
A  Conveii-  g(j  from  twenty  of  the  principal  towns,  viz.  ten  from  York, 
twelve  from  Cumberland,  and  eleven  from  Lincoln  ;  several  of 
whom  were  gentlemen  ot  abilities  and  influence.  They  organ- 
ized themselves  into  a  Convention,  by  the  choice  of  William 
Gorham,  President,  and  Stephen  Longfelloiv,  jr.  Secretary.* 
The  object  was  stated  and  course  justified. — To  assemble,  they 
said,  in  an  orderly  and  peaceable  manner,  for  consultation  upon  the 
common  good,  or  for  redress  of  grievances,  was  considered  by  them 
as  natural  privileges  founded  on  reason,  and  secured  by  the  Bill  of 
Rights  in  the  Constitution.  But,  considering  the  importance  of 
the  subject  which  had  called  them  together,  the  inadequacy  of 
the  present  representation  from  the  towns,  and  the  necessity  of 
knowing  the  opinion  of  the  whole  people, — the  Convention  re- 
An  address  solved  to  Send  an  Address  to  the  several  towns  and  plantations  in 

to  the  peo-  i  i  i    i  i 

pie.  the  District,  and    request  them  to   choose  delegates  to  another 

Convention  then  appointed,  to  be  holden  in  the  same  house,  on 
the  first  Wednesday  of  the  ensuing  January,  for  the  purpose  of 
considering  these  questions  : — Is  it  expedient,  that  these  eastern 
counties  should  be  formed  into    a  separate   State  ? — If  so,  what 


*  Both  of  Gorham. 


Chap,  xx.]  of  mainf.  523 

will  be  the  best  methods,  by  which  in  a  regular  and  orderly  way,  A>D.  1785. 
to   carry  the  measure  into  effect? — The  address  prepared   and 
immediately  transmitted,  was  dated  Oct.  5,  and  signed  by  a  Com- 
mittee of  seven,  Peleg  Wadsworth  being  Chairman.* 

The  Governor,  in  his  speech  to  the  General    Court,   Oct.   20,  Sentimems 

ofihe  Gov. 

took  notice  of  these  proceedings,  conformably,  as  he  said,  to  ad-  and  House 

vice  of  the  Council.     He  represented  the  course  pursued  as  hav-  subject. 

ing  an  evil  tendency,  towards  dismembering  the   Commonwealth. 

The  "  design,"  he  said,  "  had  been  for  some  months  evident,   by 

"  a  great  number  of  publications  in  the  Falmouth  Gazette,  call- 

"ing  upon  the  people  in  the  counties  of  York,   Cumberland   and 

"  Lincoln,  to   assemble   together  for  the   purpose  of  separating 

"  themselves  from  the   government  of  this  Commonwealth,  and 

"  of  withdrawing  the  duty  and  allegiance  they  owe  to  the   State. 

"  In  consequence  of  these   calls,  about  thirty  persons,  as  I   am 

"  informed,  assembled  at  the  meeting-house  in  Falmouth,  on  the 

"  5th  instant,  and  sent  out  a  circular  for  another  meeting  in    Jan- 

"  uary." — In  reply,  the  General  Court,  thought  and  felt,   as  they 

said,  'that  attempts  by  individuals,  or  bodies  of  men,  to  dismem- 

'  ber  the  State,  were  fraught  with  improprieties  and  danger.     The 

'  social    compact  solemnly   entered    into  by  the   people  of   this 

'  Commonwealth,  ought  to  be  guarded  with  the  utmost  care  ;  and 

'  it  will,'  added  they,   '  ever  be  the   aim  of  the  Legislature,  to 

'  prevent    all  infractions  of   it,   and  to  preserve  the  Constitution 

*  entire.     Should  any  legislative  measures  become  necessary   for 

'  these  purposes,  they  shall  be  made  the  subject   of  future  delib- 

'  eration.' 

A  Convention  assembled,  Jan.  4,  1786,  according  to    appoint- '^•'^-  ^'''^^• 
ment,  and  chose  a  Committee  of  nine,  to  prepare  a  statement  of/"ecoud' 
evils  and  grievances,  suffered  by  the  people  of  the  three   eastern  •"®«^'"S- 
counties,  and  estimate  the  expenses  of  a  separate  government, 
compared  with  those  paid    by  them,  connected  with  Massachu- 
setts.    The  next  day,  they  presented  a  statement  of  the  follow- 
ing particulars : — 

1.  The  interests   of   these  three  counties  are  different  from  a  list  of 

grievances. 

those  of  Massachusetts,  and  therefore,  they  can  never  be  fully 
understood  by  her,  nor  will  they  for  the  same  reason  ever  be 

*  The  whole  Committee  were  Peleg  Wadsworth,  Stephen  Longfellow,  jr. 
William  Gorham,  Stephen  Hall,  Jeremiah  Hill,  Joshua  Fabyan,  and  Hen- 
ry Y.  Brown. 


524  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.   II. 

A.  D.  178G.  duly  attended  to  and  promoted,  during  the  present  connexion. 
In  fact,  their  advancement  and  importance  are  checked  and  de- 
based, to  a  degree  prejudicial  even  to  the  United  States  at  large. 
2  &t  3.  The  seat  of  government  is  at  a  distance,  the  Gen- 
eral Court  large,  and  its  business  multifarious  and  perplexing ;  so 
that  tbe  petitioners  and  suitors  in  their  journies,  as  well  as  In  de- 
lays, have  to  suffer  many  and  great  inconveniences,  expenses, 
and  discouragements. 

4.  Public  Justice  cannot,  according  to  the  Constitution,  be 
'  administered  promptly  and  without  delay'  by  the  Supreme  Ju- 
dicial Court,  throughout  this  extensive  Commonwealth.  Most 
assuredly  so  long  as  the  Clerk's  office,  and  the  records  of  all  that 
is  done  by  that  Court,  within  these  Counties,  are  kept  in  Boston,* 
legal  process  and  lawsuits  must  be  attended  with  additional  costs, 
perplexities  and  delays  of  justice. 

5.  The  present  regulations  of  trade  operate  unequally  and  un- 
justly towards  these  Counties  ;  for  they  tend  to  depress  the  price 
of  lumber  and  discourage  and  Injure  those  employed  in  getting  it, 
— thus  contributing  proportionably  to  the  special  emolument  of 
traders  and  men  In  other  parts  of  the  State. 

6.  A  great  part  of  the  Inhabitants  in  these  Counties  are  de- 
prived of  a  representation  in  the  popular  branch  of  the  Legisla- 
ture, where  all  money-bills  originate ; — a  grievance,  from  which 
there  appears  at  present  no  prospect  of  relief. 

7.  The  present  system  of  taxation  upon   polls  and   estates   is 
unequal  and  unjust;    because  the  eastern  inhabitants   and  their 
stocks  cannot  be  employed  to  the  same  advantage,  nor  their  lands- 
improved  with  the  same  profit,  as  in  other,  or  older  parts  of   the 
Commonwealth. 

8.  The  excise  and  impost  acts  operate  a  grievance  upon  the 
inhabitants  of  these  Counties ; — the  eastern  people  being  dispro- 
portionate consumers  of  foreign  articles.  Sheep  cannot  be  kept 
by  them  without  great  difficulty  and  expense,  owing  to  hazards 
from  wolves  and  other  beasts  of  prey,  and  the  great  severity  and 
length  of  the  winters ;  and  in  general,  they  have  no  products 
from  their  orchards,  and  few  conveniences  of  life,  as  the  fruits  of 
husbandry  among  them. 

9.  The  act  imposing  a  duty  on  deeds,  &;c.  operates  unjustly 

*  This  evil  continued  till  the  year  1798. 


Chap,  xx.]  of  Maine.  525 

upon  us,  by  reason  of  the   more  frequent  conveyances  of  real  A.  D  1786. 
estate,  and  their  smaller  value  in  new,  than  in  older  settled  coun- 
tries. 

The  Committee  also  made  some  calculations  upon  the  probable 
expenses  of  a  separate  government;  but  as  it  was  uncertain  what 
the  form  would  be,  they  concluded  to  present  no  estimate. 

The  Convention  ordered  the  Report  to  be  siened  by  the  Presi-  'f^'i""'' 

1  ....        sigiiod  and 

dent,  and  sent  to  every  town  and  settlement  within  the  District,  s^i't '"  tiie 
appointed  another  Convention  to  be  holden  on  the  first  Wednesday 
of  the  next  September,  at  the  same  place,  and  subjoined  to  eacli 
report,  a  request  to  the  towns  and  plantations, — that  they  would 
choose  delegates  at  the  next  March  meetings,  and  certify  the 
number  of  votes  for  and  against  such  choice ;  and  that  the  dele- 
gates chosen  may  come  together  prepared  to  act  upon  the  griev- 
ances, and  adopt  some  regular  peaceable  measures  for  relief.  In 
the  interim,  the  subject  was  pursued  through  the  medium  of  the 
Falmouth  Gazette,  in  which  it  was  moreover  urged,  that  the 
Courts  of  Conniion  Pleas  and  General  Sessions  of  the  Peace 
ought  to  be  abolished,  and  the  business  of  Deputy-Sheriffs,  trans^ 
ferred  to  Constables. 

The  Convention,  which  assembled   Sept.  6,   consisting   of   31.sppt.  f^. 
members,*  resolved,  that  in  their  opinion,  these  Counties  v/ere  suf-  COTve'iuioij, 

*  The  following  are  the  members  of  ths  two  Conventions; — tliose  with 
this  mark  [^)  were  members  of  both;:-^ 

County  of  York. 

Arundel — Thomas  Perkins.  Fryebiirg- — Joseph  Frye,  Paul  Lang- 

}3erwi ck — JValhaniel  Low.  don,  Dnni.el  Fessenden,  Isaac  TValk- 

Brownfield — *  Henry  Y.  Brown,  Jas.  er,  JVallianlel  Merrill. 

Haywood,  Samuel  Haywood.  Wells — John  Storer. 
Buxton — SamH  Knight,  J^athH  Hill. 

County  of  Cumberland. 

Brunswick — Aaron  Hinkley.  *S.   Longfellow,  jr.    Clerk;   *Ed- 

Cape-Elizabeth — *Jas.  Leach,  Bar-  mimd  Phinney. 

zilla  Delano,  C.  McLcllan.  Gray  —r'^ J edediah  Cobb. 

Falmouth *Peleg     Wadsworth,  New-Gloucester — *John  Merrill. 

^Stephen  Hall,  *Samuel  Freeman,  Scarboro' — Jf'7n.   Thompjson,  Joshua 

John  Waiie,  Enoch  Ilslcy,  Daniel  Fabyan. 

Davis,  Stephen  Codman.  Standish — Seth  Spring, 
Gorham— *\V  iLLiAM  GoEHAM,  PrCf. 

County  of  Lincoln. 

Bath — Dummer  Sewall.  Topsham — *Samuel  Thompson. 

Jir'istoi^-'^  JFilliam  Jones.  Vassal  bo roug'h — *I2ennis  (xetchell. 

Georg-etown — Wm.  Lithgow,  Daniel  Winslow — *Zimri  Heyivood. 

McFaddan.  Winlhrop — Jona.    IFhiting,  Joshua 

Halloweli — Daniel  Cony.  Bean. 

New-Castle— Samwe/  J\lichols.  Hancock  PI.        }  j  ,      pu  -lu       i 

Lewiston— Lemuel  Cummings.  [Clinton,]       ^  ^""^  ^  mioiooh.. 
Fittston — Reuben  Colburn. 


526  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II. 

A.  D.  17S6.  fering  the  grievances,  presented  by  the  former  Convention,  except 
what  is  expressed  in   the  ffth   article ;    that  the  only   effectual 
remedy  perceived,  rested  in  the  power  and  privilege  of  legislating 
for  themselves.     A  Committee  was  then  appointed  to  petition  the 
General  Court,  that  these  Counties  be   erected   into   a   separate 
State  ; — to  address  the  people  upon  the  subject,  and  request  towns 
to  meet  and  vote  upon  it.     The  town-clerks   also   were   directed 
to  make  to  the  President  of  the   Convention,  returns   of   all   the 
yeas  and  nays  taken  in  town-meetings,  for  and  against  a  separation. 
— ^The  language  of  the  address  was  courteous  and  well  expressed. 
Address  to        Fricnds  and  Brethren  : — Agreeably  to  the  duties  assigned  us, 
uepeopt.  ^g  j^gyg  ^jjQj.Q^,glj]y  PQfjgjfjered  the  grievances  of  the  people   in 
these  Counties,  and  believe  the  formation  of  them   into  an  inde- 
pendent State,  is  the  only  measure   which  could   bring   effectual 
relief.     You  experience  distresses  and  evils,   which   will  not  be 
lessened  till  you  legislate  for  yourselves.     True  liberty  is  rational, 
and  government  is  a  problem  of  easy  solution.     But  restraint  is 
arbitrary;  and  mysteries  in  politics  are  absurdities.      The  object 
and  end  of  all  civil  authority  ought  to  be  the  good  of  the  people  ; 
and  the  design  of  government — to  secure  unto  them  the   rights 
and  blessings  of  life.     We  therefore,  in  a  spirit  of  justice  and  duty 
to  ourselves  and  all  concerned,  send   you  this  address,   and   also 
the  form  of  a  petition  to  the  General  Court,  requesting  that  body 
to    relinquish    all    claim    of  jurisdiction  to  these  Counties,  and 
consent  to  have  them  formed  into  an  Independent  State ;  and  we 
expect  you  will  give  your   early  and   unabating   attention   to   the 
important  subject. 
Memorial         In  the  courtly  address  prepared  to  be  presented  to  the  Gen- 
e'rai'court"'  ©ral    Court,    the    memorialists   say, — '  we  have   always  heartily 
united  in  the  support  of  government  and   law,  and   we   are   the 
advocates  of  Justice, — disposed  to  pay.  all  the  taxes  due  from  us, 
towards  removing  the  weight  of  public   debt.     Of  the   unappro- 
priated lands,  we  expect  no  more  than  our  just  proportion  ;    and 
we  claim  only  the  exercise  and   enjoyment  of   equal  rights  and 
equal  privileges  with  other  parts  of  the  State.     But  the    most   of 
us  reside  at  a  great  distance  from  the  seat  of  government.      Our 
local  interests,  numerous  and  great,  can  never  be  fully  represent- 
ed, nor  minutely  understood  in  legislation,  so  long  as  the  connex- 
ion continues.     We  therefore  believe  it  to  be  a  duty,  which  we 
owe  to  ourselves,  our  fellow  citizens  throughout  this  District,  and 


Chap,  xx.]  of  Maine.  527 

even  the  Commonwealth  at  large,  to  spread  om-  grievances  and  A  D.  i786. 
requests  before  the  General  Court,  in  a  peaceable  and  dutiful 
manner,  agreeably  to  the  Constitution  ;  and  we  do  respectfully 
pray  this  honorable  body  to  relinquish  all  right  of  jurisdiction  to 
these  three  Counties,  and  consent  to  their  being  formed  into  a 
separate  State.  We  likewise,  as  friends  and  brethren,  most  ar- 
dently wish  that  the  whole  business  might  be  managed  and  adjust- 
ed, upon  the  broadest  basis  of  justice  and  equity.' 

The  Convention  adjourned  to  the  3d  of  January  ;  and  in  the  Tho  oppo- 
meantime,  the  opposition  assumed  a  formidable  attitude.  The 
remonstrance  from  Machias,  which  contained  the  substance  of 
all  the  arguments,  alleges  thus  : — that  the  supposed  grievances 
were  only  the  burdens  or  inconveniences  incidental  to  all  govern- 
ments and  States.  If  the  laws  or  any  regulations  operated  une- 
qually, the  Legislature  will  administer  all  the  relief  in  their  pow- 
er, consistent  with  equal  rights  and  the  good  of  the  whole.  Yes, 
and  by  a  provision  in  the  Constitution  itself,  it  may  be  amended 
in  1795,  and  evils,  if  they  exist,  be  remedied.  As  to  burdens, 
the  expenses  of  supporting  a  separate  government,  would  enhance 
the  taxes  to  a  degree  far  beyond  what  these  counties  have  ever 
yet  paid  ;  and  in  the  event  of  a  war,  our  total  inability  to  defend 
ourselves  is  self-evident.  The  encroachments  of  the  British 
upon  our  eastern  borders  may  be  resisted  with  more  success, 
and  the  dispute  settled  with  more  ease,  if  the  connexion  be  con- 
tinued, than  if  it  be  dissolved.  In  truth,  while  our  political  and 
pecuniary  affairs  labor  under  such  complicated  embarrassments — 
the  people  in  several  parts  of  the  western  counties  rising  in  open 
rebellion, — we  think  it  unwise  and  unkind,  faither  to  perplex  the 
departments  of  our   administration. 

At  this  interesting  conjuncture,  Falmouth  was  divided,  and  Poniand 
the  peninsula  with  several  opposite  Islands,  was  incorporated  into  "Jed'^'^"'"" 
a  town,  July  4,  1786,  by  the  name  of  Portland,  The  "  Neck," 
as  it  had  been  called,  was  first  settled  under  the  Plough  Patent 
of  Lygonia,  A.  D.  1  630,  as  one  author  supposes.  There  might 
have  been  at  that  period  fishing  cabins  and  hunting  camps  con- 
structed upon  the  shores  ;  as  there  certainly  was  a  settlement  pro- 
jected upon  the  Neck,  in  1631,  by  passengers  on  board  the 
Plough,  effected  in  1632,  by  Cleaves,  and  promoted  in  1638, 
under  Richard  Dummer,  to  whom  the  patent  was  delivered  with 
directions  to  take  possession.     The   transfer,   April  7,   1 643,  to 


528  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  11. 

A.  D.  1786.  Alexander  Rigby  and  the  consequences  have  been  previously  stat- 
ed. In  May,  1690,  Fort  Loyal  was  surrendered  to  the  savage 
enemy,  and  the  place  was  laid  waste,  and  continued  without  in- 
habitants about  nine  or  ten  years,  to  the  close  of  the  war.  It 
then  revived,  though  its  cup  of  afflictions  was  not  yet  full.  For 
in  Queen  Anne's  war,  which  followed,  though  there  was  a  contin- 
ued garrison  at  Fort  Loyal,  the  peninsula  was  nearly  depopulat- 
ed. Rev.  Thomas  Smith,  the  first  settled  minister,  was  ordained 
March  8,  1727  ;  at  which  time  a  church  was  also  organized.  In 
October,  1764,  Rev.  Samuel  Dean  was  settled  with  him  as  a  col- 
league. Though  about  400  dwellinghouses  and  stores  were  laid 
in  ashes  by  the  enemy  in  October,  1775,  and  a  vast  amount  of  other 
property  destroyed  ;  a  most  flourishing  village.  Phoenix-like,  has 
since  risen; — being  increased  in  the  course  of  two  years,  1786 
and  7,  by  the  erection  of  45  dwellinghouses.  It  has  always  been 
the  shire-town  of  Cumberland  ;  and  for  25  years  past,  the  larg- 
est village  and  capital  town  in  Maine.* 

Two  new         There  were  two  other  towns  incorporated  this  year  ;  namely, 

corporaied.  TuRNER,  July  7,  and  Union,  October  20  ;  the  prior  name  of  the 
former  was  Sylvesier  Canada;  and  of  the  latter  Sterlington. 

w.  To  reward  Capt.  Joseph  Sylvester  and  his  company,  for  their 

services  in  the  expedition  against  Canada,  in   1690,   the  General 

*  Portland,  the  46th  town,  and  only  city  in  the  State,  is  about  3  miles  in 
lengtli,  and,  on  average,  3-4ths  of  a  mile  in  breadth.  It  embraces,  exclu- 
sive of  streets  and  vphat  is  covered  with  water,  2,157  acres  of  land — six  of 
which  are  marsh.  In  1797,  it  contained  390  dwellinghouses  ;  4  meeting- 
houses; and  452  shops,  barns  and  outhouses. — In  1S20,  its  numbers  were 
700  dwellinghouses  ;  321  shops  or  stores ;  66  ware-houses  ;  11  bake  houses  ; 
6  distilleries;  7  tanneries;  7  slaughter  houses;  15,583  tons  of  shipping ; 
892,096  square  superficial  feet  of  wharves  ;  and  6  lire  engines  ; — also  10 
houses  for  public  v.orship, — viz.  one  for  episcopalians  ;  one  for  first  con- 
gregational society, — Rev.  Mr.  Smith  and  Mr,  Dean;  one  for  2d  ditto, — 
Rev.  E.  Kellogg,  settled  in  Oct.  1788  ;  3d  do.  Chapel,  180S  ;  4th  do.  1812  ; 
friends  (1743,)— established  in  1790;  methodist,  in  1794;  baptist,  in  1801; 
Union,  or  cliristian  society,  in  1810  ;  independent  methodist,  in  1819  ;  and, 
iiniversalists,  1821. — Portland  Library  was  founded  in  1763;  an  Academy 
was  incorporated,  1794;  and  there  are  in  town  25  societies,  for  different 
charitable^  pious  and  literary  purposes.  Here  also  is  a  small  State-house  ; 
a  very  elegant  Court-house  of  brick  ;  a  brick  Academy  of  three  stories  ; 
a  market-house  ;  5  banks  ;  and  8,581  inhabitants,  in  1820.  It  was  the 
seat  of  the  State  government  from  the  Separation  to  1832.  The  same  year 
it  was  incorporated  into  a  City,  Hon.  A.  L.  Emerson,  JUayor.  Its  popu- 
lation in  1830,  wai  12,601  inhabitants. — See  Falmouth,  vol.  I,  p.  39^. 


Chap,  xx.]  of  Maine.  529 

Court  granted  them  a  township,  which,  when  the  divisional  line^iH.  1786. 
was  run  between  the  two  Provinces,  fell  within  the  limits  of  New- 
Hampshire.  On  a  representation  of  these  facts  by  James  War- 
ren, Joseph  Joslyn,  and  Charles  Turner,  agents  for  tlie  claimants 
under  the  original  grantees,  the  General  Court,  June  25,  1765, 
remunerated  their  loss  by  a  grant  of  this  township ; — upon  condi- 
tion that  thirty  families  and  a  minister  should  be  settled,  and  a 
meeting-house  built  there,  within  six  years.  But  the  proprietors 
were  so  remiss,  that  the  first  trees  were  not  felled  till  1774 ;  nor 
did  the  accessions  to  the  settlement,  the  succeeding  year,  consist 
of  any  more  than  three  families.  Rev.  John  Strickland  was  or- 
dained, Nov.  20,  1784,  when  there  were  only  about  30  families, 
or  180  souls,  in  the  plantation.  Turner*  embraces  about  40 
square  miles. 

Union  is  still  larger,  containing  about  50  square  miles ;  and  is  Unbn. 
a  part  of  the  Waldo  patent.  The  original  setdement  of  this 
township  was  begun  early  in  the  Revolutionary  war,  by  men  dis- 
posed to  retire  from  the  distresses  and  perils  upon  the  seaboard 
and  banks  of  Georges'  river,  to  places  in  the  interior  of  more 
safety.  Its  growth  was  slovv' ;  for  when  it  was  incorporated,  it 
contained  only  seventeen  families,  perhaps  less  than  150  souls,  f 

Governor  Bowdoin  as:ain,  on  his  re-election,  reminded  the  Governor's 
Legislature  of  their  duty  to  creditors,  to  their  own  honor,  and 
to  the  nation,  stating  that  a  million  and  half  of  dollars,  would 
not  meet  the  demands  upon  the  treasury,  the  current  year,  if  the 
army  notes,  the  other  public  securities  then  due,  the  civil  list,  and 
the  exaction  of  Congress  were  all  included  ;  and  yet  the  taxes 
for  two  or  three  years  past  remained  uncollected.  Measures, 
said  he,  more  efficient  must  be  adopted. 

But  so  much  was  the   attention  of  the   Legislature   diverted  ^efsure^* 

*  Turner,  (47th  town,)  was  named  for  one  of  the  agents,  C.  Turner.  Mr. 
Strickland,  a  native  of  Hadley,  (Mass.)  and  a  graduate  of  Yale  College, 
1761,  continued  to  be  the  minister  of  Turner  till  1792.  He  was  succeeded 
by  Rev.  Amasa  Smith,  of  Belchertown  (Mass.)  in  1804,  who  left  in  1806 ; 
and  Rev.  Allen  Greely  was  settled  A.  D.  1810.  The  north  line  of  the 
town  is  5^  miles ;  west  line  10  miles  ;  south  line  3  miles  and  250  rods. 

f  Union,  (48th  town)  is  large  in  territory  and  its  soil  is  good.  A  church 
was  formed  in  1803,  and  in  Sept.  1805,  Rev.  Henry  True  was  settled. 
The  plantation  name,  Sterlington,  was  adopted  probably  by  the  first  settlers, 
because  some  of  them  who  lived  in  Warren,  had  emigrated  from  Sterling 
in  Great  Britain. — See  Warren,  A,  D.  1776. 
Vol.  II.  67 


D.  1786, 


Its  causeii 
and  extenti 


D.  Shays, 
the  leadeFi 


Its  suppres' 
sion. 


The  New- 
York  tract 
sold. 


Land-lotte 


THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II. 

from  the  interesting  and  important  subject,  by  the  insurrectional 
spirit,  which  had  broken  forth  in  several  of  the  western  counties 
in  the  State,  that  the  General  Court  only  passed  acts  for  the  col- 
lection of  taxes  already  voted,  and  for  a  temporary  suspension 
of  all  suits,  in  collecting  private  debts.  They  then  proceeded  to 
establish  rules  and  articles  for  governing  the  MiHtia  in  actual  ser- 
vice ;  and  to  adopt  other  measures  to  prevent  riots,  and  crush  the 
rebellion. 

There  appeared  to  be  a  variety  of  causes  for  this  seditious 
excitement — such  as  a  heavy  State-debt, — repeated  calls  for 
taxes, — a  decay  of  trade  and  manufactures, — a  free  use  of  for- 
eign luxuries, — a  sudden  scarcity  of  money, — a  laxity  of  morals, 
and  above  all,  the  private  pecuniary  demands  of  creditors,  which 
though  sued,  the  debtors  had  not  the  mind  or  the  means  to  pay. 
At  last,  the  spirit  of  reform  or  rebellion,  rose  to  such  a  height, 
that  delegates  met  at  Hatfield,  on  Connecticut  river,  August  22, 
from  50  towns,  and  framed  a  great  number  of  articles,  which 
they  voted  to  be  grievances  and  needless  burdens.  Next,  about 
1,500  malcontents  appeared  in  arms  at  Northampton.  Their 
chief  leader  was  Daniel  Shays,  who  had  been  a  Captain  in  the 
Revolution.  But  though  their  numbers  increased  surprizingly, 
and  the  Courts  of  Common  Pleas  and  General  Sessions  of  the 
Peace,  in  the  counties  of  Hampshire,  Berkshire,  Worcester  and 
Middlesex,  were  prevented  by  them  from  holding  sessions,  the 
insurrection  was  entirely  suppressed  the  ensuing  year,  with  little 
bloodshed  ;  and  all  the  insurgents  either  escaped  or  were  par- 
doned.* 

At  length  the  territorial  claim  beyond  the  river  Hudson,  so 
long  controverted,  was  determined  against  New- York,  when  Mas- 
sachusetts sold  the  tract,  which  ultimately  brought  into  her  treasury 
a  million  of  dollars.  Another  expedient,  which  met  with  some 
success,  was  a  land-lottery.  In  the  scheme,  there  were  to  be 
2,720  tickets,  of  £60  each,  for  which  soldiers'  notes  and  all 
other  public  securities  of  the  State,  would  be  received  in  pay- 
ment. If  the  tickets  all  sold,  the  aggregate  would  bring  in 
£163,200.  Against  these  there  were  to  be  put  into  the  wheels, 
50  townships  of  six  miles  square,  equal  to  1,107,396  acres  of 
land,  situated  between  the  Penobscot  and   the   Schoodic   or   St. 


See  Minot's  Hist,  of  the  Insurrection,  Ed.  1788. 


Chap.  XX.]  of  MAINE.  531 

Croix  ;  and  every  ticket  would  entitle  the  holder  to  a  prize  ; —  A.  D.  1786. 
the  lowest  being  half  a  mile  square,  and  the  highest  a  township. 
The  land  Committee*  were  the  managers,  and  the  drawing  of  the 
lottery  was  appointed  to  commence  in  the  ensuing  March.  A 
considerable  part  of  the  tickets  sold,  and  at  the  time  of  drawing, 
William  Bingham^  of  Philadelphia,  a  man  of  immense  wealth, 
took  what  lands  the  ticket-holders  did  not  draw,  and  purchased 
in  afterwards  the  greater  part  of  their  prize  lots.      With  those,  The  lottery 

„        .      ,  ,  1  •  1  townships. 

whose  lots  collectively  amounted  to  a  township,  the  government, 
at  their  request,  made  exchanges  and  granted  them  other  lands.f 
The  '  lottery  townships,'  and  those  who  settled  upon  them,  were 
to  be  exempt  from  taxes  fifteen  years.  But  if  this  project  drew 
in  a  large  amount  of  the  public  securities,  it  did  not  promote  the 
settlement  of  Maine. 

On   the  subject   of   Separation,  the  Convention  reassembling,  A.  D.  1787. 
January  3,  comformably  to   adjournment,  found  upon  examina- January  3. 

•'       '  J  J  ,  r  J  <-"onvenlion 

tion  of  facts  and  returns,  that   the  whole   number  of  towns   andonthesub- 

1  .       •  r\c\         c      1  •    L     CO    I     J  jectofSepa- 

plantations  m  Mame  at  this  time  was  93  ;  ot  which  5J  had  not  ration, 
been  represented  in  any  of  the  Conventions,  and  8  of  the  others 
had  sent  in  no  returns.  The  whole  number  of  votes  upon  the 
question  of  Separation  was  994,  of  which  645  were  yeas ;  and 
if  the  reckoning  were  by  towns  and  plantations,  there  were  24 
affirmatives  against  eight. 

A  motion  was  then  made,  that  the  proposed  petition  for  Sepa- 


*  At  this  time,  the  Committee  were  Samuel  Phillips;  JSTathaniel  Wells; 
John  Brocks,  appointed  Nov.  30,  1785,  in  the  place  of  Nathan  Dane,  a 
member  of  Congress  ;  Leonard  Jarvis,  and  Rufus  Putnam,  who  were  added 
to  the  Committee  Nov,  11,  1786. 

t  Mr.  Bing-ham  died  at  Bath,  (England,)  in  1803,  and  left  one  son,  Wil- 
liam, of  Philadelphia ;  one  daughter,  who  married  Alexander  Baring  of 
London,  (Eng.) ;  and  one  other  married  to  a  German  nobleman,  attached 
to  the  Austrian  government.  The  heirs  own  another  large  tract  in  Maine 
=2,350,000  acres  in  all.— See  Greenleaf's  JIap. 

\  See  these  lottery  acts,  J^'ov.  9,  1786,  and  June  20,  1788.— These  town- 
ships were  Nos.  7,  13,  14,  15,  16,  17,  18,  19,  20-1,  3,  4,  5,  6,  7,=  15  in  the 
east  division  ;  and  Nos.  from  14  to  43,  both  inclusive=30  in  the  middle 
division  ;  and  Nos.  2,  3,  4,  5,  6,=5  in  the  northern  division,  beginning  at 
the  north-west  corner  of  No.  8,  at  Union  river,  thence  north  30  miles,  and 
including  one  tier  north  of  the  end  of  that  line,  except  the  corner  town- 
ship ;  thence  east  to  the  Schoodic  ;  thence  southerly  through  Denny's  river 
to  Orangetown ;  thence  westerly  back  of  Machias,  Columbia,  &c.  to  the 
first  corner  mentioned. 


532  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.    II. 

A.D.  17C7  ration  be  presented  to  the  Legislature; — when  unexpectedly  to 
many,  it  was  decided  in  the  negative.  Immediately  a  member 
moved  a  reconsideration,  whence  ensued  a  spirited  debate.  The 
arguments  so  often  pressed  against  a  Separation  were  repeated  ; 
to  which  in  reply  it  was  insisted,  that  the  present  was  the  '  golden 
'  opportunity  to  effectuate  the  important  object ;'  one  venturing 
so  far,  as  to  intimate  a  denunciation  of  the  Senate  and  Attorney- 
General,  as  needless,  and  to  desire  a  new  emission  of  paper- 
money.     A  reconsideration  at  last  prevailed  by  a  majority  of  two 

The  result,  yotes ;  and  the  Committee  were  directed  to  present  or  retain  the 
petition,  according  to  the  dictates  of  their  discretion. — It  was  in 
fact  presented,  the  next  year,  and  referred  to  a  Committee  of 
seven,  3  from  the  Senate  and  4  from  the  House.  Meanwhile 
the  Convention  was  kept  alive  by  adjournments,  till  Sept.  1788;' 
— expiring  at  last,  by  reason  of  the  non-attendance  of  its  mem- 
bers.* 

Measures  of      Alvvavs  disposed  to  administer  justice  towards  the  eastern  peo- 

goveninienl  ,  .  t      rr        •  i  r^ 

tosaiisf"yii;e  pie,  in  a  spirit  of  conciliatoiy  generosity  and  affection,   the   (jen- 

peoplc   of  111  1111 

Maine.  eral  Court  employed  measures  calculated  to  cool  and  abate  the 
high  Separation-fever.  Wild  lands  were  exempted  from  taxation 
for  ten  years,  after  the  execution  of  the  State's  deed  to  grantees. 
The  fee-bill,  so  much  the  occasion  of  popular  discontent,  was  re- 
vised. The  law  for  the  relief  of  poor  debtors  committed  to 
prison,  was  so  amended,  as  to  require  rooms  to  be  furnished  them, 
separate  from  criminals.  Two  roads  were  ordered  to  be  laid  out 
at  the  public  expense ;  one  between  the  heads  of  the  tide,  in 
Kennebeck  and  Penobscot  rivers ;  and  the  other  between  Penob- 
scot and  Passamaquoddy  bays.  Every  permanent  inhabitant 
settled  upon  any  of  the  public  lands  before  the  year  1784,  the 
Legislature  ordered  to  be  quieted  by  a  deed  of  100  acres,  so  as 
best  to  embrace  his  improvements,  on  his  paying  the  trifling  sum 
of  five  dollars.  A  term  of  the  Supreme  Court  for  the  first  time, 
and  an  additional  term  of  the  Common  Pleas  and  Sessions,  were 
established  at  Pownalborough  in  1786; — and  in  March  of  the 
present  year,  one  term  of  the  lower  Courts  was  established  at 
Hallowell,  [Augusta,]  and  one  at  Waldoborough.  The  Secretary 
of  State  was  directed  to  publish  the  laws  of  the  Commonwealth 
in  the  Falmouth  Gazette.     In  fine,  the  establishment  and  patron- 


*  The  last  President  was  Pelcg  Wadsworth. 


Chap,  xx.]  of  maine.  533 

age  of  a  College  in   this  District,   were   treated   with  marks  ofA.D.  J787. 
Legislative  respect  and  attention  : — By  which  conciliatory  meas- 
ures, the  subject  of  Separation  was  rocked  into  a  slumber,   from 
which  it  was  not  aroused  for  several  years. 

At  the  spring  election  there  were  political  changes  in  the  State  Gov.  Han- 
administration.     Mr.    Hancock  was  re-elected    Governor    by    a  sen.  "^^ ''''"" 
large  majority  over  his  competitor,  Governor   Bowdoin  ;*    Gene- 
ral Benjamin  Lincoln,  the  next  year  was  chosen  Lieutenant-Gov- 
ernor; and  the  greater  part  of  the  Senators  and   Representatives 
were  new  members.     No  man  was  better  fitted  to   maintain   the 
tranquillity  of    society   and   the   authority   of   government,   than 
Hancock.     In  the  general  retrenchment  of  expenses,   he   relin-  Economy 
quished  $'1G00  of  his  salary;  and  he  was  always  able   to  exert  fr'^'J '"''"'' 
an  inspiring  influence,  upon  the  great  interests   of  industry  and 
economy.     Specimens  of  domestic  fabric  and  pieces  of  manual 
ingenuity,  were  now  particularly  viewed  with  pleasure  and  praise. 
Even  the  mothers  and  daughters  of  the  age  aspired  to  attainments 
in  the  grace  and   merit  of  industry,  recommended  by  the  pen  of 
inspired  wisdom.     To  cite  an  instance,  as  a  memorial,  an   hun- 
dred females  among  the  best  families,  stirred  by  a  spirit  of  emula- 
tion and  benevolence,  convened  in  May,  (1788)   at  the  house  of 
their  minister,  in  Portland,  and  presented  his  wife  with  236  skeins 
of  cotton  and  linen,  as  the  fruits  of  their  afternoon's  labor  and  skill, 
from  the  turn  of  only  sixty  wheels ;  and  in  the  evening,   a  large 
concourse  assembling,  was   entertained  with  a  concert  of  sacred 
music.      Such,  at  this  period,  were  the  admired  examples  of  pro- 
ductive labor — such,  the  rational  mirth  and   well  improved  habits, 
which  merited  esteem  and  imitation  in  the  fairest  and  best  circles 
of  social  life. 

Perhaps  an  occurrence   that  happened  August  26,   soon  after  fbie'^Mpr^'. 
four  of  the  clock,  P.  M.  may  be  considered  too  rare  to  be  passed  "j^"  '"  "'° 

*  See  post,  A.  D.  1794,  Bowdoin  Colleg-e.  Governor  Bowdoin,  a  native 
of  Boston  and  a  graduate  of  Harvard,  A.  D,  1745,  was  a  philosopher  and 
statesman  of  the  first  order.  In  1774,  he  was  a  member  of  Congress,  and 
was  at  the  head  of  the  Council  after  Governor  Gag-e  was  denounced,  till 
the  adoption  of  the  Constitution.  He  was  a  whig-  patriot  of  good  abilities 
and  great  worth.  But  liis  administration  of  two  j'ears  was  at  a  most  criti- 
cal conjuncture.  He  was  accused  unjustk  of  being  partial  to  the  mer- 
chants; because  he  thought  in  humanity  and  justice,  according  to  the 
treaty  of  peace,  the  acts  of  confiscation  ought  to  be  repealed.  He  died 
lamented,  Nov.  6, 1790. 


534  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II. 

A.  D.  i7!;7.  unnoticed.  A  ball  of  fire,  apparently  as  large  as  that  of  a  nine 
pounder,  was  seen  by  numbers  in  Portland,  New-Gloucester  and 
other  places,  flying  through  the  air  in  a  south-western  direction, 
at  an  angle  of  more  than  45°  from  the  ground,  when  it  suddenly 
exploded  three  times  in  quick  succession,  like  the  discharge  of 
as  many  cannon,  with  reports  resembling  thunder-claps.  No  tre- 
mor of  the  earth  was  feh,  yet  buildings  were  shaken  ;  and  from 
the  smoke  observed,  it  was  believed,  the  electric  fluid  must  have 
been  above  the  clouds.  The  explosions  were  heard  as  far  east 
as  Frenchman's  bay,  and  westward  at  Fryeburgh. 

Three  new       The  towns  incorporated  this  year,  were  Penobscot,  Feb.  23  ; 

*°^"^'"^"''' LiMEKiCK,  March  6  ;  and  Waterborough,  the  same  day. 

renobscot.  Penohscot,  extending  northward  from  Buck  harbor,  nearly  to 
the  foot  of  Orphan  Island,  was  then  about  1  5  miles  in  length  j 
and  was  the  first  town  incorporated  on  the  eastern  bank  of  the 
Penobscot  waters.  It  embraced  the  celebrated  peninsula  of  Ma- 
jor-biguyduce,  [now  Casti7ie,^  to  which  reference  must  be  had 
for  particulars  omitted  in  this  place.*  The  early  history  of  the 
two  towns  is,  of  course,  inseparably  connected.  Penobscot  was 
No.  3,  in  the  first  class  of  townships  conditionally  granted  by  the 
Provincial  General  Court,  in  1762  ;  an  effectual  settlement  hav- 
ing been  commenced  two  years  before,  by  eight  or  ten  families, 
migrating  across  the  bay  from  the  neighborhood  of  Fort  Pownal. 
It  seems,  that  in  the  confirmation  of  the  titles  to  the  settlers,  in 
1785,  P.  and  C.  Jarvis  had  a  prominent  agency,  and  acquired 
an  interest  to  a  considerable  extent.f 

*  See  Castine,  incorporated,  A.  D.  1796. 

I"  Penobscot,  (49th  town,)  contained,  after  Castine  was  taken  from  it, 
about  2<',310  acres.  The  1st  parish,  or  rather  the  town,  settled  Rev.  Jon- 
atlian  Powars,  Dec.  31,  1795 — whose  salary  was  £S0.  About  1802-3,  the 
parish  built  for  him  a  meeting--house,  40  by  38  feet.  He  died  Nov.  8, 1807, 
and  was  succeeded  by  Rev.  Philip  Spaulding-,  who  continued  there  three 
years.  The  methodists,  also,  have  a  meeting-house. — There  are  11  school- 
houses,  4  mills,  and  9  bridges,  one  of  which  is  200  feet  in  length.  The  town 
was  first  represented  in  the  General  Court  in  1791,  by  Isaac  Parker,  who 
was  afterwards  for  many  years  Chief  Justice  of  the  S.  J.  Court  of  Massa- 
chusetts.— By  act,  passed  June  13,  1817,  Brooksvil/e  was  formed  out  of  the 
old  town  and  a  part  of  Sedgwick  ;  since  which,  the  town  of  Penobscot  ex- 
tends only  three  miles  on  the  Penobscot  waters, — viz. — from  the  mouth  of 
Eastern  river  to  Morris'  cove — thence,  1^  miles,  to  the  northern  head  of 
Castine  river.-  See  ante,  A.  D.  1762,  1785.— JW-S.  Let.  of  Col.  J.  Ward- 
well.  1820. 


Chap,  xx.]  of  maine.  535 

Umerick  is  a  part  of  the  ancient  purchase  of  Captain  Sunday  A.  D.  1787. 
by  Francis  Small.     It  is  a  township   of  only  13,000   acres.     Its  Limerick, 
first  settlement  was  during  the  Revolution  ;  having  within  hs  lim- 
its, in  1780,  no  more  than  twelve  families.* 

Waterborousrh,  the  plantation  of  Massabesec,   is  a  part  of  the  Wmcrbo- 

^  rough, 

tract  purchased  by  William  Phillips,  A.  D.  1661-4,  of  Saga- 
mores Fluellan,  Hobinovvell  and  Captain  Sunday.  The  earliest 
improvements  undertaken  in  this  township,  by  felling  trees,  were 
about  the  years,  1767-8.  The  progress  of  the  settlement  was 
slow.  The  inhabitants  and  those  of  Lyman  and  the  present  Al- 
fred, at  first,  associated  in  religious  worship,  and  for  many  years 
cultivated  and  enjoyed  mutual  fehowship.  The  first  church  was 
organized  in  1780,  consisting  of  members  who  belonged  to  those 
three  places. f 

At  the  November  session  of  the  General  Court,  the   Governor  Consiinuion 

of  tlie  Uiiit^ 

presented  to  the  two  Houses,  the  Federal  Constitution,  as  ed  sfiates. 
reported  by  delegates  from  the  several  States,  sitting  in  conven- 
tion upon  the  subject  at  Philadelphia,  from  May  14th  to  the  17th 
of  September. J  To  form  an  Assembly  for  adopting  it,  the  sev- 
eral towns  were  authorized  to  choose  as  many  delegates,  as  they 
had  a  right  by  the  State  constitution  to  elect  representatives  ;  and 
in  January,  1788,  360  convened  in  Boston,  of  whom  46  were  A.  D.  nsff,. 
from  Maine.  Governor  Hancock  was  President,  and  William 
Cushing,  Chief  Justice  of  the  Supreme   Court,  was  Vice-presi- 


*  Limerick,  (50th  town,)  lies  on  the  north  side  of  Little  Ossipee,  and  ad- 
joins tiie  •' Ripplings." — See  Parsonsfield,  ante,  A.  D.  1785. — JVo/e  (a.) — 
In  1795,  a  church  was  gathered  and  Rev.  Edmund  Eastman  was  ordain- 
ed, He  died  Dec.  1012.  His  successor  was  Rev.  Charles  Freeman,  settled 
in  1820. 

\  IFalerboroiigh,  (51st  town,)  lying:  south  of  Little  Ossipee  river,  is  larg-e 
in  territor}',' containing- 26,000  acres,  besides  1,580  acres  owned  by  the 
town,  and  1,639  acres  covered  with  water.  The  plantation  name  was 
taken  from  JIassabesec  pond  in  this  township.  In  1S20,  the  number  of 
dwellinghouses  was  133 ;  and  7  mills.  Population  in  1790,  was  only  110. 
The  inhabitants  are  generally  of  the  baptist  persuasion  ; — Elders  Pela- 
tiahTingly  and  Henry  Smith,  having  been  the  first  religious  teachers  of 
the  two  societies. — Waterborough  was  made  a  shire-town  in  York  county, 
in  1790;  where  the  Courts  of  Common  Pleas  and  Sessions  were  holden, 
till  removed  to  Alfred,  in  1806. —  See  ante,  Sanford,  A.  I).  1768. 

I  See  "Journal,  Acts  and  Proceedings  of  the  Convention," — published  by 
Resolve  of  Congress,  March  27,  1818,  Ed.  A.  D.  1819,  pages  510,  includ- 
ing the  ratification  of  the  Gonstitution  by  the  States. 


536  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II. 

A.  I)  )7£8.  dent.  In  this  Convention  were  great  talents,  and  the  influence 
of  the  State.  The  period  of  the  session  was  a  season  of  ex- 
treme anxiety.*  The  yeas  and  nays  vvere  taken,  February  9, 
when  there  were  187  against  1G8; — giving  a  majority  of  19  in 
its  favor.  The  majority  of  the  delegation  from  this  District  for 
it,  was  as  25  to  21. f  By  the  Constitution,  which  was  soon 
brought  into  operation  by  a  ratification  of  eleven  States,  Massa- 
chusetts was  entitled  to  eight  Representatives  in  Congress  ;  and 
hence,  the  General  Court  divided  the  Commonwealth  into  as 
many  Districts, — Maine  constituting  one,  and  electing  George 
Thatcher  of  Biddeford,  a  distinguished  lawyer.  The  two 
Houses  chose  David  Sewall,  Elector  in  Maine,  for  the  first 
President  and  Vice-president  of  the  United  States. J 

Siavory  As  there  had  been  for  more  than  half  a  century,  a  considera- 

abolislied.  .  . 

ble  number  ot  colored  people  in  this  eastern  country,  as  well  as 
in  other  parts  of  the  State,  who  were  slaves  ; — the  very  name  after 
the  revolutionary  struggle  became  doubly  odious.  It  was  thought 
to  be  base  hypocrisy  and  crime  in  a  free  people  to  tolerate  slave- 
ry ;  and  consequently,  it  was  declared  in  the  Bill  of  Rights,  a 
constituent  part  of  the  State  constitution,  that  "  all  men  are  born 
free  and  equal."  Aided  by  this  clause,  the  Supreme  Judicial 
Court  at  Worcester,  in  1783,  imposed  a  small  fine  upon  a  man 
for  correcting  his  negro  servant,  though  he  pleaded  his  privilege 
in  justification.  The  public  were  satisfied  ;  and  every  slave  felt 
the  relief  for  which  he  had  long  sighed.  But  this  was  not  suffi- 
ciently effectual,  for  there  had  been  lately  an  attempt  by  a  sea- 
captain  to  seize  three  blacks  in  Boston  harbor,  for  the  purpose  of 

*  In  the  midst  of  this  extreme  solicitude,  the  opinion  of  an  observing 
sage  and  pious  father,  was  requested  upon  the  subject.  'The  New  Gov- 
'  ernment,'  said  he,  '  I  think  will  be  adopted,  for  I  find  our  praying  people 
'  are  for  it ;'  adding,  '  when  General  Peppcrell  went  from  this  town,  [Fal- 
'  mouth,]  against  Cape-Breton,  in  1745,  there  were  great  anxieties  and 
'  fears  about  the  result.  Doct.  Franklin  knowing  it,  remarked,  "I  am 
"  certain  General  PeppercU  will  succeed,  for  all  the  praying  people  of  the 
"  country  are  on  his  side." 

t  In  York  County.  In  Cumberland.  In  Lincoln. 

yeas  6  yeas  10  yeas  9=^25 

nays  11  nays    3  nays  7=21 

I  The  two  Senators  chosen,  were  Caleb  Strong  of  Northampton  and 
Tristram  Dalton  of  Newburyport.  George  Thatcher  had  been  elected  in 
June  of  this  year,  by  the  two  Houses,  a  member  of  the  old  Congress. 


Chap.  xx.J  of  jmaine.  537 

carrying  them  to  the  West-Indies ;  and  therefore,  the  Legislature,  a.  d.  i788. 
March  26,  (1788,)  passed  an  act,  highly  penal  against  both   kid- 
napping and  the  slave  trade. 

To  the  affairs  of  Maine,  now  flourishing,  the  government  paid  Land  Com- 

.  rr<,  .    .      ,  ^  .  ...  mittce  and 

the  utmost  attention.  Ihe  origmal  Committee,  appointed  in  1781,  their  power, 
were  discharged ;  and  two  added  to  the  standing  Committee  for 
the  sale  and  settlement  of  eastern  lands.  Their  number  was  now 
five ;  and  their  authority,  or  power,  was  co-extensive  with  the 
whole  territory  of  Maine.  They  were  required,  immediately  to 
complete  plans  of  all  surveys  made,  uniformly  reserving  in 
every  town,  320  acres  for  the  ministry  and  schooling ;  to  quiet 
settlers  upon  lots  of  100  acres  for  small  considerations;  and  to 
offer  lands  to  foreigners,  if  they  would  actually  settle  upon  them, 
proposing  to  naturalize  all  such,  as  could  exhibit  proof  of  contin- 
ued good  behavior,  for  two  years. 

There  were  several  considerations,  which  were  urged  with  force  The  estab- 
and  spirit  for  the  establishment  of  a  College,  in  this  rising  com- an  eastern 
munity.  If  the  moral  sense  be  improved,  and  liberty  secured  by  liderfd.*^""* 
a  diffusion  of  useful  knowledge,  and  a  culture  of  the  arts  and 
sciences,  according  to  the  sentiments  and  maxims  of  the  fathers ; 
it  was  insisted  by  the  eastern  people,  that  a  public  Seminary 
planted  among  them,  would  enlarge  and  spread  the  benefits  of 
education,  in  proportion  to  the  facilities  presented  in  obtaining  it. 
Nay,  a  public  literary  establishment  was  absolutely  needed ;  and 
from  the  grateful  recollections  of  the  character  and  merits  of 
John  Winthrop,  entitled  the  '  Father  of  the  Massachusetts  Colony ; 
a  worthy  son  of  his  name,  the  Governor  of  Connecticut ;  and 
another,  distinguished  for  his  talents  and  science ;  many  thought 
it  might,  with  no  ordinary  propriety,  take  the  name  of  Winthrop 
College. — To  determine  and  fix  its  site,  it  was  believed,  that  a 
large  Committee  of  gentlemen  ought  to  be  selected  from  the 
three  eastern  counties ;  and  to  provide  it  with  funds,  it  was  said, 
two  or  three  townships  of  land  ought  to  be  granted,  and  monies 
might  be  raised  by  means  of  a  lottery.  The  Legislature  did  in 
fact  appropriate  one  township*  for  the  purpose,  the  best  that 
could  be  selected  north  of  the  Waldo  patent,  between  Penobscot 
and  Kennebeck  rivers.     The  object  was  expansive,  and  six  years 

*  Dixmont. 
Vol.  II.  68 


538 


THE  HISTORY 


[Vol. 


II. 


A.  D.  1788.  elapsed,  before  a  Collegiate  Seminary  in  Maine  was  fully  estab- 
lished. 
Twenty  Xo  remedy  the  inconveniences  experienced  bv  the  people,  wbo 

new  lowns  _  "^  _  '  '       . 

incorporat-  resided  upon  the  river  Penobscot  and  eastward  of  it,  owing  to  the 
remoteness  of  the  Courts  from  them  ;  the  government  was  dis- 
posed to  divide  the  County  of  Lincoln,  as  soon  as  there  were 
established  in  the  eastern  section,  a  competent  number  of  corpo- 
rate towns,  from  which  jurymen  could  be  legally  drawn.  The 
General  Court,  therefore,  March  24,  called  upon  the  larger 
Islands  and  new  townships  settled,  to  assign  their  reasons  at  the 
succeeding  session,  why  they  did  not  apply  for  charters  of  incor- 
poration. This  call  so  generally  awakened  the  inhabitants  of 
plantations,  that  within  the  period  of  about  fifteen  months  there 
were  incorporated  itventy  towns; — by  taking  a  cursory  view  of 
which,  we  are  able  to  trace  the  progress  of  settlement  and  the 
growth  of  the  District. 

Bowdoim  BowDoiN,  hitherto  "  the  plantation  of  TVest  Bowdomham,^^ 
was  incorporated,  JMarch  21,  1788,  when  it  probably  contained 
120  families.  The  people  were  principally  of  the  baptist  denom- 
ination, and  one  of  the  first  ministers  settled  there  was  Elder 
James  Potter.  This  town  is  supposed  to  have  been  settled  some 
years  before  the  revolutionary  war.* 

Orrington.  Orrington,  incorporated  also  March  21,  was  previously  call- 
ed '  New-Worcester,'  or  '  plantation  number  nine  ;'  and  embraced 
the  present  town  of  that  name  and  Brewer.\  The  first  settle- 
ment was  commenced  by  John  Brewer  in  the  summer  of  1770, 
at  the  mouth  of  the  stream  Segeunkedunk.  Having  obtained  the 
assent  of  the  General  Court  to  settle  there,  upon  condition  of  get- 
ting a  confirmation  from  the  crown  within  three  years,  he  and  his 
associates  caused  the  exterior  lines  of  a  tract  large  enough  for  a 
township,  to  be  surveyed.  They  then  sent  by  Doct.  Calef  of 
Ipswich,  a  petition  addressed  to  the  king  for  a  grant ;  which  was 
heard,  and  a  grant  promised,  yet  prevented  by  the  news  of  the 
Lexington  battle,  received  at  the  English  Court.  The  settlers 
were  threatened  by  the  British,  and  some  of  them  disturbed,  in 
the  Revolutionary  war  ;  therefore  Brewer  and  several  others  found 

*  Bowdoin  (52d  town)  took  its  name  from  the  family  of  Governor  Bow- 
doin.  In  compass  it  is  10  miles  by  8 — extends  as  far  soutljerly  as  Bowdoin- 
ham,  and  bounds  on  Topsham. 

f  See  Brewer,  incorporated  Feb.  22,  1812. 


Chap,  xx.]  of  Maine.  539 

it  most  consistent  with  their  safety  to  retire.  But  they  all  return-  a.d.  1788. 
ed  early  after  peace ;  and  on  the  25th  of  March,  1786,  Capt. 
Brewer  and  Simeon  Fowler,  who  had  settled  three  miles  below, 
in  what  is  Orrington  since  the  division  of  the  town,  purchased  of 
the  government  the  lots  jutting  upon  the  river,  equal  in  all  to 
10,864  acres;  for  which  they  gave  £3,000  in  consolidated  notes. 
The  residue  of  the  township  was  granted  to  Moses  Knapp  and 
his  associates.* 

NoRRiDGEwocK,  incorporated  June  18,  is  one  of  the  northern-  Non-idge- 
most  townships  within  the  Plymouth  patent.     It  is  a  place  pecu-  "^^^  ' 
liar  for  its  beauties  of   nature.     The   first   settlement  was   com- 
menced about  A.  D.  1773;  and  the  first  child   born   of  English 
parents  was  a  son  of  Abel  Farrington,  in  August  of  the  succeed- 
ing year.f 

Greene,  also  incorporated  June  18,  is  the  northerly  section  Greene, 
of  the  plantation  called  Lewiston.  It  is  situated  between  the 
Androscoggin  and  the  west  line  of  the  Plymouth  patent,  and  is 
a  part  of  the  Pejepscot  purchase.  The  original  settlement  was 
begun  about  the  year  1773  ;  and  when  the  town  was  incorporat- 
ed, it  contained  nearly  100  families.  Its  name  was  given  it  in 
honor  of  Major-General  Greene.  J 

*  Orrington  (53d  town,)  is  a  name  altog'ellier  advenlitiously  chosen. 
When  the  ag-ent  to  the  General  Court  was  requested  to  give  a  name  to  be 
inserted  in  the  bill,  for  its  incorporation ;  he  accidentally  opened  a  book 
and  saw  the  name,  which  being-  novel  and  sonorous,  he  caused  to  be  select- 
ed. Before  the  division,  the  town  extended  from  Buck's  ledge,  15  miles 
on  the  river,  to  the  '■Bend,''  and  contained  37,304  acres.  It  was  surveyed 
by  B.  Dodg-e  in  1784.  The  fishing  privileges  belong  to  the  town.  There 
were  first  erected  two  meeting-houses,  7  miles  apart,  equidistant  from  each 
end  of  the  town.  The  first  Representative  was  Oliver  Leonard,  in  17S)8. 
— MS.  Let.  of  Hon.  D.  Perham. 

f  J^Torridgewock,  (54th  town,)  is  a  name  from  the  Indian  Norridgwog,  so 
much  celebrated  in  History. — [See  vol.  I.  p.  49,  and  467.]  The  present  is 
the  shire-town  of  Somerset.  The  village  is  in  the  bend  of  the  Kennebeck. 
Here  the  river  is  650  feet  in  width  and  the  water  from  10  to  15  feet  deep ; 
over  which  is  a  good  bridge.  Six  miles  above  is  "  Old  Point,"  opposite  to 
the  mouth  of  Sandy  river,  where  was  the  famous  old  Indian  village.  Here 
the  water  in  the  Kennebeck  is  quick  and  shoal,  and  only  60  rods  wide. — 
MS.  Let.  of  Hon.  W.  Preston. 

\  Greene,  (55th  town,)  contains  good  land.  There  are  in  it  three  small 
ponds, — called  Sabbatis,  Bates  and  Berry  ponds  ;  one  meeting-house,  and 
4  mills.  It  was  first  represented  in  the  General  Court  in  1806,  by  Luther 
Robbins,  Esq.  A  post-office  was  established  there  in  1790. — MS.  Let.  of 
Luther  Robbins,  Esq.  1820. 


540  ^^^  HISTORY  [Vol.  ii. 

A.D.  1788.      Fairfield,  so  called,  as  being  expressive  of  its  fair  aspect  by 

Fairfield,  nature,  was  incorporated  June  18,  by  the  name  it  had  previously 
borne.     It  was  settled  about  1774.* 

Canaan.  Canaan,  incorporated  June    18,  embraced   at  that  time,   the 

present  town  of  Bloomfield\  also.  Its  name  was  chosen,  because 
it  was  conceived  to  be  fertile  and  fair,  like  the  land  of  promise. 
It  was  surveyed  in  1773,  and  improvements  were  begun  the  next 
year.  Tlie  place  had  been  called  '  Heywoodstown,'  from  Peter 
Heywood,  the  first  settler. J 

Nobieboro.'  NoBLEBOROUGH  was  incorporated  Nov.  20,  being  previously 
known  by  the  name  of  Walpole.  The  territory  of  the  town 
was  claimed,  under  the  Brown  right,  and  the  tide  was  pursued 
till  1765,  by  James  Noble,  who  married  the  widow  of  William 
Vaughan.  He  and  others  were  then  dispossessed,  though  they 
did  not  abandon  their  claim.  Vaughan  either  commenced  or  re- 
vived the  settlement  under  Dunbar,  about  the  year  1730.  It  did 
not  increase  rapidly,  as  there  were  in  the  plantation  only  30  men 
able  to  bear  arms,  at  the  beginning  of  the  Revolutionary  war. 
Arthur  Noble  gave  to  the  town  its  present  name.  He  was  the 
proprietor's  heir.  But  the  name  was  displeasing  to  the  people, 
principally  because  of  their  antipathies  towards  all  who  were  pro- 
prietary claimants.  The  first  settled  minister  of  the  place,  was 
Rev.  Ebenezer  Stearns,  a  calvinistic  divine,  who  was  ordained  in 
1768.§ 


*  Fairfield,  (56th  town,)  contained  in  1790,  492  inhabitants.  The  first 
congregational  church  in  this  town,  was  gathered  in  1815,  consisting'  of 
8  members.  It  is  a  large  and  excellent  township  of  42  square  miles,  lying 
8  miles  on  the  western  bank  of  the  Kennebeck. 

\  See  Bloomfield,  incorporated  Feb.  5,  1814. 

I  Canaan.,  (57th  town.)  a  part  of  the  Plymouth  patent,  contains  28,000 
acres.  The  plantation  records  commence  in  1783.  Of  the  diiferent  re- 
ligious denominations  in  town,  there  are  about  180  of  the  '  christian  con- 
nexion.' In  1784,  Rev.  Nathan  Whittaker  was  settled,  and  dismissed  in 
1788  ;  Rev.  Jonathan  Calef  succeeded  him  in  1794,  and  tarried  five  years. 
The  next  minister  was  Rev.  J.  Cayford,  who  continued  there  from  1809 
to  1813,  There  are  in  Canaan  2  grist-mills,  3  saw-mills,  a  fulling  mill, 
and  8  bridges  ;  one  is  over  Wessarunset  river,  and  one  over  15  mile  stream. 
It  was  first  represented  in  the  General  Court  by  Benjamin  Shepherd  ;  and 
a  post-ofBce  was  established  there  in  1793. — MS.  Letters  of  A.  Powers, 
Esq.  1821. 

\  J^obleboroug-Ii,  (58th  town,)  contains  about  15,500  acres.  The  con- 
troversy about  the  title  was  settled  in  1811-14, — See  ante,  vol.  II,  p.  250, 
note  * — also  notes  to  Boothbay,  A.  D.  \l&A,and  notes  to  Bristol,  A.  D,  1765. 


Chap,  xx.]  of  Maine.  541 

Sedgwick,  previously  JVaskeag,  was  incorporated  January  A.  D.  1789. 
12,  1789,  by  this  name,  in  memory  of  Major  Robert  Sedgwick.*  Sedgwick. 
Captains  Goodwin  and  Reed,  and  John  and  Daniel  Blaciv,  began 
a  settlement  at  Naskeag  point  in  1763,  which  gradually  increased, 
even  during  the  war  of  the  Revolution.  The  General  Court, 
averse  to  the  claims  and  pretensions  of  original  proprietors,  pro- 
ceeded, in  1789,  to  quiet  every  settler  on  a  lot  of  100  acres,  and 
thereby  establish  tranquillity  and  contentment. f 

CusHiNG  was  incorporated,  January  28,  and  called  by  this  Cwstiiag. 
name  in  compliment  to  Thomas  Cushing,  Lieutenant-Governor 
of  the  State.  Its  plantation  name  was  St.  George;  and  Cushing, 
now  incorporated,  embraced  then  the  present  town  of  that  name. 
Its  situation  since  the  division  is  between  the  rivers  St.  George 
and  Meduncook.  The  first  settlers  were  emigrants  from  Ireland 
in  1733;  who  were  induced  to  remove  by  a  proclamation,  which 
General  Waldo's  son  published  in  Cork.  The  first  child  born  in 
the  plantation,  of  white  parents,  was  Archibald  Robinson,  whose 
birth  was  in  ]  734.  J 

— Nobleborougli  is  connected  with  Newcastle  by  a  toll  bridg-e  across  the 
Damariscotta  at  the  Lower  Falls ;  and  two  miles  above  by  a  free  bridge. 
The  inhabitants  are  g-enerally  calvinists.  After  Mr.  Stearns,  they  settled 
Rev.  Phineas  Pilsbury  in  1808.  Elder  A.  Judson  was  settled  over  tlie  2d 
baptist  society  in  1819.  There  were  then  in  town  two  meeting--houses, 
North  and  South,  also  nine  mills.  The  town  was  first  represented  in  the 
General  Court,  in  1806,  by  James  Perkins.  The  Oyster  banks  in  this 
town  opposite  to  the  upper  falls  are  a  curiosity.  They  consist  of  oyster 
shells  from  12  to  15  feet  in  height. — See  ante,  vol.  7,  p.  56. — JIS.  Letter  of 
Ephraim  Rollins,  Esq.  *  See  this  History,  ante,  A.  D.  1654,  p.  360. 

f  Sedgicick,  (59th  town,)  is  one  of  the  David  Marsh  townships  condition- 
ally granted  in  1762,  being  No. 4.  It  is  bounded  southerly  on  Edgemora- 
gan  Reach,  In  1817,  5,000  acres  were  taken  to  form  Brooksville,  leaving 
in  Sedgwick  22,000  acres.  There  is  in  town  one  meeting-house,  occupied 
by  baptists. — In  the  church  are  231  members.  Elder  Daniel  Merrill  was 
settled  in  1791.  He  was  the  first  representative  to  the  General  Court,  in 
1809.  His  successor  in  the  ministry  was  Elder  E.  Tinkham.  Post-office 
was  established  there  in  1812. — JIS.  Let.  of  Daniel  jMorgan  and  William 
Johnson,  Esqrs. 

\  Cushing,  (60th  town,)  was  divided  Feb.  7,  1803.— See  St.  George  of  that 
date. — It  now  contains  8,600  acres.  It  includes  Gaifs  Island.  In  1819, 
Cushing  had  within  it  neither  settled  minister,  lawyer,  physician,  tanner, 
tailor  or  shoemaker;  each  being  his  own  mechanic.  The  people  are  about 
l-4th  baptists,  and  the  residue  congregationalists.— They  have  one  meet- 
ing-house, 75  dwellinghouses,  and  a  social  library  of  104  vols.  The 
town  was  first  represented  in  the  General  Court,  1789,  by  Edward  Kelle- 


542  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II. 

All).  1789.  IsLESBOROuGH  wRs  incorporated  January  28,  embracing 
isiesboio."  Long  Island,  Seven  hundred  acre  Island,  JoVs  Island,  the  Lime 
Islands,  MarshalVs  or  TVilliam  Pendleton''s  Island,  and  Las- 
sell's  Island, — all  of  which  were  then  inhabited.  The  first  set- 
tlements were  commenced  in  1769,  by  William  Pendleton  and 
Benjamin  Thomas.  The  town  contains  6,000  acres,  and  the  in- 
habitants derived  titles  to  their  lands  in  1801,  from  General 
Henry  Knox.* 
Biueiiiii.  BLUEHiLL,f  previously  plantation  '  number  five,'  was   incor- 

porated January  30,  and  includes  a  '  Long  Island'  on  its  south- 
easterly side.  A  majestic  hill  950  feet  in  height  above  the  level 
of  the  sea,  crested  by  a  mass  of  grey  curl-grained  rock,  in  the 
centre  of  the  town, — has  given  the  town  its  name.  Formerly 
covered  with  a  growth  of  evergreen,  it  exhibited  to  the  eye  of 
the  distant  beholder,  an  appearance  of  dark  blue.  The  first 
settlement  was  begun  in  1762,  by  Joseph  Wood  and  John  Roun- 
dy.  In  1772,  a  church  of  14  members  was  embodied  j  and  in 
1786,  a  meeting-house  was  built.  J 

ran,  Esq.,  since  then  a  senator.— Jtf5.  Letter  from  dishing,  1819. — Major 
Burton's  fort  was  in  this  town.  It  was  constructed  of  stone — a  very  strong- 
fortress. 

*  Islesborough,  (61st  town,)  it  is  said,  has  neither  a  rich  man  nor  a  poor 
man  in  it.  They  are  farmers  and  fishermen.  They  own  more  than  40O 
cows,  and  raise  about  1,000  bushels  of  wheat  annually.  They  have  a 
meeting-house  and  a  baptist  church  of  49  members.  Their  first  settled 
minister,  Elder  Thomas  Ames,  was  ordained  in  June,  1794.  Connected 
with  Vinalhaven,  their  first  Representative  to  the  General  Court  was 
Thomas  Waterman,  in  1820.  The  air  of  these  Islands  is  remarkably 
healthful. — Those  on  the  western  side  of  Long-Island  form  several  excel- 
lent harbors,  often  frequented  by  coasters.  The  length  of  Long-Island 
itself  is  eleven  miles  ;  upon  the  north  end  of  which  is  a  mill  at  the  outlet 
of  a  small  pond. — See  vol.  I.  p.  71. 

I  The  Indian  name  was  "  CoUegewidg-wock." — R.  Dodge,  Esq. 

I  Bluehill  (62d  town)  is  one  of  the  second  class  of  townships,  condition- 
ally granted  in  1762  and  1764,  which  bounded  on  Union  river,  the  dividing' 
line  of  the  two  classes.  The  town  embraces  four  fresh  ponds,  whose  out- 
lets run  into  a  salt  pond  in  the  south  part  of  the  town,  and  form  several 
good  mill  sites.  In  1776,  the  plantation  chose  its  committees  of  safety,  in- 
spection and  correspondence  ;  and  the  peoples'  ardor  in  the  cause  of  free- 
dom was  not  damped  by  the  encampment  of  the  British  at  'Biguyduce ; — 
as  they  usually  submitted  to  the  dictates  of  prudence  and  remained  quiet. 
The  first  English  child  born  in  town  was  Jonathan  Darling,  Oct.  17,  1765. 
A  second  meeting-house  for  congregationalists,  was  built  in  1792  ;  and  Rev. 
Jonathan  Fisher  was  ordained  July  13,  1796.     A  baptist  church  was  form- 


Chap,  xx.]  of  maine.  543 

Deer-Isle,  deriving  its  name  from  the  abundance  of  deer  an-  a,d,  1789. 
ciently  found  in  its  forests,  was  incorporated  January  30  ;  includ-  Dcer-isle. 
ing  Deer-Island,  Little  Deer-Island,  and  the  "  Isle  of  Holt." 
These,  together  with  Sheep  Island,  which  were  all  surveyed  in 
1785,  were  found  to  contain  16,876  acres,  and  to  be  inhabited, 
prior  to  January  1,  of  the  preceding  year,  by  80  settlers,  who 
were  entitled  to  the  bounty-lots  of  government.  The  earliest  set- 
tlements upon  these  Islands  were  undertaken  about  twenty  years 
before  the  survey.  In  1785,  a  church  was  organized  on  Great 
Deer  Isle,  and  Rev.  Peter  Powers  ordained.* 

Freeport,  incorporated  Feb.  14,  previously  called  the  Ilarra-  Fieepori. 
seeket  settlement,  was  the  eastern  part  of  the  ancient  North-Yar- 
mouth. The  place  was  inhabited  by  settlers  removing  thither 
from  the  parent  town,  probably  about  1750.  One  Means,  living 
in  the  eastern  part  of  the  settlement,  was  killed  there  by  the  In- 
dians, early  in  the  French  war.  In  December,  1789,  a  church 
was  gathered  and  Rev.  Alfred  Johnson  settled,  whose  ministry 
was  continued  upwards  of  fifteen  years. f 

Trenton  was  incorporated,  Feb.  16,   containing  at  that  time  Trenton, 
about  300  souls.     It  was  first  settled  as  early  as  the  year  1763. 
It  was  '  township  number   one,'  separated  from  Mount  Desert  by 


ed  in  1806  :  parish  incorporated  in  1813;  and  meeting--house  built  in  1817. 
In  town,  there  is  a  school  fund  of  $3,225  ;  a  social  library  of  445  volumes, 
and  there  are  owned  2,000  tons  of  shipping-.  A  post-office  was  estab- 
lished here  in  M^o.—Bluchill  Academy  was  incorporated  in  1803 ;  has 
$6,552  funds,  and  is  flourishing-.— JliS'.  Letters  of  Rev.  J.  Fisher,  Hon.  A. 
Wilham  and  E.  Pinkham,  Esq.  1820. 

*  Beer-Isle,  (63d  town,)  contained,  in  1790,  6S2  inhabitants.— See  Re- 
solve, March  24,  1788,— Rev.  Mr.  Powers  died  in  1799.  Rev.  Joseph 
Brown,  a  dissenting  minister,  settled  in  England,  removed  to  Exeter,  N. 
H.  and  thence  to  Deer-Isle,  where  he  was  reinstalled  in  1809,  and  contin- 
ued till  his  death,  in  1819. — See  ante,  vol.  I,  p.  73-4. 

t  Freeport  (64th  town)  probably  derived  its  name  from  the  openness  of 
its  harbor.  It  lies  between  Cozen's  river,  on  the  south-west,  and  Front's 
gore,  on  the  north-east.  Harraseeket  river  is  the  only  one  in  town— iiav- 
igable  on  the  tide  a  league  from  the  bay.  Freeport  was  divided  and  Pow- 
nal  incorporated  in  1808.— Tke  successors  of  Mr.  Johnson  were  Rev.  Sam- 
uel Veazie  in  1806,  and  Rev.  Reuben  Nason  in  ISIO,  both  graduates  of 
Harvard.  The  baptists  have  gathered  a  church  and  built  a  handsome 
meeting-house.  There  is  another  for  universalists.  In  this  town  are  six 
mills,  besides  a  tide  mill.— 4  Coll.  J\l.  Hist.  Soc.  new  series,  p.  176. 


544  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II. 

A.  D.  1789.  Jordan's  river  ',  a  branch  of  which  being  salt  tide-waters,  stretches 
a  league  and  a  half  into  the  town.* 

Gouidsbo-        GouLDSBOROUGH,  incorporated  Feb.  16,  was  originally  granted 

rough.  by  Massachusetts  to  Nathan  Jones,  Francis  Straw,  and  Robert 
Gould  of  Boston,  who  immediately  settled  it  with  lumbermen 
from  Portland,  Saco  and  other  places  in  that  vicinity.  The  town, 
so  named  in  compliment  to  one  of  the  grantees,  embraces  Siave^ 
Jordan's,  Ironhound,  Porcupine,  Horn,  Turtle  and  Schoodic 
Islands,  some  of  which  are  inhabited. f 

Suiiivan.  SuLLiVAN,  previously  JVeiv-Bristol,  or  number  two, J  was   in- 

corporated, Feb.  16,  by  that  name,  in  honor  of  James  Sullivan, 
afterwards  Governor  of  the  State.  It  embraces,  besides  main 
land,  eight  Islands,  viz.  Capital  A,  Bean,  Dram,  Preble,  Brag- 
don,  Burnt,  Black,  and  Seward  Islands.  The  town  was  origin- 
ally settled  by  three  families,  emigrating  from  York  in  1765. 
Each  settler  since  the  revolution  has  been  quieted  on  100  acres, 
by  paying  $5  into  the  public  treasury. § 

*  Trenton  (65th  town,)  was  confirmed  to  Paul  Thorndike  and  others,  June 
21,  1785.  The  original  grant  was  January  27,  1764. — See  Resolve — At 
Trenton-point  are  the  appearances  of  an  old  settlement,  probably  under- 
taken by  the  French. 

f  Gouldsborough  (66th  town)  is  situated  between  Frenchman's  bay  and 
Gouldsborough  harbor,  and  contains  30,000  acres  ;  one  third  of  which  is  too 
hilly  or  too  rocky  for  the  plough.  In  Gouldsborough  there  is  a  town-house; 
5  saw  mills,  3  grist  mills  and  3  bridges.  A  post-office  was  established 
here  in  1792.  The  town  was  first  represented  in  the  General  Court  in 
1814,  by  Mr.  Shaw.  This  was  for  many  years  the  residence  of  Gen.  Da- 
vid Cobb,  vvho  was  one  of  Gen.  Washington's  aids  in  the  Revolution  ; 
twice  Maj,  General  of  the  militia  ;  Chief  Justice  of  the  Common  Pleas  in 
the  county  of  Hancock;  Lieutenant  Governor  of  Massachusetts,  and 
many  years  in  the  Council. — MS.  Letter. 

\  One  of  the  David  Bean  townships. 

\  Sullivan,  (67th  town)  granted  January  27,  1764,  was  confirmed  by  the 
General  Court,  June  21,  1785,  to  the  proprietors,  upon  payment  of  j^l,250, 
in  consolidated  notes;  quieting  the  settlers,  building  a  meeting-house,  and 
introducing  60  families  within  six  years.  In  the  Revolution,  40  families 
were  reduced  to  20. — The  Clam-shells,  from  12  to  IS  inches  thick  on  the 
points  projecting  into  the  bay,  cover  several  acres ;  and  on  one  of  the  Isl- 
ands they  are  six  feet  in  depth.  Another  curiosity  is  the  reservoir  which 
fills  at  flood  and  empties  at  ebb,  where  is  a  toll-bridge  700  feet  in  length. 
There  are  in  town  6  or  7  mills ;  and  the  people  own  15  sail  of  vessels. — A 
post-office  was  first  established  in  1794.  The  town  was  first  represented  in 
the  General  Court  by  Paul  D.  Sargent,  Esq.  a  Colonel  in  the  revolution  ; 
and  Chief  Justice  of  the  Common  Pleas,  and  Judge  of  Probate,  several 
years  in  the  County  of  Hancock. 


Chap.  xtC.]  of  Maine.  545 

Mount  Desert,  incorporated  February  17,  embraces  an  Isl-A.D.  1789. 
and  of  that  name,  the  largest  upon  the  eastern  coast;  and  also  Mount  Ue- 
Bartletfs,  Rohinsoii's,  Beach,  and  the  Cranberry  Islands. 
There  is  no  place  upon  the  seaboard  of  Maine,  which  is  more 
noted  than  the  Island  itself  of  Mount  Desert.  It  is  said  to  con- 
tain 60,000  acres, — two  thirds  of  which  are  mountainous  and 
incapable  of  cultivation.  This  was  the  place  where  the  French 
missionaries,  Biard  and  Masse,  A.  D.  1609,*  formed  a  tempo- 
rary residence.  The  re-settlement  of  this  Island  was  effected  in 
1761,  by  Abraham  Somes,  who  built  a  dwellinghouse  near  the 
head  of  the  sound,  which  thence  took  his  name.  The  Cranberry 
Islands  became  inhabited  about  the  same  time,  and  John  Robin- 
son settled  on  an  Island,  since  called  by  his  name.  It  was  erect- 
ed into  a  plantation  in  1776;  and  the  inhabitants,  during  the  war 
of  the  Revolution,  suffered  much,  both  from  the  enemy  and  for 
necessaries.  After  reserving  to  setders  their  possessions,  the 
General  Court,  June  23,  1785,  and  July  6,  1787,  confirmed  the 
residue  of  the  Island  to  Bernard  and  Gregorie,f  in  undivided 
halves.  The  population  at  the  time  the  town  was  incorporated, 
was  about  seven  hundred. J 

Durham,  a  part  of  the  Pejepscot  purchase,  was  incorporated  Durham. 
Feb.  17;  its  plantation  name  being  Royalsborough,  or  Royals- 
town,  from  Colonel  Royal  of  Medford,  who  was  a  considerable 
proprietor.  The  first  settler  was  Samuel  Gerrish,  who  with  oth- 
ers brought  forward  the  settlement  immediately,  though  slowly, 
after  the  reduction  of  Quebec .§ 

*  See  ante,  A.  D.  1609,  1613,  p.  205—8-9.  f  See  ante,  A.  D.  1785. 

J  J\Iount  JJesert,  (68th  town)  was  divided  in  1796  ;  when  Eden  was  taken 
from  the  north  part  and  incorporated  into  a  town.  The  mountain  is  a  land- 
mark for  mariners,  rising  about  2,400  feet  above  the  level  of  the   sea. 

Bass  harbor  is  at  the  soiitli  end  of  the  Island;  and  Somes'  sound,  which 
extends  north  to  the  heart  of  the  Island,  is  navig-able  a  leag-ue.  About  the 
pool  on  the  western  side  of  the  sound,  are  the  relics  of  ancient  habitations. 
Possibly  the  station  chosen  under  Madam  Gourcheville  was  at  the  north- 
east harbor.  There  are  two  ponds  in  town,  5  miles  by  1,  and  2  by  1.  There 
are  in  town  7  saw-mills,  4  grist-mills,  and  two  meeting-houses.  Ebenezer 
Eaton  is  a  laij  preacher  to  the  congregationalists.  First  representative 
to  the  General  Court,  was  Davis  Wasgatt,  in  1805.  The  first  child  born 
in  the  town  was  George  Richardson,  August,  1763,  and  the  first  marriage, 
Aug.  9,  1774. — J\1S.  Let.  of  Davis  Wasgatt  and  D.  Richardson,  Esqrs. 

§  Durham,  (69th  town,)  lies  north  of  Brunswick,  and  contains  about 
17,000  acres.  There  were  in  town,  A.  D.  1820,  about  170  dwellinghouses  ; 
Vol.  II.  69 


546  THE  HISTORY  [Vol.  ii. 

A.  D.  17B9.  Frankfort,  extending  "  from  Belfast  to  Wheeler's  mills," 
Frankfort,  on  Soadabscook  stream,  was  incorporated  June  25,  and  em- 
braced the  present  town  of  that  name,  Prospect,  and  the  greater 
part  of  Hampden.  It  was  the  north-east  corner  town  of  the 
Waldo  patent,  extending  beyond  its  north  line.  In  the  present 
town  of  Frankfort  we  find  there  were  settled  inhabitants,  as  early 
as  1770  ;  for  in  1773,  there  were  twelve  residing  at  Marsh  bay; 
one  family  at  Oak  point,  and  one  where  the  village  now  is.* 
Vinalliaven.  ViNALHAVEN  vvas  incorporated  by  that  name,  June  25,  in 
compliment  to  John  Vinal,  Esq.  of  Boston,  who  had  been  em- 
ployed, the  preceding  year,  by  the  settlers,  in  obtaining  legis- 
lative measures  for  quieting  them  upon  their  lots.  The  town 
embraces  the  North  and  South  Fox  Islands,  and  all  the  smaller 
Islands  within  three  miles  of  their  shores.  The  first  permanent 
settlement,  which  was  effected  in  17G5,  increased  to  the  fifth  year 
of  the  Revolutionary  war ;  when  the  British,  issuing  from  their 
encampment  at  'Biguyduce,  compelled  these  Islanders  to  leave 
their  families  and  work  upon  the  fortification  ;  sometimes  killing 
their  cattle  and  plundering  them  of  their  efi:ects.  To  avoid  ser- 
vility and  abuse,  numbers  retired  from  their  houses,  some  of 
which  the  enemy  subsequently  reduced  to  ashes.  Returning 
after  the  peace,  72  of  the  inhabitants  obtained,  in  1786,  from  the 
government,  deeds  of  their  lots,  in  consideration  of  only  £246 
for  the  whole.  These  Islanders  have  been  "  noted  for  their  hu- 
"  manity  and  benevolence  to  strangers. "f 

and  when  the  town  was  incorporated,  about  700  inhabitants.  Rev.  Jacob 
Herricii  was  settled,  and  a  church  g-athered  in  March,  1796. 

*  Frankfort,  (7oth  town,)  is  at  the  head  of  winter  navigation  on  Penob- 
scot. In  the  town  are  two  heights,  Mount  Waldo,  and  Danforth's  moun- 
tain.—  Marsh  river,  is  a  commodious  mill  stream,  emptying  into  Marsh  baj', 
has  two  branches,  I'jr.  south  branch,  on  which  Prospect  partly  bounds,  and 
the  main  branch.  The  first  settlers  were  J.  Treat,  E.  Grant,  J.  Kinna- 
kum,  J.  Woodman,  P.  King,  S.  Kenney,  and  E.  Ide.  "  The  first  settlers 
"  got  tlieir  living  by  hunting  moose,  beaver  and  muskrat ;  and  by  fishing 
"  in  Penobscot  river." — JIS.  Let.  of  Joshua  Treat,  Esq. — Frankfort  was 
divided,  and  Prospect,  and  Hampden  incorporated,  Feb.  24,  1794.  In 
1790,  the  whole  town  contained  891  inhabitants. 

I  Vinalhaven,  (71st  town  )  contains  16,527  acres.  Between  the  two 
Fox  Islands  is  a  thoroughfare,  as  previously  mentioned,  about  a  mile  in 
width,  and  a  deep  channel.  The  employment  of  the  inhabitants  is  farm- 
ing and  fishing.  They  own  700  tons  of  siiipping.  On  the  north  Island,  the 
baptists  have  a  meeting-house  and  a  church  of  125   members.     There   are 


Chap,  xx.]  of  Maine.  5417 

By  tracing  the  origin  and  progress  of  these    plantations,  rising  A.  D.  i789. 
to  notice  in  such  quick  succession,    we   exhibit   evidence   of  un- Thpoorpor- 
common  increase  and  improvement.     But  some  commercial  reg-  ^  '''°""'*" 
ulations  were  necessary  to  give  prosperity  and   success  to   enter- 
prize  ;  and  in  proportion  as  tlie  federative  government  progressed, 
the  prospect  widened,  of  seeing  system  and  effect  given  to  trade, 
which  the  coercive  power  of  law  only  could  accompHsh. 

George  Washington  having  been   elected   President   of  the  neorse 
United  States,  was  inaugurated,  April  30,   1789,  at  New-York  ;  t.m!Vrpfr. 
and  the  national  government   became   constitutionally  organized,  ij^ilud  "^ 
To  regulate  commercial  intercourse,  and   tlie   duties   on   tonnage  ^'"^'"''" 
and  imposts  ; — and  to    assume   and  fund  the  public  debt,   were 
among  the  first  measures   of  Congress.      The  expenses  of  the 
Penobscot  expedition  were  at  length   made   an  item   of  the   na- 
tional debt ;  and  justice,  equal  and  universal,   was  administered. 
In  this  age  of  sober  habits,  and  improvement,  the  State  Legislature 
passed  one  Act,  which  is  worthy  to  be  mentioned, — this   was   for 
encouraging  the  manufacture  of  beer,    as  a  desirable  and   whole- 
some substitute  for  ardent  spirits.     To  tliis  generation  in    fact,   is 
due  the  credit  of  patronizing  temperance  and    economy,  though 
commerce,  navigation  and  trade,  were  its  ruling  springs  of  action. 


also  methodists.  Rev.  John  Lewis  preaches  on  the  South  Island,  and  Rev. 
Samuel  Macomber  on  the  North  Ishnd.  The  town  was  first  represented 
in  the  General  Court  in  ISOI,  by  William  Vinal,  a  Judge  of  the  Common 
Pleas,  in  the  county  of  Hancock. — Here  also  are  large  beds  of  clam  shells, 
found  on  the  shores,  about  which  there  is  no  tradition.  The  silver  grey 
foxes  found  on  these  Islands  when  first  discovered,  occasioned  the  name. 
None  are  seen  there  at  the  present  time. — MS.  Let.  of  Thomas  Waterman, 
Esq.  1820. 


548  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II. 


CHAPTER  XXI. 

The  Counties  of  Hnncock  and  IVosJtiii^ton  cstahlhlied  and  hounded 
— Shire-towns  and  terms — 3Iaine  District  rt-estahlishcd — A  Cen- 
sus— Collection  of  the  Customs — District  Court  established — 
People  on  the  eastern  borders  quieted — The  lumber  and  fur  trade 
— Nine  towns  incorporated — Objects  of  the  people's  cnterprize — 
Death  of  Governor  Hancock — Buelcfield  and  Paris  incorporated. 

A.  D.  1739.      To  the  remarkable  increase  of  municipal  corporations,  imme- 

J»ne25.      diately  Succeeded  measures  to   divide  the   County  of   Lincoln. 

tiefof  Han-  ^^^  prescnt  extent  upon  the  seaboard  exceeded  forty  leagues  ; — it 

Washiiicion  Contained  a  large  and  wide  spread  population ;  and  public  conve- 

esiabiisheii.  ^ience  required  a  division.     The  General  Court  therefore,  by  an 

act  of  June  25,  1789,  established   two  new   counties,   Hancock 

and  Washington  ; — names  borrowed  from  those  of  two  men,  the 

most  eminent  and  popular  in  the  Union. 

Boundaries       The  divisional  line  between  Lincoln  and    Hancock,  commenc- 

oi  ihem.  _ 

ing  on  the  margin  of  Penobscot  Bay,  at  the  north-east  corner  of 
Camden,  proceeded  westerly  in  the  upper  line  of  that  town  to 
its  corner ;  thence  northerly  to  the  north  limit  of  the  Waldo  pa- 
tent ;  and  "  thence  north  to  the  Highlands  ;"  leaving  to  Lincoln 
the  seacoast  between  New-Meadows  and  Penobscot  bays,  and 
all  the  opposite  Islands. — The  dividing  line  between  Hancock 
and  Washington,  commenced  at  the  head  of  Gouldsborough  river 
east  branch,  and  proceeded  to  the  south-east  corner  of  township 
number  sixteen;  and  "thence  due  north  to  the  highlands."* 
The  eastern  boundary  of  Washington  County  was  drawn  "by 
the  river  St.  Croix ;"  and  thence  north  so  as  to  include  all  the 
lands  within  the  Commonwealth  eastward  of  Hancock.  Both 
Counties  were  bounded  on  the  north  "  by  the  utmost  northern 
limits"  of  the  State ;  and  to  each  County  were  annexed  all  the 
opposite  Islands. 

*  See  the  act  of  the  British  g-overnrncnt  in  1763,  b}-  which  Quebec  was 
formed  into  a  Province;  the  Quebec  Bill,  passed  Oct.  1774;  the  treaty  of 
1783  ;  and  the  division  of  Canada  into  the  Upper  and  Lower  Provinces  in 
1791,  to  ascertain  these  "  Highlands. " 


Chap,  xxi.]  of  Maine.  549 

On  the  first  day  of  May,  1790,  the  act  took  effect,  and  the  two  A  D,  1790. 
Counties  became  established ;    Penobscot  [now    Casiine]   being  ^Jay  i. 
the  shire-town  of  Hancock;  and  Machias,  that  of  Washington.*  and  lei-msof 
The  terms  set  for  the  Common  Pleas  and  Sessions,  were  in  June 
and  September  for  both  counties  :  but  all   matters   happening   in 
either,  whereof  the  Supreme  Judicial  Court  had  cognizance,  were 
to  be  heard  and  tried  at  their  annual  term  in  Pownalborough. 

There  were  also  several  measures  adopted  by  Congress,  which  ^'^'''^^  re- 
were  of  interest  to  these  eastern  counties.     A  late  Federal   Cen-  i>'-''rici. 
sus    taken,    exhibited   a   population  in   them   to   the   number  gf '^  ^''^"^"^• 
9G,540  souls  ;f  considerably  exceeding  all  previous  calculations. 
For  many  purposes,  Maine,  as  if  it  were  a   separate    State,  was 
now  expressly  formed  into  a  District,  and  jurisdiction   assumed 
over  all  its  affairs  belonging  to  die  national  government.      Such, 
among  many,  were  light-houses  ; — the   single  one   in  Maine,  at  ,^''^'"' 
Portland-head,  and  the  appurtenant  lands,  being  conceded  to  the 
United  States.     All  the  coasts  and  ports  in  Maine,  were  classed  collection 
into  nine  commercial  districts,  in  each  of  which   there  were   an-  "'  ""^  ^"*" 

'  r     loins. 

pointed  a  Collectorf  and  other  Custom-house  officers. 


*  County  Officers  in  Hancock. 
Judges  ofC  Paid  D.  Sargent  of  Sullivan.        Simeon  Fotrkr  of  Orrington,  County  Treas'r, 
the  Com.  <   H  illiam  Viiial  oi'  V'Inaliiaveii.      Thomus  Phillips,  ("{vrk. 
Pleas         (_  Oliver  Parker  of  Penoiiscot.  Richard  Ilinniewell  of  Pennbsrol,  Sheriff. 

Paul  D.  Sargeul,  h\'\oco(  Probate.  VVilliam    Webber  of  do.,  Register  of  Deeds. 

Jonathan  Eddy  of  Penobscot,  Heg'r  of  do. 

County  Officers  in  Washington. 
Judges  of  (Stephen  Jones  of  IMaciiias,  Ralph  H.  Bowles,  Clprk. 

the  Cora.         and  Judge  of  Probate.  James  Avery.  Reg.  of  Probate. 

Pleas.       {  James  ylvenj  of  Machias.  George   SiUlman,   Coun'.y   Treasurer  and 

I  Alexander  Campbell  of  No.  4.  Keg.  of  Deeds. 

{John  Crane  of  No.  12.  John  Cooper  of  Passainaquoddy,  Sheriff. 

Machias  at  this  time  was  the  only  corporate  town  in  the  County  of  Wash- 
ing-lon.  The  first  term  of  S,  J.  Court  at  Pownalboroug-h,  was  in  1786  ; 
and  since  that  year  the  Common  Pleas  have  set  at  Halloweil,  [Augusta;] 
also  from  the  same  year  in  Waldoborough,  to  A.  D.  1800 ;  and  in  Pownal- 
borough, [Dresden,]  to  March  22,  1794.  In  Cumberland— NevY-Glouces- 
ter,  was  half-shire  witli  Portland,  from  Jan.  1792  to  June  1805.  In  York 
county,  the  S.  J.  Court  sat  at  Wells,  from  1800  to  1802,  when  it  was  re- 
moved to  Alfred.  The  Common  Pleas  sat  at  Biddeford  from  A.  D.  1790 
to  A.  D.  1806  ;  and  at  Waterborough,  from  1790  to  1806,  The  Common 
Pleas  were  established  at  Alfred  the  same  year.  N.  B. — Name  of  Pow- 
nalborough changed  to  that  of  VYiscasset,  Jime  10,  1802. — See  ante,  1787. 

t  In  York  county  28,821  ;  Cumberland  23,450 ;  Lincoln  29,962  ;  Han- 
cock 9,549  ;  and  Washington  2,758,  inhabitants. 

J  Collectors,  in  York,  Richard  Trevett ;  Saco  river,  Jeremiah  Hill; 
Por</and,  Nathaniel  F.  Fosdick;  Bath,  William  Webb ;  Wiscasset,  Fran- 
cis Cook  ;  Penobscot,  John  Lee  ;  Frenchman's  Bay,  Melatiah  Jordan ; 
Machias,  Stephen  Smith ;  and  Passamaquoddy,  Lewis  F.  Delesdernier. 


550  Ti"'-  HISTORY  [Vol.  ii. 

A.u.  1790.      A  District  Court  was   established,   of  which   David   Sewall 

Oisirict       was  appointed  Judge,  fViUiam  Lithgow,  Jr.  of  Hallowell,  Attor- 
ney, Henry  Dearborn  of  Piitston,  Marshal,    and  Henry    Sewall 


Court. 

Its  otTiceis. 


of  Hallowell  [Augusta,]  Clerk 


* 


People  on         Bv   the   United   efforts   of    Congress   and   the  General  Court, 

tlip  easieni  ^  i      i        i     i       i   i 

bnrri.rs  dumig  tlio  last  three  years,  an  effectual  check  Jmd  been  given  to 
acts  of  violence,  often  threatened  and  sometimes  committed,  by 
the  Provincials  on  the  eastern  side  of  Passatnaquoddy  ;  though 
they  had  defied  the  arm  of  resistance.  Legal  precepts  from  the 
British  side  had  been  served  upon  our  citizens  ;  and  in  1786, 
two  of  their  vessels,  while  at  anclior,  were  seized  by  the  custom- 
house officers  of  New  Brunswick  ;  as  that  government  claimed 
to  "  the  western  shore  of  Passamaquoddy-bay,"  also  Moose,  Dud- 
ley and  Frederick  Islands.  The  General  Court  proclaimed  to  the 
inhabitants  in  the  mean  time,  not  to  forsake  the  constitution  and 
laws;  for  by  these  they  would  be  protected,  till  the  dispute  was 
fairly  adjusted  by  commissioners  of  the  American  and  British 
governments.  This  determinate  resolution  served  both  to  en- 
courage our  citizens,  and  dishearten  their  opponents.  More  than 
200  people,  had  already  settled  on  the  western  side  of  Passama- 
quoddy,  resolved  not  to  leave  their  homes,  unless  driven  away  ; 
and  therefore  the  General  Court,  on  application,  appointed  a  com- 
mittee of  seven,  from  those  inhabitants,  to  survey  unto  each  set- 
tler one  hundred  acres,  so  as  best  to  include  his  improvements, 
provided  he  would  pay  from  five  to  ten  dollars,  according  to  the 
quality  of  the  land,  and  take  the  oath  of  allegiance. 
Lumber  and  Since  the  war,  the  lumber-business  and  the  fur-trade  had 
'^^'''  greatly    increased.      Hunters   multiplied,    and   many  spent  the 

whole  year  in  the  northern  woods  of  Maine;  seldom  returning 
so  much  as  to  visit  their  homes.  Hence  it  was  found  necessary 
to  preserve  by  law  the  lives  of  those  fine  furred  animals,  at  sea- 
sons when  their  coats  were  thin,  and  their  offspring  young  ;  and 
Penalty  for  ^he  General  Court  made  it  penal  in  the  sum  of  ten  dollars,  to  kill 

kilhns  cer-  '  •       ^   i  i  i      i 

tain  game,  or  take  any  otter,  beaver,  mmk,  sable  or  martm,  tisher  or  blacK- 
cat,  leusife,  musquash  or  wolverinin  either  of  the  summer  months 
or  in  September.! 

*  See  Ante,  A.  D,  1779— when  Maine  was  first  made  a  District, 
t  Statute,  June  10,  1791.     No  one  allowed  to  kill  a  deer  between  January 
1,  and  August  1,  under  a  penalty  of  ten  dollars. 


Chap,  xxi.]  of  Maine.  651 

Early  in  the  year  1791,  there  were  three   towns  incorporated,  A. D.  1791. 
two  of  them  were  plantations,  and   all   of  diem  had  been  settled  Three  new 

I  '  idu  MS  iiicor- 

upwards  of  twenty  years.  poiaieii. 

Camden,  originally  MegvnticooJc,  on  the  west  shore  of  Penob-  camden. 
scot  bay,  above  the  north-east  section  of  Thomabton,  was  incor- 
porated, Feb.  17,  by  that  name  in  memory  of  lord  Camden,*  a 
parliamentary  friend  of  the  Colonies  in  the  Revolution.  This 
township,  a  part  of  the  Waldo  patent,  was  surveyed  by  David 
Fales  of  Thomaston,  in  17G8  ;  within  three  or  four  years  after 
which,  settlements  were  commenced  on  Goose  river,  Ciam  cove 
and  Megunticook.  Mills  were  erected  ;  some  attempts  at  farm- 
ing on  a  small  scale  were  made ;  and  for  about  ten  years,  the 
plantation  gradually  advanced.  But  after  the  occupation  of  'Big- 
uyduce,  by  the  British  in  1779,  Camden  became  the  only  place 
upon  the  Penobscot,  of  general  rendezvous  for  the  Americans. 
Thither  they  fled  from  their  homes  through  fear  of  the  enemy ; 
and  here  was  an  encampment  of  a  small  American  force,  which 
is  believed  to  have  been  under  the  connnand  of  IMajor.  George 
Ulmer.f  The  saw-mill  on  Megunticook  stream  was  burned  by 
the  British  ;  and  they  set  fire  also  to  the  grist  mill,  but  it  was  ex- 
tinguished by  Leonard  Metcalf  and  a  small  jiarty,  who  bravely 
drove  the  assailants  to  their  barges.  Since  1794,  Camden  has 
been  a  flourishing  town.  J 


*  In  a  speech  of  his,  as  to  the  royal  proclamation,  inviting'  the  savages  to 
take  the  tomahawk,' — he  said,  "  it  oug-ht  to  be  damned — it  held  forth  a  war 
"of  revenge  such  as  Moloch  in  Pandemonium  advised;  and  it  would  fix 
"  an  inveterate  hatred  in  the  Americans,  against  the  very  name  of  English- 
"  man,  which  would  be  left  a  legacy  from  father  to  son  to  the  latest  poster- 
"  ity." — The  mountains  in  Camden,  viz.  Mount  Batty,  Mount  Pleasant, 
]\lount  Hosmers,  and  Mcg'unticook  mountain,  are  described  in  another 
place.     The  highest  is  at  least  1,000  feet  above  the  level  of  the  sea. 

f  Afterwards  Major  General  of  the  militia,  a  senator  and  sheriff. 

I  Camden  (72d  town)  contains  23,500  aci-es.  Its  south-east  corner  is  a 
rock  marked  A.  X.  on  the  nortli  side  of  Owls  Oead  bay.  The  shores  are 
deeply  indented  with  water,  and  Megunticook  cove,  next  above  the 
mouth  of  Goose  river,  forms  a  good  harbor  in  front  of  the  village.  The 
people  manufacture  large  quantities  of  lime,  which  they  export  to  all  parts 
of  the  Union.  The  20  associates  were  proprietors  of  Camden.  In  town 
there  are  twelve  mills  of  different  kinds ;— also  two  meeting-houses.  The 
first  minister  settled  was  Rev.  Thomas  Cockran,  who  was  ordained  in  Sep- 
temb^'r,  1805.  After  ten  years,  he  was  dismissed  by  mutual  consent.  In 
town  is  a  social  library  of  21)0  volumes,  instituted  in  1796,  and  a  post- 
office,  established  in  1794.     Camden  has   three  harbors,  Clam  Cove,  near 


552  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II. 

A.  D.  1791.  Bangor,  hitherto  the  plantation  of  Kenduskeag,  was  incoipor- 
Bangor.  ated  February  25,  embracing  about.  20,000  acres.  Stephen 
Bussell  and  liis  family  passed  the  winter  1769-70  on  the  decHv- 
ity,  half  a  mile  above  Kenduskeag  point,  and  100  rods  from  the 
Penobscot, — whose  residence  has  been  considered  the  commence- 
ment of  a  settlement  in  this  town.  He  was  followed,  in  the  ensu- 
ing spring,  by  Jacob  Bussell,  his  father,  and  by  Caleb  Goodwin, 
with  their  families.  The  next  summer,  (1771,)  Tho's  Howard, 
Simon  Crosby,  Jacob  Dennet,  John  and  Hugh  Smart,  removed  into 
the  place  ;  and  in  1772  there  were  in  the  settlement  twelve  fami- 
lies. In  March,  1787,  a  vote  was  passed  to  build  a  meeting- 
house, 40  feet  by  36  ;  and  the  transactions  of  this  meeting  are 
the  earliest  plantation  records  extant.  Rev.  Seth  Noble,  had 
then  resided  with  his  family  in  the  place  about  a  year,  when  he 
entered  into  a  written  agreement,  with  those  who  signed  it,  to 
preach  to  the  people  on  each  side  of  the  river  Penobscot,  alter- 
nately, so  long  as  they  would  pay  him  ^400  by  the  year.  He 
was  installed  and  continued  in  the  ministry  here,  about  eleven  or 
twelve  years.  Entrusted  with  an  agency  in  procuring  the  incor- 
poration of  the  town,  he  was  directed  by  a  vote  of  the  plantation 
to  have  Sunbury  inserted  in  the  act,  as  appropriate  to  the  pleas- 
ant appearance  of  the  place.  But  the  name  displeased  him  or 
escaped  his  recollection ;  for  when  the  legislative  Committee  en- 
quired what  the  town  should  be  called  ;  he  being  passionately 
fond  of  the  church-tune  Bangor,  told  them  to  insert  that  name.* 


Thomaston  ;  Goose  river  having-  10  fathoms  of  water,  and  Megunticook  or 
Carnden  harbor.  Into  the  latter  empties  a  pond  of  the  same  name.  Hos- 
mer's  pond  empties  into  Goose  river.  By  Statute,  1S02,  a  turnpike  was 
made  one  mile  in  length,  over  Megunticook  mountain,  to  Smelt  brook. — 
The  first  Representative  to  the  General  Court,  was  Samuel  Jacobs  in  1798. 
— JIS.  Let.  of  Flosea  Bales  and  B.  Gushing,  Esqrs. 

*  Bangor,  (73d  town,)  in  lat.  44°  45',  when  a  plantation,  extended  from 
the  first  house  north  of  Wheeler's  mills  at  Soadabscook,  to  Stillwater,  [in 
Orono:]  and  contained,  in  1790,  567  inhabitants,  including  adjacents.  The 
township  to  the  stream  Penjejewalk,  two  miles  above  the  'Point,'  was 
originallj-  claimed  by  the  Waldo  proprietors,  and  they  caused  a  survey  to 
be  made  by  Joseph  Chadwick,  in  1773,  to  that  place.  Afterwards,  to  make 
up  a  deficiency  in  their  patent,  the  General  Court,  in  1799  and  1800,  assigned 
the  townsliip  to  General  Knox,  first  reserving  113  lots  of  100  acres  each, 
to  the  settlers. — From  1774  to  1779,  Doct.  John  Herbert  was  exhorter  in 
religious  meetings  ;  and  in  the  winters  taught  a  school.  Rev.  Mr.  Noble 
was  one  of  the  whig  refugees,  who  fled  in  1776,  with  Col.  Jonathan  Eddy, 


X  new 
towns  incor- 


Chap,  xxi.]  of  Maine.  553 

Readfield,  the  northerly  moiety  of  Winthrop,  was  incorpor-  A.  D.  179L 
ated  March  11.  having  been  the  nortli  parish  of  that  town.     Its  Readfield. 
settlement  commenced  about  A.  D.  1760,  with  the  other  part  of 
Winthrop,  on  the  southerly  side  of  Chandler's  pond.* 

There  were,  in  1792,   six   towns  incorporated,  all  of  which,  g; 
except  one,  were  previously  plantations,  '°"  "* '."' 

Monmouth,    taking    a  name    commemorative    of   the    place^  Monmouth, 
where  a  noted  battle  was  fought,  June  28,    1778,   in  the   revolu- 
tionary war,  was  incor|)orated   January  20,  1792.     Its  plantation 
name  was  Wales.     The  first  settlement  was   commenced   proba- 
bly,  about  1774-5.     It  is  a  part  of  the  Plymouth  patent.f 

Sidney,  situated  between  Kennebeck  river  and  Snow's  pond,  Sidney, 
was  taken  from  Vassalborough,  and  incorporated  January  30, — 
a  name  famous  in  English  history.  The  earliest  settlement  in 
this  town  upon  the  river,  was  A.  D.  1760,  and  upon  the  borders 
of  the  pond,  in  1774.  The  Calvinistic  baptists  formed  a  church 
in  1791  ;  and  in  Nov.  1793,  settled  Elder  Asa  Wilbur  in  the 
ministry.! 

from  JNova  Scotia ;  and  had  a  lot  of  350  acres  g-iven  him  by  the  General 
Court  in  Edding^ton.  During  his  ministry,  there  was  an  associated  Church 
constituted  of  members  on  both  sides  of  the  river. — He  was  installed  by 
Rev.  Daniel  Little,  under  an  oak.  His  successor  was  James  Boyd,  ■who 
Was  settled  in  September,  1800,  and  dismissed^  November,  ISOl.  Rev.  Har- 
vey Loomis  was  settled,  by  the  town,  in  November,  1811,  and  died  in  his 
pulpit,  January  2,  182;?.  He  was  an  able  minister  and  a  most  excellent 
man.  He  was  succeeded  by  Rev.  Swan  L.  Pomroy. — The  first  meeting- 
house was  built  in  1821-2;  burnt  in  1830,  and  rebuilt  in  1831. — It  cost 
$12,500,  including  the  org-an.  The  Unitarian  meeting-house  v^as  built 
1828  ;  and  those  for  Baptists  and  Methodists,  the  same  year. — Bangor  was 
first  represented  in  the  General  Court  in  1S06,  by  James  Thomas: — Post- 
Oifice  was  established  in  1800  : — Bridge  across  the  Kenduskeag,  first  built 
in  1807,  and  cost  $4,000  ;  a  Printing  Office  was  established  in  Nov.  1815  j 
Court  House  built  in  1812  ;  an  Academy  incorporated  in  1817  ;  and  a  Bank 
in  1818.  Population  in  1800,  277;  in  1810,  850;  in  1820,  1,221;  and  in 
1830,  2,868. — Maine  Charity  Scaootr,  or  Theological  Seminary,  in 
Bangor,  was  incorporated  in  1814.  it  was  first  opened  in  Hampden  in 
1S16.  It  is  under  the  instruction  of  two  Professors — one  in  Theology  and 
the  other  in  the  Classics. 

*  Readfield,  (74th  town)  is  a  fertile  and  pleasant  township.     Here  is 
situated  the  "  Maine  Wesleyan  Seminary,"  instituted  A.  D.  1825. 

t  Monmouth,  (75th  town,)  contained  in  1790,  439  inhabitants.— It  is  the 
site  of  an  Academy,  incorporated  in  1809. 

I  Sidney,  (76th  town,)  contains  20,000   acres ;  of  which  1,000  is  a  bog. 
There  are  in  town  3  double  grist-mills,  and  3  saw-mills  ;  a  large  establish- 
VoL.  II,  70 


554  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II. 

A.  D.  1792.      LiMiNGTON,  hitherto  called  Ossipee  plantation,  was  incorpora- 
Limington.  ted,  Feb,  9,  when  it  contained   about   670  inhabitants.      It  is  a 
part  of  Francis  Small's  purchase  from  Captain  Sunday.     It  was 
settled  about    1773;    and  in  October,    1789,   a  church  of  six 
members  was  organized,* 
Hebron.  Hebkon,  the  plantation  of  Sheppardsfield,   was  incorporated, 

March  6,  containing  at  that  time  about  550  inhabitants.  The 
first  settlement  is  supposed  to  have  been  commenced  about 
1774. f 

BucKSPORT,  TBuckstown  till  chansred,  June  12, 1817,1  was  in- 
corporated  June  27,  and  is  township  "  Number  One,"  condition- 
ally granted  with  five  others  by  the  Provincial  Legislature,  in  1762, 
to  David  Marsh  of  Haverhill  in  Massachusetts,  and  his  associates. 
The  first  settlement  was  commenced  in  1764,  where  the  village 
now  is,  by  Colonel  Jonathan  Buck,  an  emigrant  from  the  same 
town,  and  his  associates,  who  removed  thither  with  their  families, 
and  built  a  saw-mill  and  two  dwellinghouses  the  same  year.  In 
1775,  the  men  of  this  plantation  and  that  of  No.  2,  [Orland,] 
formed  themselves  into  a  military  company  ;  and  also  chose  a 
Committee  of  inspection  and  safety.  The  ill-treatment,  which 
the  inhabitants  received  from  the  British,  after  they  occupied 
'Biguyduce,  drove  some  away  and  occasioned  the  rest  much  suf- 
fering. Some  had  their  houses  reduced  to  ashes,  and  were 
piloted  by  Indian  guides  through  the  woods  to  Kennebeck  ;  and 
some  were  forced  to  labor  on  the  enemy's  fortification.  The 
settlers  returned  and  the  plantation  revived  in  1784. J 


ment  for  carding  ^YooI  and  dressing-  cloth;  two  meeting'-houses  for  bap- 
tists, one  for  friends,  and  one  for  methodists.  Sidney  was  first  represented 
in  the  General  Court,  1808,  by  Mr  Wilbur.  Post-office  established  in  1013. 
— JJS.  Letter  of  Ambrose  Howard,  1820. 

*  Liminglon,  (77th  town,)  settled  Kcv.  Jonathan  Atkinson  in  the  minis- 
try in  October,  1794.— See  ante,  1785,  note  {a)  ta  Parsonsfield. 

f  flebron,  (7Sth  tovrn,)  whose  name  was  selected  from  the  scriptures,  is 
a  pleasant  township.  It  was  granted  by  the  State,— being  originally  called 
"Philip's  Gore."— 2  Speda/ Lau-.?,  p.  204.— The  academy  there  was  in- 
corporated in  Feb.  1S04,  and  has  been  endowed  with  a  half  township  of 
land. 

I  Bucksport,  (79th  town,)  in  lat.  44°  34',  is  beantifally  situated,  and  high- 
ly favored  with  one  of  the  best  harbors  in  the  Penobscot  waters.  Eas- 
tern river,  fed  hy  Dead  brook  and  Dead  river,  forms  a  part  of  the  eastern 
boundary  of  the  town,  and  was  called  by  the  Indians,  "  Alamasook.''''  It 
empties  into  the  Tliorovghfare,  below  Gross-point  in  Orland.  Here  are 
owned  2,000  tons  of  shipping  ;  also  11  mills  of  different  kinds,   besides  an 


Chap,  xxi.]  of  maine.  555 

Mount  Vernon,  the  '  plantation  of  Washington,''  was   incor-  A.  D.  1792. 
porated  June  28,  by  a  name  which   commemorates  the  seat  of  J^^oum  Ver- 
General  Washington.     Its  population  at  this  time  was  about  600. 
It  was  probably  settled  in    1774-5  ;    it  was  first  represented   in 
the  General  Court,  in  1800,  by  Nathaniel  Dudley.* 

The  rase   for  multiplyinsi;   municipal   towns,  and  new   settle- Objects  of 

o  I    J      <D  1  ^  eiileiprize. 

ments, — for  entering  upon  wild  lands  and  lumber  speculations, 
appearedjo  admit  as  yet,  of  no  abatement.  Efforts  so  energetic 
to  people  a  new  country,  were  sure  evidences  of  enterprize  and 
fortitude.  The  District  was  still  abounding  with  unoccupied  niill 
sites, — hundreds  of  which  were  in  the  heart  of  heavy  timber 
tracts  ;  and  there  was  great  interest  taken  in  converting  wild  lots, 
which  cost  little  or  nothing,  into  places  of  culture  and  habitation, 
and  opening  extensive  prospects  of  plenty  and  comfort,  for  rising 
familiei*. 

On  returning  to  our  political  affl\irs,  we  find  Governor  Hancock,  A.  D.  1793. 
at  the  spring  election   of  1793,   chosen  Chief  Magistrate  of  the  J;^^,^|  l]^^ 
Commonwealth,  for  the  twelfth  and  last  time.     He  was  a  favorite  *q';;'J|' h^^. 
of  the  people  ; — the  last  years  of  his  administration  were  tranquil,  cock. 
He  died  Oct.  8,  at  the  age  of  55,  deeply  and  universally  lament- 
ed.    The  executive  trust  was  discharged,  through  the  residue  of 
the  political  year,  by  Samuel  Adams,  the  Lieutenant-Governor. 


Iron  and  a  Woollen  Factory.— Rev.  John  Kenney  was,  in  1795,  the  first 
preacher  to  this  people.  There  are  now  in  town,  two  meeting'-houses, 
one  at  the  village,  where  Rev.  Mighill  Blood  was  settled  in  May,  1S03,  by 
congreg-ationalists  ;  and  one  for  methodists; — a  social  library  of  600  vols., 
and  a  school  fund  of  $1,400.  A  post-office  was  established  here,  in  1799  ; 
the  town  was  first  represented  in  tiie  General  Court,  in  1804,  by  (.'olonel 
Jonathan  Buck. — The  "  Gazette  of  Jlaine,'''  was  printed  here  about  7  or  8 
years  prior  to  the  last  war.  Here,  by  act  of  March  14,  1806,  was  establish- 
ed "  Penobscot  Bank,"  with  $150,000  capital,  which  continued  till  1812.— 
Orphan  Island,  oval  in  form,  and  in  extent,  4  miles  by  2,  is  separated 
from  Buclisport  and  Orland  by  the  Thoroughfare,  30  or  40  rods  wide.  Its 
northern  end  is  opposite  to  Bucksport  village,  and  its  southern  extremity 
is  half  a  league  above  Fort  Point— the  site  of  Fort  Pownal.  The  shores 
are  washed  by  a  tide  of  12  or  14  feet ;  the  ship  channel  is  on  the  western 
side,  though  vessels  of  200  tons  can  pass  through  the  thoroughfare.  The 
Island  is  owned  by  William  Wetmore's  wife,  grandaughter  of  General 
Waldo,  and  daughter  of  Samuel  Waldo  of  Falmouth. — MS.  Letter  of  Hen- 
ry Little,  Esq. 

*Jlioun«  Fernon,  (the  80th  town)  embraces  15,000  acres;    and  in   1820, 
it  contained  170  dwellinghouses  and  shops,  and  five  mills. 


556  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.    H. 

A.  D.  1793.      The  only  towns  incorporated  this  year,  were  Buckjield  and 
Paris  ;  two  contiguous  plantations. 

BucKFiKLD,  previously  called  '  Number  Five'  or  Bucktown, 
was  incorporated  March  16,  containing  22.323  acres.  In  1776, 
some  forest  trees  were  felled  by  Benjamin  Spaulding;  and  the 
ensuing  spring,  Ahijah  Buck,  for  whom  the  town  is  named,  and 
Thomas  Allen,  removed  with  their  families  into  the  township,  and 
commenced  the  first  permanent  settlement.  Joined  from  time  to 
time  by  others,  they  and  their  associates  procured  a  survey  of  the 
town  in  1785,  and  then  purchased  it  of  the  Commonwealth; 
taking  a  deed  of  it  from  the  Land-Committee,  Nov.  13,  1788, 
for  which  they  paid  only  two  shillings  by  the  acre.* 

Paris,  which  had  been  cahed  plantation  '  Number  Four,'  was 
incorporated,  June  20th.  It  was  granted  by  the  government,  in 
1771,  to  Joshua  Fuller,  and  his  associates.  The  first  trees  felled 
by  the  adventurers  were  in  1 779  ;  and  crops  were  taken  from 
the  lands  the  ensuing  year.f 

To  clear  the  woodlands  of  their  rugged  incumbrances,  and 
render  them  smooth  for  the  plough  and  scythe,  and  fit  for  human 
habitancy,  required  a  fortitude  and  persevering  industry,  which 
are  never  permitted  to  abate.  The  first  settlers  possessed  these 
qualities  in  an  eminent  degree.  Nor  were  their  felicities  all  in 
prospect.     Rough  as  the  log-house   may   appear   to   the   eye   of 

*  Buckjield,  (81st  town)  embraces  an  area  of  deep  dark  soil — good  for 
grain  and  Indian  corn.  But  in  1816,  the  lires  did  the  surface  of  this  and 
other  towns  immense  injury.  There  are  in  this  town,  five  large  bridges, 
over  Twenty  mile  river,  which,  as  it  passes,  runs  through  Turner;  also 
four  mills.  Here,  in  1821,  was  a  baptist  society,  of  which  Elder  Nathaniel 
Chase  was  the  public  teacher.  Societies  of  congregationalists,  and  of 
universalists  include  the  residue  of  the  population.  The  town  was  first 
represented  in  the  General  Court  in  1807,  by  Enoch  Hall.  Within  it  has 
been  discovered  a  mine  of  mountain  iron  ore,  equal  and  similar  to  that  of 
Franconia  ;  z\so  Lime-slone,  which  when  burnt  is  found  to  be  nearly  as 
strong  as  that  at  Thomaston.  Likewise  a  bed  of  Yellow  ochr&  has  been 
opened. — MS,  Let.  Samuel  Brown,  Esq.,  1822. 

I  Paris,  (the  S2d  town,)  manifestly  borrowing  its  name  from  the  capital 
city  of  France,  is  the  shire-town  in  the  County  of  Oxford.  There  are 
within  it,  13  mills  ;  4  bridges  across  Little  Androscoggin  ;  two  meeting- 
houses, one  for  baptists  and  one  for  congregationalists ;  Elder  James 
Hooper  is  the  only  minister  settled  in  town.  Its  first  Representative  to 
the  General  Court,  was  Josiah  Bisco6,  in  1803. — MS.  Let.  John  S.  Holmes, 
]Esq.  1821. 


Chap,  xxi.]  of  Maine.  557 

luxury, — it  was  usually  the  sanctuary  of  virtue,  of  health,  ofA.  D.  1793. 
character,  and  the  birthplace  of  many  such,  as  the  world  calls 
good  and  great.  Even  the  merest  wood-cutter  amidst  his  soli- 
tude, breathes  a  nectarine  atmosphere  and  exults  in  his  freedom, 
as  he  sees  field  added  to  field,  and  "cottage  after  cottage  rise," 
— until  the  wilderness  changes  and  brightens  into  towns,  the  pro- 
ducts of  honest  adventure  and  productive  toil, — the  prospective 
dwelling-places  of  posterity  in  successive  generations. 


558  THE  HISTORY  jToL.   II. 


CHAPTER  XXII. 

Political  2)artics — FedcraVnt  and  Anti-federalist — Tihe  General 
Government — The  French  revolution— The  Americans  take  sides 
—  Treaty  ivith  England — Samuel  Adams,  Governor — Representa- 
tives to  Congress — Boivdoin  College  established — Lime  and  lum- 
ber— Maine  jlourishing — Nineteen  new  towns  incorporated — Eas- 
tern lands  granted — Coinage  and  money — Electors  of  President 
and  Vic-President — A  new  militia  division — Militia  system  im- 
proved— Shellfish — A  treaty  with  the  Tarratines — The  nine  In- 
dian townships  and  Marsh  Island— -Seven  new  towns  incorporated 
— Academics  endowed — Records  of  the  Supreme  Judicial  Court 
removed  to  the  proper  Counties— I.  Sumner  elected  Governor — 
Parties — Election  af  Adams  and  Jefferson,  President  and  Vice- 
President Bleasures    against    French    aggressions Five    ndo 

towns  incorporated — Gov.  Sumner's  speech — What  is  the  river  St. 
Croix  determined  by  Commissioners — Eight  new  totvns  incorpor- 
ated—  War  measures — Land  tax  and  loan — Sedition  and  alien 
laws — The  whole  system  opposed  by  the  Republicans — Envoys  to 

France Truxton's    victory — -Collection    districts Kennebeck 

county  established — Lisbon  incorporated — Statistics — Limits  of 
the  Plymouth  and  Waldo  patents,  and  Pejepseot  purchase  settled 
— Deaths  of  Gov.  Sumner  and  General  Washington. 

A.D,  1794.  Parties  are  the  legitimate  offspring  of  all  free  and  enlightened 
Political  governments.  For  such  is  the  diversity  of  men's  education,  pur- 
pariies.  suits,  sentiments,  and  views,  that  if  their  opinions  be  the  result  of 
inquiry  and  reflection,  they  almost  necessarily  differ,  as  to  the 
merits  of  men  and  the  wisdom  of  measures.  Honest  disagree- 
ment awakens  research  and  discussion  ;  and  party-spirit,  so  long  as 
it  appears  only  in  the  robes  and  temple  of  truth,  is  a  minister  of 
light  for  good  to  the  people.  Otherwise,  seizing  upon  the  flam- 
beaux and  poisoned  darts  of  abuse,  it  becomes  a  fell  destroyer  of 
moral  worth,  of  fair  fame,  and  of  every  thing  else,  essentially 
valuable  in  society.  Hitherto  a  spirit  of  rational  liberty,  and  the 
dictates  of  reason,  had  kept  it,  in  this  country,  under  due  re- 
straints. The  politics  of  the  former  parties,  and  their  respective 
names,  '  whig'  and  '  tory,'  though  borrowed  from  England,  were 


Chap,  xxii.]  OF  maine.  659 

well  understood  and  appropriately  applied,  till  the  close  of  the  A.  D.  1794. 
American  Revolution. 

But  when  our  national  sovereignty  was  acknowledaied  abroad,  Federalists 

•^      •>  o  '  31,(1  Ant:- 

and  peace  was  established  and  enjoyed  at  home  ;  our  country  had  lederaibts. 
arrived  to  a  new  era  in  its  importance  and  condition.  It  might 
then  be  said  in  truth,  to  abound  with  well  informed  statesmen  and 
high-minded  republicans,  who  vvere  honestly  jealous  of  any  gov- 
ernment, State  or  National,  supposed  to  be  invested  with  powers 
or  prerogatives,  which  could  by  force  of  its  utmost  exertion  possi- 
bly infringe  upon  the  rights  or  immunities  of  the  people.  As 
soon,  therefore,  as  the  national  Constitution  was  published,  it  was 
examined  by  an  intelligent  community  with  great  scrutiny  and 
care,  and  made  the  topic  of  universal  remark.  In  this  Common- 
wealth, its  friends  and  its  foes  were  nearly  balanced  ;  yet  neither 
party  had  justly  any  occasion  or  right  to  call  in  question  the  oth- 
er's motives.  If  one  class  believed  a  Confederative  Government 
ought  necessarily  to  possess  all  the  attributes  of  National  Sove- 
reignty,— coercive  power,  and  distinct  legislative,  executive  and  ju- 
dicial departments  of  authority;  and  if  the  other  thought  the 
prerogatives  vested  by  the  new  Constitution  in  a  national  admin- 
istration, would  be  found  in  their  practical  operation  and  effects, 
to  swallow  up  the  State  Sovereignties  ;— both  had  equal  claims 
to  integrity  of  intention,  and  were  equally  advocates  for  an  indis- 
soluble union.  The  result,  however,  was  such,  that  those  in  favor 
of  the  Constitution,  as  reported  by  the  Convention,  were  denom- 
inated Federalists,  and  its  opponents  Anti-federalists : — Classes 
into  which  the  whole  community  became  divided. 

The  first  Pi'esidential  term  was  a  period  of  experiment,  in  ^^^  ^^^_ 
which  the  administration  acquired  the  merits  of  success,  beyond  e.ai govern 
what  had  been  generally  anticipated.  Political  measures  were 
judicious  ;  appointments  to  official  trust,  were  with  {ew  excep- 
tions, popular;  the  President  and  Vice-President  had  received  a 
second  election  ;  the  prosperity  of  the  nation  under  its  new  gov- 
ernment was  great ;  and  the  federalists  might  suppose,  that  their 
foresight  as  statesmen,  entitled  them  to  the  increasing  confidence 
of  the  public.  On  tiie  other  hand,  those  who  were  in  the  outset 
adverse  to  the  Constitution  by  reason  of  some  provisions  and 
powers  it  contained,  claimed  the  fcredit  of  effecting  ten  most  im- 
portant   amendments,* — and  finally,  the  abrogation  of  the  article 

=*^See  •'  Amendments  to  the  Constitution"  of  United  States. 


olulioii. 


550  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  IT. 

A.I)  1794.  which  authorized  the  suability  o(  the  States,*  and  avowed  them- 
selves the  staunch  supporters  of  a  General  Government.  It  was 
a  season  of  public  contentment ;  and  had  there  been  tranquillity 
in  Europe,  the  fearful  and  aggravated  asperities  of  party,  which 
were  daily  increasing,  and  the  difficulties  which  perplexed  the 
administration,  might  have  been  in  a  great  degree  avoided. 

Froncii  rev-  But  Francc  had  now  been  the  theatre  of  great  revolutionary 
changes,  for  more  than  five  years. f  Events  the  most  remarka- 
ble, had  followed  one  another  in  quick  succession.  All  old  es- 
tablishments in  Church  and  State  were  overturned  ;  and  ail  po- 
litical ranks  and  distinctions  abolished.  IMonastaries  were  sup- 
pressed, tlieir  lands  confiscated,  and  every  religious  order,  includ- 
ing the  Jews,  was  put  on  an  equality  with  the  catholics.  A  new 
Constitution  of  national  Government  had  been  adopted  ; — the 
Jacobins,  at  first  only  a  Club  of  about  forty  political  reformers 
in  Versailles,  becoming  exceedingly  numerous,  were  disposed  in 
their  assemblages  to  originate  or  fashion  all  measures  before 
they  were  adopted  ; — a  manifesto  had  been  published  by  the 
French  ambassadors,  at  every  Court  in  Europe,  that  the  arms  of 
France  would  never  be  turned  against  the  liberties  of  any  State 
or  people  ; — a  National  Convention,  or  '  Revolutionary  Tribunal' 
of  about  800  members  had  been  formed,  who  were  sworn  to 
hold  royalty  in  utter  detestation;  Louis  16th  and  his  queen 
had  been  beheaded,  and  a  '  free  Republic'  established  ; — the  vio- 
lent struggle  between  the  Jacobins  and  the  Revolutionary  Tribu- 
nal for  paramount  power,  had  brought  thousands  to  the  guillo- 
tine, and  filled  the  country  with  massacre  and  blood  ;J — Europe 
was  in  a  flame  of  war  against  the  French  nation  ; — and  ultimate- 
ly, a  change  invested  the  Council  of  Five  Hundred  and  the  Ex- 
ecutive Directory  with  absolute  power.  Amidst  these  mighty 
events,  extravagant  sentiments  of  liberty  and  equality,  mixed  with 
philosophy  and  adorned  with  eloquence,  were  blazed  through 
that  country ;  and  crossing  the  Atlantic,  had  an  electrifying  influ- 
ence and  altogether  an  undue  effect,  upon  the  minds  of  the 
American  people.     Some  cherished   the   recollections  of  honest 


*See  the  case  of  Chisholm  vs.  State  of  Georgia,  as  to  the  suability  of  the 
States.— Si/p.  Court  U.  Stales,  A.  D.  1793.— Con5<.  Art.  XI.  Amendment. 

j  Tlie  French  revolution  commenced  in  July,  17S9,  when  the  Bastile 
was  demolished. 

I  The  Jacobin  Club,  as  such,  became  extinct  in  France,  about  1795-6. 


Chap,  xxn.]  of  MAiNt.  561 

gratefulness  towards  a  people,  so  lately  the  American  ally  in  her  A.  D.  1794. 
bloody  struggle  for  freedom,  and  wished  them  triumphant  success. 
Others  denounced  the  French  Revolution  as  a  series  of  disorders 
big  with  crime,  and  chose  rather  to  be  numbered  among  its  foes 
than  its  friends.  These  were  tiuis  in  sentiment  brought  upon  the  The  Ameri 
same  side  with  the  British,  who  were  at  war  with  the  French  ;  sides. '°  ^ 
and  great  numbers,  if  not  all,  of  the  trading  Federalists  were 
found  in  this  class,_  who  were  called  by  way  of  reproach,  British 
emissaries,  aristocrats  and  even  tories.  They,  too,  were  equally 
illiberal  towards  their  opponents,  who  called  themselves  Repub- 
licans, applying  to  them  the  appellations  of  Democrat,  and  even 
Jacobin.  Hence  the  American  people  became  virtually  parti- 
sans with  the  contending  nations  in  Europe ;  and  for  such  cause, 
unworthy  as  it  was,  the  parties  without  much  restraint,  attacked 
each  others'  motives  as  well  as  sentiments  and  measures,  with 
great  severity,  if  not  with  some  malignity. 

Resolved  to  do  equal  justice  to  all  nations,  and  entangle  alii-  a  treaty 
ances  with  none.  President  Washington  issued  a  proclamation  of  rand.^"^' 
Neutrality.  Next,  he  appointed  the  honorable  John  Jay,  envoy 
extraordinary  and  minister  plenipotentiary  to  London,  who  ne- 
gociated  a  treaty  of  amity,  commerce  and  navigation,  with 
Great  Britain,  Nov.  19,  1794,  which  was  ratified  by  the  Amer- 
ican government.  Nothing  had  ever  before  tested  so  severely 
the  popularity  of  the  President.  For  the  whole  country  was 
divided  upon  the  subject ; — the  Federalists  believed  the  treaty 
would  be  the  salvation  of  our  commerce,  if  not  of  our  country; 
while  the  Democrats  or  Republicans,  condemned  it  as  a  monopoly 
conceded  to  a  nation,  whose  politics  ought  always  to  be  viewed 
with  distrust,  insisting  that  it  would  operate  as  a  perpetual  bar  to 
better  terms.  It  was  furthermore  said,  that  the  treaty  originated 
and  progressed  in  a  spirit  of  partiality  towards  the  English,  which 
the  French,  who  had  afforded  us  aid  in  our  contest  for  liberty, 
might  justly  resent. 

Remote  from  us,  as  the  events  and  politics  of  Europe  may  ap-  Samuel 
pear;  they  were  nevertheless,  in  the  spring  elections  of    1794,decied 
instrumental  of  forming  a  dividing  line  between  the  parties  at  the  ^°''^''°°'"- 
polls,    through   this    Commonwealth.      Candidates   for  the  first 
elective  offices  were  nominated,  in  consideration  of  party  as  well 
as  merit ;   when  Samuel  Adams,  the  Lieutenant-Governor,  an 

Vl.  n.  71 


662  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II. 

A.  D.  1794.  unwavering  advocate  for  State-rights,  and  a  republican  of  the  first 
order,  was  elected  to  the  Chief-Magistracy,  over  the  federal  can- 
didate, WUliam  Gushing,  late  Chief-Justice  of  Massachusetts. 
and  then  a  Judge  upon  the  Supreme  Bench  of  the  United  States ; 

Lieutenant-  ^"^  Moses  GUI  was  choscu  Lieutenant-Govcmor,  by  the   Legis- 

Governor.    ]ature,  no  election  being  effected  at  the  polls. 

3  Rppre-  In  a  new  apportionment  of  Representatives  to  Congress  araone; 

senlatives  to  i   o  r  • 

Congress  the  several  States,  lourteen  were  assigned  to  this  Commonwealth  ; 
of  whom  Maine  was  entitled  to  the  election  of  three.  For  this 
purpose  its  towns  and  plantations  were  classified  into  as  many 
districts  ;  and  in  November,  they  elected  George  Thatcher,* 
Peleg  Wadsworth,  and  Henry  Dearborn.     The  number  of 

Six  Sena-    jj^g  Senators  to  the  State  legislature  was  also  increased  from  four 

lorSi  ^ 

to  six  ;  two  of  whom  were  to  be  chosen  in  the  County  of  York, 
two  in  Cumberland,  and  two  in  Lincoln,   Hancock,  and  Wash- 
ington. 
Bowdoin  At  length,  a  Charter  was  granted  by  the  General  Court,  June 

Colic*'©  cs» 

tabiisiieti      24,  1794,  for  the  establishment  of  Bowdoin  College,!  in  the 

*To  this  time  Mr.  Thatcher  had  been  sole  Representative  from  Maine. 

■f  The  name  was  chosen  in  honor  of  a  wealthy  and  disting-uished  fam- 
ily of  Massachusetts.  It  appears  that,  "  Pierre  Bauduoin,"  or  Bowdoin, 
a  Protestant  near  Rochelle  in  France,  fled  with  his  wife  and  four  children 
from  their  native  country,  on  the  revocation  of  the  edict  of  Nantz,  and 
landed  at  Casco  [Portland]  in  1688,  which  he  fortunately  left  May  16,  1690, 
the  day  before  the  place  was  destroyed  by  the  Indians.  He  died  within  2 
years  in  Boston,  leaving  a  widow  and  family,  in  charg-e  of  his  oldest  son 
James.  This  man  acquired  a  great  estate,  wliich  he,  at  the  age  of  71,  viz. 
Sept.  4,  1747,  left  to  two  sons,  James  and  William.  The  former,  born  in 
1727,  and  graduated  in  1745,  was  Gov'r  of  Massachusetts  in  1785  «fc  6  ;  his 
wife  was  the  daughter  of  John  Erving,  Esq  ;  and  his  children  were  James, 
Jr.  born  Sept.  22, 1752,  and  a  daughter,  married  to  Sir  John  Temple.  James, 
Jr.  great-grandson  of  Pierre  was  graduated  at  Harvard  College  in  1771 ; 
read  law  about  a  year  at  the  University  of  Oxford  in  England ;  travelled 
in  England,  Italy,  and  Holland ;  and  returning  after  Lexington  battle, 
married  the  daughter  of  his  uncle  William,  who  was  his  father's  half  broth- 
er. He  resided  in  Dorchester,  and  sustained  successively  the  oflBces  of 
representative,  senator,  and  councillor.  After  the  College  was  incorpor- 
ated by  the  name  of  his  family,  he  made  to  it  a  donation  of  1,000  acres  of 
land,  and  £l, 100  in  other  property.  In  1C05,  he  was  appointed  minister 
plenipotentiary  to  Madrid,  and  was  resident,  during  his  absence,  two  }'ears 
in  Paris,  "  where  he  purchased  a  large  library  of  books,  and  a  collection 
of  well  arranged  materials  and  fine  models  of  crystallography,  all  which 
he  afterwards  presented  to  Bowdoin  College,"    In  July,  1811,  he  also  exe- 


Chap,  xxii.]  of  Maine.  563 

town  of  Brunswick,  the  first  classical  seminary  founded  in  this  A. D.  1794. 
State.  Its  government  was  committed  to  a  board  of  13  Trus- 
tees, including  the  President,  and  a  supervisory  body  of  45  Over- 
seers, It  was  endowed  by  the  Legislature  with  five  townships 
of  land  ;  and  from  1812  to  1831,  it  received  out  of  the  public 
treasury  ^3,000  by  the  year.  The  first  classic  instruction  was 
in  the  year  1802  ;*  and  between  the  first  public  Commencement, 
A.  D.  1806,  and  the  Separation,  A.  D.  1820,  inclusive,  135 
young  gentlemen,  Jllumni  of  the  College,  were  graduated  Bach- 
elors of  Arts.  The  College  edifices  are  four, — three  of  which 
are  brick.  Two  of  them,  Maine  Hall  and  New  College,  are 
large  and  elegant:  The  third  is  Alassachusetts  Hall ;  and  the 
fourth  is  the  Chapel.  The  site  selected  for  them,  is  the  heart  of 
a  very  handsome  plain,  a  mile  from  the  Lower  Falls  in  the  river 
Androscoggin.  The  College  has  a  Library  of  3,000  volumes  ; 
a  valuable  philosophical  apparatus  ;  and  a  large  cabinet  of  min- 
erals and  curiosities.  The  Classes  are  under  the  tuition  of  the 
President,  five  Professors  and  a  Tutor.  The  institution  has  been 
for  several  years,  in  quhe  a  flourishing  state. f 

Some  of  the  mechanic  arts,  and  articles  of  manufacture  and  Lime  and 
exportation,  received  the  particular   attention  of  the   Legislature 
this  year.     For  instance,  a  new  law  prescribed  the  size  of  lime 

cutcd  a  deed  to  the  Colleg-e  of  6,000  acres,  in  the  town  of  Lisbon  ;  and  in 
his  will,  bequeathed  it  "■  several  articles  of  philosophical  apparatus,  and  a 
costly  collection  of  70  elegant  painling-s,"  He  died  without  children,  Oct. 
11,  1811,  in  the  60th  year  of  his  ag-e.  His  widow  married  the  late  General 
Henry  Dearborn ;  and  at  her  decease,  she  left  a  sum  of  money  to  the  Col- 
lege, also  several  family  portraits.  James  Bowdoin,  one  of  the  overseers, 
is  the  son  of  her  neice, — the  wife  of  Lieut.  Governor  Winthrop. — Dr.  Al- 
len's Decade  of  Addresses. — Jfotes,  p.  267-8. 

*  "Rev.  Joseph  J\V Keen^D.T).  was  the  first  President  of  the  Colleg'e. 
He  was  born  at  Londonderry,  N.  H.  1757, — a  descendant  of  Scotch  Presby- 
terian ancestors,  settled  in  the  north  of  Ireland.  He  was  graduated  at 
Dartmouth  College  in  1774. — He  died  in  July,  1807.  His  successor,  Rev. 
Jesse  Appleton,  born  at  New  Ipswich,  N.  H.  1772,  graduated  at  the 
same  College  in  1792,  and  died  Nov.  12,  18«9.— Rev.  William  Allen,  the  3d 
President,  was  graduated  at  Harvard  University,  in  1802. 

j-  The  Presidents  of  the  Overseers  have  been  David  Sewall,  14  years;  Dan- 
iel Davis,  5  ;  James  Bowdoin,  3  ;  Samuel  Freeman,  3  ;  and  Jeremiah  Baily, 

2  years,  including  A.  D.  1821 The  Institution  has  been  endowed  by  the 

State  with  grants  of  5  townships  of  land, — Dixmont,  Sebec,  Foxcroft, 
Guilford,  and  Abbot.— [See  Sebec,  post,  A.  D.  1812.] 


564  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.    II. 

A.  D.  1791.  casks,  and  required  the  manufacturer  to  brand  his  name  upon 
them  after  they  were  filled.  Another  act  was  passed,  to  preserve 
for  the  owners,  mill-logs,  masts,  spars,  and  other  timber,  acciden- 
tally found  floating  down  the  rivers  ;  and  to  punish  all  such  as 
presumed  to  deface  the  marks.  For  though  there  was  consider- 
able ship-building,  and  many  were  engaged  in  foreign  navigation 
and  the  fisheries,  the  lumber  business  was  pursued  to  greater 
extent  and  advantage,  than  at  any  former  period. 

Maine  flour-  But  it  was  chicfly,  the  great  multiplication  of  towns,  rising  into 
being  and  notice  from  year  to  year,  by  which  we  trace  with  cer- 
tainty, the  rapid  progress  of  this  eastern  country,  in  enterprize, 
population  and  wealth.  Nothing  surely  could  give  higher  proof 
of  the  favorable  opinion  which  visitants  and  settlers  entertained 
of  its  resources  and  ultimate  importance.  Men  left  to  their 
choice  select  their  places  of  abode,  where  they  can  enjoy  the 
best  health  and  greatest  privileges,  and  where  they  can  obtain  a 
livelihood  by  the  most  feasible  means,  and  an  increase  of  their 
substance  in  the  surest  manner.  The  current  of  emigration 
setting  hither,  appeared  to  deepen  and  widen  with  time.  In  the 
short  period  of  thirteen  future   months,  there   were  incorporated 

Nineteen  i  _  _ 

ne«  towns    7u'we?^ee?t  towus,  fifteen  of  which   were   previously   plantations; — 

incorporat- 
ed, every  new  town  being  supposed  to  contain  when  incorporated,  at 

least  500  inhabitants,  though  in  some   instances  the   number  was 
less. 

Our  subsequent  sketches  of  towns  multiplying  so   remarkably. 
Farming-     xxiusX.  be  fcw   and   concise.      Farmington,*  previously   '  Sandy 
river  plantation,'  [No.  1 ,]  or  '  Tyngstown,'f  incorporated  Febru- 
ary 1st,  was  happily  found  to  be  wholly  without  the  limits  of  the 

*  Farmington,  (83d  town  )  is  a  most  excelleut  township  ia  the  bend  of 
Sandy  river,  containing  27,000  acres.  The  goodness  of  its  soil  for  agri- 
culture, was  tlie  reason  of  g-iving-  it,  b}'  comsnon  consent,  its  corporate 
name.  Here  were  llie  Indian  cornfields  of  the  Canibas  tribe.  At  the 
"Crotch,"  or  confluence  of  Sandy  river  and  Little  Norridgevvock,  are 
fal'is,  and  excellent  sites  for  niilis.  In  this  place  is  one  village  : — the  other 
•is  five  miles  farther  up  Sandy  river,  where  there  is  a  large  meeting-house, 
an  academical  edifice,  and  a  village  of  30  houses.  Population  in  1790,  was 
494.  Farmington  Academy  was  established  in  Feb.  1807,  and  is  flourishing. 
A  post-office  was  esteblislied  here,  in  1797  ;  and  (he  next  year,  tiie  town 
was  represented  in  ttie  General  Court,  by  Supply  Belcher. — jVS.  Letter 
from  Fanninglon,  1821. 

f  See  grant  to  Williair.  Tyng  and  company  for  services- in  17C3. — Re- 
solves 1785-6,  1792-3. 


Chap,  xxii.]  of  waine.  565 

Plymouth  patent.  It  was  surveyed  by  Colonel  Joseph  North,  in  a.d.  1794. 
1780,  when  improvements  were  commenced  ;  and  the  next  year 
it  was  settled  by  several  families.  Under  a  resolve  of  1790,  the 
lots  were  confirmed  to  the  settlers  and  their  associates,  agreeably 
to  drafts  made  at  proprietors'  meetings  holden  in  Hallowell. — 
Alfred,  the  north  parish  of  Sanford,  was  incorporated  February  Aified, 
4,  into  a  district,  and  made  a  toivn  in  1808,  being  named  for 
Alfred  the  great.  The  first  permanent  settlements  were  made 
here  in  1770.* — Bridgeton,  situated  between  Long  Pond  and  Bridgeion. 
Denmark  and  incorporated  February  7,  was  granted  by  the  Gen- 
eral Court,  in  1764,  to  Benjamin  Milliken  and  others  in  lieu  of 
'  Rowley  Canada,'  [Ringe]  taken  away  by  running  the  New- 
Hampshire  line.  It  received  its  name  from  Moody  Bridges  of 
Andover,  Massachusetts,  who  was  a  large  proprietor.  The  first 
improvements  were  made  in  1769  by  Benjamin  Kimball. f — 
Prospect,  situated  between  'Half-way  Creek'  and  the  ™outh  p^.^^, ^^^^ 
of  Marsh  river,  was  taken  Irom  Frankfort  and  incorporated  Feb. 
24.  Its  name  was  taken  from  the  '  beautiful  prospect,'  presented 
by  an  elevation  near  the  centre  of  the  town,  in  the  vicinity  of  Fort 
Pownal.  This  place  became  inhabited  soon  after  the  erection  of 
that  fortification  in  1759;  Joshua  Treat  having  been  one  of  the 
earliest  setders.  Before  the  war  of  the  Revolution,  Thomas 
Goldthwait  and  Francis  Bernard,  son  of  the  Governor,  took  from 
the  Waldo  proprietors,  a  grant  of  2,700  acres  near  the  southerly 
part  of  the  town  ;    in   consideration   of   which  they  engaged   to 

*  Alfred^  (84th  town,)  when  incorporated  into  a  district,  was  vested  with 
all  town  privileges,  except,  it  continued  united  to  Sanfoi'd,  in  the  choice 
of  a  Representative,  till  large  enough  to  choose  one.  The  village  is  on 
a  plain  ;  the  site  of  which,  and  the  territory  about  two  miles  square,  were 
claimed  under  the  Governor's  right  [Hutchinson  and  Oliver]  and  was  long 
in  dispute.  The  title  to  the  residue  of  the  town  is  the  same  as  in  Sanford. 
— [See  Sanford,  ante,  A.  D.  1768.]  Alfred  has  been  a  shire-ioivn  since 
Sept.  1803.  A  Post  Office  was  established  here  in  1800.  In  Alfred  is  a 
family  of  Shakers,  embracing  190  members— who  associated  here  in  1784. 
They  first  removed  hither  from  JNew-Lebanon. 

t  Bridgeton,  (8oth  town)  contains  23,000  acres.  Here  are  two  meeting- 
houses, one  for  baptists,  Elder  Reuben  Ball ;  one  for  congregationalists, 
Rev.  Nathan  Church,  settled  in  1789.  Here  also  is  a  ministerial  fund, 
founded  by  the  donations  of  E.  Roby  and  A.  Andrews.  Bridgeton  Academy 
was  incorporated  in  March,  1808.  Post  Office  was  established  in  town,  A. 
D.  1800.  First  Representative  to  General  Court,  was  Phinehas  Ingalls,  in 
1S19.—J\1S.  Letter,  1819, 


566  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II. 

A.  I).  )i9i.  settle  30  families  and  an  episcopal  minister,  and  to  build  a  church. 
They  did  indeed  rear  a  small  brick  chapel,  and  attejnpt  a  settle- 
ment ;  but  being  Tories,  they  in  the  war  left  their  country  and 
forfeited  their  property.     The  plantation  continued,  and  in  1784, 

Hampiien.    j}-,g,.g  ^ygro  in  Prospcct,  24  families.* — Hampden,  lying  between 
the  north  line  of  the  Waldo  patent  and  Bangor,  was  incorporated 
Feb.  24 ;  half  of  the  town  or  more  being  taken  from  Frankfort. 
It  was  first  settled,  at  the  mouth  of  Soadabscook,f  in   1772,  by 
Benjamin  Wheeler,  who  built  mills  near  its  mouth  ;  and,  therefore, 
while  a  plantation,  it  was  usually  called  Wheeler's  borough.     Its 
corporate  name  was  adopted  in  memory  of  the   famous  English- 
man, John  Hampden.     Disturbed  by  the  English  after  their  oc- 
cupation of  'Biguyduce,  in  1779,  the  settlers  retired   with   their 
families  through  the  woods  to  Kennebeck,  and   thence  to   Wool- 
wich and  Falmouth.     Returning  in  1783,  they  resumed  the  set- 
tlement of  the  place;  and  in  1796,  the  township  was   surveyed 
and  lotted  by  Ephraim  Ballard  ;  when  every  inhabitant  received  a 
lot  of  100  acres.     If  he  were  a  settler  before  January,  1784,  he 
paid  six  dollars,  but  if  afterward  and  before  January,  1794,   he 
paid  fifty  dollars.      The  residue   of   the   town  was   assigned   to 
General  Knox  by  the  government  to  make  up  for  a  deficiency  in 
Newfieid.     the  Waldo  patent.  J — Newfield,  incorporated  Feb.  26,  was  pre- 
viously the  plantation  of  '  Washington,'  situated  on  the  northerly 

*  Prospect,  (86th  town,)  includes  Brigadier's  Island,  of  750  acres,  which 
is  southerly  of  old  Fort  Pownal.— [See  A.  D.  1759.]  "  Cod-lead"  in  a 
marsh  near  the  north  part  of  the  town,  is  a  curious  mound  covering  one 
fourth  of  an  acre,  "  no  work  of  art  could  surpass  its  beauty."  There  are 
owned  in  Prospect,  1,060  tons  of  shipping,  and  S  mills.  A  post-office  was 
established  here  in  1795.  There  are  in  town  2  meeting-houses,  1  for  con- 
gregationalists.  Rev.  C.  J.  Lawton  settled,  1815,  and  Mr.  Thurston,  in 
1826 ;  1  for  baptists.  Elder  Thomas  Morrell,  minister  from  1815  to  1824. 
The  first  Representative  was  Henry  Black.  Another  was  Joseph  P.  Mar- 
tin, Esq.  a  revolutionary  soldier,  from  1776  to  17S3— a  man  of  great  worth 
and  intelligence. — J\IS.  Letter  from  Prospect,  1824. 

f  "  Soadapscoo"— is  the  Indian  word.— General  J.  Herrick. — See  Frank- 
fort, ante,  A.  D.  1189. 

I  Hampden,  (87th  town,)  was  settled  by  emigrants  from  Cape  Cod.  They 
were  threatened  by  the  Indians,  as  most  settlers  on  the  river  were  before  the 
war.  Here  are  two  meeting-houses,  1  for  methodists,  and  1  for  universal- 
ists.  Hampden  Academy  was  incorporated,  March,  1803.  The  town  was 
first  represented  in  the  General  Court,  A.  D.  1802,  by  Martin  Kinsley,  af- 
terwards member  of  the  Senate  and  Council  in  Massachusetts,  and  of  Con- 
gress ; — Judge  of  the  Common  Pleas  and  of  Probate. 


Chap,  xxit.]  of  maine.  ^Qfy 

side  of  the  Little  Ossipee.     It  was  surveyed  in  1778,  and  settled  a.d.  1794. 
the  same  year.*— Coknish,   hitherto  called   '  Francisboroudi' Cornish, 
was  incorporated  February  27.     Its  soil   grows   Indian  cor7i   so 
abundantly,  that  we  are   told  its  corporate   name  is   taken  from 
that  circumstance.     The  southerly  part  of  the  town    was    settled 
by  a  few  families,  in  1776;  population  in    1790,  was  411  •  and 
in  1792,  there  was  organized  a  baptist  church. f — New-Sharon, '^^'^-Shar- 
mcorporated  June  20,  adjoms  Sandy  river  and   McGirdy's  pond. 
Its  plantation  name  was  Unitij.     It  is  supposed  to  have  been  set- 
tled about  the  year   1776.      The   number  of   its   inhabitants   in 
1790,  was  130.  J — Dresden,  incorporated  June  25,  and  so  called  Dresden, 
from  a  town  of  the  same  name  in   Germany,  was  previously   the 
'West  Precinct' of  Pownalborough.      It  was  first  settled    about 
1750.     Here  was  a   seat  of  justice  for  the   county   of  Lincoln 
from  1760  to  1794.§— Alna,  [JVew-Milford,  till  changed  Feb.  Aina. 

*  JTewfield,  (SSth  town,)  contains  14,543  seres  of  g'ood  land.  This  town- 
ship fell  to  Shapleig-h  of  Small's  Indian  purchase. — [See  ante,  note  (a,)  Par- 
sonsjield,  A.  I).  1785.]— Here  are  two  meeting-houses,  1  for  congregation- 
alists,  Rev.  John  Adams  settled  in  17SI,  when  there  were  only  5  families 
in  the  plantation.  Post-office  established  in  1804  ;  first  baptin  church 
formed,  1S06  ;  and  first  Representative  to  the  General  Court,  was  Josiah 
Towle,  the  same  year.  Here  is  found  a  mine  of  Fuller's  earth,  which  has 
been  wrought  by  the  '  Washing-ton  Mining  Company.'— Population  in 
1790,  was  262  souls.— ./l/S.  Letter  of  James  Ayer,  jr.  Esq.  1820. 

t  Cornish,  (89(h  town,)  contains  12,000  acres.  It  is  a  part  of  the  Small 
TpuTcha.se.— [See  Parsonxfie/d,  1785.]— In  town  is  one  meeting-house  ;  Rev. 
John  Chadbourne  ordained  in  1797,  and  Mr.  Remick,  in  1805  :— Post-office 
established  in  1810.  The  first  Representative  to  the  General  Court,  was 
Josiah  Dunn,  in  1806- — JIS.  Letter,  1820. 

I  JSTeiv-Sharon,  (90th  town,)  first  organized  a  church  in  1801  ;  and  in 
1815,  settled  Rev.  Hezekiah  Hall.— It  was  granted  by  the  State,  Feb.  14, 
1791, to  Prince  Baker  and  others,  containing  28,600  acres.  .^ 

5  Dresden,  (91st   town,)    including  Swan-Island,    which  in    extent   is  4  4 

miles  by  200  rods,  now  contains  17,404  acres — [See  Pownalborough,  ante, 
A.  D.  1760.]— Prior  to  the  Revolution,  Rev.  Jacob  Baily,  an  episcopalian, 
was  settled  here,  receiving  part  of  his  support  from  the  Plymouth  proprie- 
tors. His  politics  prevented  his  stay  through  the  war.  There  is  a  meet- 
ing-house in  Dresden,  for  congregationalists;  Rev.  Freeman  Parker,  a 
graduate  of  Harvard,  in  1797,  was  settled  in  1801.  Post-office  was  estab- 
lished here  in  1795  ;  and  first  Representative  to  the  General  Court,  (in 
1806,)  was  Samuel  F.  Goodwin.— Major  John  Polereezky,  born  in  France, 
and  educated  at  the  military  academy,  was  Major  in  the  Duke  of  Lauzerne's 
regiment  of  Light-horse  in  the  army  of  General  Rochambeau,  had  a 
horse   killed  under  him  in  the  battle  at  White  Plains,  and  was  at  the  cap- 


Poland. 


558  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II. 

A.D.  1794.28,  1811,]  incorporated  June  25,  was  the  'North  Precinct'  of 
PownalboroLigh.  It  is  situated  between  Dresden  and  the  river 
Sheepscot.     Probably  it  was  settled  about  1760.* 

A.  D.  1793.  The  other  nine  towns  of  the  nineteen  mentioned  were  all  in- 
corporated in  the  month  of  February,  1795. 

The  first  was  Poland,  a  very  large  township,  incorporated 
Feb.  17,  which  extended  up  from  the  Twenty-mile  Falls  in  the 
river  Androscoggin,  so  as  to  include  what,  since  1802,  is  Minot. 
Poland  embraced  Bakerstown,  and  about  21,000  acres,  lying  be- 
tween the  latter  and  Sheppardsfield  or  Hebron,  which  the  gov- 
ernment, in  1788,  quit-claimed  to  John  Bridgham,  and  sixty- 
four  others,  upon  the  usual  conditions  of  settlement  and  payment 
of  a  small  pecuniary  consideration.  The  town,  when  incorpor- 
ated, contained  about   1,400  inhabitants. f      The  names   of  the 

towns."^'^  other  eight  towns,  and  the  different  days  in  February,  on  which 
they  were  incorporated  were  these, — Litchfield  J  and  Lewis- 
T0N,§  the  18th,  Jay, II  the  26th,  Steuben,1[  27th,  Fayette,** 

ture  of  Cornwallis. — He  did  not  return  home  after  the  war,  but  has  ever 
since  resided  in  Dresden,  and  been  town  clerk  15  years.  Population  of 
Pownalboroi]g-h  in  1790,  was  2,055.— J»/S.  Letter  from  Dresden,  1820. 

*  Alna,  (92d  town,)  was  the  3d  parish  of  Pownalborough.  In  1796,  a 
church  was  organized,  and  Rev.  Jonathan  Ward  settled. 

f  Poland,  (93d  town,)  is  supposed  to  take  its  name  of  an  Indian  Chief — 
The  first  settled  minister  was  Rev.  Jonathan  Scott. 

I  Litchfield,  (94th  town,)  formerly  Smithfield,  or  Smithtown,  was  settled 
in  1778,  by  two  brothers  by  the  name  of  Smith.  Its  population  in  1790,, 
was  521. 

§  Lewiston,  (95th  town,)  lies  between  the  Androscoggin  and  the  Plymouth 
patent.    Its  plantation  name  wasLewistown.    Population  in  1790,  532  souls. 

II  Jay,  (96th  town,)  a  name  from  Hon.  John  Jay,  had  been  called  Phips' 
Canada.  It  is  a  large  township  and  lies  on  both  sides  of  the  Androscog- 
gin.    Its  population  in  1790,  was  103  souls. 

IT  Steuben,  (97th  town,)  in  memory  of  Baron  Steuben,  was  called  planta- 
tion No.  4,  and  included  two  Islands  in  Dj'er's  bay.  It  is  the  second  cor- 
porate town  in  Washington  county.  The  township  was  granted  to  Tijom- 
as  Rustori,  Aug.  26,  1794.     Its  population  in  1790,  was  233  souls. 

**  Fayette,  (98th  town,)  was  the  plantation  of  Sterling,  7,000  acres  of 
which  were  granted  to  Robert  Page  and  associates  by  the  State.  It  is 
bounded  on  the  east  by  Thirty  mile  river,  Lanes'  pond,  and  Crotched  pond. 
There  was  in  this  plantation,  in  1790,  only  166  inhabitants. 


Chap,  xxii.]  of  jmaine.  569 

LivERMORE,*  STARKSjf  and  Clinton,!  ^^^  28th  of  the  monthj —  a.  d.  1795. 
all  of  which  were  plantations. 

The  passion  for  the  sale  and  settlement  of   eastern  lands,  and  Eastern 

lands. 

speculation  in  them,  which  had  prevailed  extensively  for  several 
years,  seemed  not  to  have  abated.  The  Committee,  possessing 
abundant  power,  had  by  conveyance  and  bargain,  sold  large  and 
numerous  tracts; — to  which,  if  we  add  the  other  transfers  by  spe- 
cial Resolves  to  quiet  settlers,  remunerate  public  services  and 
sufferings,  and  endow  literary  institutions,  the  whole  number  of 
acres,  passed  from  the  Commonwealth,  since  the  peace, — a  period 
of  12  years,  exceeded  three  millions  and  an  half,  or  150  town- 
ships of  usual  size.  The  public  interests,  it  was  perceived,  were 
so  extensively  concerned  in  this  business,  that  the  General  Court 
directed  the  Committee  to  complete  all  unfinished  bargains,  make 
a  detailed  report  of  their  official  transactions,  and  suspend  their 
sales  till  further  orders.  Three  hundred  copies  of  their  report, 
when  completed,  were  printed  and  distributed. 

The  troubles  in  Europe  had  induced  great  numbers  to  emigrate  Emi^ants 
into  this  country,  whose  circumstances  demanded  public  com- Society^  * 
miseration.  The  eastern  lands  were  still  plenty,  cheap  and 
good ;  mechanic  skill  and  manual  labor  were  in  great  demand  ; 
and  men  of  wealth  and  distinction,  moved  by  a  spirit  of  benevo- 
lence, formed  "  the  Massachusetts  Society  for  the  aid  of  emigrants," 
and  became  incorporated.  To  foreigners  of  fair  character  it  was 
an  accessible  friend  and  adviser  ;  and  hundreds  have  had  occasion 
to  be  deeply  grateful  for  the  help  received. 

Besides  the  powers  given  to  the  National  Government,  for  the  Metalic 
regulation  of  commercial  enterprize,  so  peculiarly  beneficial  to  ""°"^^" 
the  people  upon  navigable  waters,  and  the  facilities  of  mutual  in- 
tercourse through  the  medium   of   the  post-office  establishment, 
so  essential  to  a  sparce  population ;  Congress  had  the  exclusive 

*  Livermore,  (99th  town,)  [Port  Royal,]  lies  on  both  sides  of  the  Andros- 
coggin. The  plantation  of  Liverraore  and  Richardson  together,  in  1790, 
contained  400  inhabitants. 

t  Starks,  (100th  town,)  commemorative  of  General  John  Starks,  had 
been  called  '  Lower  Sandy  river'  plantation,  granted  in  1790,  to  Dummer 
Sewall  and  others.     Population  that  year  was  327. 

X  Clinton,  [\Olst  town,)  was  the  plantation  of  Hancock;  and  in  1790, 
contained  278  inhabitants.  It  had  been  settled  probably  about  fifteen 
years. 

Vol.  II.  72 


570  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II. 

A.  D.  1795.  prerogative  of  coining  money.     In  fact,  each  State,  by  ratifying 
Coinage,      the  Constitution,  had  engaged  never  more  to  '  emit  bills  of  credit,' 
nor  '  make  any  thing  but  gold  and  silver  coin  a  tender  in  payment 
of  debts.'     Specie  was  the  only  circulating  medium  ;  and  happi- 
ly for  the  interests  of   honest   industry,  of    fair   dealing,   and   of 
pure  morals,  every  apprehension   was  removed   of  being  further 
troubled  with   any  other  than  a  metalic  currency.     In  this  State 
Cents  of      the  coinage  of  cents,  minted  on  one  side  with  the  figure  of  an  In- 
setts!*'^  "'    ^^^'^  Chief  and  the  word    'Commonwealth,'   and  on  the   other 
with  the  form  of  an  Eagle  and  the  word   '  Massachusetts,'   was 
authorized  and  prosecuted  under  an  act  of  October  17,  1786  ;* 
but  ceased   when  Congress,  in  1793,  established  a  mint   and   ap- 

Compiita- 


tioii  by  (!oi-  pointed  all  pecuniary  accounts  and  computations  to  be  in  dollars, 
and  mills    ccnts  and  mills.     The   General  Court,   Feb.  25,  1795,  adopted 

adopted.         .11.  r  ■      • 

by  law  this  manner  ot  computation. 
A.  D.  1796.      In  the  spring  elections  of  1796,  the  two  great  political  parties, 
Governor     Democrats  and  Federalists,  were  well  marshaled,  both  appearing  at 
chosen.    '  the  polls  with  their  respective  candidates,  for  every  considerable  elec- 
tive office  in  the  State.    Governor  Adams,  however,  was  re-elect- 
ed by  a  handsome  majorityf  over  his  opponent.  Increase  Sumner^ 
one  of  the  Judges  of  the  Supreme  Judicial  Court,  though   there 
were  some  political  changes  effected  in  the  other  departments   of 
government.     The  three  electors  chosen  in  November,  for  this 
President"    District,  to  vote  in  the  third  election  of  President  and  Vice-Presi- 
Fresidem.    ^^"^  ^^^^   Stephen   Longfellow,  Nathaniel  Wells  and  Thomas 

Rice — all  men  of  Federal  politics. 
A  new  di-  It  was  about  this  time  that  a  third  Militia  Division  was  formed 
iiiiiaform- in  Maine,  being  numerically  the  10th  in  the  State,  of  which  Al- 
exander Campbell  of  Narraguagus,  [Harrington,]  was  chosen 
Major-General.  It  embraced  the  militia  of  Hancock  and  Wash- 
ington counties  ;  and  Henry  Dearborn  succeeded  Gen.  Lithgow,^ 
as  Major-General  of  the  Lincoln,  or  8th,  Division,  after  the  new 
Miiii'a  svs-  o"6  was  taken  from  it.  By  act  of  Congress,  May  8,  1 792,  and 
ten.  improv- ^^Q^j^gj.  ^^  ^j^^  General  Court,  June  22,  1793,  the  Militia  depart- 


ed. 


ed. 


*  The  act  authorized  the  coinag'e  also  of  silver  and  gold;  but  it  was  not 
undertaken.     Cents  in  g-reat  numbers  were  coined. 

I  Votes  for  Mr.  Adams  were  13,821  ;— for  Mr.  Sumner,  9,005. 

I  William  Lithgow,  jun.  a  Counsellor  at  Law,  had  been  a  Land  Commis- 
sioner, Major-General,  Member  of  the  Senate,  and  District  Attorney,  la 
this  latter  office  he  was  succeeded,  in  August,  1796,  by  Daniel  Davis. 


Chap,  xxii.]  OF  Maine.  57 1 

ment  received  additional  improvement  in  system  and  discipline.  A.  D.  1796. 
In  1796,  there  were  in  Maine  eighteen  regiments  of  Infantry,  and 
ten  companies  of  Artillery  and  Cavalry. 

There  were  some  legislative  regulations,  which  were  of  essen-  Laws  relat- 
tial  benefit  to  the  eastern  people.     One  declared  oysters  and  oth-  jl^f  'and**"* 
er  shellfish  to  be  the  property  of  a  town,  if   bedded   within  its  mm'^/am'^^ 
limits,  and  made  it  penal  to  take  them  within  the  towns  of  Wells, 
Arundel,  Portland,  Falmouth,  North-Yarmouth,  Harpswell,  Free- 
port,  Scarborough,  and  Cape-Elizabeth,  without  the  Selectmen's 
permit;  though  at  this  period,  it  may  be  remarked,  that  very  few 
oysters  are  found  on  our  coast.      Another  regulated  mills,   and 
prescribed  a  cheap  and  expeditious   mode  of   assessing  and  re- 
covering damages,  for  the  flowage  occasioned  by  dams. 

A  serious  controversy  had  lately  arisen  between  the  inhabitants  Anew trea- 
upon  the  Penobscot  and  the  Tarratine  Indians.  By  the  treaty  of  Tarraiines. 
1 785,  the  government  supposed  the  tribe  had  nothing  remaining  but 
the  Islands  in  the  river  ;  whereas,  the  Chiefs  insisted  that  the 
territory  from  the  head  of  the  tide,  six  miles  in  width,  on  each 
side  of  the  river  upwards,  indefinitely,  was  theirs;  and  they  de- 
termined not  to  relinquish  it  without  being  paid  a  consideration. 
To  settle,  therefore,  the  question  of  controverted  claims,  three 
Commissioners,  William  Shepherd  of  Westfield,  Nathan  Dane 
of  Beverly,  and  Daniel  Davis  of  Portland,  met  the  Chiefs  at 
Bangor,  August  1st,  1796,  and  concluded  a  treaty  with  them  ; — 
by  which  the  Indians  agreed  to  resign  all  their  rights  to  lands 
from  Nichols'  rock,  in  Eddington,  thirty  miles  up  the  river,  ex- 
cepting Oldtown  Island,  and  those  in  the  river  above  it.  For 
this  relinquishment,  the  government  delivered  to  the  tribe  150 
yards  of  blue  woollens, — 400  lbs.  shot, — 1 00  lbs.  of  powder, — 100 
bushels  of  corn, — 13  bushels  of  salt, — 36  hats, — and  a  barrel  of 
rum  ;  and  agreed  to  pay  them,  so  long  as  they  should  continue  a 
tribe,  a  certain  stipend  every  year,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Kendus- 
keag,  consisting  of  300  bushels  of  Indian  corn, — 50  lbs.  of  pow- 
der,— 200  lbs.  of  shot, — and  75  yards  of  blue  woollen,  fit  for 
garments.  The  ratification  of  this  treaty  consisted  in  its  execu- 
tion by  the  seals  and  signatures  of  the  Commissioners  and  seven 
Chiefs  ;*  and  its  acknowledgement  before  Jonathan   Eddy,  Esq. 

*  Their  names  were,  Joseph  Orono,  ^Squire  Osson,  J^ictum  Bawit,  Joseph 
Pease,  Wiarro-muggasstt,  and  Sabbatis  JVeplune.  The  first  Indian  Agent 
was  Francis  L.  B.  Goodwin,  Esq,  of  Frankfort. — See  1  Sp.  Laws,  p.  187. 


572  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II. 

A.  Di  1796.  It  was  supposed  this  tribe,  once  so  numerous  and  powerful,  was 

now  reduced  to  350  souls.*     In  1803,  the  government  appointed 

an  agent  to  superintend  their  interests,  and  take  care  of  their 

lands. 

The  nine         "pi^g  territory  relinquished  by  the  treaty  was  subsequently   sur- 

townships    veved  into  nine  townships,  and  found  to  contain  189,426  acres. f 

surveyed.  •'  '■ 

Already  there  were  thirty-two  settlers,  who  were  presently  quiet- 
ed upon  their  lots;  and  in  1798,  the  residue  was  offered  for  sale 
Marsh  isi-    "^  quarter  townships  at  a  dollar  by  the  acre.  .  Exclusive   of  this 
and  sold,     tract  SO  relinquished,  is  Marsh  Island  of  5,000   acres   and   of  an 
excellent  soil,  which  the  government  in  a  good   mood,  confirmed 
to  John  Marsh,  the  first  settler,  for  a  small  consideration  :  he  ex- 
hibiting a  pretended  purchase  from  the  Indians. 
Seven  new       Large  as  may  appear  the  number  of  towns  lately  incorporated, 
porated"  °  *  there  were  seven  added  to  the  list  the  current  year,  of  which  only 
two  were  formed  by  a  division  of  others  already  established.     Six 
of  them    were   incojpoiated   in   the  same  month ;  namely,  Bel- 
grade,! the  3d  ;  Haklem^  and  Columbia, ||  the  8th  ;  CASTiNE,ir 

*  But  a  man  acquainted  with  them  as  early  as  1774,  says  there  were 
supposed  to  be  400  fighting  men  among  them  at  the  commencement  of  the 
war  of  the  revolution. 

f- Salem  TowQC,  Esq.  Avas  appointed  agent  for  the  sale  of  these  nine 
townships  ;  and  in  179S-9,  he  sold  so  much  of  them  as  to  obtain  securities 
for  |25,884.     He  was  discharged  March  5,  1810. 

J  Belgrade,  (102d  town,)  has  Great  pond  in  the  north,  and  Long  pond 
west,  and  is  separated  from  Sidney  b)'  Snow's  pond.  Its  plantation  name 
was  Washington,  or  Prcscott's  and  Carr's  plantation  ;  and  its  population, 
in  1790,  was  159. 

5 //arZcOT,  (103d  town,)  was  settled  in  1774,  by  Messrs.  Clarks,  Jones 
and  Fish.  It  was  at  first,  called  Jones''  Plantalion.  At  that  time  there 
was  no  settlement  nearer  than  20  miles  ;  and  the  countrj'^  was  "  swarming 
with  moose,  bears,  and  tvolves."  Its  population  in  1790,  was  262  souls. — 
[See  China,  A.  D.  1818.]— JtfS.  Letter  of  W.  PuUen,  Esq. 

II  CoZumim,  (104th  town,)  was  called  "  the  plantations  Number  Twelve 
and  Thirteen,  west  of  Machias."  In  1790,  the  two  contained  231  inhabi- 
tants, viz.  No.  12  had  8.  and  No.  13  had  223  souls. 

IT  Castine,  (105th  town,)  bears  in  memory  the  French  baron  de  Castine, 
who  resided  on  the  peninsula  from  about  A-  D.  1667-8,  till  after  the  treaty 
of  Ryswick,  in  1697. — [Sec  vol.  I,  this  Hist,  p.  471.] — Castine  is  taken 
from  Penobscot,  [.See  ante.  A.  D.  1787.] — It  first  embraced,  besides  the 
peninsula  part  of  that  town,  what  is  now  a  part  of  Brooksville.  This  pen- 
insula, now  Castine,  originally  bore  the  name  of  a  resident  Frenchman, 
ciMed  ^' Jlajor-biguyduce  ;^  and  itself  contains  about  2,600  acres.  Here 
was  established  the  trading-house  of  the  Plymouth  Colony  in  1626;  here 


Chap,  xxii.]  of  Maine.  573 

the  10th  ;  Northport,*  the  13th ;  and  EDEN,f  the  22d  of  Feb-  a,  d.  i796. 
ruary  ;  and  Bethel,!  the  10th  of  June. 

To  aid  the  funds  of  one  Colleare,  and  five  Academies,§  incor-  Endow- 

_  iiieiils  of  lit- 

porated  in  Maine,  the  General  Court  had  made  liberal   grants   of  erary  insii- 

•  -n     1  r    -m    I  r.        lulions. 

the  public  lands  from  time  to  time,  till  the  act  oi  b  eb.  27,  1797. 
By  this,  the  public  bounty  was  limited  to  half  a  township,  and 
oiFered  only  to  such  applicants  for  an  Academy,  as  first  secured 
for  it,  funds  by  private  donation  to  the  amount  of  ^3,000.  In 
view  of  this  subject,  wise  and  practical  men  have  been  of  opin- 
ion, that  Grammar  schools,  judiciously  managed,  are  at  all  times 
far  preferable  to  these  academic  establishments. 

The  records  of  the  Superior  Court  of  Judicature,  both   under  ,^^'^0'^''%°'^ 
the  Charter  and   the   State   Constitution,   since  they  had  holden  ^""'"\''^- 

•'  moved   to 

terms  in  Maine,  had  been  kept  in  Boston.     To    remedy  this  in- t'leir  res- 

•  pective 

convenience,  the  General  Court,  March  1 1,  authorized  the  Court  Coumies. 
to  appoint  a  Clerk  who  would  reside  in   the  county  of   Lincoln, 
and  keep  the  records  for  that,  and  those  of  Hancock  and   Wash- 


were  the  head-quarters  and  fort  of  d'Aulney,  from  1640  to  1648  ;  here  the 
Baron  Castine  lived  more  than  30  years;  and  here  was  the  British  garri- 
son, from  1779  to  1783.  Some  appearances  of  the  oldest  forts  are  still  to  be 
traced.  This  has  been  the  shire-town  of  Hancock,  since  the  county  was 
established  in  1789-90,  and  also  a  port  of  entry.  The  United  States  have 
a  considerable  fortification  on  the  peninsula,  furnished  with  cannon  and 
accommodated  with  barracks.  It  is  distant  nearly  a  mile  from  the  late 
British  garrison.  There  has  been  in  this  town  a  Bank,  and  a  weekly 
newspaper  printed,  called  the  '  Eagle.'  In  the  village  are  two  meeting- 
houses, one  for  unitarians.  Rev.  William  Mason,  settled  in  Oct.  1793,  and 
olie  for  trinitarians  who  have  settled  lately  Rev.  John  Crosby  : — also  a 
Court-House  and  a  stone  gaol. 

*  J^orthport,  (106th  town,)  was  the  northerly  part  of  the  plantation^ 
called  "Duck-trap.'"  The  whole  plantation  in  1790,  contained  278  inhab- 
itants. 

I -Erfen,  (107th  town,)  contains  22,000  acres,  taken  from  the  northerly 
part  of  Mount  Desert.  It  was  settled  in  1763.  In  the  meadows  of  the 
N.  E.  creek,  500  bushels  of  cranberries  have  been  taken  in  a  single  year.. 
The  beauties  of  the  town  gave  it  name. — See  A.  D.  1785  and  1789. — MS. 
Letter  of  JSTicholas  Thomas,  Esq. 

I  Bethel,  (lOSth  town,)  contains  25,920  acres,  in  a  curve  of  the  Andros- 
coggin. It  was  originally  granted  to  Josiah  Richardson  of  Sudbury,  and 
others;  and  hence  called  Sudbury  Canada.  The  grant  was  for  services  in 
the  French  war.  It  was  settled  in  1773  ;  yet  in  17S1,  it  contained  only  14 
families. — JUS.  Letter  of  James  Graver,  Esq.  1820. 

§  These  were  Hallowell,  Berwick,  Fryeburg,  Washington,  [at  Mac  bias,] 
and  Portland,  Academies. 


Governor 
Adams  de- 
clines a  4lh 
election. 


Mr.  Sum- 
ner elected 
Governor. 


574  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.    II. 

A.  D.  1706.  ington ;  and  commit  to  the  Clerks  of  the  other  Counties,  the 
records  and  papers  which  belonged  therein.  Still,  for  the  sake 
of  uniformity,  despatch  and  correctness,  a  travelling  Clerk  attend- 
ed the  Court  through  the  circuit,  about  20  years;  always  officiat- 
ing as  Clerk  in  the  Court,  during  the  terms. 

In  recurring  to  public  men  and  political  measures,  the  eye  un- 
expectedly rested  upon  a  paragraph  in  the  last  address  of  Gov- 
ernor Adams,  to  the  General  Court,  by  which  he  declined  a 
fourth  election  to  the  executive  chair.  All  were  ready  to  ac- 
knowledge the  exalted  patriotism,  excellence  and  merit  of  this 
distinguished  man.  He  possessed  talents  of  an  high  order,  which 
were  improved  by  a  collegiate  education  ;*  and  his  unconquerable 
love  of  liberty,  his  firmness  of  purpose  and  active  persevering 
zeal  rendered  him,  one  of  the  most  brilliant  patriots  of  the  revo- 
lution. "  His  mind  was  early  imbued  with  piety ;"  and  he  died 
October  3,  1803,  aged  81,  in  the  faith  and  consolations  of  the 
Gospel. 

He  was  succeeded  in  the  office  of  Governor,  by  Increase 
Sumner,  who  had  been  commissioned  to  the  bench  of  the  Su- 
preme Court  in  1782,  on  the  resignation  of  James  Sullivan.  In 
this  election,  the  contest  was  between  the  political  friends  of  these 
two  gentlemen ; — a  contest  which  both  at  the  polls  and  for  weeks 
previously,  exhibited  more  rancor  and  party-spirit,  than  had  ap- 
peared in  any  former  election,  since  the  adoption  of  the  State  Con- 
stitution. Federal  politics  had  now  attained  a  complete  ascenden- 
Parties.  cy  through  the  State.  Besides  those  who  had  been  uniformly 
scoffers  ol  the  French  revolution,  in  unison  with  British  States- 
men ;  many  men  of  the  purest  republican  sentiments  had  be- 
come settled  in  their  opposition  to  the  French,  though  struggling 
for  political  freedom  and  equality,  because  of  their  unwarrantable 
conduct  towards  the  sovereignty  and  commerce  of  the  United 
States.  Others,  who  were  devotees  to  neutrality  and  peace  and 
unfeigned  believers  in  the  wisdom  and  policy  of  President  Wash- 
ington, joined  the  advocates  of  Mr.  Jay's  treaty ;  and  by  conse- 
quence, all  these  classes,  now  united  into  one  party  were  encoun- 
tered by  their  democratic  adversaries,  who  charged  them  with 

*  He  was  graduated  at  Harvard  University,  A.  D.  1740.  In  the  revolu- 
tion, he  was  called  the  "  Patriot  Samuel  Adams."  He  was  a  member  of 
the  old  Congress,  Secretary  of  State,  of  Massachusetts,  Lieutenant-Gov- 
ernor 5  years,  and  Governor  three. 


Chap,  xxii.]  of  maine.  575 

forgetting  the  political  intrigues  of  a  British  cabinet,  and  upbraid-  A.  D.  1796. 
ed  them  for  sins  of  ingratitude  to  the  French  nation.  But  they 
were  repaid  by  retorts  and  accusations  of  being  under  '  French 
influence' — to  the  hazard  of  their  country's  greatest  good.  In 
this  manner  the  weight  of  the  Federalists  was  thrown  into  the 
same  scale  with  the  English  ;  and  that  of  the  Democrats  into  the 
opposite  one  with  the  French. 

At  this   juncture,  the   third   election   of  President   and  Vice- j.  Arfams 
President,  thoroughly  tested  the  strength  of  these  parties  through  ferlon,  R  ' 
the  Union.     But  John  Adams,  the  Federal  candidate,  was  elect- "ni,e' ^** 
ed  to  the  Presidency,  over  Thomas  Jefferson,  his  Democratic  '^"'""• 
opponent,  by  a  majority  of  71  to  68  electoral  votes.     This  result, 
as  the  constitution  then  was,  placed  the  latter  gentleman   in   the 
chair  of  the  Vice-Presidency.     Such  now  was  the  state  of  our 
foreign  relations,  that  the   course  pursued   by  the  administration 
towards  the  British,  had  a  tendency  to  aggravate  or  increase  the 
disaffection   of  the  minority.      It  was  said   by  the  Democratic 
party,  that  the  policy  adopted  was  neither  neutral  nor  impartial ; 
for  both  the  English  and  French  had  done  us  wrong,  and  yet  to 
the  former  only  were  tendered   proffers  of  amity. — In   reply,  it  Pleasures 
was  represented  that  the  French  nation  had  refused  to  repair  in-  p^gj,"1| 
juries  often  repeated  ;  had  violated  her  subsisting  treaty  with  the  "gg'essjoD. 
United  States  ;  and  had  treated  our  envoys  with  indignity  : — and 
therefore,  all  intercourse  between  that  country  and   this  was  at 
length  suspended.     Nay,  in  the  ensuing  spring,   there   were  acts 
of  Congress  passed,  for  raising  a  provisional  army,  and  for  author- 
izing the  defence  of  merchant  vessels  against  French  spoliations. 
But  though   the   policy  pursued   and  opposed,   greatly  inflamed 
party-spirit  throughout  the  community,  it  produced  no  effects  un- 
favorable to  the  progress  of  Maine,  in  settlement,   numbers,   or 
agricultural  enterprize.     The  eastern  country  was  quite  flourish- 
ing, as  appears  evident  from  the  circumstance,  among  others,  that 
Jive  towns  were  incorporated  the  current  year, — all  of  them  ex- 
cept one  being  previously  plantations.     Addison*  was  incorpor-  Five  new 

*  Addison,  (109th  town,)  was  plantation  "  Number  Six,  west  of  Machias." 
It  lies  on  the  west  side  of  "Indian  river."     It  was  named  for  the  erudite  . 
Joseph  Addison.     In  1790  it  contained  208  inhabitants. 


576  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II. 

A.D.  1796.  ated  Feb.  14;  Augusta,*  Feb.  20;  Waterford,!   March  2; 

lowiis  incor- Norway,!  ^lai'ch  9  ;  and  Harrington,^  June  17. 

porated.  .  •  <^       i  <  11 

Augusta  IS  the  ancient  '  Cushnoc,  a  very  noted  place  upon 
the  Kennebeck.  Soon  after  the  patent  upon  that  river  was  grant- 
ed to  the  Plymouth  Colony,  in  1629,  the  patentees,  it  appears, 
made  settlements  and  erected  a  trading-house  near  the  head  of 
the  tide.  In  their  "  institution  of  government,  A.  D,  1653,  with- 
"  in  the  patent,  under  a  Commissioner,  Mr.  Thomas  Prince,  the 
"  people  residing  at  Cushnoc  were  included  therein,  and  took  the 
"  oath  of  fidelity."  The  settlement  was  laid  waste,  in  the  second 
Indian  war,  and  resumed  with  partial  success  after  the  peace  of 
1713,  when  Doct.  Noyes  built  a  stone  fort  at  Cushnoc.  ||  But 
the  place  was  again  depopulated  and  remained  without  inhabitant 
till  Fort  Western  was  built  there,  in  1754,11  by  the  Plymouth 
Proprietors.  Soon  after  the  French  war  closed,  a  re-settleinent 
was  permanently  effected  and  gradually  increased.    Yet  it  is  said, 

*  Auguda^  (lluth  town,)  was  first  called  ffamno-ion  : — chang-ed  to  its 
present  name,  June  9,  the  same  year. 

f  Wate<fo'd,[\\Uh.  town,)  adjoins  New-Suncook,  [now  Lovell].  The 
town  was  surveyed  in  1774  ;  and  the  next  year  improvements  were  made 
by  David  Mc  Lain,  the  first  settler.  The  rateable  polls  in  1786,  were  14; 
and  in  1799  a  minister  was  settled  and  a  militia  company  formed. — 9  Coll. 
Jlass.  Hist.  Soc.  137-147. — Rev.  L.  Bipley. 

I  J\''orway,  (112th  town,)  embraces  "  Rustjield"  Lee's  grant,  Cummings' 
grant.,  and  three  tiers  of  lots  taken  from  the  plantation  of  Waterford,  Its 
name  is  obviously  from  a  well  known  country  in  Europe.  A  church  was 
formed  here  about  1802  ;  and  the  Rev.  Noah  Cressy  ordained  Sept.  20, 
1809.     His  ministry  was  continued  ten  3'ears. 

\  Harrington,  (113th  town,)  was  Number  Five,  or  the  plantation  of  Nar- 
rag-uagus.  It  embraces  eleven  Islands,  viz. — Bobear,  Pond,  Trafton's, 
Dyers,  Knox's,  Flint,  Gourd,  and  StrouVs  Islands,  Joi-dan^s  Delight, 
Ship-slern — 4  acre  Island,  and  one  other.  The  name  of  Harrington,  in- 
troduced by  Col.  Dunbar,  was  selected,  on  being'  repudiated  by  Augusta. 
In  1796,  the  plantation  contained  177  inhabitants. 

II  Also  spelt  "  Cushenock^^  and  "  Cvshnock.''—[St.  of  Ken.  CI.  p.  15,  18. 
Winthrop''s  Journal,  p  64.] — Noyes  built  the  g'arrison  "  at  his  own  charge  ; 
"  which  was  judged  to  be  the  best  in  the  eastern  country,  and  was  for  a 
"  while  kept  at  the  public  cost,  but  afterwards  slighted  ;  which  occasioned 
"  the  inhabitants  to  withdraw  ;  and  then  the  Indians  burnt  it  with  several 
"  other  houses." — Penhallow''s  Indian  Wars,  in  I  Coll.  of  J\r.  H.  Hist.  Soc. 
p.  88. 

IF  See  ante,  A.  D.  1754.— The  block-house  of  Fort  Western  is  still 
standing  on  the  east  side  of  the  river  below  the  bridge. — MS.  Letter  of 
Hon.  Daniel  Cony. 


Chap,  xxii.]  of  maine,  577 

there  were  in  1770,  only  "three  famiHes"   in  what  is  now  theAiD.  1798. 
village  of  Augusta,     It  has  been  a  shire-town  since    1787  ;    and 
is  established  as  the  Seat  of  Government  for  the  State.* 

Governor  Sumner  was  re-elected  in  1798,  by  a  respectable  Gov.  Sum- 
majority  ;  though  Mr.  Sullivan,  and  General  William  Heath,  weregd. 
both  run  against  him.  In  his  address  to  the  General  Court,  heH'sSpeecbi 
represented  our  foreign  relations  to  be  in  a  critical  and  alarming 
posture ; — such  as  '  called  for  the  united  wisdom,  decision  and 
'  firmness  of  the  American  government,  and  for  the  unequivocal 
'  assistance  of  every  State  in  the  Union.'  He  stated,  that  our 
Envoys  had  been  treated  by  the  French  Court,  with  a  marked 
contempt  heretofore  unknown  among  civilized  nations;  and  exor- 
bitant sums  of  money  have  also  been  demanded  of  us,  as  a  peo- 
ple, but  '  upon  what  pretence,'  said  he,  'I  know  not,  unless  it  were 
'  to  compensate  the  citizens  of  France,  for  the  trouble  they  have 
'  been  put  to,  in  capturing  and  condemning  our  property.'  He 
recommended  the  distribution  of  cannon,  and  immediate  prepara- 
tions for  defence  against  the  French,  as  a  foreign  enemy.  Hence 
Portland  harbor  and  other  places  were  put  in  a  better  situation 
to  resist  invasion  ;  some  arms  and  ammunition  were  distributed  ; 
and  apprehensions  of  war  were  resounded  by  the  Federalists 
through  the  United  States. 

*  Augusta,  a  beautiful  village,  in  Lat.  44°  14',  was  a  settlement  usually 
known  by  the  name  of  the  '  Fort,'  till  separated  from  Hallowell. — (See 
that  town,  A.  D.  1771.)  June  14,  1794,  the  town  was  divided  into  three 
relig-ious  societies,  called  the  South,  Middle,  and  J\^orth  parishes.  The  two 
latter  are  embraced  b}"^  Aug-usta.  The  north  parish  adjoins  Vassalboroug-h. 
In  October,  1786,  Rev.  Isaac  Foster  was  settled  in  the  middle  one,  at  the 
village;  and  was  succeeded  in  October,  1795,  by  Rev.  Daniel  Stone.  He 
was  dismissed  in  1809,  and  Rev.  Benjamin  Tappan  settled,  in  October,  1811. 
Fort  Weslerii,  was  an  important  post, — and  long  under  the  command  of 
Capt.  Samuel  Howard. — He  was  a  Judge  of  the  Common  Pleas;  and 
left  a  large  estate;  which  two  of  his  grand-children  continue  to  occupy, 
particularly  the  building  he  erected.  A  handsome  bridge,  over  the  Ken- 
nebeck,  rests  upon  two  pillars  or  piers  of  split  rocks,  built  in  1797,  at  the 
cost  of  $26,000.  Once  it  has  been  burnt  b}'  an  incendiary,  and  since  rebuilt. 
In  Augusta,  besides  the  elegant  Statk-House,  there  are  three  meeting- 
houses, a  Court-House,  a  stone  gaol,  a  female  Academy,  a  Bank  and  an 
Athena3nm.  A  Post-Office  was  established  here  in  1794. — The  first  Rep- 
resentative to  General  Court,  was  Daniel  Cony,  afterwards  Judge  of  the 
Common  Pleas  and  of- Probate,  Senator,  Elector  of  President  and  Vice- 
President.  The  village  is  at  the  head  of  sloop  navigation  on  the  Kenne- 
beck.  The  first  meeting  of  the  Legislature  at  Augusta,  was  in  Jan.  1832, 
Vol.  II.  73 


578  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  11. 

A.  D.  1798.      To  determine  and  settle  by  commissioners,  according   to   the 
Commis-      5th  article  of  Mr.  Jay's  treaty,  what  river  was  the  St.    Croix,  as 

sioners  to  . 

deierniine    mentioned  m  the  treaty  of  1783,  there  were,  in   1796,  appointed 

the  river  St.  ,  t         i         t-»   •  •  i     /--(  mi  t-»        i  i    i         . 

Croix.  to  tliat  trust  by  the  Jiritish  Court,  Ihomas  Barclay,  and  by  the 
American  Executive,  David  Howell  and  Egbert  Benson.  Ac- 
companied by  agents  on  both  sides,*  and  by  two  skilful  survey- 
ors, Samuel  Titcomb  and  John  Harris,  they  met  at  Halifax  in 
September,  1796  ;  and  thence  proceeded  to  Passamaquoddy  for 
the  purposes  of  obtaining  facts,  both  by  enquiry  and  ocular  ob- 
servation. In  the  river  Schoodic,  opposite  to  the  north-east  cor- 
ner of  what  is  now  Robbinston,  they  visited  an  Island,  whose  sit- 
uation and  aspect  bore  strong  resemblances  to  the  description 
given  of  the  Island  St.  Croix,  by  L'Escarbot,  Charlevoix  and 
other  French  writers  jf  where  DeMonl's  party  passed  the  winter, 
A.  D.  1604. J  'Near  the  upj)er  end  ol  it  were  the  remains  of 
'  a  very  ancient  fortification,  overgrown  with  large  trees,  where 
'  old  bricks  were  found,  and  where  the  foundation  stones  were 
'traced,  to  a  considerable  extent, '<^  The  surveyors,  in  1797, 
made  a  survey  of  the  place  and  river,  and  presented  to  the  Com- 
missioners a  plan  well  delineated.  Other  places  were  exam- 
ined, and  the  British  agent  raised  an  argument  upon  this  hypoth- 
esis, that  the  true  source  of  the  river  St.  Croix,  was  west  of  the 
Cheputnatecook ;  but  the  American  agent  urged,  that  the  Maga- 
guadavick,  [Magadave,]  farther  east,  was' the  river  intended. 
Thfiy  make  At  Providence,  Oct  25,  1798,  the  Commissioners  made  a  re- 
minatioii.  port  under  their  hands  and  seals.  By  this,  after  premising  that 
they  had  been  sworn  impartially  to  examine  and  decide  the  ques- 
tion according  to  the  evidence  spread  before  them,  to  which, 
with  the  arguments  of  the  agents  they  had  attentively  listened, 
they  decided,  that,  'the  mouth  of  the  river  St.  Croix  is  in  Pas- 
'  samaquoddy  bay,  at  a  projection  of  land  called  Joe''s  point, 
'  about  one  mile  northward  from  the  northern  part  of  St.  An- 
'  drevvs'  Island,  and  in  the  latitude  of  45°  5'  5"  north,  and  in  the 
'longitude  of  67°  12'  30"  west  from  London,  and  3°  54'  15" 
'  east  from  Harvard  College  ; — "  and  that  the  course  of  the  said 
"  river,  up  from  its  said  mouth,   is  northerly,   to   a   point  of  land 

*  James  Sullivan  was  the  American  ag'ent. 

f  L'Escarbot — 3  ChurchelTs  Voyag-es,  p.  799. — t   Charlevoix's  N.  F.   p. 
179-80,  (Paris  Ed.  1744.]—!  Turchas'  Pil.  p.  751.— Champlain,  p.  42—4. 
I  See  ante,  A.  D.  1604.  \  1  Holmes'  A.  Ann.  p.  149,  notes. 


Chap,  xxii.]  of  Maine.  579 

"  called  the  BeviVs  head;  then  turning  by  the  point,  runs  wester-  A.D.  ]798. 
"  ly  to  where  it  divides  into  two  streams,  the  one  coming  from 
"  the  westward  and  the  other  coming  from  the  northward,  hav- 
"  ing  the  Indian  name  of  Cheputnatecook ;"  and  thence  up  the 
'  same  coming  from  the  northward  to  its  source,  which  is  at  a 
'  stake  near  a  yellow  birch  tree,  hooped  with  iron,  and  marked 
'  S.  ><  T.  and  I.  X  H.  1797  ;'— the  initials  of  the  Surveyor's 
names,  now  called  "  The  Monument."  This  report  being  rati- 
fied by  the  high  disputants,  established  the  easterly  line  of  Maine, 
to  that  point,  and  greatly  served  to  encourage  setdements  in 
this  vicinit)'. 

A  town,  the  first  one  established   contiguous  to  the   Passama- Eight  new 
quoddy  waters,  was  incorporated   the   same  year,  by   the   name  '"J^aTed"'"'^' 
of  '  Eastport,'   as  appropriate  to  its  local  situation  and  harbor.     It 
stands   in   the    order    of  town    incorporations,    in     1798,    thus  : 
Wayne,*  the   12th;   Otisfield,!   the  19th;    Eastport,!  and 

*  Wayne,  [114th  town,)  of  about  9.400  acres,  was  so  named  in  memory  of 
Anthony  Wayne,  an  able  General  in  the  Revolution.  The  town  had  pre- 
viously been  called  Pochasset  and  New-Sandwich.      It  joins  Lane's  pond 

on  the    north,  and  is  bounded   westerly  by  Great  Androscog'gin   pond 

The  first  settler  was  Job  Fuller  from  Sandwich,  (Mass.)  who  made  im- 
provements in  1773.  The  title  to  tiie  eastern  part,  near  to  Bear  brook,  is 
from  the  Plymouth  proprietors  ;  the  residue  is  from  the  State,  throug-h  the 
proprietors  of  Fayette.  In  Great  Androscog'gin  pond  is  an  Island,  in 
which  there  is  a  burying  ground  of  the  natives  ;  and  in  the  north  part  of 
the  town  is  Hutchinson's  pond,  2  miles  long-  by  3-4ths  of  a  mile  broad.  It 
feeds  '  30  miles  river.' — In  this  town  and  Livermore,  there  were,  in  1790, 
400  inhabitants. — VS.  Let.  nf  A.  G.    Chandler,   Esq. 

t  Otisfield,  (115th  town,)  had  been  a  plantation  of  the  same  name,  in 
which  there  were,  in  1790,  197  inhabitants.  A  congregational  church 
was  gathered  here  in  1797,  and  Rev.  Thomas  Roby  settled.  He  was  dis- 
missed in  1811;  and  Rev.  Josiah  G.  Merrill  was  ordained  in  1814.  It  is 
separated  from  Harrison  by  Crooked  river. 

J  Eastport,  (llGth  town,)  comprised  at  this  time,  Jloose  Island,  Dudley^s, 
Frederic,  Burnt  and  Patmos  Islands,  and  township  JsTumher  Eight  on  the 
bay  of  Fundy.  But  when  Lubec  was  incorporated,  there  was  left  to 
Eastport  only  the  Islands.  Of  these,  Moose  Island  is  the  chief,  on  which 
the  village  is  situated.  The  Island  itself  contains  about  2,150  acres,  and 
constitutes  9-lOths  of  the  present  Eastport.  Its  length  is  5  miles ;  and  its 
breadth,  from  one  mile  to  l-8th  of  a  mile.  It  was  settled  about  1780.  Its 
growth  was  slow  during  the  first  ten  years ;  for  in  1790,  there  were  in  it 
and  No.  8,  only  244  inhabitants.— [See  Lubec,  incorporated  J une  21,  1811.]— 
Subsequent  to  the  settlement  of  the  eastern  boundary  by  the  Commis- 
sioners, the  present  town  of  Eastport  has  grown   rapidly.— In  1820,  there 


580  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II. 

A.u.  1798.  CoRNviLLE,*  the  24th  ;  and  Philltpsburg  or  Hollis, f  the  27th 
of  February;  Anson, J   1st  of  March  ;    and  Hartford,§  and 
SumnkRjII    the  13th  of  June, — all  of  which  were  plantations. 
The  measures  of  the  national  administration  were  too  strongly 

Warmeas-  . 

ures.  marked,  the  present  year,  to  be  passed  unnoticed.     To  repel  an 

apprehended  invasion  and  resist  aggression  by  sea  and  land,  an 
army  of  10,000,  already  raised,  was  augmented  by  the  addition 
of  12  infantry  regiments,  and  six  troops  of  horse.  Our  naval 
armament,  too,  was  put  in  requisition  and  enlarged,  by  taking 
into  employ,  ten  additional  gallies,1[  privateering  was  authorized, 


were  125  dvvel]ingiiouscs, — 75  stores, — 60  wharves, — 3  mccting--houses, — 
one  of  which  cost  $10,5J0; — in  1818,  a  cliurch  was  organized;  and  in 
1820,  Rev.  Andrew  Big-elow,  an  evang-elist,  dwelt  at  Eastport  and 
preached  to  the  people.  A  printing-  office  here  publishes  a  weekij'  news- 
paper ;  and  a  post  office  was  established  in  1802.  Tiie  first  Representa- 
tive to  the  General  Court,  was  Oliver  Shead,  Esq.  18ij7.  On  the  Hill, 
stands  the  United  States'  Garrison.— [See  vol.  /,  p.  85— 6.]— Dudley's,  or 
Allen's  Island  of  70  acres,  and  Frederic,  or  Rice's  Island  of  15  acres,  lio 
between  Eastport  and  L.;ibec  ;  the  former  being  the  northerly  one. — J\IS. 
Let.  of  J.  D.  JVcslnn,  Esq.  1S20. 

*  Cornville,  (117th  town,)  was  originally  purchased  of  the  State  by 
Moses  Bernard  and  ot'.iers,  and  was  called  Bernarihloxvn.  The  township 
was  bounded  southerly  on  the  north  line  of  the  Plymoiitli  patent;  but 
when  incorporated  took  a  strip  from  it,  of  a  mile  and  a  half  in  width. 
The  town  contains  29,440  acres.  By  means  of  the  TVcssarunset,  there  are 
numerous  mill  privileges  which  are  well  improved.  It  is  an  excellent 
town  for  orcliards,  tillage,  and  co7-n,  which  gives   name  to  the   town.     It 

was  first  inhabited  in  1794.— J»?S.  Let.  of  George  Bixby,  Esq.  1820. 

I  PhiUipsburg,  (llSth  town.)  on  the  western  bank  of  the  Saco,  was  pre- 
vio\isly  called  Z/iiWe  jPa//*;  and  in  1S12,  took  the  name  of  Hollis.  The 
lands  are  holdcn  under  Indian  purchases.— [See  Sanford,  A.  I).  1768,  and 

Parsonsfield,  1785.] — Population  of  Little  .Falls  plantation,  in  1790,  was  C07. 

Here  was  a  truck  house  ancient!}",  which  stood  10  miles  above  Saco  lower 

fails. 

\  Anson,  [iWth  tov/n,)  was  'plantation  No.   one,'  on   the  west  side  of 

Kcnnebcck  river.     It  lies  north  of  t!ie  Plymouth  patent. 

§  narl/ord,  (120th  town,)  was  the  plantation  of  East  Butte  f  eld.     It  lies 

on  twenty  mile  river,  and  adjoins  Buckficld. 

II  Swnmer,  (121st  town,)  so  named  in  compliment  to  the  Governor,  was 

the  plantation  of  We.it  Butte  field.     The  name  of  a  proprietor  of  this  town 

and  Hartford,  was  Butterfield.     In  the  two  plantations  in  1790,  there  were 

189  inhabitants.     A  church  was  gathered  in  1802  ;  and  Hartford  and  Sum- 

ner,  in  Oct.  1812,  settled  Rev.  Samuel  SewaM.—Greenknf^s  Sk.  p.  189. 
H  Our  navy  was  enlarged  from  three  armed  vessels  to  42,  carrying  950 

guns  ;  and  the  army  was  augmented  28  regiments,  the  ensuing  season,  by 

the  provisional  enlistment. 


Chap,  xxii.]  of  Maine.  581 

and  merchants'  vessels  were  permitted  to   arm   in   self-defence,  A.  D.  1798. 
with  license  to  make   reprizals.      For   the   purpose  of  defraying 
the  extraordinary  expenses  incurred  by  these  measures,  a  stamp- 
duty  was  imposed  on  parcliment  and  paper,  used  in  the   ordinary 
transactions  of  business  ;*  a  land  tax   of  two   millions,   was  laid  ^'^^j^'jo!,*"^ 
iipon  the  States  ;  and  the   President  was   authorized  to   borrow 
two  millions  more.     All  our  treaties  with   France  were   declared 
by  Congress,  .July  7th,  to   be  no   longer  obligatory  ;  a  Sedition  'andilllen 
Law,  so  termed,  was  enacted,  making  it  highly  penal  to   defame  ''''"'*■ 
the  administration  ;f  also  an  Alien  Bill  was  passed,  which  armed 
the  President  with  power  to  order  all  foreigners  out  of  the   Unit- 
ed States,  whom  he  might  consider   dangerous  to  the   public  in- 
terest and  safet3^J 

To  this  whole  system  of  policy,  the  Democrats,  as  a  party,  Tiie  wiioie 
•^  •"■        •  L      J    sv>ipm  op- 

were  decidedly  opposed.     They  became  bold  in  the  charge,  that  p^^^ed  by  die 

,     .  1      .  1         (■  f     1        T-<       1-   1  DcmocicUS, 

It  originated  m  a  desn'e  to  assure  the  lavor  ol  the  English — not 
in  the  exigency  of  the  times  ;  that  if  the  neutrality  first  avowed 
by  our  government  towards  the  nations  at  war,  had  been  strictly 
and  impartially  pursued,  an  acceptable  treaty  might  have  been 
easily  negociated  with  France,  and  all  these  hostile  movements, 
expenses,  obnoxious  taxes  and  laws,  and  the  increase  of  public 
burthens  avoided.  They  contended,  that  the  dictates  of  self- 
interest  and  every  motive  of  sound  policy,  must  render  her 
averse  to  a  war  with   America.     In   support  of  tliese   doctrines,  Envoys  sent 

i-       ,  ,      ^  .  ,     .  .  ^  ,       to  France, 

a  Iresh  proposal  oi  amity  and   mtercourse  was  received  n-om  the 
French  Directory  ;  which  being  accepted   by  the  President,  he, 
with  advice  of  the  Cabinet,  immediately  appointed  three  envoys, 
and  sent  them   thither,  to  negociate  a  settlement  of  difficulties  ; 
professing,   however,  to  suspect  that  the  proposal  was  rather  illu-. 
sory  than  sincere.     At  this  critical  juncture,  Capt.  Truxton,  com- Trnxion's 
manding   the    frigate    Constellation   of   44  guns,    captured   the  ^■'•^'"'-'• 
French  frigate  Insurgente,  of  the  same  size,  Feb.  10,  off  one  of  ^.p,  1799^ 
the  West  India  Islands,  after  a  most  obstinate  engagement.     The 
Federalists  considered  this  a  glorious  victory  ;  Congress  presented 
him  with  a  gold  medal ;  and  the  underwriters  of  Lloyd's  Coffee- 
house  in   London,  honored   him   with  a  silver  urn,  worth   600 
guineas, 

*  This  act  came  into  operation,  January  1,  1798, 

t  Passed  July  14,  1798.  \  Enacted  June  25,  1798. 


5g2  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.    II. 

A.  D.  1799.      To  regulate  "  the  collection  of  duties  on  imports  and  tonnage," 
(^.ii.;<ii..n    the   coasts  and  seaports  of  Maine   were   arranged  anew,*   and 
formed  into  ten  districts,  namely,  1st,  York;  2,  Biddeford   and 
Pepperelborough ;    3,  Portland   and    Falmouth ;    4,  Bath ;     5, 
Wiscasset ;  6,  Waldoborough ;    7,  Penobscot ;  8,   Frenchman's 
Bay;  9,  Machias  ;  and  10,  Passamaquoddy.f     Another  act  was 
passed  the  same  day,  March  2,  to  regulate  the  fees  of  the  collec- 
tors, naval  officers  and  surveyors. J 
Kennoheck      The   northern   part  of  Lincoln,   Feb.  20,  was  erected  into  a 
i^bii's'hed''   new  county  by  the   name  of  Kennebeck.     Its  southern  tier  of 
towns  were  Unity,  Freedom,  China,  Windsor,  Pittston,  Gardiner, 
Monmouth  and  Greene ;  having  Hancock  on  the  east,  and  Cum- 
berland on  the  west.     The  shire-town  was  Augusta  ;§  where  two 
terms  of  the  Common  Pleas  and    Sessions,  and  one  term  of  the 
Supreme  Judicial  Court,   were  appointed   by  law   to  be  holden 
annually. 
North  dis-        The  County  of  York   was    also   divided   crosswise   along  the 
York!'        Great  Ossipee  ;  and  all  the  inhabitants  and  territory  north  of  that 


*  See  ante,  A.  D.  1790. 

f  To  each  of  those  districts,  there  were  annexed  ports  of  dtlivery  only, 
viz.  to  1st  district,  Kittery  and  Berwick  ;  to  the  2d,  Scarboroug-h,  Wells, 
Kennebunk  and  Cape  Porpoise  ;  to  the  3d,  North  Yarmouth,  Brunswick, 
Freeport,  and  Harpswell  ;  to  the  4th,  Pittston,  Topshani,  Georg-etown 
and  Brunswick  ;  to  the  5th,  Boothbay  ;  to  the  6th,  Bristol.  Nobieborough, 
Warren,  Thomaston,  Gushing,  Gamden  and  Ducktrap  ;  to  tlie  7th,  Frank- 
fort, Bluehill,  Hampden,  and  Deer  Island  ;  to  Frenchman's  bay,  Union 
river;  and  to  the  other  two  districts,  there  was  no  annexation. 

1  Fees  to  a  collector  for  the  entrance  or  clearance  of  a  vessel  of  100 
tons  and  upwards,  $2,50;  and  for  the  entrance  or  clearance  of  a  vessel 
under  IGO  tons  $1,50  ;  a  port  entry,  $2,00  ;  a  permit  to  land  goods,  20  cents  ; 
for  a  debenture  or  other  official  certificate,  20  cents;  bill  of  health  20 
cents  ;— all  to  be  equally  divided  between  the  Collector  and  Naval  Officer. 
To  each  surveyor  for  admeasuring  vessels  of  lOO  tons,  $1,00;  exceeding 
100  tons,  $1,50;  and  his  services  on  board  of  vessels  laden  with  goods, 
$3,00  ;  and  an  inspector,  $2,00  per  day. 

\  The  Gounty  officers  were — 
Judges  1  Joseph  J^ortli,  )  of  Augusta.     Judge  North,  was,  prior  to  this,  a 
of  the    -IDa-'icl  Cmy,    S    Judge  upon  the  bench  in  Lincoln. 
Gommon  ( JVathank-l  Dummcr,  of  Hallowell.  r  -d     i    * 

Pleas.    J  Chandler  Bobbins,  of  do.       who  was  Register  ot  Probate. 

,    James  Btidge,  Judge  of  Probate. 

John  Davis,  Clerk  of  the  Courts,  except  the  Sessions. 
Barzillai  Gannet,  Clerk  of  the  Sessions. 
Henry  Scwall,  Register  of  Deeds. 
William  Howard,  Gounty  Treasurer. 
Arthur  Liihgow^  of  Winslow,  Sheriff. 


Chap,  xxii.]  of  maine.  583 

river,  formed  into  a  District,  for  the   convenience  of  registering  A.  D.  1799. 
deeds  ; — the  office  of  which  was  to  be  kept  at  Fryeburgh.    At  this 
place,  likewise,  the  Judge  of  Probate  lor  tiie  County  was  direct- 
ed to  hold  a  court  every  year. 

Lisbon,  incorporated  June  22,  1799,  was  the  only  town  estab- J'J|:''"" '"". 
lished  this  year,  being  the   122d  of  the  District.     It  was  taken 
from  the  westerly  part  of  Bowdoin  ;  and   its  corporate  name,  till 
changed  February  20,  1802,  was  Thompsonborough. 

To  all  these  municipalities,  being  with  the  unorganized  planta-  Coumies 
tions  thus  classed  into  six  Counties, — we  find  there  were   added, '""  ''^"*' 
between  the  present  time  and  the  Separation, — a  period  of  twenty 
years  inclusive,  the  number  of  1 14  other  corporate  towns, — chief- 
ly from  plantations  : — a  number  too  large  and  too  rapidly  multi- 
plying to  admit  of  a  topographical  description  in  a  History,  or 

any  other  book  than  a  Gazeteer. Maine  returned  to  the  Leg-  Senators 

islature,  in  1799,  six  Senators   and   thirty-eight  Representatives.  5",^,^,^^^^' 
To  this  statement  we  may  subjoin,  that  there   were  upwards  of 
ninety  settled  and  located  ministers  of  the  gospel, — a   third   part    '""'"^'"*- 
of  whom  belonged  to  the  Baptist  denominalion  ;  and  all  the  oth- 
ers, except  two  of  the  Episcopalian  and  one  of  the  Presbyterian 
orders,  were  Congregationalists.      As  to  monied  institutions,  Port-  „    ■ 

.  ,  ,  Bank. 

land  Bank*  was  established  in  June,  of  this  year, — the  first  one 
in  Maine. 

In  the  settlement  of  this  eastern  country,  all  the  people  found 
resident  upon  the  lands  of  the  State,  were  readily  and  happily 
quieted  in  the  enjoyment  of  their  possessory  lots ;  the  govern- 
ment granting  them  deeds  upon  the  most  liberal  terms.  But 
those  settled  upon  proprietary  patents  or  tracts,  met  with  diffi- 
culty in  effecting  a  fair  adjustment  of  their  claims,  and  obtaining 
deeds  of  their  lots  for  the  equitable  considerations  due. — Con- 
nected with  this  subject,  were  the  disputes  raised  about  the  limits 
of  several  large  tracts. | — To  begin  with  the  Plyinouth  Patent,  piymouih 
or  Kenncheck  Purchase,  the  Legislature  proposed  to  release  to  '^"  *^" ' 
the  claimants,  a  tract,  '  fifteen  miles  in  width  on  each  side  of  the 
'  Kennebeck  river,  and  from  the  northern  line  of  Woolwich,  on 
'  the  east  side,  and  the  utmost  limits  of  Cobbissecontee,  on  the  west 
'  side  of  the  river,  extending  to  a  boundary  line  drawn  east  and 
'  west,  three  miles  directly  north  from  the  mouth  of  Wesserunset 

*  The  capital  stock  was  to  be  not  less  than  100,  nor  more  than  300,000 
dollars.  jSee  toI.  I,  p.  236,  240,  573. 


584  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.    II. 

A.  D,  1799.  '  river  ;'  provided  the  proprietors  vi'ould  release  their  claim  to  all 
exterior  lands,  and  quiet  settlers,  resident  within  the  boundaries 
mentioned.  The  proposal  was  accepted  June  12,  1789,  though 
it  proved  unfortunate  to  the  settlers  ; — for  there  was  no  provision 
made  for  quieting  those  resident  within  or  upon  the  Patent  so 
limhed''-, — an  omission,  which  occasioned  lamentable  wrongs 
and  difficulties. 

To  the  Waldo  proprietors,  the  Government,  July  4,  1785,  pro- 

Waicio  pa-  ....  1. 

lem  survey-  posed  to  survey  a  tract  equal  to  thirty  miles  square,  extending 
between  the  Penobscot  and  the  IMuscongus,  from  the  seacoast,  so 
far  north  as  to  embrace  that  quantity ;  provided  they  would  quiet 
all  settlers  found  within  its  limits,  who  were  in  possession  of  their 
lots  before  April  19,  1775  ;  and  execute  a  release  to  all  other 
lands  claimed  in  virtue  of  the  Patent.f  They  complied,  and  a 
survey  was  made,  which  extended  northerly  to  the  south  line  of 
Hampden,  Dixmont,  and  Joy  ;  but  inclined  so  far  westwardly  as 
to  take  in  at  its  north-westerly  corner,  a  triangle  of  several  town- 
ships from  the  Plymouth  patent.  A  re-survey  was  consequently 
ordered,  February  23,  1798;  and  Thomas  Davis  was  appointed 
agent  by  the  government,  to  assign  to  the  proprietors,  above  the 
north  or  head  line  of  the  former  survey,  a  quantity  of  land  equal 
A  deficien-  to  the  interference.  The  result  was,  that  four  townships,  now 
good'hy^  Bangor,  Hampden,  Newburg,  and  Hermon,  excepting  the  set- 
4Townships.  tiers'  lots,  were  assigned  to  them,  February  5,  1800,  to  make  up 

the  deficiency. 
The  Pejep-  But  the  limits  and  extent  of  the  Pejejjscot  purchase  were  not 
ciLe."'"  so  easily  settled.  The  General  Court,  March  8,  1787,  resolved, 
that  the  "  Twenty-mile  falls,''''  being  about  20  miles  above  those 
of  Brunswick,  ought  to  be  considered  the  "  Uppermost  Great 
Falls"  in  Androscroggin  river,  referred  to  in  the  deed  oi  July  7, 
1G84,  from  Weruraboo  and  other  Sagamores,  to  Wharton;  and 
that  no  lands  be  sold  by  the  government's  agents  below  the  south 
line  of  Bakerstown,  [Poland,]  which  angles  on  the  falls,  upon  the 

*  See  Resolve,  JYov.  17,  17S8. — The  Committee  appoioted  by  the  State, 
to  settle  and  give  the  quit-claim,  were,  Caleb  Strong-,  Nathaniel  Wells, 
Abel  Wilder,  Dtimmer  Setvall,  William  Widger}",  Larkin  Thorndike, 
Israel  Hutchinson,  Thomas  Ives,  and  Samuel  Nasson. — See  Resolve,  June 
12,  1789  ;  also,  Febrtiary  12,  1796.— Post,  A.  D.  1809. 

I  Reserving,  however,  all  such  rights  as  had  escheated  and  been  confis- 
cated to  the  State. — See  Stat,  of  September,  1778. 


Chap,  xxii.]  of  Maine.  5§5 

western  side  ;  nor  on  the  eastern  side  below  the  south  line  of  Port-  A.  D.  1799. 
Royal,  [Livermore,]  which  was  five  miles  above  the  falls.  Dissat- 
isfied with  the  extent  or  limits  so  proposed,  the  proprietors  entered 
into  a  reference  with  the  Attorney-General,  by  which  the  dispute,  in 
1798,*  was  submitted  to  Levi  Lincoln,  Samuel  Dexter,  jr. 
and  Thomas  Dwight.  The  Government  was  ready  to  comply 
with  the  award  as  soon  as  they  made  it,  February  1,  1800; — 
provided  the  proprietors  would  assign  to  every  settler  within  the 
purchase,  100  acres  of  land,  as  stipulated,  so  as  best  to  include 
his  improvements,  and  in  consideration  of  so  much  money,  and 
on  such  terms  of  payment,  as  Commissioners,! — appointed  by 
the  Executive,  might  judge  reasonable.  But  the  proprietors  re- 
fused to  abide  by  the  award  and  terms  ;  and  therefore  the  orig- 
inal inquest  of  ofiice,  instituted  by  the  Commonwealth  against 
Josiah  Little,  acting  for  them,  was  ordered  by  the  General  Court,  Limits  set- 
March  12,  1S08,  to  be  reviewed  or  revived.  However,  in  1814, 
and  not  till  then,  the  controversy  was  settled  by  means  of  that 
award,  and  of  actions  brought  in  the  counties  of  Cumberland  and 
Lincoln  :  and  hence  the  tract  or  purchase  was  so  limited  and  ex- 
tended, as  to  embrace  Brunswick,  Topsham,  and  the  lands  on 
the  west  side  of  the  river  Androscoggin,  four  miles  in  width,  to 
said  falls ;  and  four  miles  in  width  on  the  eastern  side,  to  Leeds, 
inclusive. I 

At  the   spring   election   of  this  year,   Governor   Sumner   was  Dpaih  and 
chosen  the  third  time,  Chief  Magistrate  of  the  Commonwealth,  by  Gov.'sum- 
an  increased  majority.     But  he  died  June  7,  aged  53,  a  very  few  "'^' 
days  after  his  election  was  ofiicially  announced.     The  chair,  thus 
vacated,  was  filled  by  the  Lieutenant-Governor,  Moses  Gill,  who 


*See  Resolves,  June  29,  1798.— June  7,  1799. 

I  These  Commissioners  were  Nathaniel  Dummer,  Ichabod  Goodwin,  and 
John  Lord,  Esq'rs.  and  they  made  the  assignment  and  prescribed  the  terms 
of  payment.  About  20,000  acres  were  conveyed  to  settlers  in  virtue  of 
the  condition  stipulated ,MS.  Letter  of  E.  Little,  Esq. 

\  More  particularly,  on  the  eastern  side  of  tlie  river,  the  Pejepscot  pur- 
chase embraces  Topsham,  4,0C0  acres  at  tlie  south-west  corner  of  Lisbon, 
all  Lcwiston,  and  Greene,  and  3-4ths  of  Leeds,  on  the  southerly  side  of  the 
town. On  the  western  side  of  the  river,  the  purchase  embraces  Bruns- 
wick, the  greater  part  of  Durham,  and  Danville,  except  a  gore  of  4,000 
acres,  the  easterly  part  of  Poland,  and  about  4  or  5,000  acres  in  the  south- 
easterly part  of  Minot.  The  falls  at  Lewiston,  were  fixed  upon  as  the 
Upper  falls,  referred  to  in  the  purchase -See  ante,  A.  D.  1757 MS.  Let- 
ter nf  E.  Little,  Esq. 

Vol.  II.  74 


586  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.    11. 

A.D.  1799.  had  been  lately  elected,  the  seventh  time  to  that  office.  On  the 
20th  of  May  ensuing,  he  also  deceased,  and  the  executive  trust 
devolved  upon  the  Council.  A  chaste  writer,  who  knew  Gov- 
ernor Sumner  well,  says,  "  he  was  eminendy  fitted  for  the  offices 
he  sustained.  To  a  sound  understanding  and  extensive  political 
and  legal  knowledge,  he  united  engaging  manners  and  habitual 
goodness. — Benevolent,  upright,  and  unassuming,  he  was  beloved 
as  a  man,  revered  as  a  magistrate,  and  his  memory  is  blessed." 
He  was  born  at  Roxbury,  November  27,  1746,  and  graduated  at 
Harvard,  in  1767  ;  and  his  Biographer  says,  "  he  was  mild,  can- 
did, and  remarkably  free  from  any  appearance  of  party-spirit. 
Soon  after  he  commenced  the  practice  of  the  law,  he  made  a 
public  profession  of  his  belief  in  Christianity,  and  his  life  was 
exemplary."* 
Death  of  Nor  did  the  year  close  till  it  was  rendered  memorable,  De- 
i^gton^'^'''' cember  14th,  by  the  death  of  the  great  and  beloved  Washing- 
ton,— a  man  first  among  the  political  fathers  of  the  Republic, 
and  first  in  the  hearts  of  his  countrymen. f 


*Doct.  Allen's  Biog.  p.  135-6.— 1  Knapp's  Biog-.  Sk.  p.  79-106. 

f  He  was  68  j-ears  of  age. — Hearing'  of  General  Washington's  death, 
Bonaparte,  First  Consul  of  France,  ordered  black  crape  to  be  suspended 
on  the  flags  and  standards  of  the  Republic  ;  and  Fontancs  pronounced  an 
oration  in  the  temple  of  Mars,  commemorative  of  the  event. — JDelaplain^s 
Reposiiory. 


Chap.  xxih.J  of  Maine.  587 


CHAPTER  XXIIl. 

The  bench  of  the  Supreme  Court  enlarged — C.  Strong  chosen  Gov. 
— Electors  chosen — Opposition  of  the  Democrats — Treaty  with 
France — Federal  Badge — Circuit  Court  of  the  United  States — 
T.  Jefferson,  President — Six  ncto  towns  inco7poratcd — Public  lands 
— Read  and  Coffin,  agents — Retrenchment — Prosperity  of  the 
country — Merino  sheep  introduced — Ten  new  towns  incorporated 
—  Three  new  banks  established — Laws  regulating  them — TJie 
Judiciary  system  reformed — Twenty-three  new  toivns  incorpor- 
ated—  Oxford  County  established — A  democratic  majority  in  the 
General  Court — Cincinnati  Society — Orono  incorporated — An 
election  law — Principles  of  free  trade — British  impressments — 
Articles  not  alloived  to  be  imported  from  England — Outrage  of 
Whitby — Attack  of  the  Leopard  upon  the  Chesapcak — Berlin 
and  3Iilan  decrees — Orders  in  Council — General  embargo  laid 
by  Congress. 

Early  in  the  year  1800,  there  were   improvements  attempted  ^^-  ^^^' 
in  the  Supreme  Judicatory  system  of  the  State.     As  the  law  re-  'I'he  bench 
quired  a  majority  of  the  Judges  to  be  present   in  the   trial  of  all  Coun  en-  ' 
causes,  it  was  represented  that  they  were   unable    fully  to  clear  *'^*  ' 
the  dockets  in  the   different   counties.      Therefore   the  General 
Court,  March  4,  enlarged  the  bench  from  five  to  seven  Judges ; 
authorized  the  appointment  of   a   Solicitor-General;*    directed 
terms  to  be  holden  twice  each  year  in  every  county  of  Maine,  ex- 
cept Hancock  and   Washington,   for  which  there  was   to  be  at 
Castine,  only  one  term  in  a  year ;    and   arranged   the   Common- 
wealth into  two  Circuits,  empowering  any  three  judges  to  hold   a 
Court.     In  this  way  there  might  be  sessions  at  the  same    time  in 
different  counties. 

The  elections  of  the  present  spring  were  managed    with   more 

*  The  Judg-es  appointed,  were  Samuel  Sewall,  and  George  Thatcher; 
and  Daniel  Davis,  ia  1801,  was  appointed  Solicitor  General,  with  a  sahiry 
of  $1,000  ;  being  succeeded  in  the  office  of  District  Attorney,  by  Silas  Lee 
of  Wiscasset,  a  member  of  Congress,  on  the  resig-nation  of  Judge  Thatch- 
er.— Terms  of  the  Common  Pleas  were  now  appointed  to  be  holden  at 
Topsham. 


588  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II. 

A.  D.  1800.  spirit  and  zeal,  than  in  any  previous  year.      Both   parties  were 
estrone    well  organized   and  equally  active  in  support  of  their  respective 

chosen  Gov-  r  r^  t         •  rr 

eiiinr.  candidates  for  Governor,  and  other  elective  ofncers  ;  and  so 
close  was  the  run,  that  Caleb  Strong,  who  united  the  suffrages 
of  the  Federalists,  was  elected  chief  magistrate  over  Elbridge 
Gerry,  his  opponent,  only  by  a  majority  of  about  200  votes  5 
though  the  aggregate  much  exceeded  any  number  ever  before 
taken  at  the  polls.* 

Choice  of  Jii  the  choice  of  Electors^  for  President  and  Vice-President, 
the  contest  was  equally  sharp  and  more  rancorous.  The  manner 
of  choosing  them  by  the  Legislature,  as  the  administration  had 
prescribed,  and  not  by  districts,  as  the  democrats  strenuously 
urged  to  have  done,  was  by  them  censured  with  great  severity. 
It  was  a  franchise,  they  said,  which  ought  never  to  be  taken  from 
the  primary  assemblies  of  the  people; — a  franchise  perverted, 
however,  in  the  present  instance  exclusively  to  party  purposes. 

As  the  politics  of  the  State  and  of  the  national  administration 
were  in  unison,  a  successful  attack  upon  the  measures  of  the 
one  or  the  oilier,  was  an  advantage  of  equal  importance  to  the 
Democrats.  The  stamp-net  was  rendered  by  them  doubly  odi- 
ous, as  it  awakened  recollections  which  connected  its  name  with 
the  Revolution.  The  land-tax,  they  represented  as  oppressive 
and  unnecessary  ;  and  a  bankrupt-act,  which  was  passed  April 
4,  filled  their  mouths  and  their  newspapers  with  censure  and 
complaint.  Many  were  induced  to  believe  it  a  piece  of 
legislation  exclusively  for  merchants  ;  tempting  to  adventure  and 
speculation,  and  legalizing  a  fraud  upon  honest  creditors.  In 
support  of  the  position  they  had  assumed, — that  nothing  was 
wanting  to  perpetuate  peace  with  France,  but  a  pacific  disposi- 
tion on  the  part  of  our  government;  it  was  happy  for  them,   that 

A  treaty      a  trcatv  of  intercourse  and  friendship  was  signed  at   Paris,   Sept. 

wilhFrance.  *'  .„     ,  1     1     1    ^    i-n^       1  •         1 

30,  (1800,)  which,  when  ratified,  settled  the  difhculties   between 
the  two  powers,  and  furnished  the  Democrats  with   a  pretext  of 

*  The  whole  number  of  votes  for  Governor,  was  39,059,  viz.  for  Mr. 
Strong,  19,630;  for  Mr.  Gerry,  17,019;  scattering-,  2,410.  Previously  to 
this  year  tli8  niinorily  voted  for  several  candidates — having-  no  one  reg-u- 
larly  nominated;  this  j-ear  the  democrats  united  in  the  nomination  of  Mr. 
Gerry. 

I  The  Electors  in  Maine,  were  Samuel  S.  Wilde,  Lemuel  Weeks,  and 
Andrew  P.  Fernakl, 


Chap,  xxiii.]  of  maine.  589 

fresh  credit,  for  their  sagacity  and  judgment.     On   the  contrary,  A.D.  1800. 
if  there  were  any  merit,  the  Federalists  claimed  it  as  due  to  them, 
satisfied  as  they  professed  to  he,  that  had  not  energetic  defensive 
measures    been  adopted,  the  negociation  would   not  have  been 
effected.     The  bankrupt  law,  they  contended,  was  what  the  Fed- 
eral Constitution  itself  contemplated,  and  would  in  its  operations 
relieve  from  distress  a  large  class    of  worthy  citizens,  and   revive 
their  enterprize,  essentially  important  both  to  themselves   and   to 
the  interests  of  the  community.     Amidst  this  struggle  of  the  po-  pp,,^,.^, 
litical  parties  for  ascendency,  the  Federalists  assumed  as  a  badge  ^^^_'^'?^^ns- 
of  distinction,  a  silver  eagle  in  a  black  rose,  stitched  to   the   side 
of  the  hat  crown,  and  worn  by  them  generally,  in  token    of  their 
patriotic  attachment  to  the   federal   government.      By   this   time, 
however,  they  must  have  been  fully  aware  how  much  the  wisdom 
of  their  politics  had  daily  declined  in  the  public  estimation,  since 
no  one  called  in  question  their  abilities  and  intelligence  as  a   par- 
ty ;  yet  singular  as  it  may  appear,  the  national   administration,  at 
last,   enacted   a   law,   fatal    to    the   revival  of   its  popularity,  by  ^y^^.^^J■^ 
creating  a  Circuit  bench,   and   the   necessity  of  appointing   six- [j"^"^^^"' ''^* 
teen  Judges  to  fdl  it.*     For,  as  the   newspapers  had   previously  ^^'ates. 
announced,  it  was   found  and  declared,  on  canvassing  the   elec- 
toral votes,f  in  Congress,  that  Thomas  Jefferson  and  Aaron  niui'A^un" 
Burr,    had    severally    73  ;    Mr.   Adams,    G5,   and  Charles  C.  l';^y^l  ' 

Pinkney,    64  : From    the    two    highest    candidates  then,   the  I'residem. 

House  of  Representatives,  voting  by  States,  according  to  the 
Constitution,  chose,  at  the  end  of  more  than  30  ballotings,  Mr. 
Jefierson,  President ; — Mr.  Burr  being  of  course  Vice-President. 

By  a  second  federal  census  taken  this  year,  the  population  of  ::jj  census. 
Maine  appeared  to  be  151,7]  9  ;  exhibiting  an  increase  of  more 
than  fifty-five  thousand  inhabitants  in  ten  years. J     In  a   conse- 
quent apportionment  of  representatives  to  Congress,  through  the 
Union,  Maine  was   allowed  fow^   instead  of  three,  its   former 

*  This  act  was  passed  Feb.  13,  1801  ;  and  the  Judges  were  selected  from 
the  partLzans  of  the  adininistiation. 

t  Feb.  8,  ISO  I.     Choice  effected,  Feb.  17. 

I  Census  in  York  County,  37,729  ;  in  Cumberland,  37,921  ;  in  Kennebeck, 
24,394  ;  in  Lincoln,  30,100  ;  in  Hancock,  16,316  ;  and  in  VYashington,  4,436. 

5  la  districting'  for  the  choice  of  Representatives  to  Congress,  there 
were  assigned  to  York,  one  ; — Cumberland,  one  ; — Lincoln,  with  6  lov?ns 
from  Hancock,  one  ; — Kennebeck,  Washington,  and  the  rest  of  Hancock, 
one.=4  in  all. 


590  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  11. 

A.  D.  icoo.  number;  and  it  was  therefore  divided  into  as  many  districts  for 
choosing  them.  A  new  valuation  of  taxable  property  through 
the  Commonwealth,  was  also  taken  ;  and  by  a  subsequent  dis- 
tricting, seven  Senators*  to  the  General  Court,  were  assigned  to 
IVIaine,  instead  of  six,  the  former  number.     Another  evidence  of 

Six  towns     .  .  ,  ,  ,  ,,.,..  ~ 

incoiporat-  its  rapid  growth  was  the  perpetual  multiplication  ot  towns. — 
RuMFORDjf    OrlanDjJ    Elt.sworth,§    and    Lovell  :||    were 

*Tlii!S,  to  York,  2  Senators; — Cumberland,  2  ; — Kennebeck,  1  ; — Lin- 
coln, Hancock,  and  Washing-ton,  2. — Statute,  June  23,  1S02. 

I  Rumford,  (123d  town,)  incorporated  February  21,  1800,  previously  call- 
ed J<few- Penny  cook,  was  settled,  A.  D.  1777.  The  name  of  the  first  set- 
tler was  .Jonathan  Kcyes.  The  town  lies  on  both  sides  of  the  Androscog- 
gin, above  and  below  the  Great  Falls.  It  was  granted  in  1774,  by  Massa- 
chusetts, to  Timothy  Walker,  Jr.  Esq.  and  83  others,  who  were  deprived 
of  their  riglils  at  Pcnnycook  in  N.  H.  by  running  the  lines.  That  town,  in 
N,  11.,  was  called  Rumford  for  many  years  after  incorporation,  and  then 
changed  to  Concord — and  as  most  of  the  settlers  were  from  that  town,  this 
was  called  Rumford,  from  Count  Rumford,  who  was  owner  of  6  shares  in 
the  township.  "  Fennyconk  Falls"'  in  the  Androscoggin,  are  towards  the 
easterly  part  of  the  town,  where  the  water  descends  70  feet  in  2  or  3  rods, 
and  rests  in  a  large  basin  ;  from  which  it  escapes  over  another  "  large 
fall."  Within  half  a  mile,  the  whole  desc3nt  is  equal  to  140  feet. — Here 
is  Ellis''  river,  south-west, — Sioi/t  river,  east,  and  Concord  river,  on  the 
south,  of  the  Androscoggin.  The  mountains  seen,  are  "  White  Cap,''''  to- 
wards East  Andover,  4„0  feet  in  height;"  "  Glass-face,''  near  the  centre 
of  the  town,  300  feet  high  ;  and  "  Black  mountain,''''  north-east.  A  mine 
of  red,  white,  and  yellow  paints,  has  been  discovered  here.  The  village 
is  at  the  point,  in  the  upper  part  of  the  town.  In  the  town  are  two  meet- 
ing-houses;  Rev.  S.  R.  Hall,  was  settled  Nov.  14,  1811  ;  succeeded  by  Rev. 
Daniel  Gould,  May  31,  1815.— In  town,  are  two  Post-Offices,  one  at  the 
Point,  the  other  in  the  lower  part  of  the  town.  The  first  Representative 
to  the  General  Court,  was  William  Wheeler,  in  1811.— J)7S.  Letter  of  Rev. 
Daniel  Guuld,  1826. 

\Orland,  (124th  town,)  was  incorporated  February  21,  1800.  It  was 
"  Eastern  River,  No.  2,"  and  adjoins  the  "Thoroughfare"  and  Bucksport. 
Census  in  1790,  was  240. 

\Elhworlh,  (125lli  town,)  incorporated  February  26,  1800,  was  previ- 
ously No.  7,  or  New  "  Bowdoin,"  and  lies  on  both  sides  of  Union  river. 
It  was  settled  in  1763.  First  minister  was  Rev.  J.  Urquhart,  in  1785, — 
dismissed  in  1790.     Rev.  Peter  Nourse  was  ordained  in  1812. 

II  Lovell,[\2QVa  town,)  incorporated  November  13,  1800,  had  been  called 
Kew  Suncook.  It  was  settled  in  1777  ; — and  was  named  in  memory  of  the 
famous  John  Lovell,  [Lovewell,]  the  hero  of  Pegwacket.  The  township 
was  granted  to  the  officers  and  soldiers  of  that  battle,  and  their  heirs.  The 
place  first  selected  was  Suncook,  on  the  Merrimack,  which,  on  running  the 
line  between  New-Hampshire  and  Massachusetts,  was  taken  into  the  for- 


Chap,  xxiii."]  of  Maine.  592 

established,   in   1800;    and    Strong*    and    Leeds, f   in    1801.  a.  D.  isoi. 
— In  1801-2  and  3,  Governor  Strong  was  re-elected,  by   an  in- Gov.siron^ 
creasing  majority  each    year ;    though   Mr.   Gerry,   an   able  and 
truly  popular  man,  was  run  against  him  ;  and   in   both    legislative 
branches,  there  was  a  large  majority  of  Federal  members.  'J^ii"  public 

The  public  lands  were  uniformly  in  some  way,  a  sul)Jcct  of 
great  interest.  To  every  soldier,  who  had  served  three  years  in 
the  Revolutionary  war,  or  to  his  widow  and  heirs,  were  offered 
200  acres  of  land,  on  the  eastern  frontier,  or  twenty  dollars  in 
specie,  as  a  new  gratuity,  for  services  or  sufferings ;  the  govern- 
ment designing  to  offer  so  small  a  sum  in   money,    as  to   induce  Pleasant 

rill  111  ,  P"'"'  secur- 

every  one  to  prefer  the  land,  and,  undertake  a  settlement. — Nine-e<' loihein- 
ty  acres  of  land,  at  Pleasant  point,  [now  in  Perry,]  on  the  wes- 
terly bank  of  the  Schoodic,  were  granted  by  the  General  Court, 
to  the  tribe  of  Indians  at  Passamaquoddy, — to  be  possessed  and 
used  by  them  till  further  order  of  the  government ;  and  here  they 
have  planted  their  village.  In  short,  it  apj^eared  that  no  less  than 
24  new  townships  had  been  granted  or  sold  within  the  last  six 
years,  notwithstanding  an  order  was  then  passed  for  suspending 
sales.  Several  of  the  grants,  however,  were  donative,  and  the  oth- 
ers had  hitherto  yielded  no  great  revenue  to  the  State.  For 
among  other  inadvertencies,  one  of  the  land  committee  had  un- 

mer ;  and  this  grant  was  to  make  g-ood  the  loss.  [Sweden  was  taken  from 
Lovell  in  1813.]  The  present  LovcU  contains  24,000  acres.  Keezer's 
pond,  in  it,  is  8  miles  by  one.  Here  is  one  meeting--house. — Rev.  V.  Lit- 
tle was  settled  January  22,  1823. — J\1S.  Letter  from  Lovell. 

*  Strong,  (127th  town,)  incorporated  January  31,1801,  was  previously 
J^o.  T/irec,  or  i2cad«<own,  lying  north  of  Farming-ton.  It  ivas  first  settled 
in  1784.  Its  present  name  was  given  it  in  memory  of  Governor  Strong. 
The  first  settler  was  Hon.  William  Read.  The  town  contains  22,400  acres. 
Post-office  established  here  in  1819.  The  title  to  the  lands  is  derived  from 
the  State. — MS,  Letter  of  James  Mayhew,  Esq. 

f  Leeds,  (r28th  town,)  the  plantation  of  Liltlelorough,  was  incorporated 
February  16,  1801.— It  lies  on  the  east  side  of  the  Androscojj-gin.  The 
first  settlement  was  begun  in  1779,  by  Thomas  and  Robert  Stinchfield.  It 
was  claimed  by  the  Pejepscot  proprietors,  and  a  township  was  laid  out  by 
them  in  1780-1,  and  called  Littleborough,  in  honor  of  Col.  Moses  Little. 
It  contains  22,000  acres.  Here  are  4  mills  and  8  bridges.  A  Baptist  so- 
ciety was  incorporated  in  1804,  and  a  meeting-house  built  in  1806.  The 
Friends  also  have  a  meeting-house  in  the  south  part  of  the  town.  Rev. 
Thomas  Francis  was  ordained,  June  29,  1799.  He  was  the  first  Repre- 
sentative to  the  General  Court,  from  this  town,  in  1804.  Census  in  1790, 
was  263. — MS.  Letter  from  Leeds. 


592  thp:  history  [Vol.  ii. 

A.  D.  icoi.  fortunately  become  a  defaulter,  and  all  of  them  were  now  dis- 
charged. The  important  trust  was  next  committed  to  two  land 
agents,  John  Read  and  Pehg  Coffin  ;*  who  were  empowered  to 

;iiuri"cof-  complete  all  the  bargains  of  their  predecessors,  wherever  the  faith 

I  a  Uim'i'-''   of  the  State  was  pledged,  and  none  other. 

Ageiiis.  fpj^g  government  in  its  readiness,  if  not  haste,  to  dispose  of  the 

public  lands,  had,  with  the  best  motives,  been  actuated  by  an  er- 
roneous policy,  and  fallen  into  mistakes  prejudicial,  in  many    in- 

Sales  of      stances,  both  to  the  buyers  and  settlers  ; — the  purchases  of  town- 

irpropHe-"  ships  or  large  tracts,  by  individuals,  oftea-times  retarding  settle- 

o^h  iiiipo  1-  j^^g|^^_  Pqj.  jjy  grasping  at  what  they  were  unable  to  pay  for, 
and  buying  upon  conditions  which  they  could  not  perform,  they 
were  under  the  necessity  of  making  incessant  applications  to 
government  for  an  extension  of  credit ;  deeds  in  the  mean  time 
w^ere  withholden  ;  and  settlers  were  perplexed  and  discouraged, 
because  of  their  inability  to  obtain  titles  to  their  lots  from  the 
proprietor  or  speculator,  and  were  therefore  induced  rather  to 
enter  upon  the  public  lands  without  license.  They,  in  fact,  found 
it  safer  to  risque  the  severity  of  a  benignant  government,  than  a 
land-jobber's  generosity,  or  his  sense  of  justice  or  duty. 

As  political  retrenchment,  economy,  and  reform,  were   among 

Reirpnth-  the  subjects  which  had  been  urged  with  a  success,  sufficient  to 
shift  the  reins  into  democratic  hands,  immediate  improvements 
were  expected.  Therefore,  Mr.  Jefferson,  in  his  message  to 
Congress,  December  8,  says,  '  we  may  now  safely  dispense  witfi 

*  all  the   internal  taxes,   comprehending  the   excise   on   stamps, 

*  licenses,  carriages,  and  refined  sugars  ;  and  a  salutary  reduc- 
'  tion  may  be  made  in  the  civil  list,  the  army  and  the  navy.'  To 
all  the  changes  and  reverses  of  policy  adopted,  there  was  a  gen- 

A.  D.  1802.  eral  opposition  ;  and  when  the  bill  was  introduced  to  repeal  the 
ihl  Circuit  law  establishing  the  Circuit  Court,  the  federal  members  in  Con- 
gress resisted  its  passage  with  great  spirit  and  ability  : — still  it 
was  carried  by  a  considerable  majority. f  On  its  repeal,  how- 
ever, an  excessive  clamor  was  raised  against  the  new  administra- 
tion, by  all  the  federal  newspapers,  and  every  class  of  political 
opponents.     They  insisted  that  the  Constitution  was  directly  vio- 

*  la  1803,  another  a<jent  was  appointed,  witli  special  powers  to  resist 
or  prosecute  trespassers  unci  intruders. 

t  In  the  Senate,  16  to  15  ;  and  in  the  House,  59  to  32  : — Such  being  the 
state  of  parties,  at  this  time,  in  both  branches  of  CongTess, 


Chap,  xxiii.]  of  Maine.  593 

lated,  both  in  its  letter  and  spirit : — For  it  solemnly  ordained,  A.  D.  1802. 
(said  they,)  that  "  the  Judges,  both  of  the  Supreme  and  Inferior 
Courts,  shall  hold  their  offices  during  good  behavior  ;"  whereas 
such  measures,  founded  in  a  policy  regardless  of  principle,  and 
in  an  overweening  disposition  to  court  popular  applause,  would 
effectually  prostrate  the  honor  and  prosperity  of  this  rising  re- 
public. But  the  people,  it  seems,  approved  of  the  course  pur- 
sued ;  the  country  in  all  its  general  interests,  continued  to  flour- 
ish beyond  a  parallel ;  and  the  democratic  politics  became  trium- 
phant in  the  United  States,  though  not  immediately  in  Massa- 
chusetts, nor  in  several  other  of  the  States. 

If  we  except  the  rage  of  party-spirit,  which   did   not   forbear  Prosperity 

.        .    "■  .  of  the  coun- 

even  to  attack  with  iury  the  sanctuaty  of  private  character ;  the  try. 
Commonwealth  was  in  the  enjoyment  of  great  quiet,  as  well  as  un- 
common prosperity.  Peace  was  re-established  in  Europe. 
"  Our  ships  visit  every  part  of  the  world,  and  bring  home  the 
product  of  every  country."*  Manufactures,  ship-building  and 
other  mechanic  arts, — agricultural  pursuits  and  the  fisheries,  were 
all  flourishing  ;  and  even  the  State  debt  had  been  by  actual  pay- 
ment greatly  reduced.  Our  woollen  fabrics,  especially,  were  in 
a  short  period,  much  improved  through  the  enterprize  of  Da- 
vid Humphreys,  late  ambassador  to  Spain,  who  imported  into 
New-England  this  year,  100  Merino  sheep  from  that  country ;  Merino 
whose  fleeces  greatly  exceeded  those  of  our  flocks  both  in  weight  tro^duced. 
and  fineness.!  This  eastern  State  being  a  grazing  country,  the 
advantages  which  the  inhabitants  derived  from  this  source,  were 
readily  appreciated  and  extensively  improved.  Even  the  Legis- 
lature was  disposed  to  notice  it.  Also,  for  the  first  time,  an  act 
was  passed  for  preserving  deer  ;  by  which  it  was  made  penal  in  the 
sum  of  ten  dollars,  to  kill  one  between  December  and  August. 
But  it  could  never  prevent  the  mischief. 

There    were    ten  towns  incorporated   in    1802  ; — these  were 

*  Exports  of  the  U.  States,  A.  D.  1792,$20,753,097  ;  in  1802,  $71,957,144 
Revenue,  "  "  8,771,600  "         14,995,793 

Expenditure,  "  "  8,962,920  "  13,270,457 

Besides  coasters  and  fishing  vessels,  there  vpere  900,000   tons  of  regis- 
tered and  enrolled  shipping  in  the  United  States. 
f  The  price  of  a  J\Ierino  buck,  in  1802,  was  $300. 
Vol.  II.  76 


594  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II. 

A.D.  1802.  MlNOT,*  the   18th,  CHESTERVILLE,f  BRO\VNFlELD,f  and    VlEN- 

Ten  towns   NA,§  the  20th,  and  Avon||   and  New-Vineyard, IT  the  22d  of 
incorpora     p^j^j.^^^.^^ .  d^nville,**  [Pegypscot,']  March  6,  and  Baldwin,! f 
LiNCOLNviLLEjJJ  and  Waterville,§§  on  the  23d  of  June. 
The  successes  in  commercial  enterprize,  and  a  correspondent 

*  Jlinot,  (129th  town,)  was  formed  from  the  northerly  part  of  Poland. — 
[See  A.  D,  1795.] — it  begins  in  the  S.  E.  corner  of  Turner  at  the  Crooked 
Ripples  in  the  Androscoggin,  and  extends  down  the  middle  of  the  river, 
to  the  Great  Falls,  Rev.  Jonathan  Scott  was  settled  in  Poland  before  the 
division,  but  the  new  incorporation  of  Minot  took  in  the  most  of  his  soci- 
ety. In  1805,  two  meeting-houses  were  built  in  Minot,  and  he  was  in- 
stalled Pastor  in  the  Eastern  Parish.  In  1806,  Rev.  William  Pidgin  was 
settled  in  the  west  part  of  the  town. 

•j  Chesterville,  (130th  town,)  the  plantation  of  Chester,  was  first  settled 
in  1782,  by  Abraham  Wyman  ;  and  in  1783,  Samuel  Linscott  and  Dummer 
Sewall  settled  here,  and  built  mills.  The  town  embraces  19,000  acres. 
The  title  to  the  lands  was  from  the  Commonwealth.  It  was  surveyed  ia 
1788.  Wilson's  stream  passes  through  the  town,  and  empties  at  the  falls 
in  Sandy  river.  Here  is  one  meeting-house ;  Rev.  Jotham  Sewall  was 
settled  here; — also  Elder  Ward  I-ock,  in  1813.  Post-office  was  establish- 
ed in  1795. l\IS.  Lcl.  of  Mr.  Lock,  1S20. 

\  Brownfield,  (131st  town,)  was  previouslj'  a  plantation  of  that  name.  It 
lies  between  the  Saco  and  New-Hampshire.  P^ev.  Jacob  Rice  was  set- 
tled here  in  1806.     Its  population  in  1790,  was  120  souls. 

5  Vienna,  (132d  town,)  had  been  called  Goshen,  or  Wyman's  plantation. 
[1  Avon,  (133d  town,)  was  plantation  Number  2  in  Abbot's  purchase,  lying 
on  both  sides  of  Sandy  river  in  the  first  range   of  townships.      It  contains 
22,500  acres,  surveyed  by  Samuel  Titcomb,  in  1793.      TJie  number  of  in- 
habitants in  1790,  was  130,  including  the  precincts. 

1[  JVew-Vinryard,  (131th  town,)  was  previously  called  by  the  same  name, 
and  also  No.  2,  on  the  west  side  of  Kennebeck  river,  nortli  of  the  Ply- 
mouth patent. 

**  Danville,  (135th  town,)  was  called  "  Pejepscot,"  or  "Pegypscot,"  till 
changed  by  act  of  Feb.  1,  1819.  It  was  previously  a  part  of  the  Pejepscot 
claim  and  Lillle^s  Gore.  It  was  settled  in  1761,  by  one  family,  and  the 
Gore,  in  1777.  It  was  first  represented  in  the  General  Court,  in  1812,  by 
Mr.  Roberts,  who  was  the  baptist  minister  of  that  town. 

It  Baldwin,  (136th  town,)  was  called  Flintstown  plantation.  Its  census 
in  1790,  was  190  souls. 

II  Lincolnville,  (r37th  town,)  was  previously  called  the  plantations  of 
"  Ducktrap"' and  "Canaan."  It  lies  between  Northport  and  Camden. 
Its  census  in  1790,  was  278  souls. 

^5  Watcrville,  (138th  town,)  is  taken  from  the  town  of  Winslow. — [See 
anU,  1771.]— Here  is  Waterville  Seminary,  established  1813,  and  made  a 
College,  in  1820-1.  Though  it  may  be  under  the  particular  patronage 
of  the  Baptists,  it  is  open  equally  to  students  of  all  denominations,  and  is 
flourishing'.     The  situation  of  the  edifices  is  beautiful. 


Chap,  xxiti.]  of  Maine.  595 

demand  for  money,  inspired  a  passion  for  banks.    Though  '  Por<-  A,u»  1803. 
land  Bank, ^  incorporated  June    15,    1799,  was   makins;  liberal  Banks  es- 

.  ^  .  °  tablisheci. 

loans;  ^ Maine  Bank''  was  established  there,  June  23,  1802; — 
'  Lincoln  and  Kennebeck  Bank,^  at  Wiscasset,  on  the  same  day  ; — 
and  '  Saco  Bank,''  at  Pepperelborough,  March  8,  the  succeeding 
year  ; — the  aggregate  of  whose  capital  might  be  nine  hundred 
thousand  dollars.     As  bank-bills,  therefore,  became  the  pecuniary  Laws  reg«- 

/•  1     •  1-  r  1  r  -laiingthem 

currency,  the  government  found  it  expedient  for  the  safety  ofandHieir 
holders,  occasionally  to  inspect  the  funds  of  the  banks,  and  at 
length  required  them  to  make  semi-annual  returns,  to  the  Gov- 
ernor and  Council,  of  the  capital  stock  paid  in, — debts  due, — 
specie  on  hand,  and  bank  notes  in  circulation.  For,  next  to  spu- 
rious bills,  are  those  of  doubtful  credit ; — an  evil,  which  in  former 
years  had  filled  the  country  with  so  much  distress.  Incidental 
to  this  paper  medium,  too,  arose  several  inconveniences,  which 
required  the  repeated  interposition  of  the  Legislature,  before  they 
were  effectually  prevented.  The  community,  for  instance,  was 
imposed  upon  by  notes  similar  in  form  to  bank-bills ;  which  pri- 
vate associations,  and  even  individuals,  sent  into  circulation,  and 
were  unable  to  redeem.  A  flood  of  small  bills  was  spread  over 
the  country,  because  the  banks  found  they  did  not  in  amount  re- 
turn so  soon  as  those  which  were  larger ;  and  by  consequence,  it 
seems  that  the  Commonwealth  was  drained  of  silver  change,  and 
the  circulation  of  specie  prevented.  Both  these  evils  were  at- 
tempted to  be  removed  by  a  legislative  act,  of  June  22,  1799, 
vi^hich  suppressed  all  private  banking  institutions,  and  forbade  the 
banks  to  issue  notes  of  a  less  denomination  than  five  dollars.  Yet 
the  latter  remedy  did  not  fully  effect  its  purpose, — it  rather  drew 
into  circulation  small  bills  from  other  States.  Hence  the  Gen- 
eral Court  again  interposed,  in  1805,  and  allowed  Banks  to  issue 
bills  of  one,  two,  and  three  dollars,  equal  in  amount  only  to  one 
fifth  part  of  their  capital  stock.  Lastly,  to  prevent  another,  and 
the  greatest  evil  of  all,  namely,  counterfeiting,  the  General  Court, 
the  same  year,  sharpened  the  penalties  against  that  crime,  and 
afterwards  required  all  the  Banks  to  use  Perkins'  ingenious  stere- 
otype plate,  which  had  never  been  successfully  counterfeited. 

In  1803-4,  it  was  found,  by  experiment,  that  the  late  Judici-  J^e'l'^^j"'^ 
ary  system  of  the  State,  needed  revision; — a  subject  which  was  ^^^J'l' ^'■«- 
under  Legislative  consideration  for  several  sessions.     At  last,  it  three. 


596  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II. 

A.  D.  1803.  was  concluded  to  reduce  the  Judges  of  the  Supreme  Judicial 
Court,  from  seven  to  Jive,  the  original  number.  Three  were 
then  constituted  a  quorum  ior  deciding  cases  of  law,  in  the  spring 

^        ,   ,   Circuit ;  and  one,  alone,  authorized  to  preside  in  all  jury  trials. 

One  only  to  '  '  '  '  J      J 

sit  in  Jury    jf  either  party  should  be  dissatisfied  with  his  opinion,  or  decision 

trials.  I        -^  '  ' 

of  the  law,  pronounced  at  the  trial,  his  council  might  file  excep- 
tions, and  bring  the  points  ^before  the  whole  Court,  for  revision 
at  the  next  term.*  Thus,  by  the  introduction  of  this  Kisi prius 
system,  an  opportunity  was  given  the  Judges  to  consult  authori- 
ties ;  their  decisions  were  more  learned  and  correct ;  and  the 
contradictory  and  hasty  interpretations  of  the  law,  too  often  man- 
ifest, since  the  Legislature  had  authorized  the  sessions  of  two 
Courts  at  the  same  time,  were  discrepancies  effectually  avoided, 
porter  of'  Prcvious  provisiou  was  made,  IMarch  8,  for  a  Reporter  of  clecis- 
Jaw-cases.    ^^^^  .  ^^^j  Ephraim  Williams,  of  Deerfield,  v/as    the  first  officer 

of  that  character,  in  the  Commonwealth. 
Courts  of  A  law,  passed  March  9,  1804,  prescribed  to  the  Bench  of  the 
Pleas  nnw  CommouPleas,  a  Chief  Justice,  and  two  associates,  instead  of 
^°  ^"  four  judges,  previousiy  appointed  to  constitute  that  Court  ;  and  so 
extended  their  jurisdiction  as  to  embrace  all  matters  cognizable 
,   .  ,.   .     by  the  Quarter  Sessions  of  the  Peace,  exceptina;  what  related  to 

Jurisdiction      •'  _      _  '  I        o 

of  tiie  gaols  and  other  countv  buildin<rs  : — to  county  taxes  and  accounts  ; 

Quarter         °  \  .  . 

Sessions  — to  liccnscs ; — and  highways.  It  was  in  this  way,  that  the  ses- 
sions of  the  two  Courts  were  severed,  which  had  previously  both 
set  at  the  same  time  and  place,  in  the  several  counties,  from  the 
time  they  were  first  established,  under  the  Provincial  Charter. 
The  civil  causes  triable  by  the  Common  Pleas  and  the  petty 
offences  of  criminals  triable  by  the  Sessions,  were  previously  heard 
alternately  ;  and  every  Justice  in  the  county  had  a  right  to  claim 
pay  for  three  days'  attendance  upon  the  Sessions'  bench  at  each 
term  of  the  Court.  No  essential  change  had  been  before  effect- 
ed in  these  subordinate  Courts,  for  more  than  a  century. 

Fisiieries  Anotlier  subject  more    exclusively   important  to  this   eastern 

country,  was  that  relating  to  the  fisheries.  The  object  was  to 
prevent  fraud  in  packing  pickled  fish,  and  render  this  article,  so 
plenty  with  us,  prime  in  a  foreign  market.  Therefore,  two  acts 
were  passed,  in  1 803  &,  4,  which  regulated  the  size  and  quality 


rei^ulated. 


*  This  act  was  not  in  fact  passed  till  Marcii  15.  1S05 ;  and  (he  reform 
commenced  with  the  judicial  year,  or  spring-  Circuit.  The  sy5(ein  still  pre- 
vails, both  in  this  State  and  Massachusetts. 


Chap,  xxiii.]  of  maine.  597 

of  the  casks,  and  the  prerequisites  of  exportation.     As  to  mack- A.  D.  issi^ 
erel,  in  particular,  all  persons  were  forbidden  to   take  them  near 
the  shores,  between  March  and  July,  under  considerable  penal- 
ties. 

But  what  exhibited  the  rising  importance  of  Maine  to  the  best  Twvmy- 
advantage,  in  the  years  ]  803  k,  4,  was  the  establishment  of  twenty-  "n^'J^i'I^,^. 
one  new  towns.    Those  incorporated  in  1803,  were  St.  George,*  *'''• 
the  7th,  and  GARDiNEK,,f  the  17th  of  February  ;  Athens, J  the 
7th  of  March  ;  Harmony, §  the  15th,  Temple, |]   Albany, IT  and 


*  St.  George,  (139th  town,)  was  formed  of  that  part  of  Ciishin^-,  which 
lies  on  the  east  side  of  St.  Georg-os'  river.  [See  Ciishing-,  A.  D.  17S9.] 
Tiie  town  of  St.  George  was  settled  about  A.  D.  1731.  It  is  bounded  south 
and  east  on  tlie  sea,  and  contains  11,025  acres.  It  inchides  Mctinic,  EI- 
well,  and  Georg'cs'  Islands.  There  is  one  meeting-house  in  town.  The 
fu'st  minister  was  EUler  Epliraini  Hall;  and  his  successor,  Elder  Benjamin 
Eames,  both  Calvinist  Baptists.  In  this  town  is  a  social  librarj'  of  220 
volumes. — JIS.  Letter  of  Joel  J^lillcr,  Esq. 

f  Gardiner,  (140th  town,)  was  taken  from  that  part  of  Pittston,  [See  A. 
D.  1T79,]  which  lies  on  the  west  side  of  the  Kcnnebcck  river.  Its  planta- 
tion name  was  called  '  Cobbesse.'  Between  1754  and  1764,  the  Plymouth 
Company  granted  to  Dr.  Sylvester  Gardiner,  the  most  of  the  township  ; 
and  in  1760,  he  erected  a  mill  on  the  river  Cobbessccontc,  and  beg-an  a 
settlement.  He  died  in  178G,  Prior  to  his  death,  he  built  an  Episcopal 
church,  which  was  subsequently  burnt  by  a  maniac.  Vvhen  the  proprie- 
tor, Robert  II.  Gardiner,  Enq.  came  into  possession,  in  1803,  there  were 
not  above  650  persons  within  its  limits.  At  present,  no  town  in  the  State 
can  exhibit  such  a  variety  of  mills,  machinery,  and  other  mechanical  im- 
provements, as  Gardiner.  The  pier,  built  at  the  month  of  the  river,  is 
1,250  feet  in  leng'th.  Here  is  also  a  Bank  with  a  capital  of  $100,000.  The 
Episcopal  house  of  public  worship,  dedicated  in  October,  1820,  and  called 
Chrisfs  Church,  is  96  feet  by  7S, — whose  walls  are  53  feet  high.  The  edi- 
fice has  an  elegant  spire  ; — its  style  of  architecture  throughout,  is  purely 
Gothic: — and  it  is  allowed  to  be  one  of  the  most  beautiful  buildings  in 
New-England.  The  Picctors  have  been  Rev.  Henry  Warren,  James  Pow- 
ers, Samuel  Haskell,  and  Gideon  \V.  Olney.  The  Gardiner  Lyceum, 
which  owes  its  origin  to  the  enterprize  of  Mr.  Gardiner,  is  a  literary  es-~ 
tablishment  of  celebrity. — J\1S.  Letter  of  R.  H.  Gardiner,  Esq. 

\  Athens,  (14Ist  town,)  adjoins  Solon,  and  is  a  good  township. 

\  Flarmony,  (142d  town,)  was  originall}'  granted  to  Hallowcll  Academy  ;: 
and  purchased  by  Charles  Vaughan,  It  was  settled  in  1796  ;  and  its  name 
was  Vaughan's  town,  till  incorporated. 

II  Temple,  (143d  town,)  had  been  called  Abbotstown,  or  No.  1.  Census  in 
1800.  was  83  only. 

1[c^/6a?ii/,  (144th  town,)  had  been  called  Oxford  plantation.  Its  settle- 
ment is  recent,  as  it  contained  only  C9  inhabitants  in  IGOO, 


598  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II. 

A.  D.  1804.  Industry,*  the  20tli ;  Raymond,!  Surry,J  and  DixriELD,§ 
the  21st ;  and  WiLTON,||  the  23d  of  June. — Those  iyicorpor- 
ated  in  1804,  were  Rome, IT  and  Madison,**  on  the  7th,  and 
Albion,! f  \_FairJax,']  on  the  9th  of  March  ;  Unity,JJ  Emb- 
DEN,§§  and  Merger,||||  on  the  22d  ;  Hope,1F1F  Palermo,*** 

*  Industry,  (I45th  town,)  was  previously  the  plantation  of  tlie  same 
name.     A  Congrcg-ational  Church  was  gathered  here  in  1802. 

\  Raymond,  (146th  town,)  was  previously  known  by  the  same  name.  The 
.  first  settler  was  Capt.  Joseph  Dingley,  in  1/71.  It  was  incorporated  by 
its  present  name  in  memory  of  Capt.  William  Raymond,  who  had  the  grant 
in  17G7,  for  himself  and  company,  in  consideration  of  services  in  the  Can- 
ada expedition  under  Sir  W,  Phips.  Its  contents  are  36,000  acres.  The 
town  was  first  represented  in  tlie  General  Court,  in  lulO,  by  Samuel  Leach. 
Post-oflice  was  established  here  in  1800.  The  oldest  chnrch  is  a  Freewill 
Baptist,  gathered  in  1792.  Its  population  in  1790,  was  345  inhabitants.— 
MS.  Let.  of  Zachariah  Leach,  Esq. 

I  Surry,  [M7th  town,)  was  called  No.  6.  In  1790,  it  contained  239  in- 
habitants. 

§  Dixjield,  (148th  town,)  was  g-ranted  orig'inally  to  Jouathan  Ilolmari 
and  others.  It  bounds  on  the  Androscogg-in  to  the  south.  Its  inhabi- 
tants in  1800,  were  nnlj'  137. 

II  Wilto?i,  (149th  town,)  was  previously  the  plantation  called  Tyngstown. 
It  adjoins  Farmington.     Its  population  in  1800,  was  244  inhabitants. 

'^  Rome,  (150th  town,)  formerly  rrcs<-j)onc/ plantation.  It  is  separated 
from   Dearborn  by    the   pond.      Census  in    1800,  215  souls, 

**  Jlirtdwon,  (151st  town,)  embraces  Bernard's  township  No.  one,  and 
"  mile  and  a  half  strip."  The  township  was  sold  in  1792,  by  Massachusetts, 
to  Moses  Bernard,  Josiah  Hilton,  and  Peter  Sanborn.  But  it  was  settled 
by  Jonathan  Fames  and  others  as  early  as  17S0.  Its  name  was  taken  in 
honor  of  James  Madison.  It  contains  30,000  acres,  including  a  large  pond 
of  2,000  acres.  The  town  was  surveyed  in  1791,  by  Samuel  Weston. 
The  town  was  first  represented  in  the  General  Court,  1812,  by  Nathaniel 
Blackwell.     It  lies  nortii  of  Norridgewock. — MS.  Let.  of  John  J^eal,  Esq. 

■ft  Albion,  (152d  town,)  originally  Fairfax,  afterwards  l^ygonia,  was, 
when  a  plantation,  called  Freetown,  and  in  1790,  contained  only  6  families. 

11  Unity,  (153d  town,)  was  previously  called  the  plantation  of  twenty-five 
mile  pond.  Its  population  in  1790,  was  264.  The  first  settlement  was  in 
178:2.  "  Unison  in  political  sentiment,"  we  are  told,  was  the  circumstance 
which  induced  the  name.  The  town  contains  about  21,000  acres.  The 
land  titles  are  derived  from  the  Plymouth  company.  The  town  was  first 
represented  in  the  General  Court,  [\a  1809,  by  Frederick  Stevens.— JiS. 
Let.  from  Unity.     A  Church  was  first  organized  here  in  1S04. 

5J  £mfc(/cn,  (154tli  town,)  was  township  No.  one,  in  2d  range.  Its  cen- 
sus, in  1800,  was  367. 

III!  Jlercer,  (155th  town.)  was  a  part  of  the  plantation  of  Industry.  Its 
census,  in  1800,  was  41  soids. 

HIT  Hope,  (ir)6th  town,)  previously  called  the  plantation  of  Barretstoim. 
***  Palermo,  (157th  town,)  had  been  called  the  Great  pond  settlement. 


Chap,  xxiii.]  of  ajaine.  599 

East-Andoter,'^   [now  Andover,]    and   GiLEAD,f  o'n   the  23d  a.  d.  itios. 
of  June. 

In  1805,  there  were  only  two  towns  incorporated  :  these  were  „     . 

•'  '  '  Harrison 

Harrison,!  March  18th,  and  Newry,§  June  loth.    Indeed,  at  no  •""'  Newry 

iiKoiporat- 

previous  period  had  there  appeared  such  an  ardor  for  corporate  ed. 
associations,  as  the  present  exhibited.  Encouraged  and  animat- 
ed by  the  force  and  strength  of  numbers  united,  all  the  enter- 
prizes  most  difficultof  accomplishment,  such  as  bridges,  turnpikes, 
canals  and  booms,  were  undertaken,  through  the  medium  of 
statute    incorporations.      As   a  spirit  of    adventure  and   risque,  ^ 'P'"' *^'! 

_     '  ^       '  risquo  iiiicl 

however,  was  in  this  way  oftentimes  emboldened,  to  attempt  what '■'^^'^n'"''« 

.  ,      ,        ,.  „  mauilest. 

was  mconsistent  with  the  dictates  of  sound  judgment ;  the  inev- 
itable consequences  were  not  unfrequently  losses  and  disappoint- 
ments of  immense  importance. 


*  East-Andover,  (iSSth  town,)  derived  its  name  from  Andover,  (Mass.) 
from  wlience  9-lOths  of  the  first  inhabitants  emigrated.  It  was  first  set- 
tled in  1789,  bj'  Ezekiel  Merrill,  Esq.  Since  1821,  it  is  called  Andover. 
Ellis  river  "  intersects  the  town  nearly  in  its  centre."  The  town  contains 
about  31,000  acres.  The  lands  were  g-ranted  by  the  General  Court.  There 
is  one  meeting--house  ; — the  first  minister,  settled  in  1806,  was  E.ev.  John 
Strickland.  The  most  noted  mountains  around  this  town,  are  Blue  moun- 
tain and  Bald  Pate.  The  former  rises  to  the  north  of  the  town  from  2  to 
3,000  feet  in  height.  The  latter  lies  farther  to  the  west— J)/.S'.  Let.  of 
John  A,  Poor,  Esq. 

f  Gilead,  {1.59th  town,)  was  previously  called  Peabody's  patent.  It  had 
two  families  in  it,  Aug-.  4,  1781  ;  but  both  the  men  were  killed  bj^  tlie  In- 
dians that  day.  Peabody  was  a  principal  proprietor.  Wild  river  passes 
through  the  town. — J\IS.  Let.  of  Abraham  BurhanJi\  Esq. 

X  Harrison,  (160th  town,)  was  formed  of  the  nortli-westerly  part  of 
Otisfield,  and  the  easterly  part  of  Bridgetou.  It  lies  between  Crooked 
river  and  "  Long-  Pond." 

§  JVewJr^/,  (161st  town,)  contains  26,000  acres.  Its  name  is  from  Newry 
in  Ireland, — whence  several  of  the  settlers  cmig-rated.  The  plantatioa 
look  its  name  from  Mrs.  Bostwick,  through  whom  the  people  derive  their 
title  to  their  lands.  The  first  settlement  was  comnienced  in  1781,  by  three 
brothers,  whose  names  were  Barker,  from  Methuen,  (Mass.)  But  they  and 
their  families  were  plundered  in  17S2,  by  Indians  from  Canada,  and  re- 
tired till  the  close  of  the  war.  The  first  sale  by  the  land  agents  to  Den- 
nis, after  his  assignment  to  Peabody,  reverted  to  the  State ;  and  in  1794, 
John  J.  Holmes  of  New-Jersey  purchased  Newry  ;  also  Ketchem  or 
Riley  ;  and  "  A.  2"  or  Holmes.  He  took  the  deed  of  Newry  in  his  sister 
Bostwick's  name.  There  are  in  this  town  some  Catholics.  One  says  "I 
"  have  travelled  over  a  great  part  of  Europe  and  of  the  United  States,  and 
"  I  believe  the  people  here  to  be  the  most  honest,  industrious  and  sober 
'•  of  any  I  ever  met  with.— JiS.  Let.  of  Luke  Rieley,  Esq. 


600  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.    II. 

\.  IX  )Gn5       As  the  increase  of  population  and   business  required,   an  Act 
Oxford        was  passed,  March  4,    1805,   incorporating  the  northerly  parts 
tabiisiiW.     of  York  and  Cumberland  into   a   county,  by  the   name   of  Ox- 
ford ;  of  which    Paris  was    appointed    to    be  the   shire-town.^ 
It  was  the  seventh  county  in   Maine.     Two   annual  terms  of  the 
Common    Pleas    and   Sessions    were  established   here ;    but   all 
causes  and  matters  cognizable  by  the   Supreme   Court,  were  to 
be  tried  at  Portland.     The  next  year  the  same   county  was  di- 
vided   into  two  Districts  for  the  Registry  of  Deeds,  the  eastern 
and  western  ; — Paris  and  Fryeburg,  being  the  towns  where   the 
law  required  the  offices  to  be  kept. 
A.I).  3G0G.      So  severe  was  the  contest  between  the  political  parties,  in  the 
re-elected."  spring  election  of  1806,  that  though  the  whole    number  of  votes 
given  was  never  precisely  ascertained.  Governor  Strong,  it  was 
certain,  did  not  receive  2,000  more  than  his  competitor,  James  Sul- 
livan, whose  support  was  now  much  greater  than  in    any  preced- 
ing year.     In  canvassing    the   returns,  the  legislative  committee 
found  so  great   a   number  of   scattering  votes,  that  they   would 
have  been  constrained  to  declare  there  ivas  no  choice  by  the  peo- 
ple, had  not  a   defect  in   the   return  from   Lincolnville,   enabled 
them  to  make  a  report   more  favorable  to  the  election  of  Gov. 
Strong  ;  and  hence,   the  Legislature   declared  him    Governor.f 
But  General  Heath,  the  democratic  canditate,  was  elected   Lieu- 
tenant-Governor, over  Edward   H,    Bobbins,   by  a  plurality  of 
^ra'uc'^ma-  morc  than  1,400   votes  j    and  there  was   also  a  decided  demo- 
i'lTbra'nch' cratic  majority  in   each  branch  of  the   Legislature  ;  though   the 
nlenu'"^""  members  in  the  House  were  481, J — a  number  greater  by  133, 

I  County  officers,  Simon  Fnje  of  Fryeburgh,   i 

Luther  Carey  of  Turner,       \  Judges  of  the  C.  Pleas. 
ISamucl  Parris  of  Hebron,     } 
Judah  Dana  of  Fryeburgh,     Judge  of  Probate. 
Samuel  A.  Bradley,    "  Register  of  Probate, 

Cyrus  Hamlin  of  Paris,  Clerk  of  the  Courts. 

David  Learned  of  Livcrmore,  Sheriff. 

John  Bradley  or  Fry ehurgh,  j  r     j^ters  of  Deeds, 
and  John  Rust  of  Pans,         ^        ° 

In  1805,  the  Courts  were  removed  from  New-Gloucester  to  Portland; 
and  in  1806,  from  Biddeford  to  Alfred. 

j  By  one  list,  the  whole  number  of  votes  was  72,784  ;  another  list  made 
tlic  aggregate  75,171.  John  Bacon  was  elected  President  of  the  Senate 
over  H.  G.  Otis;  and  Perez  Morton,  Speaker  over  Timothy  Bigelow. 

I  Of  these  Ho  were  from  Maine. 


Chap,  xxiii.]  of  Maine.  601 

than  had  at  any  time  before  constituted  that  body.     The    politics  A.  D.  1S06. 
of  the  Council,  were  of  the   same   character  with  those  of   the 
Senate  and  House,  and  of  course  at  total  variance  with  those    of 
the  Governor. 

Among  the  latest  acts  of  the  Federal  State   Legislature,  were  Beds  and 
three,  passed  March  13,  which  are   worthy   of  particular  notice,  empied from 
One  exempted  from  attachment  and  execution,  a  cow  and    swine '"^^'^ '"^'^"'" 
of  every  debtor,  and  also  his    household   furniture   necessary  for 
upholding  life.     Another  prohibited  under  considerable  penalties,  sia^e-piays 
all    interludes,   stage-plays  and   theatrical   entertainments.     The    .    . 

.  .  .  .       .  .  .         .  (Cincinnati 

third,  was  the  incorporation  of  the  Cincinnati  Society  in   Massa-  Society  in- 

••CI-  ^  rr  •        \      cofporated. 

chusetts, — an  association  formed  in  1 783,  by  '  officers  in  the 
Massachusetts  line  of  the  Continental  Army,'  for  the  relief  of 
indigent  members,  their  widows  and  orphans. 

One  town,  and  only  one,  was  incorporated  the  present  year  ; —  orono  la- 
this was  Orono,  March  12,  previously  called  Stillwater.  It  is  c"''P°''»^e<^- 
the  162d  town  in  the  State  of  Maine;  taking  its  name  from  a 
distinguished  Chief  of  the  Tarratine  Tribe,  whose  friendship  to  the 
cause  of  American  liberties,  gave  him  an  elevated  place  in  the 
public  estimation.*  It  is  an  excellent  township  of  land, — em- 
bracing Marsh  Island,  also  Indian  "  Old-town,^''  the  village  of 
the  Tarratine  Natives.  Orono  was  settled  in  1774,  by  Jeremiah 
Colbourn  and  Joshua  Eayres — also  John  Marsh  was  on  the  Lsland 
soon  afterwards.  It  is  peculiar  for  its  mill  sites  and  water  priv- 
ileges, which  are  extensively  improved. 

Though  there  were  118  acts  passed  during  the  present  politi- An  election 

°  .  „         .  ^  ^       .  ^  law  causes 

cal  year,  that  relating  to  Elections,  was  the  only  one  which  caused  excitement, 
excitement.  To  avoid  a  repetition  of  the  lamentable  confusion, 
which  occurred  at  the  last  canvass  of  returns, — the  act  direct- 
ed the  Secretary  of  State  to  keep  all  the  returns  of  votes  for 
Governor,  Senators  and  Representatives  to  Congress,  with  the  seals 
unbroken,  till  delivered  to  the  two  branches  of  government ;  and 
required  the  selectmen  to  be  upon  oath  '  faithfully  and  impartially 
'  to  discharge  their  duties  in  all  elections,  and  in  the  returns.' 
The  bill  was  presented  to  the  Governor  for  his  signature,  June 
24,  the  day  on  which  the  General  Court  was  adjourned  to  meet 
in  January.  On  the  second  day  after  they  re-assembled,  the 
Governor  returned  the  bill  with   his  objections  in  writing ;  but 

*  Orono  died,  Feb.  5,  1801,  aged  113  years. 
Vol.  II.  76 


602  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II. 

A,  D.  1806.  the  House,  January  22,  resolved,  that  it  had  not  been  returned 
by  the  Governor  within  the  time  prescribed  by  the  Constitution, 
and  the  bill  became  a  law  without  the  Governor's  signature. 

Since  the  flames  of  war  had  been  re-kindled  in  Europe,  there 
were  some  public  measures  and  interesting  events,  which,  though 
of  national  character,  were  of  two  much  concern  and  import- 
ance to  the  people  of  Maine,  to  be  passed  without  particular  no- 
tice.    Determined  to  be  guided  by  maxims  of  the  purest  justice 

Commercial  and    soundest   policy,   the   National   Government   had   resolutely 

the  Uniied  supported  the  doctrine, — that  free  ships  make  free  goods  ; — that 
a  neutral  flag  ought  to  protect  from  capture  all  it  covered  ; — and 
that  the  right  of  searching  neutral  vessels,  was  never  allowed 
under  any  circumstances,  by  the  Laws  of  JVaiions.  But  Great 
Britain  and  France,  the  two  most  prominent  countries  at  war, 
were  pursuing  a  policy  calculated  to  destroy  our  neutral  charac- 
ter ;    each  charging  the   United    States  with  partialities  to   the 

r,  •,•  ,  •       other,  and  treatinir  our  national  flag  with  insult  and  abuse.       The 

r>ijlisli  mi-  '  o  o 

pressmeiiis.  impressment  of  our  seamen  by  the  British,  was  cause  of  the 
Imporiation  greatest  complaint ; — and  Congress,  in  April,  prohibited  the 
of  some  ar- ji^Pqj.j^^Iqjj    \^[^  jj^jg  countrv  from  Great  Britain,  of  all  paper, 

tides  from  '  •'  '  I     I       ' 

Eiigi.uKi      nails,  hats  and  clothins; ; — all  beer,  ale    and  porter  : — all  woollen 

prohibited.  '  .  . 

hosiery,  glass,  silver  and  plated  wares,  and   in   short,  all  articles 
manufactured  of  leather,  silk,  hemp,  tin  and  brass.     The  British 

The  out-  ,  .     ,.  ,  1    •       T 

rage  of       now  became  mdisposed    to   repress   resentments  ;  and  m  June, 
^^ap .     II  -  fYhithy,  Captain  of  the   Leander,  fired  upon   a   coaster   in   the 
harbor  of  New-York,  and  killed  Pierce,  one  of  the  seamen,  as 
he  was  standing  on   deck.      For   this   acknowledged   insult  and 
cruelty,  Whitby  was    subsequently  tried,  but  acquitted  ;    and   as 
a  commentary  upon  the  whole  transaction,   not  to   be    misunder- 
stood,   he    was  promoted   to   the   command   of   a  seventy-four. 
Finding  the  Republic  only  giving   vent  to   complaints  and   cen- 
sures, without  offering  to  avenge  the  aftront,  and  acquainted  with 
tti""p^'?s'i    ^^^^  temper  of  the  ministry  at    home,  Captain  Humphreys,  of  the 
Leopard     frigate  Leopard,  carrying  50  guns,  presumed  to    commit  a   most 
Chesapeak.  flagrant  Outrage  upon  our  national  flag  on   the  22d   of  June,   the 
ensuing  year,  (1807,)  by  firing  upon  the  Chesapeak  of  38   guns, 
off  Virginia,  commanded  by  Commodore  Barron^  killing  3  men, 
and  wounding  twenty  others.     Never  had  an  affair  happened  in 
the  American  Republic,  which  occasioned  a  greater  burst  of  pub- 


Chap,  xxiii.]  of  maixNE.  603 

lie  indignation.     The  British  cabinet  was  execrated,  and  Barron  A.  D,  isoG. 
was  cashiered,  because  he  did  not  repel  the  attack. 

Meanwhile,  Buonaparte,  the  imperial   ruler   of  France,   devis- •^^''lin  and 

^  .         '  .  .  Milan  de- 

ing  a  new  species  of  warfare,  issued  his  celebrated  ^Berlin  r/e- crees. 
cree,'  Nov.  1806,  by  which,  he  declared  all  the  British  Islands 
in  a  state  of  blockade;  and  on  the  17th  of  December,  the  suc- 
ceeding year,  he  promulgated  his  Milan  decree,  in  which  he 
pronounced  every  ship  denationalized,  and  of  course,  lawful  cap- 
ture, which  should  at  any  time,  either  submit  to  be  searched  by 
the  English,  pay  them  a  tax  or  duty,  or  be  found  on  a  voyage 
to  their  dominions. 

These  edicts  were  either  provoked  or  retaliated  by  British  or-  a.  D.  1S07. 

ders  in  Cot./zaZ,  issued  January  7,   and   Nov.    11,    1807,   which  l^rliish  or- 
ders in 
interdicted  the   trade   of   all   neutrals,  not  in   amity  with   Great  Council. 

Britain;  and  the  British  king,  moreover,  ordered  his  naval   com- j^i,,^,^.^.^,^. 

manders  to  seize  his  natural  born  subjects,    in  whatever   foreisin '"^"'',^" 

•>  ^  o     seize  his 

service  thev  misht  be  found.     Thus  the  British  impressinent  of  ^-''^'J*"*^'^ 

""  ,  .  .     .  wiierever 

our  seai:nen,  whom  it  was  difficult  to  distinguish  from    theirs,  was '"""<^'- 
virtually  authorized  by  the  aggressor,  and  the    wrong  which   had 
been  a  grievance  for  many  years,  was  basely  and   boldly  repeat- 
ed— small  regard  being  paid  even  to  the  most   formal  ^^protec- 
tions'''"^  of  our  seamen. 

To  preserve  our  neutrality,  the  honor  of  our  flag,  and  the  General 
rights  of  sailors  inviolate,  in  this  complication  of  difficulties,  Con-  Dec  2^. 
gress,  Dec.  22,  1807,  laid  a  general  Embargo  on  all  the  ship- 
ping in  the  different  ports  and  harbors  of  the  United  States. 
This  policy,  which  has  been  denominated,  the  first  part  of  the 
'  Restrictive  System,^  was  not  only  opposed  and  derided  by  the 
Federalists  ;  but  it  was  utterly  condemned  by  them  as  ruinous  to 
our  national  character,  as  well  as  to  our  commerce  and  shipping; 
and  designed  to  prevent  the  English  from  searching  for  their 
own  seamen, — a  right,  the  exercise  of  which,  they  never  would 
surrender. 

To  no  portion  of  the  Union,  was  the  preservation   of  '  Sailors'  Th 
Rights,'  viewed  with  more  intense    interest,  than   by  our  eastern  jj^ahie 
inhabitants.     For  we   had   a  numerous   body   of    seamen  ; — the 
amount  of  our  tonnage  was   altogether   disproportionate  to  our 

*  Protections  were  certificates  56(11112;  fortli  the  birth   place  or  citizen- 
ship of  the  possessor,  signed  by  the  Customhouse  officers. 


e  man- 
ners of 


504  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II. 

A.D.  1807.  wealth,  or  even  population  ;  and  a  large  number  of  our  seafaring 
men  were  believed  to  be  then  holden  as  impresses,  or  rather  as 
slaves,  on  board  the  British  ships  of  war.  Still  there  was,  on 
the  part  of  the  administration,  a  strong  desire  to  ascertain  the 
extent  of  the  insult  and  the  wrong,  and  to  prevent  or  correct  the 
evil,  if  possible,  without  a  resort  to  arms.  Or,  if  war  were  the 
only  alternative,  there  might  be  allowed  a  monitory  preparation 
for  such  an  event,  through  an  act  of  Congress,  preservative  of 
our  immense  shipping  from  capture  or  destruction. 


P.  S. — In  Aug-ust,  1C07,  died  Edward  Prrbfe,  ag-ed  45,  a  naval  officer  of 
merit  and  eminence.  He  was  born  at  Portland,  in  1761,  the  son  of  Briga- 
dier Jedediah  Preble.  A  mariner  from  his  youth,  he  entered  as  a  mid- 
shipman, under  Capt.  Williams,  in  1779,  and  in  a  short  time  was  promoted 
to  a  lieutenancy  in  a  sloop  of  war,  under  Capt.  Little,  with  whom  he 
continued  till  the  peace  of  1783.  Prior  to  this,  he,  with  a  {ew  men,  board- 
ed and  captured  a  vessel  of  more  than  equal  force,  lying  in  tlie  harbor  of 
Penobscot,  under  a  furious  cannonade  from  the  battery,  and  an  incessant 
fire  from  the  troops.  In  1801,  the  command  of  the  Essex  frigate  was  given 
to  him  ;  and  in  1803,  he  was  appointed  commodore  of  a  squadron  of  seven 
sail  to  the  Mediterranean,  to  humble  the  Tripolitans.  By  his  wisdom  and 
valor,  peace  was  obtained  on  honorable  terms.  His  good  conduct  extorted 
praise  from  the  Bashaw  of  Tripoli,  and  even  the  Pope  of  Rome  applaud- 
ed him.— JDocL  AUai's  Biog.  p.  483. 


Chap,  xxiv.]  of  maine.  605 


CHAPTER  XXIV. 

James  Sullivan,  Governor — Laws  in  relation  to  Count y- Attorney s — 
Courts  of  Sessions — Justices'  jurisdiction  enlarged — Jury  Act — 
Betterment  laiv — Eleven  new  towns  incorporated — ith  Division  of 
eastern  militia — Death  of  Gov.  Sullivan — Election  of  C.  Gore, 
Governor — Somerset  couniy  established — Acts  repealed — Five  neio 
towns  incorporated — Confiscations  by  Buonaparte — Embargo  con- 
tinued as  to  England  and  France — Non-intercourse — ErsJcinc's  ar- 
rangement— Buonaparte' s  Kambouillct  decree — J.  Madison,  Pres- 
ident— Chadwiclc' s  death,  and  trial  of  those  who  Jailed  him — E^ 
Gerry,  Governor — Population  and  prosperity  of  Maine — Ten 
new  toivns  incoiporated — Statutes  relative  to  religious  freedom. 
Clerics  of  Courts,  County- Attorney s ,  Circuit  Courts  of  Common 
Pleas,  Sheriff,  County  Treasurer,  passed — Party-spirit — Ren- 
counter of  the  President  and  Little  Belt — 5^th  and  dth  military: 
Divisions  in  Blaine — State  Senators  and  Representatives  to  Con-- 
gress,from  Blaine — Titles  or  claims  to  lands  in  Lincoln  County 
examined,  referred,  and  settled — Deeds  given  to  the  settlers — Gov. 
Strong  re-elected — Six  ?icw  Banhs  in  Blaine — Seven  new  totcns 
incorporated. 

When  the  administration  of  this  Commonwealth   was   oi'g^n- ^^^  J207^ 
ized,  in  the  spring  of  1807,  there  was  a  decided   Democratic  or  jj^^^ggyiu^ 
Republican  maiority  in  every  branch.     Mr.  Sullivan  was  elected  Y;'"  '^''^'^"^^ 
Governor,  by  a  plurality  of  2,730  votes,  above  the  number  given  |^'"' '^^'^^'^ 
for  Mr.  Strong  ;  and  so  well  united  were  the  parties  in    their  re-  democratic.-. 
spective  candidates,  and  such  the   zeal   and   spirit  of   the  times, 
that,  though  nearly  82  thousand  ballots  were  given  at  the  polls, 
there  were  no  more  than  325  scattered.     Levi  Lincoln,  late   At- 
torney-General of  the   United  States,  was   elected   Lieutenant- 
Governor,  Samuel  Dana,  President  of  the  Senate,  and  Perez 
Morton,  Speaker  of  the  House. 

The  Governor,  in  his  speech,  approved  of  the  President's  poll- EtisSpffeeftu 
cy.     He  said,  '  it  was  through  the  wisdom,  firmness,  and  modera- 
'tion  of  his  measures,  under  the   favor  of  God, — we  remain  the 

*  quiet  spectators  of  those  wasting   wars,  which  the   situation   of 

*  European  powers  may  have  rendered   expedient  or  necessary 


QQQ  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.    II. 

A.  D.  1807.  •  amongst  ihem,  but  by  which  they  are  deluged  in  blood,  and  op- 
'  pressed  with  taxes.' — He  soon  interceded  with  President  Jef- 
ferson to  adopt  measures  for  settling  the  northern  and  eastern 
boundary  of  jMaine ;  determined  to  maintain  the  dignity  and 
faith  of  the  State,  and  exert  himself  "  to  strengthen  and  consoli- 
date die  national  union  on  the  principles  of  National  Govern- 
ment." 
i,o-i.kitive  He  was  an  able  and  independent  Chief  Magistrate  ;  and  there 
''^"*'  are  several  legislative  acts,  which  characterize  his   administration 

too  strongly  to  be  passed  unnoticed.     One  vested  the  appointment 
rouniy-Ai-  of  Countij- Attorneys  in   the   Governor  and  Council.     They  had 
1011103 s.       j-ii^jjgj.jQ  jjgg,^  designated  by  the  Court  of  Sessions,  till  the   trials 
of  petty  offences  were  transferred   to  the   Common   Pleas,*  and 
therewith  this  power  as  incident  to  their  jurisdiction.      Another 
Court  of      established  a    Coxi.rt   of  Sessions   in   each   county,   consisting  of 

Sessions.  "^ 

several  Justices,  not  exceeding  six,  who  were   commissioned   to 

do  what  the  justices  of  the  peace  in  the   county   collectively  had 

heretofore    done  ; — the  men  selected  to  fill   the   oflices  in   both 

classes  being  generally  of  Democratic  principles.     A  third,  en- 

of-Tis'tker  larged  ihe  jurisdiction  of  justices  of  the  peace,  from  $13  33  cts. 

eliiSrg^d?'''' to  $'20.     A  fourth,  provided  for  the  selection,   draft  and    service 

A  Jury-act.  of   Jurymen ; — a  far  more  perfect  act  of  legislation   upon  the 

subject,  than  had  at  any  time  appeared. 
The  belter-       But  what  morc  eminently   distinguished   the   administration   of 
meiit  act.     Qovernor  Sullivan,  was  the    «  Bciterrtient  Act,^\  as  it  has  been 
called,  which  was  a  remedial  statute  for  the  relief  of  ter-tenants, 
in  possession  of  lands,  converted  by  them  from  a  state   of  nature 
to  that  of  cultivation,  who  were  neverdieless,   not  owners  of  the 
The  classes  fee.     Great  numbers  of   our   most   enterprizing  eastern   inhabi- 
tants  were  m  this  condition,   wlio  had,   by   dmt  of  industry  and 
toil,  changed  tracts  of  wood  or  wild  lands   into  farms,  accommo- 
dated with  dwellinghouses,  out-buildings  and  the  conveniences  of 
life.       Some  had  made  purchases  of   men   who   had  no   title; 
some  occupied  where  there  fathers  had,  supposing  the  title-deeds 
were  destroyed  by  liirie,  or  accident,   or  by  the   savages   in  the 
Indian  wars  ;  some  entered  under  verbal  licenses,  or  in   virtue  of 


*  Repealed,  A.  D.  1809,  and  revived,  A.  D.  1811. 

\  This  Act  did  not  in  fact  receive  the  Governor's  signature,  till 
March  2d,  1808.— Wlien  it  was  revised  by  the  Legislature  of  Maine,  it 
was  enlarged  and  improved. 


Chap,  xxiv.]  of  Maine.  607 

bargains  never  finished  ;  and  not  a  few  who  had  nothing  to  pay  A  D.  ISOT. 
towards  lots,  took  possession  and  conamenced  improvements, 
trusting  to  the  chance  of  obtaining  the  lands  at  fair  prices,  when 
the  rightful  owners  might  appear.  None  were  in  a  worse  pre- 
dicament than  the  setders  between  the  Kennebeck  and  the  Mus- 
congus,  for  their  soil  was  claimed  by  several  competitors,  who 
were  contending  for  the  title  among  themselves.  There  were  Tho  argn- 
also  rightful  proprietors,  who  refused  to  give  deeds  to  the  settlers  "I'^'uist  ihe 
for  fair  considerations  ;  or  perhaps,  intending  to  make  gains  of  their 
labor,  permitted  them  to  occupy  without  molestation,  till  near  the 
time  when  the  statute  of  limitations  would  bar  their  claims,  and 
then  ejected  them  by  suits  at  law.  Though  they,  by  opening  the 
wilderness  and  making  improvements,  enhanced  the  value  of  con- 
tiguous lands  ;  yet  merciless  proprietors  sometimes  treated  them  as 
malefactors,  unprincipled  trespassers  and  "  squatters,"  a  name  by 
which  they  tauntingly  called  them,  undeserving  relief,  or  remun- 
eration for  labor  and  improvements,  so  begun  and  prosecuted  in 
their  own  wrong.  To  provide  a  remedy  for  such  a  class  of  men, 
it  was  said  by  the  opposition,  would  be  enabling  them  to  take  ad- 
vantage of  their  own  errors,  and  unconstitutionally  deprive  lawful 
owners  of  their  rights,  without  their  consent  and  witiiout  an 
equivalent. 

But  this  doctrine  was  considered  to  be  neither  sound  nor  cor- 
rect. For  though  a  mere  trespass  makes  land  worse, — actual 
settlement  renders  it  better ;  and  especially  when  the  possession 
was  long  continued,  it  in^plied  the  owner's  consent.  If,  then,  he 
and  the  settler  had  mutual  interests  in  the  same  property,  it  was 
consistent  with  principles  of  the  purest  justice,  to  secure  to  each 
one  his  own  rights.  In  all  actions,  therefore,  instituted  to  ^ecov- -i^^^ 
er  lands  holden  six  years  or  more,  by  possession  or  improvement,  ^'^^^' 
the  Betterment  act  humanely  provided,  that  whenever  the  jury 
found  for  the  demandant,  they  should  at  the  tenant's  request 
also  ascertain  the  increased  value  of  the  premises  at  the  time  of 
the  trial,  in  virtue  of  his  buildings  and  improvements  ;  and  like- 
wise, at  the  demandant's  request,  find  the  value  of  the  land,  were 
it  then  in  a  state  of  nature.  The  proprietor  then  had  his  choice, 
eidier  to  abandon  the  land  to  the  tenant  at  the  price  set  by  the 
Jury,  and  receive  the  money  within  a  twelvemonth,  or  to  sue 
out  a  writ  of  possession  at  the  end  of  the  year : — Or,  if  lie  did 


508  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II. 

A.D.  1307.  not  of  record  so  abandon,  he  was  bound  to  pay  the  tenant  in  one 
year  the  price  of  his  improvements  as  appraised  by  the  Jury,  or 
lose  the  land. 

The  act  a         'pj^g  proprietors  of  large  tracts  were  highly  displeased  with  this 

remedy.  law ;  and  several  entertained  sanguine  expectations,  that  the  Su- 
preme Court  would  pronounce  it  unconstitutional.  But  they 
were  altogether  disappointed  ;  for  the  Court  gave  the  provisions 
of  it,  both  a  liberal  and  effectual  construction  ;  nay,  few  other 
acts  of  the  Legislatiu-e  were  ever,  in  a  given  period,  promotive  of 
relief  more  salutary,  or  equity  more  reasonable.* 

F'isiit .  There  were  established   in    I S07,  eip-Jit   new  towns,   seven  of 

towns  in-  _  _ 

coi'ijoruted.  which  Were  incorporated  the  same  month,  namely,  MoNTviLLE,f 
the  18th; — DenjiarkJ  and  Porter, §  the  20th; — Jefferson, || 


*  It  has  been  said,  that  the  rcincJy  provided  by  this  judicious  statute, 
was  orig-inally  sugg-ested  by  Hon.  William  King-,  one  of  the  Senators  from 
Maine. 

f  Monlville,  (l63d  town,)  had  been  called  Davistuwn.  It  contains  about 
20,200  acres.  It  was  settled  as  early  as  1780.  '•  The  people  derive  their 
titles  to  their  lands  from  the  20  associates  living-  in  Boston."  Here  are  six 
religious  societies — 2  Calvinistic  and  4  Freewill  Baptists  ; — A  Post-Office 
was  established  here  in  1G06.  One  of  the  first  Representatives  to  the 
General  Court  was  Cyrus  Davis,  Esq. — J\IS.  Letter  of  C.  Davis,  Esq. 

I  Denmark.,  (I64th  town,)  was  formed  from  Brownfield  and  other  tracts, 
being  about  six  different  grants  in  all,  made  to  Fryeburg  Academy  and  in- 
dividuals, by  the  State.  The  town  was  settled  in  1788-9.  Within  it  are 
two  houses  of  public  worship,  for  Calvinistic  Baptists ;  whose  Elders 
are  Tristram  Jordan,  settled  in  1804,  and  James  Lord.  In  1819,  a  Post- 
office  was  established  here  ;  and  the  same  year  the  town  was  represented 
in  the  General  Court,  by  Elias  Berry,  Esq.  '  Pleasant  mountain''''  is  in 
this  town. — JV/S.  Let.  of  Cyrus  Ingalls,  Esq. 

§  Porter,  (165th  town,)  was  before  called  Porterfield.  It  was  granted  to 
Dr.  Aaron  Porter  and  others,  in  1790.  The  village  is  on  the  banks  of  the 
Ossipee  river.  There  are  in  town  9  mills  and  machines,  and  .one  distille- 
ry.— MS.  Let.  of  James  Cfjin,  Esq. 

II  Jefferson,  (I66th  town,)  was  previously  the  eastern  part  of  the  planta- 
tion of  Ballstown. — [See  Whilefidd,  1809.J — It  was  settled  in  1770,  by  John 
Ball.  The  difficulties  between  the  settlers  and  proprietors,  were  adjusted 
by  reference, — [See  'post,  Jl.  D.  1811.] — and  titles  obtained  in  1811.  The 
price  paid  by  those  who  settled  before  1784,  was  13  cents  per  acre;  those 
later,  30  cents.  The  religious  sects  are  Baptists,  Methodists,  and  Roman 
Catholics.  There  is  a  meeting-house  at  the  head  of  Damariscotta  pond ; 
where  Elder  William  Allen  was  settled  in  1809.  A  Post-Office  was  estab- 
lished in  1814. — J\IS.  Let.  of  James  Rohinsun,  jr.  and  Jesse  Rowell,  Esqrs. 


Chap,  xxiv.]  of  Maine.  609 

the  24th  ; — Friendship,*  the  25th  ;  HiRAM,f  the  27th,  and  Dix-  A.  D.  isos. 
MONT,|  the  28th  of  February;  and  Palmyra,§  the  20th  of  June.  Threetowns 
In  1808,  there  were  three  incorporated,  viz.   Pownal,||   the   3d,  ed. 
FREEMAN,ir  the  4th,  and  New-Portland,**  the  9th  of  March. 

A  fourth  division  of  militia  was  estabHshed  this  year  in  Maine,  , ,  ■^.  .  . 

•^  ■'  '  4tn  iJivision 

beine  the  eleventh  in  the  Commonwealth,  of  which  William  King  "'  i^'ii'iia  in 

*  Friendship,  (167th  town,)  previously  called  Jleduncoolc,  was  first  settled 
about  1750-1.  The  town  embraces  2  Islands — one  2^  miles  long-,  tlie  other 
contains  85  acres  ;  the  town  comprizing-  on  the  main  7  or  8000  acres  only. 
It  is  a  part  of  the  Waldo  patent,  and  the  title  deeds  were  from  Gen.  Waldo. 
The  inhabitants,  in  1820,  owned  about  500  tons  of  shipping.  Here  is  one 
meeting--house,  and  also  a  Calvinist  baptist  church,  of  70  members.  The 
first  Representative  to  the  General  Court,  was  Benjamin  Burton,  ^in  ISll,) 
who  had  been  imprisoned  at  'Big-uydiice  with  General  Wadsworth  in 
1780.  The  town  lies  between  the  rivers  Meduncook  and  Muscongus,  and 
is  accommodated  with  two  good  harbors. — JlSj  Let.  of  .Melzar  Thomas^ 
Esq. 

j  Hiram,  [1 6S[\\  town,)  settled  in  1780,  was  first  a  district,  and  made  a 
town  in  1814.  The  titles  are  derived  from  the  Commonwealth,  partly 
throug-h  General  Wadsworth.  The  town  was  first  represented  in  the 
General  Court,  in  1S08,  by  Timoth)'  Gibson;  Post-Oflice  established  in 
1802.  Here  is  a  cabinet  factor ij  worked  by  water  power,  where  ten  or 
twelve  men  are  employed,  who  make  "  annually  from  8  to  10.000  chairs  ; 
4  to  600  bedsteads, — besides  large  quantities  of  other  work."  Hiram 
was  the  last  residence  of  General  Wadsworth,  who  died  there  iu  1830. — 
MS.  Let.  from  Hiram;  and  flan. 

\  Dixmont,  (169th  town,)  was  a  donation  to  Bowdoin  College  :  and  hence 
called  Collegetown.  Dr.  Blasdeil  purchased  of  the  trustees  3,000  acres  ; 
and  Dr.  Dix,  for  whom  the  town  is  named,  the  residue.  The  first  settle- 
ment was  in  1799.  The  town  contains  23,040  acres,  surveyed  by  Moses 
Hodsdon.  Here  a  Post-Office  was  established  in  1806. — MS.  Let.  of  Ben- 
jamin Butman,  Esq. 

\  Palmyra,  (170th  town,)  No.  5  in  3d  Range,  was  sold  by  the  State  to  Mr. 
Barnard  of  New-Hampshire,  for  12^  cents  per  acre.  He  conveyed  it  to 
Dr.  John  Warren  of  Boston,  whose  wife  gave  it  the  name  in  memory  of 
the  ancient  city.  The  first  settler  was  Daniel  Gale,  who  removed  his  fam- 
ily here  in  1800.  It  was  first  called  Sheppardstown  ;  and  was  surveyed  in 
1798,  by  Samuel  Weston.  Post-Oflice  was  established  here  in  1817. — MS.  , 
Let.  of  Samuel  Lancy,  Esq.  1 820. 

II  Poumai,  (171st  town,)  was  taken  from  the  north-west  part  of  Free- 
port. — \_See  Freeport,  A.  D.  1789.] — Rev.  Perez  Chapin  was  ordained 
here  in  March,  1811. 

H  Freeman,  (172d  town,)  was  township  No.  3,  in  2d  range,  called  Little 
river  plantation  ;  embracing  17,000  acres. 

**  Kew-Portland,  (l73d  town,)  granted  to  the  sufferers  of  Falmouth,  by 
the  enemy  in  1775  ; — as  was  also  Freeman. 
Vol.  II.  77 


610  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  IT. 

A.  D.  1808.  was  chosen  the  Major-Geiieral.     It  embraced  the  two  brigades 

in  the  county  of  Lincoln. 
Gnvernor         Govemor  SulHvan  was  re-elected    in    1808,  over  Christopher 

feullivan  s  _  1 

last  election  Gorc,  by  a  Smaller  majority  than  he  had  the  preceding  year ;  and 
speech.        in    both    legislative   branches,   the   Federalists  had  attained  the 
A  majority  ascendency.     They  placed  around  him  a   Council  of  their  own 
isisiireach"  politics,  and  his  political  situation  in   the   chair,  was   like   that  of 
""^^'        Governor  Strong  in  1806.     In  his  speech,  he    says — 'the   arrest 
'  of  our  navigation  by  the  embargo,  and    the   interruption   of  our 
'  trade,  must  produce  great  anxiety  in  all  :  but  the  Act  is  intend- 
'  ed  as  an  expedient,  both  to  save  our  immense  navigation  from  the 
'  destruction  which  was  then    in  wait   for  it,   and  to   induce  the 
'  nations  with  whom   we   have   been   in   commerce,  to   leave  our 
'  rights  entire,  and  not  involve  our   trade   in   tlic  dejiredations   of 
The  death.  '  their  wars.' — He  died,   Dec.    10,   aged   64,   greatly   respected. 
^  i9"^'       He  took  an  early  and  active  part  on    the  side  of  his  country  in 
the  Revolution  ;  and  in  1776,  he  was  appointed  a  Judge  of  the 
Superior  Court.     In  1783,  he    was   chosen   a  delegate   to  Con- 
gress, and  the  next  year,  one  of  the  commissioners  to  adjust  and 
settle  the  contested  claims   of  Massachusetts   and   New-York,  to 
the  western  lands.     He  was  a  member  of  the  executive  Council, 
and  Judge  of  Probate  for  Suffolk,  in    1787;  and   in    1790,  was 
commissioned  Attorney-General, — an   office   which  he  held   till 
elected  Governor.* 
A.  D.  1S09.      In    1809,   Christopher   Gore,   the  federal  candidate,    was 
elected        elected  Governor  by  a  plurality  of  2,788   votes,  over  his  rival 
°  ^'"°''-    jy|j._    jjincoln,   Lieutenant   Governor    the   two   preceding   years ; 
Lt.  Govi'"  the  office,  to  which  General  David  Cobb  was  now  elected,  against 

*  Governor  Sullivan  was  born  at  Berwick,  April  22,  1744.  His  father, 
an  emigrant  from  Ireland  to  this  coimtr)'  in  1723,  was  a  man'of  liberal  ed- 
ucation. The  son  first  settled  at  Georgetown,  in  the  profession  of  the 
law  ;  then  removed  to  Biddcford.  where  he  resided  till  appointed  Judge. 
He  always  retained  a  high  regard  for  the  interests  of  his  nalive  Maine; 
and  his  superior  talents,  his  eminent  legal  attainments,  and  his  political 
and  general  knowledge,  gave  him  an  elevated  rank  among  the  most  able 
men.  He  published  his  "  History  of  the  District  of  Maine,"  in  1790  ;  his 
"  History  of  land-titles  in  Massachusetts,"  in  1801.  He  early  made  a  pro- 
fession of  Christianity  ; — and  in  a  letter  he  says,'  I  know  this  earth  is  the 
repository  of  pain  and  sorrow,  but  Jesus  Christ  is  the  great  Physician, 
who  mingles  the  draught,  prescribes  the  regimen,  and  pours  the  balm  of 
comfort  on  the  wotmded  soul." — 1  Knapp^s  Biog.  Sk.  p,  291 — 313. — Doct. 
Allen  s  Biog.  p.  533-5. 


Chap,  xxiv.]  of  MAINE.  611 

Joseph  B.  Varnum  ;  and  in  both  legislative  branches  there  was  a  a.  d.  1809. 
federal  majority. 

Immediatelv  prior  to  the  election,  while   Mr.  Lincoln  was  in  Sompiset 

•>     '  County  es- 

the  chair,  the  County  of  Somerset  was  established,  March  1 ,  tabiisiied. 
with  corporate  powers  and  full  privileges,  after  the  1st  of  June; 
JVon-idgewock  being  appointed  its  shire-town.  Jt  was  taken  ex- 
clusively from  the  northerly  part  of  Kennebeck  County ;  and 
there  were  established  within  it,  two  annual  terms  of  the  Common 
Pleas,*  and  of  the  Sessions  ;  but  whatever  belonged  to  the  juris- 
diction of  the  Supreme  Judicial  Court  was  to  be  tried  at  Augusta 
as  before.  The  name  evidently  suggested  itself  from  old  Som- 
mersetshire  in  England,  transferred  to  Maine  in  the  days  of  Sir 
Ferdinando  Gorges. 

Exasperated  towards  the  politics,  the  procedure  and  the  men  The  acts  for 

■  1  n     I         !•  J     J  establishing 

of  the  late  democratic  admmistration,  the  b  ederalists  proceeded  Courts  of 

•  1  1    1  •  11  •  I  J    Sessions ; 

Without  delay  to  reverse  its  measures  and  destroy  its  works;  and,  nndappoim- 
therefore,  as  early  as  June  19,  in  the  first  session,  they  abolished  Auo,neys^" 
the  Courts  of  Sessions,  and  transferred  their  powers  to  the  Judges  ■"^peaJed. 
of  the  Common  Pleas,  whose  political  sentiments  were   generally 
in  unison  with  those   of  the   Legislature.     The  next  day,   they 
repealed   the   act  which    authorized   the   Executive   to    appoint 
County-Attorneys.     They  moreover  raised  the   salaries  of   the 
Judges;  and  passed  an  act  relating  to  town  officers,  which,  how- 
ever, they  repealed  before  it  fully  came  into  operation. 

The  towns  incorporated  in    1809,  were   Solon,!  Feb.  23d  ;  Five  new 

'■  J       1  I        r  '""'ns  incor- 

WiNDS0R,J  [Malta,']   the   3d,   and  Jonesborough,§  the  4th  of  poraied. 


*  County  officers  -.Bczer  Bryant,  of  Anson,       ^        j^^^^.^^^  ^^  ^,^^ 
Bryce  JlcLellan  o   Canaan,  Common  Pleas. 

Jlndrew  Croswen,  01  JVlercer,  ) 

William  Jones,  Judge  of  Probate  &  Clerk  of  the  Courts. 
Benjamin  Sheppard,  Register  of  Probate. 
Richard  Sawtcll,  of  Norridg'ewock,  Sheriff, 
f  Solon,  (l74th  town,)  was  settled  in  17S2-3,  by  some  of  the  soldiers  of  the 
Revolution.     Its  plantation  name  was  Spauldingtown  ; — Thomas  Spaulding 
being  one  of  the  grantees.     A  Post-OiSce  was  established  here  in  1818 — 
JIS.  Letler  of  E.  Coolidge,  Esq. 

\  Windsor,  (175th  town,)  incorporated  Jlalla,  had  been  previously  cM- 
eA  J^Tew-Wnterford.  Its  name  has  also  been  Gerry.  The  townsliip  is  a 
part  of  the  Plymouth  patent.  Here  was  a  severe  and  long  controversy 
between  the  proprietors  and  settlers. — See  post,  p.  613. 

§  Joneshorough,  (I76th  town,)  lies  west  of  Machias.  It  contains  48,160 
acres  granted  to  John  C.  Jones  and  others  by  the  State,  January  1,  1789. 


Confisca- 
tions by 
Buonaparte. 


Embnrfjo 
coiilunjed 
as  to  Eng- 
land and 
France . 


612  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.    II. 

A.D,  1809.  March  ;  Calais,*  the  16th,  and  Whitefield,!  the  19th  of  June. 
— Our  political  relations  with  England  and  France,  appeared  to 
admit  of  no  improvement,  which  the  good  faith,  forhearance  and 
neutrality  of  our  government  could  effect ;  so  long  as  each  power 
continued  to  he  manifestly  determined  to  make  the  United  States 
either  its  ally  or  foe.  A  year  ago,  Buonaparte  had  ordered  the 
vessels  which  the  French  had  seized  for  some  violation  of  his 
edicts,  to  be  confiscated  ;  yet  Congress  passed  an  act  to  suspend 
the  Embargo  in  relation  to  either  power,  that  v.ould  relax  its 
severities  towards  us.  But  as  this  accomplished  nothing,  that 
Body,  still  determined  to  avoid  a  war,  if  it  were  possible,  inter- 
dicted, by  statute  of  March  1,  all  commercial  intercourse  between 
the  United  States  and  both  Great  Biitain  and  France,  and  their 
dependencies.  By  this,  which  was  termed  the  non-intercourse 
law,  the  Embargo  act,  passed  14  months  before,  was  so  far  re- 
pealed, as  to  permit  the  departure  of  our  mercliant-vessels  with 
their  cargoes,  to  all  other  countries  than  the  two  expressly  nien- 
tioned.  An  extensive  connnerce  was  soon  opened  between  us 
and  Holland,  Spain,  Italy,  Naples  and  other  European  countries, 
though  they  vveie  in  a  greater  or  less  degree  under  the  control  or 
influence  of  the  French  ;  and  our  coasting  trade  was  entirely 
relieved  from  embarrassments. 

In  the  spring  of  the  same  year,  (1809,)  jMr.  Erskine,  the 
British  minister,  entered  into  an  arrangement  with  our  govern- 
ment, by  which  it  was  understood,  that  the  Oi'ders  of  Council 
were  to  be  rescinded,  so  far  as  they  related  to  the  United  States  ; 
nevertheless,  on  his  return  home,  the  king,  his  master,  declared 

*  Calais,  ( 177ih  (own,)  or  "  No.  5"  contains  19,392  acres,  and  was  g-ranted 
b}'  the  State,  Jiaic  27,  1789,  to  Waterman  Tlionias.  It  is  situated  at  the 
head  of  navig-alion  on  tlie  Schoodic,  or  St.  Croix. 

i"  JVhilfiJivld,  [11  Sih  town,)  is  the  western  part  of  the  plantation  of  Balls- 
town  ; — [See  JeJTerson,  1807,]  so  named  in  memory  of  tlie  famous  George 
Whitefieid.  It  was  settled  in  1770.  Here  is  a  meeting- -house  for  Baptists, 
in  the  southerly  part  of  the  town,  where  Elder  Joseph  Baily  was  settled. 
The  northern  section  of  the  town  is  settled  principally  bj'  Irish  emig-rants, 
who  have  erected  a  Catholic  Chapel,  and  enjoj'  the  instructions  of  Eev. 
Dennis  Uyan,  The  town  was  lirst  represented  iu  tlie  General  Court  in 
1819,  bj'  Elder  Baily.  Shtcpscot  river  in  this  town  affords  many  valuable 
sites  for  mills  and  machinerj'.  Upon  the  falls  are  9  saw  mills  and  4  g-rist 
mills.  The  Plymouth  Proprietors  claim  the  fee  of  the  town,  and  the  set- 
tlers have  opposed  them.  The  town  contains  about  29,000  acres.  A  Post 
Office  was  established  licre  in  1807 J)1S.  Let  of  JJuuid  d-owdl,  Esq. 


Chap,  xxiv.]  of  maine.  g|3 

he  had  exceeded  his  mstructions,   and   consequently  refused  toA.D.  i809. 
ratify  the  negociation.     On   the   other   hand,  Buonaparte  viewed  R-jectcd. 
with  supreme  satisfaction   every  event  and   incident,  which  indi-  i'"'>"a- 

.      1  II-  parle's  con- 

cated  a  rupture  between  the  two  nations;  statmg  to  the   Russian ''""^i  and  de- 
Emperor,  that  "  the  United  States  were  on  the  worst  terms  with  "'^'^^" 
England  ;"  and  expressing  through  his  prime  minister  to  our  am- 
bassador in  France,  his  '  great  approbation  of  the  course  pursued 
'  by  the  government  of  the  Republic  towards  the  British.'     Still 
nothing  better  than  consummate   intrigue  lurked  at    bottom  ;  for, 
such  was  the  base  and  vacillating  policy  of  the  man,  that  on  the 
23d  of  March,  1810,  he  issued  his  decree  nt  Bambouillet,  direct- 
ing that  all  American  vessels  and  cargoes,  met  with,  which  had  but 
entered  the  ports  of  France  since  the  20th  of  May,  preceding, 
be  seized  and  confiscated.     This  was  avowedly  a  retaliatory  edict 
against  our  non-intercourse  law  ;  and   its  retrospective  operation 
was  a  most  flagrant  violation  of   all   principle.     There   was  now 
on  this  side  of  the  Atlantic,  no  longer  any  confidence  in  his  honor 
or  integrity.*     All  the  honest  politicians  of  both  parties,  after  this, 
denounced  him. — Meanwhile,  the  treatment  we  received  from  the  iiineaiment 
English  was  of  a   similar  character; — one  contemned   our  pro-rmm"ihe 
fessions  of  impartiality  and  plundered  us  of  our   property, — the  ^^"^''''' 
other  impressed  and  kidnapped  our  seamen,   and   shamefully   in- 
sulted our  flag.     At  this  crisis,  Mr.  Jefl'erson,  tired  of  public  life, 
left  the  President's  chair,  March  3d,  to  Mr.  Madison,— a   states-  „    „ 
raan  ol  the  same  politics,  ol  exalted  talents,  and  extensive  politi- «'"  ''resu 
cal  knowledge. f 

On  the  8th  day  of  September,  an  homicide  was  committed  in  „  ,  ...  , 
Malta  [now  Wnidsor,]  near  the  head-waters  of  the  Sheepscot,  '''''^  ^'"<='^' 
which  occasioned  great  excitement.  The  lands  in  that  town  and 
vicinity,  which  had  been  setUed  extensively  and  improved  by  the 
inhabitants  many  years,  were  claimed  by  proprietors  and  others 
under  the  Plymouth  patent,  who  employed  one  Paul  Chadwick 
to  survey  them.|  Not  knowing,  probably,  to  whom  the  legal  title 
in  truth  belonged,  the  settlers  resolved  to  defend  their  possessions 

*  Mr.  Jefferson  liimself  is  known  after  this  time,  to  have  expressed  great 
satisfaction  in  the  success  of  the  allies  against  Buonaparte. 

t  The  Electors  in  this  Commonwealth  were  chosen  bj'  the  Leg-islature. 
For  Yorlc  County,  Andrew  P.  Fcrnnld ;  Cumberland,  Samuel  Freeman; 
Kennebeck,  Samuel  S.  Wilde ;  Lincoln,  Jeremiah  Baihi/. 

I  See  ante,  A.  D.  1799. 


citi-nient. 


614  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.    II. 

A.I)  ,'809.  against  all  encroachments ;  and  hence  a  party  of  ten  or  twelve, 
disguised,  and  armed,  endeavored  to  intimidate  Chadwick  and 
cause  him  to  depart.  But  he  disregarded  their  threats;  and  they 
shot  him.  Languishing  of  his  wounds,  he  survived  till  the  next 
day  and  died. 

AiTP^^iofiiie      Jminediatel\\  seven  of  the  supposed  malefactors  were  arrested, 

supposed  "^  '  '  ' 

imirdeiers.  and  Committed  to  Augusta  gaol,  on  the  charge  of  murder;  and 
nothing  had  ever  happened  in  the  county,  which  excited  equal 
perturhation.  At  times,  there  were  circulated  alarming  reports, 
sufficiently  authenticated  to  he  believed,  that  a   large   number  of 

Public  ex-  '^^"  '^^^  been  seen  in  the  woods  between  jMalta  and  Augusta 
village,  all  armed,  and  preparing  to  rescue  the  prisoners  from 
their  confinement.  The  people,  especially  those  who  lived  in 
the  immediate  vicinity  of  the  prison,  were  exceedingly  agitated  ; 
and  the  weak  and  timid  had,  in  the  light  of  their  disordered  im- 
agination, drawn  a  scene  horrific  with  devouring  flames,  and  the 
most  dreadful  forms  of  death  and  ruin.  To  allay  the  public 
fears  and  guard  the  place,  INlajor- General  Sewall  of  the  eighth 
division,  was  requested  by  the  Justices  of  the  Common  Pleas, 
and  SherilT,  under  the  Statute,  to  detach  a  part  of  the  militia, 
without  loss  of  time.  But  he  supposed  the  exigency  would  not 
justify  the  call,  and  a  few  only  were  employed  as  sentinels,  pa- 
trols and  videttes.  At  midnight,  however,  about  the  1st  of  Oc- 
tober, 70  men  or  more,  well  armed — some  being  in  disguise,  ap- 
proached within  150  rods  of  the  bridge,  on  the  east  side  of  the 
river,  preceded  by  a  spy,  who  came  so  near  a  few  posted  sentinels, 
that  three  of  them  seized  him,  and  carried  him  50  or  60  rods. 
An  affray  ensued,  in  which  a  party  of  30  malcontents  rushing 
forward,  rescued  the  prisoner,  and  caught  Major  Weeks,  one  of 
the  party,  and  hurried  him  away  into  the  woods.  Alarm  guns 
were  instantly  fired  by  the  others, — the  court-house  bell  was 
rung, — and  the  streets,  in  a  few  moments,  were  full  of  people. 
The  next  day.  General  Sewall  called  out  300  men, — reduced 
afterwards  to  100,  whom  he  kept  in  arms  till  the  excitement 
abated. 

On  the  1 6th  of  November,  seven*  were  put  to  trial  at  the  bar 

*  Tlicir  names,  were  David  Lynn,  Jabcz  Meigs,  Elijah  Barton,  Prince 
Cain,  Nathaniel  Lynn,  Ansel  Meigs,  and  Adam  Pitts.  They  were  indict- 
ed at  the  October  term,  and  tried  at  an  adjourned   term  in  November  ;— 


Chap.  XXIV.]  of  Maine.  615 

of  the  Supreme  Court,  on  an   indictment  for  murder.     Forty- A.  D.  isoa. 
four  witnesses  were  examined,  and  the  trial  lasted    ten   days,  in- '''rial  of  the 

,      ,.  1    I  1         T  •  prisoners. 

cluduig  two  consumed  by  the  Jury  m  their  deliberations.  But, 
astonishing  as  it  appeared  to  tliose  who  listened  attentively  to  the  ''i"^'''  ^c- 

.  .  •  quillal. 

whole  testimony,  the  prisoners  were,  by  verdict,  all  acquitted. 
A  few  remarks  of  Judge  Parker,  in   his   charge   to   the   Jtuy, 

,,,,.,,     ^  .  Remarks  of 

beiore  they  retn-ed  to  then-  room,  may  with  propriety,  be  here  Jiuige  i^ar- 
subjoined. — "  In  this  free  and  happy  country,  where  every  man's  ' 
claims  are  to  be  decided  by  his  peers  and  his  neighbors,  men  of 
like  passions  and  like  interests  with  himself,  and  under  laws  of 
his  own  making,  can  there  be  any  excuse  for  resorting  to  vio- 
lence .''  Do  not  the  most  abject  and  miserable  find  countenance, 
support,  and  encouragement  in  the  maintenance  of  their  rights, 
when  they  claim  it  under  the  laws  ? — Have  not  the  Legislature 
done  every  thing  within  their  constitutional  power,  to  aid  those 
who  are  supposed  to  have  stronger  claims  upon  humanity,  than 
upon  strict  justice  .''  Why  then  do  we  hear  of  our  citizens  as- 
suming the  garb  of  savages,  and  perpetrating  acts,  at  which  even 
savages  would  tremble  ^  To  what  will  all  this  lead  ?  If  men  of 
similar  interests,  may  combine,  and  by  menaces  and  violence,  de- 
prive their  antagonists  of  the  evidence,  essential  to  the  just  de- 
termination of  their  disputes,  or  if  men  may  with  impunity,  oppose 
the  laws, — such  system  must  go  to  the  destruction  of  every  man's 
comfort,  security  and  happiness,  as  well  as  of  the  constitution 
and  laws  under  which  we  live. — There  have  also  been  menaces,  that 
the  Courts  of  Justice  will  be  stopped  by  violence  ;  and  it  is  noto- 
rious, that  assemblies  of  men  have  appeared,  for  the  avowed  object 
of  rescuing  the  prisoners  before  trial.  There  is  reason,  likewise, 
to  apprehend,  in  case  of  a  conviction,  that  tliere  will  be  similar  ^ 
attempts  to  prevent  the  execution  of  the  law.  But  have  not  the 
prisoners  had  a  fair,  patient  and  imj)artial  trial  ? — It  has  occupied 
an  unprecedented  portion  of  time.  Every  indulgence  to  which 
they  are  lawfully  entitled,  have  been  cheerfully  allowed  them. 
They  have  had  the  best  talents  and  the  best  efforts  in  their  de- 
fence. If  they  are  not  proved  to  be  guilty,  though  they  them- 
selves may  know  they  are  not  innocent,  they  will  still   be  acquit- 

the  Solicitor-General,  Daniel  Davis,  for  the  Commonwealth, — Prentiss 
Mellen,  Samuel  S.  Wilde,  Thomas  Rice,  and  Philip  Leach,  for  the  prison- 
ers. 


616  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II. 

A.D.  1S09  ted,   and    allowed   to    return    to  their   families   and   friends. — If 
they  are  convicted,  the  law  must  have  its  course. — Will  this  gov- 
ernment, abounding  in  loyal  citizens,  yield    to   the  violence  of  a 
few  deluded  men  ;  and  tamely  see   its  authority   defied,   and   its 
prisons  violated,  without    stretching  forth  an  arm  to   prevent  its 
own  overthrow  ?     Should  its  power  be  exerted,  what  must  be  the 
destiny  of  those  wretched  mistaken    men  ? — What,  but  either   to 
be  killed  in  battle,  executed  on  a  gallows,  or  fly   from   a  land  of 
freedom  and  security, — to  seek  a  miserable  shelter  in   some  for- 
eign country.     Their  habitations  will  become  desolate,  and   they 
will  be  fugitives  on  the  face  of  the  earth."* 
j,"o'oveni'or      '^'^'s  Unhappy  affair  produced  the  enactment  of  a  statute,  which 
nin'irsira"'''  ^^^^^  '^  ^  l''g'i  crimc  for  any  person  to  disguise  himself  in  the 
"^"-  likeness  of  an  Indian  or  otherwise,  with  intent  to  molest  a  sheriff 

or  surveyor  in  the  discharge  of  his  duty  ;  and  in  Gov.  Gore's  ad- 
ministration,! the  militia  law   was  revised. — Of  statutes  passed 
upon  other  subjects,  in  1809,  one  directed  towns  to  introduce  and 
practice  vaccination,  at  the  corporate  charge,  as  a  means  of  pre- 
servation against  a  deadly  pestilence  ;  and  another,  for  a  still  more 
benevolent  purpose,  incorporated  the  Bible  Society  of  Maine. 
A.i).  1810.      j,^    1810,   and   the  year  succeeding,   Elbridge  Gerry   was 
elected  G^ov  ^^^'^'^^^  Govcmor  ovcr  ]Mr.  Gore   by  handsome   majorities ;    and 
and  vvm.    WiLLiAM  Gray  was   choscn   Lieutcnant-Govemor,   the    present 
Ciovenior.    year,  over  Gen.  Cobb,  and  the  next  year  over  William  Phillips. 
In  the   House,  the  Democrats  had  the    ascendency,  but  in   the 
Senate  it  was  with  the  Federalists. 

In  his  speech,  the  Governor  spoke  of  union  as  the  soul  of  our 
independence  ;  and  in  respect  to  the  gigantic  powers,  England 
and  France,  he  said,  they  were  contending  for  paramount  domin- 
ion J  while  "  the  United  States,  ever  careful  to  offend  neither, 
"  have  with  uniform  solicitude  cultivated  the  friendship  of  each," 
and  '  observed  in  good  faith,  the  soundest  maxims  and  rules  for 
'  preserving  an  impartial  neutrality.  Yet  a  jealous  phrenzy  in- 
'  stantly  seizes  them  both,  if  either  merely  suspects  a  disposition 
'  on  our  part,  to  favor  the  other ;  and  nothing  short  of  destruction 
'  awaits  us  from  the  one  that  takes  affront.' 

These  embarrassments,  which  were  so  oppressive  to  our  com- 

*  See  the  printed  trial,  by  John  Merrick,  Esq.  186  pages. 

f  The  manner  of  packing  pickled  fish  was  also  improved  this  year. 


Chap,  xxiv.]  of  maine.  617 

merce  and  navigation,  had  quite  a  different  effect  upon  different  clas-  A.  D.  1810. 
ses  and  interests  of  our  eastern  citizens.     For  though  they  involved  Advance- 
our  seamen,  our  seaports,  ana  our  trade,  m  deep  perplexities,  tliey  agricukurai 

r  \  •        1         •  •  I       f  •       1  1  eiiterprize, 

were  promotive  01  settlements  in  the  interior,  and  01  agricultural  popuimion 
enterprize  every  where.     Checked   as  men  were   in   their  mari- ' 
time  pursuits,  their  only  alternative  was  the  culture  of  the  earth, 
and  a  resort  to  the  mechanic  arts.     There  had  been,  within  the 
last  ten  years,  a  great  increase  of  population  in  Maine,  amount- 
ing, by  the  Census  taken  lately,  to  228,087  ;  while  her  progress  in  ^<^"s"s- 
wealth  was  such  that  her  exports  this  year,  were  $'803,619,  and  Exports, 
the  aggregate  of  her  shipping,  though  it  had    deteriorated,  was  ,p 
141,057  tons.     It  ought  also  to  be  remembered,  that  large  quan- 
tities of  lumber,  fuel,  lime,  and  fish,  were  transported  coastwise 
from  INIaine  to  Boston,  and  other  places,  not  included  in  the  pre- 
ceding statement,  which  amounted  probably  to  much  more  than 
the  exports  entered  at  the  custom-houses. 

There  was,  however,  only  one  town  incorporated  in  1810 ;  and  Elliot, 
this  was  Elliot,''^  March  1 ,  which  was  taken  from  Kittery.    But  in  ^  o  isn 
1811,  the  number   incorporated  was  nme,    namely,    Exeter,!  Nine  new 


*  Eliot,  or  Elliot  (179th  town,)  was  first  called  Sturgeon  Creek.  In  June, 
1713,  Kittery  was  divided  into  two  parishes  ;  the  north,  or  second  one  was 
about  that  Creek,  now  Eliot.— S  JSlass.  llec.  p.  288,  323.  "  The  first  set- 
tlers residing'  thereabouts,  began  the  plantation  where  Berwick  now 
is.  These  were  the  Frosts,  rieards,  Shapleig'hs  and  Chadbournes.  The 
ancestor  of  the  Chadbournes  came  over  on  the  invitation  of  Gorg-es  and 
Mason." — Sullivan,  p.  246.  Their  agent,  Walter  Neal,  made  grants  (in 
Eliot)  as  early  as  1632  ;  and  the  first  settlement  was  a  few  years  earlier. 
At  Sturgeon  Creek,  a  church  was  org-anized  in  June,  1721  ;  and  Oct.  25th 
the  next  year,  Rev.  John  Rogers  was  ordained,  and  continued  a  minister 
there  52  years.  June  29,  1768,  5  years  before  his  death,  he  received  Rev. 
Alpheus  Spring  as  a  colleague,  who  died  in  June,  1791.  Rev.  Samuel 
Chandler  was  settled  in  1792. — Qreenleafs  Ecd.  Sketches. 

\  Exeter,  (180th  town,)  No.  3,  in  the  4th  Range,  was  granted  March  11, 
1793,  to  Marblehead  Academy,  and  sold  to  Benjamin  Joy,  and  others  ;  for 
whom  Doct.  Blasdell,  of  Dixmont,  promoted  settlements  ;  and  hence  it 
was  originally  called  Blasdeltown.  The  first  settler  was  Lemuel  Tozier, 
who  removed  into  the  township  iu  1801.  Exeter  was  a  name  chosen  by 
some  of  the  inhabitants,  who  removed  thither  from  Exetei',  N.  H. — JIS. 
Letter  of  John  Chamberlain,  Esq. 
Vol.  II.  78 


618  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II. 

A.  D.  1811.  Charleston,*  and   Garland,-]-  the    16th,  Robbinston,J  the 
towns  incor- 18th,   Eddington,§  the  22d,  and  Washington, |1   \^Ji?-st  Put- 
nam,'] the  27th  of  February ;  also,  Corinth, IT  Carmel,**   and 
LuBEC,ff  the  21st  of  June. 

*  Charleston,  [ISlst  town,)  first  Nevi^  Charleston,  was  granted  July  14, 
1802,  by  the  State  to  John  Lowell,  being'  6  miles  square,  called  No.  2, 
Range  5,  The  earliest  settlement  was  begun  in  1795,  under  the  auspices 
of  Charles  Vaughan.  The  first  settled  minister  was  Elder  Henry  Hale, 
ordained  in  February,  1811,  being  of  the  Calvinist  baptist  denomination. 
—JIS.  Letter  of  D.  Wilkins,  Esq. 

f  Garland,  (182d  town,)  was  granted  June  2,  1798  to  Williams'  College, 
[No.  3,  5th  Range.]  It  was  settled  in  1802,  by  Joseph  Garland,  for  whom 
the  town  was  named,  and  by  Isaac  Wheeler,  and  Josiah  Bartlett.  Hon, 
Levi  Lincoln  was  one  of  the  purchasing  proprietors;  and  hence,  the  plan- 
tation was  called  Lincolntown.  The  lots  were  surveyed  in  1805,  by  A. 
Strong.  A  church  was  first  gathered  here  by  Rev.  John  Sawyer.  Post- 
OfBce  established  in  ISIS.— JIS.  Let.  of  Mner  Sanborn. 

I  Robbinston,  (I83d  town,)  was  granted  by  the  State,  Oct.  21,  1786,  to 
Edward  H.  Robbins,  and  Nathaniel  J.  Robbins,  for  whom  the  town  was 
named.  It  contains  17,800  acres.  Two  families,  prior  to  the  grant,  had 
located  themselves  within  the  township.  After  the  purchase,  the  proprie- 
tors immediately  built  a  store-house,  and  increased  the  settlement.  Rob- 
binston lies  on  the  west  side  of  the  Schoodic  waters,  opposite  to  St.  An- 
drews, the  principal  town  in  Charlotte  county,  N.  Brunswick.  A  meet- 
ing-house was  built  in  town,  in  1817  ;  and  in  1820,  the  town  contained 
about  60  families.  Rev.  Daniel  Lovejoy  was  settled  by  the  congregation- 
alists,  Sept.  9,  1818.  A  Post-Ofiice  was  established  here  in  1796,  and  the 
first  mail  came  through  in  Sept.  of  that  year. — MS.  Let.  of  Hon.  John 
Balkam. 

\  Edd'wglon,  (184th  town,)  is  situated  on  the  Penobscot  at  the  head  of 
the  tide,  and  was  so  named,  in  compliment  to  Col.  Jonathan  Eddy.  In 
consideration  of  services  and  sufferings  by  him  and  19  others,  who  fled 
from  Nova  Scotia  in  the  Revolution,  (1776,)  the  General  Court,  June  14, 
1785,  granted  them  9,000  acres.  By  the  terms  of  the  grant,  each  was  to 
erect  a  dwellinghouse  within  two  years  on  his  lot,  and  the  place  immedi- 
ately settled.— See  ante,  1776,  and  1785  and  6. 

II  Washington,  or  Putnam,  (I85th  town,)  lies  north  of  Jefferson,  partly  in 
the  Plymouth  and  partly  in  the  Waldo  Patent. 

H  Corinth,  (186th  town,)  of  23,040  acres,  was  granted  or  sold  by  the  State 
to  John  Peck,  Dec.  9,  1794.  It  was  settled  about  1802.  At  first,  it  was 
called  Ohio. 

**  Carmel,  (187th  town,)  was  sold  by  the  State,  March  2d,  1795,  to  Mar- 
tin Kinsley. 

tf  Lubec,  (188th  town,)  was  settled  about  17S0.  The  town  embraces  Dud- 
ley, Frederic,  Mark  and  Rogers'  Islands.  Its  name  was  derived  from  Lu- 
bec in  Germany.  The  town  was  taken  from  Eastport. — (See  this  tottm, 
179iS.) — The  village  ib  on  the  peninsula,  opposite  Campo  Bcllo.     Between 


Chap,  xxiv.]  of  Maine.  619 

In  the  organization  of  the  State-Government  this  year,  there  a.  d.  isii. 
was  found  to  be  in  each  of  the  branches,  a   decided   Democratic  The  Gover- 
or  Republican  majority.     As  it  had  been  known   for  some  years,  hotii  Houses 
that   the    public   strongly   desired    and    expected    improvements 
made,  in  several  statute  regulations ;    the   more   important  sub- 
jects were  without  delay,  taken  under  consideration  by  the   Leg- 
islature ;  and  no    less  than   eight  memorable   acts   were   passed 
during  the  first    session.      1.  The  Religious  Freedom  bill,  as  it  Reiio-ious 
was  called,  gave  to  unincorporated  religious    societies,  the   samejaw.  ""^ 
rights,  powers  and  privileges,  with  those  made   corporate  by  law. 
Previously,  every  town,  if  it  were  not  divided  by  legislative    acts 
into  parishes,  was  itself  possessed  of  power  to   raise   money   for 
parochial  purposes,  and  assess  it  upon  all  those  who   did  not  be- 
long to  a    corporate   parish  ;    they   having   the   right,   merely   to 
draw  the  same  from  the  treasury,   if  they   wished,   and   apply   it 
towards    supporting    some  minister  of  their  own   denomination. 
2.  The  Governor    and  Council  were   empowered   to  appoint  a  clerks  of 
Cleric  of  the  Judicial  Courts  in  each  county,  to  hold   his  office  (^""[p^j^^" 
during  their  pleasure  ;  who  was  allowed  to  retain  ^1,200  for   his  ['j^J'^^*^*^"" 
services,  and  required  to  pay  over    to   the  county-treasurer,   one 
half  of  the  excess.     The  Courts,  being    previously   vested   with 
the  appointing  power,  sometimes  it  was  said,  conferred  the  office 
upon  their  favorites,  who  were  not  removed,   though  they  were 
remiss,  or  unqualified  ;  and  there  were  besides,  several  Clerks, 
who   were  receiving   emoluments  altogether   disproportionate   to 
their  labor  and  responsibility.     3.  The  office  of  County-Attor-  of  County- 

'  •'  _  _     _        Ailorneyre- 

ney  was  revived  ;  and    the  Executive   directed  to   commission  vived. 
one   for  each  county,  as   provided  by  a  statute  in  the   adminis-  Circuit 

•  *  /-(•         •     /-r  ^    ry  Courts  of 

tration  of  Governor  Sullivan-       4.    Circuit  Courts   of  Common  Common 
Pleas,  were  established  throughout  the  Commonwealth  ;  of  which  lished. 

1815  and  20,  60  houses  and  a  meeting--hoiise,  were  erected  here. — Its  rapid 
growth  was  owing  to  the  capture  of  Eastport  by  the  British.  Here  is  a 
great  trade  in  plaster.  A  Post-Office  was  established  here  in  1795 — JUS. 
Let.   of  H.  G.  Batch,  Esq. 

*  See  ante,  A.  D.  1807.— The  County-Attorneys  under  Mr.  Sullivan's 
and  Mr.  Gerry's  administration  were  these,— in  York  County,  Dudley 
Hubbard,  William  P.  Preble;  Cumberland,  Daniel  W.  Lincoln,  James 
W.  liijphy ;  Lincoln,  Benjamin  Ames,  Erastus  Foote ;  Oxford,  Judah 
Dana,  Albion  K.  P arris ;  Kennebeck,  Eleazer  W.  Ripley,  E.  T.  Warren  ; 
Hancock,  W.  D.  Williamson;  Washington,  Jonathan  D.  Weston,  Sher- 
man Leland. 


620  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  U. 

A.  D.  18]].  there  were  ^/«ree  in  the  District  of  Maine  ;• — ^York,   Cumberland 
and    Oxford,    forming   the  first  eastern  Circuit ; — Lincoln,  Ken- 
nebeck  and  Somerset,  the  second ; — Hancock  and   Washington, 
the  third.     In  each  circuit,  the   executive  was   directed   to   com- 
mission three  Judges,*  who  were  to  receive  the  fees  of  Court 
in  each   county,   and   possess   the  same  jurisdiction,   which   the 
siifri/r's      County  Court  Judges  had  before  exercised.      5.  The  term  for 
('■(.'mtv'"      which  the  Sheriffs  were  to  hold  their  office,   was  limited   to  five 
fiyetrs'^'^*  years  ;  after  which,  without  a  new  appointment,  they  were  out  of 
office.     6.  No  man  was   allowed   to  hold  the  office   of  couniy- 
Courtsof     ^reaswrer,  more  than  five  years  in   succession.     7.  The    Courts 
t^Wisi'ed^^  'i^  Sessions  were  re-established,  and  the  same  jurisdiction  given 
A  Stale      them,  which  they  before  possessed.     8.  A   State  Bank  was  in- 
j^^^"j^^'^''"  corporated,   it    being    alleged,    that  hitherto    banking  had   been 

a  Federal  monoi)oly. 
Propri.'iy  of  Tlicse  important  reforms,  though  generally  viewed  by  the  Fed- 
eralists  as  mnovations  upon  ancient  usages,  lor  the  purpose  of 
afibrding  patronage  to  the  party  in  power,  were  nevertheless  im- 
proveuients  which  the  community  demanded.  There  is  a  march 
of  mind  in  correctness  of  thought  and  maturity  of  judgment, 
in  the  estimation  of  rights,  the  views  of  political  independence, 
and  knowledge  of  the  public  good,  which  require  correspondent 
improvements  in  measures.  More  freedom  was  demanded  in  the 
enjoyment  of  a  free  religion  ;  more  ability  and  legal  learning 
upon  the  benches  of  justice  ;  a  more  equitable  gradation  of  re- 
wards for  official  services  ;  and  a  reasonable  limitation  of  such 
offices  as  partook  essentially  of  an  executive  or  a  pecuniary  char- 
acter, 
rp.  But  the  administration  of  Governor  Gerry  had  its  allotment  in 

■I  he   per-  ^  •' 

piexiiie.s  of  portentous  times  :  and  the   present  was  a  political  year,  as  dark 

tlie  times  i     i-  •  .  .  ^         ' 

ag,^ravate<]  and  distressing  to  our  eastern  citizens,  as  to  those  of  any  State  in 
spirit.  the  Union.     Our  commercial  perplexities  were  not  only  continu- 

ed— they  were  aggravated  by  the  sharpness  and  even  malevo- 
lence of  party  spirit.  The  perpetual  trade  and  intercourse  be- 
tween the  eastern  people  and  Boston,  afforded  the  Federalists  of 

*  Tlie  Judg-es  in  the  first  eastern  Circuit,  were  Benjamin  Green,  Judah 
Dana,  and  Willinm  Widgery ; — in  the  second,  Jialhan  Wenton,  jr.  Ben- 
jamrn  Jlmes,  and  Judah  J}JcLeIian; — in  the  third,  William  Crosbij,  Mar- 
tin Kinsley,  and  James  Campbell.  The  first,  named  in  each  Circuit,  was 
Chief  Justice.— Dana,  McLellan  and  Crosby,  were  of  Federal  politics. 


over- 
Ill  .IS  staie- 


ChAP.    XXIV.]  OF  MAINE.  621 

that  and  other  places,  the  greatest  facilities  of  communication  A.  D.  isii 
with  our  sea-ports,  and  enabled  them  by  means  of  town  meetings, 
'assemblages,'  and   publications,  to  inflame  and  direct  the  fury  of 
party  against  the  policy  of  tbe  state  and  national  administrations  ; 
— in   a   manner  too,   which  did  evidently  encourage  and    em- 
bolden British  aggression.     In  a  late  speech   to   the  Legislature,  xho  G 
the    Governor  took    notice  of   these    extravagant   transactions,  ^wm^ 
stating  that  by  the  act  of  Congress,   May  1,  1810,  every  British 
and  French  armed  vessel,  without  distinction,  was  interdicted  our 
harbors  and  waters  ;  which  act,  he  added,  would   have  ceased  to 
operate  against  either  nation,  that  should,  before  the  3d  of  JMarch 
last,   have   revoked    its  obnoxious  edicts,  but  be  enforced  against 
the   other, — with  the  act  likewise  of  March  1,  1809,  which  had 
suspended  the  commercial  intercourse  between  the  United  States 
and  those  Powers  :    That  the  edicts  of  France,  as  announced  by 
the   Emperor,  had   ceased  to   have  effect  upon  us  on  the  1  st  of 
November,    1810  :    That  the  President,   the   next  day,  did,  by 
proclamation   discontinue   the  restrictions  of  that  act,  so  far  as  it 
related  to  France  ;  and  yet  Great  Britain,  had,  after  a  lapse  of 
four  subsequent  months,  neglected   or  refused  to  take  a  similar 
step  : — wherefore   our  government,   by  act  of  2d  of  last  March, 
(1811,)  as  bound    in  honor,  duty  and  express  stipulation,  deter- 
mined to  carry  the  interdicting  act  into  effect  towards  the  British 
nation  ; — and  this,  (subjoins  Mr.  Gerry,)  is  the  statute  which  the  Y-g^pra] 
"assemblage"  have    declared  unjust,  oppressive  and  tyrannical,"  ^^^"^'jI'ISp  •« 
— and  one  of  the  laws,  "  ivhich  if  persisted  in  must  and  will  he 
resisted.'''' 

By  this  time,  news  was  flying  through  the  country,  of  a  ren-  sj^irmish 
counter,  May  16th,  about  thirty  leagues  eastward  of  the  Chesa- '^^J|j^''^"j{'® 
peak,  between  the   British  sloop  of  war,  the  Little  Belt,  and  the  =''"'  '.'f 

i  '  '  '  President. 

American  ship  President.  The  action  was  between  8  and  9  in 
the  evening,  and  lasted  a  full  half  hour ;  in  which  the  Little 
Belt,  said  to  have  been  the  aggressor,  and  to  have  fired  first,  lost 
10  or  11  men  and  had  as  many  more  wounded.  Dismantled, 
she  steered  off  to  Halifax,  and  her  Captain  complained  o(  the 
transaction  to  the  ministry,  as  an  outrage  upon  the  British  flag. 
But  Commodore  Rogers,  our  commander,  was  considered  nowise 
blameworthy  by  the  American  government ;  while  the  Demo- 
cratic newspapers  exulted  in  his  success.  The  Federalists  spec- 
ulated upon  the  affair,  and  flouted  the  administration  ;  continually 


g22  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II, 

A.  I).  1811.  charging  their  political  adversaries  with  partialities  for  the  French, 

and  not  denying  theirs  for  the  British. 
Two  iifiw         So  much  were  men   supposed  to   be  influenced  or  guided  by 

niiliiiirv  Di-  .,11,1-  c  1  1       1    •        1 

visions"        party  motives,  that  all  public  acts  ot  a  general  nature,  both  m  the 
Maine.  '"     State   and    Nation,  were  treated   by  the  minority  with  reprehen- 
sion.    Even  two  new  Divisions  of  the  Militia,  formed  this  year 
in   Maine,   and   numbered   the   12th   and   13th  of  the  Common- 
wealth, and  the  5th   and  Gth  of  this  District,  was  viewed  by  the 
Federalists  as  a  party  measure  ;  James  Merrill  of  Falmouth  and 
Levi  Hubbard  of  Paris,  both  gentlemen  of  '  Democratic  politics,' 
being  chosen  the  Major-Generals. 
Ten  State        Subsequent  to  the   late   census,   a  State   valuation   had  been 
lowpT'to^  "taken  ;*  and  hence  there  was  a  new  distribution  of  Senators  to  the 
Maine.        different  parts  of  the  Commonwealth.     The  number  assigned  to 
Maine  was   ten ;  namely,  to  York,  two  ;  Cumberland   and  Ox- 
ford,  three ;    Lincoln,   Hancock  and  Washington,    three ;    and 
Kennebeck  and  Somerset,  two.     In  classing  towns,  or  districting 
the  State  for  the  election  of  them,  the  Federalists,  with  no  incon- 
siderable reason  and  propriety,   animadverted  severely  upon  the 
classification,  because  it  was  formed  with  a  design  to  favor  the 
election  of  Democratic   Senators.     They  especially   treated  the 
division  of  Essex  County  with  great  ridicule  and  derision  ;  draw- 
ing a  caricature  of  one   territorial  district,  and   forging  for  it  the 
ludicrous  name  of  "  Gerrymander."     There  had  been  also,  since 
the  late  census,  a  new  apportionment  of  Representatives  to  Con- 
Aiso  seven  gress,  among  the  States.     By  this,  seven  were  allowed  to  Maine, 
livmoCon- which  was   of  course   formed  into  as  many  districts  for  the  pur- 
^'^^^*'         pose  of  electing  them.f 

Represents-  Immemorially  hitherto,  the  daily  pay  of  the  Representatives  to 
Gc^nerai  '^  the  General  Court  lor  their  attendance,  had  been  remunerated  to 
Su"of  ii^e*^  them  by  the  towns  sending  them  ;  but  as  the  General  Court  leg- 
StateTi-cas-  jgi^jg^j  |qj.  ^j^g  whole  State,  it  was  thought  to  be  more  consistent 

*  But  it  was  not  fully  completed  with  the  revision,  till  1814.— Vide  Re- 
solves of  that  year. 

f  The  1st  Congressional  District  embraced  most  of  York  county  ;  2d, 
most  of  Cumberland  ;  3(1,  parts  of  Cumberland  and  Lincoln  counties  ;  4th, 
Lincoln,  principally  ;  5th,  Hancock  and  Washing-ton  ;  Gth,  Kennebeck 
County;  7th,  Oxford. — The  members  elected  were,  1,  Cyrus  King;  2, 
George  Bradbury ;  3,  Samuel  Davis  ;  4,  Abiel  Wood ;  5,  John  Wilson  ; 
6,  James  Parker  ;  and  7,  Levi  Hubbard. 


Chap,  xxiv.]  of  Maine.  623 

with  the  principles  of  justice  and  equity,  to  pay  them  for  their  A.  D.  1811. 
attendance  as  well  as  travel,  out  of  the  public  treasury  ;  and  con- 
sequently an  act  was  passed  to  that  effect.  The  Federalists 
charged  this  upon  their  opponents  as  a  piece  of  selfish  policy  ; 
designed  to  draw  from  the  country  and  the  smaller  towns,  which 
were  more  generally  Democratic,  a  fuller  representation,  and  thus 

secure  a  majority  in  the  House. 

At  length,  in  consequence  of  the  pressing  memorials  from  the  commis- 
inhabitants  of  Bristol,  Edgecomb,  Nobleborough,  Newcastle  and  iJi""^^Le"i 
Boothbay,  there  were  appointed  by  the  Governor  and  Council,  •'^|'j'''i^'j^'i'j|®* 
under  Resolve  of  Feb.  27,  1811,  three  Commissioners,  Perez  ^"•'"'">'' 
Morton,  Jonathan  Smith,  Jun.  and  Thomas  B.  Adams,  to 
go  into  the  County  of  Lincoln  and  investigate  thoroughly,  "the 
nature,  causes  and  state  of  the  difficulties,"  which  had  so  long 
agitated  the  possessors  and  claimants  of  the  lands  lying  between 
the  Sheepscot  and  Muscongus  rivers,  and  extending  from  the  sea- 
coast  back  to  Jefferson  inclusive.  They  met  the  parties  and  dis- 
putants. May  1,(1811,)  at  the  Court-house  in  Wiscasset,  and 
subsequently  held  meetings  in  Newcastle,  Bristol  and  Noblebo- 
rough ;  where  they  viewed  the  ruins  of  ancient  settlements, 
heard  witnesses  and  examined  all  the  deeds  and  documents  ad- 
duced, and  on  the  20th  of  May,  they  made  a  detailed  report  of 
facts  to  the  Legislature.  In  this,  they  presented  distinctly  the 
grounds  and  supports  of  the  "  Drowne  Claim"  founded  on  the 
patent  of  the  Plymouth  Council,  Feb.  20,  1631,  to  Elbridge  and 
Aldsworth  ;  the  "  Tappan  Right,"  derived  from  Lulian  deeds 
of  1661-2,  and  1674;  the  ^^  Brown  Right"  traced  from  an- 
other Indian  deed  of  1625  ;  and  the  Grant  to  the  Duke  oj  York 
in  1664; — stating  that  the  Drowne  Claim  covered  all  the  town 
of  Bristol,  and  parts  of  JVeivcastle  and  JYobleboroiigh  ;  that  the 
Tappan  Right  and  Brown  Right  as  claimed,  each  covers  the 
most  of  Bristol,  and  all  of  J\ ohleho rough  and  Jefferson,  also 
the  lands  granted  to  Lincoln  Academy  ;  and  that  the  Tappan 
and  Drowne  Claims  partly  interfere  with  each  other  ; — but  that 
no  part  of  the  lands  within  the  towns  of  Edgecomb  and  Booth- 
bay  fell  within  the  lines  of  either  of  the  three  claims,  Boothbay 
being  settled  about  1730,  under  a  grant  to  Denny  and  McCobb, 
by  Colonel  Dunbar.  It  also  appeared  that  "  the  Plymouth  Com- 
pany made  conveyances  of  lots  situate  in  the  towns  mentioned," 
which  they  had  claimed. 

Accompanying  this  Report  was  a  proposal,  executed  May  10, 


624  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.    II. 

A.D.  isu.(^l811)*  by  tlie'agents  of  the^several  Rights  and  Claims,  to  sub- 
Afrenoifii     j^iiit  the  whole  subject-matter  to  the  determination  of  three  Com- 

relerciicci  _     _  '^      _ 

miss-oners,  to  be  designated  by  the  Executive  of  the  State. — To 
this  the  government  agreed,  and  appointed  Jeremiah  Smith, 
of  Exeter  (N.  H.)  William  H.Woodard  of  Hanover,  (N.  H.) 
and  David  Howell  of  Providence,  three  learned  and  able  law- 
yers, who  were  clothed  with  ample  authority  to  decide  in  law  and 
fequity,  what  were  the  rights,  (if  any)  the  non-resident  claimants 
had  to  that  section  of  the  country. f  On  the  26th  of  January, 
1813,  the  Commissioners  awarded  to  the  proprietors  of  the 
Plymouth  Patent  or  Kennebeck  Purchase,  as  an  equivalent  for 
lands  of  theirs  within  the  disputed  territory,  "  a  tract  of  six  miles 

TheRepori.  square  ;" — and  to  the  proprietors  under  the  Drowne  Right,  a 
'  half  township  of  11,520  acres,  to  be  chosen  in  each  case  from 
the  public  unlocated  lands  in  Maine,  with  the  usual  reservations 
to  public  uses;  and  they  further  advised  the  Legislature  to  grant 
a  half  township  to  the  heirs  of  the  late  William  Vaughan,  in  con- 
sideration of  services  performed  and  monies  expended,  and  not 
in  virtue  of  the  Brown  Right  claimed  ; — subjoining,  that  none 
other  had  "  either  in  law  or  equity  any  title  to  any  lands  under 
their  respective  claims,"  w-ithin  "  the  towns  of  Bristol,  Edge- 
comb,  Newcastle,  Nobleborough,  Waldoborough,  Jefferson, J 
or  Boothbay.  All  the  proprietary  claimants  executed  deeds  of 
release,  and  delivered  them  the  day  before  the  award  was  dated ; 
by  which   they  extinguished  all   further  pretexts  of  right  within 

Settlement,  the  towiis  mentioned.  The  State  then  granted  a  half  township 
to  Vaughan's  heirs,  and  made  the  other  assignments  conformably 
to  the  award. § 

Lo(s  con-         To  coujplete  the  settlement  of  these  long   and   most  unhappy 

vcved  to  the  '■  .    ,     ,  . 

sfitieri  or  controversies,  and  administer  peace  and  rest  to  the  inhabitants, 
the  General  Court,  Feb.  25,  1813,  ordered  that  the  representa- 


*  See  Pamphlet,  ISil,  1S3  pa^es,— containing  Commissioners'  Report  and 
Documents  i—also  Report  condensed,— Resolves,  June  20,  ISll,  p.  219,  238. 

f  Ibid.  p.  239,  41 ;  and  the  Attorney-General  was  required  to  attend  the 
Commissioners  on  behalf  of  the  Commonwealth's  claims.— See  the  mbmis- 
sion  in  form,  tmder  40  signatures  and  seals,  JS^ov.  8,  liiU.— Resolves, 
p.  193-5. 

I  Tiic  half  township  granted  to  Lincoln  Acadcmj',  is  part  of  the  town  of 
Jclferson. 

^  See  Report;  Resolves,  1813,  p.  182,  197.— The  number  of  Releases 
were  52.     Tlie  money  paid  the  referees  for  their  services,  exceeded  $3,000. 


Chap,  xxiv.]  of  maine.  525 

live  of  every  man  who  had  settled  in  these  towns  before  January  A.  D.  1812. 
1,  1789,  should  be  quieted  on  200   acres,   for   five  dollars;  and  Uieirrepre- 
all  others  on  paymg  oO  cents  per  acre,  whose  lots  were  m  no  in- 
stance to  be  larger  than  those  of  the  former   class.     The  agents 
appointed  to  execute  the  deeds,   were   Benjamin  Orr  and  Jere- 
miah Bailey. 

The  whole  number  of  votes  for  Governor,  in  1812,  was  Governor 
104,156;  of  which  Mr.  Strong  had  52,696,  and  was  elected  eiS.""^" 
the  eighth  time,  by  a  small  majority  over  Mr.  Gerry.  To  the 
House  there  were  returned  745  members  ;  214  of  whom  were 
from  Maine.  There  was  a  majority  of  Federalists  in  this  branch, 
and  of  Democrats  in  the  Senate  : — Consequently  the  Council 
were  of  Federal  politics. 

The  Governor  in  his  speech  to  the  General  Court,  deprecated  His  speech, 
with  much  good  sense  the  warmth  and  acumen  of  party, — the 
animosities  it  awakened — and  the  attacks  made  upon  reputation 
and  motives — because  of  a  dilference  only  in  judgment ;  adding 
— "  such  offensive  imputations  are  injurious  to  the  peace  of  the 
State,  and  threaten  its  prosperity  ;  for  if  party  abuse  should  be- 
come general  and  indiscriminate,  we  shall  lose  one  of  the  most 
powerful  motives  to  meritorious  conduct.  The  virtuous  and 
vicious  will  be  placed  in  the  same  light,  and  men  of  unblemished 
character  will  wish  to  have  as  little  concern  in  public  affairs  as 
possible,  that  they  may  preserve  their  reputation." 

Next  to  the  spirit  of  party,  was  the  passion  for  banks ; — twenty  s;^  „^^ 
of  them  receiving   charters,  June   23  ;  six  of  which  were  estab-  ^^aine.'" 
lished  in  Maine,*  whose  charters  were  all  limited  in  duration  to 
Oct.  1,   1831.     Observing  this   uncommon    solicitude   to   make 
large   banking  investments,  the  country  members  of  the  General 
Court,  supposed  the  stock  must  be  highly  productive  ;  and  there- 
fore,  the   same   day,  the   General   Court  laid  a  tax  of  one   per 
cent,  upon  the  capital  stock  of  every  bank,  to  be  paid  half-yearly  First  bank 
into  the  treasury  of  the  State. f 

*  These  were  the  Balh — Cumberland — Hallowell  and  Augusta — TViscas- 
set — Kenneheck — and  Saco  Banks — making-  ten  in  Ihe  District  of  Maine. 
[Sec  ante  A.  D.  1802-3-4.]  Maine  and  Penobscot  Banks  having  failed,  or 
stopped  payment. 

t  When  these  Banks  commenced  business,  the  banking  capital  in  Maine 
was  $1,620,000,  and  consequently  paid  into  the  State  Treasury  annually, 
$16,200  tax. 

Vol.  II.  79 


626  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II. 

A.D.  1812.      The  number  of  towns  established  in  1812,  were  seven,  which 
Seventowns  were  all  incorporated  the  same  month,  namely,  Bingham,*  the 

incorporat-  m  i  •  • 

ed.  6th ;    TroYjI   [Kingville,']    Bbewer,J    and    Dearborn,^    the 

22d ;    Phillips, II    the  25th;    SebeCjIT   the  28th;    and    Fox- 

*  jBi?i^/iam,  (189th  town,)  was  first  settled  about  the  year  178 1.  Its  plant- 
ation name  was  Carralunk-,  from  its  contig'uity  to  a  waterfall  of  the  same 
name,  just  below,  in  the  Kennebeck  river.  It  was  incorporated  by  its 
present  name,  out  of  respect  to  the  great  land-holder  in  Maine,  William 
Bingham.  Its  contents  were  23,040  acres.  The  first  settlers  were  quiet- 
ed by  the  General  Court,  and  the  residue  of  the  township  sold  by  the  State 
to  Mr.  Bing'ham.  It  was  surveyed  in  1801,  by  Philip  Bullen. — MS.  Let. 
ofObed  Wilson,  Esq.  IR19. 

f  Troy,  (190th  town,)  was  incorporated  Kingville,  in  honor  of  the  first 
Governor  of  Maine  ;  changed  in  1814,  to  Joy — because  much  of  the  town 
was  owned  by  Benjamin  Jo}',  Esq.  Its  third  name  is  Troy.  When  a  plant- 
ation, it  was  called  BntZ^fsioicn  ;  General  Bridge  of  Chelmsford,  (Mass.) 
having-  a  principal  agency  in  the  first  settlement.  On  the  west,  it  adjoins 
25  mile  pond,  and  contains  20,052  acres.  It  was  surveyed  by  Ballard  in 
1797.  A  Post-office  was  established  in  this  town  in  1817. — MS.  Letter  of 
James  Parker,  Esq. 

\  Brewer,  (I91st  town,)  was  taken  from  the  northerly  part  of  Orrington. 
— [See  this  town,  March  21,  1788.] — The  name  was  in  compliment  to  John 
Brewer,  Esq.  one  of  the  first  settlers,  from  Worcester;  and  hence,  it  was 
first  c^iWed  Jfew- Worcester.  He  began  to  build  his  mill  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Segeunkcdunk,  in  1770,  and  made  the  first  improvements  attempted  in 
town.  The  occupation  of  'Biguyduce  in  1779,  by  the  British,  checked  the 
settlement  till  peace.  In  1784,  the  township  was  surveyed  by  Barnabas 
Dodge;  and  the  next  year  the  State  granted  to  Brewer  and  Fowler  the 
front  or  water  lots,  lying  on  the  Penobscot,  and  to  Knapp  and  associates 
the  residue  of  Brewer  and  Orrington.  Rev.  Seth  Noble  was  installed 
pastor  of  Bangor  and  Brewer.  A  Post-Office  was  established  in  1800  ;  and 
Colonel  Brewer  was  the  first  Post-master.  In  1813,  a  new  Post-office 
was  established  in  Orrington.  The  same  year,  in  January,  Rev.  Thomas 
Williams  was  settled  in  Brewer.  The  town  contains  23,582  acres,  and  in 
1816,  there  were  in  it,  86  dwellinghouses.  The  first  Representative  to  the 
General  Court,  was  O.  Leonard,  Esq., — who  lived  in  this  part  of  the  old 
town MS.  Let.  of  Hon.  D.  Perham. 

^  Dearborn,  (192d  town,)  was  so  called  in  compliment  to  General  Henry 
Dearborn.  It  is  separated  from  Rome  by  "  Great  Pond."  In  1820,  the 
town  contained  80  taxable  polls,  and  38  dwellinghouses.  This  township  is 
a  part  of  the  Plymouth  patent. 

II  Phillips,  (193d  town,)  was  granted  by  the  State,  Feb.  15,  1794,  to  Jacob 
Abbot.  It  embraces  22,490  acres.  It  lies  southerly  of  Mount  Abraham. 
In  1820,  the  town  contained  103  rateable  polls. 

H  Scbec,  (194th  town,)  is  an  Indian  name  from  a  beautiful  stream  that 
passes  through  the  town. — In  Feb.  1796,  four  townships  of  land,  six  miles 
square,  Nos.  4,  5,  6,  and  7,  in  the  7th  range,  incorporated,  Sebec,  Foxcrojt, 


Chap,  xxiv.]  of  Maine.  g27 

CROFT,*  the  29th  of  February ;  making  154  municipal  towns  a.d.  I812. 
incorporated  since  the  close  of  the  Revolutionary  war, — a  period 
short  of  thirty  years. 


Guilford  and  Abbot,  equal  to  92,160  acres,  were  given  by  the  State  to  Bow- 
doin  CoUeg-e.  Sebec  was  settled  about  1804-5.— [See  article  Bowdoin  Col- 
lege, ante,  1794.] 

*  Foxcroft,  (195th  town,)  was  granted  to  Bowdoin  College,— [See  Sebec,] 
—and  first  settled  in  the  year  1805  ;  Nathaniel  and  Samuel  Chamberlain 
being-  among  tlie  first  settlers.  Its  corporate  name  was  chosen  in  com- 
pliment to  Joseph  E.  Foxcroft,  Esq.,  a  Senator  and  Sheriff  of  Cumberland 
County,  and  proprietor.  Here  is  a  bridg-e  across  the  Piscatequis,— "  one 
arch  over  the  main  channel  being  120  feet."  There  is  in  town  a  small 
social  library  ;— also  an  Academy,  incorporated  in  Feb.  1823,  and  endowed 
with  half  a  township  of  land,  called  '  Foxcroft  Academy  ;'— a  flourishing- 
institution. 


628  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.   II. 


CHAPTER  XXV. 

British  aggressions — Embargo  and  war — Defensive  measures — The 
Fedrralists  oppose  the  loar — General  Hairs  surrender — Seamen's 
war — Naval  actions — Senators  to  General  Court,  and  Represent- 
atives   to  Congress — Electors — Laros   repealed — Six   neio   Banks 

— Corporeal  punishment   abolished — Peace   Societies Sweden, 

Freedom,  Levant  and  St.  Albans  incorporated — Direct  tax — De- 
fence— Boxer  taken  by  the  Enterprize — Perry's  victory — Gun- 
boats— Battles — British  manifesto — Mediation  of  Russia — Pri- 
vateering, shipping  and  speculation — Restrictive  system  aban- 
doned— A  general  BlocJiodc — Call  for  the  militia  by  the  Presi- 
dent disobeyed — Brilliant  successes  of  the  American  arms — 3Ianu- 
factures — Vcduatio?i — Eight  iow?is  incorporated — Maine  Theo- 
logical Se^ninary  and  Hancock  Free  School  established. 

A  WAR  with  Great  Britain  appeared,  in  the  opening  year,  of 
A.D.  1812.  1812,  to  be  inevitable.  Our  merchants'  vessels  had  fur  too  long 
British  ng-   submitted  to  search  and  detention  :  our  flas;  had  been  repeatedly 

gicssions.  ;>  o  i  j 

insulted  ;  6,252  of  our  seamen  had  been  impressed  into  the  war- 
ships of  the  British,  and  were  reported  to  be  still  detained  in 
their  service  ;  our  efforts  to  maintain  a  strict  and  impartial  neu- 
traHty  had  been  ill-treated  and  abused  ;  and  every  measure  taken 
by  our  National  Government  towards  the  belligerents,  was  viewed 
with  jealousy  and  dislike  by  the  British  cabinets,  unless  in  some 
way  particularly  favorable  or  partial  to  that  nation.  In  fact,  so 
obstinately  determined  was  England  to  persist,  in  the  practice  of 
search  and  impressment,  that  she  refused  to  relax  j  though  she 
knew  that  our  government,  after  Buonaparte  had  receded  from 
his  pedatory  system,  must  either  take  arms  against  her,  or  vio- 
late not  only  every  principle  of  honor,  but  also  an  express  en- 
gagement. Such  was  the  unhappy  alternative,  to  which  the  su- 
perior art  and  foresight  of  Buonaparte,  the  usurping  ruler  of  na- 
tions ;  and  the  superior  pride  of  England,  the  assumed  mistress 
of  the  ocean,  had  now  brought  the  American  government.  It 
was  utterly  vain  to  expostulate  longer  against  injuries,  or  to  talk 
of  maintaining    neutral  ground  ;  our  forbearance  was  viewed    by 


Chap,  xxv.]  of  Maine.  629 

the  British  as  pusillanimity,  and  our  little  navy  treated  with  con- A.D.  I812. 
tempt. 

In  this  political  emergency,  Congress,  April  4,   laid  a  general  April  4. 
embargo,  for  ninety  days,  on  all  vessels  within  the  harbors  of  the    '"'"'="• 
United  States  ; — a  measure  which  gave  a  greater   shock  to  the 
American  community,  because  it  was  generally  believed  to   be  a 
precursor  of  war.     Nor  were  the  public  ap])rehensions  mistaken  ; 
for  Congress,  the  same  session,  June  18,  '  declared  war  to  exist  ^,^"^  's. 

^  '  .      .  .        '  W.iiileclar- 

*  between  Great  Britain  and  the  United  States.^  ed- 

Immediately,  the  government  called  upon  the  States,  for  a  de-  Hefensive 

.  ,  .  .         measures. 

tachment  of  100,000  militiamen,  of  whom  the  quota  for  Maine, 
was  2,500  ;  and  also  made  provision  for  raising  an  army  and  en- 
larging the  navy.  The  summer  was  principally  consumed  in 
making  preparations  for  the  conflict.  But  England  being  one 
of  the  allied  nations  of  Europe,  then  engaged  in  a  bloody  war 
at  home,  was  illy  prepared  for  hostilities  in  this  hemisphere  ;  and 
during  a  year  or  more,  the  people  of  Maine  were  only  sufferers 
in  common  with  others,  situated  on  navigable  waters,  and  deeply 
engaged,  as  they  had  been,  in  commerce,  coasting  and  the  fish- 
eries. 

Never  before,  as  on  this  occasion,  had  the  Federalists  suffered  vioiencR  of 
themselves  to  be  wrought  up  to  equal  party  heat  and  violence,  is,^'*  ^'^^' 
They  now  gave  reins  to  invective  and  reprehension.  To  men- 
tion a  thousandth  part  of  the  objections  raised  by  them  against 
this  '  iniquitous  w^ar,'  as  they  called  it,  would,  without  affording 
pleasure  or  profit,  far  transcend  my  limits.  Suffice  it  to  say, 
that  the  character  of  their  opposition  to  the  policy  and  measures 
of  g04'ernment,  exhibited  marks  of  peculiar  obstinacy  and  insub- 
ordination. They  said  the  country  was  plunged  into  a  vortex  of 
ruin  : — But  as  the  laws  of  duty  require  of  us  hope,  and  even  faith 
in  their  sincerity  and  patriotism,  it  is  my  design  to  refrain  from 
strictures  upon  the  impropriety  of  their  course  : — Likewise,  con- 
cerning the  war  itself,  my  purpose  is  to  relate  no  more  of  its 
events  and  incidents,  than  what  has  a  connexion  with  the  History 
of  this  State. 

The  first  considerable   event  of  the  war  was   disastrous  : — it  Au^^ust  le, 
was  the  surrender  of  Gen.  Hull's  army,  August  16,  with  the  fort  oMJenerai 
at  Detroit,  into  tbe  hands  of  the   enemy — the  news  of   which    "  '• 
many  of  the  Federalists  were  ingenuous  enough  to  declare,  gave 
them  no  pain   to  hear.     They,  as  a  party,  had  professed  to  be 


630  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II, 

A.D.  1812.  uniform  advocates  for  the  support  of  a  respectable  naval   arma- 
ment ;  and   they   insisted   if  the   present  was,  according  to  the 
yeamcn's     Democratic   doctrine,   "the   Seamen's    War, — undertaken    for 

or  hailors 

war.  "yree  trade  and  Sailors^  riglits,''^   and  not  for  conquest,  it  ought 

to  be  confined  to  the  element  where  the  wrongs  were  committed. 
They  thought  no  other  course   could  be  consistent ;  and,  in  fact, 

Naval  ac-    °"^'  successes  by  sea  were  repeated   and   brilliant.      For   within 

nous.  Qj-jg  year,  the  Guerriere  and  the  Ja?;a  were  captured  by  the  Cow- 

stitution  ;*  the  Frolic  by  the  Wasp  ;f  the  Macedonian  by  the 
United  States  ^"^  and  the  Peacock  by  the  Hoi-net.^  Subsequent- 
ly, it  is  true,  we  lost  the  Chesapeake,  and  the  Argus  ;\\  but  they 
were  victories  which  the  Shannon  and  the  Pelican  won  at  a  costly 
sacrifice  of  blood. 

Seven  Eiec-      Determined  to  throw  the  whole  weisht  of  the  Commonwealth 

tors  chosen.  ^  ^ 

into  the  Federal  scale,  at  the   approaching   Presidential  election^ 
the  General  Court  formed  the  State  into  six  districts ;  of  which 
York,  Cumberland  and  Oxford  constituted   one,  and   chose  three 
electors  ; — Lincoln,  Kennebeck  and  Somerset,  one,  and  chose  the 
same  number  ; — and  Hancock  and  Washington  a  third  and  chose 
one, — all  of  whom  were  found  by  the  returns  to  be,  as  was  ex- 
pected, of  Federal  politics.lF 
A.D:  1813.      In   1813-14-15,  Gov.   Strong  was  re-elected  by  handsome 
The  State    majorities  ;  and  the  political  character  of  the  Legislature  continu- 
iion,Feder- ed  unchanged.     His  competitors  for  the   Governor's  chair,  were 
first.  Gen.  Joseph  B.  Varnum  ;  and  afterwards,  Samuel  Dexter. 
Yet,  if  the  votes  given  for  Governor  be  a  criterion,**  the  people 

*  These  actions  were  Aug-.  19,  and  Dec.  29,  (1812).        f  Oct.  18,(1812. 
J  Oct.  25,  (1812.)         5  Feb.  24,  (1813.)         |1  June  1,  and  Aug-.  14,  (1813.) 
IT  These  were,  Nathaniel  Goodwin,  Samuel  Parris,  Lathrop  Lewis,  Abiel 
Wood,  Lemuel  Paine,  James  McLellan,  and  WilUam  Crosby. 
**  The  votes  for  Governor  stood  thus  : 

Strong.     Varnum. 
In  1813— York  County,  2,463        2,810   In  1814- 

Cumberland,  3,041        2,440 

Lincoln,  2,720        2,618 

Hancock,  1,443         1,643 

Kennebeck,  2.005         2,700 

Oxford,  ,902         1,491 

Somerset,  ,786  ,764 

Washington,  ,375  ,339 


Strong. 

Dexter. 

-2,357 

3,204 

3,193 

2,732 

2,730 

2,873 

1,515 

2,136 

1,845 

2,612 

,953 

1,767 

,712 

,769 

,421 

,291 

13,735       14,805  13,726       16,381 


A  els   (if  the 
(oniifT  <id- 
niiiiislra- 


ChaP.  XXV.]  OF  MAINE.  531 

of  Maine  were  by  a  decided  majority  the  supporters  of  the  Gen-  A.  D.  1813. 
eral  Government  and  its  measures  ;  possessing  fewer  predilections 
for  the  English,  or  perhaps  more  for  France,  than  those  of  Mas- 
sachusetts. To  what,  but  a  spirit  of  patriotism  shall  we  trace  the 
cause  ? — If  her  exposure,  losses,  and  privations  were  great;  were 
not  ours  greater  in  proportion  to  our  navigation  and  wealth  ? — liav- 
ing  an  extensive  seacoasl,  limited  by  a  Province  of  the  enemy, 
open  and  undefended  in  hundreds  of  places? 

At  the  June  session,  the  General  Court  repealed  three  acts  of  Several 
the  preceding  Democratic  administration  ;  namely,  those  requir 
ing  the  Representatives  to  be  paid  out  of  the  public  treasury  ;—  "lllirrc- 
limiting  the  term  of  the  Sherifts'  appointment  to  the  period  of  ^'''''^'^' 
five  years  ; — and  forming  the  State  into  senatorial  districts.  An- 
other districting  took  place,  on  the  24th  of  the  ensuing  February, 
when  nine  senators,  instead  of  ten,  was  the  number  assigned  to 
Maine;  and  on  the  20th  of  the  same  month,  the  law  authorizing 
the  Supreme  Executive  to  appoint  the  Clerks  of  the  Judicial 
Courts  was  also  repealed,  and  the  appointing  power  revested  in 
the  Judges  of  the  several  Courts.     The  raire  for  banking  seem-  „. 

°  .  ^  o  Six  new 

ed   not  to  have  abated  ;  for  in  the   present  and  succeeding  year,  f'^"i<s  '"- 

T>i  ii-ii-TiT-  1.  corporaiecf;. 

SIX  new  lianks  were  established  m  Mame,  each  with  a  capital  of  or  their 
100,000  dollars.*     There  was  one   legislative  act  passed,  this  vived. 
year,  which  does  great  honor  to  our  statute-book.     This  was  the 
total  abolishment  of  corporeal  punishment ;  though  it  had,  bv  non- 

,  ,        .  .  ,  ^  Corporeal 

usage,  since  the  adoption  of  the  State  constitution,  become  essen-  pmiish- 
tially  obsolete,  rublic  sentiment  upon  the  manner  of  treating  ished. 
criminals,  had  undergone  a  gradual  and  happy  improvement.  In- 
stead of  whipping,  cropping,  branding,  standing  in  the  pillory, 
and  sitting  upon  the  gallows,  it  was  believed  that  confinement  to 
hard  labor  and  a  period  of  prison  discipline,  would  have  a  better 
effect  towards  correcting  the  habits  and  amending  the  dispositions 
of  the  heart,  than  the  infliction  of  bodily  suffering  or  mental  pain. 
Certainly  it  was  more  agreeable  to  the  dictates  of  religion,  and 
the  principles  of  a  humane  government,  to  effect,  if  possible,  die 
moral  cure  of  an  offender,  than  to  drive  him  with  marks  of  in- 
famy to  despair. 

*  These  were  Lincoln,  Kennebunk,  Bang-or,  Aiig-usta,  Gardiner  and 
Waterville  banks.  The  latter  four  were  incorporated  in  January  and 
February,  1814;  but  all  were  to  expire  Oct.  1,  1331. 


532  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II. 

A.  u.  1813.  The  voice  of  peace,  ever  a  most  exhilarating  sound,  was  at 
Washing-  this  period  heard  through  the  land  ;  not,  however,  from  the  pow- 
im  socu-°"  ers  in  arms,  hut  from  the  opposers  of  the  war,  the  self-denominat- 
t.cs  foiniyii.  ^j  ^  ^^^^^  ^j.  pgj^(^g^>      War,   according  to  their   doctrine,  was  a 

most  deadly  evil,  both  in  principle  and  effect,  and  peace  the  great- 
est good  ;  and  in  a  radical  sense,  it  must  be  acknowledged,  there  was 
pure  reason  and  correctness  in  their  position.  To  promote,  there- 
fore, their  benign  and  benevolent  purpose,  associations  were  form- 
ed in  many  places,  which  they  called  "  The  Washington  Benevo- 
lent Societies  ;"  and  had  they  originated  at  any  other  period,  and 
been  unmixed  with  party-politics,  they  must  have  received  the 
approbation  of  all  good  men. 

Four  (owns       The  towns  incorporated  in   1813,   were /our,   viz.   Sweden,* 

niiosporat-  "p^j^^  26  ;  FREED0M,f  the  1 1  th  J  LEVANT,f  and  St.  Albans,§ 
the  14th  of  June. 

Direct  tax.  Additional  taxes,  as  well  as  privations,  are  necessarily  among 
the  incidents  of  war  ;  and  of  the  $3,000,000  directly  levied  by 
Congress  on  the  lands  of  the  United  States,  to  be  collected  after 
the  ensuing  January,  $74,220  were  apportioned  to  the  District 
of  Maine  ;  a  tax  which  the  majority  of  the  people  met  and   paid 

Enlistments,  with  patriotic  spirit.  Enlistments  also  were  animated  ;  and  it  is 
believed,  a  greater  number  of  soldiers  was  recruited  for  the 
army,  in  this  District,  according   to  its  population,  than   in   any 

Companies  one  of  the  States.     Companies  of  regular  troops  were   establish- 

£iaiioned.  ,         t~«  i     -r-^  i        i      t-«i  •      i  /-^       •  it" 

ed  at  Portland,  Kennebunk,  Phipsburg,   Castuie    and    i^astport  j 


*  Sweden,  (the  I96th  town,)  was  taken  from  the  southerly  part  of  Lovell. 
[See  Lovell,  ante,  ISOO.]     It  lies  eastward  of  Fryebin-g-h. 

•f-  Freedom,  (197th  town,)  was  a  name  chosen  by  the  inhabitants.  The 
first  settlement  was  begun  by  the  Messrs.  Smiths  in  1794,  and  hence  called 
Siiiithtown  :  then  Bcaver-hill  plantaticu.  The  town  contains  about  14,000 
acres.  It  lies  south  of  Unity  nnd  is  a  part  of  the  Plymouth  Patent.  It  was 
surveyed  in  1813.  A  Post-OtTicc  was  established  here  in  1817;  and  the 
town  was  represented  in  the  General  Court,  in  1818,  by  Matthew  Randall, 
Esq. 

\  Levant,  (198th  town,)  called  Kenduskeag  plantation,  was  sold  by  the 
State  to  William  Wetmore,  in  1792.  The  first  settler  was  Joseph  Clark, 
one  of  the  refugees  with  Col.  Eddy,  from  Nova  Scotia.  Clark  began  to 
cut  trees  in  17S9.  In  1801,  Moses  Hodsdon's  was  the  12th  house  built  in 
town  ;  and  he  was  the  first  Post-Master.  The  first  bridge  over  the  Iven- 
duskeag,  at  the  vilb.ge,  was  built  in  1802. 

\  St.  Albans,  (199th  town,)  was  sold  by  the  State,  in  June,  1799,  to  John 
Warren.     In  1820,  there  were  in  this  town  only  18  dwellinghouses. 


Chap,  xxv,]  of  Maine.  633 

though  the  principal  reliance  for  defence,  in   case  of   an  attack,  a.  d.  1813. 
was  upon  the  militia,- — the  number  at  this  time  in  the  District,  Miiiiia  in 

,     ,.  ,  1  MI  I     •        ^,    ■,  ^  Maine. 

mcluding  cavalry  and  artillery,  being  21,121  men. 

H^he  Boxer,  a  British  bris;  of  18  2;uns,  carrvine  104  men, 'T'^*' E"^^*" 
and  commanded  by  Capt.  Blythe,  had  been  ordered  to  cruise  offi'^e  Kmer- 
Portland,  for  the  purpose  of  bringing  the  American  brig  Enierprize 
of  16  guns  and  102  men,  Capt.  Burrows,  to  an  engagement.- 
They  discovered  each  other  on  the  morning  of  Sept.  5th  ;  and 
at  a  quarter  past  3  in  the  afternoon,  the  action  commenced  with- 
in half-pistol  shot.  For  thirty-five  minutes  the  firing  was  ani- 
mated and  incessant,  when  the  Boxer  struck  her  colours,  hav- 
ing lost  46  men  in  killed  and  wounded.  Only  two  of  our  men 
were  slain,  though  twelve  others  received  severe,  if  not  mortal 
wounds; — also  both  commanders  fell  early  in  the  action.  The 
Enterprize,  arriving  at  Portland  the  next  day  with  her  prize, 
was  greeted  with  great  and  heart-felt  exultation, — damped  only  by 
the  death  of  the  intrepid  Burrows  and  his  brave  companions. 
He  was  interred  with  every  demonstration  of  attachment,  re- 
spect, and  grief  J  and  a  fort,  afterwards  erected  for  the  defence 
of  the  harbor,  was  called  by  his  name.  The  capture  of  the 
Boxer,  was  an  event  which  excited  more  universal  joy  among 
the  inhabitants  upon  the  eastern  coast,  because  of  the  great  an- 
noyance she  had  been  to  our  coasting.  She  had  also  been  a 
troublesome  visitant  at  several  of  the  Islands, 

But  the  event  which  rendered  this  season  peculiarly  memora-  Perry's  vk- 
ble,  was  the  brilliant  victory  of  Commodore  Perry,  Sept.  10, 
on  lake  Erie.  This  excited  a  general  burst  of  rejoicing  and  ap- 
plause ; — as  the  Federalists  and  Democrats  were  happily  joint 
partakers,  in  the  joy  and  triumph  occasioned  by  these  naval  vic- 
tories. Nay,  the  former,  with  sentiments  of  exultation,  often  con-^ 
trasted  the  navy,  which  they  said  they  had  always  espoused,  and 
which  had  already  won  to  the  nation  so  much  glory,— with  the 
*  contemptible'  Gunboats,  as  they  called  them,  of  Mr.  Jefferson's  upo„  gud-' 
administration, — a  futile  system  of  experiments,  totally  unable, 
either  to  protect  our  seaports,  or  our  commerce,-^or  to  educe 
for  the  country  a  spark  of  honor. 

In  this  eventful  year,  we  have,  fortunately,  more   than  a  triple  pauies  of 
offset    for  the  capture  of   General  Winchester's  army,  at  the'a';^^"" 
river  Raisin,  and  the  defeat   of  Major   Beaseley,  at  the  river  Eng''^''- 
Vol.  II.  80 


634  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  11. 

A.  D.  1813,  Tenshaw,  by  the  British  : — in  the  success  of  our  arms  at  York, 
— the  signal  victory  of  General  Harrison,  Oct.  1,  over  General 
Proctor,  near  '  Old  Moravian  town  ;' — and  the  well  fought  battle 
at  Williamsburgli — all  in  Upper  Canada  ; — to  which,  add  three 
victories  over  the  Creek  Nations  at  the  southward. 

British  man-  rj.j^^  p^.j^^^^  Regent  of  Great  Britain,  in  a  Cabinet  Manifesto 
of  January  8,  (1813,)  reviewed  the  unprecedented  course  of  pol- 
icy pursued  by  the  ruler  of  France,  charged  the  American  gov- 
ernment with  entire  subserviency  to  his  measures,  and  affected 
to  be  surprised,  that  the  "  exercise  of  the  undoubted  and  hitherto 
"  undisputed  right  of  searching  neutral  merchant  vessels  in  time 
"  of  war,  and  the  impressment  of  British  seamen  when  found 
"  therein,  could  be  deemed  any  violation  of  a  neutral  flag  ; — or 
"  to  take  such  seamen  from  on  board  of  such  vessels,  could  be 
"  considered  by  any  neutral  state,  as  a  hostile  measure,  or  a  jus- 
"  tifiable  cause  of  war."  But  it  seems  he  was  now  evidently  de- 
termined to  prosecute  with  more  vigor,  the  war  waged  against 
him  by  the  United  States,  as  he  was  prepared  and  enabled  to  do, 
in  consequence  of  the  daily  reverses  of  Buonaparte's  fortune  and 

iMetiiatioii  of  success    against  the   allies.     In    the    mean  time,    the    Emperor 

vusMa.  ^j-  j^^ggjj^  proposed  to  mediate  a  reconciliation  between  the  Brit- 
ish and  Americans — an  office  of  friendship  which  met  with  ac- 
ceptance ;  and  our  embassy  sailed  in  May,  and  met  the  British 
envoys  at  Ghent,  on  the  8th  of  August, 

Privateer-  Bv  both  nations,  privateering  had  been  authorized,  and  its 
baleful  efiects  were  fully  experienced  by  us,  along  our  eastern 
coasts  and  among  the  Islands.  The  adventure  of  foreign  voy- 
ages was  too  i)azardous  to  be  so  much  as  mentioned  ;  for  even 
the  enterprizes  of  fishermen  and  coasters  were  checked  and  de- 
stroyed ;  several  sloops  and  schooners  being  plundered,  taken  or 

Shipping  of  burnt.  Men  finding  no  employ  for  their  vessels,  drew  them  up 
'and  dismantled  them  ;  and  shipping  sunk  in  fact,  to  be  worth  not 

I'rrivisioiis    half  its  fomier  value.     Articles  of  importation,  not  even  except- 

dean**  ""  i"§  Aoui'  and  breadstufFs,  in  this  eastern  country  commanded  ex- 
travagant prices  ;  living  was  expensive,  and  sometimes,  among 
the  poor,  quite  difficult.  Speculation  seemed  to  float  without 
control ;  and  the  unaccountable  fluctuation  in  the  prices  of  for- 
eign articles  imported,  was  such  as  to  beggar  all  the  sagacity  and 
experience  of  the  most  shrewd  and  calculating  merchants  and 


Chap,  xxv.]  of  Maine.  635 

men.*     Fortunes  were  made  and  lost  in  a  day  ;  and  nothing  but  a.  d.  isis. 
some   gleams  of  peace,  seemed  to  check   this  maddening    spirit  Specuia- 
of  risque  and  theoretic  adventure. 

On  the  recommendation  of  the  President,   March  30,    1814,  A.  D.  1814. 
Cons;ress  at  lensrth  repealed   all  the  restrictive   laws  which   had  ^'arch  so. 

^  o  I  ^  liestriclive 

been  passed.     But  it  had  no  essential  effect  upon  our  commerce  laws  all  re- 
or    navisration.     Our   seaboard  was   infested   with  British  cruis- 


')D^ 


April  25. 


ers  ;  and  on  the  25th  of  April,  the    whole  of  our  Atlantic  coast  The  wi.oie 

r  -n  HT-      •     •       •  11  11  Ai-i/^1      American 

from  Eastport  to  Mississippi,  was   declared   by   Admiral   Cocn-  coast  biock- 
rane,  to  be  in  a  state  of  blockade.     For  the  purposes  of  defence, 
the  President  next  made  a  requisition  upon   the    States,  for   pro- 
visional detachments  of  the  militia,  proposing  to   command   them 
in  the  field  by  one  ol  his  officers.     Gov.  Strons;  disregarded   the  Governor 

•^  _  o  o  Strong  re- 

call, a]le2;in2:,  that  if  they  were  commanded   by  any   other   than  fuses lo obey 

.'^        .^  .  .  1  -I-    ''le  P''e^'- 

himself,  as  Captain-General,  or  his  subordinates,  they   might,   in  dent's  call 

for   the 

violation  of  the  State  Constitution,  be  marched  beyond  the  limits  jMHitia. 
of  the  Commonwealth,  and  its  own  citizens  left  undefended  ;  he 
and    his   political   supporters    insisting,   that  the    administration, 
which  had   plunged  the  nation  into  war  and    exacted  allegiance, 
ought  to  provide  and  guaranty  protection.     As  a  party,  they  ap- 
peared disposed  to  leave  no  expedient   unessayed    to  thwart  the 
policy  of  the  general  government,  so  far  as  conquest  was  the  ob- 
ject.    For  instance.  General  Provost,  Governor  of  Lower  Can- 
ada, had,  in  October  last,  ordered  45  of  our  officers   and   sol- 
diers into  close  confinement ;  and,  therefore,  to  retaliate  the  wrong,  Retaliation 
the  President  sent  eleven  officers  to   the  county  goal  in    Worces-  h'^ij,!,'.'^*^ 
ter.     But  the  General  Court  refused  to  allow  the  United    States 
the   use  of  the   county  prisons  for  such    a   purpose  ; — a  refusal, 
however,   which  good   sense,   ingenuousness  and  justice,   could 
hardly  approve. 

The  events  and  battles  between  the  20th  of  March  and  the  5th 
of  October,  1814,  were  more  important  and  memorable  than  all  The  battles, 

'  '  I  c\enis  and 

the  rest  during  the  war.   Though  the  Essex,  commanded  by  Capt.  American 

.  _,   .  .  .    successes, 

Porter,  was  captured  at  Valparaiso,  March  28  ;  she  cost  a  British  this  year, 

*  Before  the  war, —  Since  the  war, — 

Coffee  was  from  18  to  20cts.  per  lb.  In  1813,  from  35  to  38  ;  1814-15,-20  lo  22  per  lb. 
Molasses,       "     60  to  70  per  gall,  "        "     1,50,  60  to  Go  per  gall _ 

Souchong  tea,    1,40  to  1,50  per  lb.  "        "     1,90  to  2,00  "  90  to  1,00  per  Ib^ 

Hyson  tea,     "  1,80  to  1,90  per  lb.  "        "     3,00  to  3,10"  1,60  to  1,90  do. 

Cog.  Brandy,  "  1,80  to  2,00  per  Ibi  "        "    3,00  to  3,50  "  1,80  to  2,20  per  gall- 


036  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II. 

A.  D.  13H.  frigate,  the  Phebe,  and  a  sloop  of  war,  the  Cheruh,  so  hard  a 
fought  battle  for  two  hours  and  a  half,  that  their  commanders  were 
forced  to  concede  to  Porter  and  his  brave  men,  the  merit  of  well 
earned,  imperishable  glory.  To  this  succeeded  the  capture  of 
the  British  Epervier,  April  29,  by  Captain  Warrington  in  the 
Peacock.  Next  the  defeat  of  the  British  at  Chippewa,  July  4, 
by  General  Brown  ;  and  his  second  sanguinary  battle,  July  25, 
at  Btidgewater,  near  Niagara  Falls,  with  the  army  under  General 
Drummond  :  Also  the  capture  of  the  British  sloop  of  war,  prob-- 
ably  the  Avon,  by  Captain  Blakely,  in  the  Wasp  ;  which  he  was 
obliged  to  leave,  in  consequence  of  an  attack  by  two  other  ves- 
sels of  war,  The  defeat  of  Sir  George  Provost  at  Plattsburgh, 
Sept.  5th  ;  and  the  splendid  victory  of  Conjmodore  Chauncy, 
Sept.  11,  on  Lake  Champlain,  The  unsuccessful  attack  of  the 
British  upon  Bakimore,  and  the  battle.  Sept,  17,  between  the 
forces  of  General  Brown  and  General  Drummond,  connected 
with  the  preceding  events,  acquired  to  the   American  arms  fresh 

„,   L.         and   verdant  laurels.     If   the  enemy,   in   August,  could  boast  of 

Washington  j  '        ^  lj 

city  laken.  capturjng  Washington,  the  seat  of  our  National  Government :  it  was 
an  exploit,  basely  tarnished  by  the  Vandal  destruction  made  o( 
the  Capitol,  President's  House  and  the  Public  Offices. 

Manufac-         But  though  war  be  an  evil,  and  its  effects  were  severely  felt 

^""''*'  by  the  eastern  people  ;  it  had  manifestly  become  promotive  of  the 

mechanic  arts  and  manufacturing  establishments.  Our  country 
abounded  with  materials  ;  men  of  wealth  and  business  were  ready[to 
make  heavy  investments  in  factories;  and  the  General  Court, this 
year  incorporated  about  thirty  Companies  for  the  purposes  ot  manu-. 
facturing  cottons, woollens,  duck,  glass,  files,  wire  and  other  articles. 

General  According  to  the  State  valuation,  revised  and  completed  this 

year,  the  taxable  property  in  Maine  amounted  to  nearly  one  mill-^ 
ion  and  a  half  of  dollars ;  and  the  taxable   polls  were  upwards 

Nine  new    gf  fifiy-one  thousand,*     There  were  nine  towns  established  this 


*  Rateable  Polls. 

Counties. 

Valuation. 

Ratio  of  $1,000. 

9,29.3 

York 

$288,522,07 

$42,12 

9,.577 

Cumberland 

338,495.07 

48,08 

10,093 

Lincoln 

253,404,81 

38,93 

7,398 

Kennebeck 

174,.5.38,19 

27,25 

6,852 

Hancock 

168,973,13 

26,08 

1,984 

Washing-ton 

47,611,93 

7,40 

2,480 

Somerset 

69,181,55 

10,49 

4,130 

Oxford 

102,354,42 

15,78 

51,807 

1,443,141,17 

216,13 

115,832  in  Massachusetts  proper. 


Chap,  xxv.]  of  maine.  637 

year; — -viz.    Phipsburg,*    incorporated    January  2G  ;    Sears- A.D.  1814. 

MONT,f  BeLMONTjJ    and    BlOOMFIELD,§    the    5th,     SoUTH-BeR-  poraled".*^""^" 

*  Phipsburg,  (the  200t.h  town,)  was  so  named  in  memorj^  of  Sir  William 
Phips.  It  embraces  tlie  peninsula  between  Sag;adahock  and  New-Mead- 
ows rivers,  bounded  north  on  VVinneg-ance  Creek,  wiiich  partly  separates 
it  from  Bath.  This  town  was  taken  from  old  Georgetown,  [See  ante,  A.  D. 
1718,]  Popham's  fort  was  in  Phipsburg-,  where  the  earliest  colony  was 
located,  that  was  ever  attempted  to  be  planted  in  Maine.  Near  the  site  of 
the  old  fort,  is  the  United  States'  fortification. 

+  Searsmont,  (the  201st  town,)  previously  called  Green,  was  first  settled 
in  1804,  It  received  its  corporate  name  from  David  Sears  of  Boston  ;  the 
town  being-  owned  by  Sears,  Thorndike  and  Prescott.  It  is  a  part  of  the 
Waldo  Patent.  It  contains  about  20,000  acres,  and  was  surveyed  in  1809^ 
by  J.  Malcolm  and  J.  Gleason.     Here  are  12  mills. — Ansel  Lothrop^s  Let. 

\  Belmont,  (the  202d  town,)  contains  20,000  acres.  It  was  also  a  part  of 
Green  Plantation.  The  first  settler  was  Daniel  Dollif,  who  made  a  beg-in- 
ning-  in  1790.  The  title  to  the  land  is  from  Henry  Knox  ;  who  sold  ta 
6.  Joy  and  S.  Parkman.  A  post-ofBce  was  established  here  in  1817.  The 
name  Belmont  was  proposed  by  Georg-e  Watson,  Esq.  Representative  of 
Belfast,  who  aided  in  procuring-  the  incorporation  of  the  town. — MS.  Let. 
of  James  Weymouth  and  Joseph  Drew,  Esqrs. 

\  Bloomfield,  (203d  town)  was  first  called  the  plantation  of  Wessarumet, 
from  the  name  of  the  stream  which  runs  through  Cornville  and  empties, 
into  the  JCennebeck  on  the  north  side  of  Bloomfield.  This  town  was  taken 
from  Canaan.  [See  this  town,  1788.]  The  original  settlement  was  com- 
menced by  Peter  Heywood,  Joseph  Weston  and  their  associates  from 
Concord,  Mass.  in  1771.  So  much  were  they  captivated  with  the  pleasant- 
ness apd  fertility  of  the  country,  that  they  called  it  Canaan,  a  new  land  of 
promise  ;  Bloomfield  being  an  appropriate  name  for  the  part  lying  south 
pf  the  river,  now  incorporated,  including  the  Islands  in  the  river.  Scow- 
fiegan  Falls  are  a  short  distance  above  the  mouth  of  Wessarunset,  at  the 
north-west  corner  of  the  town.  This  town  is  a  part  of  the  Plymouth  Pa- 
tent. Jt  was  surveyed  in  1779  by  John  Jones,  Esq.  At  the  Falls  are  vil- 
lages on  each  side  of  the  river,  where  are  6  or  7  mills  and  a  large  estab- 
lishnjent  for  machinery.  The  bridge  over  the  river,  built  in  1809,  cost 
.5,500  dollars,  Blooinjield  Academy  was  incorporated,  Feb.  1807.  The  ed- 
ifice will  accommodate  100  scholars.  The  first  representative  to  the  Gen- 
eral Coiirt  was  B.  Shepherd,  Esq.  The  post-ofBce  was  established  in  1795, 
la  1777,  "a  few  men  were  taken  by  the  Indians  and  carried  to  Canada," 
from  wbora  they  escaped  and  returned.  There  are  in  town  two  meeting- 
bouses,  one  foF  qongregationalists  and  one  for  baptists.  The  first,  settled 
minister  was  Rey.  Nathaniel  Whitaker,  D.  D,  a  Presbyterian  from^Salem, 
installed  m  1784.  He  was  dismissed  in  1789,  and  Rev.  J,  Calef  was  or- 
dained in  1793  5  Rev.  John  Cayford  in  1809,  and  in  1814,  Rev.  Fifield 
Uolt.-r^MS,  Let.  from  Bloomfield. 


638  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.    II. 

A.  D.  1814.  WICK,*  the  12th,  and  WESTBROOK,f  the  14th  of  February  ;  San- 
GERViLLEjJ  and  Hermon,§  on  {he  13th,  and  Newport, [j  on  the 
14th  of  June. 

There  were  also  incorporated,  on  the  25th  and  2Gth  of  Feb- 
ruary, two  Literary  Institutions ;  these  were  Maine  Charity 
School,  a  Theological  Seminary,*!!  established  at  Bangor  j  and 
Hancock  Free  School,  established  at  Wiiliamsburgh. 

*  Soulli-Bcrwick,  (204th  town,)  is  taken  from  the  south  side  of  Berwick. 
[See  A.  D.  1713  ;  also  Elliot  incorporaled  ISIO  ;  and  embracing  about  12,000 
acres.'^  Soutii-Eerwick  contains  less  than  10,000  acres.  The  town  ad- 
joins Quampeagan  Falls,  and  extends  to  Salmon  Falls.J  Great  Works  river 
runs  throug-h  the  town.  Mr.  Chadbourne,  one  of  the  first  settlers,  purchas- 
ed of  the  natives  in  1643,  lands  on  both  sides  of  this  river  at  its  mouth, 
which  his  posterity  still  hold. — Sullivan,  p.  20,  247. — This  was  the  parish 
of  Unity,  sometimes  called  '  Quampcag-an  Landing.'  Here  Mr.  John 
Wade  was  settled,  A.  D.  1702,  where  a  meeting-house  was  then  built.  His 
successor  was  Rev.  Jeremiah  Wise,  ordained  in  Nov.  1707.  He  died  Jan, 
20,  1756  ;  and  Rev.  Jacob  Foster  was  settled  in  Sept.  following.  His  suc- 
cessor was  Rev.  John  Thompson,  settled  in  1783. — The  parish  was  divided 
in  1751,  and  a  meeting-house  was  built  at  Blaclcherry-hill,  and  Mr.  Morse 
was  settled  in  1755. — [See  Berwick. — Greenlenfs  Ecc.  Sketches,  p.  29 — 34.] 
Here  is  an  Academy,  incorporated  in  March,  1791.  South-Berwick  Bank 
was  incorporated  with  $150,000  capital. 

t  Weslhrook,  (205th  town,)  first  Slroudwater,  till  changed,  June  4,  1814, 
was  taken  from  Falmouth,  having  been  incorporated  the  4th  parish  of  that 
town,  in  1764.  Rev.  Thomas  Browne  was  settled  here  in  August,  1765, 
where  he  continued  his  ministry  32  years.  He  was  succeeded,  in  Oct. 
179!),  by  Rev.  Caleb  Bradley. 

I  Sangcrville,  (2j6th  town,)  was  settled  in  1806.  At  first  it  was  called 
Amestoion,  from  the  first  settler,  Phincas  Ames.  The  corporate  name  was 
in  compliment  to  Calvin  Sanger,  the  principal  proprietor. 

§  Hermun,  of  24,360  acres,  (207th  town,)  is  one  of  the  four  towns  as- 
signed to  Gen.  Knox  by  the  State,  to  complete  the  complement  of  the 
Waldo  patent.— [See  Bangor,  ante,  A.  D.  1791.]— Number  of  acres  in  the 
four  towns,  83,000- about  half  of  which  was  assigned  to  Knox. 

II  J^'ewport,  (208th  town,)  was  settled  in  1807,  and  was  previously  called 
'  Great  East-pond  Plantation.'  The  pond  covers  4,500  acres.  It  aflbrded 
a  portage  for  the  Indians  in  their  route  from  Penobscot  to  the  eastern 
branch  of  the  Sebasticook  ; — and  hence  the  name  of  the  town.  ,In  1809, 
the  town  contained  94  families.  The  soil  was  sold  by  the  State  to  David 
Green  of  Boston  ;  and  lands  were  surveyed  in  1792.  A  Post-ofilce  was 
established  here  in  ISll.— JUS.  Letter  of  Benjamin  Shaw,  Esq. 

IT  This  was  put  nnder  two  Professors.  One  was  the  late  pious  and  ex- 
cellent Rev.  John  Smith,  D.D.  who  died  in  April,  1831.  The  Institution 
has  flourished,  and  been  the  means  of  extensive  good.  The  edifice,  two 
stories  high,  with  a  cupola,  was  consumed  by  fire,  March  2, 1829.  Belong- 
ing to  the  Seminary,  is  a  considerable  Library,— and  it  has  some  funds. 


Chap,  xxvi.]  of  maine.  539 


CHAPTER  XXVI. 

The.  British  take  possession  of  Eastport — Their  transactions  in 
that  quarter — >S'^.  Georges'  river  visited  by  the  enemy — Castinc 
seized  upon  and  occupied  hy  the  enemy — Expedition  up  the  river 
Penobscot — The  Adams  destroyed — Possession  taken  of  Hamp- 
den and  Bangor —  The  rapine  and  conduct  of  the  enemy  in  the 
totons  upon  the  Penobscot — Return  of  the  squadron  to  Castine — 
The  militia,  called  to  arms,  encamp  at  Wiscasset — A  proclama- 
tion hy  the  British  commanders — Castine,  a  port  of  entry — Ma^ 
chias  seized  upon  hy  the  enemy — Government  instituted  hy  Gen- 
ercd  Sherhroolc  over  his  New  Province — Oath  of  alhgiancc  re- 
quired— A  British  vessel  taken — 3Iails  stopped  at  the  river — 
Custom-house  at  Hampden — Great  trade — Smugglijig — Agency 
to  Hcdifax — Business  at  Castine — News  of  peace — Jackson's  suc- 
cesses at  New- Orleans — Hartford  Convention — Castine  evacu- 
ated. 

Though  the  losses  and  privations  of  our  Eastern  citizens  were  a.  u.  isi4, 
great  during  the  two  first  years  of  the  war,  no  portion  of  their  Smaii  force 
territory  had  been  actually  invaded.  At  an  early  period,  two  cas'ipo^.^.  ^ 
companies  of  Militia,  detached  from  'the  Brigade  of  General 
Blake,  upon  the  Penobscot,  were  stationed  at  fort  Sullivan,  in 
Eastport,  under  Major  Philip  Ulmer,  and  were  relieved  within  a 
year  by  regular  troops.  Of  these,  George  Ulmer,  Esq.  was 
commissioned  by  the  President,  the  Colonel-commandant.  On 
receiving  the  appointment,  he  resigned  the  ofiice  of  Major-Gen- 
eral of  the  10th  Militia  division,  which  he  was  then  liolding  ;  and 
was  succeeded  by  David  Cobb,  who  had  been  Lieutenant-Gov- 
ernor of  the  State.  It  was  Colonel  Ulmer's  design  and  duty  to 
prevent,  if  possible,  all  smuggling  and  illicit  intercourse  with  the 
enemy ;  in  the  faithful  discharge  of  which,  he  gave  to  the  inhab- 
itants some  affront.  Hence  the  government  substituted  in  his 
place  Major  Perley  Putnam  of  Salem.  His  command  extended 
so  far  as  to  include  a  slight  fortification,  manned  by  30  men,  at 
Robbinston,  under  a  Lieutenant,  as  well  as  to  the  garrison  oa 
Moose  Island,  where  he  had  about  70  men. 


640 

A.D.  1814. 

July  5. 
Bri'tisli  ex- 
pedition. 


July  11. 
Visit  Easl- 
pori 


1,000  men 

landed 

(here. 


Secnrity 
promised  to 
!lie  people 
>(  they  were 
quiet. 


THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II. 

On  the  5th  of  July,  a  small  British  expedition,  secretly  de- 
spatched from  Halifax,  was  joined  by  a  fleet,  six  days  from  Ber^ 
muda  ;  and  the  whole,  consisting  of  the  Ramilies,  a  74,  having 
on  board  the  Commodore,  Sir  Thomas  Hardy, — the  Martin  sloop 
of  war,— the  brig  Borer, — the  Breame, — the  Terror,  a  bomb- 
ship — and  several  transports,  carrying  a  large  body  of  soldiers 
commanded  by  Colonel  Thomas  Pilkington,  arrived  abreast  of 
Eastport  on  the  11th  of  the  month,  when  the  Commodore  de- 
manded a  surrender  of  the  Fort,  allowing  only  five  minutes  for 
an  answer. 

The  fort  shall  be  defended  against  any  force  whatever,  was 
Putnam's  reply ;  and  he  prepared  to  meet  an  assault.  But 
through  the  importunate  persuasions  of  the  inhabitants,  he  was 
reluctantly  induced  to  order  his  flag  struck,  without  resistance. 
By  the  terms  of  capitulation,  all  the  public  property,  consisting  of 
four  18-pounders,  two  sixes  and  the  munitions  of  war,  were  law- 
ful prize — the  soldiers  surrendering,  were  put  on  board  the 
enemy's  prison-ship, — the  five  commissioned  officers  were  ad- 
mitted to  their  parol,  and  all  private  rights  and  interests  of  the 
inhabitants  were  to  be  respected. 

Forthwith,  upwards  of  1,000  men,  principally  the  102d  Regi- 
ment of  Infantry  and  a  battalion  of  Artillery,  with  females  and  chil- 
dren appendant,  were  by  means  of  the  barges  set  on  shore  from 
the  shipping  ;  and  about  50  or  60  pieces  of  cannon  were  also 
landed.  Possession  was  taken  of  the  fort,  and  the  British  flag- 
immediately  hoisted.  The  captors  then  seized  upon  the  custom- 
house property,  and  took  ^9,000  in  treasury  notes  unfinished, 
which  they  by  menaces,  pressed  the  collector  to  sign.  But  he 
absolutely  refused,  declaring  that '  death  would  be  no  compulsion.* 
Prizes  were  made  of  several  vessels ;  large  quantities  of  goods 
were  seized  for  breach  of  blockade ;  and  all  property  belonging 
to  other  persons,  than  the  inhabitants  of  Eastport,  was  pro- 
nounced forfeit. 

Next  day,  Lieutenant-Colonel  Fitzherbert  sent  a  letter  from 
St.  Andrews,  to  John  Brewer  oi  Robbinston,  Brigadier-General 
of  the  Militia  in  Washington  county,  stating,  by  order  of  Major- 
General  Sir  John  C.  Sherbrook,  that  the  object  of  the  British 
government  in  the  present  expedition  was  to  '  obtain  possession  of 
'  the  Islands  in  Passamaquoddy  hay ; — as  being  within  the  Brit- 
*  ish  boundary  line ;  that  there  was  no  design  to  carry  on  offensive 


Chap,  xxvi.]  of  maine.  641 

'  operations  against  the  people  resident  on  the  main,  unless  their  A.  D.  18U. 
'  conduct  should  provoke  severities ;  and  that  if  they  continued 
'  quiet,  neither  their  persons  nor  their  property  would  be  in  the 
'  least  molested.'  Also  the  commanders,  Hardy  and  Pilkington, 
on  the  14th,  issued  a  proclamation  in  the  name  of  the  Prince 
Regent,  declaring,  that  the  municipal  laws  established  by  the 
American  government,  for  the  peace  and  tranquillity  of  those 
Islands,  would  Remain  in  force  ;  and  commanding  them  all  to  con- 
vene on  the  16th  at  the  school-house  in  Eastport,  and  take  the 
oath  of  allegiance  to  his  Britanic  Majesty,  or  within  seven  days, 
depart  the  Islands.  Reluctantly  about  two-thirds  of  the  Islanders 
submitted  to  the  requirement.  The  enemy  then  declared,  he  had 
possession  of  what  was  his  due  by  the  treaty  of  1783,  and  no 
more.  Immediately  batteries  were  erected;  between  40  and 
50  cannon  were  mounted ;  a  deputy-collector  of  the  customs 
was  appointed  ;  and  the  squadron  then  departing,  left  upon  the 
Island  about  800  troops. 

A  trade  was  opened   by  the  British   at   Eastport,  which  pre-  A  trade 

opened. 

sented  the  citizens  of  Maine,  with  strong  temptations  to  enter  into 
an  illicit  intercourse  with  the  enemy.  So  scarce  were  provisions 
upon  Moose  Island,  that  pork  was  worth  50  dollars  by  the  barrel, 
and  the  soldiers  were  put  on  short  allowance.  No  article  was 
permitted  to  be  carried  from  it,  without  an  equivalent  in  some- 
thing eatable,  received  from  the  main ;  and  whatever  was  fresh, 
commanded  the  highest  price.  The  inhabitants  were  fully  aware 
of  their  distressed  condition.  Sales  of  real  estate  were  daily 
made  to  the  British,  till  stopped  by  proclamation  j  and  all  were 
anxious  to  get  away. 

The  National  g-overnment  and  its  agents,  now  resolved  effect-  Provisions 

^  "-^  earned  to 

ually  to  prevent  smuggling.     Yet  men    would   presume  to  drive  iho  enemy, 
cattle  towards  the  lines  for  the   enemy,  in   defiance  of    law  or 
rulers.     Only  a  short  time  elapsed,  ere  the  collector   at  Machias 
seized   one   drove,  bound  thither,  and  another,  flying  through  the 
woods,  hardly  avoided  arrest. 

Next,  the  British  sent  a  party  to  drive  Lieut.  Manning  and  his  |^^^^^"j'^''^^''^: 
company,  from  their  station  at  Robbinston  ;  who  being  unable  to  chias. 
stand  a  siege,  on  the  approach  of  the  enemy,  destroyed  whatever 
they  could  not  carry  away,  and  retired  to  Machias.      Soon  after 
this,  a  body  of  men,  despatched  in  barges  from  two  armed  ships, 
Vol.  II.  81 


642  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II. 

A.  D.  1814.  lying  at  the  mouth  of  St.  George's  river,  entered   in  the  night- 
A  bold  feat  time,  without  opposition,  the  fort  below  Thomaston,   spiked  the 
ge'*  river,    guns,  destroyed  the  munitions  of  war   and   buildings,   set  fire   to 
one  vessel,  and  towed  away  two    others.      It  is  said   the  barges 
ventured  within  a  mile  of  Knox's  wharf,  near  the  old  Fort ;    and 
W'ere  only    hastened    back  by  the  appearance  of  daylight.      So 
bold  was  this  adventure,  that  it  excited   a   general  and   extensive 
alarm.     Colonel  Foote  of  Camden,  ordered  out   a*  great  part  of 
his    regiment,  to   guard   and   defend  the   neighboring  coast  and 
country  ;  a  draft  was  made  upon  the   militia  of   Bangor   and  its 
(^a'^iine  ai,<i  vicinity,  to  joiii  the  regular  troops  in  the  garrison  at  Castine  ;  and 
.Maciiiiis      Machias  had  reason  to  expect  a  visit  from  the  enemy  every  hour. 
Business  at  the  latter   place,  was  suspended  ;  many   inhabitants 
made   preparations  to   remove   to  places  of   more  safety  ;    and 
Judge  Campbell,  one  of  the  Justices  of  the  Common  Pleas,  ap- 
pearing in  the  court-house,  on  the  first  day  of  the  annual  August 
term,  found  no  suitors,  and   therefore  adjourned  the  Court  with- 
out day. 
E.\  edition        '^'^  Supply  the  troops  at  Halifax  with  provisions,  for  which  they 
agaiiisicas-  were  Suffering,  Cojyt.  Barrie,  in  the   Dragon,  of   74  guns,   was 
despatched  to  that  station,  from  the  Chesapeak,  with  800  barrels 
of  flour  and   other   articles,   attended  by  their  captured   vessels, 
which  had  on  board  some  freights.     On  his  arrival  there,  an  ex- 
pedition was  speedily  planned   against   Penobscot   and  Machias. 
The  fleet  consisted  of  three  74s,  the  Dragon,  Spenser  and  Bul- 
wark; two  frigates,  late  from  the  Mediterranean,  the  Burliante 
and  Tenedos  ;  two  sloops  of  war,  the  Sylph  and  Peruvian  ;    an 
armed  schooner  called  the  Ptc^u;  a  large  tender  and  ten   trans- 
ports.    The  number  of  troops   embarked   were   about  3,000.* 
Lieutenant-General  Sir  John  C.  Sherbroke  had  the  paramount^ 
and    Major-General    Gosselin    the    immediate   command   of  the 
land    forces,  and  Edward  Griffith,  Esq.   Rear-Admiral    of    the 
white,  commanded  the  naval  squadron. 
Fleet  leaves      The  fleet  left  Halifax,  August  26,  and  on  Thursday,    Sept.    1, 
Si'pt  i.       rode    into    the    harbor  of  Castine, — sounded,   and  came  to   an- 
Ca'sline.^     chor.     So  formidable  was  their    appearance,   that  the   troops   at 


*  Some  said  there  were  6,000  embarked.  It  is  only  certain  that  the  for- 
ces consisted  of  the  62d  and  98th  regiments,  2  rifle  companies  of  the  COth 
regiment,  and  a  detachment  of  roj'al  artillery  ; — possibly  in  all,  3,500  men, 
besides  women  and  children,  attached  to  the  army. 


Chap,  xxvi.]  of  MAINE.  643 

the  garrison  and  their  commander,  supposing  all  resistance  would  A.  D.  I814. 

be  worse  than  futile,  did  not  so  much  as  wait  for  a   summons  to 

surrender,  but  instantly  discharged  the  cannon,  blew  up  the   fort, 

and  fled  for  safety  up  the  bay.     In  the  course  of  the  day,  a  large 

body  of  troops  were  set  on  shore,   possession   was   taken   of   the 

fortification,  the  court-house  and  other  buildings   were  entered, 

and  occupied  as  barracks  for  the   soldiers,  and  parts  of  the   best 

dwellinghouses  were  taken  for  the  accommodations  of  the  officers. 

A  flag  was  soon  despatched  across  the  bay  to  Belfast  with  a  mes-  Rpifasivisii- 

sage  to  the  people,  that  if  they  made  no  resistance,   they   should  ^ 

not  be  injured.      Still  it  was  followed   by    General   Gosselln  with 

600  men  in  two  armed  vessels,  who  took  possession  of  the  town. 

To  parties  of  the  soldiery,  longing  for  fresh  provisions,  and  eager 

for  the  enjoyment  of  a  rural  range,  permission  was  given  to   visit 

the  neighboring  plantations  ;  and  after  revelling  upon  the  rarities, 

the  best  and  most  palatable  they  could  find,  the  whole  party  in   a 

few  days  returned  lo  Castine. 

A  part  of  the  fleet,  consisting  of  the  Dragon,   the   Sylph   and  a  squadron 
Peruvian,  the  Harmony,  a  transport,  and  a  prize-tender,   all   un-  fhe'^rrvPT"'* 
der    Capt.    Barrie,    carrying    about    500   infantry,   riflemen,    or    *^""  ^'°'* 
"  sharp-shooters,"  and  a  small  train  of  light-artillery,  under  Col. 
Henry  John  and  Major  Riddle,  proceeded  without  delay,  up   the 
waters    of  the  Penobscot,  and  came   to   anchor  in  Marsh   bay  ; 
where  the  shipping  lay,  about  four  or  five  leagues  below  Bangor 
harbor,  during  the  night. 

A  few  weeks  previously,  the  United  States'  corvette,   Adams,  rp^^^  Adams 
a  sloop  of  war,  rated  at  18  guns,   and   mounting  24,   had   been  2|,_^^"P| 
with  extreme  difficulty,  taken  up  the  river  by  her  commander,  Mon-is. 
Capt.  Charles  Morris,  and  was  then  lying   at  the   mouth  of  the 
Sowadabscook  stream  in  Hampden,  for  repairs.      It  seems  she 
had  met  with  the  singular  success  of  capturing,  within  the  short 
space  of  three  months,  a  ship,  two   brigs  and  a  schooner  ;    and 
was  afterwards,  on  the  17th  of  August,  cast  upon  the   shores  of 
the  Isle  of  Holt,  in  stress  of  weather,  and  was  hardly  preserved 
from  total  wreck.     Capt.  Morris   was   now   engaged   in   refitting 
her  for  another  cruise;  and  as  soon  as  tidings   by  a  herald   from 
Castine,  were  communicated  to  him  and  Brigadier-General  Blake 
of  Brewer,  and  the  news  spread,  that  the  fleet  was  ascending  the 
river,  all  had  the  best  reason   to  suspect  the  object  of  the  enemy 
was  the  destruction  of  the  Adams,  and  the  capture  of  two  valu- 


644  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.    II. 

A.  I).  1814.  able  merchant-vessels,  the  Decatur*  and  the  Victory,  at  anchor 
Decaturand  ofF  Hampden  village.     Morris,  without  loss  of  time,   hoisted   out 

Victory. 

the  cannon  upon  Crosby's  wharf,  and  formed  two  batteries,  one 
Morris'  bat- of  14  guns  upon  that  place,  and  the  other  of  9  guns  upon  a  com- 
manding eminence,  50  rods  below,  and  not  far  from  the  water  ; 
from  which  he  was  able  to  rake  destructively,  any  approaching 
ship.  To  the  militia,  who  by  the  General's  orders  were  coming 
in  by  companies,  during  the  day,  mixed  with  volunteers,  Morris 
offered  a  supply  of  muskets  and  ammunition,  if  they  were  desti- 
tute ;  and  determining  to  make  all  possible  resistance,  he  assigned 
to  Lieut.  Wadsworth  the  command  of  the  hill-battery,  and  that 
on  the  wharf  to  Lieut.  Lewis. 

Defensive        Jn  the  afternoon,  he  met  Gen.  Blake,  his  officers  and   some  of 
measures.  .    ^  .         .  .  .  .        . 

the  most  mnuential  citizens  m  a  council  of  war ;    where   he  was 

much  chagrined  to  find  indecision   and  disunion,  which,  with   the 

discouraging  remarks  made,  directly  tended  to  raise  doubts  as  to 

the  expediency  of  resistance,  or  our  ability  to   repel  the  enemy. 

He  and  others  assured  their  opposers,  that  no  one  ought  to  repose 

confidence   of  safety   in    British   magnanimity  : — '  No,'  said  he, 

*  our  arms  must  be  our  defence  ; — keep  the  enemy  from  outflank- 

*  ing  me,  and  1  will  prevent  his  ascending  the  river,  by  the  bat- 
'  tery ; — these  are  our  respective  duties  and  we  must  discharge 
'  them.'  But  the  whole  day  was  spent  in  query,  without  any 
specific  well  digested  plan  of  operations,  and  without  the  energy 
indispensable  to  military  control.  No  entrenchment, — nor  yet  the 
slightest  breastwork  was  prepared  ;  nay,  if  there  were  in  all  the 
deliberations  any  real  result,  it  was,  that  a  line  of  battle  be  form- 
ed, resting  the  right  wing  on  the  meeting-house,  and  the  left  on 
the  high  ground  towards  the  hill-battery.  By  the  Adjutant's  re- 
turns at  night,  the  whole  number  in  arms  was  about  500  militia- 
men from  the  vicinity,  principally  belonging  to  Colonel  Grant's 
regiment,  a  part  of  Captain  Trafton's  troop  of  horse,  and  Captain 
Hammond's  company  of  Artillery,  with  two  brass  four-pounders. 
They  had  also  taken  from  the  Adams,  an  18  pound  carronade, 
mounted,  which  was  planted  in  the  highway,  near  the  meeting- 
house, and  well  manned. 

The  winds  being  light  and  adverse,  the  Dragon  did  not  weigh 


*  The  Decatur,  Brown,  master,  had  arrived  here,  July  19th,  from   Ro- 
chelle,  with  a  rich  cargo  of  braudy,  wine,  oil  and  silks. 


Chap,  xxvi.]  of  Maine.  545 

anchor  during  the  day;    but  the   residue  of  the   squadron  with  A.  D.  1814. 
great  exertion,  ascended  a  couple  of  leagues,  into  Bald-hill-cove,  Enemy  ir.nd 
and  landed  at  sunset,  on  the  west  bank,  two  miles  below  Morris'  clve?''^''"" 
batteries,  about  500  light  troops,  including  a  small  train  of  Artil- 
lery.    The  militia  continued  under  arms,  and  Morris'  men    stood 
by  their  guns,  all   night ;    for   it  was   reported   by  our    videttes, 
that  the  enemy  was  unquestionably  preparing  to   move   both   by 
land  and  water  as  early  as    daylight,   and  before,   if  favored   by 
the  wind  and  weather.     But  the  night  was  rainy   and   dark,   and 
the  morning  foggy ;  so  that  the  enemy  did  not   appear   upon   the 
land  in  view  of  our  lines,  till   about  eight  of  the  clock.     As  he  The  militia 
advanced  with  a  quick  step,   our   soldiery   were   commanded   to  Iheir  arms 
reserve  their  fire  till  he  was  near,  and  then  take  aim.     They  dis-  """^  '■*^""«a'- 
charged   a   iew  rounds;  when  it  was   perceived,   that  the  line 
was  broken  near  the  centre,  and  the  men   had   begun   to  retreat 
without  orders.     The  example  was  contagious ;  and   all  the  ex- 
ertions of  the  officers  to  rally   them    anew,  were   without   effect. 
Major    Chamberlain,    Captain   Trafton,   Adjutant   Gilmore,   and 
David  J.  Bent,*  a  non-commissioned  officer  of  the  Artillery,  who 
had  command  of  the  great  gun,  in  the  highway, — all  discovered 
activity  and  valor.     Bent  was  among  the  last  to  leave  the  ground  ; 
and  most  of  the  officers  and  many  of  the  soldiers  were  filled  with 
pain  and  regret  to  witness  a    retreat  in   the  midst  of   confusion, 
which  could  not  be  without  dishonor. 

The  moment  the  armed  vessels,  which  were  preceded  by  bar-  Morris  re- 
ges  full  of  soldiers,  were  discovered  by  Capt.  Morris,  he  opened  "'^^** 
a  raking  fire  of  grape  and  canister  shot  upon  them  from  the  bat- 
tery, which  he  continued  with  spirit  and  effii^ct,  for  about  20  or 
25  minutes  ;  when  he  perceived  that  the  militia  were  retreating, 
and  the  British  would,  if  he  remained  there,  soon  outflank  him 
in  the  position  taken;  he  therefore  spiked  his  guns,  set  fire 
to  the  Adams  and  the  store-house,  and  retreated  with  his  brave 
companions  to  Bangor,  and  thence,  through  a  back  woody  road, 
to  Kennebeck, 

Within  one  hour  after  the  firing   was  begun,   the  vessels  and  Pillage  of 
the  village  of  Hampden,  were  in  full  possession  of  the  enemy.    ^'"^  ^"' 


*  Chamberlain  and  Gilmore  were  afterwards  Colonels  of  the  Regiment ; 
Trafton,  General  of  the  Brigade  ;  and  Bent,  Major  of  the  squadron  of  Ar- 
tillery. 


646  THE  nisTORY  [Vol.  ir. 

A.  D.  1814.  Hence,  succeeded  a  scene  of  abuse,  pillage  and  destruction, 
which  were  a  disgrace  to  the  British  name.  Sixty  or  seventy  of 
the  principal  inhabitants  were  seized  and  put  under  hatches ; 
and  at  sunset,  were  remov^ed  to  the  cabin  of  the  Decatur,  where 
they  were  resti'ained  during  the  night,  without  fresh  air,  fresh 
water,  or  any  quiet  sleep. — Next  day,  it  is  true,  all  except  ten  or 
twelve  of  the  principal  men,  were  admitted  to  their  parol,  while 
those  still  kept  in  custody,  were  put  on  board  a  prison-ship,  where 
they  were  detained  till  another  day,  before  they  were  set  at  lib- 
erty. The  people  were  treated  with  abusive  language, — their 
houses  and  stores  were  rifled, — their  cattle  killed, — some  of  their 
vessels  were  burnt, — and  a  bond  was  exacted  from  the  town  in 
the  penal  sum  of  ,f  12,000,  conditioned  to  deliver  certain  others 
at  Castine,  in  October.  Suffice  it  to  say,  that  the  losses  and 
damages  sustained  by  the  people  of  Hampden,  as  subsequently 
ascertained,  amounted  to  44^000  dollars.  In  the  midst  of  the 
rapine,  a  committee  waited  on  Capt.  Barrie,  and  told  him  they 
expected  at  his  hand  the  common  safeguard  of  humanity^  if 
nothing  more.     He  replied,  'I  have  none  for  you.     My  business 

*  is  to  burn,  sink  and  destroy.  Your  town  is  taken  by  storm,  and 
'  by  the  rules  of  war,  we  ought  both  to  lay  your  village   in  ashes, 

*  and  put  its  inhabitants  to  the  sword.  But  I  will  spare  your 
'  lives,  though  I  mean  to  burn  your  houses.'  A  messenger  was 
then  despatched  to  General  Sherbroke  at  Castine,  upon  the  sub- 
ject, who  returned  an  order  not  to  burn  without  dire  necessity. 

The  enpmy      The  enemy's  vessels  proceeded   without  delay  up  the  river ; 

Bangor.^  and  at  the  same  time,  about  two  thirds  of  the  troops  took  up 
their  march  by  land,  towards  Bangor.  From  this  place,  flags  of 
truce  were  sent  by  land  and  water,  to  the  advancing  comman- 
ders ;  but  the  best  terms  which  could  be  obtained  were  '  uncon- 
ditional submission.'  When  the  Peruvian,  Sylph,  Harmony  and 
transports  entered  the  harbor,  a  few  congreve  rockets  were  thrown 
from  them  over  the  village,  two  cheers  were  given,  and  all  the 
shipping  ancliored  at  the  mouth  of  the  Kenduskeag.  Barrie 
rode  up  on  horseback,  in  company  with  Col.  John  and  Major 
Riddle,  at  the  head  of  the  detachment.  Arriving  about  noon, 
he  first  demanded  of  the  inhabitants,  provisions  and  barracks  for 
troops  ;  and  threatened  to  give  them  leave  to  plunder  the  village, 
if  there  was  not  a  compliance  with  his  requirements  instantly. 
The  Court-house,  two  school-houses,  a  dwellinghouse,  and  one 


■  con- 

luft 


Chap,  xxvi.]  of  Maine,  647 

other  building  were  opened  to  receive  them;  cattle  and  sheep  A. D.  i8i4. 
were  butchered,  and  several  barrels  of  pork  were  turned  out  to 
them  from  the  stores  ;  all  the  bread  in  the  bake-house  was  taken  ; 
the  best  of  liquors  and  garden  vegetables  were  furnished  ;  and 
two  of  the  belter  dwellinghouses  Wcre  entered  and  occupied,  as 
the  resort  of  the  commissioned  officers.  Also,  the  enemy  tookriTiri 
the  town's  stock  of  powder — the  fieldpieces  which  were  at '' 
Hampden, — a  quantity  of  merchandize,  previously  seized  by  a 
custom-house  officer  for  breach  of  the  revenue  laws, — upwards  of 
^'50  post-office  money  were  exacted  and  taken,  and  also  the 
military  arms  and  other  like  articles  owned  by  the  inhabitants  ; — 
also  191  men  were  compelled  to  report  themselves,  by  their  own 
signatures,  prisoners  of  war.  They  were  then  admitted  to  their 
parol,  and  the  safety  of  their  families  promised  them,  upon  a 
stipulation,  not  to  serve  against  his  Britanic  i^hijesty  or  his  allies 
during  the  war,  unless  regularly  exchanged. 

No  resistance  had  been  made  by  the  inhabitants  of  this  town,  Ciipituia- 
except  by  those  in  the  military  companies  at  Hampden,  and  ilomitnvrn 
therefore  it  was  expected,  that  private  rights  and  property  would  i!,i,'oiiit.t'rs" 
be  respected.  But  owners  were  sadly  disappointed  ;  for  the 
soldiery  and  the  marines  coming  ashore,  entered  ten  or  twelve 
stores  on  the  southerly  side  of  the  Kenduskeag,  and  by  Barrie's 
permission,  plundered  them  of  their  contents.  They  also  rifled 
such  dwellinghouses  as  the  inhabitants  had  deserted  ;  books  and 
valuable  papers  were  pillaged  from  lawyers'  offices  and  other 
places  ;  and  four  vessels  on  the  stocks  in  the  village  and  its  pre- 
cincts, were  threatened  with  flames.  At  this  menace,  there  was 
great  perturbation ;  as  the  flames  of  the  vessels,  enraged  by  a 
fresh  breeze  then  blowing,  would  probably  lay  the  whole  village 
in  ashes.  To  prevent  the  fatal  catastrophe,  the  selectmen  of  the 
town,  by  the  advice  of  their  neighbors,  promised  to  give  the 
enemy  a  bond,  professing  to  bind  the  corporation  in  the  penal 
sum  of  ^'30,000  to  deliver  the  four  vessels  at  Castine,  before  the 
close  of  the  ensuing  October.  When  this  bond  was  delivered, 
the  next  morning,  which  was  the  Sabbath,  Capt.  Barrie  and  Col. 
John,  gave  a  written  assurance,  that  all  private  property,  both  in 
Bangor  and  Orono,  including  every  unfinished  vessel,  should  be 
preserved,  such  only  as  were  in  the  river  being  excepted. 

The  troops  were  kept  under  arms  through   the  night, — and   it  Sept.  4. 

^  ^  1  u-  r  enemy 

was  truly  a  fearful  one,  to  all  the  families,  who  knew  nothmg  ot  take  or  de- 


648  THE  HISTORY  [Vol.  ii. 

A.  I).  1I3I1.  the  arrangement.     In  the  morning,  preparations  were  manifestly 

simy  iiie  on  foot,  to  take  away  or  destroy  all  the  shipping  in  the  harbor, 
'  ""  and  to  leave  the  place.  The  movement  commenced  soon  after 
noon.  There  were  in  the  harbor  at  this  time  seventeen  vessels, 
also  three  more  on  the  Brewer  side  of  the  river  not  launched. 
These  and  ten  others  were  burnt;  and  the  rest  taken  down  the 
river.  Several  were  partly  loaded ;  some  being  moved  only  a 
short  distance  got  ashore  and  were  seen  in  flames  at  twilight  and 
the  dusk  of  the  evening.*  The  losses  and  damages  sustained 
by  the  people  of  Bangor,  and  the  owners  of  vessels  there,  were 
found  on  a  subsequent  investigation  to  exceed  45,000  dollars. 

Hnmpdc".  The  enemy  returned  to  Hampden  in  the  afternoon,  carrying 
with  him,  besides  other  booty,  IS  or  20  horses;  and  the  land- 
forces  encamped  during  the  night  on  the  acclivity  towards  the 
hill  battery.     His  stay  in  Bangor  was  about  thirty   hours.     The 

MisihiJf      next  day,  Sept.  5,  the  Decatur  and  the   KutusofF,  at  Hampden, 

there. 

were  burnt ;  and  the  soldiers  and  sailors  committed  upon  the 
inhabitants  various  acts  of  wanton  mischief,  such  as  the  destruc- 
tion of  household-furniture,  books  and  papers.  They  also  broke 
off  the  pivots  and  breechings  of  the  cannon  on  the  hill,  and  threw 
those  on  the  wharf  into  the  river. 

AKont  O"  Tuesday   the   6th,   the   enemy   proceeded   to   Frankfort; 

Frankfort,  ^^j^g^g  tj^g  yessels  came  to  anchor,  and  the  Commodore  demanded 
of  the  inhabitants  40  oxen,f  100  sheep  and  an  unknown  number 
of  geese.  He  also  required  them  to  surrender  their  arms  and 
ammunition — a  part  of  which  only  was  delivered  ;  and  in  general 
the  sturdy  republicans  of  this  town  were  slow  to  obey  any  of  his 
commands.  Denouncing  vengeance  against  them  for  their  de- 
lays, he  re-embarked  the  troops  on  the  7th,  and  returned  to  Cas- 
tine. 

So  much  public  indignation  and  chagrin   were  occasioned  by 

*  Burnt,  the  brig'  Caravan;  schooners,  Jfeplune's  barge  ;  Thinks-1-to-my' 
xclf ;  Eunice  and  Polly ;  the  Gladiator ;  the  Three  Brothers;  the  Sloop 
Ranger;  three  unlaunched  vessels  in  Brewer  and  one  in  Bangor,  not- 
withstanding- the  stipulation.  There  were  also  three  otliers  in  the  harbor, 
that  were  destroyed,  names  not  recollected.=  14,  in  all.  The}'  carried  away, 
the  Bangor  Packet ;  Schooner  Oliver  Spear  ;  the  Hancock,  which  was  re- 
taken ;  the  jLucy>  which  was  lost;  the  Polly,  which  was  ransonjcd,  and 
the  beautiful  Boat  Cato,  which  could  not  be  recovercd,=6. 

I  George  Halliburton  afterwards  sued  Frankfort  for  a  yoke  of  oxen  fur- 
nished the  enemy  at  the  request  of  the  selectmen.  But  be  lost  his  case 
and  his  oxen.— 14  J\Iass.  T.  Reports,  A.  D.  1817,  p.  214. 


Chap,  xxvi.]  of  Maine.  649 

the  feeble  efforts,*  which  the  militia  at  Hampden  made,  to   resist  a.  d.  1814. 
the  enemy's  progress,  that  the  government  of   the   State, f   insti-  Sept.  7, 
tuted  an  examination  into  the   conduct  of   General  Blake   by  a  Enquiry  and 
military  Court  of  enquiry.  J     But  they  acquitted  him   of  censure  lial. 
and  suspicion.     Immediately  the  General  put  Colonel  Grant  and 
Major  Chamberlain  under  arrest,  who  were  subsequently  tried  by 
a  Court  Martial  at  the  same   place — and   the   command   of  the 
former  was  suspended  two  years ;  but  the  latter  was  honorably 
discharged. § 

From  the  violent  manner  in  which  the  enemy  had  seized  upon  The  militia 
Penobscot,  there  were  strong  apprehensions,  that  he  designed  to  w^scasses. 
extend  his  conquests  to  the  banks  of  the  Kennebeck.  The  peo- 
ple in  the  seaports  especially,  were  much  alarmed ;  and  Major- 
General  King  of  Bath,  issued  orders  for  the  whole  of  his  division 
to  appear  in  arms,  at  Wiscasset,  and  other  places  of  his  appoint- 
ment. A  part  of  General  Sewall's  division  also  was  put  in  requi- 
sition ;  and  Wiscasset  the  place  of  general  rendezvous,  was  pres- 
ently filled  with  soldiery.  Several  families  hurried  away  con- 
siderable quantities  of  their  goods  and  household  effects,  and  left 
the  town.  The  specie  was  removed  from  the  vaults  of  the  Bath 
and  Wiscasset  Banks.  A  detachment  proceeded  even  to  Penob- 
scot, and  had  a  view  of  the  fleet  as  it  passed  Orphan  Island,  on 
its  return  to  Castine.  But  the  enemy  by  way  of  precaution,  had 
taken  and  placed  conspicuously  upon  the  decks  of  his  vessels, 
several  prisoners,  who  could  not  be  mistaken,  and  whose  exposure 
prevented  a  shower  of  musquetry  from  the  highland  shores. 
The  motion  of  the  enemy  was  constantly  watched.  Several  sail 
were  seen,  Sept.  10  and  11,  off  Pemaquid ;  and  one  party  ac- 

*  Our  loss  was  three  or  four  killed  ;  and  the  British  lost  by  death  and 
desertion  about  3  times  that  number. 

t  As  the  militia  were  called  out  by  General  Blake,  and  obeyed  his  or- 
ders; those  who  appeared  exacted  pay  for  their  services;  and  the  State 
made  them  up  a  pay-roll  of  $1,200,  which  they  received  from  the  treasury. 

\  This  Court  consisted  of  Major-General  Sewall  of  Augusta,  and  Briga- 
dier-Generals Irish  of  Gorham,  and  Payson  of  Wiscasset.  They  sat  at 
the  Court-house  in  Bangor,  about  a  week. 

\  These  military  Courts  were  in  the  spring  of  1816.  -The  President 
of  the  Court  Martial  was  Major-General  Alford  Richardson  of  North- 
Yarmouth,  and  John  Wilson  of  Belfast  was  Judge  Advocate.  The  Court 
which  sat  upwards  of  a  week  consisted  of  twelve  members,  besides  two 
Supernumeraries,  and  a  Marshal. 
Vol.  II.  82 


650  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.    II. 

\.o.  1814,  tually  landed  at  Camden,  and  another  at  Northport.  The  militia 
forces  were  continued  in  arms  ;  and  Wiscasset  was  an  encamp- 
ment, till  it  was  known  that  most  of  the  fleet  had  proceeded  east- 
ward from  Castine. 

A  iVocin-        In  the   preparations   made   by   Lieutenant-General   Sherbrook 

mation   by  '        *       _  •'_ 

iiie  chief  of-  and  Admiral  Griffith,  at  the  peninsula  of   Castine,  for   extensive 

ficers. 

establishments,  they  issued  proclamations,  dated  Sept.  1st  and 
5th,  by  which  they  assured  the  people  between  Passamaquoddy 
and  Penobscot, — that  if  they  continued  to  dwell  quietly  at  their 
homes  and  pursue  their  usual  occupations,  surrendered  their 
arms  and  foibore  to  communicate  intelligence  to  the  Americans, 
they  should  have  protection  and  enjoy  safety ; — that  all  who 
would  furnish  the  British  troops  with  provisions  should  be  ade- 
quately paid  for  them  ; — that  the  municipal  laws  of  the  American 
government,  established  for  the  conservation  of  the  peace,  would 
continue  in  force  till  further  orders; — and  that  the  civil  magis- 
trates would  be  supported,  as  they  had  been  previously,  in  the 
execution  of  their  official  trust  and  legal  duties. 
Castiiip,  a  Castinc  was  made  a  port  of  entry,  and  William  Newton  ap- 
|)or  o  eii-  j^QJi^^p^  collector  of  the  customs.  There  was  also  a  general  order 
promulgated,  that  all  the  ports  eastward  should  be  entitled  to  the 
same  commercial  privileges,  as  were  enjoyed  by  other  places  in 
the  British  Provinces.  The  Registry  of  Deeds  was  diligently 
searched,  to  ascertain  what  lands  were  non-resident  and  subject  to 
confiscation.  All  the  United  States'  property  was  pronounced 
forfeit;  and  as  Mr.  Hook,  the  collector,  had  the  good  fortune  to 
make  a  safe  and  seasonable  retreat,  with  the  public  papers,  pos- 
session was  taken  of  his  estate  as  confiscated. 
Sept.  12  On  the  12th,  Sherbrook  and  Griffith   re-embarked   about  half 

Most  of  the  ' 

enemy  pro-  of  the  troops,  and  with  seven   or   eight  sail,   steered   eastward ; 

ceed  against  '^  r     i  •    •  i  • 

Machias.  leaving  Rear-Admiral  Milne,  Commodore  of  the  remammg  ships, 
and  General  Gosselin,  commander  of  the  new-conquered  Pro- 
vince. The  place  of  particular  destination  proved  to  be  Machias  ; 
where  there  was  a  fort  garrisoned  by  50  regular  soldiers,  several 
militia-men,  and  auxiliaries  lately  from  Robbinston,  commanded 
by  Capt.  Leonard,  and  defended  by  ten  mounted  24-pound  can- 
non. On  the  13th,  a  party  landed  at  Buck's  harbor,  a  league  or 
more  below  the  fort,  and  took  up  their  march  thither,  encouraged 
by  a  spirited  fire,  which  was  opened  from  the  shipping.  When 
the  strength  of  the  invading  force,   and  the  impossibility  of  de- 


Chap.  XXVI.]  OF  MAINE.  ggj 

fending  the  fort  successfully,  were  perceived,  Leonard  and  Lieu-  a.d.  isu. 
tenant  Morse  destroyed  seven  of  the  guns,  set  the  barracks  on 
fire,  blew  up  the  fort,  and  retreated.  Possession  was  immediately 
taken,  and  in  the  environs  were  found  between  50  and  70  catde,* 
seized  probably  when  on  their  way  to  Eastport,  for  breacli  of 
the  non-intercourse  law,  or  in  violation  of  the  laws  of  war.  The 
enemy  now  considered  the  whole  country  eastward  of  Penobscot, 
to  be  wholly  subdued,  and  the  fleet  sailed  for  Halifax. 

It  is  an  incident  worthy  of  being  noticed,  that  Leonard,  Morse,  a  frat  at 
and  Manning  on  their  way  from  Machias  westward,  with  their  ^'"""'''°''- 
soldiers,  finding  a  party  of  the  British  at  Frankfort,  sent  there 
from  Castine,  to  take  away  a  cargo  of  coj^oa  and  other  articles, 
boldly  seized  and  made  twelve  of  them  prisoners,  retook  and  re- 
stored to  the  inhabitants  50  muskets;  and  proceeding  onward, 
delivered  the  prisoners  to  the  Marshal  at  Salem. 

The  force  of  the  British  at  Castine  was  subject  to  perpetual  n,iiisi,  at 
changes;  vessels  of  war  frequently  arriving  and  departing.  There  ^^'''"^' 
were,  however,  seen  in  the  harbor  about  this  time,  the  Bulwark 
74,  a  frigate,  a  brig  and  14  transports.  The  number  of  troops 
were  understood  to  be  about  2,200.  The  central  eminence  of 
the  peninsula  had  been  chosen  for  the  garrison;  where  they 
mounted  more  than  60  cannon.  At  the  foot  of  the  eminence 
northward,  a  canal  of  10  or  12  feet  in  width  and  80  rods  in  length, 
was  excavated ;  by  which  the  Penobscot  was  connected  with  the 
river  'Biguyduce  or  Castine  river,  and  the  peninsula  converted  into 
an  Island.  This  was  done  to  prevent  both  desertion  and  surprize ; 
for  the  soldiers  escaped  as  often  as  they  had  opportunity.  East- 
port,  well  fortified,  was  under  the  command  of  Lieutenant-Colo- 
nel Gibbins,  whose  force  was  600  men  including  a  company  of 
Royal  Artillery. 

Sherbrook,  on   arriving  at  Halifax,  issued  a  long  proclamation,  Govern- 
Sept.  21,  for  establishing  a  Provincial  government  over  his  new,'Xdby"' 
Province,  between  New- Brunswick  and  the  Penobscot,  embracing  [;j-ook'^'^^''' 
all  the  opposite  Islands  upon  the  coast.     He  thereby  appointed 
Major-General   Gerard   Gosselin   to   command   and    govern    the 
country ;  directed  all  magistrates  and  civil  officers  to  perform  the 
duties  of  their  trust,  agreeably  to  the  laws   and   usages  of  the 

*  The  sig'ht  drew  from  one  of  the  British  officers,  the  witty  remark,  that. 
'  this  was  the  first  fort  he  ever  saw  manned  with  bullocks.' 


652  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II. 

A.Di  1814.  former  government;  and  required  the  inhabitants  to  take  an  oath 
before  such  officers  as  might  be  appointed, — to  behave  peaceably 
and  quietly,   and   not  take   arms   against  his   Brilanic   Majesty. 
Should  any  individuals  refuse  to  be  sworn,  or  be   found    affording 
assistance  to  the  Americans,  or  travelling  without   a   pass,  they 
would  be  subjected  to  military  law.     Or  if  any  vessel  should   be 
caught  in  trading  at  any  odier  place,  or  in  entering  any  other  port, 
than  Castine,  it  would  be  forfeited   and  condemned    as   a   prize. 
But  all  owners  of  vessels,  who  took  the  oath  required,  might  have 
a  coasting  license  from  Penobscot  to   New-Brunswick.     Foreign 
trade  in  British  bottoms  would  be  allowed  ;  they  being  with  their 
cargoes  subject  to  the   same   navigation-laws   at  Castine   as   at 
Halifax.* 
Octobers.        At  a  special  session  of  the  General   Court,  convened   Oct.  5, 
•Sel'iou!"'^  to  consider   the    unhappy   condition   of   the  eastern    conquered 
country,  it  was  resolved  first  to  adjourn  the  November  term  of  the 
Common  Pleas  (rom  Castine  to  Bangor,  in  January  ; — all  commit- 
ments were  ordered  to  be  in  the  gaol  at  Augusta,  and   all  deeds 
to  be  recorded,  either  at  that  place   or  at  Bangor.      Upon   the 
subject  of  routing  the  enemy  from  Castine,  the   Senate  believed 
it  to  be  inexpedient  to  make  the  attempt ;  for  if  it  met  with  suc- 
cess, it  must  be  at  a   great  sacrifice  of  lives.      A   question   was 
also  raised,  whether  James  Campbell,   a   Senator   at  the  board 
from  Washington  County,  had   not  been   compelled   to  take   an 
oath  of  submission  to  the  government  of  the    enemy,   incompati- 
ble with  his  duties  as  a  legislator  ;  and  whether  Martin    Kingsley 
of  Hampden,  a  Senator  from   Hancock,  had  not  likewise   been 
constrained  to  subscribe  himself  a  prisoner  of  war. — In  the  short 
discussion  had  upon  this  subject,  it  was    said,  that   General  Bur- 
■goyne,  after  he  was  captured  and  returned   home,    took  his  seat 
in  Parliament, — and  the  cases  of  the  two  Senators  were  referred 
to  the  next  session,  and  never  afterwards  revived. 

General  Gosselin,  when  he  received  Sherbrook's  proclamation, 

October  13.  .1101  r 

Oaii.  of  ai-  issued  another,  Oct  13,  by  which  he  appointed  the  Selectmen  ot 

Icgiance  re-  -i       1  1  i-      11       • 

quired o(  the  Sullivan,  to  admuiister  the  prescribed  oaths  ot  allegiance  or  neu- 
'^^"'^^'        trality,  to   all  the   male   inhabitants  of  n'or^ee?!  years  old  and  up- 
wards, within  the  new  Province,  requiring  them  to   report  their 


*  Slierbrook  also  commanded  all  collectors  and  receivers  of  public 
monies  or  lax«s,  to  pay  them  over  to  his  collector  of  the  customs  at  Cas- 
itioe. 


Chap,  xxvk]  of  maine.  553 

doings,  and   return   rolls  of  their  names.      But  the   Selectmen  a  d.  1814. 
were  unwilling  to  perform  such  an  ungracious  task  ;  and   sets   of 
men  were  a{Dpointed  for  the  purpose  in  different   places,    wlio   to 
some  extent  acquitted  themselves  of  the  trust. 

There  were  now  large  and  daily  importations  of  English  goods  'I'r.ifie 
and  articles  of  traffic,  into  Castine  ; — particularly,  Nov.  3d,  a  'r^^^rV"  ' 
fleet  of  merchant  vessels  arrived  there  from  the  river  St. 
John,  and  from  Eastport,  under  convoy  of  the  Furicuse  brig  of 
war.  Provisions  and  lumber  in  great  quantities  were  brought 
hither  to  market,  and  exchanged  at  a  high  price  for  European 
fabrics  and  colonial  produce  ;  and  the  duties*  on  dry  goods  ex- 
acted from  residents,  were  2  and  1-2  per  cent.,  and  from  non- 
residents double. 

But  one  of  their  vessels,  a  British  sloop  out  of  Halifax,  with  "^  ^'"'''t 

'  1  '  vessel  taken, 

a  cargo  of  bale  goods  invoiced  at  ^'40,000,  on  her  passage 
to  Castine,  was  captured  by  Major  Miller  and  an  armed  crew  in 
a  barge  from  Lincolnville,  3  leagues  out,  and  carried  into  Cam- 
den. Informed  of  the  capture,  Capt.  Mountjoy,  in  the  Furieuse 
of  38  guns,  steered  down  from  Castine  to  Camden,  and  demand- 
ed a  return,  or  restoration  of  the  cargo  captured, — threatening 
if  they  did  not  comply,  to  lay  the  town  and  likewise  Lincolnville, 
in  ashes.  The  district  Judge,  Sewall,  was  consulted  upon  the 
subject ;  and  he  declared  the  goods  ought  not  to  be  re-delivered. 
Defeated  in  his  purpose,  and  not  daring  to  execute  his  threats, 
Mountjoy  seized  at  Camden,  two  of  the  Selectmen  as  hostages, 
and  carried  d)em  to  Casdne ;  declaring  they  should  be  detained 
till  the  goods  were  either  paid  for  or  restored.  But  he  found 
the  detention  futile,  and  at  length  suffered  them  to  return  home. 

All  intercourse  between  the  eastern  and  western  sides  of  Pe- Majjj  ,,(,p. 
nobscot  river,  was  studiously  prevented  ;  excepting  what  was  in-  ^.[^l^_^  "'^ 
dispensible  to  the  local  condition  of  the  bordering  inhabitants. 
The  United  States'  mail  was  stopped  at  the  river  ;  and  the  Post- 
master General,  Sept.  26,  ordered  the  mails  bound  farther  east- 
ward, to  be  opened  at  the  Post-offices  nearest  to  the  territory 
controlled  by  the  enemy,  and  not  to  reraail,  nor  send  any  letters 


*  The  duties  en  rum  were  38  cent?  per  g-all. ;  on  sugar,  120cts.  per  cwt. ; 
on  molasses,  Sets,  per  gall. ;  on  brandy  and  gin,  43cts.  per  gall.— The 
price  of  fresh  beef  was  from  $5  to  $6  per  cwt. ;  of  flour  the  same  as  in 
Boston ;  of  merchantable  boards,  $10  per  thousand.— Molasses  was  re- 
tailed in  Castine  at  75cts.  per  gall.,  and  other  articles  in  like  proportion. 


654  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  11. 

A.  1).  iGii.  or  ])npers  thither,  till  the  impediments  were  removed.  On  the 
day  appointed  by  law,  Nov.  7,  for  electing  an  eastern  member  to 
Congress,  a  few  places  east  of  the  river  had  meetings  and  exer- 
cised the  right  of  suffrage ;  but  most  of  the  towns,  in  conse- 
quence of  doubts  and  their  peculiar  condition,  were  not  con- 
vened. 
A  rustoin  Mr.  Hook,  the  collector,  opened  a  custom-house  office  at  Hamp- 
eda'iVamp-  den,  fortiie  entries  and  clearances  of  all  neutral  vessels  ; — and  the 
Sivedish  being  of  that  character,  was  entitled  to  the  privilege, 
and  Peleg  Tolman  of  Bath,  was  accredited  as  Swedish  Consul. 
In  this  way,  goods  were  continually  passing  from  Castine  to 
Hampden,  where  they  were  regularly  entered  and  the  duties 
paid.  The  Secretary  of  the  Treasury  sanctioned  the  practice, 
stating,  that  '  ?ie«^?-fl/ vessels  and  cargos,  coming  from  any  part  of 
'  the  British  dominions,  might  be  admitted  to  an  entry  in  every 
'part  of  the  United  States  ;  the  port  from  which  she  obtained  a 
'  clearance,  whether  it  be  real  or  colorable,  from  a  friendly  or  a 
'  hostile  place,  could  make  no  difference  in  the  case.  But  no 
'vessel  could  be  permitted  to  enter  into  the  coasting  trade,  nor 
'  pass  from  one  district  to  another  in  possession  of  the  enemy, 
'  without  the  requisite  documents  and  papers,  prescribed  by 
A  great  '  acts  of  Cougrcss.'  Hcncc  a  great  trade  was  carried  on  from 
tiiroush  iiie  Castine  to  the  western  side  of  the  Penobscot,  during  November  and 
winter.  ^j^g  winter  months ;  goods  were  abundant  in  market  and  cheap  ; 
and  live  stock  fit  for  beef  was  in  great  demand,  and  brought  a 
high  price.  Hither  traders  and  speculators  thronged  to  procure 
goods  and  merchandize  ;  and  taking  with  them  eastern  bank  bills, 
drew  from  the  vaults  so  much  specie,  the  only  money  receivable 
at  Castine,  that  the  banks  were  soon  under  the  necessity  of  stop- 
ping payment.  A  discredit  was  of  course  given  to  the  bills,  till 
the  real  cause  was  understood,  when  they  so  far  revived  as  to 
pass  current  between  the  banks,  and  between  debtor  and  creditor. 
In  prosecuting  the  trade,  gold  and  silver  to  a  great  amount,  were 
brought  from  the  westward  into  the  District ;  so  that  specie  was 
found,  in  the  change  of  times,  to  be  more  plenty  than  at  any  for- 
mer period. 
Smuggling,  But  when  the  river  became  passable  on  the  ice,  smuggling 
was  luidertaken  with  obstinate  determination.  Dry  goods  pur- 
chased at  Castine,  were  carried,  or  conveyed  over  the  river  at 
different  places,  and  at  all  hours  of  the  night — a  practice,  which 


Chap,  xxvi.]  of  Maine.  655 

the  collector  was  in  duty  bound  to  prevent.  To  cite  an  instance  A.D.  isii. 
of  the  difficulties  springing  from  this  illicit  traffic  : — An  agent  of 
the  collector  seized  upon  a  loaded  sleigh,  when  crossing  the 
river  at  Hampden  about  daybreak,  and  was  therefore  on  com- 
plaint of  tlie  enraged  owner,  arrested  for  higliway  robbery,  ex- 
amined by  magistrates  of  his  own  selection,  and  sent  by  them  in 
the  severity  of  winter,  to  close  confinement  at  Augusta  ;  where 
he  was  detained  till  liberated,  on  a  writ  of  Habeas  Corpus. 
There  were  also  frequent  attempts  to  drive  across  lat  beeves  to 
the  enemy  ;  and  several  were  seized  by  order  of  the  Collec- 
tor, afterwards  libelled  and  condemned.  One  drove  of  28  oxen 
from  the  westward,  which  was  taken  by  him  into  custody,  was 
rescued  from  the  keepers  in  the  night  time,  by  a  party  of  15 
men.  In  short,  such  was  the  extent  of  trade,  that  the  sums 
paid  or  secured  for  duties  at  Hampden  in  five  weeks,  amounted, 
as  it  was  said,  to  150,000  dollars. 

Unable  to  deliver  tlie  6o/)(7erZ  unfinished  vessels   at   Castine   as  TiieBang-or 

niitl  Haiiip- 

stipulated,  the  inhabitants  of  Bangor  and  Hampden  sent  Amos  den  bonds. 
Patten  and  John  Crosby,  Esqrs.,  as  their  agents  to  General 
Sherbrook  at  Halifax,  to  get  either  an  allowance  of  farther  time, 
or  a  part  remission  of  the  penalties.  But  he  utterly  refused  to 
ameliorate  the  condition  of  the  bond  given  by  Hampden,  and 
was  far  from  being  favorably  disposed  towards  the  other.  Yet  he 
told  Mr.  Patten,  the  people  of  Bangor  might  have  their  choice 
of  four  conditions,  either  to  destroy  the  vessels  on  the  stocks, — 
deliver  them  at  Castine  in  the  spring, — sell  them  at  auction  and 
distribute  the  proceeds  among  the  captors, — or  pay  the  penal 
sum  of  the  bond.  Hard  as  these  terms  were,  no  better  could 
be  obtained.  The  agents  returned  in  December,  after  an  ab- 
sence of  six  weeks.  In  the  meantime,  the  enemy  had  virtually 
reduced  the  Hampden  bond  about  half,  by  sending  up  and  re- 
moving a  considerable  part  of  the  vessels  in  the  condition  men- 
tioned.     Subsequent  events  rendered  both  bonds  a  dead  letter. 

Castine,  during  the  winter,  was  a  place  of  great  resort  by  land  (^asiine,  a 

^  r  111-  \     l'l«fP  f' 

and  water; — the  seat  also  of  amusement  as  well  as  busmess.     A,es„rtan<i 
temporary  theatre  was  opened,  and   plays   performed   by   actors 
from  Halifax.      Here  the  British  officers  passed   many   of   their 
winter  evenings,  as  a  principal  place  of  pastime.     They  were  in 
general,  men  whose  dispositions,  manners  and  minds  entitled  them 


656  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II. 

A.  I).  )C15.  to  respect.  Gen.  Gosselin,  Col.  John,  Capt.  Dickins*  of  the 
Sylph,  and  several  of  subordinate  grade,  were  truly  humane 
and  hisih-ininded  men.  But  Barrie,  Captain  of  the  Dragon,  was 
a  total  stranger  to  literature,  to  every  generous  sentiment,  and  even 
to  good  breeding.  A  rough  sailor,  he  had  no  more  to  recommend 
him  than  a  savage  boldness,  and  uncouth  severity  ;  which  when  dis- 
played among  vanquished  foes,  served  to  cast  a  deep  shade  upon 
the  British  character  itself. 
News  of  News  of  peace  and  a  treaty  signed  at  Ghent,  Dec.  24,  reach- 

^"*^^*  ed  this  country  from  Europe,  Feb.  11  ;f  and  spread  with  the 
greatest  rapidity  through  the  continent.  It  was  received  with 
every  demonstration  of  joy  manifested  on  similar  occasions,  by 
ringing  of  bells,  illuminations,  discharge  of  cannon,  and,  in  sev- 
eral of  the  larger  towns,  by  splendid  balls  and  festive  dinners. 
The  General  Court  being  then  in  session,  appointed  the  22d  of 
February  to  be  observed  as  a  day  of  public  thanksgiving,  com- 
memorative of  the  joyful  event. 
Ttiewar  of  Never  were  there  before  at  Washington  city,  three  topics  of 
yeHrsend~  Conversation,  fraught  with  so  peculiar  diversity,  as  on  the  pres- 
ent  occasion.  One  was  the  joyful  event  and  festive  celebration 
of  peace,  after  a  storm  of  war,  which  had  raged  two  years  and 
six  months  without  intermission.     Another  was  the  signal  and  re- 

Ci  (?  n  or  n  1 

Jnckson's     markably  splendid   successes   of    General  Jackson,   January   8, 
successes,    against  the  British  army  below  New  Orleans,  which  shed  a    re- 
fulgence of  glory  on  the  American  arms,  at  a  most  interesting  junc- 
ture in  the  very  eve  of  the  war.     The  third  was  the  home  embassy 
of  three  Commissioners,   from  the  government  of  Massachusetts, 
Hartford      ggf^t  thither  to  effectuate  what  the  celebrated   Hartford    Conven- 

Coiivcniion.  i       i  r 

tion  had  concluded  to  recommend.  Ihat  body,  ot  26  members, 
distinguished  for  their  talents  and  intelligence,  of  whom  ten 
were  from  Massachusetts  and  two  from  Maine  appointed  by  the 
General  Court,  closed  a  session  of  20  days,  January  4,  and  pub- 
lished under  their  signatures  a  long  report  ;J  pointing  out  such 

*  Capt.  Dickins,  reputed  to  have  been  the  son  of  an  English  Earl,  was 
a  young-  officer  of  graceful  manners  and  noble  mind.  But  just  at  the  close 
of  the  war,  the  Sylph  was  wrecked  and  he  and  his  crew  lost.  There  was 
not  a  British  officer  at  Bangor,  more  admired  than  he  was. 

]  On  the  6th  of  Feb.  the  enemy  took  possession  of  Bucksport  in  a  for- 
mal manner. 

I  See  "  Proceedings  of  the  Convention,"  printed  A.  D.  1815~in  32  pages. 
The  Delegates  from  Maine  were  S.  S.  Wilde  and  Stephen  Longfellow,  jr. 


Chap,  xxvi.]  of  maine.  557 

measures  to  the  national  administration,  as  the  Federalists  cen- a»u>  I815. 
sured  or  condemned,  and  recommending  several  amendments  of 
the  Federal  Constitution.  The  errand  of  the  embassy  was  to 
request  of  the  General  Government,  that  '  Massachusetts  might 
'  separately,  or  in  concert  with  the  neighboring  States,  assume  the 
'defence  of  themselves  against  the  enemy;  and  that  a  portion  of 
'  the  federal  taxes,  collected  within  such  States,  might  be  paid 
'over  for  this  purpose  into  their  respective  treasuries.'  But  hap- 
pily for  both  political  parties,  their  voice  was  drowned  and  lost, 
amidst  the  general  exultation  and  joy. 

The  British  troops  evacuated  Castine,  April  25,  after  an  en- Castine 
campment  there  of  eight  months ;  the  inhabitants  suffering  in  the  ^^^'^"^ 
meantime  every  imaginable  inconvenience.  The  return  of  their 
freedom  and  re-enjoyment  of  their  rights,  were  celebrated  in  a  joy- 
ful and  festive  manner  ;  and  all  the  eastern  country  to  Eastport 
was  once  more  clear  both  of  troublesome  foreigners  and  ene- 
mies. 


Vol.  II.  83 


658  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II. 


CHAPTER  XXVII. 

Party-spirit  subsides — Business  revives — Importations — ReformO' 
tion  of  morals — Thirtien  towns  incorporated — Penobscot  County 
established — A  land-office — J.  Brooks,  Governor — Measures  for 
a  Separation — Brunswick  convention — Emigration  to  the  western 
States — Checked — Moose,  Diidky  and  Frederic  Islands,  deter- 
mined by  Commissioners  to  belong  to  the  United  States — Commis- 
sioners on  the  northern  boundary — Eastern  public  lands — Timber 
on  them — Agriculture  encouraged — Eight  new  towns  incorporated 
—  The  remains  of  the  Indian  tribes —  Treaty  with  the  Tai-ra- 
tines — A  farewell  vieiD  of  them — The  season — The  Sea-serpent — 
The  Separation  revived — 2c?  act — A  Convention  at  Portland 
form  a  Constitution — Seven  new  towns  incorporated — New  Con- 
stitution ratified — Maine  admitted  into  •  the  Union — Meeting  of 
Maine  Legislature — William  King,  Governor — The  branches  and 
officers  of  government — State  seal — Statute  laws  revised — Joint 
Commissioners  of  the  tico  States. 

A.D.  1815,  The  return  of  peace  damped  the  flames  of  party-spirit,  and 
Effecis  of  wakened  to  fresh  hfe  every  enterprize.  As  business  resumed  its 
^f^eace^"  wonted  channels,  and  the  poHcy  of  administration  no  longer  par- 
took of  a  belligerent  character,  the  severities  of  the  Federalists 
presently  changed  to  sentiments  more  acquiescent  in  its  meas- 
ures. The  most  interesting  subjects  of  remark  seem  to  have 
been,  the  management,  the  expenses  and  the  exploits  of  the 
late  war,  with  strictures  upon  British  cruelty  to  their  prison- 
ers, especially  in  Dartmoor  prison  ;  and  with  observations  upon 
the  people's  interests  and  objects  of  their  enterprize,  in  seasons 
of  tranquillity.  Massachusetts  had  expended  a  million  and  half 
of  dollars,  which  Congress  was  indisposed  to  pay,  because  Gov. 
Strong  had  declined  a  compliance  with  the  President's  call  for 
the  militia,  or  had  refused  to  put  them  under  any  one  of  his 
officers.* 

*  A  part  of  (he  militia  was  called  out  by  order  of  the  Governor  from 
time  to  time  ;  and  "  it  appears  that  a  sum  not  much  short  of  $1,000,000, 
has  already  been  paid,  or  is  shortly  to  be  paid  for  the  expenses  of  the 


I 


Chap,  xxvit.]  of  maine.  659 

Commerce  being  now  free  of  restrictions  and  embarrassments,  A.D.  I815. 
all  vessels  were  in  great  demand,  and  the  business  of   ship-build- Commerce 

.  .  n      •         revived. 

ing  and  of  lumbering,  extensively  revived  throughout  Maine. 
Also  the  cod-fishery,  always  considered  by  the  inhabitants,  an  Cod-fishery. 
enterprize  worthy  of  encouragement,  and  usually  found  to  be  pro- 
ductive, was  soon  resumed  with  vigor  and  with  prospects  of  profit, 
so  long  as  they  were  unmolested.  But  as  the  article  in  the 
treaty  between  our  government  and  the  British,  regulating  the 
eastern  fisheries,  had  expired  ;  their  cruisers  now  seized  upon 
all  the  fishing  vessels  found  in  their  waters, — the  brig  Jesseur 
carrying  into  the  harbor  of  Halifax,  eight  sail  in  one  day.  Owing 
to  some  inadvertence,  or  impolicy,  this  important  subject  made  no 
part  of  the  commercial  treaty  between  the  two  nations,  signed 
July  3,  of  the  present  year;  and  consequently  the  embarrass- 
ments were  not  removed,  till  the  convention  of  Oct.  20,  1818; 
when,  by  the  first  article,  our  rights  were  re-confirmed,  of  taking 
fish  in  the  waters  of  Newfoundland,  and  of  curing  and  drying 
them  upon  the  Island.  Plaster,  which  had  been  extensively  used  Piaster, 
by  agriculturists  in  manuring  or  dressing  their  fields,  and  been 
sold  for  more  than  thirty  dollars  by  the  ton,  fell  in  its  price  to 
half  the  sum,  as  soon  as  the  transportation  of  the  article  from 
Nova  Scotia,  was  fully  resumed.  Heavy  importations  of  Euro-  j^porta- 
pean  fabrics  into  this  country,  being  soon  and  sensibly  felt,  had  a  ''^^jg"'^ 
twofold  effect, — to  reduce  their  prices  greatly  in  the  market, 
and  to  discourage  the  home  manufacturers,  who  could  by  no 
means  afford  to  sell  similar  commodities  at  so  low  a  rate  as  the 
traders.  Another  effect  was  to  reduce  the  value  of  materials, 
and  the  price  of  mechanic  labor.  The  merino  sheep,  which 
had  commanded  an  extravagant  price,  having  been  mixed  with 
almost  every  flock  in  the  eastern  country,  presently  sunk  to  less 
than  half  their  former  value,  and  yet  found  comparatively  k\v  pur- 

fast  5'ear." — See  Resolves  General  Court,  Oct.  1814, — also  Jan.  and  Feb. 
1815;  and  Report  and  Resolve,  June,  \SIS. — The  question  was,  'will  the 
*  United  States  pay  the  expense,  where  their  officers  had  no  command ; 
'  and  where  the  orders  of  the  President  had  not  been  obeyed  r' — See  Gov. 
Slrong''s  message,  Oct.  5,  1814,  and  Jlr.  Jlunroe^s  letter ;  also  a  general  or- 
der, Sfc.  July  12,  1812.— By  the  Federal  Constitution,  Art.  2,  sec.  2,  "  the 
"  President  shall  be  Commander-in-Chief  of  the  militia  of  the  several 
"  States  when  called  into  the  actual  service  of  the  United  States." 


660  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II. 

A.  D.  1815.  chasers.     Therefore,  as  English    goods  flooded  the  community, 

the  wheels  of  factories  and  machineries  turned  heavily.* 
Reforma-  As  E  dissoluteness  in  morals  and  a  relaxation  in  religious  du- 
als, ties,  were  noticed  to  have  become  deeper  evils  than  before  the 
war,  great  exertions  were  made  to  effect  a  reform.  Hence, 
Bible  Societies  were  established  for  the  diffusion  of  the  Scrip- 
tures, and  Sunday-schools  instituted  for  the  instruction  of  the 
young,  which  were  found  in  their  progress  to  be  of  peculiar  ben- 
efit. Also  many  excellent  essays  were  written,  sermons  deliver- 
ed, and  at  length,  an  additional  statute  passed,  to  check  the  pro- 
fanation of  the  Lord's  day.  Tythingmen  in  towns  were  multi- 
plied, and  only  those  chosen,  who  were  expected  to  do  their  duty. 
The  intemperate  use  of  ardent  spirits,  was  another  prevailing  sin, 
always  ruinous  to  individual  health  and  reputation,  and  often- 
times, to  the  comfort  and  respectability  of  families.  Equally 
lamentable  and  perhaps  more  heinous,  was  the  increasing  profane- 
ness  in  conversation ; — evils,  all  of  them,  which  incited  a  christian 
community  to  measures  promotive  of  more  purity  in  life  and 
principle,  and  greater  sanctity  of  manners. 

Maine  sustained  no  diminution  in  her  population  during  the 
incorporai-  ^ar ;  her  losses  in  the  army  and  navy  being  more  than  repaired 
^'^'  by  emigration.     For  though  the  town  of  Woodstock,!  incorpo- 

rated February  7th,  1815,  was  the  only  one  established,  in  the 
District,  the  current  year;  there  were  established,  in  1816, twelve 
towns — all  of  which  were  formed  of  plantations,  recently  settled. 

Their  names  and  dates  of  incorporation  were  these,  viz. : 
A.  D.  1816.  ^  ' 

TvveivcnewKiNGFiELDjJ  the   24th,   and   Moscow,§   the   30th   of  January; 


*  A  corporation  was  established,  Feb.  15,  1816,  for  the  encouragement  of 
manufactures. 

f  Woodstock^  (209th  town.)  embraces  the  two  lialf  townships,  granted, 
June  14,  1800,  to  Dummer  Academy,  and  February  7,  1807,  to  Gorham 
Academj-.     It  is  north  of  Paris,  and  a  good  town. 

I  Kingjxeld,  (210th  town,)  was  [Plantation  No.  3,  Range  1,]  a  part  of  the 
Bingham  purchase.  It  was  surveyed  by  Solomon  Adams,  in  1S08.  Its 
name  was  selected  in  honor  of  William  King,  Esq.  (Isl  Governor  of  Maine) 
— a  principal  proprietor.     It  was  first  settled  in  1806. 

\  Moscow,  (211th  town,)  is  also  a  part  of  the  Bingham  purchase,  and  in 
the  same  range  with  Kingfieid.  Moscow  was  first  settled  as  early  as  1773, 
and  called  Bakcrstown.  It  was  surveyed  in  1812.  A  baptist  church  was 
established  in  1812.  The  toivn  was  named  for  the  Russian  city  of  Moscow- 
— jyiS.  I  etter  of  Charles  Baker,  Esq. 


Chap,  xxvii.]  of  Maine.  qqi 

Wales,*  the   1st,   Greenwood,!  the  2d,  Weld, J   and   Guil- a.d.  1816. 
FORD,§  the  8th,   and    Cherryfield,||    the    9th    of   February ;  mwnsincor- 
DEXTER,ir  the    17th,   and   North-Hill,**  the  20th  of  June  ; '""'""''" 
and  Brooks, ff  the  10th,  and  Corinna,JJ   and  Ripley,§§   the 
1 1th  of  December. 

The  County  of  Penobscot,  was  incorporated  February  15th,  '^""n'yof 

1  oi  r     1      •  ^  •      J  11/^  fViKiliSfot 

IblO,  bemg  the  ninth  and  last  County  estabhshed  in  the  District  s>iui>iisiied. 
of  Maine,  prior  to  the  Separation.     It  embraced  all  the   northern 
part  of  Hancock,  above  Frankfort,  and  Biicksport;  and  Bangor, 
a  half-shire  with  Castine,  since   Feb.  28,    1814,   in   which  there 
was    then    established    an    office    for  the   northern    Registry    of 

*  JVales,  (212th  town,)  adjoins  Monmouth.  Its  plantation  name  was 
Wales, — a  small  town  of  4  miles  by  3,  of  good  land. 

\  Greenwood,  (2l3th  town,)  was  No.  4,  township,— 11,520  acres  of  which 
were  granted,  March  19,  1800,  to  Phillips  Academy  ;  and  9,000  acres,  Feb- 
ruary 1,  1805,  to  Eleazer  Twitchell  and  associates. 

I  Weld,  (214th  town,)  encloses  a  large  body  of  water  called  Wehb''s  fond, 
which  gave  name  to  the  plantation.     It  is  a  large  town  of  48  square  miles. 

\  Guilford,  (21oth  town,)  was  township,  No.  6,  in  the  7th  range,  and  was 
one  of  the  towns  originally  granted  to  Bowdoin  College. — [See  Scbcr.,A.  D. 
1812.]     Census  in  1S20,  325  souls. 

li  Lhcrryjield,  (216th  town,)  was  No.  11,  of  the  Lottery-townships,  situ- 
ated on  both  sides  of  the  Narraguagus  river.  Census  in  1S2J— 241  inhabi- 
tants,— a  pleasant  township. 

IT  Dexter,  (2l7th  town,)  was  granted  March  13,  1804,  to  Amos  Bond  and 
eight  others.  (No.  4,  5th  Range.)  The  settlement  of  the  town  was  com- 
menced in  the  spring  of  1801.  The  plantation  was  called  Elkinstown, 
probably  from  the  first  settler.  It  contains  about  20,370  acres,  1,200  of 
which  are  covered  with  water.  The  soil  of  the  town  is  fine.  Post-Office 
established  there  in  1818.  The  town  was  named  in  memory  of  Samuel 
Dexter — Boston. — MS.  Letter  of  Seba  French,  Esq. 

**  jYorth-Hill,  (218th  town,)  is  No.  2,  a  part  of  the  Bingham  purchase. 
It  was  first  settled  in  1801,  by  Jonathan  Quimby,  and  the  corporate  name 
was  given  it  by  his  wife.  It  was  surveyed  in  1804,  by  Philip  Bullen. — 
J\IS.  Letter  of  William  Butterfield,  Esq. 

ff  Brooks,  (219th  town,)  was  so  named  in  compliment  to  Governor  Brooks. 
Its  plantation  name  was  Washington.     It  was  a  part  of  the  Waldo  patent. 

'11  Corinna,  (220th  town,)  was  township.  No.  4, — 4th  range.  It  was  alien- 
ed by  the  State  to  Doct.  John  Warren  of  Boston,  June  30,  1804. 

§5  Ripley,  (221st  town,)  was  settled  in  1804  ;  and  incorporated  by  its  pres- 
ent name  in  honor  of  General  Eleazer  W.  Ripley,  a  distinguished  officer 
in  the  late  war.  The  original  grant  of  the  town,  bj'  the  State,  was  Sept. 
27,  1808,  to  John  S.  Frazy,  who  conveyed  it  to  Charles  Vaughan,  and  John 
Merrick,  Esqrs.  The  town  was  surveyed  in  1809,  and  1813.  The  Post- 
Office  was  established  in  1818. — JIS.  Letter  of  Mr.  Jacob  Hale. 


662  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II. 

A.  1).  )8ic  Deeds,  was  appointed  the  shire-town,  for  the  new  County.  Still, 
all  matters  arising  within  it,  cognizahle  by  the  Supreme  Court, 
were  to  be  tried  at  Castine  ;  and  tiie  gaol  there  was  to  be  a  prison 
for  the  use  of  Penobscot  County,  three  years.* 

fue^esia'b-        During  an  interval  of  12  or  13  years,  since  the   committee  of 

iished.  eastern  lands  had  been  discharged  of  their  official  duties;  and 
William  Smith,  Esq.  lately  deceased,  had  been  the  agent,  merely 
to  oversee  the  lands,  complete  the  sales  previously  made,  and  col- 
lect the  debts  ;  there  had  been  only  seven  or  eight  townships  con- 
veyed in  the  whole  time,  otherwise  than  as  donations,  or  gifts  by 
special  resolves  of  the  General  Court, — though  these  amounted 
to  no  less  than  four  hundred  and  fifty  thousand  acres.  It  was 
found  that  the  eastern  lands  were  now  in  demand  for  settlement, 
and  that  the  eastern  people  were  anxious  to  have  the  sales  re- 
sumed and  opened  in  a  manner  calculated  to  suit  purchasers. 
Therefore  a  statute  was  passed  February  15,  181G,  which  estab- 
lished a  Land-Office  in  Boston,  for  the  management,  sale,  and  set- 

Commis-  tlement  of  them  ;  and  three  Commissioners  were  appointed  to 
the  trustf  by  the  Executive, — assisted  by  a  surveyor-general. 
They  continued  in  office  till  the  political  connexion  between  Mas- 
sachusetts and  Maine  was  dissolved ;  acquitting  themselves  of  the 
duties  to  the  public  acceptance. 

,Tohn Brooks      At  the  May  clcction,  (1816,)  John  Brooks   succeeded  Gov. 

Goveruor.  _  "^        ,  \  ' 

Strong  in  the  Chief  Magistracy  of  the  State,  by  a  handsome  ma- 
jority, over  Samuel  Dexter,  who  was  the  Democratic  candidate. 
He  was  a  man  of  unassuming  manners  and  great  political  integri- 
ty. He  had  distinguished  himself  as  an  officer  in  the  war  of  the 
Revolution,  and  was  Adjutant-General  of  the  State  at  the  time 
of  his  election.  He  continued  to  be  elected  Governor  from  year 
to  year,  till  after  the  Separation. 

The  most  important  event  of  his  administration  was  the  divis- 

*  The  County  officers  were — 

Samuel  E.  Dutton,  [of  Bang-or,]  Judge  of  Probate. 

Allen  Oilman,  "        Register  of  Probate. 

Jacob  McGaw,  "         County  Attomeij. 

Thomas  Cobb,  "         Clerk  of  the  Courts. 

Jedediali  Herrick,  [Hampden,]  Sheriff. 

John  Wilkins,  [Orrington,]  Reg.  of  Deeds,  and  County  Treas. 

■f  These  were  Edicard  H.  Robblns,  of  Milton,  late  Lieutenant-Governor 
of  the  State  •,—Lnthrop  Lewis,  of  Gorham,  lately  a  Senator,  who  was  also 
surveyor-general ;— and  Joseph  Lee,  of  Bucksport,  Rep.  of  his  town. 


Chap,  xxvii.]  of  Maine.  qq^. 

ion  of  the  Commonwealth.  The  necessity  of  a  separate  govern-  A.  D.  1816. 
ment  in  Maine  had  pressed  convictions  upon  the  mind,  through  Separation 
the  whole  of  the  late  war;  and,  therefore,  as  soon  as  peace  re-'^""^'  "'^ 
turned,  the  subject  became  a  topic  of  great  interest  and  general 
discussion.  Nay,  it  appeared  that  petitions  for  a  separation  had 
been  presented  to  the  Legislature,  early  in  the  preceding  Janua- 
ry Session,  by  49  towns,  in  their  corporate  capacity,  and  by  in- 
dividuals in  nearly  as  many  otliers  ;  and  that  the  population  of  the 
former  was  50,264,  and  the  memorialists  themselves  were  2,936. 
To  ascertain  in  a  legal  and  satisfactory  way  the  sentiments  and 
wishes  of  the  people,  the  General  Court,  Feb.  10,  directed  meet- 
ings to  be  holden.  May  20th,  in  all  the  towns  and  plantations  of  the 
District,  and  the  yeas  and  nays  to  be  taken  on  this  question — 
"  Shall  the  Legislature  be  requested  to  give  its  consent  to  the 
"  separation  of  the  District  of  Maine  from  Massachusetts,  and 
"  the  erection  of  said  District  into  a  separate  State  ?" — requir- 
ing the  affirmatives,  the  negatives,  and  the  whole  number  of  votes, 
in  each  municipal  corporation,  to  be  certified  and  sent  under  seal 
to  the  Secretary  of  State. 

At  the  present  session,  in  June,  it  was  found  on  examination,  y^as  and 
that  by  the  votes  returned  there  were  10,393  yeas,  and  6,501  j^'l^'jilfg*'^" 
nays  ;  and  that  the  whole  numbei-  of  legal  voters  was  37,828  ; — 
a  majority  of  the  freemen  not  having  voted  at  all  upon  the  ques- 
tion. The  result  was  not  precisely  what  the  advocates  had  an- 
ticipated ;  nevertheless,  the  Senators  from  Maine,  and  most  of 
the  Representatives,  petitioned  the  Legislature  for  its  consent  to 
form  the  District  into  a  separate  State  ;  and  accordingly  a  bill, 
drawn  with  great  ability  and  skill,  was  reported  by  John  Picker- 
ing of  the  Senate,  which  became  a  law  on  the  20th  of  June.     It '.''  Separa- 

"-  _  _  _  tioii-law. 

first  prescribed  the  terms  of  separation  ;  and  then  directed  the 
voters  to  meet  in  their  respective  towns  and  plantations  on  the 
first  Monday  of  the  ensuing  September,  and  give  their  yeas  and 
nays  upon  the  main  question  as  thus  modified — "/s  it  expedient 
"  that  the  District  of  Maine  be  separated  from  Massachusetts 
"  and  become  an  Independent  State  ?" — Also,  every  town  was 
authorized  to  choose  at  the  same  time  as  many  Delegates,  as  by 
the  constitution,  it  might  elect  Representatives  ;  and  these  were 
directed  to  convene  in  the  meeting-house  at  Brunswick,  on  the 
last  Monday  of  the  same  September  ;  and  if  they  found  that  a 
majority  oi  five  io  four  at  least  of  the  votes  returned,  were  in 


664  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.    II. 

\.D.  181G.  favor  of  tiie  proposed  separation;  then,  and  not  odierwise,  the 
Conveiiiioii  Convention  was  authorized  to  form  a  constitution.  At  the  time 
wick.  and  place  appointed,  185  Delegates  convened  and  elected  Wil- 

liam King,  President,  and  Samuel  K.  Whiting,  Secretary.  The 
next  business  was  to  canvass  the  returns ;  when  it  appeared,  that 
there  were  11.969  yeas,  and  10,347  nays; — presenting  a  result 
much  less  than  the  statute-majority  required,  and  far  below  what 
had  been  confidently  and  generally  anticipated.  The  advocates 
for  an  independent  State,  who  constituted  about  two  thirds  of  the 
Convention,  unwilling  to  submit  to  a  total  defeat,  endeavored  to 
give  a  novel  though  unexpected  construction  to  the  act,  and  shew 
that  there  was  a  substantial  compliance  with  its  spirit,  if  not  its 
ietter.  For  a  Committee  reported  that  the  aggregate  of  yeas,  in 
the  towns  and  j)lantations  giving  majorities  in  favor  of  a  separa- 
tion, compared  with  the  nays,  in  those  giving  a  majority  against  it, 
Noiiiins^  ef-  exhibited  an  affirmative  larger  than  as  five  to  four.*    Hence,  the 

f      t     -  1 

conipiished.  Convcntiou  acccpted  the  Report,  though  encountered  by  the  Pro- 
test of  a  large  minority  ;  and  appointed  two  Committees,  one  to 
frame  a  Constitution,  and  the  other  to  apply  to  Congress  for  ad- 
mission into  the  Union ;  adjourning  to  the  3d  Tuesday  of  the 
ensuing  December.  But  the  General  Court,  convening  in  the 
meantime,  disapproved  of  the  construction  assumed,  and  dissolved 
the  Convention. 

Emigration       Another    subject,  already   more  essentially   interesting  to  the 

lollie  west-  .  r   i,\    ■  1       •    /■  •  •   •         r  •  • 

era  stales,  prosperity  of  Maine,  was  the  infatuating  spirit  of  emigration  to 
the  western  States, — tauntingly  denominated  the  "  Ohio-fever." 
It  began  to  rage  early  in  the  preceding  year — occasioned,  or  in- 
flamed by  a  variety  of  causes,  some  of  which  may  be  mentioned. 
The  latter  period  of  the  war  had  been  gloomy  to  the  eastern 
people.  The  enemy  had  seized  upon  a  large  region  of  their 
territory,  invaded  other  places,  and  put  an  end  to  commercial  in- 
tercourse— even  the  coasting  trade.  Articles  of  import  and  of 
provision,  and  indeed  the  principal  necessaries  of  life,  were  scarce, 

*  The  Report  stated,  that  "  the  whole  aggregate  majority  of  yeas,  over 
«  the  nays,  in  the  towns  and  plantations  \n  favor,  was  6,031 ; — the  whole 
"  aggregate  majority  of  nays,  over  the  yeas,  in  the  towns  and  plantations 
"  opposed,  was  4,409  ;  then,  as  Jive  is  to  Jour  so  is  6,031  to  4,825,  But  the 
*'  majority  of  nays  is  4,409  only."  Yet  the  Legislature  said,  "  the  Con- 
"  veation  have  misconstrued  the  act." — See  Report  and  Resolves,  Dec.  4, 
1816,  p.  317-322. 


Chap,  xxvii.]  of  Maine.  665 

and  their  prices  high.  The  altercations  of  political  parties,  so  spir-  A.  D.  1816. 
ited,  so  obstinate,  and  so  long  protracted,  had  become  extremely 
tiresome  and  disgusting  to  all  unaspiring  men.  The  spring  sea- 
sons of  the  anterior  and  current  years,  were  uncommonly  cold 
and  unpropitious  ; — particularly  in  the  present  summer,  there 
was  '  not  a  month  without  frost.'  War  and  adversity  had  cast 
upon  some  a  heavy  weight  of  debt,  and  poverty  had  always 
been  the  lot  of  a  still  greater  number  ; — both  classes  having  noth- 
ing to  leave  and  little  to  carry  with  them.  It  was  represented, 
that  the  lands  in  Ohio  and  Kentucky  were  rich,  the  climate  mild, 
and  the  summers  long ;  and  that  breadstufFs  and  other  articles  of 
food  there,  were  abundant  and  cheap.  By  this  contrasted  view 
of  the  two  countries,  rendered  more  visionary  by  captivating 
stories,  industriously  sent  into  circulation,  the  lower  orders  of  so- 
ciety were  put  in  motion,  and  nothing  could  break  the  spell. 
Neither  the  return  of  peace,  the  disappointments  and  miseries  of 
some  who  had  removed,  the  return  of  others,  nor  the  dissua- 
sives  of  Iriends,  could  check  the  current.  It  had  burst  its  banks, 
and  could  not  for  a  period  be  controlled  nor  diverted. 

The  winter  of  1816-17,  was  the  severest  which  had  been  ex- a.d.  1817. 
perienced    by  the  eastern   people   for  many   years,  the   succeed-  Cold  winter 
ing  spring  was  very  chilly,   and    everything  vegetable   was  back-  ' 
ward.     Wheat,   rye  and   corn  were  extremely  scarce,  so  that  in 
many  places  it  was  impossible  to  procure  a  sufficiency  for    seed. 
Nay,  the  forbidding  aspect  of  the  times  was  such,   as  to   educe 
fears  of  a  famine  before  the  close  of  another  winter  ;  and  thus  to 
give  a  fresh  impulse  to  the  enchanting  spirit  of  emigration.     Hun- 
dreds who  had  homes,   sold  them   for   small  considerations,  and 
lost  no  time  in  hastening  away  into  a  far  country.      But  in   July,  Boimiiful 
the  showers  and  sunshines  gave  renovated  freshness  to  the  fields 
and    face  of  nature ;  and    the    autumn    was    crowned    with    the 
bounties  of  Divine  goodness.     In   consequence  of  this  favorable 
change  in  the  seasons,  preceded  and  followed  by  stateinents  of  facts, 
which  the  returning  visitants   of    the  western   country  published, 
and  which  served  to  correct  the   elysian  stories   reported  ;  many.  Emigration 
half-prepared,  delayed  their  removals  till  another  year  ;  and  it  is  ^iiecked. 
believed,  that  subsequently,  more  returned   than  emigrated.     Yet 
it  has  been  supposed,  that  Maine  in  fact  lost  between  ten  and  fif- 
VoL.  II.  84 


666  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II. 

A.  Di  1817.  teen  thousand  inhabitants  by  this  strange  infatuation  ;  besides  those 

who  had  means  and  courage  sufFiciciit  to  accompHsh   a  return. 
Moose,  In  discharge  of  the  trust,  to  which  Thomas   Barclay  and  John 

!)ii(llry,aiKl  ^  _  _  _     _  •' 

Frprierifk     Holmes,  the  English  and  American  commissioners,  were  appoint- 

Islaiuisours,  .  , 

by  Coinmis  ed  HI  1816,  uudcr  tlic  4th  Article  in  the  treaty  of  Ghent,  they  cer- 

sioners'  tie-     .^     ,  ,  ...  ,  i       tvt  ^  >        i      •       i 

lenninaiioii.  titled,  Under  their  Signatures  and  seals,  JNov.  24,  their  determina- 
tion, which  was,  "  that  Moose  Island,  Dudley  Island,  and  Fred- 
"  ericic  Island,*  in  the  bay  of  Passamaquoddy,  do  belong  to  the 
"  United  States;"  and  that  '  all  the  other  Islands  in  that  bay  and 
'  the  Island  of  Grand  Menan  in  the  bay  of  Fundy,  belong  to  his 
'  Britanic  Majesty,  in  conformity  with  the  true  intent  of  the  2d 
'  article  in  the  treaty  of  1783.'  Therefore,  Col.  Sargent  and 
Gen.  Miller,  the  one  on  behalf  of  this  Commonwealth,  and  the 
other  of  the  United  States,  received  at  Eastport,  in  July,  1818, 
from  the  British,  a  formal  surrender  of  those  Islands  ;  which  till 
this  time  had  continued  in  their  possession  since  the  war  ; — and 
immediately  the  event  was  announced  by  a  proclamation  from 
Gov.  Brooks. 
Ms?enran'd  ^o  determine  "  the  point  of  the  Highlands  lying  due  north 
Boundary  ^■'°™'  ^^^  sourco  of  tlic  rivcr  St.  Croix,"  designated  in  the  treaty 
of  Maine,  of  peace,  (1783,)  as  the  'north-west  angle  of  Nova  Scotia,' 
and  to  ascertain  '  the  boundary  between  the  head  of  the  St.  Croix 
'  and  that  angle,  and  along  the  highlands  which  divide  the  rivers 
'  emptying  into  the  St.  Lawrence,  from  those  which  fall  into  the  At- 
'  lantic,  to  the  north-westernmost  head  of  Connecticut  river  ;  and 
'  down  it,  to  the  45th°  of  northern  latitude  ;' — the  5th  Article  in 
the  treaty  of  Ghent,  made  provision  for  a  joint  commission,  to  be 
filled,  by  one  from  each  of  the  governments  ;  and  therefore,  the 
king  appointed  Thomas  Barclay,  and  the  President,  Cornelius 
Van  Ness.  Their  first  meeting  was  at  St.  Andrews,  Sept.  23, 
181 G,  and  their  last  at  New-York,  April    13,    1822;  when   they 

*  Moose  Island  is  Eastport ;  Dudleifs  Island  is  now  Allen's  Island  ;  and 
Frederick  Island  is  now  jR/ce's  Island.  Dudley's  Island,  whicii  lies  north 
of  Frederick  Island,  is  the  larg-er  of  the  two  and  contains  about  70  acres^ 
originally  g'ranted  to  Col.  Allen,  the  commanding'  officer  at  Machias  dur- 
ing the  war  of  the  Revolution.  The  family  of  his  son's  widow  is  now  the 
only'one  on  the  Island.  Frederick,  or  Rice's  Island,  of  15  acres,  is  owned  by 
Mr.  Thayer  of  Lubec,  and  is  inhabited.  These  two  Islands  lie  between 
Eastport  and  Lubec,  directly  east  of  Seward's  neck,  which  stretches  up 
N.  W.  into  Cobscook  bay. — JIS.  Let.  of  Mr.  L.  Subin  and  plan.  See  In' 
trodudion,  ante,  p.  86. 


Chap,  xxvii.]  of  Maine.  667 

being  unable  to  agree  upon  a  boundary,  reported  tbeir  proceed-  A.  D.  1817. 
ings  and  points  of  disagreement,  to  their  respective  governments. 
It  was  subsequently  referred  to  William,  King  of  the  Netherlands  ; 
and  he  recommended  a  line  from  the  source  of  the  St.  Croix 
to  the  thread  of  the  river  St.  John, — thence  in  the  middle  of 
that  river  through  the  St.  Francois  to  its  source :  and  thence 
along  the  highlands  south-westwardly  to  '  mile  tree'  and  the  head 
of  Connecticut  river.* 

Since  the  establishment  of  the  land-office,  the  attention  of  the  The  nine 
public  had  been  again  drawn  to  the  consideration  of  the  value  and  To^wnships; 
importance  of  the  extensive  territories  in  Maine,  yet  unappropri- l,'"|p*'J'|jf  ^" 
ated.      The    nine    tovvnshipsf  upon   Penobscot  river,   released,  '^"''' 
August  8,  1796,  by  the  Indians,  and  specially  reserved  in  all  sub- 
sequent grants,  on  account  of  their  superior  value,  were  ordered, 
June  13,  by  the  Legislature  into  market,  under  the   direction  of 
the  Land  Commissioners  ;  who  were  now  invested  with  additional 
powers,  to  prevent  the  destruction  of  the  timber,  becoming  more 
exposed  as  the  inhabitants  increased,  and  more  valuable  as  it  grew 
more  scarce.     They  were  directed  to  seize  all  found  cut  by  tres- 
passers, cause  it  to  be  libelled  in  the    Court  of   Common  Pleas, 
and  condemned  as  forfeit.     But  the  total  amount  of  sales  of  lands 
made  by  the  Commissioners,  between  their  appointment  and  the 
Separation,  was    so  inconsiderable,   as    probably  not  to  exceed 
10,000  acres. 

There  had  been  uncommon  efforts  made  since  the  war,  to  pro-  Agriculture 
mote  agricultural  enterprize  and  improvement ;  to  multiply  fruit-  P''"'""'^'^- 
trees  and  render  them  flourishing ;  and  to  improve  the  breed  of 
horses  and  cattle,  as  well  as  sheep.  Besides  the  able  essays  that 
were  published, — the  qualities  of  different  soils  were  analyzed,  and 
their  adaptation  to  different  grains  explained  ;  and  at  length,  to 
interest  the  whole  community  in  those  important  objects,  an  Ag- 
ricultural Society  was   incorporated,  Feb.  16,  1818,  exclusively 

*  The  reference  was,  Jan.  12,  1S29  ;  and  the  determination  was,  Jan.  10, 
1831; — not  yet  ratified  by  the  two  governments.  The  umpire's  award  is 
highly  dissatisfactory  to  the  United  States  and  State  of  Maine.  For  as 
stated  in  the  protest  of  our  minister,  Mr.  Preble,  the  Umpire  has  under- 
taken to  decide  what  was  not  submitted  to  him, 

■j-  The  nine  townships  surveyed  in  1797,  by  S.  Towne. — Resolve,  1817.  ■ 
See  Introduction,  sec.  J,  ante. 


668  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II. 

A.D.  1817.  for  this  District;  embracing  men  of  the  most  influence  and   most 

skilfuhiess  in  agriculture. 
Brooksviiie       There    was    only    one    town    incorporated    in    1817,    namely 

Jiicorpoial-  ''  _  '  '' 

ed.  Brooksvjlle*,  June  loth;  being  formed  from  parts  of  Castine, 

A.  D.  1818.  Penobscot  and  Sedgwick.  But  in  1818,  there  were  se.ven  estab- 
j^j^^^"^""|"*  lished  ;  these  were  China, f  incorporated  the  5th,  Monroe, J 
^^-  and  Perry,§  the  12th,  Mexico, ||  and  Dennysville,11  the  13th, 

and  SwANTiLLE,**  the  19th  of  February;  and  Jackson, ff   the 

12th  of  June. 

*  Brooksviiie,  (222d  town,)  is  bounded  by  the  water  on  all  sides  except  at 
the  south-east  corner,  it  adjoins  Sedg-wick.  It  has  Cape  Rozier  south,  and 
is  bounded  southerly  onEdgemanogan-reach,  and  easterly  on  one  branch  of 
Castine  river.  It  took  from  Sedgwick  an  eighth,  and  from  Castine  and 
Penobscot  each  a  filth  of  their  taxable  property.  The  same  j-ear  Brooks- 
viiie was  established,  about  one  fourth  of  Penobscot  was  annexed  to  Cas- 
tine.    See  Pcnohscct,  Jl.  D.  1787, — and  Casline,  1796. 

f  China,  (223d  town,)  was  formed  of  Halifax,  Albion  and  Winslow.  It 
embraces  about  11,550  acres  of  good  soil,  both  for  wheat  and  orchards. 
Here  are  two  mccting-liouscs,  one  for  baptists  and  one  for  quakers  ;  also 
an  Academy.  It  was  fii'st  represented  in  the  G.  Court  in  1819,  by  J.  C. 
Washburn,  Esq. ;  a  Post-Office  was  established  in  1S18.  It  is  situate  on 
"  12  mile  pond."— J»iS.  Letter  of  J.  C.  Washburn,  Esq. 

'I  Monroe,  (221th  town,)  is  a  part  of  the  Waldo  patent,  and  was  the  plan- 
tation of  Lee. 

5  Perry,  (the  225th  town,)  was  township  "  No.  one,"  bounding  easterly 
and  southerly  on  the  waters  of  Passamaquoddy-bay.  It  was  so  named  in 
memory  of  Commodore  O.  H.  Perry.  At  Pleasant  Point  in  this  town,  is 
the  village  of  the  Indians  at  Passamaquoddy.  I'he  township  was  conveyed, 
March  7,  1786,  to  Benjamin  Lincoln  and  others. 

II  Mexico,  (226th  town,)  was  the  plantation  of  Holmanstown  on  the  north 
side  of  the  Androscoggin. 

IT  Dennysmlle,  (227th  town,)  was  granted  by  the  State,  at  the  same  time 
Perry  was,  to  Benjamin  Lincoln  and  others.  It  was  numbered  two  in  the 
eastern  division  of  the  Lottery  townships.  It  is  bounded  westerly  by 
Denny's  river,  and  southerly  by  Cobscook  bay  and  river. 

**  Swanville,  (228th  town,)  called  "  Swan's  tract,"  is  a  part  of  the  Waldo 
patent: — A  small  town,  lying  on  both  sides  of  Goose  river. 

ft  Jackson,  (229th  town,)  is  also  a  part  of  the  Waldo  patent,  and  adjoins 
its  north  line.  It  was  the  plantation  of  Jackson.  It  was  so  named  in  com- 
pliment to  General  Jackson  of  the  Revolution.  The  first  beginning  in  the 
town  was  by  Mr.  Gates  in  1800 ;  contained  in  1810,  276  souls ;  and  was  or- 
ganized into  a  plantation  in  1812.  The  title  to  the  settlers  is  from  Thorn- 
dike,  Sears  and  Prescott.  In  this  town,  south  of  the  centre,  is  "  the  pro- 
prietors' farm,"  of  1,200  acres  and  expensive  buildings,  owned  now  by  I. 
Thorndike,  jr.  Esq.,  Boston.  Rev.  Silas  Warren,  was  ordained  over  the 
congregationalists  in  Jackson  and  Brooks,  in  Sept.  1S12.  A  Post-Office 
was  established  here  in  1815.— JiS.  Letter  of  B.  Johnson,  Esq.,  1819. 


Chap,  xxvii.]  of  maine.  669 

Of  the  Indian  Tribes,  the  only  i-emnants  in  Maine,  were  those  A.  D.  isis. 
at  Penobscot  and  at  Passamaquoddy.     The  former  consisted   of  The  Indian 
about  '250  or  300  souls,  in  1816  ;  more  than  two-thirds  of  whom 
'  were  women  and  children  ;'  and  the  latter  were   about   equally 
numerous.     Both  had  become  the  objects  of  public   charity   and 
protection.     Nay,  such  was  the  scarcity  of  provisions  particularly  xi,e  Tan-a- 
among  the  Tarratines,  in  the  winter  1816-17,  that  the    General""*^*" 
Court,  December  14,  gave  them  300  bushels  of  corn  and  sent  it 
to  them.*     They  were,  however,  the  possessors  or  claimants  of  a 
large  territorial  tract,  six  miles  in  width  on  both  sides  of   Penob- 
scot river,  to  an  indefinite  extent  above  the  north  line  of  the  nine 
townships — an  estate  of  sufficient  value,  had  they  known   how  to 
estimate  and  manage  it,  to  have  afforded  the  tribe  an  ample   sup- 
port.   The  Legislature  intended,  that  their  acts  of  ownership  should 
be  restricted   to  hunting,   fishing,   and   cultivation ;    whereas  the 
Chiefs  presumed  to  sell  the  timber,  and  would  even  convey  their 
lands  to  speculators,  if  the  transfers  could  be  sanctioned  by  gov- 
ernment ;  so   improvident  was  their  conduct  or  great  their  ne- 
cessity.   Nor  did  they  appear  in  fact  to  have  any  taste  for  the  arts 
of  husbandry, — not  even  the  culture  of  "the  fertile  Islands  they 
own."     "Poor  and  destitute,  they  manifested  a  desire  to  release 
"  to  the  State  their  rights  in  ten  townships  more  ;"  and  the  Legis- 
ture,  February  13,  authorized  the  appointment  of  three  Commis- 
sioners to  meet  the    tribe  at  Bangor,  examine  into  their   circum- 
stances, and  treat  with  them  upon  the  subject  of  relinquishing  all 
claim  to  their  lands.     The    agency  and  trust  were  given  by  the 


ommis- 


Executive  to  Edward  H.  Robbins,  Daniel  Davis,  and  Mark  L.  sio'iers  ap- 
Hill ;  whom  Aitteon,  Neptune,  Francis  and  others,  the  Chiefs  of  ["j^'^'j"'^^'; '^ 
the  Tribe,  met  at  the  place  appointed.  ''''^'"• 

After  discussion,  ten  of  the  principals,  June  29th,  executed  to 'r,,e  treaty 
the  Commonwealth  a  quit-claim  of  all  the  lands  on  both  sides  of 
the  Penobscot  river,  above  the  tracts  of  thirty  miles  In  extent  here- 
tofore resigned  ;  excepting /oMr  townships,  six  miles  square,  viz.  : 
one  at  the  mouth  of  the  Metawamkeag  ;  one  on  the  western  shore 
of  the  Penobscot,  directly  opposite;  tivo  to  be  surveyed  contiguous 
to  the  ninth  range  of  townships — all  which  and  the  Islands  in  Pe- 
nobscot river,  above  Old-town  Island  inclusive,  were  to  be  enjoyed 
by  the  tribe  without  limitation  of  time.     In  consideration  of  this 

*  Resolves,  1816,  p.  361. 


670  THE  HISTORY'  [VoL.    II. 

A^D.  1818.  assignment,  the  Commissioners  engaged  to  procure  for  the  use  of 
the  tribe  two  acres  of  land  on  the  bank  of  Penobscot  river  in 
Brewer,  fronting  Kenduskeag-point;* — to  employ  a  suitable  man 
to  instruct  the  Indians  in  the  arts  of  husbandry, — to  repair  their 
church  at  Old-town, — to  deliver  at  that  place  in  October  of  every 
year,  500  bushels  of  corn,  15  barrels  of  wheat  flour,  and  7  of 
clear  pork  ;  1  hogshead  of  molasses;  100  yards  of  broadcloth 
alternately  red  and  blue;  50  Indian  blankets,  100  pounds  of  gun- 
powder, 400  of  shot,  and  150  of  tobacco;  6  boxes  of  choco- 
late, and  50  dollars  in  silver.  At  the  execution  and  acknowledg- 
ment of  the  treaty  before  a  magistrate,  the  Commissioners  made 
the  tribe  a  present  of  one  6  pound  canon,  one  swivel,  1  box  of 
pipes,  50  knives,  6  brass  kettles,  200  yards  of  calico,  2  drums, 
4  fifes,  and  300  yards  of  ribbon. f  Afterwards  ^350  were  ap- 
propriated by  the  government,  as  an  annual  stipend,  to  their  re- 
ligious teacher J. 
The  last  no-  We  here  take  Icav^c  of  the  Indians,  who  have  commanded  so 
th^e  Tnd\anl  many  pages  in  this  History.  Two  centuries  past,  they  were  the 
sole  possessors  of  the  country — numerous  and  powerful ;  now 
one  tribe  is  driven  to  the  Islands  of  a  river,  once  wholly  theirs 
from  its  sources  to  the  ocean  ;  and  the  other  restricted  to  a  spot  on 
the  banks  of  the  Passamaquoddy,  who  could  once  call  the  whole 
Bay  and  all  the  contiguous  lands  their  own.  Strangely  inclined 
to  the  bigotry  of  Catholics,  they  fell  early  under  the  influence  of 
the  French,  who  have  alternately  assisted  or  deserted  them,  ac- 
cording to  the  dictates  of  interest.  Adversity  or  ruin,  is  too 
often  the  fate  of  blind  servility  to  another's  will ;  and  the  history 
of  their  decline  and  extinction,  may  teach  lessons  of  wisdom 
even  to  the  boasting  sons  of  civilization.  Were  the  natives  guilty 
of  cruelties  and  breaches  of  faith  ? — remember,  they  were  barba- 
rians, untutored — entire  strangers  to  the  refinements  of  sensi- 
bility,— they  themselves  esteeming  it  greatness  and  glory  to  smile 
on  torture.  Their  love  of  country  was  a  flame  unextinguisha- 
hle  ; — and  their  love  of  liberty,  ardent,  uncompromising,  univer- 
sal ;  so  that  philosophers  have  been  induced  to  believe  them  innate 

=*=  This  plat  of  g-roimJ  was  designed  as  a  resting--place  for  the  Indians 
when  they  came  to  Bang-or  to  trade.  Here  the  tribe  have  since  several 
wig-warns. — N.  B.— The  articles  are  to  be  delivered  every  year,  so  long- 
as  the  tribe  exists. 

t  This  treaty  was  ratified  by  the  governmeut  Feb.  20,  1819. 

X  See  Resolve,  January  22,  1819. 


Chap,  xxvii.]  of  Maine.  671 

principles  of  man's  nature.  But  at  this  period,  they  rather  linger  a.d.  1818. 
than  live  upon  the  earth — rendered  despicable  in  the  eyes  of  an 
Englishman,  not  only  by  the  linctui'e  of  the  skin,  the  features  of 
the  face,  and  the  costume  of  their  fatliers,  unchanged  both  in 
dress  and  the  habits  of  life, — but  on  account  of  their  ignorance, 
without  desire  for  improvement,  and  of  their  savage  manners, 
without  a  disposition  to  reform.  In  future  ages,  a  Native  will  be 
viewed  as  a  curiosity  by  civilized  man  ;  and  all  the  historic  facts 
collectable  about  so  peculiar  a  people,  will  hold  a  conspicuous 
place  in  the  cabinet  of  literature. 

The  summer  season  of  the  present  year,  was  uncommonly  Tiic  season, 
fine — rendered  more  exhilarating,  as  contrasted  vvith  others  so 
unpropitious,  which  it  succeeded.  The  fields  yielded  abundance  ; 
the  fishermen,  who  had  encountered  many  perplexities  since  the 
war,  found  all  difficulties  removed  by  treaty,  and  had  also,  their 
captured  cargoes  restored  to  them  before  winter  ;  and  moreover, 
emigration  to  the  western  country  had  nearly  ceased.  There 
were  also  three  statute  laws  passed  this  year,  which  ought  to  be  no- 
ticed,— these  were,  one  revising  the  Probate  Code,  one  regulating 
the  practice  of  Physic,  and  one  to  prevent  the  killing  of  musical 
birds.* 

The  present  is  the  third  year,  a  monster  of  the  deep  called  a'Sea-scr- 
Sea-Serpent,  has  been  oftentimes  seen  along  our  eastern  coasts. 
He  has  been  represented  to  be  from  60  to  80  feet  in  length,  and 
larger  in  circumference  than  a  barrel ;  having  protuberances  on 
his  back,  and  moving  with  his  head  out  of  water  six  feet.  It  is> 
supposed  his  skin,  which  appears  to  be  crustaceous,  cannot  be 
perforated  by  a  musket  ball;  and  it  is  universally  attested,  that  his 
fleetness  through  the  water  wiien  alarmed,  is  incredible. 

Subsequently  to  the  late  trial  for  a  Separation,  it  was  fully  as- The  Separ- 
certained,  that  ship-owners,  masters  and  seamen  were  opposed  tOvil"e'cL '^" 
the  measure,  principally  because  by  a  law  of  Congress,  every 
State  was  a  District ;  and  therefore  if  Maine  were  erected 
into  a  State,  each  coasting  vessel  must  enter  and  clear,  every 
trip  made  to  and  from  Boston.  To  obviate  this  objection,  the 
law  was  modified,   March  2d,  1819,  so  that  "the  seacoast    and 


*  Its  object  was  to  preserve  partridges,  quails,  woodcocks,  snipes,  larks 
and  robins.  But  the  Act  was  repealed  by  liie  General  Repealing  Act  of 
Maine,  March  21,  1821,  and  not  revived. 


672  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II. 

A  D.  1819.  navigable  rivers  of  the  United  States,"  were  divided  into  two 
great  Districts ;  and  the  southern  limits  of  Georgia  made  the 
partition  line.  In  anticipation  of  this  legislative  provision,  the  ad- 
vocates for  a  separate  State,  had  meetings  in  thel  senate-chamber 
during  the  winter  session  of  the  General  Court,  and  appointed  a 
Committee  of  fifteen  gentlemen,  dwelling  in  the  several  Counties 
of  Maine,  to  take  measures  for  effectuating  the  object.  Accord- 
ingly they  addressed  the  people,  April  8,  with  a  pamphlet  of  facts 
and  arguments,  in  favor  of  a  separation,  properly  expressed  to 
attract  the  public  attention.  The  subject  was  presently  a  topic 
of  conversation  in  every  circle,  and  in  many  instances  it  was 
warmly  discussed.  The  opposition  with  renovated  vigor  again  put 
itself  in  array,  and  encountered  the  movements  with  all  its  strength. 
It  consisted  essentially  of  Federalists  ; — and  the  same  three  nevvs- 

INewspnpers  •' 

take  sides  papers  published  in  the  District,  namely,  the  Portland  Gazette, 
the  HaUoiveU  Gazette,  and  the  Kennehunk  Visitor,  espousing 
Federal  politics,  threw  their  weight  into  the  scale  against  a  separa- 
tion, as  in  the  former  trial ;  which  were  counteracted  by  the  Eas- 
tern Argus,  the  American  Advocate  and  Bangor  Register,^ 
known  supporters  of  Democratic  principles.  In  this  way,  a  po- 
litical cast  of  character  was  in  some  degree  given  to  the  discus- 
sion ;  though  there  were  found  a  considerable  number  of  men 
in  the  Federal  ranks,  who  were  desirous  to  see  Maine  an  inde- 
pendent State.  This  circumstance  helped  to  render  the  dispu- 
tants more  forbearing  and  respectful  towards  each  other ;  yet  the 
Democrats,  in  their  zeal  for  the  measure,  were  charged  with  an 
inordinate  ambition  to  rise  into  power, — there  being  a  majority  of 
Democratic  politicians,  or  partizans  in  Maine  ;  wiiile  the  resist- 
ance of  the  Federalists  was  said  to  arise  entirely  from  their  un- 
willingness to  have  the  reins  of  administration  shifted  from  the 
hands  of  their  party  ;  the  government  of  the  Commonwealth  at 
large  being  of  Federal  politics. 

Peiitions  to       But  the  excrtions  of  adversaries  were   wholly  without  success. 

the  General  t-i  ••m  i-i-' 

Court.         For  the  Legislature,  convening  in  May,  was  presented  with  peti-     i 
tions  for  a  separation,  from   about  70  towns;  and  the  Committee 
to  whom  they  were  referred,  reported  a  Bill  in  favor  of  the  ap- 
plicants, which,  though  resolutely  resisted,  passed  the  two  Houses 
by  handsome  majorities,  and  became  a  law  on  the  19th  of  June, 

*  The  Register,  however,  was  not  devoted  exclusively  to  either  party. 


Chap,  xxvii.]  of  Maine.  673 

1819.  The  provisions  were  in  substance  the  same,  as  in  the  Ai  D.  )819. 
former  act.  In  the  division  of  the  property,  all  the  real  estate  in 
Massachusetts  was  to  be  forever  hers ;  all  that  in  Maine  to  be 
equally  divided  between  the  two,  share  and  share  alike.  Maine 
was  to  have  one  third  part  of  all  monies  reimbursed  by  the  United 
States  for  war  expenses  ;  or  collected  on  bonds  for  settling 
duties  ;  also  a  due  proportion  of  the  military  arms  and  ammunition, 
according  to  the  last  militia  returns.  Massachusetts  and  Maine 
were  authorized  severally  to  appoint  two  Commissioners,  who 
were  to  choose  two  more  ;  and  this  Board  was  vested  with  au- 
thority, to  determine  all  questions  about  the  Indian  subsidies,  and 
about  the  actual  division  of  the  public  lands  and  other  property. 

All  the  voters  in  the  towns  and  plantations  of  Maine,  were  di-  ration  act!*' 
rected  to  meet  on  the  fourth  Monday  of  July,  and  give  in  their 
yeas  and  nays  upon  this  question — "  Is  it  expedient  that  the  Dis- 
trict shall  become  a  separate  and  Independent  State,  upon  the 
terms  and  conditions  provided  in — An  act  relating  to  the  Sepa- 
ration of  the  District  of  Maine  from  Massachusetts  proper,  and 
forming  the  same  into  a  Separate  and  Independent  State.'^  The 
returns  were  to  be  made  to  the  Governor  and  Council ;  and  if 
they  found  the  yeas  to  exceed  the  nays,  hy  1,500,  he  was  to 
make  proclamation  of  the  result,  on  or  after  the  4th  Monday  of 
August ;  and  each  corporate  town  on  the  3d  Monday  of  Septem- 
ber, was  to  choose  one  delegate  and  as  many  more  as  it  could 
choose  Representatives  to  the  General  Court ;  who  were  to  con- 
vene at  the  Court-house  in  Portland  on  the  2d  Monday  of  Octo- 
ber, form  a  Constitution,  and  apply  to  Congress  for  the  admis- 
sion of  Maine  into  the  National  Union.  Should  a  Constitution 
be  formed,  it  was  to  embrace  the  nine  articles  in  the  first  section 
of  the  Act,  which  prescribed  the  terms  of  separation. 

As  the  votes  when,  taken  were  found  to  be  in  all,  17,091,  and  a  Conven- 
against  it  only  7,132  ; — the  Governor  issued  his  proclamation, 
August  24,  announcing  the  result ;  and  delegates  being  chosen, 
assembled,  Oct.  1 1,  to  the  number  of  269,  at  the  place  appointed ; 
and  elected  William  King,  President,  and  Robert  C.  Vose, 
Secretary.  A  Committee  of  thirty-three,  selected  from  each 
county,  was  then  raised  to  prepare  and  report  a  constitution — 
John  Holmes  being  chairman.  Retiring  to  a  commodious  room, 
they  laid  before  them  that  of  the  Commonwealth,  marked  the 
Vol.  II.  85 


Qj^  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II. 

A.D.  1819.  acceptable  parts,   and  reported  a  new  one  to  the  Convention,  by 
portions,  as  they  proceeded  with  a  finished   draft.     It  differed  in 
several  particulars  from  that  of  the  parent  State.     For   instance, 
there   was  a  more  equal  representation   provided  by  way  of  a 
sectional  classification  of  towns  and  plantations,  though  the  Rep- 
resentatives  were  never  to  exceed  200,  nor  the   Senators  31,  in 
all.     Possession  of  property  was  not  a  prerequisite,  necessary  to 
an  elector's  qualification  to  vote.     It  was  believed,  every   citizen, 
though  poor,  ought  to  have  the  privilege  of  voting  for  his  rulers. 
The  executive  was  to  consist  of  a   Governor  and  a  Council  of 
seven   members  ; — without  any  Lieutenant-Governor.     All  taxes 
upon  real  estate,  improved  or  unimproved,  were  to  be  apportion- 
ed and  assessed  equally,  according  to  its  just  value.     Wild  lands 
and  unimproved  real  estate,  had  been  taxed   under  the  Common- 
wealth, at  only  one   third  of  its  true  value ; — a  practice  prevalent 
since  the  early  settlement  of  the  country.     In  other  respects  the 
constitution,  accepted  by  the  Convention  and  signed  by  the  Pres- 
ident, essentially  coincided  with  that  of  the  Commonwealth.    The 
lion  sent  to  Convcntiou  adjoumed,  Oct.  29th,  to  meet  at  the   same   place  on 
ihe  people.  ^^^  p^^^^  Wednesday  of  the  ensuing  January ;    having   appointed 
the  first  Monday  of  December,  for  taking,  in  town  meetings,  the 
yeas  and  nays  upon  the  adoption  of  the  constitution  reported  to 
the  people. 
Five  towns       The  towns  incorporated  in  1819,   were  five,  viz.  Atkinson, 
iWpoiat-   ^^^  Knox,  the  12th  ;  Newburgh,  the  1 3th  ;  and  Thorndike,  the 
15th  of  February;  and  Warsaav,  the  19th   of  June.     The  two 
A.  D.  1820.  j^^^   ^^^,.^g   incorporated  in   Maine,  prior  to  the  Separation,  were 
"crEina     Hartland,  the  7th,  and   Etna,  the   15th   of  February,    1820; 
ijicorporat-  ^^]^\^^  i^  qU  oqq  corporate  towns  established,  before  Maine  be- 
came an  Independent  State.* 
Constitution      A  quorum  of  the  members  belonging  to  the  Convention^  re-as- 
ratiiied.       gemblcd  at  tlie  stipulated  time  in  January,  when   they   found,   by 
the  returns,,  that  the    Constitution  had   been  ratified   by  a   large 
Remarks  of  majority  of  votes  in  its  favor.     Gov.  Brooks   took   notice  of  the 
Brooks.       event,  in  his  message  to  tlie  General  Court  the  same  month,  stat- 

*  Atkinson  was  the  230th  ;  Knox,  the  231st;  jYewburgh,  232d  ;  Thorn- 
dike,  22Sd;  Warsaw,  234t\i ,  Hartland,  235 th ;  and  Etna,  236th  town  ia 
the  State  ;  all  of  which  were  previously  plantations.  Atkinson  was  settled 
in  1804;  Knox,  in  1800;  IS'ewburgli,  in  1794;  Thorndike,  in  1799;  War> 
saw,  in  1796 ;  Hartland,  in  1804 ;  and  Etna,  about  the  same  time. 


Chap,  xxvii.]  of  Maine.  ^75 

ing,  that  the  connexion  between  Massachusetts  and  Maine,  had  A.D.  J820. 
commenced  at  an  early  period  of  our  History;  'and  though 
anomalous  and  interrupted,  till  the  charter  of  William  and  Mary,' 
had  since  "  been  uninterruptedly  maintained  to  mutual  satisfac- 
tion and  advantage."  But  "  the  time  of  Separation,"  added  he, 
"  is  at  hand.  Conformably  to  the  memorable  Act  of  June 
"  19th  last,  the  15th  of  March  next,  will  terminate  forever,  the 
"  political  unity  of  Massachusetts  proper  and  the  District  of 
"  Maine  :  and  that  District,  which  is  bone  of  our  bone,  and  flesh 
"  of  our  flesh,  will  assume  her  rank  as  an  Independent  State,  in 
"the  American   Confederacy." 

At  this  juncture,  obstacles  were  thrown  in  the  way  of  our   In-  Maine  ad- 
dependence,  which  were  wholly  unexpected.     The  admission    of  ihe  Unioa. 
Maine  and  Missouri  into  the  Union,   were  both  under   discus- 
sion in  Congress  at  the  same  time.     The  advocates  of  the  latter, 
wishing  to  carry  it  through  the  Legislature,   without   any  restric- 
tive clause  against  slavery,  put  both   into  a  bill  together, — deter- 
mining each  should  share  the  same  fate.     The  friends  of  Maine 
were  ready  to  submit  to  any  restrictions  touching  slavery,   which 
might  be  imposed  j  and  considered  the  connexion  of  the  two — 
a    masterpiece    of  legislative  finesse,   deserving  the  obloquy  of 
all  fair-minded  men.     Several  days  the  subject  ivas  debated,  and 
sent  from  one  branch  to  the  other  in  Congress,   till    the   first   of 
March,  when  to  our  joy,  they  were   divorced  ;    and  on  the  3d  of 
the  month,  an  act  was  passed,  by  which  Maine  was   declared  to 
he,  from  aod  after  the   15th  of   that  month,   one  of  the  United 
States  of  America,  admitted  in  all  respects  whatever,  on  an  equal 
footing  with  the  original  States.     Another  act  assigned  to  Maine 
seven  Representatives  to  Congress  ;  and   subsequently,  an  order 
placed  this  State  at  the  head  of  the  list,  in  the  morning-call  of 
the  Speaker  for  petitions  by  States. 

By  the  new  Constitution,  all  the  votes  for  Governor,  Senators,  Meeiinj^of 
and  Representatives,  were  to  be   given,  this  single  year,  on   the  Le-ji^iriDre. 
first  Monday  of  April ; — but  ever  afterwards  on  the  second  Mon- 
day of  September.     Likewise  the  Legislature  was   first  to   con- 
vene on  the  last  Wednesday  of  May,  and  continue   in  power  till 
the    1st  Wednesday  of  January,    1822  ;    and   each   subsequent  ' 
Legislature  was  to  convene  at  the  same  time,  in  every  year. 

Assembling  at  Portland,  May   31st,   the   two  branches  found,  May  31. 
that  William  King  was  elected   Governor,  without  opposition.  Gover'nm-'. 


676  THE  HiSTORy  [Vol.  ii. 

A.  D.  1820.  He  was  a  native  of  Scarborough  in  this  State,  a  gentleman  of 
abilities,  independent  manners,  and  democratic  sentiments.  Sev- 
eral years,  be  had  been  a  Senator  in  the  General  Court  of  the 
parent  State,  and  President  of  both  Conventions,  on    the  subject 

TheSenate.  of  Separation. — The  Senate*  elected  John  Chandler,  Presi- 
dent. Being  chosen  shortly  afterwards  a  Senator  in  Congress, 
he  was  succeeded  in  the  chair,  by  William  Moody,  a  Senator 
from  York  County  ;  who  was,  however,  in  a  few  days,  appointed 
Sheriff  of  his  County,  when  William  D.  Williamson  succeeded 

The  House.  j^Ij^j^ — -pj^g  Representatives  returned  to  the  House  were  143; 
and  they  elected  Benjamin  Ames,  their  Speaker ;  a  gentleman 
who  had  been  County -Attorney  of  Lincoln ;  a  Judge  of  the 
Common  Pleas  in  the  second  Eastern  Circuit ;  and  a  Represen- 
tative from  Bath  to  the  General  Court  of  Massachusetts. — In 
Convention  the  two  Houses  elected  into  the   Executive  Council, 

TheCoun-  Thomas  Fillebrown,  William  Webber,  Mark  Harris,  Abi- 

cil. 

EL  Wood,  William  C.   Whitney,  Isaac   Lane   and   William 


*  The  whole  Senate,  hy  Counties,  consisted  of  the  following'  members, — 
York  County,     *Willinm  Moody,       \  Both  subsequently  Sheriffs  of  their 
Josiah  W.  Seaver.    \      County. 
John  JSlcDonald,  Major-General  of  the  militia. 
Cumberland,        Joseph  E.  Foxcmfl,  previously  and  subsequently  Sheriff 

of  his  County. 
Barret  Potter,  previously  a  member   of  the   Executive 
Council,  afterwards  Judg^e  of  Probate  of  his  County. 
^Jonathan  Page. 
Lincoln,  Erastiis  Foole,  afterwards  Attorney-General. 

J^athaniel   Greene,   since  Register  of  Deeds,  Lincoln 

County. 
Daniel  Rose,  subsequently  President  of  the  Senate,  and 
Commissioner  of  the  land-office. 
Hancock,  *George   Ulmer,  previously  Sheriff  of    Hancock,    and 

Major-General  of  the  militia. 
Andrew  Witham,  a  Senator  in  subsequent  years. 
Washington,       Jeremiah  0''Brien,  subsequently  member  of  Congress. 
Kennebeck,        *John  Chandler,  previously  a  member  of  Congress. 

*Joshua  Gage,  previously  a  Representative  in  Congress. 
Timothy  Boutelle,  previously  an  elector  of  President 
and  Vice-President. 
Oxford,  *SamueI  Small. 

James  W.  Ripley,  since  a  member  of  Congress. 
Somerset,  *John  Moore, 

William  Kendall. 
Penobscot,  '^William  JD.  Williamson. 

Those  of  this  (*)  mark  had  been  previously  members  of  the  Senate  in 
the  [.legislature  of  Massachusetts 


Chap,  xxvii.]  of  Maine.  677 

Emerson. — Ashur  Ware  was  chosen  Secretary  of  State  ;  and  A.  D.  1820. 
Joseph   C.   Boyd,    Treasurer. — John  Holmes  of  Alfred,   andO'heroffi- 

-^  ''  ,  cers. 

John  Chandler  of  Monmouth,  were  elected  Senators  in   Con- 
gress, for  the  new  State. — Upon  the  bench  of  the   Supreme  Ju-  J"f'?e  of 
diciarv,  Prentiss   Mellen  was  appointed   Chief  Justice  ;  and  preme  Judi- 

1  ivT  T  r  T  '■'^'  Courts, 

William  P.  Preble  and  Nathan  Weston,  associate  Judges  ;* 
— Erastus  Foote,  Attorney  General  j  and  Simon  Greenleaf,  Re- 
porter of  Decisions. 

Among  the  first  duties  of  the  Legislature,  after  organizing,  one  State  Seal. 
was  to  agree  upon  the  emblematical  devices  suitable  to  be  inscrib- 
ed upon  the  Great  Seal  of  the  State.  As  the  moose,  and  the 
mast  pine,  were  considered  as  the  princes  of  nature  in  our  forest, 
— the  local  situation  of  Maine  as  a  northern  star  in  the  constella- 
tion of  States, — an  anchor  and  a  scythe  as  figurative  of  our  com- 
mercial and  agricultural  enterprize ; — all  these  were  adopted 
either  into  the  shield  or  the  ensigns.f  But  owing  to  the  hasty  call 
for  a  metalic  stamp,  through  a  necessity  of  immediately  using  it, 
no  part  of  it  was  very  ingeniously  wrought  or  executed  ;  and 
hence  people  of  taste  and  judgment  have  not  been  altogether 
pleased  with  the  devices,  or  emblems. 

On  the  recommendation  of  the  Governor,  in  his  address  to  the  ?*'^1*"*"  P*" 

'  the  statute 

Legislature,  it  was  resolved  to  revise  the  whole  code  of  Statute-  i^"'*- 
law,  without  delay ;  and  therefore  tlie  Judges  of  the  Supreme 
Court  were  appointed  "  a  Board  of  Jurisprudence  to  arrange  the 
"  acts  for  the  purpose."  In  legislation,  there  was  some  innova- 
tion upon  the  usages  of  Massachusetts.  One  was  to  send  messa- 
ges from  one  branch  to  the  other,  by  their  respective  clerks,  in- 
stead of  members.     Another  was  to  engross  bills  on   thick  linen  Alterations 

.  of  several 

paper  instead  of  parchment,  and  bind  the  sheets  mto  folio  volumes  laws, 
with  running  indices.  All  the  statutes  underwent  during  the 
second  or  winter-session,  a  thorough  and  careful  revision ;  and 
some  of  them  were  essentially  altered  and  improved.  For  in- 
stance, more  ample  provision  was  made  for  the  Education  of 
youth  in  Common  Schools ;  each  town  being  required  to  raise 
a  sum  in  school-money,  equal  to  40  cents  a  person  by  the  next 

*  Mr.  Mellen  was  a  distinguished  lawyer,  had  been  a  member  of  the  Ex- 
ecutive Council  of  the  Commonwealth,  and  was  senator  in  Congress,  at 
the  time  of  the  Separation.  Mr.  Preble  was  at  that  time  District  Attor- 
ney for  Maine.  Mr.  Weston  was  Chief  Justice  of  the  2d  Eastern  Circuit 
of  the  Common  Pleas.  t  See  Resolve  June,  1820. 


678  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.    II. 

A.\>.  ]820  preceding  census.  The  Selectmen,  Clerk,  and  Treasurer  were 
constituted  a  board  to  grant  Licenses  in  their  towns ;  which  had 
been  previously  done  by  the  Court  of  Sessions.  The  limitation 
of  Real  Actions  was  shortened  generally  ten  years ;  so  that  no 
one  can  maintain  an  action  of  entry  upon  his  own  seizin  after  20 
years,  nor  a  writ  of  right  after  30  years,  next  before  the  test  of 
the  writ.  To  the  claimants  for  betterments,  more  liberal  terms 
and  conditions  were  granted.  Clergymen  were  no  longer  allowed 
to  solemnize  marriages  without  being  commissioned  by  the  Gov- 
ernor, and  taking  the  suppletory  oath,  faithfully  to  discharge  the 
trust.  Previously,  that  service  had  been  oftentimes  performed 
by  men  unauthorized  ;  and  thereby  the  validity  of  marriages  ren- 
dered doubtful.  A  Parish  Act  was  passed  by  which  any  num- 
ber of  persons  associating,  were  empowered  to  incorporate  them- 
selves into  a  religious  society,  without  a  legislative  charter. 
There  were  penal  prohibitions  against  the  sale  of  all  lottery  tick- 
ets— unless  the  class  was  granted  by  our  Legislature ;  and  also 
against  all  peddling,  except  that  of  tin  ware  by  license  of  the 
Court  of  Sessions. 
Th.  Joint  '^''^  joint  Commission,  prescribed  by  the  act  of  Separation, 
Commission  ^y^g  fi\]Q(\  thus  : — Massachusetts  appointed  Timothy  Bis;eloxv  and 

of  the  two  '  _      '  '  . 

.Slates.  ietji  Lincoln;  M^me.  Benjamin  Porter  and  James  Bridge  ;  and 
these  four  chose  Silas  Holman  and  Lathrop  Lewis,  to  complete 
the  Board.*  To  negociate  with  Massachusetts,  if  possible,  a 
purchase  of  all  her  lands  in  Maine,  the  three  Commissioners  of 
Maine,  joined  by  Daniel  Rose  of  the  Senate  and  Nicholas  Emery 
of  the  House,  proceeded  to  Boston  in  February,  (1821  ;)  where 
they  were  met  by  a  Committee  of  the  same  number  on  the  part 
of  Massachusetts.  A  discussion  of  many  days  succeeded  ;  and 
at  length,  it  was  agreed  that  Maine  should  give  Massachusetts  for 
her  part  of  the  public  lands  in  this  State,  ^180,000  ;  that  is,  dis- 
charge Massachusetts  from  all  Indian  claims  and  subsidies,  equal 
to  |30,000,  and  pay  her  .$150,000  in  40  years,  whh  annual  in- 
terest at  five  per  centum.  All  bonds,  contracts  and  mortgages 
relating  to  the  public  lands,  were  also  to  be  transferred  to  Maine ; 
in  consideration  of  which,  the  latter  was  to  pay  all  monies   due 


*  Bigelow  of  Groton,  Lincoln  of  Worcester,  and  Holman  of  Bolton  ;— 
Torter  of  Topsham,  Bridge  of  Augusta,  and  Lewis  of  Gorhain. 


Chap,  xxvii.]  of  MAINE.  679 

pensioners  resident  in  this  State.*    But  neither  of  the  State  Leg- A..  D.  1820. 
islatures  would  ratify  the  agreement ;  and  therefore  the  Board  of 
Joint  Commissioners  proceeded  in  due  time,  to   perform  the  re- 
sponsible duties  devolving  upon  them. 

It  maybe  worthy  of  remark,  that  during  the  primary  political '\''';'''',"<'^ '" 
year,  a  period  of  17  months,  all  the  constitutional  provisions  for  •""''' ^'haip. 
filling  the  Executive    chair,  were   called   for  and   improved.     In  . 

about  a  year,  Gov.  King  was  appointed  a  Commissioner  under 
the  Spanish  treaty,  and  left  the  office  to  Mr.  Williamson,  the 
President  of  the  Senate,  who  being  elected,  six  months  after- 
wards, a  member  of  Congress,  surrendered  the  trust  to  Mr.  Ames, 
Speaker  of  the  House.  The  President  of  the  Senate,  in  the 
next  Legislature,  was  Mr.  Rose,  who  assumed  the  executive 
chair  a  day,  till  Gov.  Parris  was  inducted  into  office  by  taking, 
the  requisite  oaths. 

*  These  bonds  and  instruments  amounted  to  ^1B,1S6,  and  were  estimated 
to  be  wortb  $12,240. — In  calculating-  the  value  of  Public  Lands  in  Maine, 
tlie  items  of  estimate  stood  thus  ; — 

A  lot  of  land  in  Portland,  3  acres,  at  cost,  $1,500 

Lands  in  Lnbec,  9,000       "      at  20  cts.  per  acre,      1,8',0 

"  Eilsworlb,  13,000       "  25 

"  Orang:etown(WhitV)    6,000       "  20 

"  No.  23  near  iVIachias,  11,(.00       "  10 

"  Surrv,  6,000       "  25 

Reserved  Lands,  53,320       "  25 

Indian  Lands,  120,000       "  15 

Unlocated  Lands,  8,000,000       "  4 


3,250 

1,200 

1,100 

1,500 

13,330 

IS  000 

320,000 


^tal,            8,218,320  $361,680 
One  half  is  180,840 


According-  to  the  detailed  Report,  exliihited  to  the  General  Court,  Feb. 
1,  1820,  by  tiie  Commissioners  of  the  Land  Office,  '  the  lands  conveyed  to 
'  ('olieges,  Academics,  purchasers  and  settlers,  from  tlje  first  establisiiment 
'  of  the  Land  Otlice  department,  about  1783  to  1820,'  amoimted  in  the  ag- 
greg;ate  to-  5,465,075  acres. 

Lands  within  the  same  period,  granted  but  not   heated,      250,420 
Lands  under  contract  since  the   re-establishment  of   the    )      „  „_ 
Land  Olfice,  in  1S16,  \      ^'"^^^ 

Sales  g-rants  and  bargains  to  sell,  5,723,796  acres. 

J^ote. — The  proceeds  of  the  sales,  (exclusive   of  lands   g-iven   away)  and 
inclusive  of  the  Lottery  townships,  then  amounted  to  j^212,987  4s.  2(1.  con- 
solidated securities,  equal  to  $94,149,34 
Proceeds  of  other  sales,  if  nothing  be  deducted  for 

salaries,    bad  debts,  &c.  92,174,97 


$186,324,31 
N.  B. — The '■^  reserved  lands,''''  above   mentioned,   were   prmcipally  lots 
reserved  for  the  future  disposition  of  g-overnment,  in  the  grants  of  town- 
ships; including  probably  parts  of  the  nine   Indian   townsiiips  on  the  Pe- 
nobscot river. 


680 


THE  HISTORT 


[Vol.  II. 


SUPPLEMENTAL.. 


A.  D.  1623, 
to  1820. 

Stale  of 
Maine. 


Periods  of 
its  History. 


Its  govern- 
ment. 


CHAPTER  XXVIII. 

Maine — Its  periods  of  History Its  Government Militia — Ex- 
penditures— Revenue — Public  debt — Paper  money — Coins — Ed' 

ucation — The   learned   professions Religious    denominations — 

Catholics — Episcopalians — Presbyterians — Congregationalists — 
Baptists — Methodists — Quakers — Universalists — Shakers — Em-- 
ployments — Shipping — Exports — Imports — Agriculture — Manu- 
factures— Institutions — Contrast  of  the  past  with  the  present 
times. 

In  every  community,  the  form  and  features  of  government,  its 
military  and  fiscal  system  ;  the  education,  religion,  employments, 
institutions,  and  domestic  life  of  the  people,  are  obviously  the 
lights  or  shades,  that  give  it  character.  As  we  are  about  to  take 
a  cursory  view  of  these  subjects  in  relation  to  this  State,  it  is  well 
to  premise,  that  the  periods  into  which  its  history  is  manifestly- 
divided,  and  to  which  there  may  be  occasional  allusions  in  the 
subsequent  remarks,  are  three, /rs^,  from  the  earliest  settlements 
to  1691  ;  second,  during  the  Provincial  Charter;  and  ihird,  from 
the  establisliment  of  the  State  Constitution,  to  the  time  of  Sepa- 
ration. 

This  eastern  country,  during  the  first  period,  was  perpetually 
subject  to  political  changes,  or  revolutions  ;  owing  to  a  succession 
of  different  claimants  and  the  zeal  of  bold  competitors.  United 
by  no  common  bond,  the  parts  afforded  each  other  no  considera- 
ble aid,  and  presented  fevt  allurements  to  attract  the  accession 
of  nuiTibers.  it  is  true  that  the  charter  of  Gorges  was  a  model, 
and  the  system  of  rules  and  regulations  which  he  prescribed,  appear- 
ed to  advantage, — especially  as  they  were  in  practice  modified  and 
assimilated  to  the  colonial  usages  and  legal  prescripts,  adopted  by 
Massachusetts.  Yet  the  connexion  of  Maine  with  that  Colony 
was  anomulous  ;  its  condition  dependent ;  and  its  want  of  a  stable 
and  uniform  administration  of  government,  was  never  obviated,  till 


Chap,  xxviii.]  of  Maine.  681 

both  were   united   by  the  Charter  of  William  and  Mary.     The  A.  u  1623, 

to  1820 

governpient,  however,  was  in  fact  more  arbitrary  in  the  second 
than  in  the  first  period  ;  nor  were  the  partitions  between  the  Les;- 
islative,  Executive  and  Judiciary  departments  well  defined,  nor  the 
barriers  of  civil  liberty  well  established,  till  symmetry  was  given 
to  the  whole  system  by  the  Constitution  of  the  Commonwealth. 

The  Militia  has  always  been  considered  by  our  wisest  men  to  Militia. 
be  the  best  defence  of  a  Republic.  For  it  had  uniformly  em- 
braced all  able-bodied  citizens  between  16  and  60,  with  the  ex- 
ception of  a  few  public  ofiicers,  till  Congress,  A.  D.  1792,  re- 
stricted the  number  to  those  between  18  and  45  years; — a  body 
that  must  necessarily  feel  the  greatest  possible  interest  in  the  pre- 
servation and  defence  of  the  country.  Originally,  when  firearms 
were  scarce  and  expensive,  the  militia-men,  not  exceeding  one 
third  part  of  the  company,  were  permitted  to  arm  themselves 
"  with  a  good  pike,  well  headed — corslet,  headpiece,  and  sword  j" 
and  youth  between  10  and  16,  were  required  by  act  of  the  Leg- 
islature, A.  D.  1645,  to  exercise  with  small  guns,  half-pikes, 
bows  and  arrows,  on  the  usual  days  of  training.  These  days, 
before  the  Provincial  charter,  were  six,  afterwards,  four  in  a  year. 
The  soldiers  of  a  town  during  the  first  historic  period  formed  a 
company,  and  nominated  their  officers,  whom  the  County-Court 
had  authority  to  accept  or  reject.  The  soldiery  of  a  county 
constituted  a  regiment,  which  was  commanded  by  a  sargeant- 
Major,  chosen  by  the  freemen  in  town-meetings ;  and  the  whole 
body  of  Militia  was  under  a  Major-General,  annually  elected  by 
the  General  Court.  But  as  every  royal  Governor  was,  by  the 
charter,  Captain-General  of  the  Militia ;  he  himself  formed  the 
companies,  classed  them  into  regiments  and  those  into  brigades, 
— appointed  and  commissioned  all  the  militia  officers.  Noth- 
ing could  be  considered  by  our  democratic  citizens  to  be  more 
arbitrary  ;  and  therefore  the  constitution  gave  to  the  several  or- 
ders, or  grades  of  the  Militia,  the  choice  of  their  own  officers ; 
only  the  Major-Generals  of  Divisions  were  to  be  chosen  by  the 
Legislature.  Before  and  after  the  Provincial  charter,  the  regi- 
ments were  to  be  mustered  triennially,  and  the  first  time  that  of 
Yorkshire  met,  of  which  we  have  any  record,  was  in  1674.* 

*  The  population  of  Maine  in  1820,  was  298,335 ;  and  of  tlie  militia  there 
were  then  six  Divisions,  and,  in  all,  30,905  men  on  the  muster-rolls. 
Vol.  II.  86 


682  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  11- 

A.D.  1623,      Next,  the  chars^es  or  expenses  of   government  form  an  bighlj 
to  1820.         .  .  ,  .  r  •  1         •  J     I  •  .      r     ^    V 

interesting  subject  ot  consideration  ;    and  these   consist  ol  state, 

psiidiiures.  county,  and  town  expenditures. — The  items  of  state  or  pub- 
lic charge  are  several.  The  members  of  the  Legislature  have  at 
all  periods  received  a  mileage  for  their  travel,  and  a  daily  pay  for 
their  services.*  The  Governor,  Judges  of  the  Supreme  Court, 
Secretary  of  State,  Treasurer,  and  Attorney-General,  have  im- 
memorially  been  remunerated  for  their  services  from  the  public 
chest.  Under  the  charter  they  had  annual  stipends  granted  tbem  ; 
and  under  the  constitution,  they  had  stated  salaries.  Subsidies 
and  gifts  to  the  Indians  have  for  a  series  of  years,  cost  the  gov- 
ernment large  sums.  The  support  of  poor  persons,  who  had  no 
legal  settlement  within  the  Commonwealth,  called  State-paupers, 
has  been  another  heavy  charge  upon  the  public  funds.  It  was  a 
humane  provision — but  became  so  shamefully  abused  by  fraudu- 
lent practices,  that  the  State  of  Maine,  has  determined  never  to 
feed  them  from  the  public  crib  ;  requiring  towns,  where  they  fall 
into  want  or  distress,  to  relieve  or  maintain  them.  To  these  may 
be  added  the  public  expenses  of  trying  criminals  and  supporting 
convicts. f 

Another  class  of  the  public  expenditures  consists  of  the  Coun- 

County  .  •  r 

charges.  (y  charges.  These  are,  1st,  for  the  erection  and  repairs  of  a 
court-house,  gaol,  and  fire-proof  offices  for  the  Clerk  of  the 
Courts,  and  the  Registers  of  Probate  and  of  Deeds  : — 2d,  the 
mileage  and  day-pay  of  the  Jurymen  attending  the  Courts  : — 3d, 
the  salaries  of  the  Judge  and  Register  of  Probate  : — and  4th, 
the  expense  of  supporting  certain  prisoners  in  gaol.  The  super- 
intendance  of  these  expenditures  belongs  to  the  jurisdiction  of 
the  several  Courts  of  Sessions.  From  1692  to  March  7,  1826, 
the  Judges  and  Registers  of  Probate  were  paid  for  their  services 
by  the  fees  of  office  ;  subsequently  by  salaries. — Our  County  of- 
ficers are  eleven,  the  Justices  of  the  Sessions,  who  are  paid  ,f  3 
by  the  day,  out  of  the  County  treasury,  for   the  number  of  days 

*  Prior  to  1G92,  and  afterwards  for  several  years,  the  pay  of  a  Repre- 
sentative was 3*.  by  tlie  day.  It  was  increased  in  1720,  to  -is. ;  and  owing- 
to  the  depreciated  value  of  paper  money,  it  was  increased  to  12*.  ;  20s.  ; 
and  in  1748,  to  30*.  per  day.  After  the  constitution,  it  was  $2,00  per  day, 
as  it  still  is. 

I  The  Judges  of  the  Common  Pleas  were  paid  by  fees  of  office,  till  Feb. 
8,  1822  ;  when  salaries  of  $1,200  each,  were  cstablisiicd  for  them. 


Chap,  xxviti.]  OF  MAINE.  683 

they  sit ;  the  Judge  and  Register  of  Probate  ;  the  Sheriff;  Clerk  A.D.  1623, 
of  the  Courts ;  County  Treasurer  ;  Register  of  Deeds  ;  County 
Attorney  ;  Justices  of  the  Peace  ;  Coroners  ;  and  gaolers  ; — all 
of  whom  are  appointed  and  commissioned  by  the  Executive  of 
the  State,  except  the  Treasurer,  who  is  elected  every  year,  and 
the  Register  of  Deeds,  who  is  elected  once  in  five  years,  by  the 
people  of  the  County  ;  and  the  gaoler  who  is  appointed  by  the 
Sheriff.  Till  1715,  deeds  were  recorded  by  the  Clerk  of  the 
Shire.  There  were  Justices  of  the  Peace  under  the  govern- 
ment of  Gorges,  but  none  under  that  of  Massachusetts,  till  the 
appointment  of  them  for  an  unlimited  time,  or  during  good  be- 
haviour, was  authorized  by  the  Provincial  charter  : — but  by  the 
constitution,  they  were  commissioned  only  for  the  term  of  seven 
years. 

Toivns  are  corporate  communities,  whose  inhabitants  when  con-  Town 
vened,  are  denominated  "  the  primary  assemblies"  of  the  people.  '^'''"S®^* 
They  are  required  by  law  to  support  schools  ;  to  repair  high- 
ways ;  to  relieve  or  maintain  paupers ;  and  to  remunerate  sev- 
eral town  officers  ;*  the  taxes  in  a  single  year,  amounting  fre- 
quently to  ^'2  for  every  taxable  poll  in  town,  and  one  per  cent,  of 
the  taxable  property.  Parishes  are  also  corporate  bodies,  em- 
powered to  build  meeting-houses,  and  support  the  ministry. 

The  Revenue,  or  money  needed  to  meet  these  expenditures.  Revenue, 
has  been  raised  mostly  by  direct  taxation,  ever  since  the  first  set- 
tlement of  the  country.  For  the  purpose  of  apportioning  to  the 
different  towns,  their  respective  parts  of  a  public  or  general  and 
single\  tax,  equal  to  the  usual  charges  or  expenses  of  govern- 
ment ;  all  the  rateable  property  has  been  inventoried,  and  the  tax- 

*  There  are  in  each  town  about  20  town  officers,  viz. — 1.  Selectmen,  or 
«  fathers  of  the  town  ;' — officers  as  old  as  1634  ;  2,  town-clerk  ;  3,  treasurer, 
first  chosen,  A.  D.  1699;  4,  assessors  of  taxes  ;  5,  overseers  of  the  poor;  6, 
school  committee ;  7,  constables  ;  8,  collectors  of  taxes;  9,  highway  sur- 
veyors; 10,  health  officers  ;  11,  fence-viewers;  12,  surveyors  of  lumber  ; 
13,  field-drivers;  14,  pound-keepers;  15,  sealers  of  weights  and  measures; 
16,  measurers  of  fuel ;  17,  inspectors  of  lime,  Avhere  lime  is  burned ;  18, 
cullers  of  fish  ;  19,  ty thing-men  ;  20  hog-reeves;  and  to  these  there  may  be 
added  auctioneers^  appointed  b}^  the  selectmen. 

f  If  a  "  single"'  tax  was  inadequate  to  the  public  exigency  ;  it  was  in- 
creased upon  the  polls  and  estate,  a  fourth,  half,  or  double  :  but  before  the 
charter  of  William  and  Mary,  the  tax  on  Maine  was  paid  into  its  own  treas- 
ury.   The  first  valuation  found  on  record,  was  in  the  year  1631. 


684  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.    II. 

A.  D.  1G23  able  polls  enumerated  by  the  assessors  in  each  town,  about  once 
to  1820.        .         ^  ,  •'       .      .  ^       ,  ^    , 

in  seven  years  ;  vviien  a  capuation  tux  lor  the  use  oi  the  govern- 

mentj  of  twentij  pence,  equal  to  37  cents,  has  been  laid  upon  each 
male  person  of  sixteen  years  and  upwards  in  every  town,  except 
ministers  of  the  gospel,  the  aged  poor,  and  a  few  others ;  and  the 
residue  distributively  laid  or  apportioned  upon  the  towns,  accord- 
ing to  their  septennial  valuation,  or  aggregate  inventories  of  estate, 
real  and  personal.     But  it  has  been  found,  in   the  course  of  175 
years,  tliat  taxable  property  has  increased  in  a  rnucli  greater  ratio 
than  taxable  polls  j  and  therefore  the  capitation  tax  has  been  les- 
sened from  time  to  time,  though  the  sum  levied  has  been  enlarg- 
ed.    For  instance,  it  was  28  cents  in   1795  ;  27   in    1800  ;  and 
in  1806,  the  Legislature  declared  the  polls  should  never  pay  more 
than  a  third  part  of  the  State  tax.     Nay,  in    1814,  though  the 
State  tax,  as  usual,  exceeded  33  thousand  dollars,   the  poll  tax 
was  reduced  to  14  cents ;  and   in    1819,  the   General  Court  en- 
acted, that  it  should  not  exceed  a  sixth  part  of  the  whole  State 
tax.     Within  the  last  half  century,  a  tax-act  has  been  passed  an- 
nually ;  and  every  tax,  whether  county,  toivn,  or  parish,  is  asses- 
sed upon  the  polls  and  estates  in  the  same  ratio  as  the  State  tax  is. 
Taxation.         ^s  jo  taxation ; — besides  the  periodical  or  septennial  State  val- 
uation, tliere  are  taken  every  year  on  the  first  day  of  May,  a  new 
census  of  taxable  polls,  and  a  new  inventoiy  of  rateable  estate, 
for  the  purpose  of  assessing  the  year's  taxes  upon   individuals  ;* 
all  property  in  general  being  taxable,   except  sheep,  household 
furniture,  wearing  apparel,  farming  utensils,  tools  of  mechanics, 
pews  and  property  belonging  to  literary  and  charitable  institutions. 
Unimproved  real  estate,  however,  frouj  an  early  period  of  settle- 
ment, was  taxed  only  at  a  third  part  of  its  worth — upon  the  prin- 
ciple, that  income  was  the  object  of  taxation  ;  but  the  constitu- 
tion of  iMaine  has  abolished  the  distinction.     In  the  actual  assess- 
ment, the  sum  is  set  in  bills,  to  each  townsman,  what  he  is  to  pay 
on  his  poll  and  on  his  estate,  and  gathered  by  the  collector. 
Public  in-        There  are   also  some  other  sources  of  revenue.     One  is  the 
iUarMaxest'  procccds  of  public   lands   sold   and   conveyed  ;  whicli   began  to 
accrue  at  the  close  of  the  revolutionary  war,  and  amounted  at  the 

*Ia  1S20,  thei'c  were  in  Maine,  59,606  taxable  polls,  and  21  millions  of 
dollars  rateai  le  property,  as  returned  to  the  Leg-islature  by  the  AvSsessors. 
The  tax  was  $50,000,  (>i  v^hich  the  polls,  at  I7cts.  each,  paid  $10,133,  and 
the  estates  §39,867. 


Chap,  xxviii.]  of  Maine.  685 

time  of  Separation,  to  the  nominal  sum  of  ,<'186,324.     Another  a.  D.  1623, 

,  .  .  to  1820. 

consists  oj  escheats  and  confiscations.  These,  during  the  same 
war,  amounted  to  large  sums  : — subsequently  escheats  have  been 
few  ;  for  one  who  has  property  seldom  dies  witliout  either  will  or 
heirs.  Fines  and  forfeitures  to  the  Commonwealth,  in  criminal 
and  penal  cases,  are  also  a  source  of  some  revenue  :  But  one  of 
the  largest  is  the  annual  tax  to  government  of  one  per  cent,  on 
the  capital  stock  of  every  bank  in  the  State — an  expedient  which 
commenced  A.  D.  1812,  and  is  still  pursued.  „  . ,.    ,  , . 

'  1  Piihhc  debt, 

The  Province  and  Commonwealth  were  at  diffeft-ent  periods, 
deeply  in  debt.  But  though  they  owed  between  four  and  five 
millions  of  dollars  currency,  at  the  close  of  the  Revolutionary 
war,  the  debt  was  reduced  to  $*56,000  in  1807,  and  afterwards 
still  lower ;  until  the  last  war  swelled  it  to  more  than  a  million. 
It  was  however  mostly  paid  before  the  Separation  ;  and  hence,  if 
the  United  States  assume  it,  as  expected,  one  third  of  the  money 
will  belong  to  Maine. 

It  will  be  readily  recollected,  as  previously  stated,  that  the  cir-  cy.''*^'  "'""" 
culating  medium  of  the  country  was  gold  and  silver,*  computed 
in  sterling  value,  as  the  manner  of  reckoning,  till  the  famous  Can- 
ada expedition  and  conquest  of  Nova-Scotia,  A.  D.  1 690  ;  when 
hills  of  credit  were  first  issued.  The  sums  emitted  within  the 
subsequent  60  years,  were  immense;  and  In  1712  they  were 
made  a  tender.  But  as  all  these  had  depreciated  in  value,  till 
they  were  of  inconsiderable  worth  ;  a  new  emission  was  issued  in 
1742,  promising  three  ounces  of  silver,  or  an  equivalent  in  gold, 
for  every  205.  in  the  bills.  Yet  both  the  old  and  neiv  tenor,  was 
soon  of  the  same  depreciated  value ;  so  that  £2,000,000  curren- 
cy in  1750,  were  paid  off  and  redeemed  with  £234,000,  name- 
ly, £184,000  sterling,  received  from  England,  as  reimbursement 
money  towards  the  expenses  of  the  Louisbourg  expedition,  and 
an  auxiliary  tax  of  £50,000  imposed  on  purpose,  to  complete 
the  redemption  of  all  the  bills  in  circulation  ;  they  being  redeem- 
ed at  50s.  of  the  bills,  per  one  ounce  of  silver,  that  is,  at  6s.  8d. 
Large  emissions  were  again  made  by  the  General  Court  during 
the  Revolution,  which  were  redeemed  under  an  act  of  1781,  at 
the  rate  of  4  dollars  in  the  bills  for  one  in  specie.     The  mintage 

*  But  tlie  amount  in  circulation  was  small.  Even  in  England,  A.  D. 
1606,  there  were  only  4  million  pounds  sterling",  of  gold  and  silver,  in  cir- 
culation— less  than  IS  millions  of  dollars. — 4  Hume.,  p.  187. 


ggg  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II. 

A.I)  \G23, oi  paper  money  then  ceased,  and  a  solid  specie-circulation  was 
the  current  medium  for  about  30  years;  since  which,  the  coun- 
try has  been  filled  with  another  species  of  paper  money, — being 
the  bills  of  corporate  Banks.* 

Coins.  In  short,  a  legislative  act  was  passed,  March  31,  1750,  by  which 

all  subsequent  contracts  were  to  be  discharged  and  paid  at  the 
rate  of  ooz.  in  silver  for  205.  "  lawful  money,"  and  nothing  less  : 
— an  act  which  changed  the  nominal  value  of  a  Spanish  mill'd 
dollar,  for  instance,  from  4s.  6d.  sterling,  to  6s.  an  established 
"  lawful"  valne.f  The  coins  then  in  circulation,  were  the  Se- 
ville,  Pillar,  and  Mexico,  pieces  of  eight,  weighing  17 J  penny- 
weights, and  worth  by  tale,  6s.  lawful  money  ;  the  Rix  dollars^ 
Peru  pieces  oj  eight,  Ducatoons  of  Flanders,  French  Louis, 
Portugal  crusadocs,  three-gilder  pieces  of  Holland,  and  other 
foreign  coins  of  silver,  passed  according  to  their  weight  and  fine- 
ness. These  were  followed  by  pistereens,  5  of  which  passed 
for  a  dollar;  French  crowns,  worth  6s.  8d.,  and  at  last  Spanish 
milled  dollars,  coined  in  Spanish   America. 

Education.  Education  has  been  esteemed  by  every  age  since  the  country 
was  settled,  as  the  guardian  spirit  of  civil  and  religious  liberty, 
and  the  main  supporter  of  a  republican  government.  At  a  very 
early  period  it  was  enjoined  upon  parents  by  law,  that  their  chil- 
dren be  taught  "  perfectly  to  read  the  English  tongue ;"  and  be 
acquainted  with  '  the  scriptures  and  principal  laws.'  By  an  ordi- 
nance of  1647,  all  towns  were  required  to  support  free  and  com- 
mon schools ;  and  also  grammar-schools,  when  the  towns  were 
so  large  as  to  contain  100  families.  These  rudimental  semina- 
ries were  put  upon  the  most  judicious  foundation.  They  were 
open  to  every  description  of  youth  and  children  ; — all  being 
equals,  and  all  aiming  to  distinguish  themselves  by  motives  of 
merit.  So  highly  popular  has  been  the  school-system  at  all 
times,  that  government  and  the  best  of  men  have  always  taken 
the  utmost  pains  to  promote  and  improve  it.  Every  town  has 
been  divided  into  a  suitable  number  of  school-districts,  usually 
from  six  to  ten,  in  all  of  which,  as  it  was  estimated  at  the  time 
of  Separation,  there  were  more  than   a  thousand  school-houses ; 

*  Bank  capital  in  Maine,  1820,  $1,770,000. 

f  In  1700,  an  ounce  of  silver  was  worth  10*.,  in  1710,  8*. ;  in  1720,  12*. 
Ad.;  in  1730,  205.  6d.,  in  1740,  26s.  6d.  ;  in  1760,  A5s.—5Qs.  currency;— 
and  from  1760  to  1775,  Qs.  Sd.  lawful  money. 


Chap,  xxviii.]  of  maine.  687 

and  the  expenditure  every  year,  exceeded  .f  130,000,  raised  by  A.  i).  IG'33, 
towns  for  the  purpose.  There  were  also  at  the  same  period,  24 
incorporated  Academies  ;  that  of  Portland,  established  in  1784, 
being  the  oldest.  But  though  these  have  had  the  special  patron- 
age of  government  and  of  generous  individuals,  they  have  been 
represented  by  experienced  and  judicious  men,  not  to  compare 
in  point  of  usefulness  with  grammar  schools  in  towns,  where 
there  are  fewer  obstacles  in  the  way  of  those  possessing  talents, 
of  an  emulation  to  excel,  and  a  taste  for  literature. 

The  course  of  education,  common,  academical,  and  f/rt55iCfl/,  Siutiies  and 
has  within  half  a  century,  been  essentially  unproved.  To  the 
elementary  branches,  reading,  writing,  and  arithmetic,  anciently 
and  uniformly  taught  in  our  town-schools,  have  been  added  Eng- 
lish grammer  and  geography.  Even  geometry,  trigonometry, 
surveying  and  navigation  are  now  not  uncommon  studies — as 
they  are  important  to  a  people  inhabiting  a  new  country,  or 
dwelling  contiguous  to  navigable  waters.  In  the  classics,  the 
dead  languages,  Hebrew  and  Greek,  have  within  a  few  years 
gradually  given  place  to  a  more  thorough  study  of  our  vernacu- 
lar tongue,  and  some  other  living  languages,  and  also  of  rhetoric, 
history  and  philosophy,  natural,  mental,  and  moral.  Our  gradu-  . 
ates  are  now  more  accomplished  writers,  than  in  the  former  age  ; 
yet  it  must  be  confessed,  there  is  at  present,  less  taste  for  the 
beauties  of  style  and  the  culture  of  the  fine  arts,  than  for  dis- 
tinctions in  politics  and  eminence  in  business.  By  introducing 
into  this  country  the  musical  gamut,  within  the  last  century,* 
there  has  been  a  regular  progression  of  improvement  in  sacred 
music,  till  it  is  now  performed  in  many  places,  with  a  correctness, 
accentuation  and  melody,  unknown  to  the  first  settlers  in  the 
country.  Martial  music  also,  aided  especially  by  a  variety  of 
ingenious  instruments,  has  within  a  few  years,  acquired  singular 
celebrity. f  But  Church  Organs  and  even  Pianos,  were  rare 
instruments,  till  within  a  short  period  prior  to  the  Separation. 

There  are  two  species  of  instruction,  now  advanced  beyond    a^^.'j'^^^l^ 

*  Singing- by  note  is  said  to  have  been  introduced  in  Boston,  between 
1717  and  1724.— 4  JIass.  His.  Soc.  new  series,  p.  301. 

I  Formerly  the  fife  and  drum  for  foot  companies,  and  the  trumpet  for 
the  cavalry,  were  the  instruments  of  martial  music.  But  in  later  years 
there  have  been  introduced  the  bass-drum,  bassoon,  clarionet,  hautboy, 
French  horn  and  bugle. 


688 


THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II. 


Theology. 


A  I).  ir)':;3,  state  of  experiment,  which  well  deserve  to  he   mentioned  ; — one 
toiyjo.       .^  ^1^^  Sabbath-schools,  which  were  estabHshed  in  England,  about 
1780,  also  in  Philadelphia,  about  1811,   and   have    since   spread 
over  the  United   States  ;  tliere  being  a   large   number  in  Maine, 
which  have  been  highly  efficient  among  the  youth   of  both   sexes 
in  the  diffusion  of  scriptural  knowledge,  and  the  culture  of  moral 
Lano.^stnnll  sensc.     The  other  is  the  Lancastrian  system,  introduced  several 
years  later,  which  is  in  progress,  and  has  its  advocates  and  its  loes. 
i.ennipd  j\ien  of  collcgiate  education  usually  select  one   of  the  learned 

professions,  Divinity,  Law,  or  Fhysic,  lor  the  employment  ol  lile. 
In  Theology,  the  student's  term  of  study  is  two  years,  if  he 
belong  either  to  the  congregational,  baptist,  presbyterian,  or  epis- 
copalian denominations  of  christians  ;  whose  ministers  are  gener- 
ally clergymen  of  liberal  education,  and  sometimes  of  profound 
science  and  extensive  professional  learning.  Among  other  sec- 
taries, no  period  of  scholarship  is  prescribed ;  and  some  are 
licensed  and  enter  into  clerical  orders,  with  quite  a  limited  knowl- 
edge of  the  sciences.* 
Law.  The  ]}rofession  of  Lmv,  became  a  more  eminent  employment, 

and  its  practuioners,  by  degrees,  a  more  distinguished  order  of 
men,  subsequent  to  the  revision  of  the  Statute-laws  and  establish- 
ment of  the  Courts,  under  the  Provincial  charter.  Previously, 
there  was  no  great  regard  paid  to  legal  forms  of  process  ;  the 
parties  spoke  for  themselves,  or  employed  their  friends  to  state 
their  case  ;  and  clergymen  were  sometimes  consulted,  even  as 
depositaries  of  the  law.  There  were  attorneys  in  Massachusetts, 
as  early  as  1654;  some  of  whom  practised  before  the  General 
Court,  which  exercised  judicial  as  well  as  legislative  powers  ;  and 
therefore  a  common  attorney  was  prohibited,  in  1663,  to  set  in 
that  body. — ^Yet  Randolph,  in  a  letter  from  Boston,  dated  January, 
1687,  says,  we  have  but  two  lawyers.  There  was  no  change  in 
professional  practice,  till  1701.f     Forms  of  writs  were  then    es- 


*ln  1770,  there  were  only  35  settled  ministers  in  Maine  ;  all  of  whom, 
except  four,  were  congrcg-ationalists,  viz.  John  Wiswell  of  Falmouth,  and 
Jacob  Daily  of  Pownalborough,  who  were  episcopalians ;— Thomas  Pierce 
of  Scarborough,  and  John  Murray  of  Boothbay,  who  were  ■preshrjlcrians. 

f  Sec  1  Knapp's  Biog.  Sk.  SfC.  "  Introduction,''''  p.  9— 35.— The  first  70 
years  of  our  history  passed  away  "  producing  but  few,  if  any  distinguished 
Lawyers.  But  by  degrees,  it  was  discovered,  that  men  of  intellectual  and 
professional  talents,  were  necessary  in  Courts  of  Justice,  to  manage  the 
business  of  suitors  with  regularity  and  success. 


Chap,  xxviit.]  of  Maine.  689 

tablished, — Courts  were  empowered  to  make  rules  for  the   ree;u-A.D.  1623, 

,      •  r,        •  1  ,  -L     J  ^„  to  1820. 

lation  ot  busuiess, — and  an  oath  was  prescribed  to  attorneys. 
But  in  1714,  two,  and  no  more,  were  allowed  to  be  employed  in 
one  cause,  and  no  one  on  the  offer  of  12s.  fees,  might,  without 
sufficient  reasons,  decline.  There  were  in  1768,  six,f  and  yet  in 
1790,  only  eleven  barristers  and  practising  attorneys  in  Maine  ; 
though  the  number  of  lawyers  had,  in  1820,  increased  to  two 
hundred  and  seventeen.  When  the  order  of  Barristers  was  estab- 
lished in  this  country,  it  is  not  precisely  known  ;  though  it  is  cer- 
tain the  older  and  more  learned  practitioners  at  the  bar,  were 
all  called  by  that  appellation  many  years  before  the  Revolution ; 
and  the  Supreme  Court  of  Judicature  were  authorized  by  a 
Statute  of  1782,  to  confer  this  degree  at  discretion. J     The  next 

*  Prior  to  the  Provincial  charter,  the  practice  was  very  informal.  "  Ac- 
tions of  the  case,"  were  broug-ht  to  recover  possession  of  lands ;  and  other 
essential  forms  were  disregarded  ;  "  wholly  occasioned  by  the  want  of 
learning-  and  skill  in  those  who  introduced  them — and  of  their  indistinct 
notions  of  the  law." — Stearns  on  Real  Actions,  note  A.  p.  491,  503. — The 
profession  of  law  is  ancient  in  England.  Attorneys  in  that  country  were 
made  such,  by  a  patent  from  the  Crown  before  A.  D.  1285  ;  when  the 
courts  were  ordered  to  admit  any  one,  the  parly  chose,  to  manage  his 
cause.  Afterwards,  A.  D.  1403,  the  Courts  were  enjoined  to  examine  the 
candidates,  and  even  the  attorneys  ;  and  to  reject  or  remove  such  as 
were  unlearned  or  unskilful ;  and  swear  the  rest  to  be  faithful.  In  1730, 
the  term  of  study  or  clerkship  was  set  in  that  country,  at^t-e  years  ;  and  is 
now  pursued  at  the  inns  of  Courts.  In  Spain  it  is  pursued  in  Colleges : — 
in  France  the  profession  is  a  sort  of  knighthood  : — and  in  both  countries 
the  lawyers  wear  a  costume. — In  Germany  and  Poland  the  civil  law  is 
the  basis  of  legal  proceedings ;  and  almost  every  thing  is  done  in  writing. 
— In  Russia,  the  civil  law  is  also  the  basis  of  all  law,  and  the  practitioners 
are  mostly  Germans. — Address  of  William  Sullivan.,  LL.  £>.  p.  12  to  20. 
— Jforlh  American  Review,  July,  1823. 

I  These  were  William  Gushing  and  James  Sullivan  of  Pownalborongh; 
David  Sewall  and  Caleb  Emery  of  York  ;  Theophiliis  Bradbury  and  David 
Wyer  of  Falmouth— In  1780-1,  there  were  only/t?e,  John  Frothingham  of 
Falmouth  ;  Caleb  Emery  of  York  ;  Roland  Gushing,  Timothy  Langdon 
and  William  Lithgow  of  Pownalborough.  In  1790,  the  only  barrister  ia 
Maine  was  John  Gardiner  of  Pownalborough. 

J  Immediately  after  the  adoption  of  the  State  Constitution,  the  Supreme 
Judicial  Court,  in  Feb.  1781,  established  a  rule,  that  whereas  learning  in 
the  law,  when  duly  encouraged  and  rightly  directed,  may  be  peculiarly 
promotive  of  private  justice  and  public  good  ;  and  the  Court  being  ready 
to  bestow  peculiar  marks  of  approbation  upon  the  gentlemen  of  the  bar 
distinguished  for  legal  science,  honor  and  integrity,  do  order,  "  that  no 
gentleman  shall  be  called  to  the  degree  of  Barrister,  till  he  shall  merit  the 
Vol.  II.  87 


690  THE  HISTORY  [Vol.  II. 

A.D.  1623.  year,  the  precept  and  form  of  calling  them  to  the  bar  for  the  pur- 
pose, were  prescribed  by  that  Court,  and  they  were  ordered  to 
"  take  rank  according  to  the  date  of  their  respective  writs."  But 
no  barristers  have  been  called  since  1784  ;  Parsons  and  Sedg- 
wick being  the  last  of  that  order,  who  have  had  a  seat  on  the 
supreme  bench.  The  division  into  Counsellors  and  Attorneys, 
was  established  in  180G;  when  it  was  ordered  by  the  Court, 
that  those  persons  only,  should  be  candidates  for  examination 
and  admission  to  the  bar  as  attorneys,  who  had,  '  besides  a  good 
'  school  education,  devoted  seven  years  to  literary  acquisitions, 
'  and  three  of  them  in  the  office  of  a  barrister  or  counsellor ;' 
and  when  they  have  practised  two  years  as  attorneys  they  may 
be  admitted  Counsellors,  whose  privilege  it  is,  both  to  manage 
and  argue  causes. 

Jurists.-  Under  the  Provincial  charter,   a  period  of   eighty-nine   years, 

there  were  commissioned  to  the  bench  of  the  Supreme  Court 
thirty-seven  Judges,  seven  or  eight  of  whom  were  taken  from  the 
bar ; — being  eminent  ornaments  of  their  profession,  who  had 
made  great  and  successful  efforts  to  reform  and  improve  the  Ju- 
dicial system,  and  who  were  succeeded  under  the  Constitution, 
by  none  other  than  lawyers,  till  the  Separation.  "  There  are 
many  persons,  who  remember  the  scarlet  robes,  with  deep  facings 
and  cuffs  of  black  velvet,  which  were  worn  by  the  Judges;  their 
bands  and  their  powdered  wigs,  adorned  with  black  silk  bags; 
and  their  black  silk  gowns,  worn  in  summer.  It  it  probable  this 
costume,  was  assumed,  when  the  Judges  were  first  appointed  un- 
der the  charter  by  royal  authority — in  imitation  of  the  king's 
Judges  at  home.  Certain  it  was  worn  long  before  the  Revolu- 
tion, and  resumed  soon  after  its  close.  The  Judges  wore  black 
silk  gowns,  at  the  funeral  of  Governor  Hancock,  Oct.  1793; — 
the  last  time  they  appeared  in  that  costume.     Probably  it  did  not 


same  by  his  conspicuous  learning',  ability,  and  honesty,"— and  then,  by  the 
mere  motion  of  the  Court.  —Prec.  Declaralion,  p.  5G6-fi.— There  were, 
A.  D.  1820,  about  6,0 JO  lawyers  in  the  United  States  :— in  New-Hampshire, 
204  ;  in  Maine,  217  ;  in  Massacliusetts,  521  ;  in  ilhode-Island,  50;  in  Con- 
necticut, 273  ;  in  Vermont,  220  ;  in  JNew-York,  1,381  ;  in  New-Jersey,  134  ; 
in  Pennsylvania,  417;  in  Delaware,  32  ;  in  Maryland,  175;  in  Virginia, 
483;  in  Georgia,  157;  aod  other  States  in  proportion  ;— giving  a  result  of 
cae  ta  1,500  inhabitants. 


Chap,  xxviii.]                   of  Maine.  69^1 

suit  the  simplicity  of  our  form  of  eovernment.  Also  barristers  ^'J^a,,'^^' 

t^         J                                          o  lo  1820. 

wore  black  silk  sowns,  bands  and  basis."* 


The  profession  of  phxisic  is  noticed  by  a  law  as  earlv  as  1649  ;  Pi'ysicaad 
when  chirurgeons,  midwives,  and  physicians  were  forbidden  to 
try  any  unusual  experiment  upon  their  patients,  in  a  manner  con- 
trary to  the  known  -approved  rules  of  the  art,"  without  the  advice 
of  others  well  skilled  in  their  occupation,  if  obtainable, — otherwise 
of  persons,  "  the  wisest  and  gravest  then  present."  The  usual 
period  of  a  student's  study  is  two  years;  but  there  was  no  law  to 
regulate  the  practice  of  physic  and  surgery,  till  those  of  February 
19,  1818,  and  1819,  which  declared,  that  if  any  person  should 
commence  the  practice  within  the  State  without  a  license  or 
medical  degree,  from  some  College,  or  the  Massachusetts  or  other 
INIedical  Society,  he  should  not  have  the  aid  of  law,  to  collect 
any  thing  for  his  professional  services.  The  same  has  been 
adopted  by  Maine.  Since  the  year  1820,  Medical  Lectures  have 
been  delivered  at  Bowdoin  College ;  doctorates  conferred;  and 
a  Medical  Society  for  the  State  established. 

A  people's  Religion  forms  one  of  its  distinguishing  traits  oT-Rgi;<ii<y, 
character.  In  this  State,  every  person  has  an  inviolable  right  to 
worship  God  according  to  the  dictates  as  well  of  choice  as  of 
conscience;  and  sectaries,  whose  controversies  have  stained 
European  Histories  with  blood,  are  all  equally  under  the  protec- 
tion of  our  Constitution  and  laws.f  There  are  nini^  Christian- 
denominations  in  this  State,  of  whose  comparative  numbers,  ec- 
clesiastical polity,  and  clerical  orders,  it  cannot  be  improper  to 
take  a  cursory  view. J 

*  J\Ir.  Sullivan,  p.  34h6,  4T.  The  urbanity. of  the  Court  and  Bar  towards 
each  otlier  uudetwent.an  unhappy  chang'e  during  the  Revolution  ;  and  the 
extreme  austerity  of  the  former  and  needless  acumen  of  the  latter,  con- 
tinued till  Judge  Sedgwick  ascended  the  bench. — The  business  and  profits, 
incident  to  the  profession  of  the  law,  are  geaerally  the  greatest  in  com^ 
mercial  communities.  Between  January  1,  1820,  and  January  1,  1821,  the 
whole  number  of  "  new  entries"  of  actions  and  cases  on  the  dockets  of  (he 
Common  Pleas,  in  the  nine  Counties  of  Maine,. were  7.,7,92  ;  vL:.  7,610  civil, 
182  criminal  entric?. 

I  But  Catholics  or  papists  were  not  allowed  equal  protection  and  rights 
with  other  sects,  under  either  of  the  charters,  nor  yet  under  the  Common- 
wealth ;  for  the  oath  of  allegiance  excluded  sll  /oreign  and  of  course  papal 
power;  and  towns  were  required  to  support  ^^  Protestant  teachers  ot  re- 
ligion." Now  by  the  Constitution  of  Maine,  there  is  no  preference  nor 
.distinction.  "^  See  ante,  this  vol.  ^.  275-9. 


692  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II. 

A.D.  1623,      The  antiquity  of  tlie    Catholics  in   Christendom,    renders    it 

lo  1820. 

proper  to  take  the  first  view  of  that  sect.     There   are  in   Maine 

Catholics,  r  t     •  •     • 

about  500  of  them,  wlio  are  formed  uito  two  societies,  one  at 
Newcastle  and  the  other  at  Whitcfield.  Seven  families  (roin 
Ireland  associated  in  1798,  at  the  former  place,  who  gradually 
increased  in  numbers  and  wealth ;  and  in  1 807,  the  Society 
erected  a  neat  and  convenient  Chapel  of  brick,  near  Damariscotta 
upper  bridge.  The  Chapel  at  Whitefield,  constructed  of  wooden 
materials,  is  equally  handsome,  if  not  so  large ;  and  in  the  one 
or  the  other,  the  Catholics,  who  are  considerably  dispersed  in  the 
County  of  Lincoln,  attend  public  worship,  especially  on  iestival 
and  special  occasions.  Their  priest  is  Rev.  Dennis  Ryan  from 
Ireland,  ordained  in  1818,  by  Bishop  Cheverus.  The  natives 
are  of  the  same  religious  persuasion,  in  whose  conversion.  Father 
Ralle  and  other  French  missionaries  have  bestowed  immense  la- 
bor. Rev,  James  R.  Romaigne,  a  French  Friar,  had  the  pasto- 
ral charge  of  the  tribes  at  Penobscot  and  Passamaquoddy,  during 
a  period  of  more  than  twenty  years  before  the  Separation ;  re- 
ceiving for  his  services  a  pecuniary  stipend  from  Massachusetts. 

The  Catholics  of  Maine  acknowledge  the  supremacy  of  the 
Pope,  and  form  a  part  of  the  eastern  Diocess,  or  Bishopric ;  the 
whole  United  States  having  been  by  him  on  the  8th  of  April, 
1808,  erected  into  an  ecclesiastical  Province,  and  divided  and 
formed  into  an  Archbishopric,  and  four  Bishoprics,  in  which  he 
has  appointed  and  consecrated  prelates.  The  first  Bishop  of  the 
eastern  Diocess  was  the  Right  Rev.  John  Cheverus,*  whose 
see  was  at  Boston.  The  Catholic  order  of  priesthood  under  the 
Pope,  in  a  descending  series,  embraces  Archbishops  and  Bishops, 
denominated  prelates  ; — priests,  deacons,  and  sub-deacons.  The 
priests  below  prelatical  authority,  baptize,  solemnize  marriages, 
administer  communion,  and  hear  confessions  ;  and  those  who  have 
officiated  in  Maine  since  the  Revolution,  have  generally  been  in 
priests'  orders. f 


*  Tliis  devout  Prelate  was  born  in  France,  A.  D.  1768  ;  ordained  priest, 
1790;  and  consecrated  bishop,  Nov,  1,  1810,  by  the  most  Rev.  Arcbbishop 
Carroll,  of  Baltimore,  (Md.)  Bishop  Cheverus  has  lately  returned  to 
France  and  is  a  cardinal. 

•f  JIS.  Let.  of  Bishop  Cheverus,  A.  D.  1820. — Archbishop  Carroll  was 
consecrated  Bishop  of  Baltimore,  over  all  the  Catholics  of  the  United 
States,  in  1790.  The  Pope  appoints  the  Bishops,  but  they  may  afterwards,  con- 


Chap,  xxviii.]  or  Maine.  693 

There  are  three  Episcopal  churches  and  parishes  in  this  State  ;  A.  i).  1623, 

^         ^  1  'to  1820. 

— these  are  at   Portland,    Gardiner,   and   Saco.      The   peculiar 

Episfopa- 

patronage  extended  to  this  religious  denomination  hy  Sir  Ferdi-  lians. 
nando  Gorges  and  Sir  Alexander  Righy,  was  the  efficient  means, 
by  which  an  episcopal  society  was  formed,  at  an  early  period,  in 
the  vicinity  of  Falmouth.  It  was  revived  and  established  at 
Portland,  A.  D.  1763,  when  Rev.  John  Wisvvell,  admitted  to 
holy  orders  in  England,  returned  ;  and  he  and  his  parishioners 
adopted  the  liturgy  of  the  parent  church.  Here  a  handsome 
brick  edifice  has  been  erected.  Another,  founded  at  Gardiner, 
under  the  auspices  of  Dr.  Gardiner,  in  1771,  was  completed  after 
his  death,  in  1786,  by  his  Executors.  The  present  elegant 
church,  built  of  granite,  after  the  Gothic  order,  is  executed  in  a 
style  superior  perhaps  to  any  edifice  in  the  diocess.  Though 
there  was  a  colonial  law  passed,  A.  D.  1651,  against  the  cele- 
bration of  Christmas,  and  an  intolerant  spirit  was  manifest 
towards  the  Book  of  the  Common  Prayer ;  the  opposition  in 
Massachusetts  was  never  armed  with  the  persecuting  sword  ;  and 
by  the  Provincial  charter,  protestantism  of  every  order,  was  put 
equally  under  the  protection  of  government.  The  whole  of 
New-England,  except  Connecticut,  is  embraced  by  '  the  Eastern 
Diocess  of  the  Protestant  Episcopal  Church ;'  yet  nine  officiating 
presbyters,  or  priests,  in  any  number  of  States,  or  six  in  any  one 
State,  may,  if  they  choose,  elect  a  Bishop  and  become  a  diocess. 
The  orders  of  the  Episcopal  clergy  in  this  country  are  three, 
bishops,  Priests,  or  Presbyters,  and  Deacons  ;  the  two  former 
may  administer  the  Lord's  supper,  and  all  three  may  solemnize 
marriages  and  administer  baptism.  The  Bishop,  assisted  by  the 
priests  of  his  diocess,  has  the  sole  authority  of  ordaining,  conse- 
crating and  confirming  priests  and  deacons,  though  the  priests 
can  embody  churches.  Also,  any  priest  may  be  instituted  and 
inducted  into  the  office  of  parish-rector,  or  established  presbyter, 


secrate  other  bishops,  who  have  the  sole  power  of  ordination.  An  Eccle- 
siastic when  he  takes  the  vow  of  celibacy,  becomes  a  sub-deacon  ;  but  be- 
fore he  can  be  ordained  a  priest,  or  consecrated  a  bishop,  he  must  have 
passed  through  all  the  inferior  degres.  The  prerequisites  to  church-mem- 
bership are, — a  confession  of  sin  to  the  bishop  or  priest, — profession  of  the 
catholic  faith, — and  baptism.  The  infants  of  unbaptised  parents  are  some- 
times baptised ;  and  the  catholic  priests  solemnize  all  Indian  marriages. — 
Rev.  Mr.  Romagni  or  Romaigne. 


694  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.    II. 

A.  i>.  1023,,  provided  he  produces  in  his  favor  the   church-wardens'  certifi- 
to  10-20.         ^  ^ 

Gate. 

■  Presbytfri-  There  are  at  present  a  very  few  presbyterians  m  this  State. 
The  first  church  in  New-:England,  of  this  denomination,  was  gath- 
ered at  Londonderry,  New-Hampshire,  A.  D.  1719,  by  the 
Rev.  James  McGregorie,  a  protestant  minister  from  Ireland.  In 
the  same  place,  a  joresii/fer?/ was  estabhshed,  as  early  as  A.  D. 
1745,  which  embraced  the  presbyterians  of  Maine.  Thirty 
years  afterwards,  it  was  divided  into  three  presbyteries;  and 
these  formed  themselves  into  a  paramount  body,  denominated 
^^the  Synod  of  JS^eiv-England.'^-\  But  it  deteriorated  till  1782, 
when  it  again  became  a  single  body,  by  the  name  of  '  the  Salem 
Presbytery;'  Its  last  meeting  was  at  Gray,  in  this  State,  Sept. 
14,  1791  ;  and  though  there  have  been  presbyterian  churches 
established  at  Georgetown,  Newcastle,  Brunswick,  Boothbay, 
Bristol,  Topsham,  Warren,  Gray,  Scarborough,  Windham,  Tur- 
ner, and  Canaan,  they  have  lost  their  sectarian  .character,  and 
become  congregational ;  the  two  agreeing  well  in  all  the  doc-- 
trines  of  faith  and  practice- 
There  ave  four  ecclesiastical  bodies  in  the  polity  of  this  de- 
nomination. The  first  and  lowest  is  the  Church-session,  which 
consists  of  the  minister  and  twelve  select  members,  denominated 
ruling  elders  or  deacons.  These  examine, candidates  for  church- 
membership,  or  the  '  sealing  ordinances,'  and  admit  or  reject 
them,  and  also  decide  all  questions    of  discipline,  not  extending 


*  But  no  one  can  have  deacon's  orders  till  he  is  21,  nor  priest's,  till  he 
is  24,  and  has  been  one  year  a  deacon  ;  nor  be  consecrated  a  bishop,  till 
he  is  30.  The  prerequisites  to  church-membership  are  sound  faith,  sincere 
piety,  and  baptism. — In  the  Episcopal  polity,  the  .hig'hest  tribunal  is  the 
General  Convention,  which  meets  oa  the  3d  Tuesday  of  May  triennially,  and 
consists  of  two  branches.  In  the  Upper  House  sit  the  Bishops  onlj',  who 
are  in  all,  six, — distributed  through  the  United  States  ;  the  Lower  House  is 
constituted  of  a  representation,  consisting  oi  four  clerical  and  ybur  lay 
deputies,  from  each  diocesan  or  Slate  Convention.  This  latter  is  formed  by 
the  meeting-  of  the  clergy  in  any  diocess,  and  of  one  or  more  lay-delegates 
from  each  parish;  who  meet  annually,  and  have  power  to  choose  delegates 
to  the  General  Convention  ; — also  to  determine  all  ecclesiastical  matters 
and  questions  which  come  before  tlicm.  In  1808,  there  were  in  New- 
England,  1  Bishop,  65  Episcopal  churches,  and  48  presbyters ; — in  the 
residue  of  the  United  States,  173  churches,  and  77  priests. — See  the  Con' 
slitution  and  45  Canons  of  American  Episcopal  Church. — MS.  Let.  of 
Might  Rev.  Bishop  Griswold.         f  Greenleaf's  Ecclesiastical  Sk.  p.  26€. 


GhAP.  XXVIII,]  OF  RJAIN'E.  699 

to  a  clers;vman.     From  the  church-session  an  appeal  of  rii2:ht,  isA.iv  iC23, 

^•'  .  ...  '       10  1820. 

allowable  to  the  presbytery,  which  consists  oi  the  pastors  and  a 
single  delegate  from  each  of  three  churches  at  least,  and  from 
such  others,  if  any,  as  have  associated.  Here  are  also  decided 
all  controversies  and  questions  between  ministers  and  theif  peo- 
j)le  ;  and  it  is  the  presbytery,  that  examines,  licenses  and  ordains 
candidates,  and  embodies  churches.  The  Synod  is  the  superior 
tribunal,  and  is  formed  of  all  the  ministers  and  one  ruling  elder, 
from  the  several  churches  in  the  presbyteries  united,  which  form 
that  synodial  body.  By  this  ecclesiastical  tribunal,  are  heard 
all  the  appeals  from  the  several  presbyteries  within  its  jurisdic- 
tion. The  highest  court  of  appeals  in  the  last  resort,  is  the  Gen- 
ernl  Assembly  ; — and  it  consists  of  Commissioners  from  all  the 
Presbyteries  associated.     It  sits  annually  in  Philadelphia.* 

The  Congregationalists\  are  a  numerous  sect  of  christians  in  Conj^rega- 

1    •        O  1  •  1  •  /-       1  o  •  1  r^r-         1  1  lioiiallSlS. 

tins  State  ;  havmg  at  the  tune  oi  the  reparation,  loo  churches, 
and  by  estimation,  6,000  professors.  They  are  as  ancient  as  the 
settlement  of  the  country  ;  and  their  very  name  implies  a  volun- 
tary association  for  religious  purposes,  independent  of  all  exterior 
paramount  control.  By  usage,  all  persons,  who  have  been  admit- 
ted into  a  church,  may  associate  and  form  a  new  and  separate 
one  of  this  order,  provided  they  have  the  approbation,  at  least, 
of  two  other  churches.  The  one  first  formed  in  England,  upon 
this  foundation,  was  in  1616.  It  is  always  a  democratical  body; 
having  no  other  officers  than  a  minister,  who  is  e.r  officio  Moder- 
ator and  Clerk,  and  two,  three,  or  four  Deacons,  elected  by  the 
members,  whose  princi|)al  duty  it  is  to  distribute  the  sacramental 
elements  in  the  ministi'ation  of  the  holy  supper.  The  Church 
in  session  has  power,  by  a  major  vote,  to  admit  members,  and  to 
admonish,  suspend,  or  excommunicate  them  ;  yet  the  party  ag- 
grieved may,  if  he  please,  have  a  rehearing,  by  way  of  an  appeal 
to  a  Council.  This  is  formed  by  the  pastors  of  such  churches 
and  their  delegates,  chosen  for  the  occasion,  as  are  in  fellowship, 
or  have  formed  an  Association ;  and  when  it:  session,  the  Council 
license  candidates  to  preach, — embody  churches, — ordain   minis- 


*  MS.  f  iCtter  of  Hon.  and  Rev.  Samuel  Tagg'art.  D.  D. 

I  The  Congregationalists  are  divided  into  two  classes,  the  Trinitarians 
and  Unitarians,  who  in  tenets  great!)'  and  essentially  differ,  thoug-li  in 
their  church  polit}'  there  is  great  similarity. — See  vol.  I,  p.  378. 


696  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II. 

A.  i>i  IC23,  ters,  or   pastors,  and   evansrelists, — and    determine   controversies 

to  1820.  '  ^,  ,       •        ,         •  ',  •  ,  1    •    u    1 

and  appeals  submitted  to  its  consideration ;  thoiign  it  belongs  ex- 
clusively to  the  7nimsters,  in  fact,  to  lincense  and  to  ordain,  as  it 
does  likewise,  to  administer  the  ordinances  of  baptism  and  the 
Lord's  supper.  In  this  denomination,  none  but  settled  ordained 
ministers  were  authorized  to  solemnize  marriages,  till  by  an  act, 
passed  since  the  Separation,  commissions  from  the  Executive 
were  ordered  to  be  given  out  for  that  purpose,  none  being  allow- 
ed to  join  parties  in  marriage,  till  both  commissioned  and  sworn. 
Though  the  power,  originally,  of  choosing  a  minister  rested 
with  the  church  ;  yet  by  the  law  of  1693,  whenever  a  town,  acting 
as  a  parish,  disapprove  of  the  minister  chosen  and  presented  by 
the  church,  a  council,  consisting  of  elders  from  three  or  five 
neighboring  churches,  should  determine  the  controversy.  In  later 
times  the  matter  is  usually  settled  by  the  Council  selected  for  the 
purpose  of  ordination.* 
B^iists.  The  Baptists  are  obviously  the  largest  religious  denomination 

in  the  State  ;  they  having  at  the  time  of  the  Separation  9,328 
professors,  and  109  ordained  Elders,  besides  several  licensed 
itinerant  preachers.  (They  believe  none  other  baptism  apostolical, 
than  that  of  adults  by  immersion.)  The  Baptists  appeared  in 
Luther's  reformation;  and  by  the  legislative  acts  of  1644  h  6, 
they  were  severely  persecuted,  in  Massachusetts,  for  mere  oppo- 
sition to  infant  baptism.  The  General  Assembly  of  Maine,  in 
1682,  partially  partook  of  the  same  spirit,  and  endeavored  to 
crush  the  sect  by  fining  Elder  Screven,  £10, — ordering  him  to 
desist  from  preaching, — and  laying  him  under  bonds  to  be  of 
good  behavior.f  There  is  happily  no  other  instance  of  persecu- 
tion in  this  State,  unless  the  parish  taxes  collected  of  the  Baptist 
order  were  of  that  character.  The  ministers  of  the  Baptists, 
called  Elders,  are  supported  by  voluntary  contributions  ;  in  other 
respects  their  ecclesiastical  usages  coincide  with  those  of  the  Con- 
gregationalists  in  the  admission  and  discipline  of  members  j  in  the 


*  A  Council,  mutually  chosen  by  the  minister,  parish,  and  church,  may 
dismiss  him.— 3  and  9  J\lass.  Rep.  p.  182,  2S6,  299.— Prov.  Laws,  p.  255, — 
Jlee's  Cyclopedia,  "  Independents.''''— 5  Hume,  p.  192 — But  no  ecclesiastical 
tribunal  in  this  country  can  impose  a  fine,  nor  deprive  a  person  of  his  civil 
rights.  The  prerequisites  to  church-membership,  among-  the  orthodox  Con- 
gregationalists  and  Baptists,  are  evangelical  faith,  and  the  reception  of  bap- 
tism, t  Greenleaf 's  Ecc.  Sk.  p.  239,— See  ante,  vol.  I,  p.  379. 


Chap,  xxtiii.]  uf  Maine,  697 

ordination  of  ministers;  in  church  government,  and  in  the  article  A. n.  1623, 
of  association,  and  fellowship  of  sister  churches.* 

The  next  are  the  JMethodists  ;  who  are  probably  superior  in  Methodists. 
numbers  to  the  Congregationalists,  if  not  to  the  Baptists.  For  at 
the  time  of  the  Separation,  they  had  in  Maine,  73  located  min- 
isters, a  large  number  of  circuit  preachers,  and  6,192  church 
professors.  They  were  known  in  England  as  a  sect,  about  the 
year  1729.  Their  ecclesiastical  constitution  resembles  that  of 
the  Episcopalians.  Their  clerical  order  consists  o(  Bishops,  who 
are  at  the  head  of  the  Methodist  connexion  ; — Elders,  who  must 
have  been  in  deacon's  orders  two  years  before  consecration  ;  and 
Deacons,  who  must  be  local  licentiates  four  years,  or  itinerant 
preachers  two  years  before  ordination.  Baptism  and  the  Supper 
may  be  administered  by  Bishops  and  Elders,  but  Bishops  only 
have  authority  to  ordain.  A  "  Preacher''''  is  such  a  probationary 
exhorter,  as  the  annual  Conference  thinks  fit  to  license,  and  the 
Bishop  to  appoint  on  a  circuit,  two  years.  A  Class  is  a  volunta- 
ry association  of  twelve  or  more,  at  whose  head  is  a  class-leader 
chosen  by  themselves,  who  is  next  below  an  exhorter ;  and  the 
third  part  of  a  class  is  called  a  Band.  Two  or  more  Stewards 
are  appointed  in  each  circuit,  who  attend  all  quarterly  meetings, 
keep  accounts  of  all  monies  collected,  and  report  to  the  General 
Conference  all  expenditures.  They  also  provide  the  sacramental 
elements  for  the  Supper,  and  register  all  marriages  and  baptisms. 

The  General  Conference  embraces  all  the  Methodists  within 
the  United  States.  It  is  composed  of  delegates  from  the  Annual 
Conferences  and  meets  annually  at  New-York ;  having  power  to 
elect  Bishops,  and  govern  the  whole  Methodist  church.  There 
are  seven  Annual  Conferences,  composed  only  of  those  who  are 
in  full  "  connexion,"  that  is,  those  who  are  in  Elders^  or  Deacons^ 
orders.  These  meet  several  times  in  a  year,  and  have  authority 
to  license  preachers,  nominate   elders   and  deacons,  and  enquire 


*  There  are  three  classes  of  Baptists.,  the  Caivinists,  the  Freewill,  and 
the  Christian  Baptists.  Of  the  Freewill  order,  there  were  seven  Church- 
es formed  in  Maine,  A.  D.  17SI  ;  and  the  number  in  1820,  was  25.  The 
Christians  originating  in  1803,  have  in  this  State  26  Churches  and  15  or- 
dained Elders, — See  3  .Mi/ner''s  Ch.  Hist.  p.  277-S.  A  sect  appeared  in 
Flanders,  A.  D.  1017-1025,  who  would  not  baptise  infants. —  1  Hutch.  Hist. 
p.  208. — In  1793,  there  were  in  the  United  States,  45  Baptist  associations  ; 
1,032  Churches;  1,291  Elders,  and  73,471  professors.— ..^Ti/f,  I'o^  I,  p.  380, 
569. 

Vol.  II.  88 


698  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  11. 

A.  D.  1G23,  into  the  number,  means  and  conduct  of  all  located  and  travelling 

to  1820 

ministers  within  its  jurisdiction.  They  also  send  deputies  and  a 
report  of  their  proceedings  to  the  General  Conference.  Each 
annual  conference  is  divided  into  Districts,  of  which  Maine 
forms  three, — denominated  the  Portland,  Kennebeck  and  Pe- 
nobscot Districts ;  over  which  a  Bishop  appoints  three  resident 
Presiding  Elders.  These  several  districts  are  divided  into  Cir- 
cuits ;  within  each  of  which  the  Elder  convenes,  quarterly,  the 
preachers,  stewards,  exhorters  and  class-leaders  of  the  circuit, 
and  holds  a  kind  of  court  to  hear  complaints,  and  decide  appeals 
arising  therein. 

The  Methodists  have  a  Chartered  Fund,  oririmlly  formed  and 
occasionally  increased  by  donations  and  contrbutions,  vested  it* 
stock  funded  under  the  direction  of  Trustees,  appointed  by  the 
General  Conference.  Their  houses  of  public  worship  and  glebes 
are  owned  by  the  Society,  the  deeds  of  which  run  to  certain 
Trustees  by  name..  Every  travelling  preacher  is  allowed  annu- 
ally eighty  dollars  besides  his  travelling  expenses,  and  is  paid  out 
of  the  collections  by  the  stewards,  or  out  of  the  general  fund.* 
Friends  or  The  Dunflber  of  Friends  or  Qitalcers  in  this  State,  is  perhaps 
Quakers,  g^om  2,000,  formed  into  30  societies.  At  the  head  of  this  sect 
stands  John  Fox,  born  in  England,  A.  D.  1 624.  By  the  Massacliu- 
setts'  law  of  1653,  several  were  imprisoned  and  otherwise  perse- 
cuted, and  some  put  to  death.  Their  first  meeting  in  Maine,  was 
Dec.  1662,  at  Newichavvannock.  They  also  met  on  the  other 
side  of  the  Piscataqua ;  when  Richard  Waldron,  of  Dover,  issu- 
ed a  warrant,  commanding  three  Quakeresses  to  be  whipped  out 
of  that  Province.  But  it  is  not  known  that  this  persecution  did 
in  fact  extend  into  Maine. 

The  Friends,  who  are  united  by  the  strongest  social  ties, 
have  their  monthly^  quarterly,  and  yearly  meetings  for  business 
as  well  as  worship.  At  the  monthly  meetings,  they  record  births 
and  deaths — provide  for  their  poor — hear  banns  published  or  de- 
clared— approbate  marriages — certify  memberships,  and  disci- 
pline, or  even  "  disown"  such  as  walk  disorderly.  All  attend,  if 
possible,  these  meetings.  The  C^uarterly  meetings  are  consti- 
tuted of  representatives  chosen  by  the  preceding,  and  vested  with 
power  to  determine  appeals  from  any  of  them.  There  are  usu- 
ally eight  delegates,  four  of  each  sex,  chosen  at  every  quarterly 

♦  Doctrine  and  Discipline  of  the  Methodist  Episcopal  Chtirch,  211  page*. 


Chap,  xxviii.]  of  Maine.  699 

nieetina;,  all  of  whom  collectively  when  convened,  form  the  a.  i>.  1623, 
yearly  meetings — the  two  sexes  sitting  apart,  m  dmerent  rooms. 
They  hear  appeals  ;  enquire  into  the  sufferings  of  individuals  ; 
establish  rules,  and  attend  to  the  affairs  of  the  whole  body. 
Each  society  has  at  least  four  Overseers,  two  males  and  two  fe- 
naales.  Both  sexes  are  allowed  to  speak  in  meetings;  and  if  they 
possess  gifts  and  godliness,  and  are  approved  by  a  monthly  meet- 
ing, they  may  enter  upon  the  ministry  of  the  word.  Their  form 
of  marriages  is  expressly  recognized  by  our  laws,  though  in  it- 
self peculiar ;  for  after  the  intentions  of  the  nuptial  union  are 
approved  in  a  monthly  meeting,  the  parties  are  attended  by  their 
friends  on  a  week  day  to  their  house  of  public  worship, — then 
rising  together,  they  join  hands,  and  say,  "  we  take  each  other 
as  husband  and  wife  :" — and  then  put  their  signatures  to  a  paper, 
to  perpetuate  the  evidence  of  the  sacred  relation  formed.* 

Tiiere  are  a  few  societies  of  Universalists  in  this  State,  who  Univeraal- 
formed  and  adopted  an  ecclesiastical  Constitution,  A.  D.  1789. 
Their  church-officers  consist  of  their  Minister,  Deacon,  TreaS' 
urer,  and  Clerk.  Each  church  is  a  body  by  itself;  yet  several 
churches  sometimes,  like  those  of  eongregationalists,  form  M-sso^ 
ciations. 

The  Shakers  m  this  State  have  societies  at  Alfred,  New-Glou- shaken, 
cester,  and  Gorham.  Persecuted  in  England  soon  after  their 
appearance,  in  1706,  several  of  them  with  their  spiritual  mother, 
Ann  Lee,  emigrated  to  New- York,  in  1774,  and  settled  at  Water 
Vliet,  west  of  Albany.  The  Shakers  live  in  families,  having 
a  community  of  goods,  or  all  things  common ; — also  Leaders 
whom  they  call  Elders,  and  a  house  of  public  worship,  which 
they  call  their  Temple.  Here  both  sexes  join  in  acts  and  exer- 
cises of  devotion,  which  they  denominate  "  labor."  They  have 
little  connexion  or  intercourse  with  the  world  ;  their  government 
is  patriarchcal ;  they  provide  for  their  sick,  maintain  their  poor, 
and  religiously  educate  all  children  cast  upon  them  by  Divine 
Providence ;  while  they  themselves  acknowledge  no  outward  or- 
dinance, not  even  marriage  ;  requiring  of  every  member,  a  life 
of  celibacy.     A  book  of  records  is  kept  by  a  Ruling  Elder  ; 

*  ClarksorCs  "portraiture  of  Quakerism — 3  vols. — Also  Mr.  Barclaifi 
works.  Quakers  believe  in  no  outward  ordinance  ; — are  foes  to  lotteries; 
games;  wagers;  theatres;  chanjfe  of  fashions;  and  even  music,  as  actiaj 
too  much  on  the  senses. 


700  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  H. 

A.D.  1623,  and  should  any  one  wish  to  join  the  Society,  he  signs  a  request 
and  is  put  upon  probation.  If  he  be  admitted,  and  afterwards 
withdraw,  he  may  retire,  taking  his  property,  without  interest,  and 
receiving  no  pecuniary  emolument  for  his  labor. 

Employ-  Next  to  education  and  religion,  Industry  and  Employment  have 

been  esteemed,  in  every  age,  as  the  vital  arteries  of  society.  Yes, 
there  have  always  been  statute  laws  in  force  with  us,  for  the  pun- 
ishment of  idlers  and  spendthrifts.  Hunting,  fishing,  lumbering, 
seafaring,  ship-building,  and  in  the  present  age,  agriculture  and 
manufactures,  have  been  and  are  the  objects  of  business  and 
pursuit.  The  best  age  for  hunting,  was  between  the  capture  of 
Quebec,  and  the  close  of  the  Revolution  ;  the  Indians  being  re- 
duced to  peace,  and  game  plenty.  The  cod  and  mackerel  fish- 
eries have  been  pursued  with  great  profit,  on  our  coasts,  as  the 
salmon,  shad,  and  alevvifo  fisheries  have  been  in  our  rivers.  Lum- 
bering has,  through  a  period  of  two  centuries,  employed  an  im- 
mense number  of  mill-vvrights,  axe-men,  sawyers  and  other  la- 
borers ; — such  have  been  the  infinite  quantities  of  it,  taken  from 
our  forests  and  exported  from  our  harbors.  As  a  seafaring  life 
offers  generous  rewards  to  labor,  risque,  and  enterprize ;  and  skil- 
ful seamanship  is  an  art  which  commands  a  ready  employ  as 
well  as  great  wages  ;  the  greater  part  of  our  young  men  upon  our 

Tonnage,  exteusivc  Seaboard,  are  mariners.  Our  tonnage*  has  always 
been  beyond  proportion  large, compared  with  our  population;  and 
our  shipping,  which  consists  principally  of  brigs,  schooners,  and 
sloops,!  is   the  workmanship  of  our  own  builders  and  artisans, 

j,'^    .,5  a„()  great  numbers   being  sent  lo  other   States,     Our  articles  of  ea:- 

luiports.      port,'^  lumber,  fish,  and  furs,  have  always  been  of  superior  qual- 

*  Shipping  in  Maine  was,  in  1800,    S-,?,Qi)  tons;     in  1804,  100,939  tons. 
in  lS(t5,  117,622     "'         in  1310,  141,057     " 
in  1811,  139,727     "         in  ItilS,  135,056     " 
in  1814,  125,006     "         in  1820,  140,373     " 
For  the  years  1820-5  : — See  Greenleafs  Survey,  p.  220-6. 
■\  Tliere  were  built  in  Maine,  in  1820,  2  ships  ;  29  brigs ;  101  schooners, 
and  17  sloops. 

I  Exports  from  Maine — 

in  1810,  domestic    $763,283,    forcig-n  $J0,33-1==  $803,619  total. 
1811,         "  981,708,  "         92,922=1,074,630     " 

1813,         "  169,763,  "         18,959=     188,722     " 

1820,     total,       1,041,148,  in  1821,=  1,036,642     " 

For  the  ^eurs  from  1822-6. — See  Greenleafs  Survey,  p.  242. 
W.  B. — It  has  been  estimated  tiiat  the   exports   from  Maine,   coastwisej 


Chap,  xxviii.]  cf  mafnr.  701 

Jty  ; — in  return  for  which,  we  have  received  provisions,  West- A.  D.  1G23^ 
India  products,  cloths  of  European  fabric,  and  commodities,  of- 
tentimes of  inferior  quality.  The  employments  of  the  people 
necessarily  render  them  great  consumers  ;*  and  the  barter  and 
domestic  trade  with  them  have  often,  and  perhaps  generally,  yield- 
ed to  the  dealer  a  profit,  both  in  the  articles  sold  them,  and  pur- 
chased of  them.f 

Our  tonnage  was  the  highest  in  1810,  before  our  difficuhses 
with  England  assumed  a  serious  character.  In  1820,  our  fishe- 
ries were  very  flourishing,  as  it  appears  by  the  comparative  boun- 
ties disbursed  in  different  years.  Also  the  large  sums  paid  into 
the  seaman's  fund  by  the  mariners  of  this  District,  exhibit  proofs 
of  the  great  numbers  engaged  in  a  seafaring  life  ;  while  the  small 
amount,  drawn  therefrom  by  our  seamen,  is  incontestible  testimony 
in  favor  of  their  constitutions,  habits,  and  healths. 

Agriculture,  subsequent  to  the  Revolution,  and  especially  since  j^f^'*^*^ 


not  registered,  are  about  three  or  four  times  more  tlian  what  appears  above, 
by  the  custom-house  reg-istry,  to  have  been  entered. — So  tliat  the  coast- 
wise exports  for  1820,  may  have  been  $:}, 500,000. 

*  The /wj)ori.?  into  Maine,  in  1320,  in  Foreign  and  American  vessels 
were  $980,294 ;  and  yet  probably  tlie  imports  coastwise,  were  equal  to  3 
millions  of  dollars,  the  same  year;  allowing-  the  balance  of  trade  to  be  in 
our  favor  proportionably  in  the  coastwise  as  in  the  registered  commerce. 
The  duties  were  secured  elsewhere,  yet  the  consumer  pays  them. 

f  Tlie  amount  oi  Duties  which  accrued  to  the  United  States  from  Maine, 
"  on  merchandise,  tonage,  passports,  and  clearances,"  after  deducting-  de- 
bentures issued  on  the  exportation  of  forcig-n  merchandise,  bounties  and 
allowances  made,  stands  thus,  viz  : — 

in  1815,  $456,887  18  in  1810,  $252,278  CO  in  1821,  $378,852  21 
in  1816,  .316,787  37  in  1819,  310,734  40  in  1822,  369,466  96 
in  J817,     254,936  00         in  1820,     337,989  67         in  1825,    466,819   18 

The  preceding- is  the  gross  amount  (each  year,)  o/*  </je  Revenue;  from 
which  are  to  be  deducted  drawbacks  on  exports;  bounties;  tlxiA  allowances 
io  vessels  employed  in  the  fisheries  ;  duties  refunded  ;  and  expenses  of  prose- 
cution and  collection  ; — leaving  the  net  revenue  about  a  third  part  less  than 
(he  gross  revenue. 

Tl;e  Bounties  or  allowances  paid  out  principally  to  Fishermen  in  Maine, 
were  in  1815,  none. 

iH  1816,  $7,989  25         in  1818,  $17,748  04         in  1820,  $42,345  C6 
[in  1817,  12,174  47         in  1819,     28,117  94         in  1821,     45,730  01 

Amount  received  under  the  Act  for  the  relief  of  s/cA:  and  disabled  sea- 
men in  Maine,  was  in  1817— $2,592  04;  in  1818,  $2,743  92  ;  in  1819,  $2,854 
84;  in  1820,  $3,168  40:— making  in  four  years,  $11,359  20  :— in  which 
time  there  were  nnirl  nnt  for  thoir  relief  onlv.  4^  ^afi  ia_ 


702  THE  HISTORY  [VoL.  II. 

A.n  1G2.'3,  the  last  war,  has  been  both  encouraged  and  advanced.  Large 
and  numerous  orchards  have  been  planted  ;  the  breed  or  stock  of 
domestic  animals  improved  ;  and  soils  have  been  made  to  submit 
to  better  culture  under  .a  management  of  more  skill  and  care. 
Through  an  inspiring  zeal  to  promote  a  taste  and  love  for  hus- 
bandry, agricultural  societies  have  been  formed  ;  and  on  their 
anniversaries,  tiiere  have  been  exhibitions  of  cattle,  and  home 
manufactures  ;  and  premiums  have  been  awarded  and  paid  to 
successful  competitors.* 

Manufac-  Though  we  have  great  numbers  and  varieties  of  mechanics 
and  artificers,  our  articles  manufactured  are  chiefly  from  wood, 
iron,  wool  and  leather  : — Such  as  agricultural  implements,  house- 
hold stuff,  and  the  tools  of  handicraftsmen  :  also  nails  and 
augers,  cloths,  hats,  cordage,  paper,  saddlery  and  shoes.  In 
1810,  there  were  in  this  Slate,  16,057  looms,  22  furnaces,  for- 
ges and  naileries,  and  1 1  ropevvalks.f 

lastiiutions  ^^"'  Institutions  are  numerous,  and  of  these  descriptions,  viz. 
religious,  literary,  benevolent,  monied  and  masonic.  For  in- 
stance, there  were  in  the  State,  at  the  time  of  Separation,  besides 
two  Colleges,  and  the  "  Maine  Charity  School,"  twelve  missionary 
and  education  Societies  ; — nine  Bible  Societies  ; — nine  Charitable 
Societies  ; — sixteen  Banks  ;  and  several  Insurance  Companies. 
To  these  may  be  subjoined  as  charitable  or  benevolent  establish- 
ments, a  Grand  Chapter  of  Masons,  four  Arch  Chapters,  and 
thirty-three  Lodges.  The  Grand  Lodge  of  Maine  was  estab- 
lished at  Portland,  during  the  first  Session  of  the  State  Legis- 
lature.! 

*  In  1820,  there  were  in  Maine,  78,964  acres  of  tillage  ;  301,394  acres  of 
mowing  ;^272,717  of  pasturage  ;  31,019  barns;  17,849  horses;  48,224  oxen  ; 
60,639  swine;  and  the  Indian  corn  raised,  was  508,143  bushels;  wheat, 
202,161  bushels  ;  rye,  45,679  bushels  ;  oats,  102,605  bushels  ;  barley,  74,972 
busliels  ;  peas  and  beans,  34,443  bushels  ;  and  240,741  tons  of  hay  cut  and 
secured. 

■f  There  were  manufactured  in  this  State,  during  the  year  1810,  1,265,594 
lbs.  of  nails  ;  the  value  of  $2,000  in  augers  ;  $478,000  worth  of  shoes  and 
boots;  2,285,369  yards  of  woollen  and  cotton  cloth;  60,123  hats;  $16,500 
worth  of  paper;  and  $234,60J  worth  of  cordage.— In  1820,  there  were  in 
this  State,  1,763  mechanic  workshops;  248  tanneries  ;  85  pot  and  pearlash 
works;  524  gristmills ;  746  sawmills ;  210  carding  machines;  149  fulling 
mills,  and  17  spinning  machines. 

t  The  first  Masonic  Lodge  in  America,  called  St.  John's  Lodge,  was 
holden  at  Boston,  July  30,   1733,  by   commission  from  Lord   Viscoukt 


Chap,  xxvhi.]  of  ,maine.  703 

Man  is  a  creature  of  expense  ;  and  in  tliis  particular,  the  dvvel-  a.  d.  ic23, 
linjrhouses,   furniture,  dress   and  liabits  of  the   people,   vvithm   a 
century  past,  have  undergone  essential  changes.     When   pecuni-  and  pre:,eut 

^  .  ,  .  limes, 

ary  circumstances  lavor  or  permit,  men  consult  convenience, 
taste,  and  even  elegance.  A.  dvvellinghouse  of  a  siiiale  story, 
with  its  inside  well  ceiled,  one  hundred  years  ago,  would  proba- 
bly compare  to  advantage  with  one  of  two,  perhaps  three  stories, 
at  tl.e  present  time,  finished  in  the  best  modern  style  of  architec- 
luie.*  Throughout  new  countries,  families  first  dwell  in  cotta- 
ges, oftentimes  constructed  of  logs  ;  and  there  is  equal  simpli- 
city in  their  food  and  furniture.  For  anciently  it  was  the  second 
or  succeeding  generation,  that  built  framed  houses,  and  used 
pewter  instead  of  the  primary  wooden  vessels  of  their  parents. 
The  spirit  of  economy,  it  is  true,  attended  the  people  through 
the  Revolution,  regardless  of  fashion  and  unambitious  of  orna- 
ment and  display.  But  that  period  was  succeeded  by  an  over- 
flowing influx  of  foreign  fabrics;  and  when  a  passion  for  finery 
pervaded  the  community,  families  aspired  to  destinction  by  means 
of  luxury  and  extravagance.  Our  indigenous  cherry,  black- 
birch,  and  curl  maple,  which  received  so  fair  a  polish  in  the  ser- 
vice of  our  grandmothers,  were  shoved  from  the  parlour  and  set- 
ting-room, to  admit  articles  of  foreign  mahogany,  and  perhaps  of 
foreign  workmanship.  To  cloths,  manufactured  in  families, — 
the  creditable  specimens  of  female  ingenuity,  which  a  single   age 


Montague,  Grand  Master  of  England.  Tlie  next  was  Sf.  Anih eve's 
Lodge.,  instituted  there,  Ps'ov.  30,  1752,  by  a  '  dispensation'  from  Lord  Aber- 
dowr.  Grand  Master  of  Scotland.  Plis  successor,  the  Earl  of  Dalliousie, 
March  3,  1772,  commissioned  Doct.  Joseph  Warren.,  Grand  Master  of  all 
Ihe  Masonic  I/odg-es  in  America.  After  General  Warren  fell  on  Bimker 
Iliil,  June  17,  1775,  Joseph  Webb,  Esq.  succeeded  him  as  Grand  Master. 
The  first  Z.'>(/i,'e  in  J)/rtme  was -/-"or/ /a«(/ LoJ^e,  chartered  in  1762,  and  es- 
tablished in  March,  1769.— The  oldest  Chapter,  was  Porllund  Chapter,  in- 
stituted in  1805;  and  the  G.  R.  A.  Chapter,  was  established  In  1797. 
The  number  of  Masons  in  this  State,  might  ))ossibly  be,  in  1820,  fifteen 
hundred  ;  and  their  funds  fifteen  or  twenty  thousand  dollars,  including 
masonic  halls  and  other  property.  The  Masonic  are  reckoned  among^ 
the  Charitable  Institutions,  and  many  are  said  to  be  relieved  from  their 
funds,  who  must  otherwise  sufier,  or  make  applications  to  their  towns 
for  assistance, 

*  Numbers  of  our  meeting--houses  arc  commodious  and  some  are  splendid.. 
As  many  as  60  or  70,  in  1S30,  were  furnished  with  church  bells. 


704  THE  HISTORV  [V^OL.    II. 

A.  o.  1623,  ago,  formed  the  apparel  of  our  worthiest  people,*  has  succeeded 
an  excessive  use  of  silks  and  muslins ;  so  that  the  best  bridal 
dress  of  that  day,  would  be  wholly  eclipsed  now,  by  a  young 
female's  usual  sabbath  habit.  Yes,  a  young  man,  too,  whose 
grandfather's  timepiece,  might  probably  have  been  a  leaden 
dial,  by  the  well  or  the  garden  side,  supposes  he  has  not  attained 
to  the  modern  standard  of  fashion  and  elegance,  without  a  golden 
watch  and  silken  underclothes.  At  the  table,  likewise,  instead  of 
the  nutritious  milk  and  simple  viands,  which  gave  vigor,  health 
and  cheerfulness,  are  teas,  luxuries  and  surfeits, — the  effects  of 
which,  too  often  undermine  the  constitution.  If  these  customs 
are  not  the  fruits  and  evidences  of  a  deterioration  from  puritan 
principles  ;  it  is  well  that  a  radical  reform,  for  instance,  has  been 
undertaken  in  the  excessive  use  of  spiritous  liquors,  M'hich  as- 
sures the  promise  of  ultimate  triumph,  over  the  fell  destroyer. 
In  the  former  age,  the  amusements  of  the  men  were  athletic,  as  " 
wrestling,  hunting  and  loot-races, — dancing  being  the  favorite  of 
both  sexes.  All  these  were  harmless,  and  though  the  young  have  lost 
nothing  of  their  passion  for  this  exercise  ;  the  others  have  yield- 
ed to  sedentary  diversions,  such  as  chequers,  backgammon, 
chess,  and  even  cards.  Nor  has  the  last  very  unfrequently  been 
perverted  to  baser  purposes  than  the  simplicity  of  diversion, — 
if  not  sometimes  made  productive  of  the  saddest  consequences. 
— Facilities  and  comforts  in  travelling,  have  in  late  years,  been 
greatly  promoted  by  the  improved  models  of  carriages,  and  supe- 
rior art  acquired  in  building  them.f  The  chaise  is  of  com- 
mon use  ; — and  many  are  finished  with  a  taste  and  elegance, 
to  which  our  artisans  of  the  former  age  were  entire  strangers. — 
In  short  the  powers  of  ingenuity  are  not  only  great,  but  we  live 
in  a  most  favored  age  for  improvement.  In  the  present  aspect 
of  this  State,  there  is  presented  every  motive  to  excite  patriotic 
sensibility  and  enthusiastic  emulation.  The  prodigious  vicissi- 
tudes within  sixty  years,  next  before   Separation,  through  which 

*  Before  the  Revolution,  the  wearing'  of  wigs  was  fashionable,  even 
among'  the  common  people. 

f  Coaches  were  introduced  into  England,  about  1580;  before  which 
time,  "  the  queen  on  public  occasions  lodc  behind  her  chamberlain." — 4 
Hvme,  p.  189. — Many  of  our  mothers,  in  like  manner,  attended  their  hus- 
bands to  public  worship  for  years,  even  since  the  Revolution. 


Chap.  xxviii.J  of  Maine.  705 

this  eastern  country  has  been  called  to  pass,  have   exhibited  the  A.  D.  I623, 
inhabitants  in  all  the  forms  of  struggle  and  contest    for  existence, 
for  shelter,  for  food,  and  for  freedom.     An  era  is  now  unfolded 
to  the  enjoyment  of  unenthralled   religion,   and   advancements  in 
education  and  the  arts  ; — interests,  which  form  the  chief  glory  of 
a  community  and  of  man.     Is  the  visitant,  or  traveller,  surprized 
to  find  with  what  rapidity  the  forest  has  been  converted  into   cul- 
tivated farms  and  populous  towns — to  behold  how  the  myriads  of 
savages  are  reduced  to  a  few  feeble  clans — the  objects   of   mere 
compassion,  whose  appalling  yells  so  lately  reverberated   through 
the  wilderness,   and  whose  merciless  revenge  so   boldly  and  un- 
sparingly slaughtered  the  numerous  recruits    of  settlers,   and  de- 
molished their  houses    and    strongholds  ? — then   may   a  spirit  of 
future  enterprize  shew,  that  we    consider   the   work  of  improve- 
ment and  true  greatness  only  commenced.     The  Divine  pencil  has 
drawn  for  us  the    outlines   of   an   extensive   commonwealth.      A 
vast  domain  of  nature  still  remains  uncultivated  ;  and  attainments 
in  literary  and  moral  refinement,  are  yet  in  the  outer  court  of  per- 
fectability.     In  the  march  of  intellect,  therefore,   let  science   and 
practical  skill  put  to  experiment,  what  may  serve  to  develope  the 
resources  of  matter,  mind  and  nature,  and  the  effects  must  educe 
models — a  thousand  for  one.     Let  the  temple,  founded  in  our  fa- 
thers' virtues,  and  cemented  by  their  blood,  be   finished,   furnish- 
ed and  fortified,  in  a  style  no  less   superior  than  the  superstruc- 
ture itself — and  so  we  and  ours  fulfil  the  destiny  appointed  us,   of 
making  strong  and  solid,  the  pillars  of  our  country's  greatness. 


Vol.  II.  89 


APPENDIX. 


NO.  1. 


First  chosen, 
A.  D. 


For  Maine. 


lAst  of  Councillors  in  Maine,  and  Sagadahock,  under  the  Char- 
ter of  William  and  Mary,  from  1691  to  1780,  inclusive. 

A.  D. 

1770  James  Gowen,  1  year  for 
Maine,  and  3  years  for  Sag- 
adahock. 

1773  Jerathmel  Bowers,  1  year. 
*Jedediah  Preble,  2  years. 

1774  *Enoch  Freeman,  2  years. 
Benj.  Chadbourne,  2  years 
for  Maine,  and  1  year  for 
Sagadahock. 

1775  Charles  Chauncey,  2  years. 

1776  David  Sewall,  2  years. 

1778  Joseph  Simpson,  2  years. 

1779  Edward  Cutts. 


1691-2  *Job  Alcot,  Sam'l  Hey- 
man,  and  *Samuel  Donnel, 
3  years. 

1693  *Francis  Hook,  2  years, 
*Charles  Frost,  11  years. 

1694  *Samuel  Wheelwright,  6 
years. 

1695  Eliakim  Hutchinson,  21 
years,  died  1718. 

1698  *Jos.  Hammond,  21  years. 
1701  Benjamin  Brown,  6  years. 
1706  *Ichabod  Plaisted,  10  y'rs. 
1708  Elisha  Hutchinson,  2  y'rs. 

*John    Wheelwright,     25 

years. 
1716  Adam  Winthrop,  3  years. 
1725  Edw.  Hutchinson,  2  years. 
1727  *William  Pepperell,  jr.t  33 

years,  Bart   1746. 
1730  *Timothy  Gerrish,  5  years. 
1733  *Samuel  Came,  9  years. 
1735  *JeremiahMoulton,17y'rs. 
1752  Jabez  Fox,  3  years. 
1755  *John  Hill,  16  years. 

Richard  Cutts,  8  years. 
1760  *Nath'l  Sparhawk,  13  y'rs. 
1763  John  Bradbury,  10  years. 
1766  *  Jeremiah  Powell  ,t  8  y'rs 

for  Maine,  and  4  years  for 

Sagadahock. 


For  Sagadahock. 

1691  Sylvanus  Davis,  2  years. 

1692  Joseph  Lynde,  22  years. 
1706  John  Leverett,  1  year. 
1717  Elisha  Cook,  2  years. 
1719  Paul  Dudley,  3  years. 
1722  Spencer  Phips,  10  years. 
1724  Samuel  Thaxter,  1  year. 
1733  John  Jeffries,  11  years. 
1741  James  Allen,  1  year. 
1746  John  Wheelwright,  10  y'rs. 
1755  William  Brattle,  12  years. 
1770  [See  Powell,   Chadhourne, 

and  Gowen,'\  under  'Maine.* 
1775  John  Tailer,  3  years. 

1778  Henry  Gardner,  1  year. 

1779  Joseph  Simpson. 


*  Those  with  this  mark  were  Judg'es  of  the  Inferior  Court,  or  Cominoa 

Pleas. 

]  Those  with  this  mark  were  appointed  "  Mandamus"  Councillors,  in 
1775. 

N.  B, — The  number  of  years  annexed  to  the  names  was  not  always  suc- 
cessive. 


708 


APPENDIX. 


NO.  3. 


List  of  Councillors  and  Senate 
1820, 

First  elected, 

A.  D. 
1780  Ed'.vard  Cutts,  2  years. 

"     Jedecliah  Preble,  3  years. 

"     Thomas  Rice,  3  years. 

"     Benj.  Chadbnurnc,  5  years. 

1782  Nathaniel  Wells,  10  years, 
Councillor,  in  1703. 

1783  John  Lewis,  2  years — "Wm. 
Lithgow,  3  years. 

1785  Josiah  Thatcher,  Jr. 

1786  Waterman  Thomas. 

1788  Dummer  Sewall,  2  years. 

1789  Daniel  Conv,  3  years. 
1701   David  UiicheW—Alcxaiider 

Cainjjhell. 
1792  Simon  Fryc— Peleg  Wads- 
worth. 

1794  William  Widgery Ste- 
phen Longfellow. 

1795  David  Mirdiell. 

1706  Daniel  Davis — Isaac  Par- 
ker. 

1797  Samuel  Thompson. 

1798  Nathaniel  Dummer,  Coun- 
cillor in   1809. 

ISOO  Richard  F.  Cutts. 

1801  John  Lo/y/,  Councillor  in 
1813 — Woodbury   Storer. 

1803  John    Woodm.an John 

Cushing — John  Chandler. 

180G  Joseph  Storer — Levi  Hub- 
bard—Dan'l  Ilsley— Tho's 
Fillebrown — George  Ulmer 
— John  Farley — Benjamin 

J.  Porter iSathaa    Wes- 

ton.i 

1807  James  Means — Wm.  King 
— Barzillai  Gannet. 


rs    from   Maine,  from    1780,    to 

n  elusive. 

I      A.  D. 

j   1808  Joseph    Leland Lathrop 

I  Lewis — Ammi  R.  Mitchell 

— Theodore  Lincoln — Da- 
vid Cobbf — Prentiss  Mcl- 
len.f 

1809  Alexander  Hire Francis 

Carr — Joshua  Cushman. 

1810  Thomas     Cutts Meirtin 

Kinsley. 

181 1  Jame^  T>arker — Moses  Carl- 
tonf — j4.' ?  Clapp.f 

1812  William  Moody— Eleazer 
W.  Ripley — Jonathan  Page 
— Ebenezer  Poor — Erastus 

Foote V/illiam    Webber 

— William  Reed— Matthew 
Cobbf 

1813  John  Holmes — Jacob  Ab- 
bot— Dan'l  Stowell — Josh- 
ua Gage — James  Campbell. 

1814  Mark  L.  Hill— Albion  K. 
Parris. 

1815  Wm.  Croshy-./osh.  Headf 
Ezekiel  Whitman.^ 

1816  Isaac  Parsons — Mark  Har- 
ris— Wm.  D.  Williamson — 
Ebenezer  T.  Warren — Jo- 
siah Stebbins.f 

1817  Archelaus     Lewis John 

Moor — Solomon  Bates. 

1818  Samuel  Fessenden — Sam- 
uel Small — James  Bridge.^ 

1819  James  \xh\\— Barret  Pot- 
ter.f 

1820  Marcii  15,  F>tparation  of 
Maine  from  3Iassaehusetts. 


N.  B. — Those  in  Italics  were  Councillors. 

f  Those  witli  tliis  mark  annexed,  were  only  in  (he  Council ;  except 
Gen.  David  Cobb,  who  was  President  of  (he  Senn(e  before  he  removed  in- 
to Maine. 


APPEMJiX. 
NO.  3. 

List  of  Me77ibers  of  Congress  from  Elaine. 
First  cJioseti. 

1789  George  Thatcher,  [of  Biddford,]  10  years. 
1793  Henry  Dearborn,  \_Pit.tston,'\  4  years. 

"      Peleg  Wadsworth,  [Portland,^  S  years. 
1795  Isaac  Parker,  [Ca^tini:,']  2  years. 
1797  Silas  Lee,  [Wisrassct,']  3  years. 
ISO  I    Richard  Cults,  [Kittery,'\  S  years. 
1803  Samuel  Thatcher,  [TFcfr?7»,]  4  years. 

"      Phineas  Bruce,  [Macliias,'\  2  years. 
180")  John  Chandler,  \_Monmouth ,']  4  years. 
1807  Orchard  Cook,  [Wiscassd.] 

"      Daniel  Ilsley,  \_Portland,~\  2  years. 
1S09  Barzillai  Gannet,  [IlaHowcIL] 

"       Ezekiel  Whitman,  [Port/and.] 
1811  Peleg  Talman,  [BoM.]— William  Widgery,   [Portland.] 

"      Francis  Carr,  [Ban</ar.] 
1813  George  Bradbury,  [I'^orthind.] — Levi  Huljbard,  [Paris.] 

"      Cyrus  King,  [,S:«ro,]— .John  Wilson,  [Belfr,.<=t.] 

"      Abiel  Wood,  [TF/.sfo's.sff.] — James  Parker,  [Gardiner.] 
1S15  Samuel  Davis,  [Bath.] — Benjamin  Brown,  [IValdobaroi/gn.] 

"      James  Carr,  [Bangor.] — Samuel  S.  Conner,   [Noi-ridgeu-ock  ] 

"      Thomas  Rice,  [Augusta  and   VVinshnv.] 

1817  John  Holmes,  [Alfred.] 

"  Benjamin  Orr,  [Brunswick.] — Joshua  Cage,  [Augusta.] 

"  Albion  K.  Parris,  [Paris  and  Portland.] 

1818  Enoch  Lincoln,  [Paris.] 

1819  Mark  L.  Hill,  [Grorgctoum.]— Joshua.  Cushman,  [Winsloir.] 
"  Martin  Kinsley,  [Hampden.] 

1821  Joseph  Dane,  [Krnncbunh.] 

"      William  D.  Williamson,  [Bangor.] — Ebenezer  Herrick,  [Baic- 
doinham.] 

1822  Mark  Harris,  [Portland.] 

-  Prentiss  Meilen,  Senator  in  Congress  from  Maine,  before   the 
Separation. 

1820  John  Holmes,  and  John  Chandler,  first  Senators  from    Maine 

after  the  Separation. 

Note. — Eig-litcen  of  these  g-cntlcincn  have  deceased, —  Mr.  Thatcher 
was  Judg-e  of  the  S.  J.  Court  of  Mass.  10  years,  fie  died,  1824. — Mr. 
Dearborn  vvas  Secretary  of  War,  4  or  5  years,  and  a  Major-Genoral 
ill  tlie  last  war.  He  died  in  I?oston. — Mr.  Vv  ads  worth  was  a  General  iu 
the  Revolution.  He  died  at  Hiram,  1S31. — Mr.  Parker  was  C'iiief  Justice 
of  the  S.  J.  Court  many  years  before  his  death,  1830. — Mr.  Lee  was  Dist. 
Att.  for  Maine  for  12  years,  before  his  death,  1814. —  vir.  Bruce  was  a 
young-  counsellor  at  law  of  distinguished  abilities.— Mr.  Widgcry  was  for 
many  years  a  Judge  of  the  C.  C.  Pleas  before  his  death. — Messrs.  F. 
and  J.  Carr,  father  and  son,  ivere  gentlem  n  of  great  firmness  and  integ- 
rity. The  former,  wdio  died  in  1820,  survived  tlie  latter  only  a  iew  years. 
— Mr.  King,  an  eminent  hnvyer,  was  Maj.  Gen.  of  Ihc  militia,  when  lis 
died,  1817. — Mr.  Brown  died,  1817.  lie  was  a  physician,  learned  in  his 
))iofession  and  highly  esteemed. — Mr,  T.,incoln  was  the  third  Governor  of 
IMaine. 


701 


710 


APPENDIX 


NO.  4. 


Government  of  Maine. 
Province  of  xAIaine.  i  Sagadahock,  Western  and  Eas- 

tern ; — [as  divided  by  Pe- 
nobscot river. '\ 


Arcessiti/s. 

1635-6  William  Gorges,   Dcj/t/ 
Governor. 

1639  Charter  of  Sir  F.  Gorges. 

1640  Tho's  Gorges,  Dcj)' 7/  Gov. 
1644  Richard  Vines,  Dep' ij.Gov. 
164(5   Divided   by    Kennebimli 

river. 

1646  Edw.  Godfrey,  elected  Gov. 
of  the  west  Division,  or 
Gorges'  part. 
George  Cleaves,  Deputy 
President  of  the  East  Di- 
vision, or  Lygonia,  under 
Alexander  Rigby,  to  I65S. 

1652-3  Massachusetts  assumes 
the  government  of  western 
Maine. 

1658  She  extends  her  govern- 
ment over  Lygonia,  also. 

1665  The  King's  Commission- 
ers assume  the  govern- 
ment of  both. 

1668  Massachusetts  resumes  the 
administration  of  Gor- 
ges' original  and  entire 
Province, 

1677  She  purchases  it. 

1679-80  Provincial  government 
of  Maine  established. 

1680  Thomas  Danforth,  Pres't. 

1686-8  Interrupted  by  Joseph 
Dudley,  and  Edmond  An- 
dros. 

I6S9  President  Danforth's  ad- 
ministration resumed. 

1691  Province  Charter  of  William  and  Mary,  embraces  Maine  and 

Sagadahock. 

RovAL  Governors.  Exitus. 

1692  Sir  Wm.  Phips.     He   retires  to  England,  1694,— died  1695. 
J 694  William  Siowghion,  Lieut.  Governor. 

I(i99  Richard  ^a/7  Bellamont,  Gov.  Died,  March  5,  1701 

1701  Lieut.  Governor  Stoughton,  "             July  7,  1701. 
"     The  Council. 

1702  June,  Joseph  Dudley,  Govertior.  Removed  1715. 

1715  Nov.  9,  William  Tailer,  Lieut.  Governor. 

1716  Oct.  Samuel  Shute,  Governor.      Left  for  Eng.  Dec.  27,  1722. 
1723  Jan.   1,  William  Dummer,  Lieut.  Governor. 


Accessiius. 

Western  Sagadahock. 
1631   Pemaquid  proprietors. 

1664  Patentto  the  Duke  of  York. 

1665  King's  Commissioners  as- 
sume the  administration. 

1674  Devonshire  County,  estab- 
lished by  Massachusetts. 

1680-7  Ed.  AndroB,  and  Tho's 
Dungan,  ducal  governors. 

1688  Andros,  Governor  oil>iem- 
England. 

1689  Government  assumed  by 
Massachusetts. 

Eastern  Sagadahock. 
1635  M.  d'Aulney,  [Frcnclt,]  Lt. 
Governor,    and    comman- 
der at  Penobscot. 
1651   M.  de  LaTour,  [French.] 

1654  Subdued  by  the  English. 
Confirmed  to  them  by  treaty. 

1655  Sir  Thomas  Temple,  [En- 
glish,'] Governor. 

1668  Resigned  to  France,  under 
the  treaty  of  Breda. 

1670    Rulers,      [French,]      viz. 
M.  Denys ; — De  Bourg- 

1674  Duke's  Patent,  [English.] 

1688  Gov.  Andros. 

1690  Subdued  by  Sir  W.  Phips. 


APPENDIX.  7J1 

1728  Julyj  William  Burnet,  Governor.  Died,  Sept.  7,  1729. 

1729  Lieutenant-Governor  Dummer. 

1730  August,  Jonathan  Belcher,  Governor,  Displaced,  1740. 
1740  July,  William  Shirley,  Governor.  Comm'r  to  Paris,  1749. 
1749   Spencer  Phips,  Lieut.  Governor. 

1753  August  7,  Gov.  Shirley  returns.         Goes  to  England,  1756. 

1756  Sept.  Lieut.  Governor  Phips.  Died,  April  4,  1757. 

1757  The  Council. 

"  Aug.  3,  Thomas  Pownal,  Governor.       Left,  June  3d,  1760. 

1760  Aug.  4,  Sir  Francis  Bernard,  Governor.  Aug.  2,  1769. 

1769  Thomas  Hutchinson,  Governor.  "  May,  1774. 

1774  Thomas  Gage,  Governor-General,      Denounced,  Oct.  1774. 
"  Oct.  7,  Provincial  Congresses,  to  July  19,  1775. 

1775  July,  The  Council,  to  Oct.  1780. 

Governors  under  the  Constitution  of  the  Commonwealth. 

Elected. 

1780   Oct.  25,  John  Hancock,  Governor  4  years  and  7  months. 

1785  May,  James  Bowdoin,   Gov.  2  years. 

1787  John  Hancock,  Gov.  5  years  and  4  months.  Died,  Oct.  1793. 

1793  Oct.  Samuel  Adams,  Lieut.  Governor  8  months. 

1794  "  Gov.  3  years. 

1797  Increase  Sumner,  Gov.  2  years.  Died,  June,  1799. 

1799  Jane,  Moses  Gill,  Lieut.  Governor  11  months. 

1800  Caleb  Strong,  Governor  7  years. 

1807  James  Sullivan,  Governor.  Died,  Dec.  10,  1808. 

1808  Levi  Lincoln,  Lieut.  Governor. 

1809  Christopher  Gore,  Governor  1   year. 

1810  Elbridge  Gerry,  Governor  2  years. 
1812  Caleb  Strong,  Governor  4  years. 

1816  John  Brooks,  Governor  till  Separation — 4  years. 
1820  March  15,  Mabie  separated  from  Massachusetts. 

Governors  of  Maine. 

Elected. 

1820  May  30,  William  King,  Governor.        Resigned,  May,  1821. 

1821  May,  W.  D.  Williamson,  President  of  the  Senate,  acting   as 

Governor,  resigned  5th  December,  1821. 

1822  Albion  K.  Parris,  Governor  5  years. 

1827  Enoch  Lincoln,  Governor.  Died,  Oct.  8,  1829. 

1829  Nathan  Cutler,  President  of  the  Senate  and  acting  Governor, 

to  January,  1830. 

1830  Jonathan  G.  Hunton,  Governor  1  year. 

1831  Samuel  E.  Smith,  Governor  3  years. 
1834  Robert  P.  Dunlap,  Governor. 

Vol.    II.  90 


NO.  5. 

INBEX. 

[The  numeral  letters,  i.  ii.  refer  to  the  volume;  the  figures,  to  the  page.] 

A    LIST    OF    COUNTIES    AND    CORPORATE    TOWNS    INCLUSIVE. 


A. 

Menaques,  Indians,  i.  463  ;  tiibes  of, 
465  ;  population,  483  ;  decline,  ii. 
14]  ;   witlidrawal  to  Canada,  5209. 

Absentees,  their  estates  confiscated,  ii. 
466. 

Academics,  ii.  573. 

Acadia,  its  name,  i.  188;  patented  to 
de  Monts,  ib. ;  visited  by  him,  190 ; 
he  abandons  it  205 ;  settled  by  Sir 
W.  Alexander,  224  ;  resigned  to  the 
French  by  treaty  of  St.  Germains, 
247  ;  governed  by  Razilla,  '^.46  ;  quar- 
rels of  its  rulers,  309 ;  taken  from 
the  French,  360  ;  resigned  to  them, 
428;  subdued  by  the  English,  596; 
embraced  in  the  Province  Charter 
of  Mass.  Bay,  601 ;  list  of  its  rulers, 
ii.  36S.     [.See  jYuva  Scotia.] 

Mcadians,  disliked  by  the  New-Englan- 
ders,  i.427;  character,  ii.  101;  be- 
come Neutrals,  264  ;  their  disper- 
sion, 310. 

Adams,  Samuel,  Gov.  of  Mass.  ii.  561 ; 
death,  574. 

Adams,  John,  ii.  394  ;  Envoy  to  France, 
464 ;  drafts  the  State  Constitution, 
483,  President  of  the  U.  S.  575. 

Adams,  James,  his  crime  at  York,  i.  556. 

Addison,  town  of,  incorporated,  ii.  575. 

Agavienlicus,  mount,  described,  i.  96. 
"        plantation  settled,  i.   231, 
265  ;  made  a  borough,  287  ;  adopted 
by  Massachusetts,  345  ;  made  a  town, 
346.     \_Seb  Gorgiana  and  York.] 

Albany,  town  of,  ii.  597. 

Albion,  town  of,  ii.  598. 

Alcot,  Jab,  a  Councillor  and   Judge,  ii. 

Ii- 

Aldsicorth,  Rohcrl,  i.  18-5  ;  a  patentee 
of  Pemaquid,  241. 

Alden,  John,  i.  (i6l. 

Alexander,  Sir  William,  his  Nova  Sco- 
tia patent,  i.  655  ;  granted,  223  ;  set- 
tled, 224  ;  confirmed,  232;  grants  in 
it  made  to  La  Tour,  245 ;  one  of  the 
twelve  provinces  assigned  to  Sir 
William,  256;  his  character,  662. 

Alfred,  town  of,  ii.  565. 


Algonquins,  Indians,  i.  4.55. 

Allen,  John,  Col.  com'r  at  Machias,  ii. 
458;  discharged,  504. 

AUerton,  Isaac,  i.  663. 

Alna,  town  of,  ii.  567. 

Anasagunticooks ,  a  tribe  of  Indians,  i, 
466  ;  numbers,  481 ;  peace  with  them, 
649 ;  they  retire  to  Canada,  ii.  40, 
209. 

Andover,  town  of,  ii.  599. 

Andros,  Edmund.  Gov.  of  New-York 
and  Sagadahock,  i.  445  ;  treats  with 
tlie  E.  Indians,  552;  commissioned 
Gov.  of  New-England  and  New- 
York,  577 ;  superseded  at  Sagada- 
hock by  Gov.  Dungan,  581  ;  recom- 
missioned,  584  ;  his  expedition  and 
forts  eastward,  589 ;  is  seized  and 
sent  to  England,  590. 

Androscoggin  river,  Great,  i.  43  ;  Lit- 
tle, 45. 

Animals,  or  quadrupeds,  i.  132 — 140. 

Anson,  town  of,  ii.  580. 

Antinomiaris,  i.  293;  ii.  276. 

Apphdore,  made  a  town,  i.  401.  [Sec 
isles  of  Shoats.'i 

Aramheck,  i.  215. 

Archdalc,  John,  agent  of  Gorges,  comes 
to  Maine,  i.  40i> ;  commissions  mag- 
istrates, 411  ;  his  claim  disregarded, 
414  ;  character,  663. 

Argal,  Samuel,  visits  the  coasts  of 
Maine,  i.  207;  subdues  the  eastern 
French,  209. 

Armouchiquois,  Indians,  i.  477.  [See 
Mareckites.'] 

Armstrong,  William,  projects  a  settle- 
ment at  Sagadahock,  ii.  06. 

Arnold,  Benedict,  his  expedition  through 
Kennebec  to  Canada,  ii.  440 ;  his 
treason,  483. 

.4r7•o^^^■i(■/l,  Island,  described,  i.  53;  its 
hamlet  burnt,  535;  fortified,  547; 
resettled,  ii.  81  ;  incorporated,  89. 
[Sec  Georgetown.] 

Arundel,  ii.  84.     [.See  Cape  Porjjoise.] 

Assistance,  writ  of,  ii.  359. 

Assistants,  or  Councillors,  i.  278  ;  302  ; 
303  ;  328 ;  565 ;  ii  11 ;  75  ;  161 ;  350. 
[.SVe  Councillors.] 


INDEX. 


Athens,  town  of,  ii.  597. 

Mldnson,  town  of,  ii.  674. 

Attorneys  at  Law,  made  officers  of 
Courts,  ii.  73  ;  advocates  for  civil 
liberty,  401 ;  number ,  688-9. 

Augusta,  town  of,  ii.  576-7. 

Aulney,  M.  d.'  (de  Charnisy)  commands 
westward  of  St.  Croix,  i.  262;  seats 
himself  at  'Biguyduce,  in  Penobscot, 
308  ;  is  limited  in  his  jurisdiction,  to 
the  country  of  the  Etechemins,  309  ; 
quarrels  with  La  Tour  and  blockades 
his  fort,  310  ;  repulsed  at  St.  Johns 
and  pursued  to  Penobscot,  313  ;  is 
offended  with  Massachusetts,  314  ; 
sends  an  embassy  to  Boston,  316; 
proceeds  against  St.  Johns,  plunders 
a  New-England  vessel  and  is  repulsed 
by  La  Tour,  318;  his  fort  a  resort 
for  Jesuits,  322  ;  his  death  and  char- 
acter, 323. 

Avon,  town  of,  ii.  594. 

SI* 

Baldwin,  town  of,  ii.  594. 

Bango?-,  town  of,  ii.  552;  visited  by 
the  British,  646. 

Bane,  Leiois  and  Joseph,  i.  664. 

Bankrujjt  act,  ii.  588. 

Banks,  first  established,  ii.  203;  laws 
regulating  them,  595 ;  new  banks, 
625;  631. 

Baptists,  i.  379;  persecuted,  569;  ii. 
276 ;  number,  262  ;  696. 

Bashaba,  an  Indian  prince,!.  199  ;  214. 

Bath,  town  of,  ii.  488. 

Beasts,  natives,  i.  132. 

Becancourt,  its  situation,  ii.  40. 

Belcher,  Jonathan,  Gov.  arrives,  ii.  167; 
removed,  2U4  ;  his  character,  205. 

Belfast,  town  of,  li.  398  ;  plundered, 
480. 

Belgrade,  town  of,  ii.  572. 

BeUamont,  Lord,  arrives  Gov.  ii.  28  ; 
cijecks  piracy,  31  ;  his  death,  32. 

Belmont,  town  of,  ii.  637. 

Berlin  and  Milan  decrees,  ii.  603. 

Bernard,  Sir  Francis,  arrives  Gov.  ii. 
3.55;  his  politics,  358;  Ins  political 
difficulties,  359  ;  leaves  the  Prov- 
ince, 385. 

Berwick,  settled,  i.  24rs ,  destroyed  by 
the  Indians,  618  ;  attacked,  ii.  44,56, 
65  ;  incorporated,  77  ;    divided,  638. 

Bethel,  town  of,  ii.  573. 

Biard,  settles  at  Mount  Desert,  i.  205. 

Bible  Society,  established,  ii.  616. 

Biddeford,  town  of,  [first  Saco,]  set- 
tled, i.  227  ;  attacked  by  the  Indians, 
522;  ii.  42,  81  ;  courts  there,  355; 
divided,  395. — [See  Pepperellborough 
and  Saco.] 

Betterments,  early  made,  ii.  592}  act 
passed,  606. 


'Biguijduce,i.  71.  [See  Maj.  Biguyduce.] 

Bingham,  William,  ii.  531. 

Bingham,  town  of,  ii.  626. 

Birds,  native,  i.  140. 

Blackman,  Benjamin,  i.  664. 

Bloomjield,  town  of,  ii.  ( 37. 

Bluehill,  a  mount,  i,  95;  a  grant,  ii. 
362;  a  town,  542. 

Bomasccn,  i.  G40  ;  ii.  69. 

Blue,  and  Black  Points,  i.  29 ;  settle- 
ments, 265. 

Bootkbay,  settled,!.  243;  taxed,  444; 
destroyed,  609;  resettled,  ii.  166 
[Townshend]  ;  incorporated,  375. — 
[See  Cape  JVewagen.] 

Boothe,  Robert,  i.  665. 

Bonighton,  Richard,  i.  237,  264,  278, 
665;  John,  3Qi,  389,391. 

Boston  massacre,  ii.  386. 
company,  i.  331. 

Bowdoin,  town  of,  ii.  538. 

Bo7cdoin,  James,  Gov.  ii.  513,  533. 

Bowdohi  College,  first  proposed  to  be 
called  Winthrop  College,  ii.  537  ;  es- 
tablished,.562. 

Bowdoinham,  town  of,  ii.  366. — [See 
Richmond-fort.'] 

Boxer,  taken,  ii.  633. 

Bracket,  Anthony  and  Thomas,  i.  665. 

Bradbury,  Commander  at  fort  St. 
Georges,  ii.  314  ;  resigns,  328. 

Brewer,  settled,  ii.  538-9 ;  incorporated, 
626. 

Bridges,  John,  the  first  surveyor  of  the 
royal  woods,  ii.  28-9 ;  his  conduct 
reproved,  95. 

Bridgeton,  a  town,  ii.  565. 

Bristol,  the  ancient  Pemaquid,  i.  57, 
241,329;  destroyed  by  the  Indians, 
612 ;  revived  by  Dunbar,  ii.  166 ; 
incorporated,  376  ;  the  claims  to  it 
by  several,  settled,  623. 

British  [American]  system,  established, 
ii.  282,  359;- proposes  the  raising  of 
a  revenue,  369;  introduces  the 
Stamp-act,  378 ;  also  duties  on  paints, 
teas,  and  glass,  3tt2 ;  sends  British 
troops  to  Boston,  384  ;  occasions  the 
war  of  the  Revolution,  421, 

British  orders  in  Council,  ii.  603. 

Brock,  John,  Rev.  a  minister  on  the  Isles 
of  Shoals,  i.  401. 

Brooks,  John,  Gov.  of  Massachusetts, 
ii.  662. 

Brooks,  town  of,  ii.  661. 
Brooksville,  town  of,  ii.  668. 
BrouiUon,  Gov.  of  Nova  Scotia,  ii.  33. 
Brovn,  John,  a  settler  at  New-harbor, 
i.  329,  666:  extent  of  his  claim  330; 
dispute  settled,  ii.  623  ;  originates  the 
Brown  Right,  i.  329,  ii.  62 j. 
Brown,  Benjamin,  a  Councillor,  ii.  75. 
Brownfield,  town  of,  594, 
Brunswick,  settled  i.  266  ;   290 ;  573  ; 
and  ii.  87,  burnt,  116,  incorporated, 
191. 


INDEX. 


Buckfield,  town  of,  ii.  556. 

Bucksport,  granted,  ii.  362;  partly  burnt, 
479 ;  incorporated,  554. 

Bull,  Dixy,  tiie  pirate,  liilled,  i.  252. 

Bunker lull-hattle,  ii.  427. 

Burtroijiie,  Gen.  surrenders,  ii.  463. 

Burdet,  George,  settles  at  York,  i.  270  ; 
is  convicted  of  crimes  and  retires  to 
England,  284.  ; 

Burnet,  William,  Gov.  arrives,  ii.  159, 
died,  162. 

Burroughs,  George,  preached  at  Fal- 
mouth, i.  395;  executed  for  witch- 
craft, ii.  21,  22. 

Burton,  Benjamin,  Major,  fortifies  in 
Gushing,  ii.  288,  3U6,  320  ;  a  prison- 
er at  'Biguyduce,  493;  escapes,  494. 

Buxton,  settled,  ii.  181  ;  incorporated, 
365. 

C. 

Calais,  town  of,  ii.  612. 

Callicott,  Edward,  and.  Hirhard,  i.  669. 

Callieres,  Gov.  of  Canada,  ii.  30,  his 
death,  40. 

Cambridge-platform,  articles  of,  ii.  276. 

Camden,  town  of,  ii.  5.51. 
"  Mountains,  i.  95. 

Cammock,  Thomas,  i.  236,  666. 

Canaan,  town  of,  ii.  540. 

Canada,  settled,  i.  204;  taken  by  the 
Kirks,  234  ;  a  region  of  JNew  France, 
261  ;  Phips'  expedition  against  it, 
597 ;  English  captives'  first  sold  there, 
611  ;  Eastern  Indians  drawn  thither, 
ii.  40  ;  list  of  its  Governors,  273 ; 
conquered  by  the  English  345 ;  erect- 
ed into  a  Province,  367;  attacked  by 
the  Americans,  439,  443 ;  its  line 
adjoining  Maine,  in  dispute,  i.  16. 

Canada-townships,  ii.  187. 

Canibas,  Indians,  name  and  number,  i. 
466,  482;  tribe  broken,  ii.  132. 

Cape  Breton,  ii.  101,220;  Cape  Eliz- 
abeth, i.  30  ;  Cape  Small  Point,  33. 

Cape  Elizabeth,  settled,  i.  299  ;  [Purpon- 
durk]  revived,  ii.29;  destroyed  by  the 
Indians.  42 ;  incorporated  a  to  \vn,  377. 

Cape-newagen,  described,  i.  .5.5;  set- 
tled, 243  ;  taxed  444  ;  [.Sec  Boothbay.] 

Cape  Porpoise,  described,  i.  26  ;  submits 
to  Massachusetts, 351  ;  taxed,. 585,  ii. 
29  ;  destroyed  by  the  Indians,  42 ; 
revived,  84  ;  name  changed  to  Arun- 
del, 85, — which  see. 

Cargill,  James,  wickedly  kills  the  In- 
dians, ii.  314,  rewarded,  328; — 337 
Note. 

Carlisle,  earl  of,  has  one  of  the  12  prov- 
inces   assigned  to  him,  i.  257. 

Carmcl,  town  of,  ii.  618. 

Carr,  Sir  Robert,  a  kino-'s  Commission- 
er, i.  409. 

Carratunk-falls,  i.  48. 


Cartioright,    George,    king's   commis- 
sioner, i.  409. 
Casco-bay,  i.  33 ;  settlements  on  its  bor- 
ders, 239. 
Ca.sline,  bar'n  de,  resides  at  'Biguyduce, 
i.  471  ;  affronted   with  the   English, 
588 ;    goes  to  France,  ii.  41 — 7  ;  his 
daughter  taken  captive,  47. 
Castine,  the  Younger,  son  of  the  baron, 
ii.  41-2  ;  plundered  by  the   English, 
42 ;    attends    Major    Livingston    to 
Canada,  60;  his  character,  70  ;  seized 
and  carried  to  Boston,  108  ;  other  ill- 
treatment  he  received,  144 ;  his  death, 
145. 
bastine,  town  of, — situate  on  the  penin- 
sula of  'Biguyduce,  i.   71  ;  the   resi- 
dence of  d'Aulney,  308  ;  of  baron  de 
Castine,  471 ;  occupied  by   the  Brit- 
ish, ii  469;  a  shire  town,  549;  in- 
corporated, 572;  occupied  by  the  Brit- 
ish, 642  ;  evacuated  by  them,  6.57. 
Catholics,  or  Papists,   opposed,  i.   222; 
disall'd  rights  of  conscience,  ii.  18,692. 
Chadbourn,  Humphrey,  a  settler  at  Ne- 
wichawannock,  i.  244  ;    submits  to 
Massachusetts,  344  ;  3  years  a  Dep- 
uty to  the   General  Court,  451 ;  his 
character,  667. 
Chadbojirn,  Benjamin,  a  councillor,  ii. 

484-5-7. 
Chadivick,  Paul,  killed,  ii.  613. 
Champernoon,  Francis,  one  of  Gorges' 
councillors,  i.  278  ;  opposed  to  Mas- 
sachusetts, 405 ;  first    justice  under 
the  king's  commissioners,  416 ;  char- 
acter, 667. 
Charters,  viz.  Gorges'  i.  272;  Province, 
ii.  1  ;  Explanatory  160  ;  Province  re- 
sumed, 432 ;   [See  patents.] 
Charles  II.,  restored,  i.  398  ;  his  orders 
as  to  church  communion,  baptism, 
book  of  common  prayer  and  political 
suffrage,  403  ;  his  letter,  412 ;  death, 
572. 
Charleston,  town  of,  ii.  618. 
Cherryfield,  town  of,  ii.  661. 
Chesterville,  town  of,  ii.  594. 
China,  town  of,  ii.  668. 
Chubb,    Commander  of  Fort  William 
Henry  at  Pemaquid,  i.  642  ;  surren- 
ders the  garrison,  643 ;  cashier'd,  644. 
Church,    Benjamin,    Major,— his   first 
jEas^crre expedition,  i.  614  ;  h\s second, 
624;  his  skirmishes,  625;   his  third, 
635  ;  his  excursions,  636  ;  his  fourth, 
645 ;  is   superseded,    646 ;    his   fifth 
expedition,  ii.    46 ;    his   excursions, 
47,  48. 
Churches,  i.  278-9  ;  ii.  278. 
Cincinnati  Society,  ii.  601. 
Clark,  Thomas,  his  land-claims,  i.  330. 
Cleaves,  George,  agent  of  Sir  F.  Gorges, 
i.   266 ;    appointed  Deputy-president 
of  Lygonia,  295  ;  opposed  by  Gorges' 


INDEX. 


715 


iigents,  296  ;  opens  a  court  at  Saco, 
302  ;  his  administration,  303,  327-8  ; 
opposes   Massachusetts,    357 ;    sub- 
mits, 391 ;  is  a  commissioner,  395 ; 
a  Deputy  to  the  General  Court,  404, 
452  ;  character,  668. 
Climate,  and  seasons,  i.  98. 
Clinton,  a  town,  ii.  569. 
Coins,  regulated,  ii.  74  ;  gold,  a  tender, 
360  ;  cents  coined,  .570  ;  federal,  569, 
570  ;  rates  and  kinds,  686. 
Colleges,  ii.  527 ;   Bowdoin,  562;  Wa- 

terville,  594. 
Colonies, — those  of  New-England  unite, 
i.  292 ;   Maine  not  admitted  to  the 
union,  293;  plan  of  General  Union, 
ii.  299  ;  estabhshed,  425 
CotuynMa,  town  of,  ii.  572. 
Committees,  of  land-claims,  ii.  31  ;  and 
settlements,  81,  86, 156, 182;  of  safe- 
ty and  supplies  416  :  of  Eastern  lands, 
500,  507,  537;  amount  of  their  sales, 
569  ;  land-agents,  592 ;  land  commis- 
sioners, 662,  678. 
Commock,  Thomas,  his  patent,  i.  236; 
one  of  Gorges'  Assistants,  265,  666. 
Commissioners,  the  king's,  i.  409,  410  ; 
visit  Kittery,  415  ;  York,  and  appoint 
Justices,  417  ;  visit  Sagadahock,  420; 
their  report,  423  ;  their  return,  425  ; 
last  courts  holden  under  them,  430-1. 
Commissioners  ofjjlantatimis,!.  259  ;  ii. 

26,  282,  372. 
Commissioners,  from  Massachusetts  to 
Maine,  i.  342  ;  admit  the  inhabitants, 
344,  354 ;  their  protest,  355 ;  adopt 
the  people  of  Lygonia,  391 ;  visit 
York,  434  ;  their  measures,  437  ;  oth- 
ers appointed  to  divide  the  property 
after  the  Separation,  ii.  673  :  propose 
in  vain  to  buy  the  public  lands,  G79. 
Concrregationalists,  described,  i.  378  ;  ii. 

695. 
Congress,  Continental,  first  meeting,  ii. 
299; again  379;  measures, 413;  declare 
Independence,  447  ;  members,  708. 
Congress,  Provincial,  ii.  412,  415,  416, 

425  ;  whole  period  of  them,  432. 
Constitution,  of  Massachusetts  formed, 
ji.   464,   483;  came   into   operation, 
"'486  ;  of  the  United  States,  535-6 ; 

of  Maine,  674.' 
Continental  army,  ii.  453,  456. 
Corinna,  town  of,  ii.  661. 
Corinth,  town  of,  ii.  618. 
Cornish,  town  of,  ii.  567. 
Cornville,  town  of,  ii.  580. 
Cornwallis,  surrenders,  ii.  501. 
Coroners,  first  appointed,  ii.  73. 
Corporeal  jmnishment,  abolislied,  ii.  631. 
Cormoall  county,  i.  408,  421,  582. 
Cossins,  John,  i.  670. 
Counties,  Yorkshire,  or  Y^ork,  i.  345 ; 
Cumberland   and   Lincoln,  ii.    354 ; 


Hancock,  548;  Washington,  548-9; 
Kennebec,. 582;  Oxford, 600;  Somer- 
set, 611 ;  iPenobscot,  661. 
Councillors,  under  Gorges,  i.  265,  278, 
300  ;  under  Rigby,  328  ;  under  Pres- 
ident Danforth,  565,  593 ;  under 
Andros,  584  :  under  Massachusetts, 
ii.  11,  75,  161,  3.50-1  ;  Mandamus, 
409,412,  416  :  provincial,  484;  under 
her  constitution,  707;  of  Maine,  676. 
County-conventions,  ii.  409,414. 
Courts,  and  Judges  under  Gorges,  i.  265, 
280,300-1";  under  Rigby  and  Cleaves, 
302,  328  ;  Associates  or  County 
Court  under  Massachusetts,  348 ; 
374  ;  under  Plymouth,  at  Kennebec, 
368  ;  vmder  President  Danforth,  568 ; 
under  Dudley  and  Andros,  .577,  584  ; 
under  the  Provincial  Charter,  [viz. 
Supreme  Court  and  Common  PleaSj] 
ii.  14, 15 ;  other  Courts,  16, 17  :  terms 
several  places,  76,  354  ;  549; 
Judges,  355 ;  courts  closed,  420 ;  new 
appointments,  444  ;  under  the  Con- 
stitution, 502;  Judges,  549;  Courts 
new-modified,  587,  596,  619,  620; 
District  Court,  550;  those  under 
Maine,  677. 
Coicsegaii  claim,  i.  331. 
Coxall,  incorporated,  ii.  465.     [.See  Ly- 

viaM.'] 
Criminal  Code,  i.  381 ;  ii.  20,  74. 
Crown,  William,  a  proprietor  of  Nova 

Scotia,  i.  362. 
Croix,  St.  or  Neutral  Island,  i.  88  ;  for- 
tified by  DeMonts,  190;    River  de- 
termined by  Commissioners,  ii.  578. 
Crown-lands ,  ii.  362 ;  or  king's  woods, 

371 ,  380. 
Cumberland  County,  ii.  354. 
Gushing,  William  and  Charles,  ii.   353 

444-5,  469. 
Gushing,  town  of,  ii.  541. 
Gushenoc,  a  trading  stand,  i.  252  ;  for- 
tified, ii.  90,  576.     [See  Augusta.] 
Customs,  and   duties,   ii.  282-6,   359; 
officers,  393 ;    Collectors,  549 ;    dis. 
tricts,  582. 
Cutis,  Robert,  one  of  the   king's  Justi- 
ces, i.  416;  Edward,  a,  CoancilloTfii. 
485-7,    708;    character    of   Robert, 
John  and  Richard,  i.670. 

D. 

Damariscotta-river,   described,   i.    56; 

has  settlers  on  its  banks,  243 ;  [See 

Newcastle,  ii.  290.] 
Damariscovc  IsUmds,  i.  56. 
Danforth,  Thomas,  Tresklent  of  Maine, 

i.  558,  563,   593 ;    a  Judge,   ii.   15 ; 

character,  i.  673. 
Danville,  [Pegypscot]   ii.  594 ;    D'An- 

ville's  fleet  scattered,  ii.  247-9. 


Vol.  II. 


91 


716 


INDEX. 


Dark  day,  ii.  482. 

Dartmouth,  or   New- Dartmouth,  i.  421 ; 

Fort,  58!t ;  destroyed,  609. 
Davie,    George,   settler   at    Wiscasset- 
point,  i.  331  ;    character   of  George, 
Humphrey  and  John,  671. 
Davis,  Sylcanus,  agent  of    Clark    and 
Lake,  i.  526;     wounded   at  Arrow- 
sick,  536  ;  carried  a  captive  to  Que- 
bec from  Fort  Loyal^   621  ;  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Provincial  Council,  ii.  1]  ; 
sketch  of  character,  i.  t}71. 
Davis,  John,  one   of  Pres.    Danforth's 
council,   i.   565-6;  Dep.    President, 
566,  671. 
Dcarhorn,  Henry,  an  officer  in  the  ex- 
pedition to  Quebec,  ii.  440;  member 
of  Congress,  562;    Major- General, 
570. 
Dearborn,  town  of,  ii.  626. 
Deer  Isle,  described,  i.  74;  incorporat- 
ed, ii.  543. 
Democrats,  first  called  anti-federalists, 
ii.  559 ;  also,  Republicans,  561  ;    fa- 
vor the  French,  ib. ;  chose  S.  Adams 
Governor,    5G]  ;     opposed    to     Mr. 
Jay's  treaty,  561,574  ;  and  to  feder- 
al  measures,  581;    espouse    Jeffe- 
son's   administration,  58! • ;    and  '"the 
war,  629  ;  a  majority  in  U.    States, 
593,  601-5;  in  Maine,  630.  ^ 
D'Monts'  patent  of  Acadia,  i.  651,  188 : 
visits  St.    Croix  and    fortifies,    189; 
leaves  it,   190  ;  quits   the  province, 
205. 
Denmark,  town  of,  ii.  608. 
Dcnys,  M.  his  view  of  Acadia,  i.  248~;~ 
his  command  in  it,  3G1  ;  his  history, 
429. 
DcrniysviUe,  town  of,  ii.  668. 
Dcrmor,  Thomas,  his  voyage,  i  .217-18  ; 

made  peace  with  the  Indians,  243. 
Devonshire,   a  county,    established,  i. 

443,  444  ;  militia  in  it,  447. 
Dexter,  town  of,  ii.  661. 
District,  first  considered  as  a   County, 
i.  285  ;  then  as  a  town,  ii.  360  ;  of 
"Maine"  467;  senatorial,  486,  622; 
congressional,    562,    622;     District 
Court,  467,  550. 
Dixficld,  town  of,  ii.  598. 
Dizmont,  town  of,  ii.  609. 
Dogs,  used  in  the  Indian  wars,  ii.  306. 
Donnell,  Samuel,  a  Charter-councillor, 

ii.  11,  12;  Henry,  i.  672; 
Dover,  [in  N.  H.]  destroyed  by  the  In- 
dians, i.  610,  640  :  town  of,  [in  Me.] 
incorporated,  A.  D.  1822. 
Dresden,  town  of,  ii,  567.      [See  Potc- 

nalborough] . 
Dreuillelts,  a  Jesuit  Missionary,  i.  322. 
Drovmc,  Shem,  the  origin  of  his  right 
called  the  "  Drovme  Claim,"  i.  329; 
its  territory  resettled,  ii.  97, 169 ;  dis- 
pute ended, 623. 


Dudley,  Joseph,    President    of   New- 
England,  i.  576  ;  superseded  by  An- 
dres, 577 ;  Governor,  ii.   34 ;    treats 
with  the  Indians,  '35. 
Duels,  first  law  against,  ii.  168. 
Duke  of  York,  [James  II.]   his  patent 
of  New-York    and    Sagadahock,   i. 
407 ;    appoints    R.   Nichols   his     D. 
Gov.  409 ;  has  his  patent  renewed, 
and  appoints    Sir   E.   Andros   Gov. 
445,  555;    is  king,  581  ;    abdicates 
the  throne,  592. 
Duke  of  Monmouth,  i.  554. 
Dummcr,  Hichard,  an  assignee   of  Ly- 
gonia,  i.  240. — See  Note  X  ib.  ;  Shu- 
bael,  i.  672. 
Dummcr,     William,   Lt.    Gov.    corre- 
sponds with  the  Indians,  ii.  149;  his 
administration,    152;     710 — 11;  his 
treaty  with  the  Indians,  146  ;  155. 
Dunbar,  David,  appointed   surveyor  of 
the  royal    woods,  ii.    165  ;    rules   in 
Sagadahock,  repairs  the  fort  at  Pem- 
aquid,  and   calls    it   Fort   Frederick, 
lays  out  lots,  and   forms    townships, 
166  ;  his  other  measures,  167  ;  com- 
plaints aoraints  him,   169,  170 ;    ap- 
pointed   Lt.  Gov.  of  N.  H.    172,  re- 
port against  his   claim,  174-5 ;   re- 
moved,   176;    returns   to    England, 
178. 
Dungan,  Thomas,   Gov.  of  New- York 
and   Sagadahock,    i.   581 ;   removes 
Dutch  families  into  Maine,  584. 
Durham,  town  of,  ii.  545. 
Dutch  people  settle  at  Damariscotta  and 

Sheepscot,  i.  420,  080,  584. 
Dyer,  Wm.  a   Justice  in   Sagadahock, 
i.  421. 


Earthquakes,  i.  27J  ;  ii.  1.55,  317. 

Eastern  lands,  [See  Public  lands.] 

Eastport,  [Moose  Island],  described,  i. 
85;  incorporated,  ii.  579;  seized 
upon  by  the  British,  640  ;  surren- 
dered by  them,  GtiU. 

Ecclesiastical  affairs,  i.  378;  ii.  18; 
Sectarian,  487,  note  t. 

Eddy,  Jonathan,  attacks  a  fort  in  Nova 
Scotia,  is  repulsed  and  his  party  flee 
to  Machias,  ii.  451-2  ;  his  excursion 
to  the  bay  Fundy,  458  ;  lands  grant- 
ed to  him  and  associates,  515. 

Eddington,  town  of,  ii.  618. 

Ede?i,  town  of,  ii.  573. 

Edgecomb,  Sir  Richard,  a  grant  to  liini, 
i.  268;  lost,  ii.  367. 

Edgecomb,  town  of,  ii.  404. 

Education,  promoted  by  law,  i.  383 ; 
ii.  18,  73,  158,  278;  686,  profession- 
al, 688—691. 

Elbridgc,  Gyles,  a  patentee  of  Pema- 
quid,  i.  241 ;  his  son  a  ruler  there, 
267,  673 ; 


INDEX. 


717 


Elliot,  town  of,  ii.  617. 
£Wswort/<,  town  of,  ii.  590. 
Embargo,  a  restrictive  measure,  ii.  603. 
Emhdeji,  town  of,  ii.  598. 
Emigration,  to  New-England,  checked 

by  the  king,  i.  254,  2G8;    subsides, 

2d7  ;  that  to  Ohio,  ii.  604. 
Emigrant  Society,  instituted,  ii.  5G9. 
Episcopalians,  ii.  401,  693. 
Erascohegan,  i.  53  :  ii.  89. 
Etechemin  Indians,  i.  469  ;  three  tribes 

of  them,  470 ;_  number,  482—3. 
Etna,  town  of,  ii.  674. 
Excise,  ii.  286. 
Exeter,  town  of,  ii.  617. 
Exports,  amount,  ii.  617 ;  articles,  700. 

F. 

Fairfield,  town  of,  ii.  540. 

Falmouth,  described,  i.  30  ;  first  settled, 
239;  made  a  town,  393;  subject  to 
Rigby,  295 ;  visited  by  tlie  king's 
Commissioners,  420 ;  a  shire  town, 
429;  destroyed  by  the  Indians,  620  ; 
assailed  by  them,  ii.  43;  resettled, 
81-3  ;  a  principal  town,  158  ;  a  half 
shire  with  York,  185;  number  of 
families,  280  ;  census  373 ;  troubled 
by  the  British  enemy,  417,  427;  re- 
duced to  ashes,  by  Mowett,  437  ;  di- 
vided, 377;  528;  638. 

Familists,  emigrants  to  Casco,  i.  239 ; 
a  sect,  ii.  276. 

Farmington,  town  of,  ii.  564. 

Fayette,  town  of,  ii.  568. 

Federal  Constitution  adopted,  ii.  535. 

Federalists,  become  a  party,  ii.  -559; 
favor  Mr.  Jay's  treaty,  561  ;  they 
elect  the  President  of  the  United, 
St.  570—5  ;  588  ;  also,  the  Gov.  574 ; 
all  friends  to  the  English,  575;  their 
eagle,  589 ;  defeated  at  the  polls, 
605  ;  triumphant,  610,  611 ;  a  minor- 
ity, 616;  their  violence,  629;  they 
favor  a  navy,  630  ;  become  more  ac- 
quiescent, 658. 

Fees,  and  costs,  discussed,  explained  by 
the  Gov.  ii.  210-11 ;  the  crown  as- 
sumes to  regulate  fees,  382 ;  revised, 
502. 

Fires,  ii.  364. 

Firewards,  first  chosen,  ii.  262. 

Fishes,  species  of,  150. 

Fisheries  claimed  to  be  free,  i.  229, 232 ; 
the  cod-fishery  secured,  ii.  504  ;  reg- 
ulated, 597;  revived,  659. 

Fore-river,  described,  i.  30. 

Forest-trees^ u.  94-5  ;  marked,  98. 

Fort-hill,  Indian  villac-e  destroyed,  ii. 
143, 

Forts,  Scammell,  i.  35;  Preble,  ih.; 
Frankfort,  51 ;  Castine,  71 ;  Shir- 
ley, ii.  301;  Popham,  i.  52,  199; 
Hammonds,  53;  La  Tour  and  Alex- 


ander, 245 ;  William  Henry  or  fort 
George  at  Pemaquid,  57, 635  ;  Rich- 
mond, 51  ;  ii.  97 ;  Loyal,  i.  540,  .565- 
621,  590;  Saco,  i.  638;  George 
[at  Brunswick]  ii.  88, 99 ;  Cushenoc, 
90  ;  St.  Georges,  [at  Thomaston,] 
ii.  97,  115  ;  Frederick,  ii.  166,  342 ; 
Halifax,  300;  Western,  i.  50;  ii. 
301 ;  Frederic  and  others  at  and  in 
the  region  of  Crown  Point,  304 ; 
Eastern,  305,  308;  Pownal,  338; 
dismantled,  418  ;  changes  command- 
ers, 371,  426;  Cumberland,  452; 
Machias,  458  ;  at  Castine,  i.  71 ;  ii. 
643 ;  William  and  Mary,  (on  Great 
Island)  ii.  31,  .50  ;  forts  repaired,  202, 
210  ;  in  different  places,  305  ; 
thoughts  of  resigning  them  to  the 
crown,  323. 
Foxcroft,  town  of,  ii.  627. 
Fox-Islands,  described,  i.  186;  a  town, 

ii.  546. 
Foxwdl,  Richard,  i.  674. 
FranQois,  St.  an  Indian  village,  formed, 
ii.  40,  341  ;  its  savages  visit  us,  265  ; 
instigate  war,  303;  destroyed,  341. 
Frankfort,  a.  ihitvess,  ii.  3.52;  a  town, 

546. 
Freedom,  a  town,  ii.  632. 
Freeman,  Enoch,  Col.  ii.  428  ;  council- 
lor, 484. 
Freeman,  a  town,  ii.  609. 
Freejjort,  town  of,  ii.  543. 
Frenchman  s  Bay,  described,  i.  79. 
French  Neutrals,  ii.  264,  309 ;  their  fate, 

310,317,349,364. 
French   War,  begun,  ii.  304,  306,  318  ; 
declared,  319;    disastrous,  324,330; 
eventuates  in  the  capture  of  Canada 
by  the  English,  345. 
French  Revolution,  ii.  560. 
French,  settle  Canada,  i.   187 ;    claim 
Nova  Scotia,  188 ;  court  the  good- 
will of  the   Eastern   Indians,  322  ; 
claim  and  hold   to  Penobscot,  308 ; 
disliked,  359;    draw  Ihe  Indians  to 
Canada,  ii.  40, 209  ;  fate  of  due  d'An- 
ville's  fleet,  247;  their  eastern  claims 
stated,  291-2 ;    they  aspire  to  own 
the  northern  hemisphere,  294  ;  their 
expeditions,  306;  driven  from  North 
America,  345 ;  assist  the  Americans, 
467. 
French  Fleets,  disasters,  ii.  248,  253. 
Friendship,  settled,  ii.  238, 285 ;  a  town, 

609. 
Frost,  Charles,  a  Councillor  and  Judge, 
i.  566  ;  character,  674,  ii.  12,  706; 
killed,  i.  646  :  Nicholas,  i.  674 ;  John, 
Gen.  ii.  445  ;  ordered  to  detach  mili- 
tia-men, 470. 
Fryburgh,  granted,  ii.  363 ;  incorporat- 
ed, 459. 
Fur-trade  revived,  ii.  337,  regulated, 
382,  550. 


718 


INDEX. 


o. 


Gage,  Thomas.  Governor-general,  ii. 
411 ;  denounced,  420. 

Gard,  Roger,  Register  and  Mayor  of 
Gorgeana,  i.  282,  287,  675,  28t) ;  one 
of  tlie  Council,  298. 

Gardmer,  Thomas,  a  king's  Justice,  i 
421 ;  a  county  officer  in  Devonshire, 
443-4  ;  675. 

Gardiner,  town  of,  ii.  597. 

Garland,  town  of,  ii.  61 8. 

Gebcag,  Great  and  Little,  i.  37. 

Gedney,  Bartholomeic,  one  of  Andros' 
Council,  i.  577,  584. 

Gendcll,  Walter,  trustee  of  N.  Yar- 
mouth, i.  562;  killed,  607-8;  char- 
acter, 676. 

Georgetown,  i.  54  ;  first  settled,  228, 
243  ;  [see  Arrowsiok,]  burnt,  535  ; 
resettled,  ii.  81  ;  a  town,  88-9. 

Gerry,  Elhrldge,  Gov.  ii.  616. 

Ghent,  treaty  of,  ii.  C'56. 

Gibson,  Richard,  a  preacher,  on  th(^ 
Isles  of  Shoals,  i.  291,  395. 

Gilead,  town  of,  ii.  599. 

Godfrey,  Edtcard,  first  settled  at  Aga- 
menticus,  i.  288 ;  an  Assistant  or 
Councillor,  i.  265,  278 ;  Aldermen  of 
Gorgeana,  287-8;  Governor,  303; 
opposes  Massachusetts,  335;  sub- 
mits, and  is  a  commissioner,  384  ; 
still  an  opponent.  399 ;  character, 
677. 

Goldthicait,  Thomas,  commands  fort 
Pownal,  ii.  371  ;  superseded,  388. 

Goodwin,  Ichabod,  Major-General,  ii. 
503. 

Gorges  Sir  Ferdinando,  takes  na- 
tives into  his  family,  i.  195  ;  sends 
R.  Vines  to  Maine,  206;  active  mem- 
ber of  the  P.  Council,  222;  defends 
the  Charter,  229,  232,  254  ;  settles 
Agamenticus,231 ;  discouraged,  255 ; 
appointed  Governor-General  of  New- 
England,  259,  269  ;  sends  over  Wm. 
Gorges,  his  Dep.  Gov.  264  ;  commits 
his  Frov.  to  Massachusetts,  267  ;  his 
charter  of  Maine  and  government, 
272 — 284  ;  gives  Gorgeana  a  city- 
charter,  288,  289  ;  thrown  into  pris- 
on, 298  ;  death  and  character,  304. 

Gorges,  Robert,  Gov.  of  New-England, 
i.  229  ;  returns  home,  230,  258. 

Gorges,  William,,  arrives  Dep.  Gov.  of 
New-Somersetshire,  i.  264  ;  his  gov- 
ernment and  council,  265 ;  returns 
to  England,  207. 

Gorges,  Thomas,  commissioned  Dep. 
Gov.  of  Maine,  i.  278  ;  arrives,  283  ; 
his  administration,  284-5;  returns 
home,  295  ;  his  letter,  312. 

Gorges,  L'd.  Edicard,  talics  as  assignee, 
one  of  the  12  Provinces,  i.  257. 

Gorges,  Ferdinand,  grandson  of  Sir 
Ferdinando,  publishes  a  History  of 


Maine,  i.  399;  revives  his  claim, 
404  ;  has  a  decision  in  his  favor,  402' 
450  ;  sends  over  Archdale,  as  agent, 
403 ;  sells  his  Province  to  Massachu- 
setts, 451 — Sketch  of  their  several 
Characters,  675. 

Gorgeana,  a  city  corporate,  i.  288. 

Gorham,  settled,  ii.  181  ;  beset  by  In- 
dians, 244, 311 ;  incorporated  a  town. 
374.  ' 

Gortonists,  ii.  276. 

Gosnold,  Bartholomcic,  his  vovao-e,  i 
184-5.  -^   °  ' 

Gospel,  a  society  for  propagating  it,  i. 
322-3;  supported  by  aid  of  law, 
402;  another  society  for  promoting 
it,  ii.  32;  ministers  of,  157,  279.      " 

Gouldsburuagh,  town  of,  ii.  544. 

Gourchcrillc,  Madame,  procures  De- 
niont's  patent,  i.  208. 

Governors,  lists  of,  ii.  368;  710 — 711; 
in  Canada,  273. 

Gray,  town  of,  ii.  465. 

Great  Island,  fortified,  ii.  31  ;  fort  Wil- 
liam and  Mary  there,  50. 

Green,  town  of,  ii.  539. 

Greenwood,  town  of,  ii.  6G1. 

Guitfoid,  town  of,  ii.  661. 

Gunison,  Hugh,  an  Associate,  i.  348. 


Halifax,  fort,  built,  ii.  297,  300  ;  a 
trading  house  there  and  J.  Brewer 
Truck-master,  499 

HalluiceU,  a  town,  corporate,  ii.  390. 

Hampden,  town  of,  ii.  566 ;  taken  by 
the  British,  645. 

Ilamyiiond,  Joseph,  a  Counciller  and 
Judge,  ii.  75,  161. 

Hancock,  John,  Gov.  ii.  437;  resigns, 
513  ;  rechosen,  533  ;  death,  555. 

Hancock,  County,  established,  ii.  548. 

Hancock  Free  School,  established,  ii. 
638. 

Harlem,  town  of,  ii.  572. 

Harmony,  town  of,  ii.  597. 

Harpsicell,  town  of,  settled,  ii.  87-8 ; 
made  a  town,  329;  an  exploit  there, 
429. 

Harraseeket  river,  described,  i.  32. 

Harrington,  laid  out  by  Dunbar,  ii. 
166. — Another  surveyed,  362 ;  incor- 
porated a  town,  576. 

Harrison,  town  of,  ii.  599. 

Hartford- Convention,  ii.  656. 

Hartford,  town  of,  ii.  580. 

Hartland,  town  of,  ii.  674. 

Hawkins,  Sir  Richard,  liis  voyage,  i. 
214. 

Heath,  Capt.  destroys  the  Indian  vil- 
lage at  Bangor,  Fort  Hill,  ii.  143. 

Hebron,  town  of,  ii.  554. 

Henrietta,  Maria,  her  marriage  with 
Charles  1.,  occasions  a  cession  of 
Acadia  to  France,  i.  231. 


INDEX. 


Heresy,  punishable  by  law,  i,  379. 

Hennon,  town  of,  ii.  638. 

Heyman,  Samuel,  a  Councillor,  ii.  11. 

Hill,  Juhn,  a  Councillor,  ii.  351  : — Pe- 
ter and  Joseph,  character,  i.  678. 

Hiram,  town  of,  ii.  609. 

Hollis,  '.own  of,  ii.  580. 

Holmes,  John,  Commissioner  under 
'ith  article  of  the  Ghent  treaty,  i. 
14  ;  a  Senator  to  Congress,  ii.  677. 

Holt,  Isle  of,  described,  i.  74. 

Hook,  William,  one  of  Gorges'  Coun- 
cil, i.  278. 

Hook,  Francis,  one  of  the  king's  Jus- 
tices, i.  416  ;  a  councillor  to  Pres. 
Danforth,  565  ;  and  a  treasurer,  568  ; 
a  Province  councillor,  ii.  12;  Judge 
of  the  Common  Pleas,  15;  death, 
395  :  a  sketch  of  their  lives,  i.  678-9. 

Hope,  town  of,  ii.  598. 

Howell,  Morgan,  an  Assistant  under 
Cleaves,  i.  328. 

Humphreys,  Ca.pt.  attacks  the  Leopard, 
ii.  602. 

Hinting,  ii.  289  ;  prohibited  in  king's 
woods,  371,  5.50. 

Hunt,  Thomas,  kidnaps  Savao-es,  i. 
213. 

Hutchinson,  Thomas,  Lieut.  Gov.  ii. 
355  ;  takes  the  chair,  386  ;  Govern- 
or, 388;  has  ditKculties  with  the 
house  of  Representatives,  397  ;  goes 
to  England,  404  ;  his  family,  i.  679. 


Impressment,  begun,  ii.  208  ;  resented, 
602 ;  number  of  impresses,  628  ; 
resisted,  629. 

Impriso7iment,  i.  384  ;  ii.  262 ;  mitigated, 
349  ;  in  difierent  rooms,  532. 

/nrfians,  kidnapped, i.  195;  207-8;  wast- 
ed by  pestilence,  216  ;  restless,  250  ; 
use  fire-arms,  358,  428 ;  ^vars  among 
them,  440  ;  aboriginal,  453  ;  number 
of  tribes,  457 ;  names  and  census, 
463 — 483  ;  habits  and  language,  484 
— 514  ;  first  war,  515  ;  iSagamores, 
516;  400  of  them  seized,  539  ;  take 
20  fishing  vessels,  551 ;  peace,  553 ; 
second  war,  604  ;  20  of  them  arrest- 
ed at  Saco,  608 ;  sell  their  captives 
in  Canada  611  ;  their  miseries,  641; 
a  treaty,  649  ;  third  war,  ii.  38  ;  some 
of  them  retire  to  Canada,  40 ;  at- 
tack on  the  Jkstern  settlers,  42 ;  on 
Kittery  and  York,  51  ;  treaty,  6(j  ;  a 
peace  party,  105 ;  denounced  as  reb- 
els, 107;  fourth  war.  111  ;  their  sen- 
timents, 112,  117;  fleet,  127;  treaty, 
146  ;  Sagamores  promote  peace,  149 ; 
fifth  war,  234 ;  peace,  259  :  mischiev- 
ous, 268 — 272  ;  disturbed  by  new 
settlers,  288  ;  hostile,  297  ;  sixth  war, 
304  ;  last  efforts  of  the  Eastern  Na- 


tives and  end  of  the  Indian  wars, 
333  ;  Governor's  views  of  them,  372 ; 
their  amity  and  aid,  449  ;  concluding 
notice  taken  of  them,  670. 

Industry,  town  of,  ii.  598. 

Ingersol,  George,  i.  680. 

Insects,  described,  i.  170. 

Interest,  8  per  cent.  i.  383. 

Islands,— 300  described,  i.  20—87. 

Islcsliorovgli,  town  of,  ii.  542. 

Isles  of  Shoals,  described,  i.  23  ;  called 
"  Smiths'  Isles,"  276  ;  a  comolaint 
there,  291;  304;  governed, '  349; 
made  a  town,  [Appledore,]  401  ;  trial 
of  causes  there,  441-2  ;  564  ;  a  part 
of  them  included  in  the  Province 
charter,  ii.  10. 

J. 

Jackson,  Andreio,  hero  of  New  Orleans, 
ii.  65G. 

Jackson,  town  of,  ii.  668. 

Jacobins,  ii.  560. 

James  II. — [See  Duke  of  York.} 

Jay,  town  of,  ii.  568. 

Jay's  treaty,  ii.  .561. 

Jefferson,  Thomas,  President  of  United 
States,  ii.  .589. 
i  Jefferson,  town  of,  ii.  608. 

Jeremisquam,  Island  described,  i.  55  ; 
purchased,  330 ;  Indian  deed  of  it, 
365 ;  proprietors  of  it,  331 ;  ii.  405, 
note.''' 

Jesuits,  law  against,  i.  380. 

Johnson,  Edward,  a  Commissioner,  i. 
348. 

Joncshorough,  town  of,  ii.  611. 

Jonquire,  Governor  of  Canada,  ii. 
248  :  his  conduct,  253,  264,  272. 

Jordan,  Robert,  arrives  a  preacher,  i. 
395 ;  and  marries  John  Winter's 
daughter,  399  ;  one  of  Cleaves  Coun- 
cil, 302;  reproved  by  Rigby's  son, 
340 ;  opposes  Mass.  357  ;  sub- 
mits, 391 ;  forbidden  to  preach,  402 ; 
a  king's  Justice,  416  ;  his  death,  395, 
Note  ' ;  posterity  killed  by  Indians, 
ii.  43,  his  character,  680. 

Joscehjn,  Henry,  settles  at  Scarborough, 
i.  392 ;  one  of  the  Council  to  Wil- 
liam and  Thomas  Gorges,  265,  278  ; 
Deputy  Governor,  300  ;  an  assistant 
to  Cleaves,  328 ;  a  Commissioner 
and  Associate  under  Massachusetts, 
395-7  ;  the  king's  senior  Justice,  439  ; 
lived  a  while  at  Pemaquid,  357 ;  his 
character,  682. 

Joscelyn,  John,  his  History,  i.  446. 

Juries,  282,  284  ;  selected,  ii.  349  ;  re- 
turned by  sheriffs,  disallowed,  409  ; 
revised,  606. 

Justices  of  the  Peace,  i.  281,  403,  416 
ii.  16. 


INDEX. 


K. 

Katahdin,  mountain  described,  i.  90. 

Kennebec,  river,  described,  i.  47;  dis- 
covered, 186  ;  trade  there,  2315,  230  ; 
a  homicide  there,  252,  253;  decrease 
of  trade,  3G5 ;  the  Patent  rented, 
36G ;  government  instituted,  367  ; 
.  patent  sold,  370  ;  settlement  resum- 
ed, ii.  90  ;  limits  of  the  Patent  set- 
tled, 347. 

Kennebec  County,  established,  ii.  532. 

Kennebunh,  river  described,  i.  26 ;  di- 
visional line  between  two  counties, 
235  ;  and  between  Gorges  and  Rigby 
as  decided,  302. 

King,  William,  author  of  the  '  Better- 
ment act,'  ii.608 :  Maj.-General,GOU  ; 
President  in  both  conventions  on  a 
Constitution,  064,  673  ;  first  Govern- 
or of  Maine,  675  ;  a  Commissioner 
under  the  Spanish  treaty,  671). 

Kings  of  England,  viz.  James  I.,  i.  196  ; 
Charles  I.,  231  ;  death,  304  ;  Charles 
II.,  398;  James  II.,  531  ;  abdicates 
the  throne,  592  ;  William  and  Mary, 
ib. ;  Anne,  ii.  33 ;  George  I.,  85  ; 
George  II.,  159  ;  George  III.,  356. 

Kingfield,  town  of,  ii.  660. 

Kirk,  David,  and  Lewis,  conquer 
Canada,  i.  234  ;  the  former  a  trader, 
321. 

JBHri,  Colonel,  appointed  Governor  of 
four  Colonies,  i.  572 ;  his  character, 
ib. 

Kittery,  first  settled,  i.  243 ;  incorporat- 
ed, 303;  submits  to  Massachusetts, 
344 — G  ;  visited  by  the  king's  Com- 
missioners, 415  ;  assisted,  ii,  29  ;  de- 
fended, 76  ;  made  a  port  of  entry,  86. 

Knight,  Ezekiel,  special  magistrate,  i. 
415;  an  associate,  438. 

Knox,  town  of,  ii.  674. 

Knox,  Henry,  General,  ii.  461 ;  Com- 
missioner, 511. 

Ii. 

Laconia,   a  province,!.  225;  it  settles, 

N.  H.  228. 
Lake,  Sir  Biby,  purchaser  of  Woolwich, 

i.  330  ;    ii.  172. 
Land-titles,  I.  2Qd\n.  96. 
Land-tax,  federal,  ii.  581. 
Land-office,    established,   ii.   507,  537, 

662,     079  ; — [See     Committees      on 

Lands.] 
Langdon,  Timothy,  District  Judge,  ii. 

467. 
Laud,  archbishop,  i.  270. 
Laics,  statute,  i.  371,  383  ;    ii.  9,   486, 

677-8  ;    Lawyers,  401 ,  G88. 
Lawson,  Christojjher,  his  purchase,  i. 

330;  683. 
Leader,  Richard,  a  Councillor,  i.  303, 

325,  683. 


Lebanon,  settled,  ii.  180  ;  incorporated, 
381. 

Leeds,  town  of,  ii.  591. 

Leni-lenape,  Indians,  i.  454. 

Letters,  anonymous  and  threatenin?, 
ii.262. 

Levant,  town  of,  ii.  632. 

Leverntt,  John,  ii.  76. 

Lewis,  Thomas,  a  patentee  of  Saco,  i. 
237  ;  an  assistant,  or  Councillor'  tvi 
Gorges,  265,  683. 

Lewiston,  town  of,  ii.  568. 

Lexington-battle,  ii.  419. 

Limeric,  town  of,  ii.  534. 

Limington,  town  of,  ii.  554. 

Lincoln  County,  established,  ii.  354  ; 
officers,  355,  445  ;  difficulties  in,  set- 
tled, 623. 

Lincolnville,  town  of,  ii.  594. 

Lisbon,  town  of,  ii.  583. 

Litchfield,  town  of,  ii.  568. 

Lithgow,  William,  Major  General,  ii. 
503,  517,  570;  District  Attorney, 
550  ;  Senator,  708. 

Little  Belt,  attacks  the  frigate  President, 
ii.  621. 

Littlcficld,  James,  Deputy  Commissary 
General,  ii.  428. 

Livermore,  town  of,  ii.  569. 

Lords,  Commissioners  of  plantation. — 
[See  Covunissioners.] 

Lottcry-Toicnships,  ii.  530. 

Loveicell,  John,  Capt.,  his  excursions 
against  the  Indians,  ii.  134  :  his  battle 
at  Pegwacket,  136  ;  killed,  137. 

Lovewelt's  war,  ii.  111. 

Lovell,  Solomon,  General,  a  command- 
er in  the  Penobscot  Expedition,  ii. 
471. 

Lovell,  town  of,  ii.  590. 

Louisbourg,  described,  ii.  220 ;  Beige 
of,  223  ;  officers  and  forces,  226-9  • 
surrender,  232  ;  resigned  back,  257  ; 
a  second  surrender,  331-2. 

Loyal,  fort,  i.  394  ;  founded,  539 ;  gar- 
risoned, 565;  capitulates,  621. 

Lubec,  town  of,  ii.  618. 

Lygonia,  patent,  i.  238  ;  a  plantation, 
266  ;  R.  Rigby  purchases  it  and  ap- 
points G.  Cleaves  Deputy-president, 
295;  his  rights  disputed,  296;  decid- 
ed in  his  favor,  301  ;  governed 
under  Cleaves,  302  ;  his  administra- 
tion, 327 ;  proprietary,  333 ;  the 
body-politic  dissolved  by  Rigby's  son, 
340  ;  refuses  to  submit  to  Massachu- 
setts, 390  ;  does  finally  submit,  391  ; 
terms,  392 ;  annexed  to  Yorkshire, 
395 ;  the  whole  Province  lost  to  the 
heir,  399  ;  the  provincials'  address  to 
the  king,  418-19. 
Lyman,  town  of,  ii.  465. 
Lynde,  Joseph,  a  Councillor,  ii.  76. 


INDEX. 


M. 

Mitddas,  river  described,  i.  83 ;  first 
trading  house  there  249  \  the  place 
attracts  notice,  ii.  380  ;  visited  by  tlie 
British,  430;  461;  garrisoned,  458; 
incorporated,  509. 

Macku'orth,  Jlrtlnir,  a  councillor  under. 
Gorges,  i.  300  ;  under  Cleaves,  328  ; 
life,  684. 

McCohh  Samuel,  attends  Arnold  to  Que- 
bec, ii.  440  ;  Brig.  General  and  Com- 
missioner of  E.  Department,  497. 

Madison,  James,  President  of  United 
States,  ii.  613. 

Madison,  town  of,  ii.  598. 

MagaUoioa.y  river,  described,  i.  43. 

Magocook,  bay,  i.  32. 

Maine,  extent  and  boundaries,  i.  10 — 
17,"  84;  its  geography,  20 — 96;  soils, 
97 ;  climate,  98;  vegetables,  1 05 — 132 ; 
animal  nature,  132 — 173;  minerals, 
174 ;  first  settlement  attempted,  197 — 
203;  3d  attempt  to  plant  a  colony, 
214  ;  inhabitants  on  Monhegan,  226  ; 
at  Saco,  227 ;  in  Sagadahock,  228 ; 
at  Agamcnticus,  231  :  at  Pemaquid, 
242 ;  first  civil  government  264 ; 
Gorges'  Charter,  272 ;  embraces  the 
northerly  Isles  of  Shoals,  276  ;  its 
name,  ^- Maine,"  277;  government, 
278  ;  T.  Gorges,  Deputy  Govern- 
or, 283 ;  divided  into  two  Counties, 
285  ;  republican  administration,  300  ; 
Colonel  Rigby's  claim  east  of  Ken- 
nebunk,  sustained,  302 ;  civil  wars 
of  the  French  generals,  perplex  the 
province,  31 2--15;  323--5  ;  a  Gen. 
Court,  326  ;  the  provincials  combine, 
326 ;  the  administration,  327,  333  ; 
disputes  witii  Massachusetts,  335 — 
339  ;  submits  to  her,  345 — 50  ;  mili- 
tia, 353  ;  taxes,  356 ;  ecclesiastics, 
353-4;  356,378;  records  collected, 
357 ;  the  laws  of  Massachusetts  re- 
ceived and  adopted,  372  ;  criminal 
code,  381  ;  petition  to  Lord  Crom- 
well, 396 ;  quietude  in  being  con- 
nected with  Massachusetts,  400  ; 
Gorges'  claim  established,  402  ;  rev- 
olution, 403,  404  ;  king's  letter  to  the 
provincials,  412;  parties,  414  ;  Arch- 
dale  acts  as  agent  to  Gorges,  ih. ; 
people  under  the  king's  protection, 
416-17  ;  his  Commissioners,  435  ; 
controversy  between  those  of  Mas- 
sachusetts and  the  king's  Justices, 
435 — 7;  Massachusetts  resumes  ju- 
risdiction, 437  ;  her  administration, 
440 — 447  ;  she  purchases  the  Prov- 
ince, 451-2  ;  last  Court  under  her, 
556;  Gorges' charter  resumed,  558; 
Provincial  Government  instituted, 
559  ;  the  Council,  565  ;  General  As- 
sembly, 567 ;    administration   inter- 


rupted, 577-8  ;  restored,  593  ;  last 
General  Assembly,  602  ;  embraced 
by  Charter  of  William  and  Mary, 
600  ;  [Sec  Mte,  601]  ;— Province 
Government,  ii.  14  ;  resettlements, 
31  ;  sufferings  of  the  people  in  the 
Indian  wars,  48,  56,  76,  SO  ;  settlers 
leave  it,  104  ;  its  western  bounda- 
ries, 15G  ;  questioned,  175  ;  referred^ 
196;  decided,  199;  surveyed,  204  : 
new  towns,  157  ;  delayed,  163,  179  ; 
disputes  about  boundaries,  195 — 9 ;, 
places  resettled  or  populated,  210  ; 
defence,  214  ;  the  military,  219  ;  the 
people's  miseries,  236  ;  defensive 
forces,  243,  251,255;  the  people's 
political  and  religious  sentimentsy 
274  ;  settlement  of  the  country,  283, 
287,  289  ;  measures  of  defence,  297, 
302  ;  war,  312 ;  gloom,  323  ;  provin- 
cial interest  promoted  by  tlie  con- 
quest of  Canada,  347  ;  the  incorpora- 
tion of  new  towns  opposed  by  the 
Governor,  359  ;  the  eastern  bounda- 
ry disputed,  363,  511  ;  quieted,  550  ; 
drought  and  fires,  364  ;  spirit  of"  the 
people,  379;  their  politics,  400  ;  the 
Revolution,  402  ;  measures  and  suf- 
ferings, 489 — 426;  defence, 434, 446, 
450,  457  ;  made  a  District,  467,  549' ; 
Courts,  federal,  550  ;  British  attacks, 
479  ;  defence,  480,  496  ;  a  separation 
proposed  and  pursued,  521 ;  Census, 
549  ;  collectors  of  the  customs,  549  ; 
the  country  flourishes,  564  ;  bounda- 
ries, loiJQ ;  made  a  State,  675  ;  first 
Legislature,  676;  periods  of  History, 
080  ;  revenue  and  expenditure, 
682—4. 

Maine  Charity  School,  ii.  638. 

Major  Biguyduce,  described,  i.  71 ;  has 
a  trading-house  erected  there,  233  ; 
plundered,  262;  the  place  occupied 
by  d'Aulney,  308 ;  by  baron  de  Cas- 
tine,  471 ;  seized  upon  by  the  British, 
ii.  469  ;  first  settled,  534  ;  called  Cas- 
tine,  572 :  occupied  by  the  British, 
642. 

Manning,  Kichoias,  i.  684. 

Maps,  of  Maine,  ii.  283,  479. 

Manufactures,  ii.  563,  636,  702. 

March,  Major,  commands  Casco-fort,ii. 
43,  45,  54. 

Marechites,  Indians,  i.  477  ;  village,  ih. 
warriors,  483. 

Marepoint,  i.  39 ;  treaty  of,  649. 

Mariana,  granted  to  Mason,  i.  222. 

Mars  Hill,  described,  i.  19,  94. 

Marsh  Island,  described,  i.  68,  ii.  572. 

Mason,  Mm,  i.  222 :  his  patent,  223, 
236  ;  his  death,  2-59  ;  his  widow, 
Anne,  353  ;  his  Masonia,  256,  2.59  ; 
lost  to  the  heir,  399. 

Massachusetts,  her  Charter,  i.  233 ;  as- 
sailed, 2^58,  269 ;   umpirage  between 


INDEX. 


Die  claimants  of  Maine  and  Lyoronia, 
2'JS;  assists  Gen.  La  Tour,  Sil^  313; 
affronts  d'Aulney,  314  ;  opens  a  trade 
with  him,  316  ;  extends  lier  charter 
into  Maine,  335-6 ;  opposed,  337 : 
denounces  opponents,  339  ;  adopts 
several  towns,  344-5G  ;  extends  her 
laws  to  Maine,  371 — 38-"> ;  her  sup- 
posed eastern  limit,  387  ;  oppo.ses 
Gorges,  4t)4  ;  resumes  her  juri.sdic- 
tion  of  Maine,  405  ;  is  required  to 
restore  Maine  to  Gorges,  406  ;  op- 
poses the  king's  Commissioners,  410, 
418;  remarks  upon  his  letter,  413; 
resumes  tiie  government  of  Maine, 
432,  435  ;  surveys  her  eastern  limits, 
441 ;  forms  Devonshire  County,  443  ; 
purchases  Maine,  451  ;  her  Cliarter 
vacated,  572  ;  new  administration 
formed,  576,  584  ;  a  revolution,  591 ; 
last  Gen.  Court  under  the  Colony- 
charter,  602  ;  Provincial-Charter, 
COO  ,•  Laws  and  administration, 
ii.  10 — 1!) ;  loans,  104;  embarass- 
ments,  318,  334  :  funds,  3G0  ;  a  pop- 
ular convention  had,  384  ,•  Brit,  troops 
stationed  in  her  capital,  385 ;  meas- 
ures of  the  British  ministry  towards 
her,  409  ;  forms  a  provincial  Con- 
gress, 412  :  a  levolution,  433;  new 
Courts,  444;  oaths,  445;  board  of 
war,  451  ;  her  public  affairs,  453  ; 
her  government  under  the  State- 
Constitution,  486  ;  her  public  credit 
low,  498-9  ;  lier  statute  measures, 
502;  her  statute-laws  revised,  512; 
consents  to  a  Separation,  663,  673. 

Masse,  a  Jesuit  Missionary  at  Mt.  De- 
sert, i.  206. 

Matinicus,  described,  i.  63-4. 

■Maverick,  Samuel,  king's  Commission- 
er, i.  409. 

Jiavooshcn,  Indian  name  for  Maine,  i. 13. 

Mercer,  town  of,  ii.  598. 

Merino  Sheep,  imported,  ii.  593;  price, 
659. 

Merrill  Wm.  Rev.  first  superintendant 
of  the  N.  England  churches,  i.  229. 

Merrij-coneag,  described,  i.  32. 

Mcrry-Meeting,  bay,  described,  i.  46. 

Mexico,  town  of,  ii.  668. 

Michmaks,  Indians,  i.  478 ;  kindness, 
321. 

Middle-bay,  i.  32. 

Mile  tree,  a  northern  monument,  i.  15, 
18  :  Mile-comer,  18. 

Militia,  organized,  i,  376  :  formed  into 
a  regiment,  389,  444  ;  new-moddled, 
ii.  17  :  in  the  tovi-ns,  219  :  improved, 
387  :  reorganized,  445 :  revised,  503  ; 
a  4th  decision  formed,  570  ;  5th  and 
6th  formed,  G22 ;  called  for,  629; 
members,  633 ;  635;  improved,  681- 

.W(7/.'?,''favorcd  and  regulated,  ii.  73. 

Minerals,  described,  i.  174. 


Ministers  of  the  Gospel,  ii.  78,  157  ;  in 
the  towns,  278—281 :  30  in  all,  400  : 
sectarian,  487,  583,  688. 

Minot,  town  of,  ii.  594. 

Mitten,  Michael,  i.  683. 

Monhrgan,  tribes,  i.  454. 

Mohawks,  i.  322:  the  tribes,  454  :  trea- 
ty, ii.  299. 

Monhciran  Island,  described,  i.  61 :  set- 
tledr226:  sold,  232. 

Money,  (see  coins,)  current,  i.  382 : 
scarcity,  ii.  203  :  remitted  hither 
from  England,  260  :  gold,  a  tender, 
3()0  :  metalic  and  federal,  570. 

Monmoiith,  town  of,  ii.  553. 

Monroe,  town  of,  ii.  668. 

Monseag  bay,  described,  i.  52. 

Montgomery,  Gen.  captures  Montreal, 
ii.  439  ;  death,  444. 

Monument,  Easter,  i.  14,  86. 

Montville,  town  of,  ii.  608. 

MoscoiD,  town  of,  ii.  660. 

Moody,  Samuel,  i.  684. 

Moose  Island,  described,  i.  85. — [See 
Eastport.'] 

Moulton,  Jeremiah,  expedition  against 
Norridgewock,  ii.  124  :  takes  the 
place,  130  :  a  Councillor,  Judge  and 
military  Commander,  226,  350-1. 

Mount  Desert,  described,  i.  78 :  the 
residence  of  two  Jesuits,  205  :  grant- 
ed, ii.  362,  515  :  incorporated,  545. 

Mountjoy,  George,  surve3's  the  Mass. 
patent,  as  extended  into  Maine,  i. 
441 :  a  king's  Justice,  416:  life,  684. 

Mount-Vernon,  town  of,  ii.  555. 

Mousom,  river  described,  i.  26. 

Muwett,  Capt.  visits  Falmouth,  ii.  417  , 
dismantles  fort  Pownal,  418  :  is  seiz- 
ed by  Col.  Thompson,  422  :  released 
and  leaves  the  harbor,  425  :  burns 
Falmouth,  437  :  stationed  at  'Biguy- 
duce,  469. 
Muscongus,  river  and  island  described, 
i.  58  ;  patent  granted,  240  ;  divided, 
ii.  97;  called  the  Waldo-patent,  ib. ; 
settled  by  Irish,  238 ;  by  Germans, 
284. 
Muster -masters,  ii.  451. 

]¥. 

JYarraguagus,  river  described,  i.  81. 

JVarraganset,  townships,  ii.  181. 

JVaiiseao,  [See  A'equasset.] 

Xcal,  Walter,  agent  of  Gorges  and  Ma- 
son, i.  244  ;  Francis,  685. 

JVeddock,  Cape,  described,  i.  24  :  the 
place  destroyed,  540,  628. 

JVegunkct,  i.  25. 

jXcgrocs,  or  Blacks,  ii.  74  :  number,  373. 

J\'tlscn,  John,  Governor  of  JN.  Scotia, 
ii.  23. 

.Yerpiassct,  i.52:  settled,  243;  destroy- 


INDEX. 


723 


ed,  535  :  a  precinct  of  Georgetown, 

ii.  89. 
Mutrals,  French.— [See  "  French  J\^eu- 

trals^l 
JVew- Brunswick,  ■  Province    cstablised, 

ii.  510. 
JVeicburgh,  town  of,  ii.  674. 
JVeiccastlc.  i.  408 ;  visited  by  the  Duke's 

Commissioners,   582  ;     incorporated 

a  town,  ii.  290. 
JVeio-Englaiid,  named,  i.  213 ;  patent  of, 

granted,  220  ;    general  government 

attempted,  228;    complaints  against 

the   corporation,   230. — [See    "  Pltj- 

mouth  Council.' '1^ 
JVeivficld,  town  of,  i.  5GG. 
KewfomuUand,  its  fishery,  i.   183:    ii. 

504,   659;  colonized,  i."  207. 
New  France,  its  extent,  i.  261 ;  ii.  294. 
New- Gloucester,  granted,    ii.  187;    at- 
tacked,    270,     320  ;      incorporated, 

406-7. 
JVew- Hampshire,   settled,  i.   228,  244; 

patented,    236  ;      confirmed,    256  ; 

unites     with     Massachusetts,    290  ; 

restored  to  R.  T.  Mason,  399,   402 ; 

a  separate  Colon}',  A.  D.  1680,  and 

Governor,   ii.    204  ;    disputes   about 

boundary,  195. 
Neicichaioannock,  river  described,  i.  22  ; 

first  settled,  243;  Indians,  458,460 

[See  Berimck.] 
New  Meadows,  river  described,  i.  33. 
Newport,  town  of,  ii.  638. 
New-Portland,  town  of,  ii.  609. 
Neiory,  town  of,  ii.  599. 
New-Scotland. — [See  "Nova  Scotia."] 
Neic-Sharon,  town  of,  ii.  514,  567. 
Neic-Somersctshire,  two  of  the  12  Royal 

divisions,  or  provinces  of  the  Grand 

Patent  and  lands,  i.  256 ;    governed 

by  Gorges,  264  ;  desirous  of  joining 

Massachusetts,  271. 
Newspapers,  first  one  in  Maine,  ii.  522  ; 

number,  672. 
New  Style,  adopted,  ii.  28G. 
Neio  Tenor,  ii.  208. 
New  Townships,  ii.  180,  514. 
New-York,   granted    to    the   Duke  of 

York,  i.  407,  445  :    subdued  by  the 

English,  409:    Nichols,   Gov.  433: 

Andros,   445,  555,   584  :     Dungan, 

581. 
New-Vineyard,  town  of,  594. 
Nichols,  Col.  Richard,  a  royal  commis- 
sioner, i.   408-9:    Gov.  of  N.  York 

and  Sagadahock, 433. 
Nisi  prius,  system  of  trials,  adopted,  ii. 

596. 
Noble,  James,   claim    under    Brown,  i. 

330. 
Noble,  Jlrthur,  killed  at  Minas,  ii.  250, 1 

540. 
Nohleborough,  town  of,  ii.  540.   [166.] 
NQTombegua,  i.  191,  248. 


Norridgeioock,  Indian  village,  i.  49, 
467 ;  Catholic  chapel  there,  ii.  27 ; 
burnt,  49,  131  ;  a  corporate  town, 
539. 

North-Hill,  town  of,  ii.  661. 

N'orlhport,-town  of,  ii.  573. 

•Korlh-  Yarmouth,  a  town  grant,  i.  564  ; 
settlement  broke  up.  607-8 ;  reset- 
tled, ii.  81,  109;  a  town  with  full 
immunities,  158  ;  attacked  by  the  In- 
dians, 237. 

Norton,  Henry,  first  Marshall  of  York- 
shire, i.  348. 

Norway,  town  of,  ii.  576. 

Notaries  Public,  first  noticed,  i.  288; 
chosen,  ii.  103;  named,  479. 

Nova  Scotia,  chartered  to  Sir  W.  Alex- 
ander, i,  223;  settled,  224;  surren- 
dered to  the  French,  247  ;  governed 
by  Razilla,  248  ;  captured  under  Lord 
Cromwell,  360 ;  his  charter  to  three 
applicants,  363  ;  surrendered  to 
France,  by  treaty  of  Breda,  427 ; 
governed,  579  ;  reduced  by  Sir  W. 
Phips,  596 ;  embraced  by  the  Char- 
ter of  William  and  Mary,  ii.  9  ;  re- 
signed to  the  Crown,  24  ;  conceded 
to  the  French,  26  ;  conquered  by  the 
English,  60  ;  its  affairs,  100;  popu- 
lation, 246  ;  disturbed,  264  ;  fortified, 
296 ;  the  French  Neutrals  ni  it  sub- 
dued, 307-8;  its  government  improv- 
ed, 345  ;  list  of  governors  and  rulers 
in  it,  368  — [See  Jicadia.] 

No)ics,  John,  fishery  at  Kennebec,  ii. 
90-1. 


Ohio-fever,  ii.  664. 

Oldham,  a  patentee   of  Saco,  i.  237 ; 

killed,  268,  685. 
Oldtoicn,    described,  i.   68,  473;     de- 

stro3'ed  ;  ii.  121. 
Openangos,  Indians,  i,  474.-[See  'Quod- 

dy  Indians.} 
Orlaiid,  granted,  ii.  362 ;  a  town,  590. 
Orono,  town  of,  ii.  601. 
Orplian  Island,  i.  69;   first  inhabited, 

ii.  370,  (note  *.) 
Orrington,  town  of,  ii.  538. 
Ossipee,  Great  and  Little  river,  describr 

ed,  i.  28. 
Otisficld,  town  of,  ii.  579. 
O.tford  County,  established,  ii.  600. 

P. 

Palermo,  town  of,  ii.  598. 

Palmer,  John,  a  Commissioner  at  Saga- 
dahock, under  Dungan,  i.  582. 

Palmyra,  town  of,  ii.  609. 

Paper  Money,  fivst  introduced,  i.  .599; 
an  evil,  ii.  85;  loaned,  104,  163  ;  re- 
deemable, 181 ;  land  bank,  203  ;  old 


Vol.  11  = 


92 


INDEX. 


and  new  tenor,  208  ;  redeemed,  261 ; 
emitted    conditionally,    282 ;     very 
scarce,   319,  434  ;    first   continental 
bills,  425;     depreciated,  40(5,    498; 
Bank-bills,  595,  G85. 
Parker's  Isliind,   or  Erascohegan,  de- 
scribed, i.  53 ;    purchased    by   John 
Parker,  330,  C85 ;    a    precinct   and 
part  of  Georgetown,  ii.  89. 
Paris,  town  of,  ii.  550. 
Parliament,  acts  of  as  to  the   Post-of- 
fice,  ii.  74 ;    against  trespasses,   96, 
282  ;  as  to  navigation  and  iron,  282  ; 
molasses,  283;    stamps,   378;    teas, 
382.— [See  "  B.  A.  System:'] 
Parsonsficld,  a  town,  ii.  518. 
PflrtJM,  political,  i.   G02;  [See"rf7«V' 
and*'  Torij,"   ii.  358 ;    "Democrats" 
and  "  Federalists,"  ii.  5.58,  (JOO,  (320.] 
Passamaquoddy ,  i.  84  ;    Indians,  474  ; 

ii.  their  site,  591. 
Passaconaioay,  an  Indian  Chief,  i.  401. 
Patents  of  land ,  i.  188.  220,  223,  231, 

233,  23(;,  237,  238,  240,  241  250. 
Pegwacket,  i.   28;    an  Indian  village, 

400 ;  battle  of,  ii.  137. 
Pegypscot,  falls,  i.  40  ;  settlement,  200  ; 
its  jurisdiction   assigned  to   Massa- 
chusetts, 290 ;  destroyed  by   the   In- 
dians, 520  ;  Indian  deed  to  Purclias, 
573;  fort,  590;    .settlement  revived, 
ii.  29  ;  the  purchase  changes  owners, 
87  ;  boundary  settled,  584. 
Pemaquid,   river,  i.   57;    patent,  241; 
plantation,  207 ;  its  government,  329, 
333 ;    burnt,  537 ;     revived,    581-2, 
587 ;    destroyed.    012 ;     revived,    ii. 
100.— [See  Bristol.'] 
Pendleton,   Bryan,  a  commissioner,  i. 
348;    one    of   Danforth's    Council, 
505 ;  life,  080. 
Pcnohscot,  the  river   described,  i.  C5; 
discovered,  180;  first  explored,  193  ; 
first  trading  house  there,  233 ;    de- 
stroyed, 248  ;  plundered,  202 ;  occu- 
pied by  d'Aulney,  308,  311 ;   a  place 
of  trade,  323;  governed  by  Colonel 
Temple,  363-4,  400 ;  seized  by   the 
Dutch,  yet  abandoned,  580-1  ;  Wines 
there  taken,  583:   Andros  visits  it, 
587  ;  population,  588  ;  embraced   by 
the  Charter  of   William  and   Mary, 
GOO  ;  Villieu,  French  Governor,  040; 
viewed  and  visited,  ii.  250, 284 ;  pos- 
session taken  and  fort  Pownal  built, 
335 — 8 ;   &ettlements  proposed,  342  ; 
twelve  townships  granted,  301  ;   fort 
Pownal  dismantled, 418  ;  seized  upon 
by  the  British,  408  ;  abandoned,  504  ; 
— [See  "Major  Biguydncc."    ;  occu- 
pied by  the  British,  (>40 — 050;    gov- 
ernment instituted,  051 ;  evacuated, 
057. 
Penobscot  Indians. -[See  "  Tarratines."] 
"     "     town  of,  ii.  302,  534. 
"     "     County  established,  ii.  061. 


Peqnots,  Indians,  destroyed,  i.  208. 
Pcpperdl,  [Sir]  Williajn,  a  militia  Col. 
ii.  200  ;  commander  in  the  siege   of 
Louisbourg,  224;  his  victory, ^232 ; 
knighted,  233  ;  commands   the  Cas- 
tle, 328;  his  death,  341 ;  his  family, 
i.  067. 
Pcppcrellhorough,  ii.  384. — [See  Saco^] 
Perry,  town  of,  ii.  008. 
Philip,  Indian  king,  war,  i.  515  :  death, 

533. 
Philiips,  Walter,  early  settler   at  New- 
castle, i.  089;  ii.  290. 
Phillips,   William,  Major  Commandant 
in  Yorkshire,  i.   403;    his    property, 
ii.  383;  his  character;  i.  688. 
Phillips,  town  of,  ii.  020. 
Phillipstown,  now  Sanford. 
Phinncy,  Colonel,  ii.  428. 
Phips,  Sir  Wm.  subdues  Nova  Scotia, 
i.  590;  expedition  to  Canada,  596-7; 
Governor  of  Massachusetts,  034  ;  re- 
cal  and  death,  ii.  22. 
1  hips,  Spencer,  Councillor  and   Lieut. 
Governor,   ii.  101-2 ;    in  the  chair, 
200. 
Phipshurgh,  town  of,  ii.  037 
Fiscataqua,  river  described,  i.  21,  186; 
its   plantations,  244,  205 ;  combina- 
tion, 280. 
Piscataquis,  river  described,  i.  67. 
Pitt,  Wm.  at  the  head  of  the  British 

ministry,  ii.  330 
Pittston,  tor/n  of,  ii.  407. 
Plaistcd,  Roger,  and  sons,  i.  404,  528, 
090;    Ichubod,  a  councillor,  ii.  75; 
a  land-committee,  80. 
Plantations,   not  taxed,  ii.  186;    first 

taxed,  281. 
Plants,  native,  i.  118. 
Plough-jmtent,  i.  238  ;    its  end,  342.— 

[See  Lygonia.] 
Pit/mouth  Council  or  Campany's  Grand 
Patent,  i.   220;    assailed,  ^29,  254; 
divided  into  twelve  Royal  Provinces, 
and  dissolved,  256 — 8. 
Plymmith  Colony,  planted,  i.  219. 
Plymouth   Patent,   on    the    Kennebec, 
granted,  i.  233,  230  ;  homicide  there, 
252-3  ;  trade  and  government  Avithin 
it,  305,  309  :  sold,  370  :  bounded,  ii. 
583. — [See  "  Kenneheck."] 
Poland,  town  of,  ii.  508. 
Pool,  described,  i.  22. 
Pophaiii,   fort   i.  199;    trading   house, 

252  ;  perhaps  called  fort  .Iniie,  590. 
Poindati.on.\.)lb7 ,U7 ;  ii.  180,212,357, 
373,  017:— natives,  47i),  483;  ii.  372, 
009 ;  Negroes,  ii.  373. 
Porter,  town  of,  ii.  008. 
Portland,  incorporated,  ii.  528 ;    [See 
Falmouth;]    i.   239,   429,   620;      ii. 
81—3,  473. 
Post-office,  first  established,  ii.  74. 
Povcy,  Thomas,  Lieutenant  Governor, 
ii.  34. 


INDEX. 


725 


Pmcell,  Jeremiah,  Representative  to 
General  Court,  from  N.  Yarmouth,  i. 
565;  a  councillor, ii.  485 ;  president 
of  the  first  Senate,  485. 

Potcnal,  Thomas,  Governor,  arrives,  ii. 
327 ;  his  measures  at  St.  Georges, 
:333 ;  a  watchful  ruler,  849 ;  leaves 
the  Province,  355. 

Powruil,  town  of,  ii.  609. 

Puwmilhorough,  a  town,  ii.  352  ;  Shire 
town,  532. 

Prchlc,Mraham,a.  Commissioner  i.  348  ; 
an  associate,  397  ;  a  councillor,  300  ; 
life,  690. 

Preble,  Jedediah,  commands  fort  Pow- 
nal,  ii.  33d,  344  ;  resigns  to  Goldth- 
wait,  371 ;  a  general  officer,  416 ;  a 
councillor,  484 ;  a  Senator,  487 ; 
death,  484. 

Preble,  Edward,  naval  commander,  ii. 
604  ;  Fort  Preble,  i.  35. 

Presbyterians,  ii.  C94. 

Presumpscot,  river  described,  i.  31. 

Pretender,  son  of  James,  II.,  li.  33. 

Pring  Martin,  his  voyage,  i.  18-5. 

Proprieties,  ii.  182,  287. 

Prospect,  town  of,  ii.  565. 

Public  lands,  [See  Committees  on  lands, 
ii.  569,  592,  679.] 

Purchas,  Thomas ,  settles  in  Brunswick, 
i.  266  ;  one  of  \V.  Gorges'  assistants, 
265  ;  assigns  Pegypscot  to  Massachu- 
setts, 290;  sole  assistant  on  Kenne- 
bec, 367 ;  his  lawsuit  with  Mrs.  Way, 
39S ;  char:!cter,  690. 

Purpondic,  discribed,  i.  30  ;  [See  Cajjc 
Elizabeth,  ii.  :'77.] 

Quaheag,  bay,  described,  i.  32. 

(Quakers,  law  against,  i.  380 ;  persecut- 
ed, 593  ;  ii.  276 ;  numbers,  282, 
Note  *,  698. 

Qnanipeagan  Falls,  i.  21  ;  settlement 
there,  243. 

Quebec,  province  of,  i.  13;  captured,  ii. 
340  ;  its  government,  367. 

'Quoddy  Indians,  i.  474-5-6; — [See 
Opcna?igos,]  numbers,  483 ; 

IS* 

Rale,  Sebastian,  ii.  92;    his  character 

and  conduct,  101,  106;  killed,  130. 
Rainbouillet  decree,  ii.  613. 
Randolph,  Edward,  reports,  i.  449,  5G0. 
Raymond,  town  of,  ii.  598. 
Raynes,  Francis,  i.  691. 
Razilla,  M.  de,  Ruler  of  Acadia,  i.  248  ; 

grant  to   him,   249 ;    resided   at  la 

Heve,  262  ;  death,  307. 
Rcadfield,  town  of,  ii.  553. 
Records,  collected,  i.  357  ;  removed  from 

Boston  to  the  Eastern  Counties,  ii. 

573;  "  Sheepscot  Records,"  i.  424. 


Religious,  Sectarians,  ii.  275,  G91 ;  free- 
dom bill,  619. 

Reptiles,  i.  169. 

Republicans,  [See  Democrats.] 

Restrictive  system,  begun,  ii.  602  ;  Em- 
bargo, 603  ;  non-intercourse,  612 ; 
examined,  621 ;  repealed,  635. 

Revolution,  Jlmcrican,  commences,  ii. 
413;  committees  of  safety  and  sup- 
plies, 416  ;  colonists  arouse  to  arms, 
419  ;  military  officers  appointed, 
425,  428;  civil  officers  commissioned 
anew,  433;  events  of  the  war,  427 — 
501  ;  army  disbanded,  504. 

Reynal,  Nicholas,  i.  691. 

Richards,  Jolbn,  purchases  Jeremisquam, 
i.  330. 

Richman's  Isl.  i.  30  ;  battle  there,  541. 

Richmond-fort,  ii.  97  ;    attacked,  268. 

Rigby,  Sir  Jllexunder,  his  character,  i. 
299;  purchases  Lygonia,  295;  his  title 
confirmed,  301 ;  provincial  adminis- 
tration, 327-8 ;  death,  328. 

Ripley,  town  of,  ii.  661. 

Rishicurth,  Eda-ard,  a  Councillor  and 
recorder,  i.  303  :  clerk  of  the  Courts, 
348  ;  a  deputy  to  the  General  Court, 
349,452;  an  associate,  497;  Arch- 
dale's  assistant,  411  ;  his  character, 
691. 

Robbinston,  incorporated  a  town,  ii.  618. 

Robinson,  Francis,  a  councillor,  i  298, 
300. 

Road,  first  laid  out  from  Pegypscot  to 
Brunswick,  ii.  8G  ;  from  Kennebec 
to  Penobscot,  and  extended  to  Pas- 
samaquoddy,  -532. 

Rocroft,  Edward,  his  voyage,  i.  217. 

Rome,  town  of,  ii.  598. 

Rowlcs,  an  Indian  Chief,  i.  461. 

Royall,  William,  one  of  Cleaves' assist- 
ants, i.  327  ;  sketch  of  character,  G91. 

Royall's  River,  described,  i.  31. 

Rumford,  town  of,  ii.  590. 

Saco,  river  described,  i.  27 ;  discover- 
ed, 186;  plantation  settled,  227; 
patents,  237 ;  seat  of  government, 
264,  283,  285;  submits  to  Mass. 
and  made  a  town,  350  ;  Note  upon 
it,  352  ;  visited  by  the  king's  Com- 
missioners, 429 — 30  ;  people  driven 
away  by  the  Indians,  522;  return,  ii. 
29 ;  again  forced  to  leave,  42,  45  ;  re- 
settled, 81  :  [See  Biddeford;]  divided 
and  called  Peppercllborough,  394 
and  Note. 

Sagadahock,  river  discribed,  i.  42;  first 
colony  began,  198  ;  abandoned,  201  ; 
resettled,  228  ;  "  a  territory"  so  called 
and  settled  243  ;  267  ;  extent, 
328,  408 ;  granted  as  a  Province 
to  the  duke  of  York,  407 ;  king's 
Commissioners  form  a  government 


INDEX. 


there,  420-1 ;  its  records,  424  ;  its 
Justices,  441  .-  embraced  in  part  by 
the  claim  of  Massachusetts,  442 : 
neglected  by  Governor  Lovelace, 
441-3 ;  formed  into  a  new  County 
by  Massachusetts,  443  ;  governed  by 
Andros,  under  the  duke's  new  Patent, 
445 ;  by  Dungan,  5tiO-l-2 ;  by  An- 
dros, 5rf7 ;  embraced  by  Charter  of 
William  and  Mary,  6(!(i  ;  claimed  by 
the  French  as  v/ell  as  by  the  English, 
ii.  26 ;  disputed,  27 ;  its  history 
blended  with  that  of  Nova  Scotia, 
62;  laid  waste,  68;  its  soil  claimed 
by  the  crown,  06  ;  its  settlement  pro- 
jected, by  Armstrong  and  Coram,  \)G  ; 
100 ;  Councillor  Dudley's  case, 
103  ;  condition  of  the  Province,  164  ; 
possessed  by  Dunbar,  166  ;  himself 
removed,  176  ;  jurisdiction  resumed 
by  Massachusetts,  177 ;  dormant 
claims  revived,  192 ;  claimed  in  part 
by  the  French,  291  ;  towns  located 
in  it,  361 :  lino  between  the  province 
and  Nova  Scotia  disputed,  363 ;  its 
settlements,  384-9 ;  seized  upon  by 
the  British,  650 — 3  ;  Councillors  for 
this  Province.  11,  75. 161,  350,484-5. 

Sagamores,  Indian,  i.  516,  605  :  ii.  69, 
149. 

Saint  Germains,  treaty  of,  i.  246-7. 

Salaries,  ii.  51 ,  98,  160,  168,  184. 

Salmon-fall,  river  described,  i.  21. 

Saltonstall,  Commodore,  ii.470:  defeat- 
ed, 476  :  cashiered,  478 

Sandjurd,  town  of,  ii.  1^2  :  incorporat- 
ed. 383. 

Sanger ciUe,  town  of,  ii.  638. 

Sanlitij,  Robert,  Provost  marshall,  i.  282. 

Sassafras,  i.  Ill  :  medicinal,  186. 

Scammel,  fort,  i.  35. 

Seammon,  Ilumphrey,  i.  692 :  James, 
Colonel,  leads  a  Regiment  to  Cam- 
bridge, ii.  419. 

Scarborough,  i.  29:  first  settled,  236, 
265  :  submits  to  Massachusetts  and 
made  a  town,  391-2  :  visited  by  the 
king's  Commissioners,  420 :  burnt 
523,  540 :  revived,  570  :  the  people 
flee  before  the  Indians,  622 :  town 
resettled,  ii.  29 :  attacked,  42,  44  : 
revived.  81-2. 

Schoodic  or  St.  Croix,  river  described, 
i.  85,  190  :  its  banks  settled,  ii.  510  : 
disputes  of  the  borderers,  510-11. 

Schools,  [See  Education.] 

Scottow,  Joshua,  his  residence,  i.  392  : 
one  of  President  Danforth's  council, 
565,  593,692:  a  Judge  of  probate, 
and  his  son.  Register,  ii.  16. 

Seamen's  war,  ii.  630. 

Searsmont,  town  of,  ii.  637. 

Sea-serpent,  ii.  ()71. 

Sehascodegan,  island,  i.32,40:  purchas- 
ed, 365. 


Sebnsticooli,  river  described,  i.  50. 

Sebngo,  lake  and  pond,  i.  31. 

Sebcc,  town  of,  ii.  626. 

Sectaries,  religious,  ii.  159,  692 — 700 

Sedgwick,  Robert,  an  officer  in  the  con- 
quest of  Nova  Scotia,  i.  360. 

Sedgicick,  town  of,  granted,  ii.  362;  in- 
corporated, 541. 

Sedition-laiD,  ii.  581. 

Scgtdn,  Island  described,  i.  42. 

Separation  of  Maine  from  Massachu- 
setts attempted,  ii.  52] — 5;  resumed, 
603;  effected,  671. 

Shuplcigh,  Nicholas,  a  councillor,  i.  298, 
325 ;  collector  and  shire  treasurer, 
347;  Colonel,  389;  associate,  397  ; 
a  sketch  of  his  character,  693. 

Shaplcigh,  town  of,  ii.  517. 

Shays,  Daniel,  rebellion,  ii.  530. 

Shevpscot,  river,  i.  54  ;  "  farms,"  or  plan- 
tation, 243  ;  peopled  by  the  Dutch, 
420;  records,  424;  fortified, -590;  de- 
stroyed, 6U9;   [See  Dartmouth,}  also 

.    Newcastle,  ii.  290. 

Shellfish,  species  of,  i.  165. 

Shii-e  toicns,  ii.  549. 

Shirlcij,  William,  Governor,  appointed, 
ii.  204,  Conmiissioner  to  France,  260 ; 
returns,  291 ;  leaves  the  Province, 
319. 

Shoals,  Isles  of,  [See  "  Isles  of  Skoals"] 
i.  345,  349 ;  inhabited  by  forty  fami- 
lies, 401,  600 ;  division  of  them,  ii. 
197. 

Shurtc,  Abraham,  agent  of  Elbridge 
and  Aldsworth,  i.  232:  took  posses- 
sion of  Pemaquid,  242 :  a  magis- 
trate, 267,  328  :  detained  at  Penob- 
scot by  d'Aulucy,  315 :  his  truce 
with  the  Indians,  526  :  his  deposi- 
tion, 603  :  character,  694. 

Shutc,  Samuel,  Governor,  ii.  86 :  ar- 
rives, 91 :  returns  to  England,  110. 

Sidney,  town  of,  ii.  553. 

Slavery,  abolished,  ii.  536  :  Slaves,  373. 

Small,  Edward,  a  councillor,  i.  300. 

Small-point,  Cape,  i.  33. 

Small-pox.  fatal  among  the  Indians,  i. 
440  :  and  English,  ii.  329,  466. 

Smith,  John,  Capt.  i.  .211  :  visits  Saga- 
dahock,212:  his  map  and  history  of 
New-England,  213:  attempts  a  Col- 
ony, 214. 

Sokotis,  Indians,  i.  459 :  described, 
465 :  warriors,  483. 

Soils,  i.  97. 

Solon,  town  of,  ii.  611. 

Somersetshire, — [See  "  J\^eio  Somerset- 
shire.] 

Somerset,  or  JYew-Somerset,  a  new 
county  or  "  District,"  under  Gorsres, 
"East''  of  Kcnnebunk,  i.  285. 

Somerset  County,  established,  ii.  611. 

So2inds,  into  Portland-harbor,  i.  34. 

South  Berwick,  town  of,  ii.  638. 


INDEX. 


727 


Spanish  war,  ii.  202,  234,  253. 
Speculation,  in  lands,  ii.  163. 
Spencer,  Roger,  claims  part  of  Arrow- 
sick,  i.  330  ,  character,  694. 
Spruce  creek,  i.  22. 
Spuricink,  i.  29. 
St.  Albans,  town  of,  ii.  632. 
St.  Croix,   decision  as  to  it,  by  Com- 
missioners,   i.    14  :    ii.     57d. — [See 
"  SchoocUc"  and  "  Croix,  St."] 
St.  Francois  Indians, ii.  40  :  village  de- 
stroyed, 340-1. 
St.    Georges,   river   described,    i.     59 : 
Islands,  CO  :  town  of,  ii.  597  :    Fort, 
97,  287. 
St.  Gerviuius,  treaty  of,  i.  246-7. 
St.    Johns,     liver     described,  i.    88-9 : 

Indians,  477,  483. 
Stamp-act,  ii.  378  :  repealed,  379  :  Fed- 
eral, 588. 
Standish,  granted,  ii.  284  :    incorporat- 
ed, 517. 
Starks,  town  of,  ii.  569. 
Steuben,  town  of,  granted,  ii.  362  :    in- 
corporated, 568. 
Steven^,  river  described,  i.  33. 
Strong,  Caleb,  Governor,  ii.  5S8. 
Strong,  town  of,  ii.  591. 
Slrouduiatcr ,  i.  30  :    [See   Wcsthrooh,  ii. 

638."] 
Siurgcon- Creek,  described,  i.  22. 
Suassaye,  arrives  at  Mt.  Desert,  i.  209 
Subercasc,  succeeds  Brouillon  in   Nova 

Scotia,  ii.  49. 
Sullivan,  James,  Gov.  ii.    605:    death, 

610. 
Sullivan,  town  of.  granted,  ii.  3b2  :    in- 
corporated, 544. 
Sumner,   Increase,    Governor,    ii.    574, 

577  :  deatli,  585. 
Sumner,  town  of,  ii.  580. 
Surry,  town  of,    granted,  ii.   362;  in- 
corporated, 5!>8. 
Surveyors    of  the  king's  -woods,  ii.  28, 

213,  380. 
Swa7i  Island,  i.  50. 
Sicanville,  town  of,  ii.  668. 
Swarto7i,  Hunnali,  her  captivity,  i.  657. 
Sweden,  town  of  ii.  632. 
Synod,  i.  379,  opposed,  ii.  153. 

T. 

Tappan,  Christopher,  his  tract,  i.   330  ■ 

resettled,  ii.  97,  107,  290  ;  the  riaht, 

623. 
Tar  and  Pitch,  ii.  95. 
Tarratine.  Indians,  i.  4.59  ;    described, 

470  ;    village,   472  ;    numbers,  483  ; 

troubled,  ii.  310  ;  war  against  them, 

317  ;  friendly,  324,  426  ;   treaty  with 

them,  .571,  [See  Treaties.] 
Taxation,  manner  of,  i.  385 :  taxes,  ii. 

286,  684  ;  federal,  632. 
Tea  act,  ii.  382 ;  tea  destroyed,  404, 408. 
Ttconnet  falls,  i.  .50. 


Temple,  Sir  Thomas,  Governor  of  Nova 
Scotia,  i.  362  ;  his  character,  363 : 
his  reappointment,  406;  death  and 
will,  428. 

Temple,  town  of,  ii.  597. 

T/iuLchcr,  George,  Rerpresentative  to 
Congress,  ii.  536,  562  ; 

Thomaston,  first  settled,  ii.  238;  en- 
larged, 284  ;  incorporated,  460. 

Thompson,  Colonel  Samuel,  seizes 
Mowett,  ii.  422  ;  a  Brigadier  Gener- 
eral,  445  ;  ordered  to^  detach  militia, 
469 ;  a  Senator,  708.° 

Tliorndike,  town  of,  ii.  674. 

Tlirnat-distemper,  ii.  186. 

Timber-trees,  belonging  to  the  crown 
to  be  preserved,  ii.  28,  74  ;  consid- 
ered, 94,  99;  laws  to| preserve  them, 
508. 

Tonnage,  ii.  617. 

Topskam,  ii.  87-8  ;  families  there,  159  ; 
incorporated,  374. 

Tories,  i.  602;  ii.  420. 

Tour,  Claude,  St.  Estienne  de  la,'  oh- 
tains  a  patent  of  lands  at  St.  Johns, 
i.  245 ;  a  baronet,  246  ;  obtains  an 
assignment  from  Sir  W.  Alexander 
to  himself  and  his  son  Charles,  246 ; 
four  of  them  granted  to  the  father, 
250  ;  has  command  eastward  of  St. 
Croix,  262. 

Tour,  Charles  dc  la,  seated  at  the  river 
St.  John,  claims  to  rule  from  Passa- 
maquoddy,  eastward,  i.  308  ;  is  aprot- 
estant,  309  ;  quarrels  with  d'Aulney 
and  flees  to  Boston,  309-10  ;  appoint- 
ed Lieut.  Gov.  in  Acadia,  310  ;  ob- 
tains an  outfit,  313  ;  his  wife  arrives 
at  Boston,  and  obtains  money  by 
law  and  returns  to  St.  John,  316-17; 
repels  d'Aulney,  318  ;  is  plundered 
and  his  wife  made  a  prisoner  and 
dies,  320-1  ;  runs  away,  321-2 ;  re- 
turns and  marries  d'Aulney "s  widow, 
323 ;  his  employment,  359 ;  hist 
death  and  character,  302 ;  his  heir, 
S.  la  Tour,  362. 

Touni  Officers,  i.  375  ;  ii.  683. 

Townshend,  surveyed  by  Dunbar  and 
established,  ii.  166. — [See  Boothbay.] 

Tow-v;oh,  i.  180. — [See  Lebanon.] 

Trade,  ii.  162^188,209,203,283,348, 
370,381,  385;  in  lumber,  fish  and 
ashes,  508,  617,  700 ;  at  Castine, 
653 ;  in  general,  659. 

Treason,  law  against,  ii.  457. 

Treaties,  St.  Germains,  i.  246-7 ;  Nova 
Scotia  confirmed  to  the  English,  361 ; 
Indian,  424  ;  Breda,  427  ;  Mugg's, 
543;  Casco,  .5.52;  Portsmouth,  575; 
Pemaquid,  638;  Ryswick,  648; 
Mare-point,  649;  Utrecht,  ii.  66 ; 
Portsmouth  ib.  Arrowsick,  92  ; 
Boston,  148 ;  Aix-la-Chapelle,  257 ; 
Falmouth,  258  ;  Halifax,  344  ;  Wa- 
tertown,4.50  :  Paris,  367,  .504  ;  Tarra- 


INDEX. 


tine,  516, 571, 660 ;  Commercial  with 
England,  5G1;  French,  586;  English, 
656. 

Trtes.  species  of.  i.  105. 

Trenton,  battle  of,  ii.  457. 

Trenton,  town  of,  granted,  ii.  362  ;  in- 
corporated, 543. 

Trespasses,  in  royal  woods,  forbidden, 
ii.  96,  16$,  1S9,*213,  262. 

Troij,  town  of,  ii.  626. 

Truckhouses,  i.  249  ;  established,  ii.  147. 
153 ;  and  masters,  1-54  :  re-opened, 
263,  264  ;  trade  resumed,  356. 

Trustee  Process,  first  instituted,  ii.  349. 

Truxton's,  victory,  ii.  -561. 

Tucker,  Richard,  a  joint  settler  £md 
claimant  of  Falmouth,  i.  393. 

Tucker,  Com.  Samuel,  his  naval  success, 
ii.  -iik. 

Turner,  town  of.  ii.  .528. 

Tyng,  a  prisoner,  i.  659,  ii.^  45. 

Tyng,  Edward,  Capt.  Commands  in 
the  siege  of  Louisbourg,  ii.  22^3  : 
character,  i.  69-5. 

u. 

Union,  river  described,  i.  77  ;  the  town- 
ships located,  ii.  302. 

Union,  town  of,  ii.  528. 

Union  of  four  Colonics,  i.  292  :  they 
refuse  to  admit  Maine  and  Ly gonia, 
297  ;  aid  in  second  Indian  war,  614 
-15  :  •  General  Union'  proposed,  ii. 
299. 

United  States,  declare  independence,  ii.  i 
447 ;  raise  an  army,  453 :  joined  by 
the   Eastern    Indians,  463 ;     make 
peace,  504  :  adopt  the  national  Con- 
stitution, 535. 

Unity,  town  of,  ii.  -598. 

T. 

Valuations,  general,  taken  for  the  ap- 
portionment of  taxes,  ii.  185,  212, 
285,  357,  508,  590,  636. 

Vassal,  Florentius,  his  project  of  set- 
tling Sagadahock,  ii.  290. 

Vassalborough,  town  of,  ii.  391. 

Vaudreuil,  Gov.  of  Canada,  ii.  40,  49 ; 
urges  the  Indians  to  war,  105. 

Vaughan,  William,  his  claim  under  ; 
Brown,  i.  330  ;  and  Dunbar,  ii.  167  :  ' 
aids  in  the  capture  of  Cape  Breton,  > 
220.  ■  I 

Vegetables,  species  of,  i.  119. 

Vermes,  i.  167. 

Vetch,  Samuel,  nominal  Gov.  of  Nova 
Scotia,  ii.  50,  60, 100. 

Vienna,  town  of,  ii.  594. 

Viilebon,  governs  Nova  Scotia,  ii.  23 : 
his  claim,  27. 

Vinalhaven,  town  of,  ii.  546. 

Vines,  species  of,  i.  129. 

Vines,  Richard,  first  comes   to   Maine, 


i.  206  :  settles  at  Saco,  216  :  Govern- 
or of  the  plantation,  264  :  Council- 
lor to  Thomas  Gorges,  273  :  his  ju- 
risdictional dispute  with  George 
Cleaves,  297  :  chosen  deputy  Gov- 
ernor. 298,  300 :  removes  to  Barba- 
does,  303,  315  :  character,  696. 
Virginia,  Xorth  and  South,  i.  195:  its 
charter  government,  196 :  settlement 
attempted,  197  :  takes  new  Patents, 
206.— [See  j\cu:-England.] 

w. 

Wadsworth,  Gen.  Peleg,  ii.  471  :  com- 
mands in  the  Penobscot  expedition, 
471  :  in  the  Eastern  department, 
481  :  confined,  as  a  prisoner  at  'Bio-- 
uyduce,  489 :  escapes,  494  :  Senator, 
7u8  :  member  of  Congress,  709  :  his 
death,  ib.  Note. 

Waldo,  Samuel,  interested  in  the  Mis- 
congus  patent,  i.  240  :  dispute  with 
the  natives,  ii.  173,  190,  2ci3  :  Colo- 
nel of  the  Eastern  regiment,  201 : 
a  general  in  the  siege  of  Louisbomrg, 
225 :  invites  foreigners  to  settle  his 
patent,  2:38,  455 :  his  command  in 
the  Spanish  war,  250  :  his  death,  338 : 
his  children,  388  :  Waldo  patent,  di- 
vided into  shares,  ii.  97,  516  :  sur- 
veyed, 584. — [See  MuscongusJl 

Waldohorough,  town  of,  settled,  ii.  284  : 
destroyed,  244:  revived,  285  :  mcor- 
porated,  398. 

Wales,  town  of,  ii.  661. 

Wnlpolc,  laid  out  and  named  by  Dun- 
bar, ii.  166.  [See  Nobleborough.] 

Walton,  Col.  ii.  103. 

Wampum,  i.  235  :  a  tender,  383,  505. 

Warren,  town  of,  settled,  ii.  238  :  en- 
larged, 284 :  incorporated,  454. 

Warsaic,  town  of,  ii.  674. 

Wars,  savage,  i.  214  :  Phillip's,  515  : 
king  William's,  595,  604  :  Queen 
Anne's,  ii.  33,  39,  Lovewell's,  and 
fourth  Indian,  111,  14.5  :  Spanish  and 
fifth  Indian,  218.  2:34,  240  :  French, 
and  sixth  Indian,  304  :  Revolutionary, 
419,  42.5,  437  :  Seamen's  with  Eng- 
land, 629 :  events  of  it,  6.30—40. 

Waricick,  Earl  of.  Gov.  of  American 
Plantations,  i.  292. 

Washington,  George,  agent  to  Ohio,  ii. 
296 :  Commander  in  Chief  of  the 
American  army,  425  :  President  of 
the  United  States,  547  :  death,  586. 

Washington  County,  established,  ii. 
548-9. 

Washington,  town  of,  ii.  618. 
"       "         Beneveient   Societies    es- 
tablished, ii.  6:32. 

Waterborough,  town  of,  ii.  534—5. 

Waierford,  town  of,  ii.  576. 

Watervilk,  town  of,  ii.  594  :  College,  ti- 


INDEX. 


729 


Watts,  Henry,  one  of  Cleaves'  assist- 
ants, i.  327. 
Jl'aicenocks,  Indians,  i.  459  :    account 

of  them,  466  :  warriors,  4S3. 
Way,  Georse,  settler  at  Pegvpscot,   i. 

266. 
Wayne,  town  of,  ii.  579. 
Weld,  town  of,  ii.  661. 
Wells,  settled,  i.  293  :  church  gathered 
there,  294  :  submits  to  ^Massachusetts 
and  made  a  to'vni,  351  :  troubled,  354  : 
attacked,  .542  :  receives  the  Eastern 
provincials,  622  :    bravely  defended, 
631  :  assisted,  ii.  29  :    attacked.  42 :  I 
resists  with  success,  76  :  population, 
373. 
WesscTunsett,  river,  i.  49. 
Westlrook,   Col.    Thomas,   visits    Nor-  I 
ridgewock,  ii.  109  :    commands  St.  ; 
George's  fort,  115  :  his  eastern  espe-  ; 
dition,  120  :  destroys  Old-town,  121 :  j 
his  eastern  tour,  1:33.  i 

Westbrooh,  town  of,  ii.  638. 
Jf'est,  Francis,  Admiral  of    Xew-Eng- 

land.  i.  229. 
Wfst-Iiidies,  trade  opened  with  them,  i. 

2S7. 
Westeciistego,  river  described,  i.  31. 
Weymoiith,  George,  his  voyage,  i.  191  : 

explores  the  Penobscot.  193. 
Whcuton,  Mason,  Maj.  ii.  42S.  461. 
ll'heelicright,   Rev.    John,    settles    at 
"Wells,  i.  293  :  his    agency  in    Eng- 
land, 39l) ;    his  son  Samiul,  ii,  7(3: 
his  srandson,  Jo/in.  a  Councillor,  ii. 
75  ;  agent,  d4,  S6 ;  Commissary  Gen- 
eral, 320.  ' 
Whiis^.  a  poUtical  party,  ii.  420. 
Whitby,  Capt.  his  outrage  on  the  Lean- 

der,  ii.  602. 
Whitefield,  George,  Rev.  ii.  205  ;  motto 
given  by  him.  in  the  siege  of  Louis- 
bourjr,  22-5. 
Whitefieid.  town  of,  ii.  612. 
Wi<ro-in,   Thomas,  agent  of  Mason,  i. 

244. 
William  Henry,  fort,  i.  635, 644;  ii.  166. 
Williams,     Thomas,     assistant     under 

Cleaves,  i.  32S. 
WMiams.   Francis,  Deputy    Governor 

under  INIason.  i.  254. 
Williainson.  Jonathan,  ii.  245,  252,  271. 
jrilton.  town  of,  ii  59S. 
Wincoln,  John,  first  Representative  of 
Kittery,  i.  349  ;    fights  the  Indians, 
524;  one  of  Danfcrth"s  Council.  565. 
JJ'uidham.  planted,  ii  1>1  ;  attacked  by 
the  Indians,  254,  '470.  321  :    incorpo- 
rated. 365. 
JJ 'indsor,  town  of,  ii.  611. 
IJ'insloic,  Josiah.  battle  at  St.  Georofes. 

ii.  126  ;  death^  127. 
TJ'insloic,  town  of,  ii.  392. 


Winter,  John,  settles  at  Sparwink,  i. 
266 :  the  agent  of  Trelawney  and 
Goodyeare,  2^19 ;  indi'^ted,  ^5 ;  mar- 
ries his  daughter  to  Robert  Jordan, 
who  administers  on  his  estate, 
:300. 

1!  inter-harbor,  described,  i.  26. 

Tl'intlirop,  town  of,  ii.  392. 

Wiscassett-bay,  described,  i.  -54  ;  settle- 
ments there.  331 ;  homicide  there,  ii. 
267  ;  militia  encamp  there.  649. 

Tf'iscassct-campany,  i.  331  ;  limits  of 
their  claim,  ii.  347. 

TT  iscasset.  purchased  by  Davie,  i.  331  ; 
first  settled,  ii.  352 ;  embraced  by 
Pownalborough,  ib. :  divided,  in 
1794.   name  "changed.  A.   D.   1S02. 

a52.'  • 

Witchcraft,  ii.  21. 

WitJtcrs.  Thomas,  a  Councillor  :  i.  303, 

32-5  ;  a  Commissioner,  348. 
Wolfe,  James,  Gen.,  ii.  332  ;   killed  in 

his  capture  of  Quebec,  340. 
TT'ohes.  bountv  for  killing',  i.  25-5. 
Woodlands,   first  taxed,  ~i.    571  ;    the 

rights  to  those  eastward,  disputed,  ii. 

Ic8. 
Woodstock,  town  of,  ii.  660. 
Woohcich,    first    Nequasset.   i.    243  ; 

Nauseag,  3l'9  :  incorporated  a  town, 

11.312." 
Workhouses,  first  established,  ii.  262 
Wyer.  Peter.  Piecorder.  i.  415  :  Deputy 

to  tiie  General  Court,  439. 

IT, 

Yorkshire,  introduced  by  Gorges,  being 
the  "  west"  county  of  his  Patent.  T. 
(2S1,)  285,  302  :' established.  345; 
Courts.  349.  397:  ii.  25  :  extended 
to  St.  Croix,  91;  called  ••  York'' 
County,  1>5  :  divided,  3-54  ;  County 
officers.  169. 185,  '35o,  444  ;  Records 
secured,  201. 

lork,  river  described,  i.  24  ;  discover- 
ed, 186;  bridge,  ii.  361. 

York,  town  of7  first  settled,  i.  231  : 
[See  .igamenticus.]  also  the  first 
grant,  231  ;  the  progress  of  settle- 
ment. 265 :  population,  267  ;  troub- 
led by  Burdet,  270  :  made  a  borough, 
287  :  a  city  by  the  name  of  Gorgiana, 
283 :  submits  to  Massachusetts  and 
is  made  a  town  and  called  York.  346  ; 
sends  a  deputy  to  the  General  Court 
at  Boston.  349  :  visited  by  the  king's 
Commissioners.  416  :  half  shire  with 
Falmouth,  ii.  It5:  attacked  by  the 
Indians,  i.  628 :  defended,  ii.  29.  76 ; 
one  of  the  two  principal  towns,  1-55  ; 
population,  373. 


9C.^vaai