History of the United States from the discovery of the American continent ..

GENERAL INDEX

TO

BANCROFT'S HISTORY

UNITED STATES.

^

V

SP x

NV <*\

GENERAL INDEX.

A.

Abenaki chief pretends to prophetic inspira-
tion, v. 112.

Abenakis of Maine desire missionaries, i. 27,
iii. 135; labors of Druillettes among them,
136; of other .Icsuits, 178; their inroads
upon the English settlements, 181; cruel-
ties practised by them, 187, 212; locality
where found, 238; resist the encroachments
of the English on their lands, 333 ; attack
the settlements in Maine, 335 ; Rakes, their
missionary, slain, 335; iv. 194, 210, 260.

Abercrombie, General James, sails for New
York, iv. 235; arrives at Albany, 236;
refuses promotion to provincial officers,
236 ; quarters his soldiers in private houses,
and neglects his duties, 236 ; his dilatory
proceedings, 236; made commander-in-
chief, 294; his shameful incapacity at
Tieonderoga, 300-304; his defeat, 303; is
recalled, 306.

Abercrombie, James, lieutenant-colonel, mor-
tally wounded on Bunker Hill, viii. 26.

Abingdon, Earl of, stigmatizes the war with
America, ix. 324.

Aborigines of Virginia, their numbers, i. 180;
are taught the use of fire-arms, 181; their
treachery, 182; massacre the whites, 182.

of America, absurd tales respecting,

iii. 236; their general character similar,
237; their languages, 237, et seq.; esti-
mated population, 253; aboriginal lan-
guages (see Lanffuaf/es); manners and
customs, 266; political institutions, 275;
religion, 285; natural endowments, 300;
origin, 306.

of Massachusetts, labors of Eliot

among them, ii. 95.

Aca.lia, or Nova Scotia, its first settlement,
i. 26; by charter includes all New Eng-
land, 26; granted to Sir William Alex-
ander, 332; restored to France, 335; con-
quered by Cromwell, 445; restored to
France, ii. 70 ; conquered by English, iii.
184; surrenders to the French arms, 180;
final conquest of Acadia, 218; secured to
England by treaty, 234; what were its
limits, 234; its boundaries, iv. 30; part of
it claimed by the French, 43 ; French col-
onies in, 44; removal of its inhabitants

proposed, 44; emigrants from England,
45; French neutrals there, 46; violent pro-
ceedings of a French officer, 67, et seq. ;
England and France contend for it, 182, et
seq. ; brief history of Acadia, 193 ; social
condition of its people, 194; the French
neutrals virtuous and contented, 195; their
numbers, 195; haughtiness of the British
officers, 196 ; oppression of the people, 196,
197 ; disaffection to British rule, 196 ; dis-
arming of the people 197; their removal
determined upon, 199 ; and effected, 202,
et seq. ; extreme cruelty of the proceeding,
203: sufferings of the people, 203-206;
Belcher, chief justice, approves it, 201;
Winslow, of Boston, assists in the affair,
202.

Acadians in Louisiana, v. 242.

Accomac Indians, iii. 239.

Acland's speech in the house of commons,
viii. 161.

Ackland, Major, in the battle of Bemis's
Heights, ix. 415; is wounded, 416.

"Acteon," British frigate, in the attack on
Charleston, viii. 406; runs aground, 410;
is burned, 411.

Acton, in Massachusetts, news of the approach
of a British force reaches it, vii. 290; the
minute men answer the call to arms, 290,
298, 299; they take part in the battle of
Concord, 302, 303; and in the pursuit of
the enemy, 302, 303.

Adair, James, his speech in the House of
Commons against the war with America,
viii. 162.

Adame, Abigail, wife of John Adams, her
patriotic anticipation, vii. 137; her afflicted
condition, viii. 135 ; her brave letter to her
husband on reading the king's savage
proclamation, 135, 136.

Adams, Hannah, of Cambridge, her suffer-
ings from British soldiers, vii. 308.

Adams, John, teacher of the town school at
Worcester, his musings at twenty, iv. 215;
wishes to break off all connection with
Great Britain, 269; his reasonings against
the stamp act, and against oppressive
government, v. 323-326, 376; leads the
town of Braintree in its utterance against
courts of admiralty, 329; scorns the ser-
vice of the king, vi. 266; is counsel for

T- A

596

GENERAL INDEX.

Captain Preston and the soldiers, -150, 373 ;
retires from the service of the people, 403;
is active in the cause of liberty, 453, 4(il ;
negatived by Gage as a councillor, vii.
48; chosen a delegate to the congress of
1774, G4; enters public life in earnest, G5;
chosen moderator of a meeting in Faneuil
Hall, G4, 05; a member of the first conti-
nental congress, 127 ; he persuades this
body to accept the British colonial system,
140"; is anxious to see New England pre-
pared for resistance, 151; his Novanglus,
232-239; a member of the second conti-
nental congress, 353; nominates, Washing-
ton as commander-in-chief, 390; measures
advised by him in congress in July, 1775,
viii. 37; his indignation at apathy of con-
gress, 56; Dickinson treats him with inci-
vility, 109; advocates the beginning of an
American navy, 114; favors independence
and a form of government directly derived
from the people, 141 ; advises General Lee
to go to New York, 277; his great con-
fidence in Lee, 281; resumes his seat in
congress, 308 ; his character, 308 ; the Mar-
tin Luther of the American revolution, 311;
the ablest debater in congress, 312 ; in favor
of enlisting men for the war, 317; moves
that the people institute governments, 367;
reports a preamble to this resolution, 367;
his views on government, 370; supports
the veto power, 370; points out the dif-
ference between ancient and modern re-
publics, 371; necessity of two branches in
the legislature, 371; the education of the
people of vital importance, 372; seconds
the resolution for independence, 389: one
of the committee to prepare a declara-
tion of independence, 392; one of the
committee on treaties with foreign powers,
393; one of the board of war, 393; invokes
the blessing of heaven upon the new-born
republic, 448; his great speech in favor of
a declaration of independence, 4ol ; reply
of Dickinson, 452. et seq.; congress declares
the united colonies free and indepen-
dent states, 459 ; his state of mind at
the close of the day, 459; his triumphant
joy, 460; ix. 40, 51; his speech on repre-
sentation. 53, 54; his imperfect knowledge
of war, 78; his relations witli Lee and
Gates, 78; his distrust of Washington, 78;
his contempt for Sullivan, 110; is chosen
one of a committee to meet Lord Howe,
112; the interview, 116; member of the
committee on spies, 135 ; goes home when
most wanted in congress, 173, 174; objects
to power conferred on Washington, 255;
argues for two branches in the legislature,
265, 266; his incautious language concern-
ing Washington, 391 ; unreasonably blames
Washington, 402; his jealousy of Wash-
ington, 431; votes for limiting his powers,
433; appointed commissioner to France,
467; minister to negotiate a peace, x. 221,
261, 262; his views on the armed neutral-
ity, 281; arrives in Paris, 442; offends
Vergenues by his republican sentiments,

443; Vergenues complains of him, 452;
sees the spirit of liberty spreading in
Europe, 453 ; Adams in Holland, 527 ;
solicits the United Provinces, separately,
to acknowledge the independence of. the
revolted British colonies and succeeds,
527; comes to Paris to assist Franklin,
584; secures to the United States their
northern boundary. 585; obtains further
concessions, 585; his firm conduct respect-
ing the fisheries, 590.
Adams, Samuel, of Massachusetts, his early
history, v. 194; his religious character,
194,195; his political creed, 195; his pov-
erty and public spirit, 195, 196; instruc-
tions of Boston to its representatives
written by him, 197; these gave the key-
note to the revolution, 19S; disapproves
violent proceedings, 313 ; guides the ut-
terances of Boston, 329; elected its repre-
sentative, 331 ; author of the reply of the
legislature to Governor Bernard, 349;
his opposition to the speeches of Governor
Bernard, vi. 11; his advice to De Berdt,
the province agent in Lngland, 42; his
letter to Gadsden, of South Carolina, con-
demning the billeting act, 42; his ruling
passion — the preservation of the distinc-
tive character of New England, 118; author
of a petition from the province to the king,
123 ; author of a circular letter addressed
by the province to the other colonies, 125 ;
advises the repeal of the revenue acts,
151; his enthusiasm, 105; he aims at
independence, 192,253; Hutchinson wishes
him " taken off," 193; his unsullied purity
admitted by his enemies, 193; elected to
a convention of the province, 198; unawed
by threats of being '' taken off" and sent
to England for trial, continues his efforts
in the cause of liberty, 247, 253; Hutchin-
son collects evidence against him, 251;
Adams exhibits the weakness of England
and the strength of America, 267; repre-
sentative in the general court, 284; he
writes Boston's "Appeal to the World,"
312; his memorable conduct in the pro-
ceedings which followed the Boston mas-
sacre, 341, et seq. ; overawes Governor
Hutchinson, 344, 345; meditates on the
last appeal, 407; again elected represent-
ative of Boston, 419; proposes commit-
tees of correspondence, 425, et seq. ; the
plan formed by him and by' none other,
428, note ; the end aimed at, 429 ; prepares
a statement of the rights of the colonies,
431; is consulted by Khode Island, 441;
his earnest reply, 441, 443; his prophetic
declaration, 443; his masterly argument
against the supremacy of parliament, 448;
urges a plan of union between the colo-
nies, 466; his letter to Hawley, 467, 468;
his strong will sways the feebler politicians
and the entire province, 469; Franklin
concurs with him, 469 ; his share in the
affair of the Boston tea party. 473. el seq. ;
head of Boston committee, 482 ; ultimatum
of America as expressed by him, 508, 509;

GENERAL INDEX.

597

the British ministry select him for sacrifice
as the chief of revolution, 523; highly
esteemed in America and in England, 5.24 ;
presides at a meeting at Faneuil Hall, vii.
35, 37; makes a touching appeal to the
other colonies, 37 ; proscribed by the British
ministry, 38; inculcates patience, 39; sup-
presses the people's murmurs, 47; con-
trasted with George III., 59; his patriotic
utterances, 59, 60; proposes immediate
assembling of a continental Congress, 64;
chosen a delegate to this Congress, 64;
Hutchinson's representation of him to the
king, 72: a member of the first conti-
nental Congress, 127; nominates Jacob
Duche" for chaplain, 131; character as
given by the traitor Galloway, 134; his
great influence in Congress, 134 ; urges his
friends to study the art of war and to per-
sist in the struggle for liberty, 151; his
piety, 251, 252; Gage sends a force to
seize him at Lexington, 288; he escapes
to Woburn, 292; his exultation at the
progress of the strife, 296; a member of
the second continental Congress, 353; he
seconds the nomination of Washington as
commander-in-chief, 390; is proscribed by
Gage, 391 ; delegate in Congress from Mas-
sachusetts, viii. 233; denounces George
III. as a tyrant, 242; his zealous efforts for
independence, 242, 243; speaks on the
subject of short enlistments, 316; supports
John Adams in the struggle for entire
separation from Britain, 368, 369 ; one of
the committee for drawing up articles of
confederation, 392; is unwilling to guar-
antee the eventual payment of the conti-
nental currency, ix. 173 ; one of a com-
mittee on terms of peace, 213; his decision
of character, 40,41; signs the declaration
of independence, 59; his indomitable reso-
lution, 214, 237; wishes to place Gates in
command of the northern army, 336: his
impatience, 255, 343, 353; votes for limit-
ing Washington's powers. 433.

Addison in Vermont, occupied by the French,
iii. 370.

Administration, F.nglish, (see Jfinistry).

Administration of Henry Pelham, iv. 3-126;
of the Duke of Newcastle, 127-250; Eng-
land without a ministry, 251-271; first
administration of William Pitt, 248-250:
his second administration. 272-410; ad-
ministration of the Earl of Egremont, 412-
438; of the Earl of Bute, 438-462, v. 3-
96; the triumvirate ministry, v. 97-142;
ministry of George Grenville, 146-300;
of the Marquis of Rockingham, v. 301-vi.
16: third administration of Pitt, 17-61.

Admiralty, Courts of, for America, v. 161.

court in Boston, hateful to Americans,

and why, iv. 420.

courts established in the colonies, vi.

167, 450; complained of as a grievance,

433.
Admiralty, court instituted by Massachusetts,

viii. 136.
African slave-trade (see Slaves and Slavery),

how conducted, iii. 402; sources of supplv,
403.

Agnew, General, in the marauding expedi-
lion to Danbury, ix. 340; at Braudywme,
399.

Aguesseau, chancellor of France, iii. 357.

Aiguillon, Duchess d', endows a hospital at
Quebec, iii. 126.

Aix la Chapelle, congress of, unsatisfactory
results, iii. 466.

Alabama traversed bv De Soto, i. 48; occu-
pied by the French^ iii. 205, 348, 352, 365.

Alatamaha, an English fort on its banks, iii.
331.

Albania, East New Jer-ey so called, ii. 317.

Albany first visited by white men, ii. 269;
fort Nassau built in 1615, 276; fort Oranire
in 1623, 279, 281; surrendered to the Eng-
lish, 315; whence the name, 315; Milborne
takes possession of it, iii. 53.

Congress at, iv. 28, 29; congress of

commissioners there in 1754, iv. 121; its
purpose, 121, 145; a plan of union of all
the colonies proposed, 123; its details, 124;
the plan not ratified by the colonies, 125;
not accepted by luigland, 120.

Albemarle, Duke of (see Monk, George).

Albemarle, part of Carolina, ii. 152, 156, 158.

Albemarle county in Virginia, the residence
of Thomas Jefferson, vii. 107, 385; its peo-
ple deny the power of parliament to make
laws for America, 107.

" Alcide" and "Lvs" captured by an Eng-
lish fleet, iv. 183'.

Alexander, James, of New York, favors a
tax on tbe colonies, iv. 116, 179.

Alexander, Sir William, obtains a patent of
Acadia or Nova Scotia, i. 332; a new
patent, 333.

Alexander, William Earl of Stirling (see
Stirling, Earl of).

Algonquins, a partv of, massacred by the
Dutch, ii. 289, 290; their revenge, 290,
3S3: Jesuit missions among them, iii. 127,
128,' 129, 132, 145, 146, 155; at peace with
the French, 135, 153, 177; their language
and race widely diffused, 237; found in
Carolina, 239; and in Texas, 238; on Lake
Superior, 242; estimated population, 253.

Alleglianies, effects of the conflicts at Lex-
ington and Concord beyond them, vii. 312.

Alleghany Mountains, all the territory be-
yond claimed by Spain, x. 191, 210; the
claim disconcerted, 203.

Allegiance, question of, whether due to the
United States or to a particular state, ix.
253, 254.

Allen, Andrew, had been a member of con-
gress, submits to the king, ix. 199.

Allen, Ethan, of Bennington, Vermont, en-
gages the support of the Green Mountain.
Boys in the cause of liberty, vii. 271 a; he
leads the successful expedition against
Ticonderoga, 339, 340; his scheme to capt-
ure St. John's in Canada. 364; raises a
corps of Canadians, viii 183; his rashness
183; attempts to surprise Montreal, 183;
is attacked by a superior force and obliged

598

GENERAL INDEX.

to surrender, 184; receives severe treat-
ment, and is sent to England, 184. *

Allen, James, pastor of first church in Bos-
ton, deficient in patriotism, ii. 432.

Allen, Rev. Moses, an American chaplain,
drowned, ix. 280

Allen. Samuel, purchases Mason's claim on
New Hampshire, iii. 82.

Allen, William, of Philadelphia, resigns his
commission in the army, ix. 171.

Alliance with France, 117; brings the Amer-
ican question into Europe, x. 35.

"Alliance" frigate, 271.

Alliances, new, in Europe, iv. 278.

Allerton. Isaac, obtains a patent for the Plym-
outh Pilgrims, i. 320.

Alloiier, Claude, his mission to the Indians
on Lake Superior, iii. 149, 150; his dis-
coveries in the regions adjacent, 151 : visits
the Kickapoos and Miamis, 155, 15G; mis-
sionary in the region of Illinois, 195.

Amedas," Philip, his voyage for Raleigh to
North Carolina, i. 92.

America, British dominion in, v. 59 ; extent
of this dominion in 1763, after the peace of
Paris, 78; America to be brought more
fully under British rule, 79, et seq. ; taxa-
tion by parliament proposed, 87, 88; loyal-
ty of America. 90, 223 ; inquiries of Lord
Egremont as to the best mode of taxing
America, 107, 108, note; British posses-
sions beyond the Alleghanies, 110; taxa-
tion of America eagerh' pursued by the
treasury board. 13G; stamp tax proposed,
137 (see Taxation and Stamp Act); feudal
system proposed, 162; all the territory
beyond the Alleghanies shut by proclama-
tion against the emigrant, 163; but in vain,
165; Grenville's affected tenderness to-
wards Ameiica, 189 ; the French ministry
foresee the independence of America, 193;
alarm of the colonies at the proposed
stamp act, 194, et seq. ; views of Otis,
201-205; of Hutchinson, 200-209; the
ministry continue their oppressive meas-
ures, 211, 214; protest of New York, 215;
of Rhode Island and Pennsylvania, 217-
220; Franklin sent to England to remon-
strate. 220; American loyalists urge the
ministry to further oppressions, 224. etseq. ;
the ministry confident of their power over
America, 229; the stamp act introduced
into parliament. 236; speeches for and
against it, 236-246; the stamp act passed.
247 ; America at the feet of England, 265 ;
danger to the liberties of mankind, 269;
America slow to anger, 270; voice of New
York, of Massachusetts, and other colonies,
270, tt seq. ; patriotic resolutions of Vir-
ginia, 275, 276; an American congress
proposed, 279; opinions of the American
people, 285, et seq. ; a wide-spread dis-
satisfaction, 287-290; domestic manufact-
ures encouraged. 288; associated action
against the s'amp act. 291; the people
resolve not to submit to it, 309, et seq., 323,
etseq. ; towns and legislatures publish
declarations of rights, 328 ; plan of a con-

gress accepfed in several colonies, 328, "29;
the first American congress meets, 334;
its proceedings, 335, 342-340; America
annuls the stamp act, 347, et seq., 352-361;
union of the colonies, 346; no stamp officer
remains, 351; the people adhere to the
action of congress, 358; plan lor a per-
manent union, 360; America is sustained
by the spirit of liberty in England, 364-
366 ; progress of resistance, 374, et seq. ;
union resolved on, 377, 378; America de-
fended in parliament by the Great Com-
moner. 383-395; parliament affirm their
right to tax America, 417; nothing but the
repeal of the stamp act will sati.-ty Amer-
ica, 427; Franklin's examination before
the House of Commons, 428, et seq. ; the
act repealed, 436 ; its joy transient, vi. 3, 5 ;
approach to a wholesale denial of the power
ol the British parliament over it, 6; its great
resources reported to Choiseul, 26; false
representations made in England, 31; dis-
content and dissatisfaction, 31; troubles in
North Carolina, 34, et teq. ; kind spirit of
Lord Shelburne towards the colonies, 39,
43; his conciliatory policy, b-3-55; the
king determined to enforce obedience, 56;
time from which Hutchinw.ii dates the
revolt of the colonies, 41; America loses
friends in England, 64; enumeration of the
points in dispute between England and her
co cnies, 69-72; Americans desire only the
rights of Englishmen, 73; conciliation still
possible in 1767, 69-73; rash and fatal
measures proposed and carried by Charles
Townshend, 76, etseq. ; independence pre-
dicted, 95; the ministry intend to annul
the colony charters, 111, 116; America
resists, but passively, 121, etseq.,12d; pros-
perity of America, 132 ; love to the mother
country, 133; gross misrepresentations of
American affairs, 134; importunities of
Bernard and others for troops, 135, 136,
143; England cannot conquer America,
140; increased oppression, 144; the French
statesmen watch with interest the progress
of the controversy, 169; disturbances at
Boston, 155, el seq. ; European philosophy
and French policy assist American emanci-
pation, 170; prime minister of France
seeks information on American affairs, 180;
Spain hopes that England will subdue
America, 182; England is determined to
tread America under foot, 207, 211, 216;
the republic of New Orleans, 219: its
overthrow, 293, et seq. ; every Ameri-
can ussembly denies the right of par-
liament to tax them, 234; American peti-
tions rejected by the king, 234, 236;
firmness of the patriots, 266 ; a tendency
to conciliation, 317; the issue with Eng-
land confined to the single question of
a duty on tea, 318; the Boston massa-
cre (see Boston); proposals for sending
American patriots to England for trial
and punishment, 246, 250, 258; French
statesmen foresee the independence of
America, 96, 244. 255; the claims of Eng-

GENERAL INDEX.

599

land denied everywhere, 247, 272; even in
the English parliament, 2">7; the revenue
acts re[» aled, except the duty on tea, 276 ;
Virginia accords with Massachusetts, 280;
the spirit of republicanism spreads in the
East and in the West, 283, et seq. ; non-
importation of British goods (see Non-im-
portation), the country placed under mili-
tary power, 367, et seq. ; England will not
abolish the slave-trade, 413 ; committees of
co, respondence, 428, et seq. ; rights claimed
by America, 432; grievances endured from
England, 432, 433; America joins issue
with king and parliament, 433; discovery
of the secret letters written by Hutchinson
and Oliver, 435 ; they are sent to Massa-
chusetts and published, 436, 461; traitors
unmasked, 461, 462 ; the consequences, 463 ;
the people unite against the oppressive
measures of Great Britain, 437, et seq., 446,
et seq. ; the Boston tea-party, 472-487 ;
the ultimatum of America, 508, 509; strin-
gent measures adopted by parliament for
curbing the spirit of liberty in America,
511-527; in 1774 instinct with the spirit of
freedom, vii. 22; determination of the king
and people to coerce it, 24; the colonies
prepare for resistance, 42, 55; a general
congress resolved on, and delegates chosen
bv Massachusetts, 64; by Rhode Island,
65; by Maryland, 66; by New York, 78,
83; bv South Carolina, 81; by Pennsyl-
vania, 82, 83; by New Jersey, 83; by New
Hampshire, 83; by Virginia, 84, 85; the
question between America and Great Brit-
ain changed by the regulating act, 97 ; the
savages to be let loose upon the Ameri-
cans, 117, 118; the first American general
congress, 127; population of English
America, 128 ; congress will vote by colo-
nies, 130; Franklin, in England, states
what terms will satisfy America, 180: Lord
Chatham thinks the terms reasonable and
proper. 191,192; but they are rejected by
the British cabinet, 193; all commerce with
America inte-dicted, 193; Chatham's eulo-
gy on the American people, 197. 198; firm
union of the continent, 205; the ministry
think to subdue America by fear, 222 ; they
give orders to Gage to call out the savages,
and to excite a servile insurrection, 222;
Americans to be excluded from the New-
foundland fisheries, 240; additional forces
to be sent to America, 244; scurrilous lan-
guage of Dr. Johnson towards the Ameri-
cans, 259; Sandwich accuses the Ameri-
cans of cowardice, 262; Burke's noble
eulogium on them, 266, 267; city of Lon-
don ineffectually intercedes for America,
282; conflicts at Lexington and Concord,
291, et seq. ; the alarm spreads over the
country, 311, 312; meeting of the second
continental congress, 353; difficulties in
its way, 354; too early to declare indepen-
dence. 354; American law the growth of
necessity, 354: a heterogeneous population,
355; differences of opinion, 355: a deeply
seated love of the mother country, 356;

the revolution emanated from the people,
361-373; the "continental army," 391;
the "twelve united colonies," 391; ap-
pointment of Washington as commander-
in-chief, 393; Bunker Hill battle ensures
the union and the final triumph of America,
435; sympathy of Ireland for, viii. 54;
the bond between America and England
hard to break, 56; congress hopes to
avert war, 57 ; its hesitation, 57 (see Con-
tinental Congress) ; condition of the New
England colonies, 60, et seq. ; of the Mid-
dle and southern colonies, 71, et seq. ;
troops to be procured from continental
Europe to subdue America, 100, 101, 107,
147, et seq. ; France sends an emissary to
America, 103, 104; American affairs dis-
cussed at the court of Catherine II. , 104;
question at issue between Britain and
America, 116-129 (see Question at Issue) ;
British writers have not found it easy to
treat impartially of America, 121; the
reason why, 121; Americans can more
easily be impartial, and why, 121, 122; the
Americans entered most reluctantly on a
war with Britain, 122; the king's irrevoca-
ble proclamation against Americans and
their friends in England, 132; feelings
excited by it in America, 134, et seq. ;
energetic measures for defence, 142; the
king is disappointed in his effort to obtain
Russian troops to be employed in Ameri-
ca, 150-156 ; the war to be transferred to
New York and the southern colonies, 158;
the king's speech, at the opening of parlia-
m nt, declaring the Americans rebels, 160;
these sentiments approved by the two
houses, 161-163; the Irish parliament votes
a supply of troops, 170; Lord North's bill lor
prohibiting the whole commerce of all the
colonies, 170; this atrocious bill passes par-
liament, 171; the king prefers to renounce
the colonies rather than give up the point
at issue, 171; opinions of England's must
distinguished philosophers and writers on
this point, 172-175; the king and his in-
sulting policy the cause of American inde-
pendence, 175; invasion of Canada, 1£2,
et seq. (see Montgomery): the people con-
tinually verjre towards independence. 247,
248; England tries to rally her partisans
in America, 272, 283, et seq. ; the effort
fails, 287, 288; debate on opening the
ports, 313, 314. 320; the measure passed,
323; the country divided into military
departments, 317; a virtual declaration of
independence is issued by throwing open
the commerce of the country to the whole
world, 323 ; report of Bon vouloir respecting
America, 330; considerations founded on
it submitted by Vergennes to the king of
France 331, et seq. ; new flag of the navy,
345, 346; the question of independence,
350-356; virtually decided. 367, et seq.,
376, et seq.; the' final decision, 384-393,
434, et seq. ; the united colonies declared to
be free and independent states, 449,459;
the declaration itself, and its principles,

600

GENERAL INDEX.

465-475, immediate effects of the declara-
tion of independence, ix. 31; independence
the act of the people, 37; dangers which
threatened America, 40; articles of con-
federation proposed, 47; objections to it,
51-50; the affair postponed, 57; need of
foreign alliances. 01 ; implication to France,
03; partisans of America in France, 09, 70;
Lafayette, 70; the United States cannot be
conquered, 73; military operations on Long
Island, 82-90 ; capture of New York city,
118-121 ; the States form new governments,
107, et seq. ; the American cause regarded
in Europe as hopeless, 220; the gloom dis-
appears at Trenton, 235 ; and at Princeton,
247-252; question of allegiance, whether
due to the United States or to some particu-
lar state, 253, 254 ; constitutions of civil gov-
ernment, 257, el seq. tsee Constitutions, etc. ) ;
no hatred of England long retained, 208 ;
the system of civil government based on
that of England, 258, 271, 282; America
prepares the way for universal progress
and reform, 283; enlistment of loyalists in
the British service, 320; employment of
savages. 321 ; finances of the United States,
323; futile attempts at a pacification made
by Charles Lee with the concurrence of
Howe, 328, et seq. ; a crowd of foreign ad-
venturers, 337; Kosciusko, 337; Ger-
main's implacable spirit, 349; advance of
Burgoyne from Canada, &Q1, et seq.; his
surrender, 420; Sir William Howe takes
Philadelphia, 394-404; articles of confed-
eration adopted, 430, et seq. (sen Confedera-
tion); a free people of the United States,
406, et seq. ; unparalleled patience of the
armv, 471; America in fact independent,
473;" policy of Russia towards America.
473; of Erederic of Prussia, 473; treaty
between France and the United States,
481 ; America will be satisfied with nothing
short of absolute independence, 497, 498;
emigration to, promoted by persecutions in
Europe, 84; peace of Utrecht favorable to,
x. £5; its rising glories seen by Herder,
89 ; and by Pownal, 235, et seq. ; friendship
of Frederic II. for, 88, 99, 108, 114; Kant,
Klopstock, Goethe, Schiller, and Niebuhr
rejoice in its victories, 88, 90, 91, 92; had
substantially achieved independence pre-
viously to the French alliance, 139 ; its
great need was a strong government pos-
sessing the power of coercion, 178, 206,
207 ; for want of such a government, Amer-
ica during the war was often on the brink
of destruction, 180; the conquest of Amer-
ica fully resolved on by George III. 240,
et seq. ; America finds a friend in Marie
Antoinette, 111.
American army, enlisted under the authority
of individual states, ix 57; short enlist-
ments, 57 ; dissensions among the officers,
58; positions in it sought by foreigners, 70,
71; condition of the army in August,
1776, 77; the Americans on Long Island
overpowered by a greatly superior force,
87-94; their sufferings, 97, 98; sadness pre-

vails in the camp, 98; inadequate supply
of provisions 98 ; a retreat becomes neces-
sary, 102; skilful measures taken, 103; a
sea-fog screens them from the enemy,
104; the retreat happily effected, 104 (see
Long Island); shameful panic and Might
from New York, 119; army regulations
adopted, 135; condition of the army, 135,
136; measures of congress for enlisting an
army, 136; Washington condemns the
practice of trusting to militia, 137; need
of a permanent army, 137 ; want of good
officers, 136, 138; Washington's sugges-
tions unheeded, 138; evils of short enlist-
ments, 183, 184, 221; the army melting
away, 195; on the point of dissolution,
220," 221; congress interferes in military
operations, 78, 111, 185; neglects to pro-
vide a suitable army, 138; militia not to
be depended on, 221; Washington desires
an army of the United States, 223 ; asks
for authority to enlist men, 220-223 ; is n>.t
seconded by his generals, 187; some of
them disobevhis orders, 187, 188, 194, 190,
203, 228 (see Lee, Charles, and Gates);
the battle of Trenton, 230-235 (see Tren-
ton); sufferings of the American troops, 225,
229, 236, 239; the army on the point of
dissolution, 220, 221; Washington asks
for power to enlist men, 220; which is
given him, 238; exhaustion of the army
from a winter campaign, 251; operations
in New Jersey, 240-250; the army en-
camps at Morristown, 252; its weakness,
3',i; unworthy officers, 337; the army at
Middlebrook, 351; men blame Washington
for his cauton; but this caution saves the
country, 352-354 ; the British army evac-
uates New Jersey, 356; approaches on
the opposite side, 393, et seq. ; battle of
Brandywine, 396-398; Philadelphia in
possession of the enemy, 404; news of the
surrender of Burgoyne, 429; Gates refuses
reinforcements to Washington, 432; the
armj' at Whitemarsh, 453. 454; winter-
qua' ters at Valley Forge, 458; sufferings
of the troops. 458, 459, 465; great merit of
the soldiers, 471, 472; its feebleness, x. 371 ,
its sufferings, 403, 406, 565; unpaid, 402;
its deplorable condition, 177, 234; its
patriotism, 573. (See Continental army.)

American banner, tricolored, unfurled over
the new continental armv around Boston,
viii. 232; at Charleston. 403.

American cause, Louis XVI. has no sym-
pathy for it, x 42, 46.

American civil list, plan for, iv. 84; postponed
by divisions in the cabinet, £6; the
design resumed, 92.

American colonies claim legislative indepen-
dence of England, iv. 3, et seq. ; their heroic
resistance applauded in Europe, 14; re'a-
tion of the colonies to the mother-country,
15, 17; little regarded by the metropolis,
15, 17; peculiarities of colonial civil life,
10 . nvre popular power there than in Eng-
land, 16; bounds set to the royal preroga-
tive, 17; whence arose their power, 19;

GENERAL INDEX.

601

their governors dependent for their salaries
on the colonial assemblies, 19; the colonies
tend to independence, 38; restrictions on
American manufactures, 63; tendency
towards union, 74, 75; the colonies' disre-
gard arbitrary instructions, 31, 32, 175,
255 ; take measures for self-defence against
French encroachment, 112, et seq. ; popula-
tion in 1754, 127, el seq. ; plan of union
propo-ed by Franklin, 122; by Halifax,
165, 106; by Shirley, 172; taxation bro-
posed (see Taxation); the colonies disre-
gard requisitions for military supplies,
120, 175; want of concert among them,
29, 175; united under military rule, 207,
et seq. ; rapid growth of the colonies, 213,
214; measures of coercion proposed, 29, 32,
56, 57 ; the colonies reject a central power,
125; an act to quarter soldiers on the in-
habitants, 230; foreign officers employed,
231, independence of the colonies pre-
dicted, 232 (see Independence); spread
of infidelity in America, 257; the colonies
humiliated and their borders contracted,
267; general discontent, 269; the genius
and zeal of Pitt rouses the colonies to
active exertion, 292; great exultation at
the capture of Quebec, 338; decision
reached to tax America, 381 ; acts of trade
resisted in Boston, 414; discontent and
commotion in all the colonies, 430; a
large standing army to hold them in sub-
jection, 454; enlightened policy pursued
by the colonists, 459 ; necessary result of
the overthrow of the French power in
America, 460, 461.

American conflict sprang from the develop-
ment of British institutions, x. 37; strong
reluctance of French statesmen to enter
into it, 42; English people feel it to be
hopeless, 529.

American eagle, what its import, x. 572.

American finances, their disordered state,
573.

American flag established by congress, ix.
352; first salute paid to it abroad, 292,
293.

American independence decided in part by
the sympathies of foreign states, ix. 35 ;
virtually achieved previous to the French
alliance, 139; consented to by the king,
534; and by the English cabinet, 546.

American letters, those of Bernard laid before
parliament, vi. 271; letters of Thomas
Hutchinson, aiming at the subversion of
American liberty, 305, note, 306, note; these
letters, and similar ones, suggested oppres-
sive measures of the British government,
435; Franklin's opinion of them, 436, 437;
published in America, 461, 464; their con-
tents and spirit, 462: the consequences,
463 ; the discovery and publication of these
letters falsely represented in England, 491,
497.

American navy, origin of, viii. 114; author-
ized by congress, 215; flag of the navy
described, 345, 346; measures taken to
create one, ix. 134 ; a naval force equipped

on T.ake Champlain, 152; the frigates and
smaller vessels in the Delaware, 422; the
frigate "Randolph" sunk, 467.

American overtures to the Netherlands at
first disregarded, x. 261.

American people determined on independ-
ence, 139, 177, 220; for it they trust in
God, 150.

American prisoners insulted and cruelly
treated, ix. 97; confined in prison-ships,
98.

American privateers, their great success, ix.
134, 467, 473.

American question, its influence on the ideas
and public policy of the nations of Europe,
x. 35.

American representation in parliament utterly
impracticable, vi. 123, 126.

American revolution, progress of; epoch the
first: overthrow of the European colonial
system, iv. 3, et seq. ; objects of the au-
thors, 5 ; epoch the second : how Great
Britain estranged America, v. 3, et seq. ;
origin of the revolution, iv. 12; what did
its authors intend? 5: its character and
extent, 12, 13; it introduced new modes of
thought and action, 13 ; hailed with delight
in Europe, 14; great qualities of mind and
heart elicited by it, 14; was inevitable, vii.
22; the hour for it had come, 22; it natu-
rally arose from the past, 23; why should it
have been opposed V 23 ; Britain should have
offered independence, 23; it had glorious
forerunners, 23; the revolution inaugu-
rated, 42, 54 : it became a matter of neces-
sity at Concord, 301 ; its success ensured at
Bunker Hill, 435; arose from ideas im-
movably fixed in the English mind, x.
39; jus'ified by Frederic of Prussia, and
its success predicted by him, 102, 106.

American slavery, how left at the close of
the war, x. 591.

Americans, liberty their peculiar inheritance,
vii. 22 ; as a people, they have immense
resources, 22; liberty was to them a neces-
sity, 22; various skirmishes with the Brit-
ish near Boston, viii. 47-49; no compro-
mise possible, 127, 128; Carleton proclaims
them traitors, 176; they invade Canada,
182, et seq. ; their unsuccessful attack on
Quebec, 206-210 ; their loss, 210 : compelled
to retreat, 425 ; defeated at Three Rivers,
429, 430: their evacuation of Canada, 432;
their sufferings and great losses, 426, 431,
433 (see Northern Army); become more
respected in England, ix. 141.

Amherst, Sir Jeffrey, sent with an army to
capture Louisburgh, iv. 294; reaches Hali-
fax, 294; besieges and takes Louisburg,
295, 296; comes to Boston with troops,
306; appointed commander-in-chief, 306;
his character, 322, 324; occupies Crowa
Point, 323; wastes time and labor there,
323, 329; sends an expedition into the
Cherokee country, 351; his slowness, 358,
360; proceeds by way of Oswego to Mon-
treal, 360; receives the capitulation of
Montreal and of all Canada, 361; sends an

602

GENERAL INDEX.

expedition into the Valley of the Ten-
nessee, 423; his letters quoted, v. Ill,
125, 129, 132; offers a reward for the assas-
sination of Pontiae, 132; declines the com-
mand of the army in America, vii. 244;
advises the king to withdraw his troops
from the American continent, x. 141, 168.

Amnesty and indemnity for the loyalists
demanded and refused, x. 555, 580, 586;
the matter tinally disposed of, and how,
590.

Amsterdam, its commercial greatness, ii. 294;
purchases of the West India Company ; the
present state of Delaware, 298 ; disastrous
result, 299.

Anabaptists. Jeremy Taylor's opinion of
them, i. 432 ; their legal status in Massa-
chusetts, 432 (see Baptists); advocates for
thorough social reform, ii. 459.

Anderson, Captain, his attack on a Hessian
post at Trenton, ix. 231.

Andover, the people of, remonstrate against
the trials for witchcraft, iii. 95, 96.

Andre, Major John, his position in the British
army, x. 379 ; the medium of a correspond-
ence between Arnold and Clinton, 379 ; pre-
tends private business in a letter to Colonel
Sheldon, 380 ; comes up the river to meet Ar-
nold, 383 ; negotiations between the two for
the surrender of West Point, 384; disguise
of Andre, 385; he attempts to return, 386;
his arrest, 387; the circumstances related,
388; avows himself a British officer, 3b9;
is treated with delicacy, 3S9 ; his trial by
a board of general officers, 390 ; their gen-
erous behavior, 390 ; is sentenced to death
as a spy, 390; Clinton in vain tries to save
him, 391 ; Andre entreats that he may not
die on the gibbet, 392; why the request
could not be granted, 392; the execution,
392; the respect paid to his memory, 393 ;
Clinton's disappointment at the result of
Arnold's treason, 394; authorities used in
the relation of the affair, 395, note.

Andi'os, Edmund, makes peace with the In-
dians of Maine, ii. Ill; as governor of New
York, claims jurisdiction over New Jersey
and Delaware, 358 ; and over part of Con-
necticut, 404; baffled in his attempt on
Saybrook, 404; claims authority over New
Jersey, 408; governor of all New England,
425; lands at Boston, 425; his oppressive
administration, 426; demands and uses
the Old South meeting-house for episcopal
worship, 427 : levies taxes at discretion,
427; suspends the habeas corpus, 427; his
opinion of Indian deeds, 428; seizes the
government of Rhode Island, 429 ; and of
Connecticut, 430; the whole seaboard from
Maryland under his sway, 431; deposed
from office, 447; governor of Virginia, iii.
25 ; preserves the earl}' papers of that pro-
vince from destruction, 25.

Angel, Colonel, his good conduct, x. 375.

Anglo-Saxon race, the pioneers of a worthy
civilization, iv. 5, 459.

Anhalt-Zerbst, the prince of. offers a regiment
to George III., vi.i. 267, ix 319; his

strange conduct, 319; his bargain for
troops, 474; a bad bargain, 474.

Annapolis, convention at. viii. 78; its spirit
and measures, 78.

Annapolis, in Maryland, made the capital,
iii. 31; sympathizes with Boston, vii. 50;
the brig "Peggy Stewart," with more than
a ton of tea, consumed, 143; patriotic zeal,
207.

Annapolis, in Nova Scotia, formerly Port
Royal, iii. 218.

Anne, Queen, war of, iii. 206 ; gives audience
to five Iroquois sachems, 219.

Anson, Lord George, circumnavigates the
globe, iii. 439; takes a French fleet, 463;
first lord of the admiralty, iv. 274; dies,
438.

Anspach, Margrave of, furnishes recruits for
the British army, ix. 315; his zeal in urging
their departure, 317; furnishes troops lo
England, x. 114; two battalions taken
prisoners at Yorktown, 523.

Antagonism between the North and the
South on the question of slavery, x. 347 ;
this antagonism apparent in the old con-
gress, 348, note.

Antagonisms in the world of action are veiy
few, and may always be accounted for and
reconciled, viii. 118; antagonisms of right
and fact, and their conciliation, 119.

Antonio de Ulloa, his arbitrary and oppres-
sive conduct at New Orleans, vi. 218, 219.

Appeal made to France for money to carry on
the war, x. 417.

Aranda, Count de, ambassador of Spain at
Paris, ix. 288; his character, 288; his
hatred of England, 289 ; the American
commissioners have interview's with him,
289.

"Arbella," ship, whence the name, i. 354;
arrives at Salem, 357; at Boston, 358.

Arbuthnot, Admiral, arrives in New York
with re-enforcements, x. 301 ; sails into
Charleston harbor, 304; he and Clinton
summon the town, 304; Chesapeake, x.
498; encounter with the French fleet, 515.

Archdale, John, Governor of South Carolina,
iii. 16 ; his discreet and beneticent admin-
istration, 17.

Archer, John, a faithful minister with the
emigrants to Massachusetts, i. 354.

Argall, Sir Samuel, gets possession of Poca-
hontas, i. 146 ; drives the French from
Mount Desert and from Acadia, 148; Gov-
ernor of Virginia, 151; a tyrant, 152; dies,
438.

Aristocracy of England paralyzes all its en-
ergies, iv. 278; its privilege and power, v.
50, et seq. ; its absolute control, 38-40, 59;
the king and Pitt combine to humble
them, vi. 25; they combine to overthrow
his ministry, 59; and succeed, 60; they
reduce their own burden of taxation by
throwing part of it on America, 60, 61.

Aristocracy of Europe, state of, in 1774; vii.
26, 27.

Aristocratic rule in Gre:it Britain, x. 117;
constitution for Eastern Maine, 368.

GENERAL INDEX.

603

Aristotle taught that the earth is a sphere,
i. 6.

Arkansas, Valley of, traversed by Spaniards,
i. 40w, 51; by French Jesuits, ill- 160.

Arlington, Earl of (Henry Bennet), receives
a grant of Virginia, ii. 209.

Armand, Colonel, in Washington's army, ix.
393; his misconduct at Camden, x. 320.

Armed neutrality of 1780. Freedom of the
seas unknown "to barbarous powers, x. 255 ;
how understood in the middle ages, 255;
rights of neutrals first maintained by the
Dutch, 255; introduced into the law of
nations, 256; first proposal for an armed
neutrality, 260; hesitation of the Dutch,
262; arrogant claims of England, 264; the
northern powers demand explanations of
her for the violations of their respective
flags, 264; they propose convoy for their
trading vessels, 265 ; Russia at first demurs,
257, 266 ; Holland hesitates and delays, 26 1 ;
the Dutch fear England, 264; they suffer
her insolence, 270; they refuse to give up
Paul Jones and his prizes, 272; a British
squadron attacks a Dutch convoy, 275;
Kussia joins the other northern powers in
remonstrance, 277; the "armed neutral-
ity" fully proclaimed, 281; its principles
distinctly announced, 281; its justice and
wisdom, 281; parties to it, 428, 429; action
taken by England, 427.

Arming the slaves, the question considered,
ix. 291 ; congress advise it, 292.

Arms prohibited to the Catholics of Ireland,
v. 72.

Armstrong, John, with a body of troops,
de-troys a town of the Delawares, iv. 241,
242; in the campaign against fort Du-
quesne, 308; raises the British flag over
that fortress, 311.

Armstrong. General, of Pennsylvania, takes
command of the continental troops in South
Carolina, viii. 354; takes part in the defence
of Charleston, 396, 399, 403; commands
the Pennsylvania militia, ix. 395, 424, 427;
his inefficiency, 427, 428

Army, standing, for the colonies, v. 83, 86.

Army of America. (See Continental Army
and Northern Army).

Army of France, subservient to the will oi
the monarch, vii. 28.

Arm 'Id, Benedict, of New Haven, Conn ,
marches with a volunteer company to the
scene of conflict near Boston, vii. 316; joins
at Castleton the expedition against Ticon-
deroga, 339; his skirmish on Lake Cham-
plain, 364; commands the expedition to
Quebec by way of Kennebec river, viii.
190; his person and character, 190; amount
of his force, 190; encounters great diffi-
culties, 193, et seq. ; reaches Point Levi,
opposite Quebec, 196; too weak to attack
Quebec, 197 ; retires to Point aux Trembles,
198; is joined there by Montgomery, 201;
leads a party in the assault on the city,
208: is wounded and carried off, 209;
appointed brigadier-general, 245; retires
to Montreal, 420; attempts to recover cap-

tives by force, 428 ; retreats from Montreal,
432; commands a naval force on Lake
Champlain, ix. 152; his naval operations,
154; is blockaded by British ships, 154;
his audacity, 154; defeat of his squadron,
155 ; in the night passes unobserved through
the British fleet. 156 ; is pursued and over-
taken, 156 ; destroys his own fleet, 156 ; his
fame for courage, 156 ; testimony of Wash-
ington to his merit, 335 ; he is slighted by
congress, 335; his combat with the enemy
at Kidgeneld, Conn., 347; made a major-
general, 348 ; commands on the Delaware,
352; is sent to the aid of the northern
army, 374; insubordinate, 407; not in the
battle of Stillwater, 410; his good advice,
411; Gates rejects it, 412; Arnold and
Gates quarrel, 412; a volunteer on the field
of battle, 417; his impetuous valor, 417; is
wounded, 417 ; congress allows him the
rank he claims, 418; his discontent, x.
377; his misconduct, 378; lenient censure
on him by a court-martial, 378; receives
money from Clinton, 378; appointed to
command at West Point, 379; determines
to surrender that post, 379; vainly tries to
involve Washington in the snare, 382; goes
down the river to meet Andre, 380; plan
agreed on for the surrender, 380 ; escapes
down the river in the "Vulture," 389; his
threatening letter to Washington, 391; is
scorned and hated even by British officers.
394; his effrontery, 394; malignant state-
ments of the affair. 394; the plot approved
by Germain and Clinton, 378; Arnold in-
vades Virginia, 497; burns Richmond, 497;
writes a letter to Lafayette, which the latter
returns with scorn, 498 ; is ordered back to
New York, 498; plunders and burns New
London, 499; murders Colonel Ledyard,
and massacres the garrison of fort Gris-
wold, 500.

Arrogance of England, x. 430.

Artaguette, leader of a French force against
theChickasaws, iii. 365; falls in battle, 367.

Articles of confederation agreed on, ix. 144.

Ashburton, Lord [John Dunning], consulted,
x. 578.

Ashby, Captain, hanged, ix. 334.

Ashe, General, his incapacity, ix. 289.

Ashe, John, of North Carolina, he and others
burn fort Johnston, viii. 95; member of
the provincial congress, 98; joins Colonel
Moore with a re-enforcement, 285.

Ashley, John, proposes to abate the duty on
molasses, iv. 86.

"Asia," British man-of-war, supplied with
provisions from New York, vii. 359.

" Assiento." the, its provisions, iii. 231, 232;
benefit of it assigned to the South Sea com-
pany, 401; number of African slaves im-
ported during its continuance, 411.

Atlee. of Pennsylvania, on Long Island, ix.
86, 89.

Attakulla-kulla, or the Little Carpenter, a
Cherokee chief, iv. 348. et seq. ; his fidelity
to his friend James Stuart, 356; comes to
ask for peace, 423, 425.

604

GENERAL INDEX.

Attorneys excluded from Virginia, i. 229.

Attucks", Crispus, one of the victims at the
Boston massacre, vi. 337, 340.

Aubry defeats Grant near fort Duquesne, iv.
309; marches to the relief of Niagara, and
is defeated with great slaughter, 321; at
New Orleans, vi. 220, 293, 294, 296.

Auchmuty, Robert, vi 200, 283; counsel for
Preston at his trial. 348, 373.

Auckland, Lord, sent to America. (See Eden,
William.)

Augusta, princess-dowager of Wales, mother
of George III. ; iv. 98, 244; unjustly accused
of loose connections, 245, not?.

Augusta, Ga., founded, iii. 425; taken by
the British, x. 286 ; British deleated there,
333; surrenders, 489.

"Augusta," British ship of the line, blown
up, ix. 431.

Augusta County, in Virginia, sends relief to
the suffering people of Boston, vii. 75; in-
structions to its delegates in convention,
viii. 376.

Augustine of Hippo, in Africa, his influence
on humanity, iv. 151.

Augustine, St., settlement of, i. 69; oldest
town in the United States, 69.

Austria, her alliance courted by England,
iv. 277, 433; and France put aside their
ancient rivalry, 279 ; England otters to her
acquisitions in Italy, 433 ; under the em-
peror Joseph II., v. 10; inflexibly opposed
to America, 11 ; aims at supremacy in Ger-
many, x. 52, 105, 110, 242; its vain pre-
tensions, 53; pride of the archducal house,
53; its firm alliance with France, 53; un-
friendly to America, 53; decline of the
Austrian power, 53; Austria accedes to the
northern league, 430; favors American in-
dependence, 449.

Austrian emperor proclaims religious free-
dom, x. 528.

Austrian succession, war of the, iii. 449, et seq.

Avalon, name of Lord Baltimore's settlement
on Newfoundland, i. 239, 242.

Aver, Captain Samuel, of Haverhill, his in-
trepid conduct, iii. 216.

Ayllon, his voyage to South Carolina, i. 36;
carries off many of the natives as slaves,
36. (See Vasqaez).

B.

Bacon, Francis, Viscount St. Albans, his
liberal sentiments and illiberal conduct, i.
304. 305; a strange mistake of his, 319;
inclined to materialism, ii. 329.

Bacon, Nathaniel, his character, ii. 217;
elected a burgess, 219; appointed com-
mander-in-chief, 220; marches against the
Indians, 224; takes possession of James-
town, and burns it, 227, 228; disperses the
royalists, 228: dies, 229; his partisans dis-
franchised, 246.

Backwoodsmen described, vii. 163; they are
exposed to constant danger from the In-
dians, 164; murders by the Indians, 164;

the backwoodsmen take revenge, 165; their
settlement in Kentucky, 366, et seq.

Backwoodsmen of North Carolina and Vir-
ginia rise in arms, x 335; they defeat a
strong British force, 339; stop the advance
of Cornwallis, 340; and determine the pos-
session of the country beyond the Alle-
ghanies, 340.

"Balance of power" between the South and
the North, x. 352.

Balfour, Andrew, an American patriot, suffers
cruel treatment, x. 560.

Balfour, a British colonel, takes part in the
execution of Hayne, x. 492.

Ballot, origin of its use, i. 348; unknown in
England, v. 39.

Baltimore, first lord (Sir George Calvert) his
early history, i. 23S; his character, 23S;
his settlement in Newfoundland lails, 239;
goes to Virginia, 197, 240; rinds no quiet
there, 197, 240; obtains a grant of Mary-
land, 241; wise and benevolent provisions
of the charter, 244; death of Lord Balti-
more, 244.

Baltimore, second lord (Cecil Calvert), i. 245;
charter of Maryland issued to him, 241,
245; his mild government, 252; gratitude
of the people, 252, 258 ; his authority super-
seded by Clayborne, 260; confirmed by
Cromwell, 261; appoints Fendall his lieu-
tenant, 263; his authority restored, ii 230;
his tolerant and mild government, 238; his
death, 238; and character, 239.

Baltimore, third lord (Charles Calvert), re-
sides in Maryland, ii 237; visits England,
240; returns to the province, 241; his
authority resisted, 242, et seq. ; visits the
region on the Delaware, 309 ; controversy
with William Pennon boundaries, 385, 386.

Baltimore, Lord (see Calvert, Frederic).

Baltimore, its inviting situation, vii. 49; its
recent origin, 49; spirited conduct of its
people, 50; recommends a continental
congress, 50; sympathizes with Boston,
50; its example" kindles new life in New
York, 50; congress adjourns to that place,
ix 213.

Bancroft, Edward, an adventurer in England
from Connecticut, ix. 62; his bad character,
62, 63; he betrays confidence, 64.

Bancroft, Richard, archbishop of Canterbury,
an unrelenting persecutor of the Puritans,
i. 296, 297.

Bank of England chartered, iii. 191.

Bank of John Law becomes the bank of
France, iii- 354.

Bank of the United States, its origin, x. 405.

Baptists punished in Massachusetts, i. 450;

in Virginia, ii. 202.
Barbadoes, a colony from it settle in North

Carolina, ii. 137.
Barbarity, Indian, instances of, iii. 133, 134,
138-141, 145. 179, 180, 182, 183, 187, 188;
justified bv Jesuit historians, 187; other
'instances, 212. 213. 215, 320, 327.
Barbarity of the British, x. 198. et seq., 307,
327, 328, 339, 395, note, 489, 457, 458, 560,
562.

GENERAL INDEX.

eo5

Barbarity of the Indians, v. 123.

Barclay," Robert, governor of New Jersey, ii.
409.

Barentsen, William, the peer of Columbus,
ii. 261; his attempt to discover a north-
east passage to China, 262; his death,
262.

Barlow, Arthur, his voyage for Raleigh to
North Carolina, i. 92.

Barnwell, Colonel, defeats the Tuscaroras,
iii. 321.

Barre\ Isaac, major, afterwards colonel, in
the expedition against Louisborg, iv. 294;
his good conduct, 296; adjutant-general
to Wolfe, 325; is wounded, 335; dismissed
from the army for his votes, v. 169; his
great speech in parliament against the
stamp act, 240, 241; contends against the
power of parliament to tax America, 415;
his eloquent speech in behalf of America,
vi. 254; befriends Boston, 271; his invec-
tive against ministerial despotism, 322;
would not have troops sent to Boston, 361;
does not oppose coercion of America, 510 ;
or the Boston port bill, 512; eulogizes
Montgomery in the British parliament,
viii. 212.

Barrett, Colonel James, commands al Con-
cord, vii. 298, 302.

Barrington, Lord, secretary at war. iv. 386,
412, 413; denounces the Americans, vi.
232. 210 ; proposes a change in the charter
of Massachusetts, 361; confesses the weak-
ness of his department, vii. 186, 187; re-
monstrates against war with America, 187;
his hesitation about sending troops to
America, viii. 100; his admonitions un-
heeded, 158, 159; votes in parliament to
please the king, in opposition to his own
judgment and conscience, ix. 75; thinks
the ministry not equal to the times, x.
143/

Barrington, lieutenant, taken prisoner with
Prescott on Rhode Island, ix. 358.

Barrow, Henry, hanged at Tyburn for not
going to church, i. 290.

Bartlett. Josiah, delegate in congress from
New Hampshire, viii. 438.

Barton, Colonel William, takes General Pres-
c 'tt prisoner, ix. 358.

Bass, Henrv, of Boston, a " Son of Liberty "
in 1765, v. 310.

Bath, earl of (see Pulteney).

Baton Rouge taken by the Spaniards, x.
253

Baum, a Brunswick lieutenant-colonel, sent
to Bennington, ix. 383; amount of his
force. 383; his orders, 383 ; is attacked by
militia on every side, 385; falls mortally
wounded, 385; surrender of his troops,
385
Bavaria, Elector of, offers troops to George
III., viii. 268; the offer not accepted, 268;
threatened by Austria, x. 52, 105, 111,
240.
Baxter, Richard, suffers abuse from Jeffries,
ii 439; the head of the dissenters, 440;
his political influence, 441.

Baxter, Colonel, at fort Washington, ix. 190;
his death, 191.

Bayard, John, of Philadelphia, his character
viii. 385.

Baylor, Colonel, at Trenton, ix. 234.

Baylor's cavalry, while begging for quarter,
cut to pieces, x. 152.

" Bav Psalm Book," printed, i. 415.

Beatty, Captain, killed, x. 487.

Beauchamp, Lord, a friend of America and of
liberty, vi. 240, 274, 360.

Beaujeu, naval commander in La Salle's last
voyage, iii. 169.

Beaujeu, De, leads the attack on Braddock's
force, iv. 187 ; is slain, 188.

Beaumarchais, Peter Augustin Caron de,
his utter want of principle, vii. 32, 33; a
French emissary in London, viii. 146;

, hastens to Paris, 146 ; his secret memorial
to the king in favor of taking part with
the Americans, 146; receives a new com-
mission, 146; is employed by the French
ministry in furnishing aid to America, 343,
344; promises this aid to Arthur Lee, 344;
offers supplies on credit to the United
States, ix. 64; a friend to that country,
69; warlike supplies are furnished by him,
291; the author of "Figaro," 294; his
letter to Maurepas, 294; he proposes to
him three objects, one of which is an alli-
ance with America, 294.

Beau Sejour taken by the English, iv. 198.

Ueckford, William, member of parliament
from London, v. 145; denies the power of
that body to tax America, 238, 242; his
good counsel rejected, vi. 78, 79, 232 ; his
efforts in behalf of America, 239, 257, 274,
360; moves for a repeal of the dutv on tea,
360.

Bedel, Colonel, of New Hampshire, stationed
at the Cedars, Canada, viii. 425, 426; his
cowardice. 427.

Bedford, Duke of, first lord of the admiralty
in 1746, iv. 87, 291; succeeds the Duke of
Newcastle as minister for the colonies in
1748,21; his excellent character, 21, 22;
contrasted with Newcastle, 22; head of
the conservative whigs, 55; earnest for
depriving the colonies of liberty, 57 ; dis-
agrees with Halifax, 70; at variance with
the Pelhams, 70, 71; wishes to maintain
p^ace with France, 86, 87; resigns his
office, 87; distrusts the colonists, 291;
desires peace with France, 400; opposes
Pitt, 401; with aid from Newcastle, com-
pels the resignation of Pitt, 408, 409 ; be-
comes Lord Privy Seal, 412; ambassador
to France, 439, 442; concludes a treaty of
peace. 452.
Bedford, fourth duke of (John Russell),
lord privy seal, v. 80; description of, by
Lord Egremont, 81; Bute wishes him for
president of the council, 95; refuses to act
under the triumvirate ministry, 103; ad-
vises the king to send for Pitt, 103; he is
irritated against Pitt, 147; becomes presi-
dent of the council, under the Grenville
administration, 147; his wishes in relatios

606

GENERAL INDEX.

to a regency, 253, 255 ; favors freedom of
trade, 257; his life in danger from silk-
weavers, 258; his interview with the king,
260; remains in office, 265 ; wishes to re-
tire, 295; his interview with the king, 290;
solicits the aid of Bute, 427.428; protests,
with his friends, against the repeal of the
stamp act, 451; denounces Massachusetts,
vi. 61; proposed coalition with Rocking-
ham, 89 ; insists on maintaining the su-
premacy of parliament over the colonies,
91; the proposed coalition fails, 92; he
and his party coalesce with the ministry,
108; he and they wish to crush the spirit
of liberty in Boston, 175; he seconds Hills-
borough ; resolutions condemning Massa-
chusetts to punishment, 246.

Beers, Richard, slain by the Indians at North-
field, ii 104.

Behring, Vitus, discovers North-west Amer-
ica, iii. 453.

Belcher, Jonathan, governor of Massachu-
setts, iii. 392; governor of New Jersey, iv.
40.

Belcher, Jonathan, son of the preceding,
chief justice of Nova Scotia, justified the
removal of the Acadians, iv. 201.

Belle Isle taken by the English, iv. 400.

Bellingham, Richard, his jealousy of Win-
throp, i. 437; governor of Massachusetts,
ii. 88; his death, 92.

Bellomont. Earl of [Richard Coote], governor
of New York, iii. 59; his pacific adminis-
tration, 59; his popularity, 60; a partner
of William Kidd, 60; governor of Massa-
chusetts and New Hampshire, 82; endeav-
ors to obtain an acknowledgment of the
supremacy of England over the Five Na-
tions, 193; his death, 60.

Bemis's Heights, near Stillwater,N.Y., battle
of, ix. 409 ; Morgan begins the attack, 409 ;
Fraser, Philips, Riedesel, 409; obstinate
courage of the Americans, 410; neither
Gates, Arnold, nor Lincoln on the field,
410; defeat of the British, 411; their great
loss. 411; second battle, 415, 416; Bur-
goyne surrenders, 420.

Bennett, Richard, governor of Virginia, i.
225.

Bennington, Vermont, settled, v. 291; its
territory granted twice over, 292.

Bergen in New Jersey, its early settlement,
ii. 316.

Berkeley, George, bishop of Cloyne, iii.
372; his character, 372; his philosophy,
372 ; his residence in America, 373 ; endows
American colleges, 374; his prophecy of
American greatness, 374.

Berkeley, Lord John, a proprietary of Caro-
lina, ii. 129; and of New Jersey, 315; sells
West New Jersey to the Quakers, 355.

Berkeley, Sir William, proprietary governor
of Virginia, i. £02; severe instructions
given to him, 203; hates Puritanism, 207;
elected by the people, 228; his selfishness,
ii. 69; one of the proprietaries of North
Carolina, 129 ; thanks God that there are no
free schools, 192 ; appointed agent of the

colony, 197; unfaithful to the trust, 198;
dissatisfied with his salary, 203; his in-
ventory, 212; his conduct during the in-
surrection, 217, et geq. ; proclaims Bacon a
traitor, 222 ; his severities towards the
malcontents, 230, et seq. ; returns to Eng-
land, 233.
Bernard, Francis, governor of New Jersey
iv. 372; made governor of Massachusetts,
377; talksof "subjection to Great Britain,"
378; appoints Thomas Hutchinson chief
justice, 379; his alarm at the ferment
caused by the speech of Otis, 421 ; a con-
spirator against liberty, 421; recommends
divers aggressions on the liberties of New
England, v. 148; shares in 'the avails of
the contraband trade, 158, note; his
scheme of colonial policy, 200; his coun-
sel to the ministry, 200; his pusillanimity,
201; proposes a reconstruction of New
England, 225; counsels submission to the
oppressive measures of parliament, 278;
cannot repress the patriotic spirit of the
people, 310; retires to the castle, 312: his
cowardice, 315 ; tries to frighten the prov-
ince legislature, 329, 330; opposes all con-
cession and calls for an army, 379, 380;
his pride and vanity, vi. 7; negatives the
choice of Otis as speaker, 8; and of six
members of the council, 8; threatens the
province with the loss of its charter, 11;
solicits the interposition of parliament and
the revocation of the charter, 16; complains
of illicit trade, 31; the taxing of America
due to his advice, 41; causes the billeting
act to be printed as if it were a province
law, 41; insists on a negative to the choice
of province agent, 69; wishes to control
the election of councillors, 70; advises to
alter the charter, 70; predicts a civil war,
97; advises to send troops to Boston, 101;
his infatuation, 104. 151; grossly misrepre-
sents to the ministry the proceedings of
Massachusetts, 131; is defeated in an ac-
tion for libel, 131, 132; prorogues the
legislature and denounces its leading mem-
bers, 131 ; he wishes troops to be sent over,
133 ; his false representations of a day of
rejoicing, 134; his multiplied falsehoods,
135 ; his correspondence with Hillsborough,
150, 151; asks to become an informer, with
promise of secrecy, 150; his falsehoods,
152; his shameful duplicity, 160, 171; ad-
vises against repeal of the revenue act, 171 ;
is panic-struck at the firm front presented
by Massachusetts, 164; is made a baronet,
172; denounces Samuel Adams, 192; for-
bids the meeting of the general court, 198;
is frightened at sm empty barrel, 196: pro-
tends to be in danger, 200; the most un-
happy man in Boston, 200 ; his demand of
quarters for troops denied, 201 ; his mis-
representations of this matter, 202; urges
the forfeiture of the charter, 212: is recalled,
268; his duplicity unmasked by the publi-
cation of letters, 271; his disappointments,
285: his altercation with the legislature of
Massachusetts, 285, et seq.; adjourns it to

GENERAL INDEX.

607

Cambridge, 287; the members unanimously
petition tor his removal, 287; he lc^es
Boston for Europe, 290; his had character,
291; great rejoicing at his departure, 291.

Bernstorff, Count, prime minister of Hen-
mark, unfriendly to America, x. 56.272;
accepts the armed neutrality, 429; but
enters into a separate treaty at variance
with it, 430.

Beverly, Robert, suppresses the insurrection
in Virginia, ii. 229.

Bible, English, never printed in America till
the revolution, v. 266 ; Bible for freedom,
289 ; some of its prophecies supposed to
apply to New England, vi. 168.

Biddlelj Nicholas, captain in the American
navy, ix. 134; captain of the frigate " Ran-
dolph," engages the "Yarmouth," of supe-
rior force, ix. 467 ; the " Randolph " is
sunk, 467.

Bienville, brother of Iberville, iii. 179, 200;
explores western Louisiana, 204; at Mo-
bile, 209 ; at New Orleans, 358, 364, 367 ;
in Mississippi, 367.

Bienville, Celeron de, conducts a French
colony into the Ohio valley, iv. 42, 43.

Bigelow, Timothy, major under Arnold in the
expedition against Quebec, viii. 191.

Bigot, James, missionary to the Penobscot
Indians, iii. 178; stimulates them to great
cruelty, 187.

Billeting act obnoxious to New York, vi. 15,
43; its clauses renewed, 17; Governor
Bernard causes it to be printed with the
province laws, 41 ; Samuel Adams's opinion
of it, 42; resisted in New York, 44; Shel-
burne disapproves of it, 55 ; a fruitful
source of difficulty with the colonies, 71 ;
resisted in South Carolina, 309.

Billingsport on the Delaware evacuated, ix.
423 ; the consequences, 423.

Bills of credit issued by Massachusetts, viii.
48; by congress, 57, 61; by New Jersey,
72; by Pennsylvania, 75; by Maryland,
78; by Virginia, 82; by North Carolina,
96; by the continental congress, 318; by
Pennsylvania, 326; by South Carolina,
346, 347.

Bishop, Bridget, accused of witchcraft, iii.
88; hanged, 88.

Bishop and king stand or fall together, iv.
370 ; public opinion against bishops, 430.

Black men, their enlistment opposed, x. 350;
how far carried into effect, 350.

Blackstone, William, settles at Boston, i. 341.

Blackstone, Sir William, contends for the
supremacy of England over her colonies,
v. 417, 440. t

Blake, Joseph, brother of the admiral, con-
ducts emigrants to South Carolina, ii. 172.

Blanchard, Luther, fifer in the Acton com-
pany, wounded at Concord, vii. 302.

Bland, Richard, of Virginia, points to inde-
pendence as a remedy, v. 442; appeals to
the law of nature. 443; reports resolutions
denying the power of parliament to tax
America, vi. 146; one of the committee of
correspondence, 455; a member of the

first continental congress, vii. 130; hi?
conciliatory speech, 130; he opposes the
measures of resistance advocated by Wash-
ington and Patrick Henry, 273; elected to
congress, viii. 80 ; is excused on account of
age, 81; his high character, 81; in the
convention of Virginia, 378.

Blaspheni}- punished, i. 450.

Bleiswick, Peter, pensionary of Holland, x.
260, et seq.

Bliss, Theodore, a witness of the Boston
massacre, vi. 339, 347.

Block, Adriaen, the Dutch navigator, ii. 275;
sails through Long Island Sound, 275.

Blockade, law of, as interpreted by an Eng-
lish judge, x. 426, 427.

Blockade of Boston, its effects there and
elsewhere, vii. 56, 57; the measure univer-
sally condemned in America, 57, 58; the
king and the ministry exult, 59.

Bloody Brook, sanguinary battle there, u.
104.

Blouin, Daniel, agent for the people of Illi-
nois, vi. 472.

Bohemia invaded bj' Frederic II., iv. 282 ; re-
action in, x. 82.

Board of trade, its relations to the colonies,
iv. 17; Halifax becomes head of it, 36;
they apply to Parliament for absolute
power over the colonies, 48, 49 ; Charles
Townshend becomes a member, 54; they
renew their efforts to crush American lib-
erty, 83, 84; new powers given to this
board, 92; thev try in vain to reduce New
York, 103, 104"; advise taxation, 100; and
a military dictatorship, 227 ; their secret
designs against the colonies, 292, 297 ; their
S3rstem matured, 379; the decision fully
settled in 1760, 381; board of trade report
against the tenure of good behavior, 428.

" Body of Liberties " established in Massa-
chusetts, i. 416 ; its provisions, 417, et seq.

Bolingbroke, Lord (see St. John).

Bollan, William, agent in England for Mas-
sachusetts, iv. 63, 84; dismissed, 430.

Boone, Daniel, his birth-place, vi. 298, note ;
is allured to the West by reports of the
richness of its soil, 298; traverses Ken-
tucky, 299; built the first cottage on that
territory, 299; his love of nature, 301:
returns to his home in North Carolina,
302; determined to make Kentucky his
future home, 302; his eldest son killed by
the Indians, vii. 164; the pioneer settler
of Kentucky, 366; his further career, 369.
370; dies far up the Missouri, 370.

Boone, Thomas, governor of South Carolina,
assumes to be sole judge of elections, v.
150.

Boonesborough in Kentucky, its origin, vii.
366.

Borough, an English, the French minister
purchases one, vii. 174, 175.

Boscawen, Admiral, takes the French ships
"Alcide" and "Lys," iv. 183; in Nova
Scotia, 201, 202; commands the fleet sent
with Amherst's army to Louisburg, 294
296.

608

GENERAL INDEX.

Bossuet justifies slavery, x. 346.

Boston, founded, i. 358; first church formed,
i. 359; its fundamental principles, 359;
the town incorporated, 35'J ; equips priva-
teers against the French, ii. 89: generous
contributions for sufferers in Philip's war,
109; merchants of Boston trade with < aro-
lina. 157; this trade heavily taxed, 158; the
Antinomian controversy, 388: the Episco-
pal service introduced by Andros, 426; he
demands a meeting-house for it, 427; Bos-
ton throws off his government, 445, 446;
Boston noted for liberality, ii. 109; witch-
craft in Boston, iii. 97 ; flourishing condi-
tion of, 369; the "Boston News-Letter,"
374; the town applauds the refusal of a
fixed salary to the governor, 392; its popu-
lation in 1761, iv. 418; writs of assistance
tried there, 414, et seq. ; elects James Otis
one of its representatives, 420; denies the
right of Parliament to tax America, v. 197 ;
the stamp act denounced, 309 ; Oliver hung
in effigy, 310; the chief actors in the scene,
310; bonfire on Fort Hill. 312; another in
King Street, 313. Hutchinson's furniture
and papers destroyed, 313; officers of the
crown terror-stricken, 313; the town elects
Samuel Adams representative, 831; their
confidence in him, 350; memorial to Gov-
ernor Bernard for opening the courts,
375, 376; chooses Hancock its representa-
tive, vi. 7; proposes union as a means of
security, 6; a board of customs estab-
lished, vi. 85; the people exasperated at
the passage of Townshend's revenue act,
96; hostile feelings excited, 97; patriotic
utterances of the press, 97, 98, 102; in-
timate correspondence with New York,
98; the inhabitants distressed and divided
between fear and hope, 101; revolution
rapidly advancing, 103; non-importation
resolved on in town meeting, 103; the
measure fails in part, 117; the people
complain of having to maintain syco-
phants and court parasites, 117; the mer-
chants renounce commerce with Eng-
land. 132; false representations made of
the state of things in Boston by the gov-
ernor, 134, 135 ; and by the commissioners
of the customs, 136; the true state of
things, 136, 137; Boston thanks Dickinson
for the "Farmers' Letters," 139; things
hastening to a crisis, 145; riot of the tenth
of June, 1768, 156. 157; a town meeting
in consequence, 158; its address to Gov-
ernor Bernard and his answer, 159, 160; it
protests against the introduction of troops,
and asserts its determination to maintain
its liberties at every hazard, 162; the min-
istry incensed, 173; and determine on vig-
orous measures, 174; memorials for and
against Boston, 174; popular enthusiasm,
179: non-importation again resolved on,
179 ; Boston and vicinity ready for extreme
measures, 194; town meeting to consider
what should be done, a report and re-
solves, 197; convention proposed, 198; the
town vote to be provided with fire-arms,

199; the militia under arms, 201; a de-
mand tor quarters of troops denied, 201;
false representations of Boston made by
Gage, 200, 203; a convention at Fan-
euil Hall, 203; the troops arrive, 207; dif-
ficulty of finding quarters for them, 208,
et seq.; Gage comes to Boston and in per-
son demands quarters, but is refused, 210;
many soldiers desert, 213; as there was
no rebellion in Boston, the troops there
could do nothing, 234; Parliament re-
solves to chastise Boston, 240; character
of Boston; its political and social sys-
tem and capacity for self-government,
240-243; Boston's petition to the king,
271; asks for the removal of the troops,
271; the town demands their removal, 284;
the merchants unanimously vote the par-
tial repeal of the revenue acts unsatislac-
tory, and adhere to the non-importation
covenant, 290; Bernard leaves Boston for
Europe, 290; great rejoicings thereon, 291 ;
meeting of merchants in Faneuil Hall,
the liberty song, 309; celebration of the
fourteenth of August, 309; Boston firm in
the non-importation agreement, 311 ; Bos-
ton's "Appeal to the World," 312; tar
and feathers used on an informer, 313 ;
inactivity of the troops, 314; they are
"of no sort of use," 314; are despised
by the towns-people, 333 ; the women re-
nounce the use of tea, 333; the affray at
Ebenezer Richardson's house, 333, 334;
the affray at Gray's ropewalk, 334, 335;
disputes between the soldiers and the
townsmen, 334, et seq. ; the Boston massa-
cre, 336, et seq. ; the town meeting on the
day after, 341 ; the demand for the instant
removal of the troops, 342; Hutchinson
tries to evade the demand, 343; is over-
awed by Samuel Adams, 344; the council
advise the removal, 345 ; Hutchinson com-
plies, 346 ; extreme chagrin of the British
officers, 346; Boston's instructions to its
representatives, 363; the king orders all
ships stationed in North America to ren-
dezvous in Boston harbor, and castle Wil-
liam to be garrisoned by the regular troops,
369; a powerful British fleet in Boston
harbor in 1771, 406; the ministers refuse
to read Hutchinson's proclamation for
thanksgiving in November, 1771, 408; the
governor refuses to answer the inquiries of
the town, 427 ; the town claims a right to
discuss public affairs, 428; a committee of
correspondence proposed by Samuel Ad-
ams, and voted by the town, 428. 429:
Boston is seconded by other towns, 431 ; by
a public act joins issue with king and Par-
liament, 432, 433 ; the proceedings of Bos-
ton sent to Virginia, 455; public meeting
to consider the subject of the landing ol
the tea, 473; extreme excitement, 474, et
seq. ; another town meeting, 475 ; arrival
of a tea ship, 477; an immense meeting at
the Old South Church, 478; two more tea
ships arrive, 480; the tea thrown over-
board, 486, 487 ; parcels of tea picked up

GENERAL INDEX.

609

and publicly destroyed, 493; a man tarred
and feathered, 493; the Boston port bill,
511; other stringent measures adopted for
curbing the spirit of liberty in Boston, 512-
526 ; Gage sent to Boston with four regi-
ments,523; closing of its port by the British
ministry, vii. 34; patriotism of its citizens,
vii. 34; meeting in Faneuil Hall, 35; decides
that the tea shall not be paid for, 3G; cir-
cular letter to the colonies, 36; General
Gage arrives as governor, 37 ; effect of the
port act upon the people, 42; Parliament
allows their lives to be taken with impu-
nity, 43; address to Hutchinson on his
departure, 46; a majority of merchants
engage to import nothing from England,
47; the letter from Philadelphia received
■with impatience, 47; the people do not
regret being singled out for ministerial
vengeance, 48; they receive S3rmpathy
from Baltimore, New Jersey, and South
Carolina 50,51; especially from Virginia,
53, 54; the cause of Boston becomes the
cause of all the colonies, 55; blockade of
Boston begins, 5 ; its melancholy effects,
56 ; business of all kinds :it an end, 57 ; more
troops arrive, 62, 63 ; firmness of the peo-
ple, 64, 65; at a great meeting the royalist
party exert themselves to the utmost, 68;
the town, by an immense majority, sanction
the proceedings of the committee of cor-
respondence, 69; Gage's foolish and futile
proclamation excites only indignation, 70;
arrival of two more regiments and a 64-
gun ship, 70; Gage, with all this force,
dreads the town meetings, 70, 71 ; Boston
is supplied with needful articles of provi-
sion by both the Carolinas, 72, 73; by
Connecticut, 73; by the French inhabitants
of Quebec, 74; by Delaware, Maryland,
and Virginia, 74," 75; the "regulating
act" requires Boston to pay for the tea
thrown overboard, 96; firmness of Boston,
98; its earnest appeal to the other towns,
98; cheering answer of Pepperell, 99;
military review at Boston, 101; the cadets
return the king's standard, 101; delegates
from three counties meet in Boston, 109;
this convention denounces the recent acts
of Parliament, 110; the supreme court not
a'lowed to proceed under the regulating
act, 111; seizure of powder at Somerville,
114; thousands of men in arms start for
the relief of Boston. 115, 120, 122 ; the
wealthy royalists collect there, 122; Gage
erects fortifications on Boston Neck, 122;
the selectmen remonstrate, but in vain,
122; the carpenters, notwithstanding they
share the general suffering, refuse to con-
struct barracks for the army, 124; Gage
seizes private military stores, 142 ; outra-
geous conduct of the soldiery, 142; the
citizens apply to congress for advice, 142;
their magnanimity, 142, 185; Lord Chat-
ham moves in parliament for the removal
of the forces from Boston, 196 ; the motion
rejected, 203; the army in Boston to be
increased, 244 ; contributions for the relief

VOL. X.

of Boston from all the colonies, 251; some
relief from England, 251; commemoration
of the Boston massacre, 253, et seq. ; ora-
tion of Warren, 254, 255 ; British officers
present, 254; their outrageous conduct,
256 ; British troops sent from Boston to
Concord, 288; their shameful repulse, 304;
the British army besieged in Boston, 310;
many of the people permitted to leave
Boston, 320 ; this permission withdrawn,
321; great sufferings of those who remain,
321; affair at Grape Island, 362; more
troops arrive, 362; skirmish near Noddle's
Island, 363; the light-house burned, 363;
Boston is strictly beleaguered, 363 (see
Bunker Hill); positions of the British
army in July, 1775, viii. 42; of the Amer-
ican army, 42, 43; number of the British,
42; of the Americans, 44; number and con-
dition of the inhabitants, 42 ; Boston town
meeting held in Concord, 48; British suf-
fer from inaction and sickness, 67 ; Gage
cuts down the liberty tree, 68; the Old
South turned into a riding-school, 292 ;
Faneuil Hall a playhouse, 292 ; occupations
of the besieged army, 292; Boston can-
nonaded, 293; aspect of the town, 295; the
British army compelled to evacuate it,
298; despair of the loyalists and refugees,
298; the British army leave behind ample
supplies, 302; American army enters Bos-
ton, 303; joy of the inhabitants, 303, 304;
condition of the place, 303; its present
prosperity, 307.

Boston committee of correspondence, their
secret journals still exist, vi. 428, note ;
their pledge of secrecy, 430; the}' send
letters to the other towns of the colony,
433; the towns respond, 437, et seq., 446;
the committee urge union, 466 ; they are
joined by the committees of five adjoining
towns, 475, 477 ; the matter of the disposal
of the tea is left in their hands, 475; the
tea-ships, and their cargoes and consignees,
in the hands of this committee, 475; the
tea thrown overboard, 486, 487 ; the com-
mittee in active correspondence with the
other colonies, 488 ; they prepare the way
for a congress of all the colonies, 507, 508;
their circular letter, 508.

" Boston Gazette," its bold utterances against
the revenue act, vi. 97, 98, 194, 199, 210,
230, 232,235,247,249, 252; denounced in
the British parliament, 107; quoted 309,
310, 329; Samuel Adams, in this paper,
solemnly contemplates a resort to the last
appeai, 407; contemplates independence,
426, 427; urges resistance, 466, vote; calls
for union, 489 ; and for a general congress
of the states, 489.

Boston light-house burned, viii. 48; repaired,
49 ; skirmish there, 49.

Boston massacre commemorated, vii. 253,
et seq. ; shameful behavior of British offi-
cers, 256.

Boston port bill arrives, vii. 34; is widely
circulated, 42; its influence in Boston, 34;
in Salem and Newburyport, 38; in New

39

610

GENERAL INDEX.

York, 40, 41; in Rhode Island and Con-
necticut, 42; in Philadelphia, 43.

Botetourt, Lord, appointed governor of Vir-
ginia, vi. 177; a wise choice, 177; arrives
in his province, 228; is pleased with its
condition and the people are pleased with
him, 228, 22!) ; meets the Legislature of
Virginia, 279; resolves of that legislature,
280 ; the governor is displeased and dis-
solves the assembly, 281 ; he promises a
partial repeal of the obnoxious acts, 315;
his death, 378.

Bougainville assists in the defence of
Quebec, iv. 331, 334, 336.

Boundaries between the English and French
colonies, iii. 339, et seq.

Boundaries, new, of Massachusetts, v. 103.

Boundaries, discussions respecting, x. 576,
579,584; the matter settled, 587 : marked
on the map, 591.

Bouquet, Colonel Henry, in Carolina, iv.
250, 270; in the expedition against fort
Duquesne, 309; his toilsome march to
relieve fort Pitt, v. 129 ; attacked by Ind-
ians, 130; repels the attack, and relieves
Pittsburgh, 131 ; his expedition to the
Ohio country, 221.

Bourlamarque, a French colonel, iv. 238;
wounded at Ticonderoga, 303; abandons
Fort Carillon, 323 ; in the battle of Sillery,
near Quebec, 359.

Bonvouloir, (see Be Bonvouloir.)

Bowdoin, James, a loyal man, vi. 202, 212;
his statement touching the Boston mas-
sacre, 347; advises the appointment of
Franklin, 374; drafts the reply of the
council to Hutchinson. 448 ; proves parlia-
mentary taxation to be unconstitutional,
453; negatived as a councillor, vii. 48;
chosen to congress, but cannot attend, 64;
letter of General Lee to him, ix. 204, 205.

Bowler, Metcalf, of Rhode Island, comes to
Boston with good news, vii. 35; writes
good news to Massachusetts, 316.

Bowman, Joseph, a captain of backwoods-
men, x. 195, 196.

Bracket. Anne, her escape from the Indians,
ii. 110.

Braddock, Edward, major-general and com-
mander-in-chief, his character, iv. 170;
arrives in the Chesapeake, 177; holds a
congress of American governors, 177;
recommends taxation by parliament, 178;
his contempt of American troops, 184,
185; his delays, 184, 185, 186; insults the
country, 185, praises Franklin, 184; sur-
prised, utterly defeated and killed, 187-
191; his grave, 192; consternation which
followed, 192.
Bradford, William, the pilgrim, i. 311; gov-
ernor of Plymouth colon}', 314; Winthrop
visits him, 364.
Bradstreet, colonel John, provisions Oswego,
iv. 236; his good conduct at Ticonderoga,
301; marches against fort Frontenac, 305;
captures that fort, 306; his expedition, v.
210; makes peace with the Indians, 211.
Bradstreet, Simon, sent to England, in be-

half of Massachusetts, ii. 75; counsels sub-
mission to the king, 88; governor of Mas-
sachusetts, 446.
Braintree, Mr., denounces the courts of

admiralty, v. 329.
Brandenburg, embraces the system of Calvin,
x. 81; its elector becomes king of Prussia,
84.
Brandywine, Washington on the north side
of it, ix. 394; he sends his baggage to
Chester, 394 ; prepares to dispute the pas-
sage, 395; duty assigned to Sullivan, 395
3!J0 ; Sullivan disobeys and commits seri-
ous blunders, resulting in the defeat of the
American army, 396, 397; Washington
arrests the pursuit of the right wing, 398 ;
gallant bearing of Stirling, 397 ; of Wayne,
398; of Maxwell, 399; Howe's plan ot
battle fails, 400; he cannot pursue the
American army, 400; loss of the Amer-
icans, 399; of the British, 400.
Brant, Joseph, the Mohawk chief, his inter-
view with lord George Germain, viii. 301;
rouses the fury of his countrymen against
the Americans, ix. 321; urges them to
remove farther west, 359.
Brattleborough in Vermont, settled from

Massachusetts, iii. 370.
Braxton, Carter, his scheme of a constitution

for Virginia, viii. 435.
Bray, Thomas, commissar}', procures the
establishment by law in Maryland of the
church of England, iii. 31, 32.
Brebeuf, Jean de, his toilsome journey from
Quebec to the Huron country, iii- 122;
his self-inflicted penances, 124; his visions,
124; his labors, 125;, visits the neutral
nation, 129; his martyrdom, 140.
Breed's Hill, Colonel Prescott has orders to

occupy it, vii. 409 (see Bunker Hill).
Bressani, Joseph, a prisoner among the

Iroquois, and cruelly tortured, iii. 134.
Breton, Cape, settled by the French, iii. 235

(see Louisburff).
Breton colony in Acadia, iv. 193.
Brevard, Ephraim, a leading patriot in North
Carolina, vii. 371, 373; his honorable
character, 371.
Brewer, Jonathan, of Waltham, in Massa-
chusetts, proposes to invade Canada by
way of the upper Kennebec, vii. 323; part
of his regiment fight on Bunker Hill, 418.
Brewster, William, the pilgrim, i. 300, 302;

embarks for America, 306.
Breymann, a Brunswick lieutenant-colonel,
sent to the support of Baum, ix. 384; con-
flict at Bennington, 385; his hasty retreat,
385; in the battle of Bemis's Heights, 417 ;
is mortally wounded, 417; his troops sur-
render, 418.
Brickett, James, lieutenant-colonel in Fryc's
regiment, in Bunker Hill battle, vii. 411. ■
Bridge, Colonel Ebenezer, with part of his
regiment, went on Bunker Hill with Pres-
cott, vii. 408.
Brigadiers elected by congress, viii. 30, 31.
Bristol m England, elects Edmund Burke to
parliament, vii. 176.

GENERAL INDEX.

611

Britain ruled by an aristocracy, x. 117.

British army in America in 1774, no longer
amenable' to the civil law, vii. 43; shut
up in Boston wit!! inadequate supplies,
318; mortification of the officers, 318; they
calumniate the Americans, 318, 319.

British colony planted in Nova Scotia, iv.
45.

British constitution, solidity of the, v. 97.

British fleet attack Gloucester, viii. 65; de-
stroys Portland, 113; reduces Norfolk to
ashe"s, 230,231; cannot remain in Boston
harbor, 297; sails out of it, 302; at anchor
several days in Nantasket road, 302, 350 ;
a fleet from Cork arrives in Cape Fear
river, 357 ; unsuccessful attack on Charles-
ton, 404-410; its severe losses, 411; sails
for New York, 412; a fleet arrives before
Quebec, 424, 425; fleet of Lord Howe
arrives at Sandy Hook, 458.

British institutions developed in America,
x. 37; British commissioners sent to Amer-
ica, 122; their mission wholly deceptive,
123; their false representations, 125; they
exceed their powers, 125 ; a British officer
leads the savage Indians in scenes of mas-
sacre, 137, 152; the British government
justifies and praises Indian butcheries,
138; approves and justifies treachery, 378;
•threatens "the extremes of war" to the
Americans. 151; these threats fulfilled,
152, 223, 220, 227, 231, 307, 327, 328, 339,
343, 395, 457, 458, 489, 500, 504, 505, 500,
502; the ancient affection for the mother
country washed out in blood, 140.

British officers, their cruelty, x. 152, 198,
307, 311, 328, 334,343,457", 500; a marked
change in their conduct after the accession
of Lord Shelburne to power, 502.

British people, address of congress to them,
vii. 148.

British standard joined by many people in
Virginia, viii. 226.

British troops, their sufferings from the
attack on Bunker Hill, viii. 25; great loss
of officers, 26; positions of the arm}' in
July, 1775, 41; its numbers, 41; its num-
bers in Feb. 1776, 292; Washington plans
an attack, 292; he takes possession of
Dorchester Heights, 293 ; the British army
unsuspicious of peril, 295 ; their astonish-
ment at beholding the American works,
290 ; contrast between them and the
Americans, 296 ; a council of war advises
to evacuate Boston, 298; the British arms
disgraced, 299; hasty departure of the
British army, 302, 356; to be concentrated
at New York, 356; Clinton, re-enforced
from Ireland, is to reduce Charleston and
the southern colonies, 357; Clinton, with
a body of troops invades South Carolina,
395; lands on Long Island, 396, 397; his
dilatory proceedings and inactivity, 399 ;
withdraws his troops, 412; re-enforcements
arrive to the British troops in Canada,
424; they pursue the retreating Americans,
425, et seq. ; their murderous attack on
the men of Lexington, vii. 293; enter

Concord in a hostile manner, 298; they
fire on the people, 302 ; are driven out of
Concord, 303, 304; their retreat becomes
a flight, 360; are pursued through Lincoln,
Lexington and West Cambridge, 305-308;
get back to Boston, 309; their great loss,
309; are besieged in Boston, 310; dai'e
not attempt a sally, 317; straitened
quarters and scanty supplies, 318 ; British
flag struck on the ocean to the Americans
for the first time, 341; the British army in
Boston receives re-enforcements, 362. 389;
a large force lands in Charlestown on the
day of Bunker Hill, 413; re-enforcements
arrive, 420; number of the British troops
engaged, 420; first attack on the American
line, 422; their slow advance, 423; pre-
cipitate retreat, 424; second attack of the
British, 425; are repulsed in greater dis-
order, 425; great slaughter of their right
wing, 426; most of their officers killed or
wounded, 420; third attack, 429; the re-
doubt carried by the bayonet, 429, 430;
the Americans retreat unpursued, 431 ; the
immense loss of the British, 431, 432; on
Staten Island, ix. 33; they land on Long
Island, 83; twenty thousand British and
Hessians attack four thousand Americans,
90; the Americans are overpowered, 94;
the British insult their prisoners, 97, 98;
approach the American lines at Brook-
lyn, 101; do not perceive the retreat of
the Americans, 104; enter the American
works, 104; land on New York Island,
119; obtain possession of the city, 120;
their cruelty, 129, 130; land on Frog's
Neck, 175; their march to White Plains,
177-179; a partial engagement at Chat-
terton Hill, 181; overrun New Jersey,
194, et set/. ; take possession of Khode
Island, 200; their brutal conduct, 216;
in New York, how they spent their time,
220, 227; their signal reverses at T»enton,
232-235; and at Princeton, 247-250; the
results of the campaign inauspicious to
them, 254; General Howe prepares to
march on Philadelphia, 351; is out-gen-
eralled by Washington, 352; evacuates
New Jersey, 350; embarks for Philadel-
phia, 391;" lands at the Head of Elk,
393; battle of Brandywine, 390, et seq.;
British troops enter Philadelphia, 404;
they cross over into New Jersey, 423;
battle of Germantown, 425-428 ; the Brit-
ish abandon the highlands on the Hudson,
429 ; they take the forts on the Delaware,
434, 435: comfort of the British in Phila-
delphia, 405; their passion for amuse-
ment, 405; their licentiousness, 405, 400.

Broeck, Abraham Ten, a patriot of the New
York Assembly, vii. 210.

Broglie, Count de, a friend of America, ix.
70; aspires to Washington's place, 284.

Brooke, Lord Robert, proposes to remove to
America, i. 384; a proprietary of Connecti-
cut, 395.

Brookfield, Mass., set on fire and deserted, ii.
103.

612

GENERAL INDEX.

Brooklyn, in Connecticut, sends provisions to
Boston in 1774, vii. 73, 74.

Brooklyn, on Long Island, how defended, ix.
82; Howe dares not assault those defences,
95; intends to take them by regular ap-
proaches, 101; the fortifications and the
island evacuated, 103, 104.

Brooks, John, a physician in Reading, cap-
tain of the minute-men of that town, at
Concord battle, vii. 304; as major in Col-
onel Bridge's regiment took part in the
battle of Bunker Hill, 414: afterwards gov-
ernor of Massachusetts, 414.

Brooks, John, his statements touching Lee's
conduct at Monmouth, x. 131, note.

Brooks, Colonel John, of Massachusetts, at
White Plains, ix. 181; in the battle of
Bemis's Heights, 417.

Broome, of the New York Congress, viii.
439.

Broughton, Captain Nicholas, of Marblehead,
cruises against the commerce of the ene-
my, viii. 69.

Brown, John, of Pittsfield, Massachusetts,
announces a plan for seizing Ticonderoga,
vii. 271 a; unites with others in the enter-
prise, 338, 339; bears information of the
surrender to the continental Congress, 341 ;
his expedition against Ticonderoga, ix.
408.

Brown, John, slain at Lexington, vii. 294.

Brown, John and Joseph, of Providence,
take the lead in the burning of the " Gas-
pee," vi. 419.

Brown, John, of Providence, a merchant,
Washington applies to him for powder,
viii. 61.

Brown, Major John, sent into Canada to
obtain information, viii. 177 ; brings back
an encouraging report, 178; is not able to
join Allen, 183; is esteemed able by Mont-
gomery, 184; he and Livingston capture
V'hambly, 186; they repel Maclean, 187;
at Quebec leads on a feigned attack, 206.

Brown, Jonas, wounded at Concord, vii. 302.

Brown, Lieutenant-Colonel (British), defeated
at Augusta bv Marion, x. 333 ; his extreme
cruelty, 334, 489.

Brown, Kobert, leader of the English Inde-
pendents, i. 287.

Browne, John and Samuel, adherents of
Episcopacy in Salem, i. 348; sent back to
England, and why, 350; publish in Eng-
land ill reports of the colony, 350.

Brunswick, the king applies for troops to,
viii. 255, et seq. ; character of the reigning
duke, 256 ; of Prince Ferdinand, 256, 257 ;
he approves the British proposal, 257; the
duke concurs, 257, 258; chaffering on the
price of troops, 258 ; price of every one
killed, 258; tariff for the wounded, 258;
pay and subsidy, 258; numbers furnished
by Brunswick, 258, 259; future life of
Ferdinand, 259; his incompetence cost
Prussia a fearful overthrow in 1806, 259;
his inglorious end, 259; number of Bruns-
wickers sent to America, 269, 270.

Brunswick, Duke of, his shabby conduct, ix.

315; his extreme meanness, 474; Bruns-
wick troops under Riedesel in the battle
of Hubbardton, ix. 369, 370 ; in the battle
of Bennington, 384, ^S85; in the battle of
Bemis's Heights, 409, 416; their surrender
at Saratoga, 420; the Brunswick princes
wish them not to be sent home, 475.

Brunswick in Maine burned by the Indians,
iii. 335.

Brutality of British soldiers, ix. 210, 5G0,
5G2.

Eryan, George, vice-president of Pennsyl-
vania, hostile to slavery, x. 359, 360.

Buccaneers, their origin, i 214.

Buckingham county in Virginia, instructions
to its delegates in convention, viii. 376.

Buckingham, Earl of (Robert Hobart), his
extravagant words in the House of Lords,
vi. 500.

Buckminster, William, of Barre in Massa-
chusetts, in Bunker Hill battle, vii. 418;
is dangerously wounded, 432.

Buford, Colonel, his dastardly flight, x. 307;
massacre of his regiment, 307.

Bulkelev, Rev. Peter, leads in the settlement
of Concord, i. 382.

Bulkeley, Peter, son of the preceding, agent
of the colony in England, ii. 112 ; returns,
122.

Bull, Captain, disconcerts Andros's attempt
to get possession of the fort at Say brook,
ii. 404.

Bull, Henry, restores the charter of Rhode
Island, ii. 448.

Bullitt, Thomas, of Virginia, his braverv, iv.
309.

Bunker Hill, battle of, vii. 407, et seq. ; prep-
arations for it, 408; the British gener.J,
Gage, intended to occupy the hill, 407; the
movement anticipated, 407; the execution
of the design intrusted to Prescott, 408;
the prayer before commencing the march,
408; the redoubt constructed, 409; day-
break, 410; surprise of the British, 410;
armed vessels and a battery on Copp's
Hill fire on the American-;. 410; Prescott
strengthens his defences, 410; sends for
re-enforcements and provisions, 411; no
refreshments are sent, and no supplies of
any kind, 412: Gage orders an attack, 411;
two thousand British troops land at Moul-
ton's Point in Charlestown, 413; Howe
halts and sends back for more troops, 413;
Prescott prepares to oppose them, 414; the
defences incomplete, 414; small supply of
powder, 415; the regiments of Stark and
Reed are sent to the hill, 416; Seth Pome-
roy arrives as a volunteer, 417; Joseph
Warren comes a volunteer, 417, 418; por-
tions of Little's, Brewer's, Nixon's, and
Whitcomb's regiments arrive, 418; troops
from Connecticut, 408, 410, 414, 418; the
artillery-men desert their field-pieces, 418;
number of the British troops engaged, 420;
number of the provincial troops in the
battle, 421; free negroes fight side by side
with white men, 421; Charlestown burned,
422; terrific grandeur of the scene, 422;

GENERAL INDEX.

613

first attack of the British, and their pre-
cipitate retreat, 424; joy of the Americans,
424; second attack and another hasty re-
treat, 425 ; utter disorder of the British,
425; great slaughter in their ranks, 42G;
unerring accuracy of American aim, 426 ;
horrors of the scene, 426; defeat of the
British certain had the powder not been
utterlj- exhausted, 427; reduced to a single
artillery cartridge, 429; the redoubt carried
bv the bayonet, 430; retreat of the Ameri-
cans, 430; the British loss, 431, 432;
American loss, 432; fall of Warren, 433;
his exalted character, 433; Gage's opinion
of the battle, 434; Howa>s attack con-
demned, viii. 25; effect of the battle in
Europe, 100, 102.
Bunker Hill Monument and the smiling

scenes around it, viii. 306, 307.
Burgh, Hussey, in the Irish House of Com-
mons, denounces the American war, viii.
170.
Burgoyne, John, appointed major-general of
the army under Howe, vii. 245 ; his char-
acter and talents, 245, 246 ; he is rebuked
by Luttrell, 246; lands in Boston, 362, 379,
389; his estimate of the British troops in
the battle of Bunker Hill, 420; observes
the battle from Copp's Hill, 422; arrives
in Canada, viii. 431; pursues the retreating
Americans, 432; his correspondence with
Lee, 46, 220; plan of his campaign, ix.
322; arrives at Quebec, 361; his prepara-
tions for invading the states, 362; his
speech to the savages, 363, 364; the reply,
364; his regulations about scalping, 364;
in a proclamation he threatens to let loose
the savages, 365; amount of his force, 366;
he moves his army up the lake, 366; and
occupies Ticonderoga and Mount Inde-
pendence, 367 ; his high reputation in Eng-
land, 367; Carleton refuses to assist him,
370; his thanksgiving, 370; his difficulties,
371 ; his mistake in the choice of a road,
371; his delays, 371 ; his troops dispirited,
371; his opinion of the Indians, 371; he
resolves to use them, 371; murder of Jane
McCrea, 371; Burgoyne forgives the mur-
derer, 372; approves of the Indian bar-
barities, 382; takes a pledge of them to
remain, 383 ; fixes the time for arriving at
Albany, 383; sends an expedition under
Baum to Bennington, 383 ; the expedition
totally frustrated, 385; Indians leave in
disgust, 386; dismay in the camp, 386;
Burgoyne attempts to force his way to
Albany, 407; his slow progress. 408 ; first
battle of Bemis's Heights, 409: Burgoyne's
army utterly crippled, 411; his condition
becomes dangerous, 414; the Indians leave
him, 414; waits for co-operation from New
York, 415; second battle of Bemis's
Heights, 415; Burgoyne exposes himself
fearlessly, 417; orders a retreat, 418; finds
himself surrounded, 419; he capitulates,
420; amount of his losses, 420; causes of
this great result, 421; his captive troops
remain in the environs of Boston, 466 ; he

goes to England on parole, 466 ; his troops
detained, and why, x. 126.
Burke, Edmund, shares the opinions of the
Board of Trade in regard to taxing Amer-
ica, iv. 375 ; in the service of that Board,
375, note; spares the reputation of Halifax,
375, note ; secretary to the Marquis of
Rockingham, v. 302; his exalted character,
302; quoted, 73, 74, 91, 100, 102, 190; ob-
stinately maintains the power of Parlia-
ment to tax America, 397, 398; advo-
cates the reception of the petition of Con-
gress, 400; founds the new tory party
of England, 418; bitterly ridicules Gren-
ville, 455; his sarcasm on Lord Chatham,
vi. 46; his inconsistency, 59; denounces,
while partly approving, the plan of tax-
ing America, 78; his prophecy respecting
American taxation, 78; sympathizes with
the enemies of liberty, 216 ; inveighs against
Lord Camden, 231, 232; justifies the Mas-
sachusetts assembly, 232; opposes Lord
North, 253; opposes parliamentary reform,
320; Burke and Wedderburn are allies, 357,
362 ; prescribes more aristocracy as the
cure of evils caused by aristocracy, 361;
condemns the system of the ministry in
regard to America, 362; elected agent of
New York, 385; does not oppose the coer-
cion of America, 510; strongly condemns
the Boston port bill, 513; his great speech
against taxing America, 519-521; his un-
fortunate position, 522; protests against the
employment of Indians against the Ameri-
cans, 118; his despondency, 175; he is
elected from Bristol, 176 ; follows the lead
of Rockingham, and is not willing to accept
the conditions proposed by the continental
Congress, 192; is opposed to hostile meas-
ures, 218; his interview with Franklin,
263; he reveres Franklin to the last, 263;
he brings forward his plan for conciliation,
265 ; his splendid eulogy on New England,
266-270 ; misjudges in regard to the steadi-
ness of American troops, viii. 99; brings
forward a bill for composing the troubles,
168, 169; eulogizes Montgomery, 212; his
position in 1776 not tenable, ix. 141; ap-
plauds Fox, 144; his secession from public
business, 146; his opinion of Franklin,
285, 286 ; denounces the war with America,
324; condemns the employment of Indians,
365; desires peace at any rate, 478; his
utterances in Parliament, x. 39, 246; is
hopeless as to the abolition of slaver}-, 347;
favors peace with America, 529 ; is made
paymaster of the forces, 535; opposes par-
liamentary reform, 549; his ungenerous
language towards Shelburne, 553.
Burke, William, would relinquish Canada, iv.
364; a friend of liberty quoted, vi 51, 361.
Burnet, William, governor of Massachusetts,
insists on a fixed salary, iii. 391; dies, 392.
Burr, Aaron, a volunteer in Arnold's march
through the wilderness to Quebec, viii. 191;
aide-de-camp to Montgomery, 206 ; aid to
General Putnam, on New York Island, ix.
121.

614

GENERAL INDEX.

Burroughs, George, accused of witchcraft, iii.

87; his trial, 91 5 his execution, 92.
Burroughs, Leaman, alarms Port Royal, S.C.,

iii. 327.
Bute, Earl of (John Stuart), his relation to
the royal family, iv. 214; his character,
24-4; George II. despises him, 245; Towns-
hend despises him, 240; he assists Murray,
240'; and Pitt, 247; rejoices in the eleva-
tion of Pitt, 275 ; recommends Abercrombie
as commander-in-chief in America, 204 ;
the young king's speech written by him,
383; admitted to the privy council and to
the cabinet, .384; a timid, imbecile, igno-
rant man, 388; becomes secretary of state,
391; becomes first lord of the treasury,
438; decorated with the order of the garter,
442; his perfidy towards the Duke of Bed-
ford, 443; not the author of the stamp
act, v. 89, note ; opposes its repeal, 88,
note; resigns office, 94; his contempt of
Pitt, 95; but wishes to see Pitt in office,
143; retires into the country, 140 ; his aid
solicited by Bedford and Grenville, 427,
428.

Butler, Colonel John, inflames the Indians
against the Americans, ix. 377; leads a
party of tories, 378.

Butler, William, of North Carolina, arrested
as a " regulator," vi. 188; a reward offered
for killing him, 397.

Butterfield, Major, surrenders the fort at the
Cedars, viii. 427.

Buttrick, Major John, of Concord, vii. 302;
gives order to fire, 303.

Byllinge, Edward, and other Quakers, pur-
chase West New Jersey, ii. 355; his un-
reasonable claim, 361.

Bj'nge, George, the solitary "no" in the
House of Commons on the Boston Port Bill,
vi. 512.

Byron, Admiral, succeeds Lord Howe in com-
mand of the British fleet, x. 149 ; his opera-
tions in the West Indies, 295.

c.

Cabeza de Vaca lands with a body of Span-
iards in Florida, i. 396; his adventures
there, 40, et seq. ; traverses Texas and New
Mexico, 40, et seq.; returns to Spain, 41.

Cabinet of Great Britain, its divisions and
jealousies, iv. GO, 70; plans for taxing
America are delayed in consequence, 80;
imbecility of the cabinet, 101 ; end of New-
castle's cabinet, 247 (see Ministry); re-
organization of the cabinet, 438.

Cabinet of George III. in 17G3; names of its
members and their characters, v. 79, 80 ;
the triumvirate ministry, 96; end of that
ministry, 142; a strong cabinet, 147, 148;
this cabinet overturned 299 (see Ministry).

Cabot, John, his commission for discovery,
i. 10; discovers the Western continent, 11.

Cabot, Sebastian, discovers the continent of
North America, i. 11; his second voyage,

• 12; skirts the coasts of the United States,

13; deprived of his due renown, 14; his
later years, 15; "the great seaman," 15;
too little known, 15 ; proposes a north-east
pas-age to India, 78.

Cadillac, de la Motte, conducts a colony to
Detroit, iii. 194; is governor of Louisiana,
347; visits Illinois, 348.

Cadwalader, Lambert, of Philadelphia, at
fort Washington, ix. 190, 191 ; is unable
to co-operate with Washington in crossing
the Delaware, 228, 229 ; from Bristol crosses
that river to Burlington, 239< at Croswick,
243 ; advises to attack the British, x. 127.

Cahnewaga tribe of Indians, iii. 245.

Caldwell, Jarne*, minister of the gospel, mur-
dered by a British soldier, x. 372, 373.

Calef, Robert, his exposure of the witchcraft
delusion, iii. 97.

Calendar regulated in 1752, iv. 84.

California discovered, i. 40<?.

Callieres, governor of Canada, iii. 179, 194.

Calloway, Richard, a pioneer settler of Ken-
tucky, vii. 366, 368.

Calvert, Benedict, son of Lord Baltimore,
renounces the Romish Church, iii. 33.

Calvert, Cecil. (See Baltimore, second lord.)

Calvert, Cecil, secretary of Maryland, in
London, his letters quoted, v. 78, 82, 86,
190, 249 ; is strongly opposed to taxing the
colonies, 249, note.

Calvert. Charles. {See Baltimore, third lord.)

Calvert, C, secretary of Maryland, advises
taxation, iv. 250, 380.

Calvert, Frederic, sixth Lord Baltimore, his
character, iv. 137; relation of Maryland to
him, 137 ; his prerogatives and revenue, 138.

Calvert, Leonard, conducts a colony to Mary-
land, i. 245; his mild government, 248; an
insurrection compels him to flee, 255.

Calvert, Sir George. (See Baltimore, Jirst
lord.)

Calvin, John, his influence on the settlement
and destinies of New England, i. 266;
afraid of too much free inquiry, 275 ; par-
allel between ghim and Luther, 274, 277,
278; influence of his system on the Ameri-
can mind, ii. 459, et seq. ; his system com-
pared with that of Luther, iv. 152; "a
church without a bishop, a state without a
king," 153; its wide influence, its mighty
and deep impression, its living energy, 153;
teaching the natural equality of man, it
was always favorable to freedom, 154; it
moulded and fashioned American institu-
tions, 154; its tenets as taught by Jonathan
Edwards, 155, et seq.

Calvinism, political meaning of, ii. 459, 460;
its influence on the institutions of Massa-
chusetts, 461, 463; of Connecticut, 402;
its essential and distinctive traits, iv. 153,
et seq. ; the inspirer of human hope and
parent of freedom, 154; always favorable
to intelligence, purity of life, freedom, and
courage, vi. 192; spirit of liberty thence
derived, ix. 501; four great teachers of
four great nationalities arose from it, 501;
how it differs from the philosophy of
Descartes, 501, 502,

GENERAL INDEX.

615

Calvinist, Samuel Adams is one, vi. 192, 267.

Cambridge, its response to the Boston cir-
cular, in opposition to British aggression,
vi. 438 ; again, 450 ; and once more, 475, 477.

Cambridge, in Massachusetts, the men of
Middlesex come in arms to this place, vii.
114, 115: provincial congress meet there,
154; British troops pass through it, 289;
outrages committed there, 308 ; head-
quarters of the American army established
there, 313, 315, 321, 325, 405, 408, 420.

Cambridge platform, i. 444; its lasting influ-
ence, 444.

Camden, Earl of (Charles Pratt), maintains
that Parliament has no right to tax Ameri-
ca, v. 403 ; opposes the declaratory bill, 446-
448 (see Declaratory Bill); he wishes the
elective franchise more equally diffused,
447; is lord chancellor under Lord Chat-
ham, vi. 22; his indiscretion, 44; consents
to the taxation of America by Parliament,
58, 59; denounces New York, 65; is thor-
oughly in accord with the enemies of
America, 177, 178, note ; is at a loss what
to do, 182, 183; his ingratitude towards
Lord Chatham, 214; is afraid of Chatham,
268,276; urges the repeal of the Revenue
Acts, 276 ; dismissed from office, 324; favors
equal representation in Parliament, 361;
favors the cause of liberty in the colonies,
519; protests against the violent policy of
the ministry in 1774, vii. 178; thinks jus-
tice on the side of America, 181; desires
the settlement of the controversy on the
conditions proposed by Congress, 191 ; con-
tends that Parliament has no right to tax
America, 202; and that the Americans do
well to resist, 202; denies any responsibil-
ity for the duty on tea, although he con-
sented to the measure, 226; justifies the
union of the Americans, and predicts the
independence of the colonies. 262.

Camden, S.C., battle of, x. 319; the two
armies meet, 320; favorable position of
the British, 321; dispositions for battle,
321; total defeat of the Americans, 323;
great loss of the British, 323; the place
abandoned by the British, 488.

Cameron, deputy Indian agent, shrinks
from employing the Cherokees against the
colonists, viii. 89; inflames the savages
against the Americans, ix. 160, 162.

Cameron. James, in the convention of Penn-
sylvania, ix. 170.

Cameronians, their sufferings, ii. 410.

Camp of liberty around Boston, vii. 321; its
want of able generals, 321 ; want of per-
fect union, 322; want of efficient discipline,
322 ; want of militnry equipments, 322.

Campbell, Arthur, a patriot in South Western
Virginia, vii. 195.

Campbell, Donald, after Montgomery's fall,
orders a retreat, viii. 208.

Campbell, Farquhar, a Highland settler in
North Carolina, viii. 96.

Campbell, Indian agent of the British, ar-
rested by Wooster, and sent out of Canada,
viii. 419.

Campbell, John, of the Scoto-Trish church on
the Holston river, vii. 195.

Campbell, John, an insurgent Highlander, is
killed in battle, viii. 288, 289.

Campbell, Lieutenant-Colonel ( British), takes
Savannah, x. 285: and Augusta, 286.

Campbell, Lord William, governor of South
Carolina, vii. 337; viii. 84; untit to govern,
84; his rash conduct, 85; denies the exist-
ence of grievances, 85 ; urges the ministry
to employ force against the patriots, 89 ;
his arrest proposed. 89; he dissolves the
assembly and t:ikes refuge on board a man-
of-war, 90; thinks it would be easy to re-
duce the Carolinas and Georgia, 91, i)2 ;
urges Sir Peter Parker to attack Charles-
ton. 357; is present during the attack, 404;
receives a mortal wound, 411.

Campbell, Major (British), a prisoner at*
Yorktown, x. 520.

Campbell, Neil, governor of New Jersev, ii.
412.

Campbell, William, in the battle of Point
Pleasant, vii. 169; marches with a rifle
company to the relief of the tide-water in
Virginia, viii. 224.

Campbell, William, of North Carolina, viii.
284; "the famous Colonel William,"
raises a regiment of backwoodsmen from
beyond the mountains, x. 332; commands
at King's Mountain. 336, 338; severe ac-
tion there, and total defeat of a strong
British force, 339 ; his humanity towards
house-burners and assassins, 340; the
turning point of the war, 340; he is sum-
moned to join Greene in South Carolina,
470, 475, 477; his brave conduct at the
battle of Guilford, 479; at Hobkirk's Hill,
486 : and at Eutaw Springs, 493.

Canada, settled bv the French, i. 27; con-
quered by the Kirks, 334; restored, 335;
conquest of Canada first proposed in New
England, ii. 88; its population in 1679,
417; invasion of the Iroquois, 418-424;
granted to the Hundred Associates, iii. 119 ;
religious zeal the motive for colonization,
119; the Franciscans, 119; the Jesuits,
120; their privations, 128 (see Jesuits and
Alissions); insecurity of the colonists, 148;
harassed by the Mohawks, 148; the Hun-
dred Associates resign the province to the
king, 148 ; supposed to include the Ken-
nebec valley, 154; New England fails in
the attempt to conquer it, 184-186; an-
other failure, 223; supposed to include the
whole basin of the St. Lawrence, 339;
Upper Canada claimed by the English,
340; conquest of Canada proposed, 464;
the design abandoned, and why, 464; iv.
30, 31, 165, 184; regarded' by some
French statesmen as an incumbrance,
72, 73; its population in 17o4, 129; desire
to conquer it, 148, 182; Loudoun fails to
conquer it, 240; scarcity in Canada, 260;
the English aristocracy could not conquer
it, 270; Pitt determines on its conquest,
291; New England enters on the affair
with great zeal, 292; the couutry cut off

616

GENERAL INDEX.

from intercourse with France, 203 ; misery
of the inhabitants, 293; the county- ex-
hausted, 306; its weakness, 320; popula-
tion in 1759, 320; surrender of Quebec,
338, 360; discussion in England about
retaining Canada, 363, et scq. ; great errors
committed in its early history, 458; not a
printing-press in the country, 458, note;
ignorance of the people, 458, note ; the
cession of Canada hastens the indepen-
dence of the British colonies, 460 ; further
results, 460; its boundaries restricted, v.
135, 163; its former laws and usages
abolished by the British government,
212 ; malconduct of the royal officers,
213; affairs of, vi. 17, 55; an immense
territory included under this name, vii.
156; the Catholics living there partly en-

' franchised, 156, 157; the French system of
law restored, 157; the Canadian nobility
conciliated, 157; the Catholic worship
established by law, 158; the clergy well
satisfied, 158; Indians in Canada, a mis-
sionary sent to conciliate their friendship
to America, 279 ; the occupation of it be-
comes to the united colonies an act of self-
defence, viii. 176 ; an invasion of it resolved
on by Washington, 68; the French nobility
and Catholic clergy favor the English rule,
177 ; the peasantry welcome an invasion,
177; Schuyler sends an emissary to obtain
information, 177; and makes some prepa-
ration for the enterprise, 177, 178; the prov-
ince invaded by the Northern army, 181
(see Northern Army); Canadian clergy
and nobility unfriendly to the American
cause, 417; the people become hostile, 421;
Congress sends commissioners to Canada,
423 ; they advise the evacuation of the
province, 426 ; Congress reluctant, 426 ; plan
for conquering, x. 176; its voluntary cession
to the United States suggested, 540 ; the
cession cannot take place. 541.

Canadians, iv. 188, 210, 211, 238, 239,252,
257, 263, 266; assist in the defence of
Ticonderoga, 302; and in the defence of
Quebec. 325, 328, 330; they waver and fly,
335, 337 ; General Gage endeavors to raise
them against the Americans, vii. 117, 118 ;
address of the continental Congress to
them, 159; another address of the same to
the same, 381.

"Canceaux," a British armed ship, bom-
bards Portland, vii. 341.

Cancello, Louis, missionary to Florida, i. 59.

Candor is possible in writing history, and
why, viii 118.

Cannibalism of the Indians, iii. 134, 145,
284, iv. 95, 97, 312.

Cannon, seizure of, near Newport, vii. 183;
used by the British in their attack on Bun-
ker Hill, 410-428; a large supply obtained
by the Americans at Ticonderoga, 340.

Canonchet, Sachem of the Narragansetts, ii.
102; his spirit of revenge, 102, 105; his
death, 106.

Canonicus, Sachem of the Narragansetts, i.
399.

Cape Ann, visited by Pring, i. 114; a settle-
ment there, 321, 339.

Cape Cod, the first spot in New England
trod by Englishmen, i. 112.

Cape Fear River, arrival of British land and
naval forces in, viii 357.

Cape Horn, origin of the name, ii. 276.

Capellen, Van der, Baron, his reasons for
refusing to England the Scottish brigade,
viii. 251, 252.

Captives in war, how treated by Indians,
iii. 283, 284 ; among Indians unwilling to
return to their former homes, v. 222;
striking instances of this, 222.

Cardross, Lord, leads an emigration to South
Carolina, ii. 173 ; returns to Europe, 174.

Carillon (see Fort Carillon).

Carleton, Guy (afterwards Lord Dorches-
ter), colonel of grenadiers in Wolfe's army,
iv. 325 ; is wounded, 335 ; at the siege of
Havana, 444 ; governor of Canada, vi.
51 ; his advice, 51, 52 ; supports the views
of the British ministry, 68 ; in England, vii.
117 ; has full authority to arm and employ
Canadians and Indians against the Amer-
icans, 118 ; abhors the scheme, 119 ; re-
turns to his government, 158; takes
measures for the defence of the province,
365 ; the command in Canada assigned to
him, viii. 100 ; he proclaims the Americans
as traitors, 176 ; is unable to relieve St.
John's, 186 ; the Canadians and Indians
forsake him, 183, 186; he will not turn the
savages loose on the frontier, 186 ; vainly
attempts to relieve St. John's, 187 ; is
defeated by Warren, 187 ; descends the
river to Quebec, 199 ; the amount of his
force there, 200 ; returns no answer to
Montgomery's summons, 202; repels the
assault made by that general, 206-210;
is lenient to his prisoners, 210 ; his hu-
manity to sick Americans left behind,
425; his cautious movements, 431 : blamed
for restraining the Indians, ix. 151, 376;
his plan for the campaign of 1776, 152;
provides a naval force on Lake Chain-
plain, 153; sails up the lake, 154; severe
conflict with Arnold's fleet, 155; gains a
complete victory, 156 ; lands at Crown
Point, 157 ; his retreat, 157 ; greeted with
cheers at Quebec, 241 ; restrains the rav-
ages of the Indians, 321 ; the king and
ministers are displeased at this, 321 ;
Carleton prepares to invade the United
States, 359 ; is displeased at being super-
seded by Burgoyne, 361, 362; refuses to
assist Burgoyne. 370; is censured by that
officer, 376 ; supersedes Clinton in Amer-
ica, x. 529. 535; his humanity, 563; re-
strains Indian hostility, 563.

Carlisle, Earl of (Frederic Howard), sent as
commissioner to America, x. 122.

Carolina, North (see North Carolina).

Carolina, South (see South Carolina).

Carolinas, condition of the, viii. 84-98 ;
British expedition against them, 282, 394,
et seq. ; their example, 345-354. (See
North Carolina and South Carolina. )

GENERAL INDEX.

617

Caroline of Brunswick, queen of George IV.,
viii. 259 ; her early training, 259.

Caron, Le, early Franciscan missionary to
the Wyandots, iii. 118 ; visits Lake Huron,
118.

Carr, Dabney, of Virginia, a young states-
man of great promise, vi. 454 ; his early
death, 455.

Carr, Maurice, lieutenant-colonel of the
twenty-ninth regiment in Boston, vi. 335,
341.

Carr, Robert, one of the royal commissioners
in 1GG4. ii. 84,

Carrier, Martha, accused of witchcraft, iii.
92 ; executed, 92.

Carrington, Colonel, his able conduct, x.
472, 471.

Carroll, Charles, of Maryland, vii. 143; on
the Maryland committee of correspondence,
viii. 76 ; is sent to Canada as commis-
sioner, 423 ; signs the Declaration of Inde-
pendence, ix. 59 ; a fast friend of Wash-
ington. 465.

Carroll, John, brother of Charles, afterwards
archbishop of Baltimore, goes to Canada
to conciliate the clergy to the American
cause, viii. 423.

Carteret, James, son of the preceding, ii.
168.

Carteret, James, governor of New Jersey, ii.
319.

Carteret, Lord, reserves his share of land in
South Carolina, iii. 331.

Carteret, l'hilip, brother of George, governor
of New Jersey, ii. 317, 408 ; arrested by
Andros, 408.

Carteret, Sir George, one of the proprietaries
of Carolina, ii. 129 ; and of New Jersey,
315 ; his heirs sell east New Jersey to
William Penn and others, 361, 409. _

Carthagena, attack on it by Vernon, iii. 441 ;
fatal effects of the climate, 442.

Cartier, James, his voyages to North Amer-
ica, i. 19, et seq. ; discovers the St. Law-
rence, 19, el seq.; reaches and names Mon-
treal, 21 ; passes a winter in Canada, 23.

Cartwright, George, one of the royal com-
missioners in 1664, ii. 84; his testimony
before the privy council, 90.

Cartwright, John, advocates the indepen-
dence of America, vi. 516.

Cartwright, Major John, refuses to take part
in hostilities against America, vii. 343.

Cartwright, Thomas, a sufferer for non-con-
formity, )ret intolerant, i. 285, note.

Carver, John, the pilgrim, and Robert Cush-
man, negotiate with the Virginia com-
pany, i. 303 ; chosen governor of the
Plymouth colony, 310 ; dies, 314.

Carver, Jonathan, explores the great western
vallev and the borders of Lake Superior,
vi. 297.

Carver, Jonathan, of Connecticut, his travels
in the ^orthwest, x. 134 ; published in
England, 134 ; his ardent anticipations,
135.

Cary, Archibald, member of the Virginia
convention, viii. 247, 377, 378, 380.

Cary, Thomas, governor of North Carolina,
iii. 22 ; he and his party take up arms,
23, 24 ; sails for England, 24.

Castine, or St. Castin, Baron, establishes a
fort on the coast of Maine, iii. 178; his
expeditions against Casco, 183 ; and
Pemaquid, 189; in Acadia, 218; repels
an invasion of that province, 217.

Castine the younger, seized by the English,
iii 335.

Castine occupied by the British, x. 232 ;
Massachusetts undertakes its recovery, but
fails, 233; causes of the failure. 233.

Caswell, General of North Carolina, at Cam-
den, x. 321 ; his brigade make speedy
flight, 322, 324.

Caswell, Richard, of North Carolina, vii.
271 c ; delegate to Congress from North
Carolina, viii. 95 ; the foremost patriot
of the province, 97 ; a financier, a states-
man, and a general, 97 ; marches against
the highland insurgents, 285. 286 ; mis-
leads the enemy, 287 ; totally defeats
them, 28S, 289.

Catawba nation of Indians, iii. 245; foes of
the Iroquois, 246 ; estimated population,
253 ; war with the colony, 326.

Catawbas, their alliance sought, iv. 345,
347 ; allies of the English, 423.

Catharine II., becomes Empress of Russia,
iv. 455 ; her character, v. 9 ; her domestic
and foreign policy, 9, 10 ; her military
resources, vii. 348; her character, viii.
104, 105; her equivocal answer to the
British minister, asking for troops to be
employed in America, 107 ; George III.
writes to her for troops, 149; her coolness,
150 ; her friendly advice to the British
ministry, 150 ; she recommends concession,
150 ; a question of veracity between her
and the king, 151 ; she refuses his demand
for troops, 153, 155 ; her dignity and pol-
icy will not allow her compliance, 153 ;
her sarcastic reply to the king, 154 ; her
letter, 154; the letter not an autograph,
155 ; she will not allow any further dis-
cussion, 155 ; her attitude towards Amer-
ica, x. 55 ; joins the armed neutrality,
277.

Cathmaid, George, has a grant of land in
North Carolina, ii. 135.

Catholic Church assumes to represent the
divine wisdom itself, vii. 28.

Catholic powers bound together to oppose
Protestantism and reform, iv. 278; league
of the Catholic powers against England
and Prussia, 432 ; defeated in their strug-
gle against innovation, v. 3.

Catholics, how their emancipation began,
vii. 156 ; those in Canada are in part en-
franchised by the Quebec act, 157 ; their
worship is established by it, 157, 158 ; the
American Congress seeks their aid, 159 ;
few Catholics in the thirteen colonies, 159,
160.

Catholics of Ireland, disqualifying laws
against them, v. 62-72 ; their education
prohibited, 68.

618

GENERAL INDEX.

Catholics of Maryland placed, on an equality

with Protestants, viii. 70, 78.
Catlin, his resignation as mandamus council-
lor, vii. 111.
Causes of the war which followed the acces-
sion of William of Orange to the throne of
England, iii. 175, 176.
Cavendish, Lord John, refuses to serve under
Grafton, vi. 22; approves the Boston port
bill, 512; deprecates the policy of the
British ministry, vii 224, 225; denounces
the employment of German mercenaries
against America, viii. 208; in Parliament
objects to the policy of the ministry, ix.
142; he proposes a revisal of the obnoxious
measures, 145; the revisal refused, 140;
moves in Parliament to withdraw the Brit-
ish forces from America, 246.
Cayuga, tribe of Indians, ii. 419.
Celtic-American Republic on the banks of
the Mississippi, vi. 217, et seq. ; an envoy
sent to France, 218, 220; its disastrous ter-
mination, 292, et seq.
Census of New Orleans in 1769, vi. 296 ; of
the whole valley of the Mississippi, the
Spanish portion, 296; of the English por-
tion. 223.
Central power wanting in America; great
danger arising from the lack of it, x. 179,
207.
Chalmers, the historian, an error of his cor-
rected, ii. 309, note.
Chambly, in Canada, taken by the Ameri-
cans, viii. 186.
Champlain, Samuel, conducts an expedition
to Canada, i. 25: founds Quebec, 28; goes
on an expedition against the Iroquois, 28 ;
explores lake Champlain, 28; spends a
winter among the Hurons, 29; "father of
New France," 29; his death. 29; introduces
Franciscan friars into Canada, iii. 119; in-
troduces Jesuits, 120.
Champlain, Lake, Allen and his party cross it
on their way to Ticonderoga, vii. 339;
cruise of Arnold on this lake, 364; the
lake the key of Canada, 365 ; a naval force
provided there by the Americans, ix. 152;
by the British, 153; operations of Arnold
and of Carleton on the lake, 154-156.
Chancellor, Richard, first reaches Archangel

by sea, i. 79.
Charlemagne, under him a united Germany,
x. 64 ; he crosses the Alps, and is made by
the pope emperor of Rome, 64; the pope
acknowledges his temporal, but not his
spiritual authority, 65; the consequences
happy for mankind, 66 ; his authority lost
by his successors, 67.
Charles Augustus of Saxe "Weimar refuses

aid to England, x. 95.
Charles I , king of England, his sentiments
in regard to Virginia, i. 194; demands a
monopoly of tobacco, 197 ; tacitly sanctions
a representative government in Virginia,
197; his partisans resort thither, 210; his
marriage with Henrietta Maria 333; con-
firms tlie grant of Massachusetts, and why,
342; places restraint on emigration, 412;

in Scotland is involved in difficulties, 414;
convenes a Parliament and dissolves it, ii.
2; his weakness, 5; his rash attempt to
seize some of the members of Parliament,
7; is seized and held prisoner by the army,
14; his death, 15; the deed justified, 15;
the consequences disastrous, 17.

Charles II., king of England, recognized in
Virginia, though in exile, i 210; his char-
acter, ii. 48; not cruel, 32, 50; weak, silly,
and licentious, 49; grants a liberal charter
to Connecticut, 54; grants a like charter to
Rhode Island, 62; his lavish grants of ter-
ritory to his courtiers, 69, 70; proclaimed
at Boston, 74; gives away Virginia to his
courtiers, 209; his fickleness. 435; hangs
an innocent papist, 438; becomes an ab-
solute monarch. 438.

Charles III., of Spain, his weak character
and inglorious reign, v. 15, 16; how em-
ployed in 1774, vii. 33; his character, ix.
303 ; devoted to the interests of the papal
see, 303.

Charlestown, Massachusetts, i. 347; the
church formed there, the model of all
succeeding churches in Massachusetts, 359;
removed to Boston, 359; heroic spirit of its
inhabitants, vi. 477, 481; burned on the
day of Bunker Hill, vii. 421, 422 (see
Bunker Hill).

Charleston, S.C., founded, ii. 170; in peril
from the Indians, iii. 327; patriotic spirit
of its citizens, vii. 251 ; their enthusiasm,
337; is threatened, viii. 394; measures for
its delence, 89, 90, 395, 398; activity of
Governor Rutledge, 394; earnest spirit of
the people, 398; they watch the proceed-
ings of the enemy, 403; their anxietv, 406;
their joy at the repulse of the British, 412;
the women of Charleston present a pair of
colors to their brave defenders, 413; de-
fence of, x. 291; a capitulation asked for
and refused. 293; description of the place,
302; not defensible, 303; it surrenders,
305: severe terms, 305; value of the spoil,
305, 306.

Charlevoix, Peter Francis Xavier de, mis-
sionary at Niagara, iii. 342.

Charter, first colonial English, i. 120; its
provisions, 120; second charter for Vir-
ginia, 130; third charter, 145; its sur-
render demanded by the king, 188: Quo
warranto issued, 189; judgment declared
against it, 192; charter of Maryland, 241;
to the second Plymouth company, 272,
273; the Plymouth Pilgrims did not obtain
one, 321; charter of Massachusetts, 328;
charter of Plymouth company revoked,
329; charter of Massachusetts granted,
342; its fundamental principle, 343; the
rights of the colonists fully secured, 344;
this charter regarded as the voice of God,
350; the charter and government trans-
ferred across the Atlantic, 352; the meas-
ure justified, 352, 353; the charter in
danger, 407; charter of Connecticut, ii. 54,
55: charter of Massachusetts abrogated,
127; resumed, 447; charter of Carolina,

GENERAL INDEX.

619

129; another, 137; charter of Pennsyl-
vania, 302: charter of- Rhode Island de-
manded, 429; the demand for the charter
of Connecticut evaded, 430; the charter
oak, 439 ; charter of 1092 to Massachusetts,
lii. 80; arrives in Boston, 87; charter
threatened, 380.

Chartered rights menaced, vi. 9, 10, G9, 111,
113, 116, 182, 231, 249, 250, 306, 370, 371,
372, 451.

Charters in France arbitrarily confiscated,
vii. 29.

Chase, Samuel, the foremost man in Mary-
land, viii. 70; liis character, 70; for inde-
pendence, 313, 315, 320; is sent to Canada
as commissioner, 423; his activity in Mary-
land for independence, 447 ; moves to count
only white inhabitants in apportioning
supplies, ix. 51; speaks on the claim of
Virginia to western lands, 50; signs the
declaration, 59.

Chase, Thomas, of Boston, a " son of liberty"
in 1765, v. 310; refuses to take the oath,
vii. 111.

Chastellux, Francis John, Marquis de,
quoted, viii. 341, 302; x. 503, 510.

Chatelet, Count du, sent as minister to Eng-
land, vi. 1:<0; thinks it impossible for
England to conquer America, 140; thinks
advantage may be taken of opportunities,
237 ; tore-tells the independence, of America,
244. 255; his remarkable letter to Choiseul,
255, 250; advocates free trade, 255, 259:
warmly favors the independence of Louis-
iana. 204.

Chatham, Earl of (see Pitt, William), his
administration weakened on his elevation
to the peerage, vi. 24-28; cannot cope as
formerly with difficulties, 27, 28; jealous
of the bourbons, 27; his accord with the
king, 45; gives his confidence to Shel-
"burne. 45 : his determined character, 45, 43 ;
his embarrassments with regard to Amer-
ica, 52; thrice denounces Charles Towns-
hend as "incurable," 57; his ministry
opposed by the old whig party, 59; and
defeated, GO; his administration virtually
at an end, 01 ; the king needs his help,
and writes to him, 82; vindicates his friend
the Earl of Sherburne, 83; prefers the
adherents of Bedford to those of Rock-
ingham, 83 ; his long illness, 91, 108 ; his
extravagance, 108; he resigns office, 214;
proposes a reform in Parliament, 320, 325;
accuses the ministry of conspiring against
liberty, 323; he invokes the guidance of
reason and common-sense in the halls of
legislation, 324; asks for the entire re-
peal of the revenue act, 351 ; comes for-
ward as the champion of the people of
England, 301; desires a "more full and
equal representation" in Parliament, 3G3;
reads an election sermon by Dr. Tucker,
440; sees the crisis hastening in Boston,
457; protests against employing Indians
against the colonists, vii. 118; his favorable
opinion of the Americans, 190; his high
praise of the American Congress, 191; his

interview with Franklin, 191; wishes the
dispute settled on the terms proposed by
Congress, 191; he and llockingham do not.
agree, 192; his energetic speech in the
House of Lords, 190; proposes to remove
the army from Boston, 190; his splendid
eulogy on the American people, 197; their
spirit of liberty, 198, 199; the wisdom of
Congress, 200; urges the repeal of the opr
pressive acts, 201 ; the king's anger at this
speech, 201; good effect of the speech, 203;
introduces a bill for conciliation and to
prevent a civil Avar, 219; his speeches upon
it, 220, 221; the bill rejected, 222; his
eulogy on Franklin, 220,' 221 ; his severe
invective against, the ministry, 221; his
eldest son refuses to serve against the
Americans, 343 ; disapproves of the Ameri-
can war, ix. 325; condemns the employ-
ment of Indians, 3G5, 477; maintains that
America cannot be conquered, 477; pro-
tests against the use of German merce-
naries, 477 ; says Gibraltar is the best proof
of British naval power, 477 ; his last speech
in the House of Lords, 494; opposes the
dismemberment of the British monarchy,
495; is struck with death, 495; his lust
days, 495; his wonderful eloquence, 496;
his death, 496.
Chatham, Massachusetts, its utterance in

favor of liberty, vi. 440.
Chaudiere river, dangers of the, viii. 194, 195.
Chaumonot, Joseph Marie, a Jesuit mis-
sionary to the Onondagas, ill- 143.
Chauvin has a monopoly of the fur trade in

Canada, i. 25.
Cheeseman, Captain, in Montgomery's attack

on Quebec, viii. 200 ; is slain, 208.
Cheesman, Edmund, one of the chiefs of the
insurrection in Virgin:a, ii. 230; intrepid
conduct of his wife, 231.
Cherokee nation, iii. 240; its beautiful coun-
trv, 247; estimated population, 253; war
with the English settlements, 320 ; treaty
with the English, 331, 332; Cherokees in
London, 332 ; their Iriendship to Oglethorpe
and his colony, 433.
Cherokees friendly to the colonists, iv. 193 ;
Lyttleton provokes them to war, 342, 343;
their distrust of the English, 344 ; send a
large deputation to Charleston, 345 ; are
haughtily received by the governor, 340 ;
he invades their country, 348 ; massacre of
Cherokee prisoners by the English, 350;
the Cherokees retaliate, 350. 355 ; Chero-
kee towns destroyed, 352; they take fort
Loudoun, 355; the frontier deserted, 356;
another expedition into the Cherokee
country, 423, et seq. ; the Cherokees sub-
mit, 423 ; their utterance to Tryon respect-
ing the division of territory, vi. 86; treaty
concluded with them, 226, 227; another
treaty, 378 ; their help sought by the British
government against the colonists, vii. 119;
murders committed by them, 164; their
numbers in 1775, 337; Georgia open to
their hostility, 337; they sell the land now
in part constituting the state of Kentucky,

620

GENERAL INDEX.

305 ; the British authorities excite them to
hostilities against the people of Carolina,
viii. 88 ; take, up the hatchet against the
Americans, ix. 160; they are utterly de-
feated, 101, 102; and sue for peace, 102,
163 ; their incursions repelled, x. 202 ; in-
vited to the British standard, 332; lavish
distribution of presents to them, 314.
Cherry Valley, the settlers there threatened
with Indian hostility, vii. 305; massacre
at, x. 152, 153.
Chesapeake discovered by Spaniards, i. 60;
attempt of Spaniards to possess it, 71;
Spaniard* again visit it, 73; explored by
Smith, 133, and by Clayborne, 237.
Chester, Captain John, commands a company
of Connecticut troops at the rail-fence on
the day of Bunker Hill, vii. 420.
Chesterfield, Earl of (Philip Dormer Stan-
hope), is thanked by Massachusetts, vi. 13.
Chicago visited by Marquette, iii. 161, 346.
Chickasaw tribe of Indians, iii. 100, 249; where
located, 240, 250; estimated population,
253; incite the Natchez to attack the
French, 300; their hatred of the French,
.305; expel them from their country, 308;
befriend the colony of Georgia, 433.
Chickasaws, their alliance sought, iv. 345,
347; allies of the English, 423; their num-
bers in 1775, vii. 337.
Chiegnecto, N.S., burned bv the French, iv.

08; taken by the British, 71.
Child, Robert, and others, attempt to subvert
the charter government of Massachusetts,
i. 438-441.
Child, Sir Joshua, his statement touching

Massachusetts, ii. 91.
Chippeway Indians invite a mission, iii. 132 ;
a mission begun, 150; attack the Iroquois,
190 ; peace with them, v. 210.
Chiswell's lead mines in Virginia, vi. 80, 225,

227.
Choctaw nation, iii. 250 ; assist the French
against the Natchez, 363 ; friendly to the
Georgia colony, 433.
Choctaws, their help sought by the British
government against the colonists, vii. 119 ;
their numbers in 1775, 337.
Choiseul, Stephen Francis, duke of, the
French minister of war and of foreign
affairs, iv. 392; offers to negotiate with
Englnnd, 393; his great character, 394;
the greatest French minister since Rich-
elieu, 394 ; proposes peace on the basis, uii
possidetis, 395; the offer refused, 402; he
concludes the family compact between
France and Spain, 403; foresees the neces-
sary result of the surrender of New France,
400; sends a French officer to travel in
America, v. 193; he foresees American in-
dependence, 193, 341 ; a great minister, vi.
25; foresees the greatness of America, 2G;
studies the condition of the British colonics,
20, 29; his circumspection and prudence,
53; sends De Kalb to ascertain the condi-
tion of things in America, 00; seeks in-
formation from every possible source re-
specting that country, 07, 180; foresees the

result of American taxation, 79, 96: sends
Chatelet to England as minister, 130; his
projects, 169; makes diligent inquiry into
American affairs, 180; his watchfulness,
236; his sagacity, 237; corresponds with
Chatelet, 230-238 ; wishes the independence
of Louisiana, 203,264; his jealousy of Eng-
land, 268, 269; and of Russia, 269, 270;
bis moderation prevents a war between
Spain and England, 387, 388; is dismissed
from office, 388; his exalted character,
388.
Christian, Colonel, with Virginia levies; his
successful march against the Indians, ix.
161.
Christiana fort on the Delaware, ii. 287.
Christianity predicated on the unity of man-
kind, iv. 7.
Christison, Wenlock, a Qiuoker, bis courage
before his judges, i. 457; is discharged,
458.
Church, Benjamin, a professed patriot, se-
cretly a traitor, vi. 409, quoted on the sub-
ject of union, 454; a concealed traitor, vii.
130 ; appointed director of the army hos-
pital, viii. 57; his secret correspondence
with the enemv, 112; he is imprisoned,
112; his fate, 112.
" Church without a bishop, a State without a

king," iv. 153.
Church of England, v. 34, 35; of Ireland, 63.
Cibola, a fabulous country, vain attempts to

find it, i. 40 e, et seq.
Cilley, Colonel, of Nottingham, in New
Hampshire, hastens to the scene of conflict
alter the combat at Concord, vii. 314; in
the battle of Bemis's Heights, ix. 409.
Civil compact, this idea shapes the English

revolution of 1688. iii, 6, 8.
Civilization, established in Greece and Rome,
iv. 6; extended by the Greek colonies, 6;
the old and the new civilization compared,
12.
Civilization, high, of the colonies, vi. 240,

et seq.
Civil list, American, opposed bv Mr. Gren-

ville, v. 176.
Civil list proposed for every American prov-
ince, vi. 77.
Civil society, ancient bonds of, weakened,
iv. 4; civil war arms men of the same
ancestry against each other, 13.
Civil wars multiplied by kings, viii. 237.
Clarendon, Earl of, a i'riend of the younger
Winthrop, ii. 53, 54; Rhode Island votes
thanks to him, 64; bis message to Massa-
chusetts, 77,83; one of the proprietaries of
Carolina, 129; his ministry, 433.
Clark, Abraham, delegate in Congress from

New Jersey, ix. 53, 253.
Clark, George Rogers, of Kentucky, x. 193;
his operations bevond the mountains, 194,
et seq. ; takes Kaskaskia without blood-
shed, 196; takes Vincennes, 197, el seq.;
obtains possession of all the country on the
Illinois and Wabash rivers, 201 ; and thus
disconcerts the plans of Spain in that
quarter, 203.

GENERAL INDEX.

621

Clark, Jonas, minister of Lexington, vii.
231; his patriotic spirit, 291.

Clarke, Colonel, defeats the British at Au-
gusta, Georgia, x. 333.

Clarke, Sir Francis, morfally wounded in
the battle of Bemis's Heights, ix. 416.

Clarke, John, goes to Rhode Island, i. 392;
goes to England, 427; preaches at Lynn,
450; his arrest and fine, 450; agent of
Rhode Island in England, ii. Gl; he obtains
a charter for that colony, 04; his benevo-
lence, 65.

Clarke, Richard, of Boston, one of the con-
signees of the tea shipped to Boston, vi.
473; his rude answer to the committee,
474.

Clarke, Saint Clair, his expedition to the
country northwest of the Ohio, ix. 467.

Clarke, Walter, governor of Rhode Island,
ii. 429; declines office, 448.

Claverhouse, John Graham of, his cruelty, ii.
410.

Clayborne, William, comes to America as a
surveyor, i. 237; explores the country
around the Chesapeake, 237; discourages
the settlement of Maryland, 246; resists
by force of arms the colony of Lord Balti-
more, 219; attainted for treason, 249 ; ban-
ished as a murderer, 200; returns and
excites a rebellion, 254; as commissioner
of the long Parliament, deposes Stone, the
deputy of Lord Baltimore, 259; repeats
the act, 260; visits Carolina, ii. 133.

Cleaveland, Colonel Benjamin, raises a regi-
ment in the mountains of North Carolina,
x. 335, 336 ; his brave conduct at King's
mountain, 337, 339 ;

Cleaves, George, agent in Maine for Rigby,
i. 429.

Clergy of Canada, satisfied with the Quebec
act," vii. 158; clergy of France tainted with
scepticism, 28; averse to the American
cause, viii. 177, 417, 423.

Clergy of Massachusetts, how supported, i.
35!t : their action in the case of Roger
Williams, 373; reproached by the adher-
ents of Mrs. Hutchinson, 387; a synod of
ministers assembles, 390 ; consulted in civil
affairs, 440, 445; their courage, 443; the
ministry indispensable to New England
life, 443; the second synod in 1048, 444;
influence of ministers, 446, ii. 87, 121, 123;
what gave them this influence, iii. 74; their
connection with the witchcraft delusion,
75, el seq.

Clergy of Virginia, their contest for church
dues, v. 171, 172; clergy, Calvinist, of
New England, their good influence, 320.

Cleverly, Stephen, of Boston, one of the
" Sons of Liberty " in 1765, v. 310.

Clinton, George, in the general assembly of
New York, vii. 210; elected to the second
continental Congress, 284; present there,
353; opposes the evacuation of New York,
ix. 118; in the skirmish near Manhattan-
ville, 126; in a council of war, 176: visits
the Highlands with Washington, 187; his
success at Hackensack, 251 ; commands in

the Highlands, 338; is chosen governor of
New York, 372; endeavors to save fort
Clinton, 413; will be satisfied with nothing
short of independence, 498.

Clinton, George, admiral and governor of
New York, iv. 24; ascends the Hudson,
25; attends the Congress at Albany, 29;
deplores the tendency to independence,
25; Clinton and Shirley invoke the inter-
position of the king, to provide a contri-
bution of the colonies for their own
defence, 29, 32; resolves to compel the
interposition of Parliament, 34; his pro-
ceedings in New York firmly resisted by
the legislature, 52, 53; still pursues his
selfish schemes, 57; urges the imposition
of taxes, 62 ; asks of the assembly means
to resist French encroachments on the
Ohio, and is refused, 74; is superseded in
office, and execrated by the people, 103;
impeached for mal-administration, 164.

Clinton, Sir Henry, sent out as major-general
of the armv in America, vii. 245; lands in
Boston, 362, 379, 389 ; watches from Copp's
Hill the battle in Charlestown, 422; crosses
Charles river in a boat and joins in the
fray, 428; embarks at Boston on a South-
ern expedition, viii. 277; is destined to
North Carolina, 279, 282; his instructions
from the ministry, 357; receives re-enforce-
ments in Cape Fear river, 357; resolves to
sad tor Charleston, 358 ; his savage procla-
mation, 358; his arrival off Charleston,
395; lands on Long Island, 396, 397, 399;
differs in plan from the naval commander,
399; his troops suffer from the climate,
399; he discovers no ford between Long
Island, where he was, and Sullivan's Is-
land which he was to attack, 399; his in-
activity, 400; the attack is made by the
fleet, but the land forces do nothing, 404,
405, 408: they embark for New York, 412;
joins Howe on Staten Island, ix. 82; leads
the van in the battle of Long Island, 90 ;
marches on White Plains, 180; commands
the expedition to Rhode Island, 290;
moves against Putnam in the Highlands,
412; takes forts Clinton and Montgomery,
413; returns to New York, 414; succeeds
Howe in the command of the British land
forces, x. 120; evacuates Philadelphia,
124; commences his retreat to New York,
127; loses the battle of Monmouth. 133;
remonstrates against the weakening of his
force by detachments to the South, 156;
threatens to evacuate New York, 156;
represents his forces as inadequate, 174,
221 ; raises a regiment of Irish, 175 ; de-
termines on the conquest of South Carolina,
301; embarks on that enterprise, 301;
disasters suffered by the way, 301; takes
Charleston, 305; his ensnaring proclama-
tion not proc aimed, 307; confiscates pri-
vate property, 307; another proclamation,
full of cruelty, 308; returns to New York,
308, 309 ; his operations in New Jersey,
374; his retreat, 375; his expedition to
Rhode Island, 376; he becomes dishearU

622

GENERAL INDEX.

ened, 376, 377; complains lo the ministry,
377; his complot with Benedict Arnold,
371, et ieq. ; his disappointment at the
result, 394; his false representations of the
affair, 394; lie disapproves of Cornwallis's
movement on Virginia, 484; foresees evil
from it, 484; fears an attack from Wash-
ington in New York, 508, 509 ; regards the
royal cause as hopeless in Virginia, and
advises Cornwallia to take a defensive
position, 503; hatred and rivalry between
him and Cornwallis, 50G; wishes by all
means to retain command of the Chesa-
peake, 510; favors a post at Yorktown,
511; finds himself thoroughly out-gene-
ralled by Washington, 513; purposes to re-
lieve Cornwallis, but fails, 517; is recalled
from his command, 520.

Clinton, General James, brother of George,
with Washington at the Highlands, ix. 187 ;
takes command of fort Montgomery, 413;
marches into the Indian country, x. 231.

Cloyce, Sarah, of Salem village, accused of
witchcraft, iii. 86.

Clymer, George, of Philadelphia, vi. 481,
524; in Congress, ix. 59.

Cocheco, now Dover, attack on it by Indians,
iii. 180.

Coddington, William, built the first good
house in Boston, i. 358; an adherent of
Ann Hutchinson, 392; obtains a grant of
Bhode Island, 392; a judge there, 392.

Coffin, Nathan, an American sailor, will not
light against bis country, ix. 313.

Colbert, Jean Baptiste, favors the plans of
La Salle, iii. 1G3.

Colburn, Andrew, lieutenant-colonel, killed
in the battle of Bemis's Heights, ix. 411.

Colden, Cadwallader, of New York, iv. 25 ;
his elaborate argument for taxing the
colonies, 54; a further argument, 57, 58;
continues to favor parliamentary taxation,
116 ; advises the subversion of American
liberty, 371; is made lieutenant-governor
of New York, 372, 427, 429 ; advises the
annexation to New York of Western Mas-
sachusetts and all of Vermont, v. 149; his
false representations of the people, 215;
would allow an appeal to the king in all
cases, 224; upholds the stamp act, 314,
332; opposes the people and threatens to
fire on them, but is told the consequences,
355; he yields to the people, 356; thirsts
for revenge. 357 ; is superseded in the gov-
ernment, 358 ; announces -the probability
of the repeal of the revenue acts, vi. 315.

Coligny, Admiral, sends a colony of Hugue-
nots to Florida, i. 61.

College of William and Mary founded, iii.
25.

Colleton, James, governor of South Carolina,
ii. 183; his oppressive conduct, 186; the
people resist, and banish him from the
province, 187.

Collier, Sir George, British admiral, his state-
ment of the British force landed on Long
Island, ix. 85, note ; his barbarity, 227;
sails up the Penobscot, x. 233.

Colonial agents, Grenville's interview with,
v. 188.

Colonial assemblies in Virginia, an error
respecting them corrected, i. 199, note ;
tacitly sanctioned by the king, 197; colo-
nial commerce, restrictions on, 196, 203.220,
221, ii. 42, 197 (see Commerce); the
modern colonial system, iii. 112, 384; co-
lonial manufactures discouraged, 384; co-
lonial interests sacrificed, 385.

Colonial governors, dependent for their sala-
ries on the provincial assemblies, iv. 19 :
often dissolute and vile men, 20.

Colonial governments, remodelling of, iv.
414.

Colonial policy of the Grenville administra-
tion, v. 107; Shelburne opposes this policy,
136; Richard Jackson opposes it, 155;
Grenville urges on the scheme, 157, et seq.,
182, 187, 190; the policy openly inaugu-
rated, 187.

Colonial policy of Spain, v. 16.

Colonial system of Europe, overthrow of the,
iv. 3, et seq. passim ; this svstem is self-
destructive, 461, 462.

Colonies, their military strength in 1765, v.
434.

Colonies, Anglo-American, their general
character, ii. 450; population in 1688,450;
cause of the emigration, 451; origin, 452;
a free people, 452; a moral people, 453; a
Christian people, 453 ; a Protestant people,
454, et seq. ; how related to the home gov-
ernment, iii. 100; taxation, 101; how re-
lated to Episcopacy, 102; the judiciary,
103; policy pursued by England towards
them, 104; the currency, 104; the colonial
svstem, 105; the trade in wool, 106; masts,
106, 390; theory as to charters, 107; unin-
terrupted progress, 339 ; extending settle-
ments, 370; population, 371; schools and
colleges, 373; the press, 874; no union of
the colonies, 380; charters threatened, 381;
checks on their industry, 384; sugar colo-
nies favored at the expense of the others,
385 ; paper-money system, 383 ; compelled
to receive slaves, 415; tendency to inde-
pendence, 464; their relation to England,
iv. 15; an offshoot, not a part of it, 15;
admire the constitution of England, yet
prefer their own, 16; had a life of their
own, 16, 17, 55; could not be moulded at
will, 55; attempts to obtain a revenue from
them, 25, 32, 33, 52, 58, 62, 85 ; they are
left to protect themselves, 88; effort still
made to raise a revenue from them, 100;
the project delayed, 101 (see American
colonies) ; to be taxed by Parliament, v. 81,
82; all civil officers therein to be depen-
dent on the king's pleasure; 82, 83; their
charters to be annulled, 83; one scheme of
government to be imposed on all, 83; a
standing army to be maintained at their
expense, 83, 86 ; the measure supported by
Pitt, 87; fervent attachment of the colonies
to England, 90; navigation acts disre-
garded in the colonies, 1 57, 158 ; Grenville's
plan for taxing the colonies sanctioned by

GENERAL INDEX.

623

Parliament, 1S7, 191; alarm occasioned in
the colonies by its adoption. 193, et si >/■ ;
views of James Otis on the rights of the
colonists, 198, 199 ; loyalty of the colonies,
201), 223; spirit of resistance in lioston,
197, et sf/.; in New York, 198, 216; in
Rhode Island, 217; the military power
placed above the civil, 235; taxation by
Parliament carried through, 247 ; the mu-
tiny act extended to America, 219 ; bounties
to the colonies, 250; restraints on the in-
dustry of the colonies, 205; and on their
trade, 266-268; taxation, direct and in-
direct, now added to colonial restrictions,
207 ; general dissatisfaction in the colonies,
270-280, 285, et seq. ; the colonies meet in
Congress, 331; the people in all the colonies
accede to its action, 359, 300 ; plan for a
permanent union, 300 (see America); the
lime from which their revolt may be dated,
vi. 41; they all deny the right of Parlia-
ment to tax them, 43; kind spirit of Lord
bhelburne towards them, 39, 43; his con-
ciliatory policy, 53-55; rendered ineffectual
by the headstrong opposition of the king
and the oligarchy, 50, 57, 04; extreme
bitterness of party leaders in England
against them,65,66 ; each colony had a char-
acter of its own, which the men in power
wholly overlooked, 73 ; the men in power
refuse to hear their complaints, 74; every
thing must be done bv the strong hand,
45, 08, 73, 74, 80, 91 ; the doors of Parlia-
ment, by special order, shut against their
agents, 75, 80; the colonies aim not at
independence, 73; but only at having their
rights, 12, 51, 97, 121 ; false representations
respecting them, 39, 41, 57, 08; their in-
•dependence foreseen, 20, 84, 95, 370 ; prog-
ress of revolutionary ideas, 102, 103, 105;
the department of the colonies assigned to
Lord Hillsborough, 109; his policy in re-
gard to them, 110; their charters to be
abrogated, 111, 116; the colonists firmly
resolved to resist all infringement of their
privileges, 139; the prospect before them,
140; the colonies to be trampled under
foot, 207, 210; spirit of the colonies not
understood, 229,230; the colonists unap-
pallcd, 260 ; form agreements for non-im-
portation, 272, 308; "the ferment increases,
310; their charters threatened, 231, 306,
371, 372; enumeration of the rights of the
colonies, 432; and of their grievances, 433;
a committee in Massachusetts issue a secret
circular summoning all the colonies to
stand for their rights, 409; the colonies
united, 488 ; were entitled to independence,
vii. 23; there was no other way to their
full development, 34; Britain should have
offered them independence, 23; determina-
tion of the king to coerce them, 24; the
thirteen colonies are pledged to union, 35;
character of the people, 35; the colonies
make the cause of Boston their own, 55 ;
they contribute largely for its relief, 73,
et seq. ; a general Congress proposed by
New York, 40, 46 ; by Pennsylvania, 45 ;

by Connecticut, 40; by Maryland, 50; by
New Jersey, 50; by Virginia, 54; Massa-
chusetts appoints the time and place, 64;
and elects delegates, 64; Indians and
Canadians to be employed against the
colonists, 117, 118; the continental Con-
gress meet, 127; total population of the
colonies, 128 ; it is agreed that in Congress
each colony shall have one vote, 130; de-
bate on the foundation of colonial rights,
132; the demands of the colonies are made
to rest on an historical basis, 138; a union
of the colonies under a president to be ap-
pointed by the kins is rejected, 140; firm
union of the colonies, 205; Lord North's
plan of conciliation, 243; contrasted with
that of Lord Chatham, 244; '-the twelve
united colonies," 391; their union, viii.
38 ; a plan of confederation proposed, 53 ;
its provisions, 53, 54; their affairs a sub-
ject of discussion at the court of Catharine
II., 104; Georgia accedes to the union, 108;
the colonies threatened with force by the
king, 131; he will send Russians, Han-
overians, and Hessians to crush them to
submission, 137; the king cannot obtain
Russian troops, 150-156; temper of the
middle colonies, 213; attempts to detach
them from the union, 214, 215; mutual
attraction of France and the colonies, 210,
217; division of the country into military
departments, 317; plan of a' confederation,
392.
Colonies, modern European, i. 213, iii. 113,

Colonies, the Greek, i. 212, 213.

Colorado of the West, discovered, i. 40/.

Colored American soldiers at the battle of
Monmouth, x. 133 ; proposal to enlist
colored troops, 291; Hamilton advises it,
291; Henry Laurens advises it, 291; Con-
gress recommends it, 21)1 ; Washington
discourages it, 292 ; South Carolina rejects
the proposal, 292 ; and would rather assume
a position of neutrality, 293.

Columbus, his earlier life, i. 7 ; expected to
reach the Indies by sailing west, 8 ; dis-
covers America, 8; discovers the main
land, 12, 14 ; brought together the ends of
the world, iv. 8.

Commerce, freedom of, beneficial to man-
kind, v. 25 ; state of, in America, 42J ; x.
579.

Commerce of America thrown open to the
whole world, viii. 323.

Commerce of the world, great changes in,
i. 117 ; commerce in slaves, 102, et seq. ;
commerce in white servants,. 175; colonial
commerce, restrictions on, 196, 203 ; colo-
nial policy of ancient Greece, 213 ; of
Carthage, " 213 ; of Spain and Portugal,
213 ; English navigation acts, 212, ii. 42 ;
freedom of commerce vindicated by the
Dutch, i. 215 ; commercial policy of Crom-
well, 216-218; this policy permanently
■ established in England, 218 ; commercial
policy of the Stuarts, 219; commercial
monopolies, iii. 104, 105 ; their gross injus-

624

GENEEAL INDEX.

tice, 100, 107; wide extent of the system,
109; falseness of its principles, 110; its
influence on the polities of nations, 110;
ancient commercial system, 111; a paper
currency, and the funding system un-
known, 112; development of the modern
system, 112; it is founded in error and
injustice, 113; system of Portugal, 113;
of Spain, 114 ; of Holland, 114 ; of France,
115 ; commercial rivalry of France and
England, 110 ; other causes of animosity,
118; English colonial monopoly, 231 ; com-
merce in slaves a source of power to
England, 233 ; commerce with the West
through Oswego, 339 ; commerce bears
sway, 390 ; commercial monopoly a cause
of war, 400 ; commerce in slaves, 402 ;
contraband trade (see Smuggling).

Commerce, universal tendency of society
towards, iv. 0 ; promoted by the diffusion
of the northern nations of Europe, 7 ;
commercial restrictions shattered, 13.

Commercial class acquires supreme power in
England, iii. 7, 8, 387; divided commercial
monopoly, 400.

Commercial restrictions proposed, iv. G2,
146; and disregarded, 147. (See Writs of
Assistance).

Commissioners of customs at Boston pretend
to be in danger, vi. 128 ; complain of the
spirit of liberty there prevailing, 128 ; and
call for troops, 129 ; under false pretences
they again call for troops, 130 ; a 50-gun ship
sent to Boston at their request, 154 ; their
haughtiness and hatred of the country,
154 ; their spite against John Hancock, 155 ;
order the seizure of his sloop "Liberty,"
155 ; under apprehensions of danger, they
go on board the frigate " Romney," 157 ; the
danger not real, 157, 158 ; the}' exaggerate
the recent disturbance, 160; they call for
the exertion of military power, 161; they
return to Boston, 212; they apply to be
released from the income tax, 404.

Commissioners, royal, to inquire into the
affair of the "Gaspee," vi. 450, 451.

Commissioners sent by Charles II. to regu-
late the affairs of New England, ii. 77 ;
their ill success in Massachusetts, 78, 84-
8G ; and in Plymouth, 84; their proceedings
in Connecticut, 83 ; and Maine, Sfj ; they
return disappointed, 87.

Commissioners sent to treat with the re-
volted colonies, x. 122 ; who they were,
123; their mission deceptive, 123; their
silly conduct, 123 ; their letter to Congress,
and the answer, x. 125 ; their ferocious
proclamation, 151.

Commissioners to be sent from England to
the colonics, viii. 170 ; they are expected
by the moderate party in America, 244,
327; Samuel Adams scorns the thought,
327 ;_ their powers, 300, 361.

Committee of correspondence appointed by
New York, vii. 41, 42; by Philadelphia,
45; by Baltimore, 50; by Virginia, 54.

Committee of safety appointed by the pro-
vincial Congress of Massachusetts, vii. 228 ;

their powers, 228: their circular to the
several towns of the province and to New
Hampshire and Connecticut, 313; no alter-
native left to them but to drive out the
British army or perish in the attempt, 321.

Committees of correspondence proposed, vi.
425 ; and appointed, 429 ; their secret
journals still exist, 428, note ; their design
429; and influence, 430; under a pledge "of
secrecy, 430; the plan works well, 437,
et ser/.: 446, 447, 452 ; at least eighty towns
in Massachusetts respond, 445; the sys-
tem results in a union of the colonies, 439,
454, 456, 466 (see Boston Committee);
committees of correspondence between the
colonies organized, 455, 460; a select com-
mittee issue a secret circular to all the col-
onies, 469.

" Common Sense," an essay by Thomas
Paine, viii. 2?6; Rush gives it this title,
230 ; the argument : monarchy discoun-
tenanced in the Bible; the greater number
of kings are bad men ; kings multiply
civil wars ; they are of no real use ; we
are now driven to an appeal to arms ; our
cause is of great worth, 237 ; Great Britain
has not been our protector: not England
only, but all Europe, is our parent land;
our connection with England is of no use
to us ; America should avoid any close
connection with Europe, 238 ; our territory
is too vast to remain long subject to any
external power, 239 ; reconciliation to Eng-
land would be our ruin ; peace and pros-
perity can come to us only through inde-
pendence, 240; France and" Spain will give
us no assistance, unless we declare our
independence, and the proper time for this1
is now come, 241. •

Common-sense the standard of morals and
of truth, viii. 248, 249.

Complot of Sir Henry Clinton and Benedict
Arnold, x. 371, et seq.

Conant, Roger, his extraordinary vigor, i.
339; makes a settlement at Salem, 339.

Concord, Mass, settled, i. 383; a town meet-
ing held there composed of Boston exiles,
viii. 48.

Concord in Massachusetts, the Middlesex
county convention meet there, vii. 112;
the provincial Congress meet there, 153;
Gage sends an expedition thither, 288; the
people are roused, 230; William Emerson,
the minister, 230; he and his flock appear
in arms, 290; arrival of the British troops
at Concord village, 238; rally of the alarm
company, 298; they retreat beyond the
river, 298; re-enforcements come from Lin-
coln, Acton, Bedford, Westford, Littleton,
Carlisle, and Chelmsford, 299; destruction
of stores by the British, 300; the Amer-
icans hesitate about resisting, 300 ; their
hesitation removed by the British fire,
302; the tirst victims at Concord, 303;
the battle of Concord, 303; the British
retreat with great loss and are vigor-
ously pursued, 304, et seq ; their retreat
becomes a flight 306; cruelties per-

GENERAL INDEX.

625

petrated by them, 308; the British ar-
rive in Boston, 309; the American loss,
309; the British loss, 309; great conse-
quences of the battle, 310, 311, el seq. ;
the whole country roused, 312; the British
army besieged in Boston, 313; the effect
in Europe, 342, e t seq.
Confederation, plan of, proposed by Franklin,
viii. 53; the plan equivalent to a declara-
tion of independence, 54; its two great
principles, 54; submitted to Congress by
Franklin, 245; the proposal negatived, 245;
committee to prepare articles of confedera-
tion, 392; draft of a plan made by Dickin-
son, ix. 4G; his unfitness for such a work,
40, 47; hinderance to a confederation, 47;
the states jealous of a central power, 48;
the effects remain of contests with the
crown, 48 ; the confederacy seemed to stand
in the place of the crown, 49; the right
of taxation withheld from Congress, 49;
Franklin's plan contrasted with that of
Dickinson, 49, 50; debate on the appor-
tionment of supplies to be furnished by the
several members of the confederacy, 51, 52;
debate on the question of representation,
53, 54; no plan of confederation at present
adopted, 57 ; a further delay, 131 ; articles
of confederation adopted, 436; unity of
the colonies, of what sort, 437; no central
authority, 437; what does "my country"
meanV 437; the principle of resistance, and
this alone, held the colonies together, 437 ;
the spirit of separation increases, 438; the
South jealous of the North, 438; vast ex-
tent of the United colonies, 438; what con-
stitutes citizenship? 439; power of natu-
ralization, 439 ; each state an independent
sovereign, 440; vote by states, 440; evi-
dent inequality, 440: a compromise, 441;
Congress has no power to lev}' taxes, 441 ;
the post-office, 441; import and export
duties, 441; influence of slavery on the
distribution of quotas, 441, 442; rule finally
adopted, 442; navigation laws, 442; the
public lands, 443; country north-west of
the Ohio, 443 ; jealousy of a standing army,
443; effect of the popular affection for
"Washington, 444; thirteen armies, and not
one, 444; maritime affairs, 444; foreign
relations, 444; coining money, &c, 445;
rotation in Congress, 445; no executive
power, 445; no judiciary, 445; no veto on
the action of any State, 445; no incidental
powers, 44G; scarcely any mode of amend-
ment, 44G ; but for the spirit of the people,
the government had no chance to live, 446.
Four great results, 446: 1. A republican
government may equal the widest empire
in its extent of territory, 447; 2. No man
to be disfranchised for color, race, or reli-
gious belief, 447; 3. A citizen of one state
entitled to equal privileges in all the states,
447, 448; free blacks are citizens, 449; 4.
Individual liberty secured, 449, 450. The
confederation was a contradiction, yet con-
tained the elements of a free nation, 450 ;
articles of, x. 144; confederation of the

states proposed, 408; adopted, 420; its
defects, 421; it was the opposite of union,
422; it was sure to lead to division, strife,
and anarchy, 422; obedience to its requisi-
tions could not be enforced. 423

Conliscation of property bv Sir Henry Clin-
ton, x. 307.

Congress, a general, proposed by Samuel
Adams, vi. 466, 507; advocated by the
"Boston Gazette," 469; recommended by
Providence, vii. 42; by Philadelphia, 45;
by New York, 46 ; by Baltimore, 50 ; by
Virginia, 54; by North Carolina, 55; Mas-
sachusetts appoints the time and place, 04;
and elects delegates, 64 ; delegates chosen
by Rhode Island, 65; by Maryland, 06; by
New York, 78 83; by South Carolina, 81;
by Pennsylvania, 82, 83; by New Jersey,

' 83; by New Hampshire, 83; by Virginia,
84, 85. (See Continental Congress.)

Congress, first Anglo-American, iii. 183 ; sug-
gested by Massachusetts, 183; Congress
European, at Aix-la-Chapelle, 466.

Congress, general. (See Continental Con-
gress.)

Congress of Indian tribes at the Falls of St. ■
Mary, iii 153; a splendid affair. 154; with
no enduring result, 154; another Indian
congress, 214, 222. .

Congress of commissioners at Albany in
1748; iv. 25, et seq.; the Massachusetts
delegation, 26, 27; plans of Clinton and
Colden, 25; numerously attended by In-
dian chiefs. 28; another congress there, 88;
congress of governors at Boston, 252.

Congress of Massachusetts. (See Provincial
Congress. )

Congress of the American people proposed,
v. 279 ; some of the colonies falter, 292, 293 ;
South Carolina yields a hearty approval,
294; the Congress meet in New York, 334;
what colonies were represented, 334; the
argument for American liberty, on what
founded, 335; debates in Congress con-
cerning liberty and privilege, 343; declara-
tion of rights, 344: memorials to Parliament,
344,345; union inaugurated, 346 ; i he peti-
tion of Congress presented in Parliament,
398.

Congress, provincial. (See Provincial Con-
gress.)

Connecticut river discovered by Adrian Blok,
ii. 275.

Connecticut, settled from Massachusetts, i.
395,396; the Pequod war, 398-402; civil
institution of the colony, 402; it recognized
no jurisdiction of the king, 402; charter
obtained by the younger Winthrop, ii. 54;
the charter liberal, 55 ; happy fruits of the
charter, in the purity, the tranquillity, the
domestic and social happiness of the colony
during more than a hundred years, 56-61 ;
the royal commissioners in Connecticut,
83; Hartford and New Haven united, 83;
population in 1675, 93; no blood shed
there, in Philip's war. 109; generosity to
the sufferers, 109; boundary fixed on the
side of New Netherland, 295; Andros as-

VOL. X.

40

G26

GENEKAL INDEX.

sumes the government, 430; the charter
oak, 430; the charter taken from its hiding-
place, 448; population in 1088. 450; effect
of the English revolution, iii. GO; address
of the assembly to William, 00 ; the charter
intact, 00; influence of the clergy, 09; the
charter always in danger. 09; attempt in
Parliament to revoke it, 70; Cornbury joins
in the attempt, 70; law of inheritance, 392;
remonstrates against arbitrary power, iv.
49; population in 1754, 128, 129; claims
a part of the territory of Pennsylvania,
140; Connecticut troops brave and vic-
torious in war, 207, 211; heavy burdens
on the colony, 293 ; Connecticut troops at
Ticonderoga, 298, 301; has five thousand
men under arms, 319 ; described as a mere
democracy, 370; remonstrates against in-
fringement of its rights, v. 224; Bernard
proposes a dissolution of the colony, 225;
Johnson has a similar desire, 220 ; Con-
necticut deals roughly with Ingersoll, the
distributor of stamps, 310, et seq. ,• the prin-
ciples of natural liberty avowed, 300 ; re-
solves on resistance to the stamp act, 378;
elects William Pitkin governor, vi. 14;
refuses compliance with a requisition, 51;
able defence of its rights by Johnson, its
agent, 111-115; purpose of the British min-
istry to annul its charter, 111, 113, 110;
determined attitude of the colony, 149;
petitions the king, but refuses to petition
Parliament, and why not, 149; denies the
right of Parliament to tax the colonics, 100;
sends a colony to the lower Mississippi, 298 ;
its charter again threatened, 451 ; Connecti-
cut has claims on the Western Valley, 500 ;
its representatives make a declaration of
rights, vii. 42; the people anxious for a
general Congress, 40 ; they send relief to
the suffering people of Boston in 1774, 73;
honors the delegates of Massachusetts to
Congress as they pass through the colony,
100, 107; thousands of its men in arms
start for the relief of Boston, 120; measures
taken preparatory to active resistance, 155;
armed bands rush to the scene of conflict
near Boston, 315, 310; Connecticut attempts
to mediate, 321; offers six thousand men,
325 ; sends one thousand of her sons to gar-
rison and defend Ticonderoga and Crown
Point, 305; Connecticut troops with Spen-
cer at Roxbury, 405 ;\ with Putnam at
Cambridge, 405; with Knowlton and Put-
nam at the rail-fence near Breed's Hill,
408, 410, 414, 418; attack of the British
and their hasty retreat, 424; the Connecti-
cut and New Hampshire men cover the
retreat of the Massachusetts men from the
redoubt, 430; under Putnam, on Prospect
Hill, near Boston, viii. 43; the legislature
order the equipment of two armed vessels
for the defence of the coast, 08 ; Connecticut
•soldiers complained of by Schuyler, 185;
many of them leave the army at Cam-
bridge, 218; Governor Trumbull apologizes
for them to Washington, 219 ; others volun-
teer to take their places, 219 : the ministry

intend to infringe on the charter of the
colony, 300; instructs its delegates in Con-
gress to vote for independence, 437; sends
troops to the defence of New York, ix. 57,
79; Connecticut men on Lake Champlain,
152, 157 ; the civil government, still admin-
istered as under the charter, 281 ; popular
education provided for, 271 ; rule for nom-
ination to high civil office, 271; Connecti-
cut militia sent to Providence, 412; her
regiments resolve to return home, 403.

Connolly, John, a land-jobber and willing
tool of Lord Uunmore, vii. 102 ; his letter
to the people of Wheeling, 105; arrested in
Maryland, viii. 224.

Conservative party formed in New York in
1774, vii. 41 ; on what founded, 41 ; their
principles and influence, 41, 77, 107 ; con-
servative policy of Congress, 138, 149, 150,
350, 358, 301.

Constitutions of civil government in America,
not founded on speculative theorj', but on
the innate idea of justice, and the rights
of man, ix. 257; no fifth monarchy men,
258; no desperate hatred of England, 258;
no violent departure from the past, 258;
sovereignty resides in the people, 258;
the people had confidence in themselves,
259; England a land of liberty, 259; why
American statesmen became republican,
200; elective franchise, how enjoyed (see
Elective Franchise), the legislature, how
elected in the several states, 205; House of
Representatives, how apportioned, 205;
great inequality in Maryland and South
Carolina, 205 ; historic precedents generally
followed, 200 ; two legislative bodies, in
every state but two, 206; term of service,
200 ; modes of electing the governor, 207 ;
property qualification, 207; period of ser-
vice, 208; a conditional veto, 208; the
legislature independent of the governor,
209; the appointing power, 209; the judi-
ciary, 270; public education not provided
for save in Massachusetts and Connecticut,
270, 271; the people are represented in the
government as they truly are, 271 ; free-
dom of worship and of religious belief
secured to all, 272, 273 ; religious tests, how
far inquired as qualificat ions for oilice, 275 ;
applied chiefly to the Catholic and the Jew,
275; soon eliminated, 275; the church not
a part of the state, 270; in freedom of
conscience and of worship, America found
its nationality, 270; disposition of church
property, 277; separation of church and
state approved of by all, 277, 278; estates
not to be entailed, 279; provision tor re-
forming the civil constitu*ion, 281; the
rights of man declared in every constitu-
tion except that of South Carolina, 282;
theory of political life, 282, 283.

Constitution of South Carolina, x. 155: of
Virginia, 223; of Massachusetts, 307;'
one formed by the British ministry for
Eastern Maine, 308.

Contempt, language of, employed by British
officials in speaking of the Americans, vi.

GENERAL INDEX.

C27

10, G5. 143, 203, 278, 322, 419y 40G, 501,
513, 517, 523.

Continental army, first, assumption of the
name, vii. 391; Washington chosen gen-
eral, 393; his great qualities, 393-400;
state of the army on his arrival, 404;
want of order, 404; want of experience,
405; imperfect discipline, 405 ; scanty sup-
plies of military means, 405; want of
system, 405; small supply of powder 415;
its temper exhibited at Bunker Hill, 41(5,
et seq.; election of generals, viii 26-31;
their incompetency, 30; state of the army
at Cambridge, 41 ; its several positions,
43; its numbers, 44; deficiencies, 44; want
of discipline and subordination, 45: various
skirmishes, 47, 49; nothing done for the
army by Congress, 50; its condition un-
satisfactory to Washington, 51; the army
in three divisions, Gl ; great want of am-
munition, 61; colored men allowed to
serve in the army, 110; a committee of
Congress visit the camp, 111; arrange-
ments made for a new army, 112 ; invasion
of Canada, 182, et seq. (see Northern
Army and Montgomery), distress of the
army for want of supplies, 217; enlistments
go on slowly, 218; Connecticut men desert,
218; Washington complains, 219; he en-
lists a new army, 219; great neglect of
Congress to provide for the army, 234?
Congress votes to increase the army, 245 ;
powder is received in large quantities, 245;
the American army employed with decisive
effect on the British troops in Boston, 293,
et seq. ; bad policy of short enlistments,
315, 310; small amount of Washington's
force in New York, 440; the men poorly
equipped, 440; conspiracy against Wash-
ington, 441; the first military execution,
441 ; an exchange of prisoners agreed on,
ix. 45, 40 ; dissensions among the officers,
58 ; Gates assumes to hold equal rank with
Washington, 58; New York eitjr to be
defended. 76; the fortifications poorly
armed, 77; condition of the army. 77; the
Americans defeated on Long Island. 90-94;
their sufferings, 97; their confidence in
Washington, 98; retreat from Loin; Island,
103, 104; shameful panic and flight from
New York, 119, 120 (see American Arm;/).

Continental Congress meets at Philadelphia,
in September, 1774, vii. 126 ; chooses a
president and secretary, 127 ; number of
members, 127; actuated by one spirit, 127;
animated discussion on the manner of
voting, 128; each colony to have one
vote, 130; the session opened with prayer,
131; news from Boston 132, 134; debate
on the foundation of colonial rights, 132,
et seq. : Congress sympathizes with Mas-
sachusetts, 1 34 ; approves the resolutions of
the county of Suffolk, 134, 135 ; by acompro-
mise, it is agreed to consent to the naviga-
tion acts, 135); the British colonial system
was thus accepted, 140 ; the insidious plan of
Galloway is rejected, 140, 141; the legisla-
ture of Massachusetts applies to Congress

for advice, 142 ; sympathy for Boston, 142;
Congress leaves Massachusetts to her own
discretion with respect to the form of her
government, and approves of her resistance
to British aggression, 145; if Britain at-
tempts to execute the regulating acts by
force, Congress promise that all America
will resist, 145, 146 ; its declaration of
rights, 146 ; resolves to discontinue all
importations from Great Britain and all
exports, save of rice, to Britain and the
West Indies, 147; inaugurates the aboli-
tion of the slave trade, 148; addresses the
people of all the provinces, and the people
of Great, Britain, 148; it petitions the king,
149; strong desire for conciliation, 149;
independence not yet desired, 150; the
old relations with Britain are earnestly
and exclusively sought, 151 ; Congress
adjourns, 149; high character given to it
by Lord Chatham, 191; he wishes that
the conditions proposed by Congress may
be accepted, 191, 192 ; his splendid eulogy
on Congress, 200; second continental Con-
gress meets in May, 1775, 353 ; essential
weakness of this body, 353, 354; has great
difficulties to encounter, 354 ; is swayed
by diverse sentiments, 356 ; unprepared
for war, 35G ; its course was directed by
inevitable and unforeseen events, 357;
unanimous approval of the conduct of
Massachusetts, 357 ; the first deputy from
Georgia appears, 357, 358; Congress in-
structs New York not to oppose the land-
ing of British troops, 358; unfortunate
consequences of this advice, 358, 359 ; hes-
itates to approve the taking of Ticonderoga,
361; John Hancock is chosen president,
378; Congress proposes to have the colo-
nies put in a state of defence, 379, 380,
381; while at the same time proposing to
negotiate with the king, 379, 380, 381;
misgivings of Congress, 381 ; address to
the Canadians, 381, 382; propositions of
Lord North are laid on the table, 382, 383 ;
dilatory action of Congress, 383 ; consents
to the occupation of Ticonderoga and
Crown Point, 383 ; adopts the army around
Boston. 390: borrows money for the first
time, 390, 391 ; advises Massachusetts not
to institute a new government, 391; ap-
points a solemn fast throughout the twelve
colonies, 392, 393; takes measures for
organizing a continental army, 393 ; unan-
imously elects by ballot George Washing-
ton commander-in-chief, 393; his un-
equalled character, 393-400; the extreme
difficulties of his position, 400, 401 ; the ap-
pointment gives universal satisfaction, 402;
elects four _ major-generals, viii. 26; elects
eight brigadiers, 30, 31 ; the character of
•each. 30, 31; expects but one campaign, 34;
its financial system, 35; its plan for the
increase of the army, 35 ; authorizes the
invasion of Canada, 35 ; sets forth the
causes for taking up arms, 35, 30 ; second
petition to the king, 37, 38; address to
the people of Great Britain, 38; address

G28

GENERAL INDEX.

to the city of London, 39 ; their delusive
confidence, 39; Congress do nothing for
the army round Boston, 50 ; inefficient as
an executive body, 51; it gives authority
to employ troops, but no proper cause is
taken for raising and equipping an army,
52; no leave for permanent enlistments, 53 ;
plan of confederation proposed by Frank-
lin, 53 ; Lord North's plan of conciliation is
referred to a committee, 54; remembers the
friendly interposition of Jamaica, 54; sends
to Ireland an expression of sympathy, 55;
complains that Howe, an Irishman, is an
enemy, 55; its apathy and hesitation, 55;
answer to Lord North's plan of conciliation,
50 ; reasons for rejecting the plan, 56, 57 ;
Congress shuns energetic measures, 57;
organizes a post-office, 57; its financial
system, 57, 58; paper-money issued, 58;
and this virtually irredeemable, 58 ; Con-
gress refuses to open the American ports,
58; is wanting in sagacity, promptness,
and decision, 108; a mean jealousy of
New England, 109; Gadsden of South
Carolina defends New England, 109;
slow progress of Congress, 109, 110 ;
much time spent on small matters, 110 ;
men of color allowed to serve in the army,
110; a committee of Congress visits the
camp, 112, 113; Congress undecided, 115;
the king's savage proclamation makes
them somewhat more decided, 137; Con-
gress encourages New Hampshire and
South Carolina to establish a government,
137 ; it sees the wisdom of a declaration of
independence, but postpones the measure,
141 ; appoints a committee for foreign cor-
respondence, 142; Congress disapproves of
Schuyler's proposal to relinquish the inva-
sion of Canada, 182 ; founds an American
navy, 215 ; secret communications between
Congress and the French ministry, 21G,
217 ; invites Virginia to institute a govern-
ment, 224; Congress at first excludes
negroes from the army, afterwards admits
them, 233; votes to increase the army,
245; a committee of Congress meets "a
committee of New York, 279; Congress
votes to Washington a medal, commemora-
tive of his success at Boston, 304; dis-
satisfied with Dr. Smith's eulogy on
Montgomery, 315; discusses the policy of
short enlistments, 310; more paper-money
issued, 318; Congress sends commissioners
to Canada, 319 ; authorizes commissions
for privateers, 320; disclaims allegiance to
the crown, 320; prohibits the slave-trade,
321 ; a virtual declaration of independence
issued, in the opening of the commerce of
the united colonics to all the world, 323;
John Adams moves that the people insti-
tute governments, 307 ; the motion pre-
vails, 307; preamble to the resolution, 367;
the preamble a virtual declaration of inde-
pendence, 308; Duane and others oppose
it, 308; the Pennsylvania delegates decline
to vote upon it, 369 ; it is adopted, 369 ;
llichard Henry Lee presents resolutions for

independence, 389 ; they are seconded by
John Adams, 389 ; animated debate upon
them, 390; all New England, Virginia, and
Georgia for independence, 391 ; the oppo-
nents, 390; the question postponed for
three weeks, 392; a committee chosen to
prepare a declaration, 392 ; a committee
to form a plan for a confederation, 392 ; a
committee for treaties, 393 ; inadequate
provision made for the army, 441 ; meet-
ing of Congress to consider the question of
independence, 449 ; who were present, 44iJ ;
their superior character, 449; their lon-
gevity, 449; the order of the day, 451;
great speech of John Adams, 451; reply
of Dickinson, 452, et seq. ; he wants delay,
452, et seq. ; he is answered by Wilson
and Withcrspoon, 456, 457; the united
colonics declared to be free and indepen-
dent States, 459; signs the declaration of
independence, ix. 41, 59 ; agrees to an ex-
change of prisoners, 46 ; plan of a confedera-
tion considered, 47, et seq. ; plan of Dickin-
son, 49, 50 ; the plan criticised, 49, 50 ; debate
on the matter of representation in Con-
gress, 53, 54; and on the public lands, 55,
50; the fear of a standing army precludes
proper measures for the public defence,
57; Congress too ready to assume the
conduct of a campaign, 78 ; its relations to
Gates and to Washington, 78; wish New
York to be defended, 76; unreasonable
expectations, 101; Sullivan comes with
a message from Lord Howe, 110; Congress
unwilling to abandon New York, 111;
debate on the message from Lord Howe,
112; a committee appointed to meet him,
112; unsatisfactory interview with him,
116, 117; Congress reluctantly yields to
the opinion of Washington that New York
must be abandoned, 115, 116; dilatory
proceedings 131, 132; plan of a treaty
with France, 132; the fisheries, 132; free
ships make free goods, 132; commissioners
to France appointed, 133; neglects to pro-
vide an efficient and permanent army,
136, 138; its vain, presumptuous confi-
dence, 173, 174; confirmed in its delusion
hy Lee, 174; interferes in military opera-
tions, 185; a great disaster follows, 190-
193; "Congress loves to see matters put
to hazard," 185; on the approach of the
enemy, Congress adjourns to Baltimore,
213; the temporizing policy of Congress
thrown aside, 237 ; confers on Washington
additional power, 238; authorizes a loan
in France, 238; and issues more paper-
money, 239 ; mean jealousy entertained of
Washington, 255; strange vote of Con-
gress, 255; disregards the advice of Wash-
ington, 335; offer of Congress to Gates,
336; confers more power on Washington,
338; helplessness of Congress, 338; it
interferes in Pennsylvania, 338 ; its numer-
ous errors and defects, 343; finally estab-
lishes the ilag of the United States, 352;
removes Schuyler from command, 386 ;
elects Gates his successor, 386; lavish

GENERAL INDEX.

629

favor upon him, 386, 383; slight and
neglect Washington, 388; interferes with
the commissary department, 388; politics
of Congress, 389; appointment of general
officers." 389; retires to Lancaster, 402;
improper interference of Congress, 433;
meets at Yorktown, 43G; adopts articles
of confederation, 436 (see Confederation);
appoints a board of war, 454; the Conway
cabal, 455; does nothing for the army,
4G0; desires a winter expedition to Canada,
462; issues more paper money, 468; its
depreciation, 468; conflict of opinion be-
tween Congress and Washington, 470;
Congress for separatism, Washington for
union, etc., 470; Congress jealous of the
popularity of Washington, 470; ratify
the alliance with France, x. 117; ad-
dress of, to the American people, 118;
rejects the offers of Lord North and the
British ministry, 122; opens loan offices,
169; is-ues continental money, 169; tries
to obtain foreign loans, 171, 221 ; invites
Richard Price to the country, 172; votes
to place the country, in the matter of
finance, under the "protection" of the
King of France, 173; renounces all coer-
cive power over the several states, 178; is
therefore utterly helpless, 179; forms a
plan for the invasion of Canada, 176;
nothing came of it, 177 ; wastes time on
personal and party interests, 204; its pecun-
iary difficulties, 205; discussions in refer-
ence to peace, 213, et seq. ; votes in regard
to boundaries, 214; its ultimatum, 214;
votes touching the fisheries, 215, 217; con-
gratulates the King of France on the birth
of a daughter, 216; refuses to prohibit the
slave trade, 217; insists on independence,
220; refuses to trust to the magnanimity of
Spain, 220; recommends the arming of col-
ored men, 291; finds itself utterly helpless
for want of money, 401; resorts to tem-
porary expedients, 401.

Continental money issued, x. 169; counter-
feited by the British ministers, 168, 205,
396; depreciation of it, 168, 173; this pro-
longs the contest, 168; amount issued,
397; value in 1780, 401; it ceases to cir-
culate, 401.

Contraband trade with the French sugar
islands, iv. 376, 377; measures taken to
stop it, 414 ; widely carried on, v. 157 ;
curious illustration, 158, note ; the British
ministry resolve to suppress it, 160, vi. 248.

Contrast between George III. and Samuel
Adams, vii. 59.

Convention of Massachusetts assemble at
Boston in 1768, vi. 202 ; object of the
meeting misrepresented, 203 ; Governor
Bernard tries to frighten them, but in vain,
204; their energetic proceedings, 205;
united with prudence, 204, 206.

Convention of Saratoga broken by the Eng-
lish, x. 126.

Conway, brigadier in "Washington's army,
ix. 397 ; at Germantown, 424 ; the Conway
cabal, 454, el seq. ; Washington's opinion

of him, 455; his discontent, 455; his in-
jurious words are made known to Wash-
ington, 455 ; Washington has an interview
with him, 456; he bids defiance to Wash-
ington, 456 ; Sullivan's high praise of Con-
way, 456 ; Conway resigns his commission,
456; is appointed inspector-general and
major-general, 457 ; at last he fully justi-
fies and applauds Washington, 464.

Conway, General Henry Seymour, wishes to
command in America, iv. 293; denies the
power of Parliament to tax America, v.
242; his speech against a tax, 244, 245;
is secretary of state for the colonies under
the Rockingham administration, 303; his
character, 304; friendly to America, 365;
his speech on the right to tax America,
387, 388 ; Conway and Grafton wish to see
Pitt at the head of the government, 396;
his wishes are thwarted, 397; assures the
American agents of his good-will, 400; of-
fers in Parliament a resolution in opposi-
tion to his avowed sentiments, 415: moves
the repeal of the stamp act, 434; the repeal
carried, 436 ; transports of the people, 436;
secretary of state and leader in the House
of Commons, vi. 21; dismayed by Towns-
hend's insolence, 49 ; his mild counsels are
not hepded, 58; excluded from the minis-
try, 109 ; wishes the duty on tea repealed,
276, 360; his motion against continuing the
war, x. 529 ; who supported the motion, 529.

Cook, colonel, of Connecticut, at the battle
of Bemis's Heights, ix. 409.

Cook, James, the navigator, iv. 324 ; in the
fleet sent against Quebec, 332.

Cooper, Myles, president of Columbia college,
New York, threatens the employment of
savage Indians against the Americans, vii.
119 ; inculcates the duty of passive obedi-
ence. 208 ; says the friends of the Ameri-
can Congress are guilty of unpardonable
crime, 208.

Cooper, Samuel, minister of Brattle Street
Church, Boston, the eloquent and patriotic
minister, vi. 24l ; quoted, 328 ; his prayer
at town-meeting after the Boston massacre,
341; his opinion touching that transaction,
348; advises the election of Franklin as
agent in England, 374 ; his letters quoted,
405; in the pulpit stigmatizes Hutchinson
as the progeny of the "old serpent," 461.

Cooper, William, of Boston, vi. 158; true-
hearted, 430 ; town-clerk, 473.

Coplev, John Singleton, at town meeting, vi.
479"

Coplev, Sir Lionel, Governor of Marjdand,
Hi. 31.

Coree's Indian tribe in North Carolina, iii.
239 ; attack that colony, 320.

Corlaer, governor of New York, ii. 419, 420.

Cornbury, Lord (Edward Hyde), his ill
character and administration, iii. 60; gov-
ernor of New York and New Jersey, 61;
embezzles the public finances, 61; his
haughty demeanor, 61; his imperious con-
duct, 62 ; his career in New Jersey, 63 ; an
enemy to Connecticut, 70.

630

GENERAL INDEX.

Corner, John, captain of the frigate " Rom-
ney" in Boston Harbor, vi. 155; his diary

quoted, 195, 196, 199, 200, 201, 203.

Cornstalk, a Shawanese chief, vii. 109.

Cornwallis, Earl, arrives in Cape Fear river
with re-enforcements, viii. 357 ; his first ex-
ploit in America, 358; is consulted by
Clinton, 395.399; joins Howe on Staten
Island, ix. 82; lanils on Long Island, 83;
advances to Flatbush, 84; makes a further
advance, 93, 94, 124; attacks fort Wash-
ington, 191 ; commands in New Jersey, 194 ;
enters Brunswick, 201 ; supposing the
righting to be over, sends his baggage to
England, 227; returns to command at
Princeton, 241 ; leads an army to Trenton,
243: rejects the good advice of Donop,
244; linds Washington at Trenton, 244;
is held at bay by" him, 245 ; defers an
attack till next day, and thus loses the
opportunity of crushing the "rebellion,"
245; his army goes to sleep, while Wash-
ington goes to Princeton, 245 ; he starts in
pursuit, but does not overtake him, 251 ;
Cornwallis at Amboy, 334; at Brunswick,
345; surprises Lincoln at Boundbrook,
340 ; at Hillsborough, 352 ; at Brunswick
again, 354 ; is vigorously attacked by Mor-
gan, 355; attacks Stirling's division and
drives it back, 356 ; leaves New Jersey,
35G; on the march to Philadelphia, 394 ;
forms a junction with Knyphausen, 395 ;
crosses the Brandywine, 390; the battle,
397, 398 ; takes possession of Philadelphia,
404 ; takes part in the battle of German-
town, 428; crosses the Delaware into Jersey,
435 ; returns to Philadelphia, 435 ; Germain
appoints him to conduct the southern cam-
paign, x. 284; arrives in South Carolina,
304; brings to Clinton a re-enforcement,
304 ; marches towards Camden, 300 ; praises
a terrible massacre, 307 ; rivalry between
him and Clinton, 308, 309 ; state of his
command, 309; forcibly enrols the male
inhabitants among his troops; 310 ; in-
stances of his cruelty, 311 ; reaches Cam-
den, S.C, 319 ; totally routs the American
force under Gates, 322; becomes with the
British ministry the favorite general, 326 ;
establishes a reign of terror, 327; his mil-
itary murders, 328; his sequestration of
estates, 333 ; marches into North Carolina,
332 ; the victory of the backwoodsmen at
King's mountain compels him to retreat,
340 ; sufferings of his troops, 341 ; his
plans wholly frustrated, 344; his barbarity
to prisoners, 457 ; his cruelties not imitated
by American officers, 457; pursues Mor-
gan's army, 461 ; again invades North
( 'arolina, 469 ; pursues Greene's army
through that State, 470, et seq. ; encounters
Greene's army at Guilford, 475 ; the army
of Cornwallis victorious, but ruined there,
481; he retreats to Wilmington, abandon-
ing all North Carolina, out of Wilmington,
to the Americans, 481: invades Virginia,
484; excesses committed by his troops,
485; he reaches Petersburg, Va., 499;

amount of his force, 500; seizes all the
valuable horses, 504; his operations in
central Virginia, 504; amount of property
destroyed by him, 505; tired of the war.
he wishes to" get back to Charleston, 508,
509 ; hatred between him and Clinton, 506 ;
concentrates his force at Yorktown and
Gloucester, 511; besieged by Washington,
518, et seq.; surrenders, 522; articles of
capitulation, 522.

Cornwallis, Edward, conducts a body of
English emigrants to Nova Scotia, iv. 45 ;
his severe treatment of the Acadians, 46 ;
and of the Micmac Indians, 47 ; endeavors
to dislodge a French force on the isthmus,
67, et seq.

Cornwallis, Lord Charles, votes against tax-
ing America, vi. 413.

Coronado. Francisco Vasquez, despatches an
expedition into New Mexico, i. 40 e;
reaches the river Del Norte, 40 m ; fails to
find a northern Peru, 41; reaches the
Arkansas, 41.

Correspondence, committees of (see Commit-
tees, &c).

Correspondence, foreign, a committee of
Congress appointed for, viii. 142, 143.

Corsica, the British ministry assist its revolt
from Finance, vi. 175, 176.

Cortereal, Gaspar, ranges the coast of North
America, i. 16 ; kidnaps Indians, 16.

Cortlandt, colonel of a New York regiment,
ix. 409.

Corv, Giles, of Salem village, iii. 87 ; pressed
to death, 93.

Cory, Martha, imprisoned for witchcraft,
iii. 86 ; executed, 93.

Cosby, governor of New York, encroaches
on popular liberty, iii. 393; defeated,
394.

Cotton, its culture introduced into Virginia,
i. 179.

Cotton, Rev. John, arrives in Boston, i. 365 ;
his character. 305; preaches against rota-
tion in office, 366 ; argues against heredi-
tary office. 385 ; a code of laws prepared
by 'him, 416.

Councils. Indian, how conducted, iii. 279.

Country life, pleasures of, v. 51.

Court intrigues on the accession of George
III. iv. 382, et seq.

Courts of law, opening of the, v. 375.

Cowhowee river, combat on, iv. 424.

Cowpens, meaning of the term, x. 402 ; fierce
and obstinate battle there, 464; total
defeat of the British, 465.

Coxe, Daniel, a proprietary of New Jersey,
iii. 47 : his plan to get possession of the
lower Mississippi, 202.

Cradock, Matthew, proposes the transfer of
the Massachusetts charter to America, i.
351 ; which seems to have been the early
design, 351; the design accomplished,
352. et seq. ; his generosity, 354 ; defends
the Massachusetts colony, 405.

Crafts, Thomas, of Boston, painter, one of
the " Sons of Liberty." in 1765, who hung
Oliver in effigy, v. 310.

GENERAL INDEX.

631

Cramahe, lieutenant-governor of Quebec, his

preparations for defence, viii. 196.
Cranueld, Edward, governor of New Hamp-
shire, ii. 11G; the whole province mort-
gaged to him, 117; dissolves the assembly,
117 ; a new thing in New England, 117;
his tyrannical proceedings, 118-120; his
imprisonment of Moody, 119 ; his conduct
approved by the English government, 120.
Craven, Charles, governor of South Carolina,

defeats the insurgent Indians, iii. 328.
Credit, lulls of, issued, iii. 180, 209, 387.

Creek Indians, their numbers in 1775, vii.
337 ; Georgia exposed to their inroads,
337 : the British authorities excite them
against the people of Carolina, viii. 88 ;
refuse to unite in a confederacy against
the Americans, ix. 161.

Creek nation of Indians, iii. 250, 251 ; esti-
mated population, 253; treaty with the
English, 331 ; befriend the Georgia colony,
433 ; their alliance sought, iv. 345, 347.

Crcsap, Michael, of Maryland, his contests
with the Indians, vii. 105 ; raises a com-
pany of riflemen, viii. 03 ; marches to the
siege of Boston, 03 ; dies, 04.

Croglian, George, of Pennsylvania, accom-
panies Gist in his exploring tour, iv. 77;
visits the Wyandots, Delawares, Miamis,
and other Indian tribes, 77, et seq. ; nego-
tiates a treaty with them, 79; his second
journey in 1751, 82; descends the Ohio, v.
243; his danger, 338; happily succeeds in
his mission, 330 ; urges the colonization of
the Illinois country, vi. 32.

Cromwell, Oliver, his commercial policy, i.
210; permanently established, 218; his
war with the Dutch, 217; his vast plans,
217 ; confirms the patent to Lord Balti-
more, 201; did not embark for America,
411.; offers the people of Massachusetts
estates in Ireland, 444 ; offers them Jamaica,
440 ; ever the friend of New England, 440 ;
never its oppressor, 440 ; head of the inde-
pendent party in England, ii, 11; religious
spirit of his troops, 12; his share in the
death of the king, 14, 15 ; assumes supreme
authority, 20; his remarkable character,
20 ; his great actions, 21 ; his successive
parliaments, 23, et seq. ; his death, 27 ; his
corpse insulted, 34.

Cromwell, Richard, acknowledged in Vir-
ginia, i. 227.

Crown, immense patronage of the, vi. 94.

Crown Point, a fortress there built by the
French, iii. 341 ; military operations for its
reduction, iv. 207, et seq., 251 ; abandoned
by the French, 323 ; taken by Seth Warner,
vii. 340 ; garrisoned by troops from Con-
necticut, 305 ; abandoned by the Amer-
icans, ix. 58 ; Carleton lands there, 157 ;
and leaves it, 157.

Cro/.at, Anthony, obtains a monopoly of the
trade of the Mississippi valley, iii. 347 ;
is disappointed and resigns his charter
348.

Cruelties of the British in South Carolina,
x. 307, 310, et seq., 328, 334, 339.

Cruger, of New York, elected to Parliament
from Bristol, vii. 176.

Culpepper, John, leader in the insurrection
in North Carolina, ii. 159 ; goes to Eng-
land, 100; his arrest, trial, and acquittal.
161.

Culpepper, Lord, obtains a grant of a large
part of Virginia, ii. 209 ; is appointed gov-
ernor for life, 245 ; his avarice, 240 ; re-
turns to England, 247 ; his patent revoked,
249.

Cumberland, Duke of, brother of George III.
votes tor removing the troops from Boston,
vii. 203 ; his energetic speech against the
employment of German mercenaries, viii.
269.

Cumberland, William, Duke of, at the head
of military affairs, iv. 169 ; his cruel heart,
170 ; his orders to Braddock, 170 ; increases
the rigor of the mutiny bill, 171 ; is
thought of as future king of British Amer-
ica, 232 ; has the chief conduct of the war,
249, 250 ; is defeated in Germany and
compelled to retire, 284; is charged with
forming a new ministry, v. 250, et seq. ;
visits Pitt, 200; and presses him to take,
office, 201, 262 ; forms a new ministry, 296,
etseq.; has a seat in the Rockingham
cabinet, 301; dies, 307; his merciless dis-
position, 307

Cumberland Island settled, iv. 242.

dimming, Sir Alexander, makes a treaty
with the Carolina Indians, iii. 332.

Cummings, Charles, pastor in Southwestern
Virginia, vii. 195.

Cunningham, Patrick, of South Carolina,
viii. 80.

Cunningham, Robert, of South Carolina,
viii. 86.

Cunningham, William, a British officer, his
extreme cruelty, x. 458.

Currency, or circulating medium, false theory
respecting, iii. 387 ; derangements of in
the colonies, 388, 389 ; these lead to colli-
sions with England, 390 ; state of in Mas-
sachusetts, vii. 323.

Cushing, Thomas, elected to a convention of
the people of Massachusetts, vi. 198 ;
representative from Boston to the general
court, 284 ; is not ready for decisive action,
426 ; refuses to serve on the committee of
correspondence, 429 ; speaker of the House,
his feeble advice, 466 ; he yields to the
stronger impulses of Samuel Adams, 469 ;
"the timid speaker," 492 ;Melegate to the
Congress at Philadelphia, vii. 64; delegate
in Congress from Massachusetts, opposed
to independence, viii. 242 ; he is super-
seded by Elbridge Gerry, 243.

Cushman, Robert, agent for the Leyden
church in England, i. 303.

Custom-house officers, their rapacity, v. 1G2;
their acts illegal and oppressive, 162.

Cuvler, of the New York Congress, viii.
439.

632

GENERAL INDEX.

]).

Dablon, Claude, missionary to the Onon-

dagas, iii. 143 ; and to the Chippeways, 152.

D'Aguesseau, Henry Francis, chancellor of

Fiance, opposes the frantic scheme of

John Law, iii. 357, 358.

Dahcota or Sioux tribe of Indians, where

located, iii. 146, 148, 150, 167, 243, 244.
Dale, Sir Thomas, governor of Virginia, i.
142; establishes martial law, 143; intro-
duces desirable changes, 150.
D'Alembert, Jean le Itond, a free-thinker,
ix. 283 ; his famous eulogy of Franklin,
492.
Dalrvmple, Sir John, his pamphlet for Amer-
ica, vii. 285.
Dalrvmple, William, lieutenant-colonel, com-
mander of troops sent to Boston, vi. 207 ;
finds it difficult to procure quarters for his
men, 208, et seq. ; his broils with the peo-
ple, 314 ; is ready for an attack on them,
330, 334 ; removes the troops from Boston,
342, et seq. ; by the king's order takes
possession of the castle, 369, 370.
Dalvell, Captain, relieves Detroit, v. 126 ;
his night attack on the Indians, 127; is
defeated and slain, 127, 128.
Danbury, Connecticut, expedition of the
British to, ix. 340 ; the village destroyed,
346 ; hasty retreat of the British, 347.
Danforth, Thomas, president of Maine under

Massachusetts, ii. 114.
Danforth, Samuel, of Cambridge, Mass., a
mandamus councillor, addresses the peo-
ple and resigns his office, vii. 115.
Danger arising from the want of a central

power, x. 207.
Daniel, Antoine, his fatiguing and hazardous
journey to the Huron country, iii. 122 ;
his martyrdom, 138.
Daniel, Robert, deputy governor of North

Carolina, iii. 21.
Dare, Virginia, first English child born in

the United States, i. 105, 106.
Darien, Ga.j founded, iii. 427, 431 ; the
district of, assembles in a local congress,
vii. 206 ; its patriotic language, 206.
Dartmouth College exposed to danger from

Indian liostility, vii. 279.
Dartmouth, Earl of (William Legge), presi-
dent of the board of trade under the Rock-
ingham administration, v. 304 ; proposes
a measure of gross injustice, 322; his con-
ciliatory spirit, vi. 434, 459, 466, 467; con-
fidence of the Americans in him, 466, 468,
471; but drifts along with the cabinet
towards coercion, 460; Samuel Adams
thinks him a good man, but without great-
ness of mind, 468 ; and intrusted with
power in order to deceive the American
people, 408; with the purest intentions,
lie pursues the oppressive policy of the
cabinet, 472; is disposed to wait patiently,
500 ; wishes to see lenient measures adopted,
518; basely lends his aid to the king in
his measures subversive of all liberty,
vii. 58, 59 ; he instructs Gage to have the

leading patriots in Massachusetts arrested
and imprisoned and to put down bv force
the spirit of liberty, 218, 219; his' weak-
ness, 221 ; opposes the bill of Lord Chat-
ham for conciliation, 221; issues sangui-
nary instructions to Gage, 285; becomes
keeper of the privy seal, viii. 165 ; his
character, 165; approves of coercing the
Americans, 301. (See Legge).
Dartmouth tea ship arrives at Boston, vi.
477; her owner summoned before the
Boston committee, 482; a clearance for
her is refused, 483, 484 ; her cargo of tea
thrown overboard, 486, 487.
D Artois, C\iunt, afterwards Charles X., longs

for war with England, ix. 287.
Dashwood, Sir Francis, iv. 396.
Davenport, Rev. John, first minister of New

Haven, i. 403 ; his death, ii. 92.
Davidson, General, of North Carolina, x.

460, 470.
Davie, William Richardson, his brave men,

x. 334.
Davies, Rev. Samuel, his encomium on

"Washington, iv. 190.
Davis, Isaac, Captain of the Acton minute-
men, vii. 299; his earnest bravery, 302;
is slain at Concord, 303.
Dawes, William, goes to Lexington to in-
form Adams and Hancock of clanger, vii.
28J ; rouses the people on the road, 290.
Dawn, Field Marshal, defeated by Frederic

II. at Leuthen, iv. 2S8, 289.
Daye, Stephen, printer, arrives in Boston, i.
415; first printing done in the United
States, 415.
Dayton, Colonel, of New Jersey, x. 372 ; is

thanked for good conduct, 374.
Dead river in Maine, difficulties encountered
bv Arnold's expedition on its banks, viii.
193.
Dean, James, missionary among the Cagh-
nawaga Indians, employed to conciliate
the northern tribes, vii. 279.
Deane, James, his mission to the Six Nations,

viii. 418.
Deane, Silas, of Connecticut, with others,
plans the surprise of Ticonderoga, vii.
338 ; appointed commissioner to France,
viii. 318, 319 ; his character, 318, 319;
arrives in Paris, ix. 62 ; his instructions,
62 ; he confides in Edward Bancroft, 62 ;
his interview with Vergennos, 63 ; asks for
two hundred field-pieces and clothing, 63 ;
allows himself to disclose important se-
crets, 64 ; freights three ships with war-
like supplies, 291 ; he is presented to
Louis XVI. and the queen, 489, 490.
Dearborn, Henry, comes from Nottingham
in New Hampshire with men to oppose the
British troops, vii. 314 ; captain of a com-
pany in Stark's regiment at the rail fence
near Bunker Hill, 419 ; in the expedition
against Quebec, viii. 191 ; is taken pris-
oner in the assault, 210; in the battle of
Bemis's Heights, ix. 416, 418.
De Barras, Admiral, arrives in the Chesa-
peake, x. 515, 516.

GENERAL INDEX.

633

De Berdt, Dennis, agent for Massachusetts
in England, v. 398, vi. 41.

De Bonvouloir, employed by Vergennes to
go to America as his agent, viii. 103; his
knowledge of the country, 103; his in-
structions, 103 ; sails for the colonies, 104 ;
arrives in Philadelphia, 210; has inter-
views with Franklin and a secret commit-
tee of Congress, 216 ; great importance of
these communications, 217; his report to
Vergennes, 330.

Debt of the United States, x. 173.

Debts to British subjects, contracted before
the war, x. 555, 580, 585.

Declaration of independence, the way pre-
pared for it, viii. 247, 434-447 ; debate in
Congress, and final decision, 448-4G1;
written by Jefferson, and why by him,
392, 402 ; "the draft wholly his own, 405 ;
criticisms in Congress, 405 ; clause on the
slave-trade and slave insurrection, 4G5,
466; the passage stricken out, 466; the
slave-trade first branded as piracy, 466;
the omission to be regretted, 467 ; princi-
ples of the declaration, 467 ; facts therein
recounted, 468, et seq. ; solemn conclusion,
471 ; character of its bill of rights, 472 ;
its theory in politics, 472; it is written for
all humanity, 472 ; its effect on the nations,
473 ; its reconciliation of right and fact,
473 ; it makes no war on all kings, 473 ;
it renounces the rule of George III. not as
a king but as a tyrant, 474; there was no
wish "to revolutionize England, 474 ; the
republic came to America unsought, 474 ;
the declaration formed a nation, 475 ; why
the fourth of July is kept as the anniver-
sary. 475.

Declaration of rights by Congress, vii. 146.

Declaration of the rights of man, issued
by the convention of Virginia, viii. 381-
383.

Declaratory act, its abominable character,
vi. 24.

Declaratory bill of 1766, what it was, v. 444,
449; opposed by Pitt in the House of
Commons, 444 ; by Camden in the House
of Lords, 446-448 ; it claims the absolute
power of Parliament to bind America in
all cases whatsoever and to enforce this
claim by fire and sword, 444, et seq., 454.

De Clugny, minister of finance in France,
viii. 363 ; his character, 363.

Deerfield, Mass., burned in the Indian war, ii.
103 ; slaughter of Lathrop and his men,
104 ; again burned and the inhabitants
massacred, iii. 212, 213.

Deerfield in New Hampshire sends a military
force to the scene of conflict, vii. 314.

Defiance, Mount, on Lake George, unoccu-
pied by the Americans, ii:. 361 ; occupied
by Burgoyne's army, 366.

De Grasse, Count, sent with a fleet to Amer-
ica, x. 447 ; his part in the struggle, 503 ;
arrives with a powerful fleet and army in
Chesapeake, 514; his encounter with an
English fleet, 515; is master of the Chesa-
peake, 515 ; assists in the capture of Corn-

wallis, 523 ; defeated and taken prisoner
by Rodney in West Indies, 545.

De Guines, French ambassador at London,
viii. 102 ; his correspondence with Ver-
gennes, 102, 103, 133; he thinks negotia-
tion impossible, 134.

De Kalb, sent by the Duke of Choiseul to
ascertain the state of affairs in America,
vi. 66, 67; his report to Choiseul, 132,
133 ; sent to the relief of South Carolina,
x. 314 ; not fitted to command in America,
315; commands the right wing at Cam-
den, 321 ; his brave conduct, 323 ; severely
wounded and dies, 323. (See Kalb.)

De la Barre, Governor of Canada, ii. 418;
makes war on the Five Nations, 420; is
worsted, 422.

Delancey, James, chief-justice of New York,
iv. 25; lieutenant-governor, 104; opposes
Franklin's plan of union, 124; advises the
interposition of Parliament, 172; his death,
371, note ; royalist brigadier-general, ix.
85, note ; takes Woodhull prisoner and
takes his life, 100; appointed a brigadier
in the British service, ix. 320 ; enlists men
for the army, 320.

Delancy Family in New York, vii. 76 ; are
royalists, viii. 274.

Delancy, James, a British officer, his cruelty,
x. 562.

Delaplace, Captain, surrenders to Ethan
Allen the fortress of Ticonderoga, vii.
340.

Delaware (properly De la War), Lord,
appointed governor of Virginia, i. 137 ;
his arrival there, 140; his wise adminis-
tration, 141; returns to England, 142;
in Parliament, 149 ; his death, 152.

Delaware, colony and state, first settled by
the Dutch, i. 281, 282; a colony of Swedes
and Finns on that territory, 286, 287 ; this
colony subdued by the Dutch from New
Netherland, 297; the territory purchased
by the city of Amsterdam, 298; disastrous
result, 299 ; possession of the country taken
by the English, 315; the country claimed
as an appendage to New York, 319; re-
covered by the Dutch, 322; restored to the
English, 325; retained bv the Duke of
York, 362; granted to William Penn, 367;
present boundaries established, 394; made
a separate government, iii. 35 ; again united
to Pennsylvania, 37 ; the final separation,
44; elects representatives to the first
American Congress, v. 329; adopts the
Virginia resolves against taxation by Par-
liament, vi. 282; contributes to the relief
of Boston, vii. 74; a military organ:zation
begun, 207; the assembly maintains the
right of each colony to an equal vote in
Congress, 2716; its firm patriotism, viii.
75 ; it assents to the measure of an armed
resistance, 75; declares for independence,
437, 438 ; insists on a vote for each colony,
ix. 53; a regiment of very brave troops
from this state, 88, 93, 94, 103 ; constitu-
tion of civil government, 262; prepares for
the ultimate abolition of slavery, 281 ; the

634

GENERAL INDEX.

southern county disaffected, •'502; had par-
tially abolished slavery, x. 357.

Delaware Indians, their location, iii- 239 ;
iv. 70, 77, 95, 108, 109, 110; interviews
of Franklin and Washington with them,
108, 109; their murders along the Penn-
sylvania frontier, 241; chastised, and
Kittanning, their town, destroyed, 241;
combine with other Indians to drive out
the English, v. 112, 119; attack fort Pitt,
128, 12. t; peace made, 210,221; murdered
in cold blood, vii. 105; peace with them,
1G7; take up arms against the Americans,
ix. 100. (See Lenni Lenape.)

Delaware river explored by the Dutch, ii.
276 ; lirst settlement on its banks, in New
Jersey, 279; obstructed, ix. 422; approach
to Philadelphia defended, 422, 429; the
obstructions removed, 423, 434; forts
Mercer and Mifflin evacuated, 434, 435.

De Levi. See L< vi.

De Longeuil, Governor of New France, iii.
342.

Demere, Paul, captain in the Cherokee coun-
try, iv. 243, 343; is killed, 355.

Democracy in Rhode Island, i. 393 ; in Mas-
sachusetts, 433, et seq. ; democratic revolu-
tion in England a failure, and why, ii. 1,
17, 18; the party extinct, 31; Vane, the
first, martyr to its principles, 40; democracy
of Connecticut, 55, 50, 59 ; of Rhode Island,
64; new empire of, hailed in Europe, iv.
15; democracy in Connecticut, 370; in
New York, 371; in Pennsylvania, 372.

De Monts, Sieur, obtains a charter for Acadia,
i. 25; settles a colony there, 20; explores
the coast of New England, 20; his mo-
nopoly revoked, 28.

Denmark averse to the American cause, x.
56; accedes to the "armed neutralitv,"
264, 205, 274, 429.

Departure of General Howe, x. 118; of the
British commissioners, 125, 151.

Deplorable condition of the army, x. 177,
234.

Depreciation of the currency, x. 168, 173, 396.

Depredations of the British, x. 333, 504, 505.

De Rasieres, Isaac, his visit to New Plym-
outh, ii. 280.

Descartes, Rene, his philosophy, ix. 500 ; dif-
ferences between him and Luther, 500.

Des Chaillons joins in the savage attack on
Haverhill, iii. 214.

Des Moines river, in Iowa, discovered by
Marquette and Joliet, iii. 158.

De Soto, Ferdinand, his earlier life, i. 41 ;
prepares to invade Florida, 42; lands with
a strong force on that peninsula, 43 ; his
Indian guides treacherous, 45; traverses
Georgia, Alabama, and Mississippi, 47-51;
severe battle with the Indians, 48; his
cruelty, 47.; reaches the Mississippi, 51;
crosses that river, 52; marches through
Arkansas and Missouri, 53; harsh treat-
ment of the natives, 54; his death, 56;
entire failure of the enterprise, 57; his fol-
lowers on the Red river, 57 ; their return,
59.

D'Eataing, Count, his fleet anchors in the
Delaware, x. 145; enters New York Bay,
145; arrives off Newport, 146; sails to
attack the British fleet, 147; his fleet dam-
aged by a storm, 148; sails for Boston, 148;
is censured by Sullivan, 148; takes Gren-
ada, 205; his operations in South Carolina,
290 ; his unsuccessful attempt on Savannah,
296; is wounded, 297; sails for France,
298.

Destructive inroad of British troops into
South Carolina, x. 294

Detroit occupied as a French post, iii. 194;
saved from an attempt of the Fox Indians,
224; in 1703 described, v. 114; the fort
there, 115; the population, 115, note ; siege
of it by the Indians, 117, 121; relieved,
126, 127; its population in 1708, vi. 224.

De Vaudrcuil, Governor of Canada, iv. 184.
(See Vaudreuil.)

Devens, Richard, of Charlestown, member of
the committee of safety, vii. 421.

De Vries visits Virginia, i. 200; commands
an expedition from Holland lo the Dela-
ware, ii. 282; goes on an embassy to the
Indians, 291.

Dexter, .Samuel, negatived as a councillor of
Massachusetts, vii. 48.

Dickinson, General Philemon, of New Jersey
his success, ix. 252.

Dickinson, John, of Pennsylvania, "the illus-
trious farmer," speaks against the revenue
act, vi. 104-106; the "Farmer's Letters,"
106; Boston thanks him for that produc-
tion, 139; the author of the "Farmer's
Letters," his great influence in that colony,
vii. 44; wanting in vigor of will, 44; his
cold feeling towards Boston, 44; proposes
moderate measures, 45, 46; his timidity
and extreme conservatism, 82; is neg-
lected in the choice of delegates, 82, 83;
believes that Parliament may regulate the
trade of the colonies, 133; is elected to the
first continental Congress, 142; petition ot
Congress to the king written by him, 149;
address of the continental Congress to the
Canadians drawn by him, 159; his theo-
retic views correct, 377 ; deficient in energy,
377; for a time exercises unbounded influ-
ence in Congress, 378; drafts a second
petition from Congress to the king, viii.
37; its tame spirit, 38; his apathy, 50; acts
in concert with the proprietary government,
72; misuses his power, 74; chosen one of
the committee of safety of the province,
75; is immovably opposed to indepen-
dence, 109, 245; his incivility to John
Adams, 109, 245; hinders all attempts at
progress, 109, 245; mischievous conse-
quences of instructions to the Pennsylvania
delegates in Congress drafted by him, 139 ;
his address to the assembly of New Jersey,
214; opposes a convention of the people in
Pennsylvania, 324; is flattered bj' the
tories, 324; keeps aloof from the popular
movement, 386; opposes the declaration in
Congress, 390; one of the committee for
digesting a plan of confederation, 3J2; of

GENERAL INDEX.

635

the committee on treaties with foreign
powers, 393; his position in Congress, 452;
at variance with John Adams, 452; his
speech in reply to Adams on the question
of independence, 452, et seq.; his timidity,
ix- 47; his plan of a confederation con-
trasted witli franklin's, 49, 50 ; its extreme
weakness, tending to anarchy, 50; his prop-
osition relative to supplies, 51; is super-
seded in Congress, 50 ; refuses an election
to Congress, 193.

Dieskau, Baron, commander of the French
forces in ( 'anada, iv. 183; sent to oppose the
army of Johnson, 20;); falls in battle, 211.

Difficulties of Congress, x. 109, et seq., 178,
204, 210, 215.

Dilatory conduct of General Howe, x. 121.

Dinwiddle, Robert, surveyor-general for the
southern colonies, iv. 42; lieutenant-gover-
nor of Virginia, recommends an alliance
with the Miamis, 97 ; sends Washington as
envov to the commander of the French on
the Ohio, 108; recommends a tax on the
colonies, 1G7, 178, 222; urges the subver-
sion of the charter government, 222; praises
Washington, 235.

Diplomacy of Spain fails, x. 1G4, 165, 188,
193, etseq.. 203.

Discontent of Spain at the continuance of the
war, x. 441.

Distress of America, x. 418; no remedy but
in a stronger government, 419.

Dixon, Jeremiah, and Charles Mason, their
line established, ii. 334.

Dixwell, John, a regicide, conies to America,
ii. 35.

Dobbs, Governor of North Carolina, iv. 208,
379.

Dodington, George Bubb, Lord Melcombe,
iv. 98, 99. 388, 412, 413.

Dogger Bank, naval battle there, x. 451.

Dongan, Thomas, Governor of New York, ii.
414; resists the building of a fort at Niag-
ara, 422.

Donop, Count, colonel of Hessian troops, viii.
265; lands with his brigade on Long
Island, ix. 83; narrowly escapes death,
85; at White Plains, 181; in Mew Jersey,
215, 224; his advice to Kail, 216; his diary,
217, note ; is wounded, 226 ; the diarj'
quoted, 229, note ; retreats to Princeton,
239; marches on Trenton, 243; his advice
to Cornwallis, 244; his encounter with
Wayne, 401; his assault on lied Bank,
430; his failure, 431; is mortally wounded,
431; his dying words, 431.

Dorchester, great celebration at, in 1769, vi.
309; unites with Boston in the struggle
for liberty, vi. 475, 477.

Dorchester Heights. 407; a commanding
position, viii. 232, 293; Washington takes
possession of it, 293; the intrenchment,
294; a good night's work, 295, 236; the
enemy fear to attack, 297: Nook's Hill
occupied, 299, 302; the enemy compelled
to leave Boston, 298-300.

Dorchester Neck, now South Boston, vii. 406.

D'Orvilliers, French admiral, ix. 249, 250.

Douglas, William, of Boston, proposes a
stamp duty, iv. 58.

Dover, N. Unsettled, i. 328, 323; attack on
it and ma-sacre by Indians, iii. 180, 181;
another, 187.

Dowdeswill, chancellor of the exchequer, v.
322, 368, 381, 415; leader of the Rocking-
ham party in the House of Commons, vi.
59; denounces the plan of Charles Towns-
bend, 78 ; opposes Lord North, 253 ; wishes
the duty on tea repealed, 300; justifies
America, 510; strongly opposes the Boston
port bill, 513.

Drake, Sir Francis, explores the western
coast of North America, i. 86; visits the
colony of Iialeigh in North Carolina, 101;
conveys the settlers back to England, 102.

Drayton, William Henry, of South Carolina,
viii. 80; president of convention, 345;
chief justice, 348; his charge to the grand
jury, 353.

Dreuillettes, Gabriel, from Canada descends
the Kennebec, iii. 135 ; travels among the
Abenakis, 136 ; embarks for the Far West,
146.

Drummond, Lord, his intrigues at Philadel-
phia, viii. 244, 318; receives a rebuke for
breaking his parole, ix. 82.

Drummond, Sarah, her intrepidity, ii. 224.

Drummond, William, first, governor of North
Carolina, ii. 135; advises the deposition of
Berkeley in Virginia, 224; led the rebellion
in that colony, 222, 224, 226 ; suffers death
for it, 231

Duane, of New York, member of the con-
tinental Congress, vii. 79, 127, 133; he
proposes to recognise the navigation acts,
139 ; he advocates the insidious plan of
Galloway, 141; his compromising spirit,
379; delegate in Congress from New York,
viii. 315, 318; anxious for the arrival of
the British commissioners, 327 ; is averse
to separation from Britain, 368 ; his action
in Congress, x. 220.

Du Barry, Marie Jeanne, countess, the last
mistress of Louis XV., vii. 33.

Du Bois, William, prime minister of France,
his infamous character, iii. 324.

Du Chatelet (see Chatelet).

Duche, Jacob, opens the session of Congress
with prayer, vii. 131; his extemporary
prayer, 132.

Dudingston, Lieutenant, commander of the
revenue schooner "Gaspee," vi. 418; is
wounded, 419.

Dudley, Joseph, sent to England as agent of
Massachusetts, ii. 123; president of the
provisional government of that colony,
425; his charge to a packed jury, 427;
chief justice of New York, iii. 54; urges
the ministry to revoke the charter of Con-
necticut, 70; governor of Massachusetts,
99; endeavors to subvert the liberties of
his country, 100; his character, 100; meets
the Indians at Casco, iii. 211.

Dudley, Thomas, deputy governor of Massa-
chusetts, i. 355, 359 ; his intolerant spirit,
449.

636

GENERAL INDEX.

Dufiield, George, of Philadelphia, his sermon
likening George III. to Pharaoh, viii. 385.

Duhaut, the murderer of La Salle, iii. 173;
is himself murdered, 174.

Dumas, editor of Vattel, writes to Franklin
on European interest in American affairs,
viii. 210.

Dulanv, Daniel, of Maryland, his arguments
against the stamp act, v. 326; mentioned
with honor by William Pitt, 327; his
apathy, viii. 76.

Dummer, Jeremiah, agent in England for
Massachusetts, iii. 382.

Dunbar, Colonel Thomas, in Braddock's
army, iv. 186 ; destroys the military stores,
191 ; his shameful retreat, 191, 192.

Dunbar, Samuel, minister of Stougtiton, in
Massachusetts, his prophetic prayer at a
county convention, vii. 109.

Dundas^ Henry (afterwards Lord Melville),
his speech against the Americans, vii. 253.

Dunmore, Countess of, congratulated on her
arrival in Virginia, vii. 52.

Dunmore, Earl of (Murray), royal governor
of New York, vi. 384; is involved in an
unworthy strife, 384; justifies the " Regu-
lators " of North Carolina, 401; his rapac-
ity, vii. 52, 161, 162; dissolves the
Virginia House of Assembly, 54; takes
possession for himself of Pittsburgh and
its dependencies, 162; claims the country
on the Scioto, the Wabash, and the Illinois,
163; calls out the militia to resist Indian
hostility, 166, 167; their heroic conduct,
169 ; seizes the powder of the colony, 275,
276 ; threatens to free and arm the slaves,
and to lay Williamsburg in ashes, 276,
277; great alarm and excitement, 276, 334,
385; he convenes the Assembly, 384;
vetoes a bill of that body, 385 ; becomes
uneasy, aud apologizes, 386 ; takes refuge
onboard a man-of-war at York, 386; his
rash conduct, viii. 79 ; abdicates the gov-
ernment, 79; driven from the land, he
maintains command of the water of Vir-
ginia by means of a flotilla, 220; plunders
Holt's 'printing office, 220; blockades
Hampton, 221; is repulsed with loss, 222;
his foray at the Great Bridge, 222; pro-
claims martial law, 223 ; invites servants
and negroes to rise against their masters,
223; his extensive plans, 223, 224; is
routed from Great Bridge, 227; receives
arms for the negroes, 229 ; is refused pro-
visions for himself and the fleet, 229; to
glut his vengeance, Norfolk is reduced to
ashes, 230, 231; his anger because the
British expedition is not sent to Virginia,
282, 283; is driven from the land, ix. 35;
his black allies do not help him, 35, 36 ;
his adherents disperse, 36; he arrives at
Staten Island, 82.
Dunning, John [Lord Ashburton], solicitor-
general of England, vi. 206, 233, 360;
superseded by Thurlow, 358; wishes a
repeal of the duty on tea, 360; is counsel
for Franklin before the privy council, 494 ;
his speech, 494,495, 498; vindicates the

course of the American people, vii 223;
he defends the right of the Americans to
fish on the Banks, 239; a member of the
Rockingham ministry, x. 534.
Duplessis, Manduit, a French officer at Bran-
dy wine, ix. 399; his gallant conduct at
Germantown, 426.
Du Poisson, Jesuit missionary among the
Arkansas, iii. 361; slain by the Natchez
362; his death avenged, 302.
Duquesne, fort, now Pittsburg, a fort com-
menced there bv the Ohio company, iv.
108, 112, 110; becomes a French fort, 117;
taken by the English and provincial troops,
311.
Duquesne, Marquis, governor of Canada,
sends a powerful force to occupy the Ohio
valley, iv. 107.
Durand, French minister, at London, vi. 95;
his opinions touching the dispute of the
mother country with America, 95 ; predicts
American independence, 95; his corre-
spondence with Choiscul, 95, 96, 99, 111.
Durant, or Durand, George, has a grant of
land in North Carolina, ii. 134; joins in
the insurrection of 1679, 160; a judge,
162.
Durkee, John, of Connecticut, active in the

cause of liberty, v. 441.
Dustin, Hannah, of Haverhill, taken by
Indians, iii. 188; her escape, 189; heroic
conduct of her husband and herself, 189.
Dutch first maintain the freedom of the seas,
x. 59, 255; their strong sympathies for
America, 60 ; receive ungenerous treatment
from England, 59; afraid of a war with
England, 262 ; decline to make a treaty of
commerce with America, 262; suffer from
the ravages of British cruisers, 264, 270;
submit to the insolence of England, 264;
Paul Jones's squadron protected by the
Dutch, 272; a Dutch squadron attacked by
an English one, 275; Holland accedes to
the armed neutrality, 281; Dutch ships
captured and condemned by England in
time of peace, 427; they lose their posses-
sions in both the Indies, 438. 440; they
fight the English at the Dogger Bank, 451
(see Netherlands and Holland).
Dutch Americans in New York, inflamed

against England, vii. 249.
Dutch colonies (see New Netherland).
Dutch commerce, its vast extent, i. 215, 216.
Dutch East India Company chartered, ii.

263.
Dutch republic, defects in its constitution, x.
258; difficulties in the public administra-
tion, 259; want of unity, 261; distracted
by foreign influence, 259; acknowledges
American independence, 527, 528.
Dutch West India Company proposed, 261,
275; chartered, 278; its" resources, 278;
plants colonies extensively, 278 (see New
Netherland).
Duties on glass, paper, red and white lead,
painters' colors, and paper, imported into
America, being articles of British manu-
facture, an act passed for levying, vi. 84;

GENERAL INDEX.

637

contrary to the true principles of com-
merce, 270; the duty produces only a
paltry sum, 270; the repeal promised, 278;
the act repealed, 351, 352.

Dutv on tea, vi. 84 (see Tea).

Dyer, Eliphaler, of Connecticut, urges union,
V. 194; a delegate in the first American
Congress, 340 ; his opposition to the stamp
act, 351.

Dyer, Mary, a Quaker, comes to Boston, i.
452; is banished, but returns, 456; sen-
tenced to death, reprieved, sent away,
again returns, and is hanged, 457.

Early envoys from France observe the an-
tagonism between the North and the South,
X. 349.

East India Company, their impoverished
condition, arising from the refusal of the
colonies to receive their tea, vi. 457, 458;
they are allowed the right of exporting
tea* to America free of duty, 458 ; they
export it, 405; proposal to pay an indem-
nity to them for the destruction of the
tea, vii 65, 82, 241; by the direction of
the king exports tea to America, viii. 127;
resisted by the colonists, 127.

Ea-t Indies," British dominions in the, v. 59.

Easton, Colonel, in the Northern army, viii.
187.

Easton, Colonel James, engages in the ex-
pedition for taking Ticonderoga, vii. 339.

Easty, Mary, of Topsfield. imprisoned for
witchcraft, iii. 87 ; executed, 93.

Eaton, Theophilus, governor of the colony of
New Haven, i. 403.

Ecuyer, Captain Simeon, commander at fort
Pitt, v. 125; his vigorous defence against
the Indians in Pontiac's war, 125, 128, 129 ;
•wounded, 129.

Eden, Robert, governor of Maryland, vi.
315, 400, viii. 77; his prudent conduct, 77;
his letters are intercepted, 354; he is put
under arrest on his parole, 354.

Eden, William, arrives as a commissioner to
the revolted colonies, x. 122; his mission
a mere farce, 123 ; leaves the country, 125,
151; proposes the repeal of an act oppres-
sive to Ireland, 548.

Edes, Benjamin, a printer of Boston, one of
the " Sons of Liberty." v. 310.

Edes [Benjamin], and Gill [John], printers of
the " Boston Gazette," vi. 97, 98; patriotic
and bold utterances of that paper, 97, 98;
these utterances denounced in Parliament,
107; "Vindex" [Samuel Adams], in that
paper, 247; these " trumpeters of sedition"
to be "taken off," 251.

Edes, of a newspaper, v. 377.

Edge Hill, two battles at, v. 131, note.

Education, system of, in England, v. 48, 49 ;
wanting to the common people, 48; the
schools and universities, 49 ; Catholics in
Ireland debarred from, 68; state of, in
Boston, vi. 241; of the people urged, viii.

372; the whole people provided for in
Blassachusetts and Connecticut and no-
where else, ix. 270, 271.

Edwards, John, of South Carolina, resists
proposals of submission to Great Britain,
x. 293.

Edwards, Jonathan, his noble conception of
a true history, iii. 399; recognises the law
of human progress, 399; a vivid expression
of his touching the divine omnipresence,
iv. 151; his system of theology, 155, et seq.

Efficient government, the great want of the
country, x. 402, et seq.

Effingham, Earl of, refuses to serve against
the Americans, vii. 344.

Effingham, Lord Howard of, governor of
Virginia, ii. 249; a mean man, 249.

Egmont, Lord, proposes the feudal system
for America, v. 102; speech of, on the
declaratory bill, 49.

Egremont, Earl of (Charles Wyndham), iv.
247 ; successor of Pitt in the ministry, iv.
412, 428; secretary of state for the colo-
nies, 438; in the cabinet, described, v. 80;
secretary of state for the colonies, 90, 107 ;
his inquiries, 107, note ; would have in-
cluded in one province Canada and all the
"West, 135; his zeal for taxing America,
136; the king wishes to be rid of him, 140;
his unpleasant interview with the king,
140; his death, 142.

Elective franchise should be more equally
diffused, v. 447; its theory, ix. 263; the
privilege enjoyed under various restric-
tions, 203 ; qualifications of voters in the
several states, 263 ; qualifications of race,
of color, of age, of residence, of belief, 263;
vote byword of mouth, 264; by ballot, 264;
by proxy, 234 ; freehold and property quali-
fications, 264.

Eliot, Andrew, of Boston, his declaration in
relation to the wishes of America, vi. 73;
evidence furnished by him touching the
authorship of certain papers, 119, note,
123, note ; his letters quoted, 145, 205, 209,
213, 252.

Eliot, Rev. John, of Eoxbury ; a treatise of
his condemned, ii. 73; his efforts to in-
struct and Christianize the Indians, 95, 90.

Elizabeth, empress of Russia, dies, iv. 434;
her weak character, 434.

Elizabeth, Queen, favors English commerce, i.
80, 81; "the godmother "of Virginia, 103.

Elizabethtown, N. J., repulse of the British
there, x, 374, 375.

Elizabethtown Purchase, ii. 317; whence the
name, 318.

Elkhorn, valley of the, in Kentucky, first
visited by white men,vi. 299, 300.

Elliot, Bernard, of South Carolina, he and
others take possession of fort Johnson,
viii. 90.

Elliot, British minister at Berlin, ix. 474;
hires a burglar to steal Arthur Lee's
papers. 474.

Elliot, George Augustus, General (Lord
Heathfield), the brave defender of Gib-
raltar, x. 581.

638

GENERAL INDEX.

Elliot, Gilbert, liis speech in Parliament, v.
245,299, 373: his speech in the House of
Commons, viii. IG2.
Elliot, Susanna Smith, presents a pair of
colors to the brave defenders of fort Moul-
trie, viii. 413.
Ellis, Henry, governor of Georgia, iv. 380;

advises t he taxation of America, V. 137.
Ellis Welbore, secretary of war, v. 80; gives
order for the subordination of the civil to
the military power, 235; brings in a bill
for the extension of the mutiny act to
America, 249; opposes the reception in
Parliament of the petition of the American
Congress, 399.
Ellsworth, Oliver, in favor of "protection"

from France, x. 173.
Emerson, William, minister of Concord,
appears in arms in defence of his coun-
trv, vii. 290, 303; notes the courts of the
month as among the greatest of the age,
310.
Emigration, impulse given to it in 1763, v.

165.
Emigration westward, vi. 33, 34, 297, 298,
•171, 505, 506; Hillsborough opposes it,
225; origin of Tennessee, 377, et seq. (see
Regulators) ; to America promoted by op-
pression in Europe, x. 84.
Endicott, .John, one of the patentees of Mas-
sachusetts, i. 340 ; his character, 340 ; sent
over as governor, 341 ; rebukes the revellers
at Mount Wollaston, 341 ; occupies Charles-
town, 347 ; again governor of Massachu-
setts, and receives the regicides, ii. 35; his
speech, 82 ; his death, S2.
Energy of the German emperors of the Saxon

line, x. 72.
England, rise of commercial adventure in, i.
9; first American enterprise of, 10; early
English voyages to America, 75, et seq. ;
a northwest passage to India attempted,
76, 77 ; the first act of Paliament concern-
ing America, 77; trades with Archangel,
79; first attempt to plant a colony, 84; its
condition favored colonization, 118; sla-
very existed in England, 102; English
participation in the slave trade, 173; re-
strictive policy of the English govern-
ment, 196, 203; navigation act of 1651,
211; England in possession of Canada,
335; jealous of New England, 406; civil
war, ii. 8; two parties in Parliament, 9;
execution of the king, 15; the constitution
subverted, 6, 17; fruitless attempts to re-
store the monarchy, 18, 19; usurpation
of Cromwell, 20; an English republic im-
possible, 17, 21; restoration of the Stuarts,
28, et seq. ; trial and execution ofregicid.es,
32, et seq.; navigation act of, 1660, 42;
its oppressive character, 43, et seq. ; inju-
rious to the colonies and to the English,
45-18; royal commissioners for New
England, 77; the English government
overawed by the stern attitude of Massa-
chusetts, 89, 90; the struggle renewed,
111, 121; the colony denies the supremacy
of Parliament, 122; a cjuo warranto issued

against the charter, 124; review of public
affairs after the restoration, 432. <i seq.;
ministry of Clarendon, 433; his downfall,
433; the cabal. 433; Buckingham and
Shaftesbury, 434; the declaration of in-
dulgence, 435, 443; fickleness of the king,
435, 443; Danby, 435, 443; his impeach-
ment, 436; Shaftesbury again in power,
436; again displaced, 436; the habeas cor-
pus, 430; the exclusion bill, 437; public agi-
tation, 437 ; liberty overthrown, 438 ; exe-
cution of Lord William Russell and of
Algernon Sidney, 439 ; accession of James
II., 439; the whig and tory parlies. 441 ; the
party of William l'enn, 442; causes which
led to the revolution of 1688, 440, et seq. ;
the revolution accomplished, 444; its aris-
tocratic character, iii. 11, 82; Parliament
claims absolute power over the colonies,
101, 105; but does not presume to tax
them, 102, 383 ; the purpose entertained of
extending Episcopacy, 102; England does
not deny to the colonies personal freedom,
103; the restrictive commercial system
enforced, 105, 384; wool the great s'aple of
England, 105; colonial industry discour-
aged, 105; naval stores, 100; England
claims the pine-trees for masts, 106; ani-
mosity between France and England, 116-
118; struggle for territory in North Amer-
ica, 118; England triumphant in F.urope,
225; dictates the treaty of Utrecht, 226;
gains the assiento, 231; England becomes
wealthy and powerful by the slave trade,
233; obtains extensive possessions in Amer-
ica, 233, 234; claims the whole of Upper
Canada, 340; jealous of French encroach-
ments, 344; claims the Five Nations as
subjects, 340; colonial industry discour-
aged, 384; the interests of New England
sacrificed; of the Caro inas promoted, 385;
English legislation promotes slavery in the
Southern colonies, 402 (see Slaves and
Slavery); severity of English laws con-
cerning property, 418; number annually
imprisoned for poverty, 418; England' to
promote a contraband traffic, declares war
with Spain, 438; its varied success, 439, et
seq. ; the mother of the language and
laws of the colonies, iv. 15; relation to her,
of the colonies, 15; did not intend her
colonies to be free, 56; encouraged the
slave trade, 63; her relations with France
in America, 67, et seq. ; dissensions in the
cabinet, 80, 87; threatening attitude of
France in America, 93; state of England
in 1752, 98; did nothing to repel French
encroachment, 102, 100, 113; the New-
castle administration, 159; its imbecility,
164, 165; and indecision, 108; taxation of
the colonies proposed, 167, 172, 176; fruit-
less negotiations with France, 170; Brad-
dock sent to America, 170, 177; the
government incline to enforce the author-
ity of the parent state, 179; alarm felt at
the rapid increase of colonial population,
214: uncertain attitude of England towards
France, 210, 217; urges liussia to inter-

GENERAL INDEX.

639

fere in the affairs of Germany, 219 ; tries to
paralyze the power of Prussia, 219; refunds
in part the military expenses of the north-
ern colonies, 227; act for quartering sol-
diers on the inhabitants, 230; declaration
of war against France, 233; England seizes
enemy's property in neutral ships, 23-1;
prohibits the commerce of the Netherlands
in naval stores, and declares the whole
coast of France in a state of blockade, 234;
end of the Newcastle administration, 247 ;
Pitt fur a short time prime minister, 247-
250; England humiliated in America, 267;
and in Europe, 270; rights of the colonies
denied by British officials, 209, 270 ; Eng-
land without a ministry, 273; Pitt forms a
cabinet, 274; important successes in Amer-
ica, 29G, 305, 311; in Africa and the West
Indies, 310; shall Canada be given up?
363, et seq. ; the design to remodel the
American provinces,- and crush the spirit
of liberty, 370 ; the decision to tax Amer-
ica, 381; accession of George HE, 382;
court intrigues, 383 ; character of the young
king, 386, 387; negotiations with France,
393; their ill success, 395, 396; demands
of Spain, 401; the ultimatum of England,
402; a general thirst for conquest, 403;
urges the slave trade upon the colonies,
421; England and Spain at war, 432;
offers Austria acquisitions in Italy, 433;
pusillanimous endeavors to procure peace,
433, 434; perfidy towards Prussia, 435;
deserts Prussia, 436 ; reorganization of the
cabinet, 438; negotiations for peace, 439;
treaty of peace, 452; large accessions to
England of territory and of power, 452;
a standing army to be kept in America
after the peace, 454; England gains Can-
ada, out loses America, 400, 401 ; its
social and political condition in 1763, v.
32, el seq. ; the asylum of independent
thought, the home of freedom, 32; loyalty
to law, and stability of customs and institu-
tions, 33; a monarchy limited by law,
33; an aristocratic republic, 34; the
church subordinate to the state, 34, 35; the
church never in conflict with the ruling
power, 36 ; the House of Lords sitting by
hereditary right, but constantly replen-
ished from the untitled ranks, 37; the
House of Commons representing the land
of England, but not the men, 38; the king
reigned, but did not govern, 43; a free
press governed the entire administration,
44; English literature unfettered, and the
free expression of the public mind, 45;
scepticism existed, but had not penetrated
the masses, 46; philosophy rebuked its
own excesses, 47 ; courts of law, 47, 48 ;
system of education, independent of rank,
49 ; the common people not able to write or
read, 48; life in the towns, 50; the inter-
ests of trade uppermost, 50; life in the
country, 50; predominance of the aristoc-
racy, 51; severity of the game laws, 52;
manufactures, as yet limited and imperfect,
44, 55; benefits of the English constitution,

56 ; the people proud of it, 57 ; her ministry,
79, 89; plans for taxing America, 87, et
seq.; loyalty of the colonies to her, 90;
enforcement of the English navigation
arts, 92, 157, et seq. ; new taxes for Eng-
land herself, and opposition thereto, 93;
a triumvirate ministry, 95, 90; solidity of
the English constitution, 97 (see Gren-
villi ■.■); the British oligarchy at its culmi-
nating point, 205; public opinion fluctuates
with regard to America, 363, et seq. ; Eng-
lish love of liberty sustains America, 366;
merchants and manufacturers alarmed, 364,
367; effect of the death of the Duke of
Cumberland, 367; debate in Parliament in
relation to affairs in America, 368, et seq. ;
arguments against the repeal of the stamp
act, 369; the ministry undecided, 381 ;
meeting of Parliament, 382; great speech
of Pitt denying the competency of Parlia-
ment to tax America, 383-387, 391-395;
repeal of the stamp act, 436; the declara-
tory bill introduced into the House of
Commons, 444; Pitt speaks against it, 444;
it passes, 445 ; in the House of Lords, 446 ;
Camden earnestly opposes it, 446-448; it
passes, 449 ; final" repeal of the stamp act,
450; protest against the repeal by the Duke
of Bedford and his adherents, 451, 487; a
second protest by Earl Temple and his
friends, 453; its people, in 1767, talk much
about America, vi. 56; great pains to irri-
tate them against America, 04: they com-
plain that America is exempt from taxa-
tion, G4; discussion in the House of Lords
on American affairs, 65, 66; corruption of
the body-politic, 94; the ministry changed,
109; they determine to crush the spirit of
liberty in America, 110, et seq. ; extreme
measures proposed, 130; the profligacy
and corruption of Parliament, 137; the
ministry misled by Hutchinson and others,
153; troops and ships of war ordered to
Boston, 153; the cause of England more
injured by its own servants than by all
others, 154, note; the ministry and the
people incensed against Boston, 173, 199;
the law officers of England can find no
treason in the proceedings of Massachu-
setts, 206, 233; troops sent to Boston find
no enemy there, 207, et seq. ; a weak and
incapable ministry, 215; determines to
trample down the colonies, 216; has spies
in all foreign ports, 236; supports a restric-
tive commercial system, 258, 259; the
ministry restrained in measures against
America by the English constitution, 265,
260 ; repeal of the revenue act refused, 274 ;
the real question at issue in the contro-
versy, 318, 319; all parts of the British
empire have a common cause, 319; the
people of England long for freedom, 319,
329; reform proposed by Chatham, 320;
the proposal fails, and the new tory party
controls the government, 327 ; yet popular
liberty constantly gains ground, 359; great
joy at the revival of American trade in
1770, 307; the king orders measures to be

640

GENERAL INDEX.

taken preparatory to closing the port of
Boston, 367; dispute with Spain concern-
ing the Falkland Islands, 387; war averted.
388; ''slaves cannot breathe in England,"
— the celebrated decision by Lord Mans-
field in 1772, 415, 416; list of grievances
suffered by America from England, 432,
433; England grows weary of the strife,
434; and loses heavily by it, 434; great
commercial distress of the East India Com-
pany arising from ihe refusal of the Ameri-
cans to receive tea, 457, 458; Englishmen
abuse Franklin, 492, 493; a great clamor
against America, 493; but it is found that
America has law on its side, 503, 513;
gross calumnies and misrepresentations of
America, 511; the Boston port bill passes
the House of Commons, 511, 512; and the
House of Lords, 518; other stringent acts
passed, 525-527; decline of liberty in
Europe, 527; the House of Commons
essentially corrupt, 528; state of public
opinion there in 1774, vii. 24; seeks Indian
allies against the Americans, 118; no Eng-
lish precedents for the measure, 118; her
power defied by Massachusetts, 123; the
fourteenth Parliament, 174; the elections
carried by utter misrepresentation, and
gross venality, 174; the French minister
purchases a borough, and thus obtains a
vote, 174, 175; the true spirit of England
on the side of America, 203, 204; plans of
the ministry, 217, 218; instructions to Gage
to call out the savages, and to excite a
servile insurrection, 222; war declared
against America, 227; England excludes
Mew England from the Newfoundland
fisheries, 240, 253; a majority of the
people abhor the proposal of going to war
with their brethren in America, 241; Eng-
land's arrogant demand on Holland, 246;
news arrives in England of the bloodshed
at Lexington and Concord, 342; the effect
thereby produced, 342 ; expressions of sor-
row, 343; funds raised for sufferers at
Lexington and Concord, 344; expectations
in England, 406; solicits the aid of Indian
tribes against the colonists, viii. 55; sor-
row felt there on receiving news of the
battle of Bunker Hill, 100; England sup-
posed to be a match for France and Spain
united, 102; insult offered to the French
minister, 102; question at issue between
England and her colonies, 122-129; Eng-
land has nothing to gain by the strife with
America, 131 ; but the king is not opposed
in his plans. 132; the king's savage proc-
lamation, 132. 133; exasperation of party
spirit caused thereby, 144; loyal addresses,
but no enlistments, 145; the king's speech,
160 (see George II '!.); changes in the
ministry, 105; a ministry the weakest and
lowest in principle of the century now
assume power, 165; their policy not in
accordance with the true spirit of Eng-
land, 167 ; England at variance with her-
self, 359; the ministry are determined to
reduce the colonies to absolute submission,

360; friends of liberty despondent, 361;
tax on newspapers, 361; state of parties
there, ix. 71 ; by the declaration of inde-
pendence America lost many friends, 71,
72; the government stronger than before,
72; Kngland does not now claim the right
to tax "her colonies, 72; but still claims
power over charters, 73; the declaration of
independence unites England against the
Americans, 140, 141; the policy of the
ministry sustained by Parliament, 144;
unsatisfactory accounts received from Amer-
ica, 144; no hatred of England long re-
tained in America, 258; her overbearing
conduct towards Holland, 292; the Eng-
lish ambassador remonstrates against as-
sistance furnished by France to the United
States, 291, 297; vigorous efforts to gain
recruits for military service, 313; threats
to capture American sailors, 313 ; proceed-
ings to obtain soldiers in Germany, 313-
318; enlistments of royalists in America,
320; number enlisted, 320; the king and
ministiy give orders for the employment of
savages, 321, 322; letters of marque issued
against American vessels, 323; finances of
England, 324; England inconsistent with
herself, 325; employs savage Indians in
the war against her own children, 363,
371, 376-383; many English officers believe
the Americans cannot be subjugated, 435;
England cannot obtain further supplies of
troops from Germany, 475; session of Par-
liament opened, 477; the king still insists
on reducing the American states, without
regard to cost, 477; speech of Chatham,
477 ; Lord Amherst says that an additional
army of forty thousand men is needed,
480; the king will not suffer Lord North to
flinch, 481; news arrives of the treaty of
France with the United States, 482; Lord
North's conciliatory bills, 484; Hartley's
attempt with Franklin. 485; Franklin's
reply, 485; war between England and
France, 486; Lord North desires to have
Chatham in the ministry, 486; the king's
violent anger at the proposal, 487, 488;
England indirectly proposes to acknowl-
edge independence on conditions, 497; the
offer refused, 497; a political manoeuvre,
497 : condition of, in 1778, x. 36; weakness,
of the administration, 36; state of parties,
37; theory of the supremacy of Par.iament
carried to excess, 38; this theory becomes
an instrument of despotism, 38; is in con-
flict with the principle of individual right,
39 ; the struggle between the two leads to
the American revolution, 39: anew liberal
party had arisen under the influence of the
elder Pitt, 39 ; Frederic of Prussia will not
aid England, 108; she obtains aid from
Anspach and Hesse, 114; is ruled by an
aristocracy, 117; the sentiment of loyalty
and affection tor England disappeai'3 in her
late colonies, and why, 140; in England,
Americans become more respected, 141;
her ablest men are for giving up the con-
test, 142, 143; invasion of England threat-

GENERAL INDEX.

641

ened by France, 163, 2-10 ; shameful action
of England in counterfeiting the American
currency, 168; no progress made in the
recovery of America, 178; war with France,
116; how commenced, 116, 117; when
commenced, 145; war with Spain, 246;
ravage-; of England on neutral commerce,
264, 270, 427; arrogant tone of England,
204, 423; is willing to exchange Gibraltar
for Porto Rico, 451; three parties in Eng-
land, in 1782, 531, 532; she recovers the
dominion of the sea. 545; the American
contest felt in England to be hopeless. 529 ;
change of ministry, 531; she becomes rec-
onciled to the idea of peace, 545; her
ministry anxious to get out of the war, and
invite proposals for peace, 546; the treaty
signed, 591.

English barbarity. (See under British.)

English constitution held by the colonies in
high esteem, iv. 16; rights of Englishmen,
how far claimed by the colonists, 15 ; more
powerful than the will of the reigning mon-
arch, v. 97.

English language more generally diffused by
the American revolution, iv. 13; destined
to possess the North-American continent,
450.

English liberty, how affected by the revolu-
tion of 1088," iii. 4.

English ministry, their perfidious conduct
towards Holland, x. 427, 429, 431, 433,
436 : they, in time of peace, order a general
attack o.i the commerce and possessions of
Holland, 438; change of the ministry, 531;
the outgoing ministry characterized, 531;
the new ministry, of whom composed, 534.
(See Shelburne).

English perfidy, x. 427, 439.

English plan for the conquest of the Southern
States, x. 283.

Enos, Roger, lieutenant-colonel under Ar-
nold, in the expedition against Quebec,
viii. 190 ; abandons the enterprise, 193.
, Episcopacy and the common prayer ex-
cluded from the Massachusetts colony, i.
350; established by law in Virginia, 155;
introduced into Massachusetts, ii. 427; in
North Carolina, ii. 150, iii. 21: in South
Carolina, 18; in Maryland, 32; in New
• York, 58 ; no bishops allowed, and why, iii.
102; in America supposed to be essential
to the royal authority, iv. 38, 39 ; American
feeling against, vi. 54, 516.

Epsom, in New Hampshire, sends a body of
armed men to the scene of conflict, vii. 314.

Equality, natural, of man declared, iv. 12, 13.

Erie, lake, visited by La iSalle, iii. 162; first
ves-el on its waters, the "Griffin," built
for him. 104.

Erie tribe of Indians exterminated by the
Five Nations, iii. 144, 146.

Ernest. Duke of Saxony, refuses to aid Eng
land, x 94.

Erskine, Sir William, his advice to Corn-
wallis at Trenton, ix. 245: in the expedi-
tion to Danbury, 340 ; covers the retreat at
Sangatuck, 348.

Essex County, little regiment came thence to
Bunker Hi 1, vii 418.

Etchemins, Indian tribe in Maine, iii 237.

Ethern.gton, C;iptain George, commands at
Mackinaw, v. 122.

Europe, the crisis of revolution in, foreboded,
iv. 4; of the middle ages, men are tired
of it, 278; sufferings of, during the seven
years' war. 455; state of, in 1774; vii.
25, et seq. ; great expectation there ex-
cited by the contest in America, 287;
effects of the day of Lexington and Con-
cord there, 342, et seq. ; curiosity excited
in, by the king's application to Russia for
troops, viii. 155; political ai.d social cor-
ruption of, 304; the worship of humanity
general, 364; the age refuses to look be-
yond the senses, 364; a blind, unreasoning
conservatism, 365; general scepticism, 365;
Hume's philosophy, 366; state of opinion
there in the winter of 1776, ix. 226 ; the
American ciuse regarded as hopeless, 220 ;
the powers of Europe favor the United
States, 497.

Eutaw Springs, battle of, x. 493 ; two engage-
ments the.-e, 494; great loss of the Ameri-
cans, though victorious, x. 494.

Ewing, Colonel, on the Delaware, ix 224.

Excesses of the rovalists in South Carolina,
x. 310, 312, 342.

Existence of a western continent suspected in
ancient times, i. 6.

Existence of God not known to the Indians,
iii. 285, 286.

Expedition against Louisburg, iii. 458, et
s<q.; of what composed, 459; the arma-
ment arrives, 459; the fortress surrenders,
463.

Experience confirms by induction the intui-
tions of reason, viii. 117.

Fairfax county, in Virginia, adopts a series
of patriotic resolutions, vii. 74; a military
organization recommended, 237.

Fairfield, in Connecticut, destroyed by British
troops, x. 227.

Falkland Islands, dispute concerning, vi.
387, et seq.

Falmouth, now Portland, disturbance at, vi.
31; burned by Mowat, viii. 113.

Faneuil Hall, the place for town mee'ings in
Boston, vi. 241; convention of Massachu-
setts at, 198, 203; British troops occupy it,
209 ; town-meeting there the day after the
massacre, 341; town-meeting there to ap-
point a committee of correspondence, 427;
meeting there to hear the report, 432; the
cradle of American liberty, vii. 35 ; meeting
there of nine committees from as many
towns, 35; decides that the tea shall not
be paid for, 36; proceedings there, 61; a
meeting there of delegates from three coun-
ties, 109, 110.

Fanning, David, a British officer, his extreme
cruelty, x. 560.

41

642

GENERAL INDEX.

Fanning, Edmund, attorney and register of
deeds, greatly obnoxious to the people in
North Carolina, vi. 30; his misdeeds, 30,
184: cal's out the militia, 18G; his rash pro-
ceedings, 188; chastised by the people, 382.

Farewell of Sir William Howe to the Ameri-
can contest, x. 119; of the English com-
missioners to America, 151; its ferocious
character, 151.

"Farmer's Letters," by John Dickinson, vi.
106; complained of by the British crown
officers, 128; republished in England, 148;
translated and circulated in France, 149; a
reply to them by George Grenville, 258.

Faucitt, Colonel William, agent of George III.
for procuring troops on the continent, viii.
101, 255, et seq. ; his mission to Brunswick,
255-258; to Hesse Cassell, 259, et seq.

Fayette. (See Lafayette.)

Fellows, brigadier of Massachusetts troops,
ix. 119.

Fendall, Josias, deputy in Maryland for Lord
Baltimore, i. 203; his equitable adminis-
tration, 2G3; tries to make an insurrection,
ii. 241.

Fenwick, John, purchases West New Jersey
for the Quakers, ii. 355 ; conducts a colony
of Quakers to the Delaware, 355

Ferdinand, Prince, afterwards Duke of
Brunswick, his vile character, viii. 25G,
257; agrees to furnish troops to England
against America, 257; his family sorrows,
259; the overthrow of Prussia in the cam-
paign of Jena clue to his incompetence,
259.

Ferguson, Major Pa'rick, forcibly enrols
Carolinians in the British army, x. 310,
332; is sent for this purpose to the high-
lands of Carolina, 332; encounters the
backwoodsmen at King's Mountain, 336-
338; is killed there, 339.

Ferguson, of South Carolina, resists propo-
sals of sedition, x. 293.

Fernandez, Francisco, discovers Yucatan, i.
34; is killed, 35.

Feudal aristocracy of Europe in 1774, vii.
26.

Feudalism, all that was beneficent in it had
died out, vii. 27.

Fielding, Admiral, fires on a Dutch squadron
in time of peace, x. 275.

Finance, system of, adopted by Congress, viii.
57, 58.

Financial embarrassments, x. 397.

Finland, emigrants from, settle on the Dela-
ware, ii. 283.

Finley, John, of North Carolina, a trader
and pioneer, vi. 222, 298.

Fish, Major, at Yorktown, x. 520.

Fisher, Mary, a Quaker, arrives in Boston, i.
452; eoes to Adrianople to enlighten the
Grand Turk, 452.

Fisheries of Newfoundland, beginning of, i.
16 ; their great increase, 24, 76, 80, 87, 111;
importance of, to Trance and to Massa-
chusetts, iii. 178; New England to be de-
prived of them, vii 239, 240, 253; discus-
sions respecting them, x. 210, et seq., 215-

218; the right to them insisted on by New
England, 218, 351; four Southern States
threaten to secede if the demand be not
yielded, 218, 351,352; discussions at Paris
respecting them, 576, 579, 588; the subject
disposed of, 590.

Fitch, Thomas, governor of Connecticut,
favors the execution of the stamp act, v.
316, 318, 351; his outrageous utterances,
351.

Fitzgerald, Lord Edward, x. 494.

Fitzgibbon, in the Irish House of Commons,
opposes the American war, viii. 169.

Fitzherbert, British minister at Paris, x. 55G;
567; takes part in the negotiations for
peace, 588.

Fleming, Captain, of Virginia, killed at
Princeton, ix. 248.

Fleming, Colonel William, a valiant com-
mander in the battle of Point Pleasant,
vii. 168, 1G9.

Fletcher, Benjamin, royal governor of Penn-
sylvania, iii. 37; governor of New York,
56; his character, 56; his imperious con-
duct, 58; endeavors to obtain control of
the militia of Connecticut, 67; his disap-
pointment at Hartford, 68.

Fleury, Andrew Hercules de, cardinal and
prime minister, his pacific policy, iii. 325;
opposes a war with Austria, 449

Fleury, Colonel, his gallant behavior at
Stony Point, x. 229.

Fleury, Major Louis de, a French officer at
Brandy wine, ix. 399; tenderly waits on
Donop, 431; his skill and courage at Fort
Mifflin, 433, 434; promoted, 435.

Florida Blanca, prime minister of Spain, ix.
304; his character, 305; his public policy,
305 ; his vanity, 305 ; his influence on
Charles III., 306; wishes to avoid war
with England, yet aids America secretly,
310; prime minister of Spain, x. 158; his
weaknesses, 161, 165; averse to America,
159,164; wishes England to keep posses-
sion of Canada and Nova Scotia, 18 J;
wishes Spain to take part in the war, 185;
but makes extravagant demands as the
price of interference, 185; will not consent
to a peace without the cession of Gibraltar,
186,189, 191; his dissimulation, 188; his
plans baffled by the backwoodsmen of
Virginia, 193 et seq. ; and of North Caro-
lina, 339, 340; accedes to the Russian
declaration of neutral rights, 427; repents
of having advised this measure, 441 ; is
afraid that the example of the United
States will encourage the Spanish colonies
to revolt, 539.

Florida discovered, i. 33; whence the name,
33; claimed for Spain, 33; Spaniards un-
dertake its conquest, 39 ; invaded by Fer-
dinand de Soto, 44; peaceful mission to
Florida fails, 59 ; the country abandoned,
60; colonized by Huguenots, 61, et seq. ;
character of the colonists, 65; their suffer-
ings, 65; massacred by Spaniards and
their settlement broken up. 70 ; the slaugh-
ter terribly avenged, 72; divided, and why,

GENERAL INDEX.

643

v. 163; the Spanish people remove to

Cuba, 167.
Flovd, John, a pioneer settler of Kentucky,

vii. 306; his character, 366.
Floyd, William, delegate in Congress from

New York, in favor of complete separation

from Britain, viii. 369.
Folsom, Nathaniel, of Exeter, brigadier-

peneral of the New Hampshire troops, vii.

325.
Forbes, General Joseph, iv. 294 ; his tedious

march to fort Duquesne, 308, et seq ; en-
ters that fort, and gives to the place the

name of Pittsburgh, 311.
Ford, Colonel, of Maryland, x. 486; is

wounded, 487.
Fordyce, Captain, his desperate courage, viii.

227.
Foreign correspondence, committee appointed

by Congress for, viii. 142.
Foreign troops, engaged by Great Britain,

viii. 255-270.
Forest, an American officer at Trenton, ix.

233.
Forster, Captain, from Detroit, with a body

of Indians, makes an attack on the Cedars,

viii. 427; takes the fort, 427; inhumanity

towards the prisoners, 742.
Fort at Sandusky taken by the Indians, v.

118.
Fort at St. Joseph's river taken by the In-
dians, v. 118, 119.
Fort at Venango taken by the Indians, v.

123.
Fort Carillon, at Ticonderoga, built by the

French, iv. 212, 238, 251 (see Ticonderoga).
Fort Clinton taken by the British, ix. 413;

abandoned, 429.
Fort Duquesne, commenced by the Ohio

company, iv. 108, 112, 116; occupied by

the French, 117; captured by the English,

311; named Pittsburgh, 311; an enduring

monument to the great commoner, 311.
Fort Edward built, iv. 208 ; Indians refuse to

attack it, 209; attacked, 210, 200; Webb

is there doing nothing, 266.
Fort Frontenac (now Kingston), Canada,

taken by Colonel Bradstieet, iv. 306.
Fort Independence, on New York Island, ix.

166; evacuated, 180.
Fort Johuson, on James Island, in South

Carolina, taken possession of, viii. 90;

burned, 95; occupied by the Americans,

407.
Fort Le Brcuf, visit of Washington, iv. 110;

taken by the Indians, v. 123.
Fort Lee, on the Jersey side of the Hudson,

ix. 167 ; it is hastily abandoned with great

loss of cannon, tents, and stores, 195.
Fort Lendorm, built in the Cherokee country,

iv. 243, 207 ; its surrender, 355.
Fort Ligonia threatened by the Indians, v.

120; assaulted, 125.
Fort Mercer on Delaware river, ix. 422 ; the
fort described, 430; attack by Count Donop
repulsed, 430, 431 ; great loss sustained by
the attacking party, 431 ; the fort evacuat-
ed, 435.

Fort Miami taken bj- the Indians, v. 120.
Fort Mifflin on Delaware river, ix. 422; suf-
fers a heavy cannonade, 433 ; is ably de-
fended, 434; is evacuated, 434.
Fort Montgomery taken by the British, ix.

413, 414; abandoned, 429.
Fort Moultrie, on Sullivan's Island, so named,

viii. 414; battle of, 401, et seq.

Fort Ouatanon, taken by the Indians, v. 121.

Fort Pitt threatened by the Indians in Pon-

tiac's war, v. 119; assaulted, 126; again

attacked, 128, 129.

Fort Stanwix, congress of Indians at, vi. 227 ;

treats with them, 227.
Fort Washington on the Hudson, ix. 81; the
British repulsed from it, 179 ; danger of its
capture, 185; Washington wishes to have
it abandoned. 186; Greene insists on its
being kept, 188; Howe summons the fort,
189; Magan's reply, 189; the fort attacked
on four sides by greatly superior numbers,
190; is gallantly defended, 191; it sur-
renders, 193; the loss on both sides, 193.
Fort William Henry, built by Johnson, iv.
213; attempt of the French to surprise it,
252; siege of it by Montcalm, 259, et seq. ;
its surrender, 265; massacre, 255, 256;
utterly demolished, 266.
Foster, Edmund, minister of Littleton, vii.

304.
Fox, Charles James, incurs the severe dis-
pleasure of George III., vi. 504; is dis-
missed from office, 504; his character, 504;
joins the opposition, 505; is despondent at
bad news from Massachusetts, vii. 116, 117 ;
denounces Lord North as incapable and
false, 218; vindicates the whole course of
the Americans, 223; his speech against
coercive measures, 253;. rebukes Lord
North, viii. 162; defends American prin-
ciples as the safeguard of the British con-
stitution, 172; his noble reply to Lord
North on the application of the word
"rebel," 212; his character. 361; supports
the Americans, ix. 141 ; his noble speech in
their defence, 143; the speech applauded
b}' Gibbon and Burke, 144; another
speech, 146; character of Fox, 146, et seq. ;
his speeches, 148; his skill in attack, 149;
a master in debate, 149 ; great only as a
speaker, 149 ; he failed as a statesman, from
want of fixed principles, 149, 150; disap-
proves the war with America, 324; con-
demns the employment of Indians, 365; is
willing to concede independence to Amer-
ica, 478, 497; speaks against the American
war, x. 142; another speech in Parliament
against the war, 481; rejoices at the capit-
ulation of Yorktown, 524; supports Con-
wav's motion for peace. 529; denounces
Lord North, 530; the king dislikes him,
533; becomes a member of the Rocking-
ham ministry, 534; seeks a quarrel with
Lord Shelburne, 539, 547; his insincerity,
542 ; becomes foreign secretary under Rock-
ingham, 541; his letter to Franklin, 542;
his instructions to Grenville, 546, 547; his
artful proceedings, 546, 547; threatens to

644

GENERAL INDEX.

quit office, 548; averse to a reform in Par-
liament, 549 ; accepts the declaration of
neutral rights, 550 ; misrepresents Lord
Shelburne, 552 ; makes a bitter speech in
Parliament, 553; withdraws from the min-
istry, 554.

Fox, George, visits Carolina, ii. 154; visits
Maryland, 237; his humble origin and
early life, 331; his struggles of mind, 332;
the inner light, 333, 337; he exalts this
above the light of revelation, 334; will
yield no deference to authority, 334; his
enthusiasm, 335; his fame, 335; his vast
plans, 336; his visions, 351; his dangers,
354; visits the American colonies, 355; his
death, 402.

Fox, Henry, first Lord Holland, iv. 45, 159;
his inquiry about secret service money,
160; leader of the House of Commons, 170;
secretary of state, 220; recalls Shirley
from America, 228; leaves the cabinet,
246 ; takes office under Pitt, 274.

Fox Indians, or Ottagamies, iii. 151, 155;
determine to burn Detroit, 224; are
repulsed and compelled to surrender, 224.

France, early French voyages to North
America, i. 16; of Verrazzani, 17, 18;
of Cartier, 19, et seq. ; of Koberval, 23 ;
first French settlement in America, 27;
colony of Huguenots in Florida, 61 ; their
reception by the natives, 64; character of
the colonists, 65; their sufferings, 65; de-
struction of the settlement by the Spaniards,
70; the massacre avenged, 72, 73; French
colony at Mount Desert, 148 ; broken up,
148; France loses Quebec, 334; loses Aca-
dia, 445; persecutes the Huguenots, ii.
174-183 (see Huguenots) ; war with the
Iroquois, 417-424; monarchy of France, its
character, 465; commercial rivalry of
France and England, iii. 115; other causes
of animosity, 117, 118; struggle for terri-
tory in North America, 118 ; New France,
119; the Hundred Associates, 119; relig-
ious zeal of French colonists, 119 (see Mis-
sions) ; wide extent of French outposts in
North America, 136; farther extension of
French influence, 152; a French colony in
Texas, 171; the encroachments of France
array her neighbors against her, 176; pop-
ulation of French colonies in America, 177 ;
principal French p*sts, 177; Indian allies
of France, 177; claims of France to Ameri-
can territory, 178, 202; excludes England
from Louisiana, 203; exhausted condition
of, 208; decline of her power, 225, 226;
loses large possessions in America. 233 ;
claims the Kennebec as her western boun-
dary, 338; fortifies Crown Point and Ni-
agara, 341; claims the entire West, 343;
and the whole valley of the Ohio, 345; the
Mississippi scheme, 349, et seq. ; infatua-
tion of the people, 351 ; the unhappy results,
357 ; engages in the war of the Austrian
succession, 450; misses her opportunity in
Hindostan, 453; her ill success in America,
462, 463; attitude of, in 1748, iv. 30;
boundary claimed by her in America, 30,

31, 37; boundary claimed in Maine, 72;
and in Vermont, 74; her claims opposed by
Halifax, 70; excites the Indians against
the English, 89; yet disclaims hostile in-
tentions, 90; begins hostilities in the Ohio
Valley, 94, 95; seeks Indian alliances,
169; negotiations with England, 176; ex-
asperation against England, 218; unwilling
to engage in war with her, 169 ; France
and Austria suspend their ancient rivalry,
278; the liberal thought of France on the
side of Prussia, 280 ; French army del'eated
by Frederic at Kosbach, 285,280; France
loses the battle of Minden, 317 ; loses Cana-
da, 325-338, 361 ; desires peace, 392 ; negoti-
ations for peace, 393; Choiseul, prime min-
ister, a great statesman, 392-394; Belle
Isle taken, 400; the family compact, 403,
404; special convention between France
and Spain, 404; it secured in advance aid
to America in its struggle for liberty, 404;
France loses Martinico, 436; peace con-
cluded, 452; erroneous policy of France
towards her colonies, 458 ; her social con-
dition in 1763, v. 19; character of the peo-
ple, 19, 20 ; high cultivation, severe science,
elegant taste, vanity, frivolity, licentious-
ness, 19,20; checks on the royal power,
20; decay of faith, 21; scepticism, 21; in-
fluence of Voltaire, 22, 23; agriculture de-
pressed, 25; influence of Rousseau, 30, 31;
surrenders to England the left bank of the
Mississippi, 164, 336, 340; speculations of
her statesmen touching the controversy be-
tween Britain and her colonies, vi. 79, 96,
180, 236, 255; their wakefulness, 237, 255,
310; her condition at the opening of the
American revolution, vii. 25; increase of
monarchical power, 25; the most powerful
state of continental Europe, 25; the people
poor and ignorant, but all free, 25: they
formed one compact nation, 26; owned the
land they tilled, 26 ; degeneracy of the
nobility, 26; they escape military service
and taxation, 26; a burden on the State,
27; the king master of the treasury and of
the army, 28; the Church subordinate to
the State, 28; scepticism universal, 29;
degradation of the monarch}', 30; its arbi-
trary rule, 30; rising importance of the
people, 31; the cabinet of Louis XVI., 86,
et seq.; disordered state of the finances,
91; abuses in the revenue system, 91; dis-
tress of the people, 92; Turgot plans re-
form, 92; France leans to the American
colonics, 93 ; her traditional policy ofregard-
ing England as her natural enemy, 93;
views of the French cabinet regarding the
controversy between England and her col-
onies, 190; orders given to British naval
commanders not to annoy French colonies,
240 ; attention of France fixed on the strug-
gle in America, 351; state of opinion there,
351 ; an emissary sent to America to watch
the progress of affairs, 352; her minister
insulted by the British secretary of state
viii. 102; wishes not to repossess Canada,
102 ; mutual attraction of France and the

GENERAL INDEX.

645

colonies, 215 ; secret communications be-
tween the French ministry and Congress,
210; their great importance, 217; the
French ministers divided in opinion, 329;
cautious policy adopted, 330 ; France should
assist America, but secretly, 333, 334;
France advances a million of livres to assist
America, 313 ; opens her ports to American
commerce, ix. 63; Vergennes advises a
war with England, 68; many French offi-
cers seek to enter the American army, 70;
Marquis de Lafayette, 70; plan of a treaty,
132; commissioners appointed by Con-
gress, 133; effect produced by Franklin's
arrival in Paris, 287; the public feeling in
favor of America, 287 ; the American com-
missioners wait on Vergennes, 288; the)'
present to him a request for ships of war,
cannon, and muskets, 289, 290 ; answer of
the king, 290; he can afford no direct aid,
290; hut will grant secret succor, 291;
A mericans may trade in the ports of France
and Spain, 291; money secretly advanced,
and ships freighted with warlike supplies,
291; contract for tobacco, which procures
further supplies, 291; war in disguise, 293;
the king expresses no sympathy with
America, 293; influence of philosophy,
293; supplies continually furnished to the
United States, 297; England remonstrates,
297 ; American privateers admitted to
French harbors, 298; France prefers to act
in concert with Spain, 301 ; account of Bur-
goyne's surrender brought to France, and
received with joy, 478, 479; Vergennes
desires a treaty with America, 478, 479;
boundaries of the United States, 478, 479;
the fisheries, 478, 479 ; the king determines
to acknowledge and support American in-
dependence, 480; aid in money promised,
480; convoys promised for American ships,
480; treaty of alliance between France and
the United States, 481; its conditions, 481;
French right to the fisheries acknowledged,
481; free ships make free goods, 4S2; mut-
ual guarantees, 482; France avows to Eng-
la d her treaties with America, 485; war
between England and France, 486 ; the
American commissioners presented to
Louis XVI., 489; France demands of the
United States no preference, 497 ; de-
spatches a fleet to the aid of America, and
an ambassador, 499; causes of the alliance
between France and America, 499, 500 ;
spirit of free inquiry, 502; its bewildered and
pervei>e course, 502; state of public mind in,
40; the king in theory is absolute, earnest
longings for liberty, especially in Paris, 41;
war between the philosophers and the
Church, 41; French sentiment averse to
the American cause, 42, 43 ; the king has no
sympathy for the Americans, 46; splendor
of the French court and capital, 46 ; France
more liberal in its policy than England,
116 ; many of its people held rights in the
soil, not so in England, 116; the treaty
with France received in the United States
with great rejoicing, 117; though America

had already substantially achieved her
independence, 139; wavering policy of
France, 160; she waits for the active co-
operation of Spain, not j^et promised, 161 ;
hence the most favorable chances are
thrown awaj', 162; frivolous, indecisive
conduct of France and Spain, 163; a
French army collected for the invasion of
England, but nothing done, 163, 250; splen-
did condition of the French navy. 163 ; in-
decisive action of the two hostile fleets off
Ouessant, 162; who was to blame, 163;
little done towards carrying on the war,
187; moderation of France, as compared
with Spain, 184, el seq. ; yet France insists
on the recognition of American indepen-
dence, 189 ; French minister endeavors to
persuade Congress to accept the unworthy
terms proposed by Spain, 215, 218, et seq. ;
an invasion of England attempted, but
fails, 249, 250; France has need of peace,
441, 444; its heavy debt. 445; urges a
more perfect union of the United States,
398.

Francis, Ebenezer, of Beverly, Massachusetts,
colonel of the eleventh Massachusetts
regiment, his gallant conduct at Hubbard-
ton, Vt., ix. 369; his heroic death, 369.

Franciscan missionaries in Maine, iii. 135,
137.

Franklin, Benjamin, works at his brother's
press in Boston, iii. 375; goes to Philadel-
phia, 376; gains respect and influence
there, 376; his electrical experiments, 377;
his character, 378 ; inclined to materialism,
380 ; advocates a paper currency, 388, 390 ;
the champion of popular rights. 395 ; devises
a military organization lor Pennsylvania,
456 ; proposes a union of the colonies, iv. 91 ;
meets a council of Indians at Carlisle, 108;
his plan of union proposed at Albany, 122,
et seq. ; the proposed constitution a com-
promise, 123; its details, 124; advises col-
onizing the great West, 126; his predomin-
ant influence in Pennsylvania, 140 ; a vessel
sent by his advice to discover a north-west
passage, 141; his objections to Shirley's
plan of union, 172, 173; supplies Braddock
with horses and carriages, 184; his state-
ments concerning the rapid growth of the
colonies, 213, 214; is placed in charge of
the frontier of Pennsylvania, 225; goes to
England as agent of Pennsylvania, 254;
hears new doctrine touching the king's
supremacy over the colonies, 256; advises
to retain Canada, 366; and why, 367, 368;
foresees the future growth of America, 367;
corresponds with David Hume, 308 ; never
admitted to the presence of Pitt, 376 ; pre-
fers a royal to a proprietary government,
v. 218; sent to England to defend the lib-
erties of Pennsylvania, 220 ; his interview
with George Grenville, 230; is made a
stamp-officer, 250; believes that the stamp-
act will be carried into effect, 306, note ;
his letter to Charles Thomson correctly
printed, 306. 307, note ; listens to the de-
bates in Parliament, 405 ; his examination

646

GENERAL INDEX.

before the House of Commons, 428, et seq. ;
his determined spirit of liberty, vi. 6;
appointed agent for Georgia, 149; ap-
prehends a breach between Britain and
America, 106; Choiseul's opinion of
him, 180; Chatelet's opinion of him, 238;
the great Bostonian, 240; his advice to the
ministry disregarded, 318; chosen agent of
Massachusetts, 374; his sentiments on
government and on the controversy with
England, 375; Hutchinson opposes him,
376; he favors the colonization of the great
West, 377; foretells a bloody struggle,
406; reproaches England for prosecuting
the slave-trade, 416; negotiates with the
lords of the treasury for a large tract of
western lands, 421: discovers the secret
letters of Hutchinson and Oliver, 435;
sends them to the speaker of the Massa-
chusetts House of Representatives, 436 ; he
concurs with Samuel Adams, 469 ; delivers
the address of Massachusetts for the re-
moval of Hutchinson and Oliver, 490 ; ap-
pears before the privy council, 492,; is
abused in every company, 492; is harassed
and threatened, 493 ; is shamefully vilified
and misrepresented by Wedderburn, 496,
497; the immediate consequences, 497,
502; Franklin and Wedderburn contrasted,
499; Franklin and the Lords ot Council
contrasted, 499; Franklin always a concili-
ator and still pursues that policy, 496, 500;
is turned out of his office as postmaster-
general in America, 500; his character as
drawn by Washington, 499 ; the king wishes
him arraigned for treasnn.vii. 58; is exposed
to great danger in Fngland, 174 ; the friends
of America wish him to stay, 174; sees no
safety for his country but in total eman-
cipation, 177, 178; the ministry ask him
what terms will satisfy America, 179; his
answer, 180; his firmness, 180; presents
the petition of the continental Congress to
the king, 186 ; the ministry negotiate with
him through Lord Howe, 188; they offer
terms of high preferment to him if he will
concur in their measures, 189; he points
out the only basis for conciliation, 18:); his
proposals rejected, 189; is introduced by
Chatham into the House of Lords, 196;
admires Chatham's speech, 203; Chatham's
warm encomium on him, 221; his letters
quoted, 177, 178, 219, 222, 247 ; Lord North
again tries to negotiate with him, 224;
Franklin's heroic firmness, 224; he is once
more consulted by Lord North, 241 ; am-

Ele rewards offered him, but he abides in
is former position, 242; he counsels Mas-
sachusetts not to begin hostilities without
the advice of Congress, 247; he also coun-
sels firm courage, 247; his interview with
Gamier, the French minister. 262; his in-
terview with Edmund Burke, 263; sails for
America, 263, 264; his sadness at the pros-
pect of a separation from the mother coun-
try, 263; his perfect sincerity in his inter-
course with men in power, 264; his
remarkable ability in all his dealings with

the British government, 265; he retains the
confidence of Chatham and other liberal
statesmen, 285; arrives in Philadelphia,
and the next morning is unanimously
elected to Congress, 333; meeting of Con-
gress, 353 ; becomes decided in his wishea
for independence, 354, 377, 378; his mes-
sage to Strahan, viii. 37; proposes a con-
federation of the colonies, 53; organizes a
post-office, and is the first postmaster-gen-
eral, 57; one of a committee of Congress to
visit the camp at Cambridge, 111; feels
that a separation from Britain is inevitable,
112; Greene's opinion of him, 112; friend-
ship between Franklin and Washington,
112; encourages Thomas Paine to write in
favor of independence, 140; brings forward
his plan of a confederacy, 245 ; is outvoted,
245; his great confidence in general Lee,
281 ; refuses the oath of allegiance to the
king, 315; wishes for a declaration of war,
320; one of the committee to prepare a
declaration of independence, 392; is sent
to Canada as commissioner from Congress,
423; Lord Howe writes to him, ix. 42;
Franklin's reply, 42, 43; his plan of a con-
federation contrasted with Dickinson's, 49,
50; insists that each state shall have votes
in proportion to the number of its inhabit-
ants, 53; is elected one of a committee to
meet Lord Howe, 112; the interview, 116,
117 ; elected commissioner to V ranee, 133 ;
arrives in Paris, 223, 285 ; allows in the
legislature only one assembly, 265 ; marked
effect of his arrival in France, 286 ; his high
reputation there. 287 ; waits on Vergennes
and Aranda, 288, 289 ; his sagacity, 283 ;
the commissioners ask Vergennes for ships
of war and military appliances, 289,290;
in answer promises of indirect aid given,
and supplies furnished, 292; treaty with
France, 481; his interview with Voltaire,
484 ; his reply to Hartley, 485 ; is presented
to the king, 489 ; his dress, 489 ; presented
to the queen, 490; not awed by birth or
station, 490; his mental tranquillity, 490;
why he was frugal, 491 ; his moral great-
ness, 491; his manners, 491; he wins uni-
versal respect, 491; eulogized by John
Adams, 491; by D'Alembert, 492; the im-
personation of a true democrac3r, 492; ex-
cited no jealousy in the privileged classes,
492; his secret of statesmanship, 492; used
his fame for his country's good, 493; su-
perior to envy, 493; is esteemed by the
best men in England, even by Lord
North, 493 ; his reply to Hartley, seeking
some favor for England from America, 497 ;
Franklin and Voltaire at the French Acad-
emy, 499 ; dissuades from wooing Spain,
166 ; great confidence reposed in him by
the French cabinet, 166 ; is appointed sole
envov to France, 167; his proceedings,
261, "262; his letter to Lord Shelburne,
535; Shelburne's answer, 536; his rejoin-
der, 540; his interview with Oswald, the
British negotiator, 540; he excludes Spain
from the negotiation, and why, 540, 541 ;

GENEKAL INDEX.

647

receives Grenville at Pari?, 542 ; prefers Os-
wald, and why, 543; his great discretion,
547; will not accept independence at second,
hand, 542; his knowledge of parties, in
England, 554; states to Oswald conditions
of peace, 555 ; his able arguments with the
British plenipotentiaries, 555 ; labors to
hasten the treaty of peace, 575; his letter
to Lord Grantham, 575; his sound judg-
ment, 575 : he and Jay unite in the nego-
tiations, 580, 584, 585; Franklin, Adams,
and Jay meet the British commissioners,
589; the treaty signed, 591; America owes
to him this treaty, 558.

Franklin, James, prints the " New England
Courant," iii. 375; censured and punished
for a libel, 376.

Franklin, William, becomes governor of New
Jersey, iv. 440. viii. 71; negotiates with
the Six Nations, vi. 227; his malignant
letters are intercepted, and he is placed
under arrest, 245, 442; he is kept under
guard, 443 ; his fiendish advice, 175 ;
wishes to employ the savages to crush the
rebellion, 222.

Franklin, William Temple, grandson of Dr.
Benjamin Franklin, presented by him to
Voltaire, ix. 484.

Fraser, Lieutenant Alexander, visits the Illi-
nois Indians, v. 337 ; and pacifies them,
337.

Fraser, a Highlander, brigadier under Bur-
goyne, ix. 362 ; moves upon Ticonderoga,
367 ; marches in pursuit of the army of St.
Clair, 367 ; overtakes the rear-guard, 369 ;
overwhelms it by superior numbers, 370 ;
in the Battle of Bemis's Heights, 409, 415;
is mortally wounded, 416; his last mo-
ments, 418; his burial, 419.

Frazer, General, in command at Three Rivers,
viii. 430.

Frederic II., king of Prussia, conquers Silesia,
iii. 452; asserts the freedom of the seas,
466; insists that "free ships make free
goids," iv. 233; England hires Russia to
hold him in check, 221 ; the bulwark of
Protestantism and free thought, 279; re-
garded as such in the NewEngland colonies,
280; makes war on Austria and Saxon)7,
281; takes Dresden, and compels the Sax-
on army to surrender, 281 ; a strong con-
federacy of Catholic powers against him,
281; invades Bohemia, gains the Battle of
Prague, but loses the Battle of Colin, 282 ;
his retreat and reverses, 283, 284; gains
the Battle of Rosbach,285: suffers reverses
in Silesia, 286 ; his animating address to
his soldiers. 287 ; gains the Battle of Leu-
then, 288 ; Prussia is saved, 289 ; his magna-
nimity in refusing cessions of territory, 397 ;
his firmness, 434 ; perfidy of the English
ministry towards him, 435 ; his alliance
with Russia, 435, 454; concludes a glorious
peace, 455 ; an absolute monarch, yet tol-
erant of opinion, v. 7 ; his philosophy at
variance with the political constitution of
his kingdom, 7 ; is disgusted with the
hiring of troops in Germany for the

British army, ix. 316, 318; forbids their
passage through his dominions, 474; his
policy towards the United States, 473,
474; his great character, 97; now old
and infirm, x. 98; the friend of his
people and of civil liberty, 98; hopes
well of republics, and of the new repub-
lic of America, 99; detests the Tory
policy in England, 100; indignant at the
oppression of the colonies, 100; justifies
the American revolt, and predicts its suc-
cess, 102, 106; yet, in the interest of Prus-
sia, declines taking part in the war, 103;
foresees the intervention of France and
Spain, 104; refuses an alliance with Eng-
land. 108, 241, 242 ; thinks the situation of
England critical, 108, 241, 242; regards
her efforts against America hopeless, 109;
exacts indemnity from England for Prus-
sian ships taken, 256; watchful against
Austria, 110; proposes an alliance of
France, Prussia, and liussia against that
power, 111; his sympathy for America in-
creases, 114; forbids the passage of Hessian
troops through his dominions, 114; prom-
ises that he will ere long recognize Ameri-
can independence, 115; his answer to an
American envoy, 240 ; opposes the designs
of Austria, 242; contrasted with Joseph II.
of Austria, 244 ; Prussia joins the armed
neutrality, 284, 274.

Frederic, landgrave of Hesse Cassel, viii.
260 ; his character, 260, 261 ; George III.
of England applies to him for troops, 261 ;
his sordid avarice, 261 ; his exorbitant de-
mands, 261 ; he gets the troops read}-, 265 ;
his letter to Voltaire, 270; Frederic of
Prussia despises him for selling his subjects
like cattle, 270 ; he disgraces Germany,
271.

Frederic Augustus, Elector of Saxony, re-
fuses aid to England in the American
struggle, x. 96.

Frederic Barbarossa, acquiesces in the su-
premacy of the pope, x. 69.

Frederica, Ga., founded by Oglethorpe, iii.
430.

Freedom, progress of, in America, v. 269,
270; the Bible for, 289; the idea of it,
founded on universal principles, vii. 21 ; it
had always been cherished in America,
22 ; it was essential to the full development
of the British colonies, 24 ; in America,
movement for it irresistible, vii. 21.

Freedom of the seas, unknown to barbarians,
x. 255 ; first asserted by the Dutch, 255 ;
when first stipulated by treaty, 255 ; recog-
nized by England in its full extent, 256 ;
violated by England, 256 ; reasserted in
the treaty of Utrecht. 256 ; indemnity for
capture of Prussian ships exacted by Fred-
eric II., recognized by the Rockingham
ministry, 256 ; France protects neutral
ships, 261 ; England ravages neutral com-
merce, 264 ; the Dutch complain, 264 ;
Denmark complains, Sweden also, and
Prussia, 264; England's insolence, 264;
the armed neutrality, 277, et seq.

648

GENERAL INDEX.

"Freeman " of New York exposes the fallacy
of the arguments used to justify parlia-
mentary taxation of America, v. 280, et
seq.
Free schools in New England, i. 458.
" Free ships make free goods," this principle
how and when introduced, iii. 230; the
principle asserted by Frederic II., 466;
England disregards it, 467.
Free trade allowed to Ireland, x. 455.
French armv assembled for the invasion of
England x. 163, 249, 250; French brig-
antine seized in time of peace, iv.
73 ; the French obstruct the progress of
English colonization, 89; begin hostilities
on land, 94, 95; their encroachments on
Virginia to be resisted, 102; a powerful
force proceeds from Canada to occupy the
Ohio Valley, 106, et seq. ; the Indians ad-
monish them not to proceed, 107 ; French
ships seized by the English without a dec-
laration of war, 217; French power in
America extended, 267 ; French successes in
Germany, 317; French losses in America
and elsewhere, 452; fleet arrives in the
Delaware, x. 145; enters New York Bay,
145; appears off Newport, 146; indecisive
action, 147; the fleet almost wrecked in a
storm, 148; in the West Indies, x. 382; suf-
fer a great defeat, 545; ministry, their
views of the American struggle, viii. 102,
330, et seq. ; neutrals of Acadia, hard con-
ditions imposed on them, iv. 46 ; cruel
treatment of that people, 199-206; officers
embark for America, 285, 286; French
women favor America, 296 ; French ports
are open to American privateers, 297, 298 ;
system of law restored in Canada, vii. 157,
158.
Friends (see Quakers).
Frivolous conduct of France and Spain, x.

163.
Frobisher, Martin, attempts a north-west
passage to the Indies, i. 81; reaches Lab-
rador, 82; enters Hudson's Straits, 85;
perils of the voyage, 85.
Frontenac, Count, governor of Canada, iii.
162, 179 ; endeavors to win the Iroquois to
the French alliance, 182; sends three expe-
ditions against the English provinces, 182;
succors Montreal, 184; and Quebec, 185;
invades the country of the Five Nations,
189, 190; humbles, but not subdues, that
warlike people, 191.
Frontenac, Fort, now Kingston, Canada,
granted to La Salle, iii. 162; his journey
thither on foot from Illinois, 166; this fort
a principal French post, 177; evacuated
and razed, 179, 340.
Frye. Colonel James, a detachment from his
regiment in the Battle of Bunker Hill, vii.
408.
Fuller, Rose, opposes the Boston Port Bill,
vi. 513, 514; moves the repeal of the duty
on tea, 519.
Fur-trade in Canada commenced, i. 25 ; con-
tinues, iii. 136.

G.

Gadsden, Christopher, of South Carolina, iv.
348, 426 ; his character, v. 293 ; procures
the adhesion of South Carolina to the pro-
posal of union, 294; delegate of that colony
to the Congress, 333; his noble utterances,
335, 343,425: an enthusiast in the cause of
liberty, vi. 42, 386; sends rice for the poor
of Boston, and advises not to pay tor the.
tea, vii. 62 ; elected to the first continental
Congress, 81, 127; utterly denies the power
of Parliament to legislate for America, 133;
proposes an attack on Gage at Boston,
142 ; proposes to export rice, 205, 206 ;
escapes capture by British cruisers on the
way to Charleston, viii. 312, 313; arrives
and receives thanks, 345; assumes com-
mand as senior military officer, 346; is de-
cidedly for independence, 346; takes part
in the defence of Charleston, 403, 407 ; in
Charleston, x. 293; suffers barbarous treat-
ment. 329.
Gage, General Thomas, commander-in-chief
in America, v. 209, 210; advises the ex-
tension of the mutiny act to America, 249;
would enforce the stamp act by military
power, 314; his power as commander-in-
chief, 331 ; is thought not to be a man of
capacity, 331 ; is compelled to yield to the
people in New York, 357; his liability to
mistake, vi. 68; demands quarters for
troops in Connecticut. 51 ; and in Boston,
201; the demand refused, 201; his false
representations of Boston, 200, 203 ; orders
the landing of troops in Boston, 208 ; comes
to Boston in person, 210; indicted for
slander, 314; visits England, his false rep-
resentations there, 501; his contempt for
Americans, 501 ; returns to Boston as civil
governor of Massachusetts, and with four
additional regiments to enforce submission,
523; arrives in Boston as governor and
commander-in-chief, vii. 37; his vacil-
lating character, 38; stands in dread of
Samuel Adams and other leading patriots,
38; negatives thirteen councillors, 47, 48;
refuses to appoint a fast, 48; removes the
legislature of Massachusetts to Salem, 61;
refuses to receive the address of the council,
61; dissolves the assembly, 64; his in-
trigues, 67, 68 ; his unwise proclamation,
69, 70; finds himself unable to execute his
threats, 70, 71; dreads the town meetings,
71; issues a proclamation against ''hypoc-
risy and sedition," 83; alarmed at the
high spirit of the people, 110; embarrassed
at every step, 112; seizes the powder of
the province at Somerville, 114; remains
inactive, 115; wants more troops, 117;
desires a body of Canadians and Indians,
117, 136 ; his* want of pity, 119 ; he is dis-
heartened and appalled, 136; meets every-
where with determined resistance, 137;
dares not meet the legislature of Massachu-
setts, 138; accuses Franklin, 174: his state-
ments touching the colonies, 177; advises
the repeal of the obnoxious acts, 177 ; sug-

GENERAL INDEX.

649

gests that it may be well to give indepen-
dence to America, 177; denounces the pro-
vincial Congress as an unlawful assembly,
182; is instructed to arrest and imprison
the leading patriots, 218; has spies at
work, their report, 230; is denounced in
Parliament as a coward, 244; his confi-
dence of success, 231 ; is ordered to pursue
violent measures, 284; sends an expedition
to Concord, 288 ; the troops vigorously re-
pulsed, 299-309; his army shut up in Bos-
ton with scanty supplies, 318; mortification
of the British officers, 318; Gage permits
some of the people to leave Boston, 320 ;
he refuses the mediation of Connecticut,
321; proscribes by name Samuel Adams
and John Hancock, 391; proclaims martial
law throughout Massachusetts, 392 ; call- for
large re-enforcements from England, 392;
wishes for Indian auxiliaries, 392; endeav-
ors to terrify the Americans, viii. 66; his
ill treatment of prisoners, 66 ; his foolish
insolence, 66; dares not venture beyond
his lines, 67; fears for his own safety, 07;
declines the oft'er of battle made by Wash-
ington, 67; cuts down the Boston liberty-
tree, 68: sends orders to employ against
the patriots of Carolina the savages on their
borders, 87, 88; is superseded in his com
mand, 100; embarks for England, 111.

Gage, Thomas, a lieutenant-colonel in Brad-
dock's expedition, iv. 187; his indecision
lost the day, 188; sent to command at
Niagara, 322; his dilatory conduct,
322.

Gallican church subordinate to the state,
vii. 28 ; the clergy inclined to scepticism,
28.

Gallican party in Congress, x. 216, 217.

Galloway, Joseph, of Pennsylvania, a royalist,
v. 219"; favors the stamp act, 328 ; elected
to Congress, vii. 83; a volunteer spy for
the British government, 126; proposes
sending a committee to the British court,
unites with the rest in a pledge of secrecy,
131 ; his insidious plan for retaining the col-
onies in subjection, 140; loses his influence,
141; and his seat in Congress, 141; de-
clines to serve in the Second Congress,
211; exercises great influence in the legis-
lature, viii. 73; declines an election to
Congress, 73 ; deserts the American cause,
ix. 199.

Galvez, minister of Spain for the colonies, ix.
306.

Gama. Vasco da, his voyage to Hindostan,
i. 12, 14.

Game laws of England, their severity, v. 52,
53.

Gansevoort, in the New York convention,
ix. 33.

Gansevoort, Lieutenant-Colonel, commands
at Fort Stanwix, ix. 378.

Garay. Francisco de, discovers the mouth of
the Mississippi, i. 35.

Gardner. Isaac, of Brookline, slain by the
British troops, vii. 309.

Gardner, Thomas, representative of Cam-

bridge in the General Court of Massa-
chusetts, vi. 284; his intrepid and guile-
less heart, 285 ; his patriotic utterance,
456; his energetic words, vii. 100; is mor-
tally wounded on Bunker Hill, 433.

Gareau, Leonard, a Jesuit missionary, em-
barks for the Far West, iii. 146.

Gamier, the French minister, purchases a
seat in Parliament, vii. 174, 175; his letter
t" Yergennes about it, 175; other letters
of his quoted, 178, 180, 210, 219, 244, 248,
262, 342.

Garth, agent of South Carolina, his letter
quoted, v. 186, note; his interview with
Mr. Grenville, 230; a member of Parlia-
ment, 237, note.

" Gacpee," British armed schooner, burned
in the waters of Rhode Island, vi. 419; the
British ministry are bent on revenge, but
fail in their efforts, 441, 450, 451.

Gates, Horatio, questioned by the British
ministry, iv. 168; elected adjutant-general
by Congress, viii. 30 ; his character, 30 ; is
elected major-general, and appointed to the
command of the Northern Army, 432 ;
claims equality of rank and command with
Washington, ix. 58; his meanness, 58; his
correspondence with the traitor Lee, 209;
brings a re-enforcement to Washington,
223; his wilful disobedience of orders, 228;
shameful neglect of duty, 228; finds fault
with Washington, 228; his greediness, 336 ;
his intriguing character, 339; refuses to
serve under Schuyler, 339; Congress ap-
points him to the command of the Northern
Array, 339 ; he assumes undue authority,
339; "his intrigues, 339, 342; his insubordi-
nation, 341; appeals to Congress against
Washington, 341 ; is removed from his
command, 341. 342 : his speech to an In-
dian council, 360 ; his advice to St. Clair,
361; supersedes Schuyler in the command
of the Northern Army, 386 ; superiority in
point of numbers and strength, 405 ; his
inactivity, 406; advances to Stillwater,
406; spirit of the army, 407; his unfitness
for command and want of personal courage,
407; Battle of Bemis's Heights, 409; Gates
not on the field, 410 ; he and Arnold quar-
rel, 412; is constantly re-enforced, 414; does
not appear on the field of battle, 418; sur-
render of Burgoyne, 420; cause of this
great result, 421; what Gates should have
done, 421; he fails to send re-enforcements
to Washington, 432 ; detains his troops at
Albany, 432 ; his disrespect to Washington,
432; praises Conway, 457; complains to
Congress, 457 ; his utter incompetence as a
general, 463; denies being implicated in a
plot to supersede Washington, 464; com-
mands the Southern Army, x. 316; how
it happened, 316; powers given him, 316;
marches on Camden, 317; his favorable
prospects, 318; his proclamation, 318;
misses his only opportunity, 319 : his delay,
319; his undue ha»te and carelessness, 320;
his utter defeat at Camden, 322; his un-
soldierly flight from the field, 324.

650

GENERAL INDEX.

Gates, Sir Thomas, wrecked on Bermuda, i.
137; arrives in Virginia, 140; brings addi-
tional emigrants, 144; returns to England,
149.

General assembly of the towns in Massachu-
setts proposed, vi. 195.

General Court, the first in America, i.
359.

"General Mifflin," privateer, x. 257.

Generous conduct of the Americans, x.
340.

George I., king of England, his bad charac-
ter, iii. 322; iv. 163.

George II., ruled by his mistress, iv. 70 ; dis-
likes the Duke of Bedford, 70, 87 ; a mean
prince, swayed by his prejudices and his
mistress, 97, 98; decides concerning the
Valley of Ohio, 101 ; thinks English notions
of liberty very singular, 102; hates Pitt,
249; dismisses him from office, 250; death
of George II., 381.

George III. described when a boy, iv. 98;
lived in seclusion and idleness, 99; full
even then of high notions of kingly power,
99, 1G2; Pitt and Prince George become
allies, 102, 244; the prince becomes of age,
244; determines to have the free choice of
his servants, 245; is anxious lest free-
thinking and scepticism should spread in
America, 257; his accession to the throne,
381; his first speech to the privy council,
383; the speech amended by Pitt, 384; a
general welcome to the throne. 385; his
ruling passion a love of authority, 380; his
self-will and obstinacy. 380, 387; uses as
his instrument the Earl of Bute, 38"; de-
spises and hates popular opinion, 389; his
relations with Prussia, 389; from an old
grudge dismisses William Legge, 390;
wishes to leave Prussia to ruin, 397 ; his
marriage, 405; accepts Pitt's resignation,
409; his rupture with the great Whig lords,
446; is not dazzled with victory, 451;
readily concludes a peace, 452; finds him-
self overruled in his designs about govern-
ing England, v. 97; is dissatisfied with the
"triumvirate ministry," 139; his interview
with Halifax and Egremont, 140; wishes to
be rid of Egremont, 140; hates Pitt, 142;
yet invites him to enter the ministry, 143;
his unsatisfactory interview witli Pitt, 144;
his insanity, 248; the affair kept secret,
248, 253 ; he proposes a regency bill, 253 ;
his want of confidence in his ministers, 254 ;
his mother excluded from the regency, 255 ;
he is displeased at this, 255; wishes Pitt to
take office, 250-203; Pitt refuses, 262,263;
the king complies reluctantly with Gren-
ville's terms, and Grenville continues in
office, 264, 265 ; his wounded pride, 295 ;
frowns on his ministers, 295; Bedford's in-
terview with him, 296; the king resolves
on a change, and sends for Pitt, 296; his
interview with Grenville, 300; his mind
unsettled with regard to America, 363; is
provoked by the riots in New York, 308 ;
is disappointed by the unwillingness of the
House of Commons to enforce the stamp

act, 424; is willing to have the act modi-
fied, 427; gives his assent to its repeal,
454; is dissatisfied with the repeal of the
stamp act, vi. 3; invites Pitt to form a new
administration, 19; his interview with Earl
Temple, 20; talks much about America,
50; is afraid of the increasing spirit of lib-
erty, 55, 56 : dislikes the Earl of Shelburne,
21, 55; dislikes George Grenville, 60, 99;
wishes to preserve the Townsbend ministry,
and also to humble the aristocracy, 81 ; his
influence baneful to liberty in both hemi-
spheres, 83; is enabled to govern as well as
to reign, 88, 94; procures the expulsion of
Wilkes from Parliament, 148 ; is bent on
trampling down the colonies, especially
Boston, 230; will not hear their petition*,
234; insists on retaining the duty on tea,
277; and thus is singly responsible for the
revolt of the colonies, 277, 278; the system
of taxing America would have been
abandoned but for" him, 353 ; his good and
bad qualities, 354; the great founder of the
modern conservative party, 354; makes a
beginning of martial law in Massachusetts,
307 ; hates Boston and Massachusetts, 307 ;
is brought into contempt by his own rep-
resentative, 368, 405 ; tempts the patriotism
of John Hancock, 407; steadily pursues the
system of concentrating in himself all
power over the colonies, 402, el seq. ; for-
bids the discontinuance of the slave-trade,
413,457; makes the judges in Massachu-
setts dependent on his pleasure, 420, 421;
is weary of Hillsborough, 421 ; and soothes
his fall by giving him a British earldom,
421; his cordial understanding with Louis
XV., 422; his selfish aims, 424; approves
the conduct of Hutchinson, 444; is deter-
mined on coercion, 457; rejects the peti-
tions from Massachusetts, 459; "the king
means to try the question with America "
by sending tea thither, 465 ; the tea sent by
the East India Company, 405; after the
destruction of the tea, the king's heart
more hardened than ever, 501 ; he sees
nothing to blame in the letters of Hutchin-
son, and rejects the petition of Massachu-
setts for his removal, 501. 502; his infatu-
ation, vii. 24; is determined to coerce the
colonies at any cost, 24; appoints manda-
mus councillors for Massachusetts, 58;
orders Gage to arrest the leading patriots,
and to tire on the Boston people at his dis-
cretion, 58, 59; is greedy for information
concerning Boston, 71; eagerly questions
Hutchinson, 71, 72; cherishes pleasing de-
lusions touching America, 72 ; is confident
of the success of the measures against the
colonies, 72; assents to the "regulating
act," 94; and thus tramples under font tin;
affections, customs, laws, and privileges
of Massachusetts, 96 ; wishes to employ the
savage Indians in the impending war, 118;
dissolves Parliament, 135; will listen to no
terms of conciliation with America, 145,
146; has no thought of concession, 174,
177, 179; declares New England in a

GENERAL INDEX.

651

state of rebellion, 177 ; forbids the export
of arms to America, 183; raves at Chat-
ham's speech in the House of Lords, 201;
calls him " the trumpet of sedition," 201 ;
calls the proceedings of the patriots of Mas-
sachusetts "the acts of a rude rabble,"
218 ; gives orders to arrest and imprison the
chief patriots. 218; his heart is inflexibly
hardened against America. 227; is confi-
dent of success, 252. 253, 280 ; frowns on the
citv of London, 282 ; his extreme arrogance,
282; will not allow Lord North to re-
sign. 211, 346; will not receive the address
of the citizens of London, 282, 316 ; applies
for liussian troops, 348; is specially desir-
ous to arm the negro slaves and savage
Indians, 349 ; his senseless complacency at
the state of affairs in America, viii. 99; his
undue animation on receiving news of the
Battle of Bunker Hill, 100; he will have
twentv thousand regular soldiers in Amer-
ica in* 1776. 100; the secretary at war tells
him it is impossible, 100; "the most ob-
stinate prince alive," 104; he will not see
Richard Penn, the bearer of a humble peti-
tion from Congress, 131; is determined to
force the Americans to submission, 131;
scorns to dissemble, 131; insists on pro-
claiming the Americans rebels, 131; has no
misgivings that he may be in the wrong,
131; his irrevocable proclamation for sup-
pressing rebellion and sedition, aimed not
only at the Americans, but at their friends
in England, 132; its bearing on Chatham,
Rockingham, Camden, Barre, and the like
of them, 133 ; he is compared to Charles
the First, 134; his courage and fortitude
in difficulties, 145; his pertinacity, 145; he
wishes to obtain from Holland the Scottish
brigade, 148, 250; but does not, 148, 250;
writes for troops to Catharine of Russia,
148, 149; the letter, 149; the empress ab-
solutely refuses, 151, et seq. ; she gives him
friendly advice, 150; he is surprised at the
refusal", but bears the disappointment with
firmness, 157; he thinks he is fighting the
battle of Parliament, 159 ; his speech at the
opening of Parliament, 160; he calls the
Americans rebels, and wholly misrepresents
the affair, 160. 161 ; he is sustained by Parlia-
ment, 161; his policy not in harmony with
the true spirit of England, 167 ; he prefers
to lose America rather than to recognize
American principles, 171; he could not
carry on the war with British troops only,
250; applies to Holland and Germany,
250, 254, et seq. ; his negotiations with
Brunswick and Hesse Cassel for troops,
255, et seq. ; expects important aid from
the Iroquois and other Indians, 301; gives

feremptory orders to employ the savage
ndians, ix. 321, 376; he still, 1777, insists
on reducing the colonies whatever it may
cost, 477; persuades Lord North to remain
in the administration, 478; will not suffer
him to flinch, 481; will not have Lord
Chatham in the ministry, 486; will sooner
riak his crown, 487 ; his violent anger at

the proposal, 487, 488; his exultation when
Lord Chatham was struck with death, 495;
is determined on the conquest of America,
x. 240, et seq. ; his interview with his min-
isters, 247; his resolution falters, 142; flat-
ters Catherine II., 273; notwithstanding
constant ill success, as obstinate as ever,
525; wishes to continue the war, 533;
wishes Shelburne to form an administra-
tion, 533; hates Charles Fox, 533; consents
to the independence of America, 534;
pledges his word that he will consent to it,
558; wishes for delay, 578.

Georgia, traversed by Spaniards, i. 46; its
colonization proposed, iii. 417 ; Oglethorpe
obtains a charter, and arrives with a col-
ony, 419, 420; treat}' with the Indians,
420, 421; Protestant emigrants from Salz-
burg arrive, 425; grievances of the colo-
nists, 426 ; slavery prohibited, 426 ; Moravi-
an emigrants arrive, 427; Spanish hostility,
432; the colony protected by its Indian
allies, 433; invasion by the Spaniards and
their repulse, 444-446; slavery at length
permitted, 448; population in 1754, iv. 129,
130; its social and political condition, 130,
131 ; colon}' of, send no delegates to Con-
gress, but promise adhesion to its measures,
v. 328; refuses compliance with the billet-
ing act, vi. 81; great prosperity of, 149;
spirit of liberty there, 149 ; chooses Frank-
lin its agent in England, 149; approves the
proceedings of Massachusetts and Virginia,
247; its liberties invaded by the ministry,
410 ; accession of a part of, to the measures of
Congress, vii. 206 ; population of, in 1775,
337; number of the Indians along her bor-
ders, 337 ; she unites with the other colonies,
337; accedes to the union, viii. 54; provin-
cial Congress of, 83; its measures, 83;
movements of the people, 84; Georgia is
for independence, 391; its civil constitution,
ix. 262; only one legislative assembly,
265; invaded and lost, x. 284, et seq. ; re-
covered, 563.

Gerard, first minister of France to the United
States, ix. 499.

Gerard de Rayneval, the French minister,
arrives, x. 147 ; urges on Congress an ac-
ceptance of the terms proposed by Spain,
215, et seq.

Germain, Lord George, proposes to subvert
the liberties of America, vi. 517; delivers
the message of the Commons at the bar of
the Lords, vii. 225 ; becomes secretary of
state for the American department, viii.
165 : his character and previous history,
166 (see Sackville, Georye) ; his reply to
Burke, 169; his interview with a Mohawk
chief, 301; insists on unconditional sub-
mission from the Americans, 301 ; com-
pliments Lord and General Howe, ix. 140;
defends the policy of the ministry, 143; his
gloomy forebodings, 145; tries to exculpate
himself, 145; his merciless cruelty in stir-
ring up the Indians against the Ameri-
cans, 152, 163; loses hope, 235; his merci-
less order, 253; conduct of the war on the

652

GENEKAL INDEX.

side of Canada left to him, 312; urges the
employment of the savages, 321, 322; wishes
to remove General Howe, 323; gives him
new instructions, 332; his disingenuous-
ness, 332; cannot furnish the re-enforce-
ments called for, 332,333; expects much
from Indian alliances, 334; his vengeful
spirit, 349 ; longs to hear that Boston is in
flames, 349 ; gives orders to " distress and
destrov," 350; is determined on employing
Indians, 370 ; in a fit of anger resigns his
position, x. 40 ; determines on a cruel and
destructive war, 123 ; proposes to rouse and
employ the savages against the Americans,
124; approves and sanctions the massacre
of Wyoming, 138; resolves to encourage
devastation and murder, 138, 141 ; defends
the ferocious proclamation of the English
commissioners, 151 ; orders the invasion of
South Carolina, 155; his plan for a south-
ern campaign, 283, 284; approves of the
horrid outrages of the British troops in
South Carolina, 328; applauds breaches of
faith in British generals, 329; encourages
the complot of Arnold and Clinton, 378;
approves of the invasion of Virginia by
Cornwallis, 484; earnestly favors that
campaign, 509; extravagantly praises
Cornwallis, 510; retires from office, 529.

German empire in 1763, v. 11; its political
constitution faulty, 11, 12; a mere shadow,
12; it has a pompous and stupid nobility,
12; its princes venal and pensionary, 12;
degradation of the people, 12.

German literature is on the side of America,
ix. 475; Goethe, 475; Lessing, 475; Schil-
ler, 475; Kant, 475; Price on Liberty
translated into German, 475.

Germantown, the village described, ix. 423;
encampment of Howe, 423; Chew's stone
house, 423, 425; the battle begins, 425;
attempt to take Chew's house, 420; tardy
arrival of Greene, 42G; his mismanage-
ment, 426; the battle is lost, 427; the rea-
son why, 428; the effect of the engagement,
428.

Germany, emigrants from, iii. 319, 370; at-
tacked by Indians, 320; a recruiting
ground, viii. 148; orders issued to raise
recruits there, 169; disordered state of
Germany, 253 ; war made a profitable
trade, 253; military adventurers, 253;
George III. has scruples about accepting
their offers, 254; he contracts for German
troops, 254; in violation of the laws of that
empire, 254; his success, 254; Germany
dishonored by the proceeding (see Bruns-
wick and Hesse Cassel) ; recruits thence
obtained for the British army, ix. 313-
315 ; public opinion strongly against^ it,
315 ; several German princes protest against
the practice, 316; discontent of the enlisted
men, 316; a meeting, 316; zeal of the mar-
grave of Anspach, 317; whole number of
recruits obtained, 317; all from Protestant
states, 317, 318 ; opposition of the Catholic
princes. 318; Frederic of Prussia ridicules
the policy of the British government, 473 ;

and prevents new treaties for troops to he
furnished by German powers, 474, 475;
address of Mirabeau to the people and sol-
diers of Germany, 476; its early history,
61; origin of the people, and character of
the language, 61; never wore the Roman
yoke, 62; early conquests of its people, 62;
Christianity diffused among its tribes, 63;
Charles Martel, 63; Charlemagne, 64; un-
der him a united Germany, 64; crosses the
Alps, and is made emperor of Rome, 64;
confusion and misery existing under his
successors, 66 ; this is removed by Henry
the Fowler and the Saxon emperors, 66;
Otho the Great crowned at Rome, 67 ; Italy
annexed to Germany, brought many ad-
vantages, but infinite sorrows, 67; long
and furious contests between pope and em-
peror, in which the pope gains and main-
tains the superiority, 68; reasons for this,
68; Gregory VII. compels the emperor to
abject submission, 68; alone in Switzer-
land was liberty preserved, 70 ; the free
imperial cities, eighty in number, had
places in the German diet, and upheld the
spirit of free inquiry, 71 ; energy of the em-
perors of the Saxon line, succeeded by
apathy and inaction, 72; the pope claims
supreme power over all princes, 72; can
elect, if he please, a German emperor, 72;
may even substitute a falsehood for a fact
in history, and has done this, 72; these
high clafms at length wrought their own
ruin, 73; the Reformation, 75, et set/. ; cir-
cumscribed at home, it extends to distant
lands, 79 ; the Thirty Years' War, a relig-
ious, not a civil, war, — a war to restore
the old superstition, 83 ; its baleful effects,
83; this war drove multitudes of Protes-
tants to America, 84; the Seven Years'
War, directed against Protestantism and
Prussia, worked for freedom, 86; the later
German philosophy and literature, 86-
92.

Gerry, Elbridge, of Marblehead, vi. 427, vii.
388, 389 ; entreats Warren not to expose
his life, 417; supersedes dishing as dele-
gate to Congress, viii. 243, 308; in Con-
gress, votes for limiting Washington's
powers, ix. 433; his action in Congress,
x. 173, 217 ; his decisive action in respect
of the fisheries, 215, 216, 217 ; anticipates
the capture of Cornwallis, 516.

Gibbon, Edward, expecting soon that Russian
troops would be obtained, proposes to
visit their camp, viii. 157; favors the
American cause, x. 140.

Gibraltar, Spain is determined to recover it,
x. 186, 191 ; attack on it by the French
and Spanish fleets, 581; gallant and suc-
cessful defence by the garrison, 581.

Gibson, Edmund, bishop of London, his
opinion concerning slavery, iii. 409.

Gilbert, Raleigh, son of Sir" Humphrey Gil-
bert, conducts a colony to the Kennebec,
i. 268.

Gilbert, Sir Humphrey, proposes a north-
west passage, i. 81; his character, 88; ob-

GENERAL INDEX.

653

tains a patent, 8S; his first voyage, 89;
takes formal possession of Newfoundland,
90; lost on the passage home. 91.

Gist, Christopher, explores the Ohio Valley,
iv. 76-82; visits the Wyandots, the Dela-
wares, and other Indian tribes, 77, et seq. ;
is charmed with the country, 81; returns,
82; his second tour, 9-3; his* plantation be-
yond the mountains, 100; guides Washing-
ion on his mission, 109, 111; joins him on
his march, 118.

Gist, Colonel Nathaniel, in the action at
Edgehill, ix. 454; his expedition to the
south-west. 407.

Gist, General, of Maryland, commands a
brigade at Camden, x. 321.

Gladwin, Major, commands at Detroit, v.
115 ; sutlers Pontiae to escape, 110.

Glen, governor of South Carolina, iv. 38, 75,
113, 193.

Gloucester, Duke of (William Henry, brother
of George III), his sympathy for America,
vii. 349 ; visits the strong fortress of Metz
in France, 350.

Gloucester, Mass., its patriotic utterance in
response to the Boston circular, vi. 440,
484; the men of this place repel the attack
of Captain Linzee, viii. 05.

Glover, Jesse, embarks for Massachusetts
with a printer, i. 415; dies, 415.

Glover, John, colonel of a regiment of Massa-
chusetts fishermen, ix. 98; he and his men
manage the boats in the retreat from
Brooklyn, 103 ; successfully engages the
British advance, 177; is with Washington
at the Battle of Trenton, 230; as brigadier-
general is sent to re-enforce the Northern
Army, 374.

GloverJ William, deputy -governor of North
Carolina, in. 22.

Godfrey, Edward, governor of Maine under
George I., 431.

Godyn," Samuel, and others, purchase a tract
of" land near Cape Henlopen, ii. 281 ; and
at Cape May, 282.

Goethe, John Wolfgang, in sympathy with
America, x. 91.

Gofre, William, a regicide, arrives in Boston,
ii. 35; fruitless search made for him, 35;
the saviour of Iladley, 104.

Gomez, Stephen, examines the coast of New
England, and discovers Hudson river, i.
38.

Good, Sarah, accused of witchcraft, iii.
85.

Goodwin children supposed to be bewitched,
iii. 75.

Gordon, William, historian of the American
Revolution, vi. 428, note ; his errors, how
accounted for, 429, note ; his character as a
historian, ix. 123 ; not always to be trusted,
123 ; Washington's letter to him, 403 ; his
opinions on slavery, x. 501.

Gorgeana, in Maine, made a city, i. 429.

Gorges, Robert, obtains a patent for a portion
of Massachusetts, i. 326.

Gorges, Sir Ferdinando, his attention first
drawn to Maine, i. 115; engages in the

scheme of colonization, 119, 207, 270; a
royalist, 207, note, 429 ; befriends the Pil-
grims, 320; his perseverance, 328, 337 ; ob-
tains a grant of a large tract of land, 323,
337; his public spirit, 331; appointed gov-
ernor-general of New England, 337; makes
laws for his province, 338; befriends the
Massachusetts company, 340; complains of
them, 405; his pecuniary losses, 428; his
visionary schemes, 429; his death, 430;
his claim superseded, 430 ; purchased by
Massachusetts, ii. 113.

Gorges, Thomas, deputy of Ferdinando, i.
428.

Gorges, William, governor of Western Maine,
i. 337.

Gorton, Samuel, his case, i. 419; intercedes
for Miantonomoh, 423; in England ob-
tains an order of Parliament in his favor,
439.

Gosnold, Bartholomew, discovers and names
Cape Cod, i. 112; visits Buzzard's Bay,
112; active for the colonization of Virginia,
118; dies there. 127.

Gourgues, Dominic de, avenges on the Span-
iards in Florida their massacre of the Hu-
guenots, i. 72.

Gove, Edward, his severe treatment, ii.
117.

Government, views of Otis on its theory and
practice, v. 202-205.

Governments of every form contain two op-
posite tendencies, that of centralization and
that of individuality, viii. 119; opinions of
John Adams on government, 370, 371.

Governor, how chosen, ix. 207; property
qualification, 207; term of service, 208; a
conditional veto allowed him, 208.

Governors, royal, of America, their bad char-
acter, iv. 20.

Gower, Lord, becomes president of the coun-
cil under the Bedford ministry, vi. 109;
opposes the repeal of the revenue acts, 277;
his speech against America, vii. 202,
221.

Graifenried, Count de, leader of the German
colonists in North Carolina, iii. 319; a
captive among the Indians, 319; released,
320.

Grafton, Duke of (Augustus Henry Fitzroy),
v. 257; secretary of state under the Rock-
ingham administration, 302; praised by
Cray, 303; wishes to repeal the stamp act,
305; advises the king to send for Pitt, 390 ;
the king refuses, 390 ; Grafton has a con-
versation with Pitt, 397; his wishes are
thwarted, 398; offers in Parliament a reso-
lution contrary to his declared opinions,
402; resigns office, vi. 4; becomes first
lord of the treasury under Pitt, 20; his two
interviews with Lord Chatham, 82; is left
in the position of prime minister, 83; ap-
proves the oppressive measures inaugurated
by Charles Townshend, 88 ; consents to the
displacement of the Earl of Shelburne, 213 ;
moves in cabinet for the repeal of the rev-
enue acts, 270; resigns the office of prime
minister, 320; keeper of the privy seal, a I-

G54

GENERAL INDEX.

vises concession and reconciliation, viii.
'159; his remonstrance unheeded, 100; he
complains to the king of the rash measures
taken, 160; he tells the king all his efforts
will fail, 160; resigns office, 105; once
more pleads tor conciliation, 301.

Grand Bank, iisheries there, i. 8"; number
of vessels employed, 87.

Grant, , in Parliament, ridicules the

Americans, and says they will not fight,
vii. 223.

Grant, General, commands a portion of the
British force on Long Island, ix. 87, 88,
92; commands in New Jersey, 215; his
atrocious order, 215; his confidence of suc-
cess, 210; his fancied security, 225; his
opinion of Washington's army, 225; sent
to intercept Lafayette, x. 119; fails in the
attempt, 120.

Grant, Major .fames, is shamefully beaten by
the French and Indians, iv. 309; attacks
the Cherokees, 351; leads another expedi-
tion against them, 423; saved from ruin by
the Virginia troops, 420; his arrogant de-
meanor, 420.

Grantham, Lord, foreign secretary, x. 553,
575, 577.

Granville, Earl of (John Carteret), president
of the privy council, iv. 210, 245, 247, 255;
tells Franklin that the king's instructions
to the governors are the laws of the colo-

,' nies, 256: often guiltv of inebriation, 273.

Granville, Earl of Temple, iv. 248, 249:
brother-in-law of Pitt, 359; stands alone
with Pitt, 407, 408; sullen, 442. 443.

Grape Island in Boston Bay, affair at that
place, vii. 362.

Grenville, George, his deep hatred of Amer-
ica, vi. 57. 78, 80; combines with Bedford
and Rockingham against Lord Chat-
ham, 59; has in the king a mortal enemy,
60, 99 ; proposes arbitrary and oppressive
measures for America, 78, 79 ; wishes the
colonies reduced to submission by force,
80; his violent language, 80; Choiseul es-
teemed him by far the ablest financier in
England, 99; Bedford forsakes him, 108;
his mortification and despair, 109; advises
to chastise America, 130; and to prohibit
to them the fisheries, 130; advocates a re-
form in Parliament, 216; condemns the
conduct of the ministry in requiring Massa-
chusetts to rescind her resolves, 232; op-
poses Lord North, 253, 274 ; his reply to the
"Farmer's Letters," 258; retorts on Lord
North, 274; assumes the responsibility of
the stamp act, but throws on the king the
responsibility of the taxation of America,
253 ; the king's aversion to him, 355 ; he in-
clines to liberal sentiments, 359, 360; his
death in 1770, 389 ; his friends join the
ministry of Lord North, 389.

Grattan, Henry, his high character, x. 454;
his influence in favor of free-trade, 454.

Graves, Admiral Samuel, arrives in Boston,
vii. 70; his mean character, x. 514; his
mismanagement, 515 ; his squadron worsted
in an encounter with the French, 515.

Graves, Thomas, erects a "great house" in
Charlestown, i. 347.

Gravier, Jesuit missionary, in Illinois, iii.
195; reduces the language to order, 196;
his death, 197.

Gray, John, of Boston, affray at his ropewalk,
vi. 334.

Gray, Samuel, of Boston, a victim at the
Boston massacre, vi. 339, 340.

" Gray's Elegy," part of it repeated by Wolfe
the'night before his death, iv. 333.

Grayson, Colonel, of Virginia, statements
respecting him, ix. 105, 106, 107; aide-de-
camp of Washington, 196.

Great Bridge, near Norfolk, Virginia, occu-
pied by British troops, viii. 222; they are
compelled to retreat with heavy loss,
227.

Great Britain should have offered inde-
pendence to her colonies, vii. 23; ex-
treme haughtiness of her people, 25; pro-
ceedings of the Fourteenth Parliament,
178, et seq. (see England and Parliament) ;
second address of Congress to the people of,
viii. 38; Thomas Paine's reasons for a
separation from, 238, et set]. ; the separa-
tion resolved on, 459 (see England).

"Great Swamp Fight" in 1075, ii. 105.

Greaton, Colonel, his visit to Long Island,
in Boston harbor, viii. 47.

Green, Roger, leads a company of Non-con-
formists from Virginia into North Carolina,
ii. 134.

Green, Timothy, publisher of the " New
London Gazette," an ardent patriot, v.
353.

Greene, Christopher, lieutenant-colonel under
Arnold in the expedition against Quebec,
viii. 191, 192; his heroic efforts to carry
that place, 209; is taken prisoner, 210; his
gallant defence of Fort Mercer on Red
Bank, ix. 429.

Greene, General Nathaniel, of Warwick, in
Rhode Island, vii. 325 ; commands the forces
of that colony near Boston, 325 ; his parent-
age, early history, and character, 325, 326;
elected brigadier-general, viii. 31; his high
character, 31; commands at Brooklyn, ix.
82; his command assigned to Sullivan, 83;
advises to burn the city of New York. 110;
in the action near Manhattanville, 127; at
Fort Lee, 167; his rash confidence, 174;
elated by success, 180 ; complains of Wash-
ington, 180 ; re-enforces Fort Washington,
184; proceeds in direct opposition to Wash-
ington's intentions, 188; his want of vigi-
lance, 189, 195; his disingenuousness, 193;
is responsible for the loss of Fort Washing-
ton, 193; his neglect of orders, 194, 195;
resulting in a hasty evacuation of Fort
Lee, and great loss of cannon and stores,
195; expresses full confidence in the suc-
cess of the American cause and in the
ability of Washington, 222, 223; greatly
assists Washington, 224; in the crossing of
the Delaware and at Trenton, 230; is sent
to Philadelphia, 339; attacks a body of the
enemy on the Haritan, 354, 355 ; leads the

GENERAL INDEX.

655

advance at Brandywine, 390, 398; com-
mands the left wing at the battle of Ger-
mantown, 421; is behind lime, 425; his
bad disposition of his troops, 420; ioss of
the battle in consequence, 427; incurs the
frown of Washington, 428; elected quar-
termaster-general, 409; repels the British
at Monmouth, x. 132; defeats a British
force at Quaker Hill, 149; in 1779 requests
the Southern command, 289; repels an in-
vasion of New Jersey, 375; his administra-
tion of the quartermaster-general's depart-
ment, 400; his integrity, 407; appointed
to command the Southern Army, 407;
takes command, but subject to the control
of Washington, 450; Washington's opinion
of him, 457; his humanity, 457,458; bis
enforcement of discipline, 459 ; his difficul-
ties, 400; his retreat through North Caro-
lina before Cornwallis, 472; Washington
applauds it, 473; his sufferings and those
of his soldiers, 473; turns on his pursuers,
474; battle of Guiltbrd Court-House, 475,
errs in the arrangement of his forces, 470 ;
the repulse of the North Carolina militia,
470; brave stand made by the Virginia
brigade, 477, 478; British troops driven
back, 478; Greene faints from extreme ex-
haustion, 479; great loss of the British,
479 ; the field left to the British, 479 ; but
the British Army ruined, 481; Greene pur-
sues Cornwallisj 481 ; the virtual defeat of
Cornwallis confessed in Parliament, 481;
Greene's operations in South Carolina, 485;
encamps near Camden, 480 ; battle of Hob-
kirk's Hill with Kawden, 487; force on
each side, 487; Greene's able dispositions,
487; alter nearly routing the enemy, he is
forced to retreat^ 488 ; is compelled to raise
the siege of Ninety-Six, 490; at Eutaw
Springs, is at first victori ius, 494; in a
second engagement is defeated, 494; his
remarkable career at the South : sometimes
defeited, but always gained the object for
which he fought, 495; complains of the
condition of the army, 505.

Green Bav, mission at, iii. 153; visited by
La Salfe, 104, 107.

Green Mountain Boys of Vermont, promise
support to the cause of liberty, vii. 271 a ;
renounce the government of New York, and
virtually their allegiance to the king, 280;
agree to seize Ticonderoga, 280; the deed
is accomplished, 340.

Green Springs, action at, x. 508.

Greenwood, John, hanged in England for not
promising to goto church, i. 291.

Gregory VII., Pope, compels the emperor to
submit, x. 08.

Grenada, impost levied on, v. 211; taken by
the French, x. 295.

Grenville, George, iv. 160, 163; retires from
office, under Newcastle, 220; takes office
under Pitt, 248; again, 274, remains in
office after Pitt's retirement. 412; is sec-
retarv of state for foreign affairs, 438; is
first "lord of the admiralty, 446; in the
cabinet of George III. v. 80: not the prime

originator of the stamp act, 89, note; his
zeal for taxing America, 91; urges the
rigid enforcement of the navigation laws,
92; his measures adopted, 92; his defence
of the excise on cider, 93 ; succeeds Bute
as chancellor of the exchequer, 95; his
character as a public man, 98; his love of
money and of office, 98,99; his personal
deportment, 99; Walpcle's dislike of him,
99, note ; his private character, 100 ; his
self-conceit, pride, and obstinacy, 100,
102, 105; has a rival in Charles Townshend,
103; his good intentions, 106, 107; strongly
favors the protective system, 106; his colo-
nial policy, 107 ; hates the Duke of Bedford,
142; complains to the king of his private
griefs, 145; "Mr. Greenville," 145; union
with the Duke of Bedford, 147 ; the respon-
sible author of the stamp act, 152, 156; de-
termines to enforce the navigation acts,
158, 159; his theory of the connection be-
tween the colonies and the parent state,
160; triumphs in Parliament over his op-
ponents, 169; has the entire confidence of
the House of Commons, 169; refuses his
support to an American civil list, 176;
takes no part in the schemes to subvert the
colonial charters, 177; his course with re-
gard to the affair of Wilkes, 178, 179; re-
luctant to propose a stamp tax, 179 ; though
he doubted not the power of Parliament,
180; finds many objections in the way,
181, 182; postpones the tax one year, 183;
offers bounties for colonial hemp, butdis-'
allows the manufacture of linen. 184; favors
the trade in rice, 184 ; encourages the New
England whale fishery, 184, 185 ; the most
liberal act of his administration, 185 ; Gren-
ville as chancellor of the exchequer, 180;
opens the annual budget with American
taxes, 186, 187; no person in Parliament
controverts the right to tax America, 187,
191; the system of colonial taxation openly
inaugurated, 188; his interview with col-
on}' agents, 189; his "tenderness" to-
wards the colonists, 189; allows the colo-
nies no power to tax themselves, 190;
his artful attempts to mislead, 190; his
vanity gratified, 191 ; brings forward the
stamp act on the general ground of the
authority of Parliament, 229 ; Parlia-
ment echo his words, 229; offers boun-
ties as offsets to taxation, 230; his inter-
view with Franklin and other agents
of the colonies, 230; moves in Parliament
for a stamp tax, 230; formally introduces a
stamp bill, 243 ; which passes, 247 ; prom-
ises relief if the measure prove severe, 250 ;
his unp'easant interview with the king,
254; the king compelled to submit, and to
continue him in office, 265: the king re-
solves to be rid of him, 296 ; end of the
Grenville ministry, 300; the king never
liked him, 98, note ; Grenville thinks he
could have carried the stamp act through,
363; is in favor of crushing America, 372;
blames the lenity of the Kockingham ad-
ministration, 373"; is blamed as the author

656

GENERAL INDEX.

of all the trouble, 373; replies to Pitt, and
justifies himself, 388-390; Pitt's crushing
reply to him, 391-395; he moves to enforce
the stamp act, 423; the motion rejected by
a majority of two to one, 424. solicits aid
from' Bute, 427, 428; opposes the repeal of
the stamp act, 43.3; hissed by the people,
436 ; his Whig principles, viii. 124 ; his
colonial policy, 124.

Grenville, George, the younger, his eulogy of
Lord Chatham, ix. 483.

Grenville, Sir Richard, commands Raleigh's
fleet, i. 95; takes a Spanish prize. 97; con-
veys more settlers to North Carolina, 103.

Grenville, Thomas, is sent to P;iris by Fox to
act in his behalf, x. 542; his mean charac-
ter, .042 ; singularity of the case, 542 ; his
interview with Vergennes, 542; with
Franklin, 543; weakness of his character,
543, 540; his thoughtless behavior, 547. _

Grey, Major-General, defeats Wayne, ix.
402; action between his troops and Mor-
gan's riflemen, 454; burns the shipping at
New Bedford, x. 149 ; his merciless career
in New Jersey, 152.

Gridley, Jeremiah, attorney-general of Mas-
chusetts, argues in favor of writs of assist-
ance, iv. 414, 415.

Gridley, Richard, an officer in the expedition
against Louisburg, iii. 462; as engineer
draws the lines for the redoubt on Breed's
Hill, vii. 409; leaves the scene of action,
410.

" Griffin," the first vessel built on the upper
lakes, iii. 104; lost, 165.

Griffin, General, at Mount Hollv, ix. 224; re-
pulsed bv Donop, 223, 228.

Griffin's Wharf (Liverpool Wharf since 1815),
where the tea was destroyed in December,
1773, vi. 480, 480.

Grigsby, Hugh Blair, important statement
by him, x. 423, note.

Grijalva explores the coast of Mexico, i.
35.

Grimaldi, minister of foreign affairs for Spain,
promises to share the expense of aiding
America, viii. 342,343.

Griswold, Fort, its garrison massacred by
Arnold, x. 500.

Grotius, Hugo, vindicates the freedom of the
sea, i. 214, ii. 325; opposes, the coloniza-
tion of America, ii. 234; his imprisonment,
277.

Guadaloupe, taken bv the English, iv. 310,
317; shall it be retained? 363, 365.

Guilford Court-House, battle of, x. 475.

Gunbv, Colonel, commands a regiment of
Marylanders at Guilford, x. 478; and at
Hobkirk's Hill, 486; his unwise conduct,
487.

Gunning. British ambassador to Russia, viii.
107; asks for Russian troops, 107; cour-
teous reply of the empress, 107 ; deceives
himself and misleads his government, 107;
is directed to ask for twenty thousand men,
149; coolness of the empress, 150; she
gives good advice, and recommends lenity
and concession, 150 ; he is thus put on the

defensive, 150 ; makes a direct request for
the troops, 151 ; the request refused, 102;
will be content with fifteen thousand, 152,
and even with ten thousand, 155 ; both re-
quests are declined. 153, 155 ; a question of
veracity between the king and the empress,
151; she refuses to see Gunning, 153; the
matter of sending troops discussed in coun-
cil, 153 ; the dignity and policy of Catha-
rine combine against granting the troops,
153; her sarcastic reply to the king, 154;
Gunning takes leave of the empress, 156.

Gustavus Adolphus, king of Sweden, favors
colonization in America, ii. 284, 285 ; slain
at Lutzen, x. 82.

Gyles, Thomas, killed by the Indians at
Pemaquid, iii. 181.

H.

Habersham, James, of Georgia, his patriotic

words, v. 290.
Habersham, Joseph, and others, obtain pos-
session of the royal magazine in Savannah,
vii. 337 ; makes Sir Joseph Wright prisoner,
viii. 246.
Haddrell's Point, near Charleston, occupied
as a military post, viii. 90, 396, 398 ; Arm-
strong commands the defences there, "99,
403 ; an attack on it intended, 406.
Hadley, Mass., in the Indian war, saved by
the sudden appearance of Gone, the regi-
cide, ii. 104.
Hadley,- Samuel, slain at Lexington, vii.

2J4.
Hakluyt, Richard, one of the assigns of
Raleigh, i. 107 ; favors commercial voyages
to New England, 113 ; promotes the colo-
nization of Virginia, 119.
Haldimand, Colonel, at Oswego, iv. 321.
Hale, Captain Nathan, his excellent charac-
ter, ix. 130 ; his cruel treatment, 130 ;
hung as a spy without trial, 130.
Half-king of the Mingoes or mixed tribe of
Indians in the Ohio Valley, why so called,'
iv 82; at variance with the French, 94;
opposes their occupation of the Ohio Valley,
107; attends Washington in his journey to
Fort Le Boeuf, 110; solicits help from
Washington, 117.
Halifax, Karl of, becomes head of the Board of
Trade and Plantations, iv. 36 ; his character,
36, 37 ; finds France encroaching in Amer-
ica, and the colonies tending towards inde-
pendence, 37, 38; is resolute against the
spirit of freedom, 41 ; seeks to confine French
encroachments by a colony on the Ohio, 42;
the French anticipate the movement, 42,
43; Halifax zealous for restraining the col-
onies, 57; his pride and ambition, 70; dis-
agrees with Bedford, 70; plan of union of
the colonies proposed by him, 165, 106;
takes charge of American affairs, 92; in-
quires "who is Mr. Washington?" 190;
wishes a tax on the colonies, 223; takes
office under Pitt, 274 ; continues to cherish

GENERAL INDEX.

C57

designs against the liberties of America,
299; his licentiousness, 380; is '■ earnest
for bishops," 380; is settled in the decision
to ta^i the colonies, 381; sent as lord lieu-
tenant to Ireland, 392; becomes first lord
of the admiralty, 438 ; secretary of state,
446; in the council, v. 80; secretary of
state, 90; one of the triumvirate ministry,
96; his unpleasant interview with the
king, 140 ; secretary of state for the colo-
nies, 148; defeated in some of his plans, 177,
178 ; his conduct in regard to the regency
bill, 254, 255; is strongly on the side of
Bedford, 203.

Halifax, town of, in Nova Scotia, founded,
iv. 45, 46.

Halket, Sir Peter, a brigadier in Braddock's
expedition, iv. 185; killed, 190; his re-
mains interred three years afterwards, 312.

Hall, Lyman, chosen delegate to the conti-
nental Congress from Georgia, vii. 207; is
admitted to their body, 357, 358.

Hallowell, Benjamin, comptroller of the cus-
toms at Boston, vi. 156 ; sent to London as
the emissary of Bernard and Hutchinson,
161; his representations there, 174.

Hamblin, John, has been confounded with
John Hampden, i. 412, note.

Hamburg, senate of, promote the embarka-
tion of continental troops, viii. 101.

Hamilton, Alexander, of New York, his early
historv and first appearance in public, vii.
79, 80; he writes in delence of liberty,
212-210; his artillery company, viii. 440;
serves a battery on the Raritan, ix. 201 ;
at the battle of* Trenton, 230; made secre-
tary to Washington, 335; is sent to Phila-
delphia, 401; is sent to Gates to demand
re-enf>reements, 432; his character, x.
409; his leaning to authority, 409; admires
the English constitution, 409 ; did not fully
appreciate the character of Washington,
410; earnestly desires a vigorous confeder-
ation and a strong government, 411, 412;
defects of his plan, 412; is full of hope for
his country, 413; advises to raise colored
troops, 291; leads a storming party at
Yorktown, 519; his gallant behavior at
that time, 520; testifies to Lee's inactivity
at Monmouth, 131, note ; leaves the army,
and studies law, 569; favors a stronger
government, 570; elected to Congress, 570;
comparison of him with Madison, 570.

Hami ton, Andrew, of Philadelphia, his tri-
umphant defence of popular liberty, iii.
393, 394; governor of West New Jersey,
iii 47.

Hamilton, Lieutenant-Governor of Detroit,
excites the Indians against the Americans,
vii. 279; promises the assis'ance of the
Indians acainst the Americans, ix. 151;
sends out parties of Indians against the
American frontiers, 377, x. 197; gives re-
wards for scalps^ 198; excites the Indians
against the settlers, 198, 199; is taken
prisoner with his garrison, 301.
Hamilton, William, of Philadelphia, viii.
387.

VOL. X.

Hamilton, William Gerard, one of the Board
of Trade, iv. 297, 375

Hampden, John, did not embark for Amer-
ica, i. 411, 412; the maxim of his life, 412,
note.

Hampshire county courts are broken up, vii.
103; volunteers from this county march
towards Boston, 120.

Hampton, in Virginia, blockaded by Dun-
more, viii. 221; he intends to destroy the
town, but is successful iy resisted, 221.

Hampton Court, conference at i. 295.

Hanau, zeal of the hereditary prince to ob-
tain recruits for the king of England, viii.
2G6 ; his meanness, 266 ; his imperfect Eng-
lish, 266, 207.

Hanbury, John, and his associates obtain a
large grant of land in the Ohio Valley, iv.
42.

Hancock, John, sends a valuable ship to sea
without stamped papers, v. 374; chosen
representative from Boston, vi. 7, 284 ;
seizure of his sloop " Liberty," 155; fclected
to a convention of the people, 193 ; arrested
by the crown officers, 213; Hancock in
Faneuil Hall, 309; one of a committee to
demand the removal of the troops, 343; his
zeal for liberty abates, 403; the king hopes
to win him to his side, 407 ; disapproves of
committees of correspondence, 425; refuses
to serve on the committee, 429; denounces
Hutchinson and Oliver, 401; his share in
the affair of the Boston tea-party, 473, et
seq. ; moderator of town meeting called in
reference to the expected arrival of tea,
474; is willing to spend fortune and life in
the cause of liberty, 479; his brave speech
on the fifth of March, 508; commands the
Boston cadets, vii. 37; Gage is required to
seize him, but dares not attempt it, 37;
Gage revokes his commission, 101; is
elected president of the provincial Congie'-.s,
153; one of the committee of safety, 153;
Gage hopes to seize him at Lexington, 288,
he retires to Woburn, 292; is chosen presi-
dent of the second continental Congress,
378; proscribed by Gage, 391; president
of the continental Congress, viii. 392; a
vain, negligent man, x. 501; vetoes an
important act of the legislature, 571.

Hand, colonel of riflemen, retires before Corn-
wallis, ix. 84; retreats from Long Island,
103: guards the causeway at Frog's Neck,
175; his successful attack, 178; is with
Washington in the battle of Trenton, 230,
234; and at the battle of Princeton, 249.
Hand, Edward, lieutenant-colonel of a Penn-
sylvania regiment, viii. 64.
Hanoverian troops taken into British pay,
viii. 101; they are sent to Gibraltar and
Port Muhon, 160.
Hansford. Thomas, the first American mar-
tyr for liberty, ii 231.
Harcourt, Lieutenant-Colonel, takes General

Lee prisoner, ix. 210.
Ilanhvicke, Earl of, invited to enter the cab-
inet of George III, v. 139; his refusal,
139.

42

658

GENERAL IXDEX.

Hardwieke, Earl of (Philip Torke), lord
chancellor, admits tlic power of Parlia-
ment to tax the colonies, iv. 33, 34; places
the military in the colonies above the civil
power, 221); joins with Newcastle and
others against Pitt, 408.

Hardy, Sir Charles, governor of New York,
iv. 222; governor of New Jersey, 440; in
command of a powerful British fleet, fails to
engage the enemy, x 249.

Haring, of the New York provincial assemblv,
viii. 439.

Hariot, the historian of Raleigh's expedition
to North Caroliua, i. 96; describes the
natives, 98.

Harnett, Cornelius, of North Carolina, he
and others burn Fort Johnston, viii. 95;
president of the provincial Congress, 98;
is excepted by Sir Henry Clinton from par-
don, 358.

Harrington, Caleb, slain at Lexington, vii.
294/

Harrington, Jonathan, slain at Lexington,
vii. 294.

Harris, James, earl of Malmesbury, British
envoy at St. Petersburgh, x. 242, 257,
2G6. 208; his interview with Prince Po-
temkin, 208, 274; and with the empress
Catharine1, 269; his vain endeavor to de-
tach her from the northern alliance, 273,
274; is outwitted by Russian diplomacy,
278.

Harrison. Benjamin, a member of the first
continental Congress, vii. 130; his impru-
dent speech, 130 : he opposes the measures
of resistance advocated by Washington and
Patrick Henry, 273; his resolute spirit,
vLi. 38; one of a committee of Congress to
visit the camp at Cambridge, 111; mem-
ber of a committee of correspondence, 142;
member of a committee sent to New York,
279; his speech on opening the ports, 314;
for independence, 320; one of the commit-
tee for treaties with foreign powers,
393 ; ix. 52 ; objects to encroachment on
Virginia, 56.

Harrison, Joseph, collector of the port of
Boston, vi. 156 ; reports a general spirit of
insurrection, 160.

Harrison, lieutenant-colonel in the American
army. ix. 329.

Harrod, James, a pioneer settler of Kentucky,
vii. 306, 367; his character, 367.

Harrod, William, a captain of backwoods-
men, x. 195.

Hartford settled, ii. 283; sends relief to the
suffering people of Boston in 1774, vii. 73;
treats witli great respect the delegates from
Massachusetts. 106.

Hartley, David, in Parliament opposes the
employment of German mercenaries, viii.
269; member of Parliament, sends infor-
mation to Franklin, ix. 485; Franklin's
reply, 485; his attempt with Franklin in
behalf of Lord North, 497; Franklin's re-
ply, 497.

Hartshorne, Thomas, slain at Haverhill, iii.
215.

Harvard College founded, i. 415, 459; liber-
ality of the people towards it, 459.

Harvey, Sir John, governor of Virginia, i.
197; unfriendly to the privileges of the
colonists, 198; deposed and impeached,
201; resumes his government, 201; super-
seded, 202 ; his administration unfairly de-
scribed, 201-203.

Haslet, Colonel, of Delaware, his successful
attack, ix. 178; at White Plains, 181;
slain in the battle of Princeton, 248.

Havana captured, iv. 444-446; exchanged
for the Floridas, 451.

Haverhill, Mass., destroyed by Indians, iii.
215; savage scenes enacted there, 215,
216.

Haviland, Colonel, leads a party from Crown
Point to Montreal, iv. 360.

Hawcs, Colonel, commands a regiment at
Hobkirk's Hill, x. 486, 487.

Hawkins, Sir John, arrives in Florida, i. 65;
his kindness to the French colonists there,
66; first English slave-trader, 172.

Hawley, Joseph, of Northampton, Mass., his
pure life, vi. 38; representative of the town,
38; denies the right of Parliament to legis-
late for America, 38, 39; his great infhi-
ence, 39; bis bill to compensate sufferers
from the stamp act, 40; his report to the
assembly, 420; assists Samuel Adams with
his sound legal knowledge, 448.467; his
brave spirit, 507; the great patriot, his en-
ergetic words to the delegates of Massa-
chusetts, vii 102; with New England only
he would resist the whole force of Great
Britain, 125; advises independence, and a
national parliament of two houses, viii.
136.

Hawley, William, governor of Carolina, ii.
130.

Hawthorne, Major William, of Salem, makes
a patriotic speech, ii. 82; counsels resist-
ance to prerogative, 88.

Hayes, Colonel, hanged in violation of a
parole, x. 458.

Hayne, Colonel Isaac, hanged by order of
Lord Rawden, x. 492 ; the execution illegal,
492.

Haynes, John, arrives in Boston, i. 364; goes
to Connecticut, 397.

Haynes, Josiah, of Sudbury, eighty years
of age, in the field at Concord, vii. 304; he
is slain, 306.

Hayward, James, of Acton, slain while pur-
suing the British from Concord, vii. 306.

Havward, John, the historian of Tennessee,
vi. 381, note, 401.

Heard, Colonel Nathaniel, of New Jersey,
disarms the Tories on Long Island, viii.
276.

Heath, Sir Robert, has a patent of Carolina,
ii. 130

Heath, William, of Roxbury, Mass., member
with Adams and dishing of a select com-
mittee, vi. 469; elected brigadier-general,
viii. 31; ordered to New York, 303; com-
mands at Kingsbridge, near New York,
ix. 101; his dishonesty, 118; marches to

GENERAL INDEX.

659

White Plains, 178; with Washington at
the Highlands, 187; is placed in command
there, 187; disregards the assumed author-
ity of Lee, 214, 206 ; his bombast at Kings-
bridge, 252; his disrespect to Washington,
337.

Heister, lieutenant-general of Hessian troops,
viii. 2J5; his character, 2G5; re-enforces
the army of Howe on Long Island, ix. 85;
encamped at New Iiochelle, 178; marches
on White Plains, 180; he is at Middlebush,
N. J., 352; retreats to Amboy, 354; is re-
called for his humanity to his troops, 314;
dies of wounded feeling, 314.

Hemp and flax, colonial, Grenville grants a
bounty on, v. 183, 184.

Hendrick, chief of the Mohawks, iv. 89, 122;
slain at Lake George, 210.

Hendricks, captain in a Pennsylvania regi-
ment, viii. 04; his noble aspect, 04; joins
the expedition against Quebec, 191; slain
in the assault on that place, 210.

Henley, Robert (Lord Northington), becomes
lord chancellor, iv. 274.

Henley, Thomas, of Charlestown, in Massa-
chusetts, slain, ix. 131.

Hennepin, Louis, joins La Salle, iii. 103;
traverses the Illinois region, 105; ascends
the Mississippi to the Falls of St. Anthony,
1GG ; his captivity among the Sioux, 107 ;
enters the English service, 202; his false
statements, 202, 203.

Henry VIII., a pope in his own dominions,
i. 275; enforced the doctrines of the Rom-
ish church, 270; his inexorable severity,
276.

Henry, Alexander, his " Travels in Canada,"
quoted, v. 121, note.

Henry the Fowler, his successful reign, x.
66.

Henry, Patrick, his early history, v. 172; his
first case in court, 173; his plea against
"the parsons," 174; gains the case, 175;
as a member of the colonial assembly, he
reports a series of patriotic resolutions, 275;
his daring speech, 277 ; his earnest disap-
proval of slavery, vi. 416, 417; advocates
the plan of inter-colonial committees, 455;
an austere patriot, vii. 52; compared to
Demosthenes, 85; a member of the First
Continental Congress, 127; his speech on
the manner of voting, 129; thinks a new
government should be instituted, 131; pre-
dicts war, 152; his opinion of Washington,
153 ; he moves that the colon}' of Virginia
be put in a posture of defence, 273 ; sup-
ports his motion by an energetic speech,
273, 274; a member of the second conti-
nental Congress, 353; made provincial
commander-in-chief in Virginia, viii. SO;
in theVirginia convention, 378, 430 ; elected
governor, 437; is consulted respecting
the occupation of the north-west, x. 194.

Henshaw, Colonel, of Massachusetts, at the
battle of Long Island, ix. 80, 89.

Herder, John Godfrey, sees the rising glories
of America, x. 89.

Herkimer, General, rouses the militia of

Tryon County to the relief of Fort Stanwix,
ix. 378; falls into an ambuscade, 378; is
mortally wounded, 379; the " hero of the
Mohawk Valley," 381; first turned the
tide of success in the northern department,
381.

Hertel de Rouville, leads an attack on Sal-
mon Falls, iii. 182; and on Casco, 183;
and on Deertield, 212; and on Haverhill,
214; his savage cruelty, 215.

Hesse Cassel, the prince of, offers a regiment
to George III., viii. 147; his meanness,
148; the Hessians a nation of soldiers, 200;
the landgrave, Frederick II., 200; his
coarseness and voluptuousness, 200, 201 ;
life at Cassel, 201; the prince sells his sub-
jects to George, 201 ; drives a hard bargain,
201, 202; a double subsidy, 202; an onerous
affair to England, 202; the landgrave's
meanness, 203; he gains on the killed and
wounded, on the sick, and on the clothing,
203; and in other ways, 204; number of
troops furnished and their character, 264,
205; the men reluctant to go, 204, 205;
character of the officers, 205; the troops
are got read}', 205; delay of England in
providing transports, 205; transports badly
fitted up, 200; frauds of contractors, 206;
the treaty under debate in Parliament, 208,
209 ; number of Hessians sent to America,
270; almost every family in mourning,
270; Frederic II. of Prussia is indignant,
270; furnishes recruits for the British
army, ix. 313, 314; men impressed for the
service, 474.

Hessian barbarity, x. 227.

Hessian troops land on Long Island, ix.
83, 85; attack the Americans, 91; their
great success, 92; their cruelty, 92; their
trifling loss, 95; they take possession of
New York city, 120; at the battle of
White Plains, 178—181 ; in the attack and
capture of Fort Washington, 185, 190-
193 ; and of Fort Lee, 195 ; at Rhode Island,
200; in New Jersey, 215; their rapacity,
210 ; their defeat and surrender at Trenton,
232-235; the Hessian troops greatly wasted
by the campaign, 314; forbidden to pa9S
through the Prussian dominions, x. 114;
two regiments taken prisoners at York-
town, 523.

Heth, William, lieutenant in Morgan's rifle
company, viii. 03; joins the expedition
against Quebec, 191 ; and in the assault on
that place, 209 ; a prisoner there, 210.

Hewes, Joseph, of North Carolina, viii.
95.

Higginson, Francis, one of the earliest minis-
ters of Salem, i. 345; his affecting farewell
at losing sight of England, 340; his death,
359.

Higginson, John, minister of Salem, his ar-
gument from Genesis, ii. 428.

Highland settlement at Darien, Georgia, iii.
427, 431; bravery of the settlers, 445.

Highlanders in America, iv. 250; their
bravery at Louisburg, 295; and at Ticon-
deroga, 303 ; in the expedition against

660

GENERAL INDEX.

Fort Duquesne, 308. 309 ; in the Cherokee
country, 351; in North Carolina, viii 92;
their large number, 93; are invited to rise
against the colonists, 94; the measure de-
feated, 90; Highlanders of the Valley
of the Mohawk, 272; they rally to the
king's standard, 272; they are over-
powered, 273; Highlanders in North Caro-
lina rise in arms, 284; their military
operations, 285-288; are defeated with loss
by Caswell, 288, 289; are disarmed and
crushed, 290.
Hill, John, brigadier-general, has command
of a land force lor the reduction of Canada,
iii. 221.
Hillsborough, Earl of (Willis Hill), comes
into office, iv. 220; first lord of the Board
of Trade, v. 148; disapproves of taxation
of the colonies by Parliament, 181; an
Irish, after 1772 a British, peer, opposes the
colonization of the Mississippi Valley, and
■why, vi. 33; department of the colonies
assigned to him, 109; his colonial policy,
110; his interview with \V. S. -Johnson,
agent for Connecticut, and the able defence
bv. Johnson of the rights of that colony,
lil-115; Hillsborough's purpose to abro-
gate colonial charters, 110; his duplicity
towards Massachusetts, 11G; his circular
letter to American governors, 143; he re-
quires Massachusetts to rescind its resolu-
tions against taxation, 144; is totally mis-
led by Bernard and Hutchinson, 152 ; orders
troops and ships of war to Boston, 153;
takes his opinions from Bernard, 171 ; his
duplicity, 172; his arbitrary conduct, 216;
wishes to prevent the colonization of the
West, 222, 225; defeated in his plans
against American liberty, 235, 236; his in-
terview with the agents of the colonies,
238; confesses the revenue acts to be un-
wise and wrong, yet determines not to
have them repealed, 238, 239, 245; intends
to deprive Massachusetts of chartered
rights, 249 ; his blind adherence to the coun-
sel of Bernard, 318 ; is denounced in the
House of Commons, 362; perseveres in the
fixed purpose to subvert the charter of
Massachusetts, 371; forbids the legislature
of that province to tax the commissioners
of customs, 404, 409; infringes the liberties
of Georgia, 410; is compelled to resign
office, 421; moves an address in the House
of Lords denunciatory of Massachusetts,
vii. 178; insists on the submission of the
Americans, viii. 301; attacks the Duke of
Richmond in Parliament, ix. 482.

Hinckley, Thomas, governor of Plymouth,
ii. 447.

Hingham, Mass, disturbance at, i. 435; the
disturbers punished, 436.

Historian should be unbiassed, viii. 118.

Historic candor and love of truth, viii. 116 ;
it is possible, and why, 118.

History, its criterion, iii. 397; need of dili-
gent research, 397; need of impartiality,
398; mav be established as a science, and
how, 398; a record of truth, and of Divine

Providence, 398; emancipated from the
dictates of authority, iv. 4; records the
progress of the human race, 8,9; therefore
the most cheering of all pursuits, 10; must
not conceal faults, or neglect the influence
of principles, viii. 116, 117.

Hitchcock, General, brings aid to Washing-
ton at Princeton, ix. 239, 249.

Hobart, John Sloss, in the New York Con-
vention, ix. 33.

Hobkirk's Hill, battle of, x. 487.

Hog Island, in Boston harbor, skirmish
there, vii. 363.

Holderness, Earl of, succeeds Bedford as
Secretary of State for the colonies, iv. 87 ;
transferred to the Northern Department,
160; his imbecility, 93, 164; retires from
office, 391.

Holland and the United Provinces, engross
the carrying trade of the world, i. 215
(see New Netherlands); severe struggle
against England and France, ii. 3i3;
heroic conduct of the Dutch, 323; com-
mercial system of, iii. 115-

Holland, her sovereignty invaded by England,
iv. 234; in 1763, no longer a great mari-
time power, v. 13; political relations, 13;
liberty enjoyed, 13; champion of the free-
dom of the seas, 13 ; menaced by England,
vii. 246; application is made to, for the
Scottish brigade, viii. 148, 250; origin of
the brigade, 251; arguments for granting
the request, 251; arguments against it,

251, 252; the connection with England an
injury to Holland, 251; the free republic
of Holland should not war on Irec America,
252 ; unwillingness to offend England, 252 ;
the request refused, form of the refusal,

252, 253; menaced with war by England,
ix. 292; spirited conduct of the States
General, 293; its long-continued sufferings
for liberty, x. 58; ungenerous treatment
from England, 59; maintains the freedom
of the seas, 59; has strong sympathies for
America, 60; disregards an American
overture, 261. (See Dutch and Nether-
lands. )

Holland, Lord (see Fox, Henry).

Holhs, Thomas, foresees the approaching in-
dependence of America, iy. 450; waits
on Rockingham with threatening accounts
received from America, v. 341. 342; ex-
pects American independence, vi. 166; his
letter to Eliot quoted, 230.

Holmes, Admiral, commands part of the fleet
in the attack on Quebec, iv. 331.

Holmes, Obadiah, severely whipped, i. 450.

Holstein or Holsten river in Tennessee, peti-
tion of the inhabitants to the Virginia
Convention, viii. 376.

Holt, John, his printing office in Norfolk
plundered by Dunmore, viii. 220.

Hood, Samuel (afterwards Lord Hood), at
Boston, vi 161, 210, 247, 312.

Hood, Zachariah, distributor of stamps at
Annapolis, flees to New York for safety, v.
315.

Hooker, Rev. Thomas, arrives in Boston, i.

GENERAL INDEX.

661

305; his character, 365; goes to Connecti-
cut. 396; settles at Hartford, 397.

Hooper, .John, Bishop of Gloucester, a Puri-
tan, i. 289; a martyr. 280; his firmness,281.

Hooper, William, of North Carolina, viii. 97;
introduces into the Provincial Congress
Franklin's plan of a confederacy, 97;
drafts an address to the people of Great
Britain, 98; as delegate in Congress from
North Carolina, is averse to independence,
viii. 245; his house burned by Governor
Martin, 358; wishes to see slavery pass
nway, ix. 52; his high encomium on
Washington, 250.

Hopkins, Commodore Esek, censured for
misconduct in an action with the l> Glas-
gow " frigate, ix. 134.

Hopkins, Samuel, an eminent American
divine, his doctrine of disinterested love,
vi. 425; writes against slavery, viii. 322;
addresses a memorial to Congress respect-
ing it, 322.

Hopkins, Stephen, of Rhode Island, at Al-
bany, iv. 122 ; favors a tax by Parliament,
179; governor of Rhode Island, v. 217;
his patriotic sentiments, 271, 286, 290;
chief-justice of Rhode Island, his opinion
on the proceedings of the schooner '• Gas-
pee," vi. 418; asks advice of Samuel
Adams, 441; his brave conduct in the
affair, 451; a member of the first conti-
nental Congress, vii. 127; contends that
each colony have one vote, ix. 54. 55.

Hormansden, chief-justice of New York,
advises the abrogation of charters, vi. 451,
452.

Horry, Peter, colonel, takes part in the de-
fence of Charleston, viii. 402, 413.

Hosmer, Abner, of Acton, slain at Concord,
vii. 303

Hotham, Admiral, with his squadron, covers
the landing of troops on New York Island,
ix. 119.

House of Commons, on what its power
rested, iv. 19; how was itself governed,
160; able men in it, 160; impatient of its
subordination to the lords, 161; denies the
right in a colonial assembly to raise and
apply public money, 255; claims control
over American legislation, 255; how consti-
tuted, v. 38; inequality and imperfection
of the elective franchise, 39, 40; its exclu-
sive character, 40, 41; subordinate to the
aristocracy, 40, 41 (see Parliament) ; its
debates on the points in controversy with
the colonies, vii. 179; its unrelenting spirit
against America, 217; altercations among
its members, 218; refuses to receive Frank-
lin's petition, 218; declares Massachusetts
in rebellion, 222 (see Parliament); ani-
mated debate on the king's speech de-
nouncing the Americans as rebels, viii.
161, 162; its strong vote for coercive
measures, 161 ; debate on the treaties with
Brunswick and Hesse for the supply of
troops against American liberty, 268; de-
bate on the policy of the ministry, ix. 142-
144.

House of Lords, angry discussions in it, on
the defiant attitude of Massachusetts and
New York, vi. 65, 66, 245. 246, 497, 518;
vehement debate on the disobedience of
Massachusetts, vii. 178; debate on Chat-
ham's motion to remove the troops from
Boston, 196, et seq. ; fierce debates on the
controversy with America, 220, 226, 261,
262; Franklin's contempt for this body of
hereditary legislators, 222; supports' the
coercive measuresof the ministry, viii. 163;
debate on the treaties with Brunswick and
Hesse, 269; debate on making peace with
America, ix. 477, 482, 494.

Howard, John E., colonel, of Man-land,
commands a regiment at Cowpens, x.
463, 464.

Howard, Lord, of Effingham (see Effing-
ham).

Howard, Martin, chief-justice of North
Carolina, his bad character, vi. 184.

Howe, Captain, in the " Dunkirk," captures
the " Alcide " and the " Lys," iv. 183.

Howe, General Robert, of North Carolina,
his patriotism, viii 92; takes possession of
Norfolk, 228; his plantation ravaged by
Cornwallis, 358; and himself excepted
from pardon by Clinton, 358; arrives in
the vicinity of Charleston, 396; follows
Lee into Georgia, ix. 158.

Howe, General Robert (American), com-
mands at Savannah, x. 285.

Howe, Lord, his excellent character, iv. 294;
slain in a skirmish before Ticondero^a,
300, 301.

Howe, Lord, and General Howe, sent as
commissioners to America, viii. 300 ; powers
conferred on them, 360 ; Lord Howe wishes
well to the Americans, 361 ; insists on the
power of acting alone, 361.

Howe, Lord (Richard Howe), negotiates with
Franklin in behalf of the ministry, vii. 188;
he again sees Franklin, and proposes terms
of conciliation in behalf of Lord North, 242;
appo nted admiral and commander of the
naval forces on the American coast, 245;
sent out also as a pacificator, 245; a de-
scendant of George I., ix. 37 ; his character,
37 ; confidently expects peace, 38 ; does not
perceive how limited are his powers as a
commissioner, 38; arrives at Staten Island,
38; his declaration, 38; seeks intercourse
with Washington as a private man, 39, 41,
42; Washington declines the intercourse,
39,41,42; Howe's circular letters, 39; letters
to individuals, 39; he writes to Franklin,
42; Franklin's reply, 42; his disappoint-
ment, 44 ; Lord Howe once more proposes
Lord North's plan of conciliation, 82; the
proposal not received, 82; amount of the
naval force under his command. 85; fur-
nishes the land forces with powder at the
battle of Long Island, 92; he sends Sulli-
van to Congress, 108 ; Congress appoint a
committee to meet him, 112; interview of
Lord Howe with the committee, 110; the
interview leads to no good result, 117; his
declaration, 128; his proclamation of par-

662

GENERAL INDEX.

don to those who would submit, 199: its
effect) 199; Lord Howe and his brother
differ from Germain as to the conduct of
the war, 331; Germain gives them new in-
structions, 332; Lord Howe's fleet in the
Delaware, 429; his reputation, x. 145; ap-
pears off Khode Island, 147; is superseded
by Byron, 149; relieves Gibraltar, 581.

Howe, William (afterwards Sir William),
lieutenant colonel of light infantry in
Wolte's army, iv. 325; at the siege of
Havana, 444; elected to Parliament from
Nottingham, vii. 176 ; appointed com-
mander-in-chief in America, 188, 244;

, his incapacity, 244; his inconsistency
with foimer professions, 245; lands in
Boston with re-enforcements, 302, 379,
389; lands in Charlestown to attack the
Americans there, 413; requests that
Charlestown may be burned, 422; his first
. attack on the American line, 422; second
attack, 425; both attacks repulsed with
great slaughter, 420 ; Howe is left almost
alone, 426; escapes unhurt, 432; his attack
on Bunker Hill censured, viii. 25; takes
command of the army in Boston, 111;
disapproves the expedition to the Carolinas,
282; finds himself surpassed in skill by the
American officers, 296; his position in Bos-
ton rendered untenable, 2)6 ; proposes an
attack, 297; he finds himself compelled to
evacuate Boston, 298 ; his false pretences,
300: his precipitate retreat, 302; leaves
behind him ample supplies for the Ameri-
can army, 302; remains several days in
Nantasket Loads, 356; with a powerful
fleet and army arrives at Sandy Hook,
459; on Stateu Island, sends his adjutant-

, general to the American camp, ix. 42, 45 ;

1 agrees to an exchange of prisoners, 46; re-
ceives re-enforcements, 82; lands a power-
ful force on Long Island, 83; amount of his
force, 85; his plan of attack, 87; defeats
the Americans, 90-94; refuses to storm the
redoubt at Brooklyn, 95; his character
and aspect, 99; connected with the royal
family, 99; lethargic and slow, 99; addict-
ed to pleasure, 99 ; wanting in every great
quality, 99. his boastful exaggerations,
109; prepares to land on New York Isl md,
118; takes possession of the city, 120, 121;
is complimented by Germain, 140; de-
mands of the ministry large re-enforcements,
145; sails up the Hudson, and lands at
Frog's Neck, 175; marches for White
Plains, 177; ventures not to attack Wash-
ington, 180; but sends a division to attack
McDougal at Chatterton Hill, 181; the at-
tack at first not successful, 182; removes
to Dobbs's Ferry on Hudson Liver, 184;
takes Fort Washington on New York
Island, 190-193; joins Cornwallis at
Brunswick, 201 ; his slowness saves Wash-
ington, his army, and Philadelphia, 202 ;
supposing New Jersey conquered, returns
to New York, 215; refuses to see Lee, 215;
Howe and his mistress in New Y'ork, 227;
his high reputation there and in Europe,

226,227; the king honors him. 227; his
sluggishness, 242; invested with the Order
of the Bath, 241, 251; small success of the
British troops, 254; Howe sustained by
Lord North and the king, 312, 323; he
wishes no foreign officers, 314; is less hope-
ful of conquering America, 327, 333; calls
for large re-enforcements, 327, 332; he and
Lord Howe attempt to negotiate with
Washington, 328, 329; the overture re-
jected, 329; Howe's final plan, 333; his
letter to Carleton, 333; misses favorable
opportunities, 334; wastes time at New
York, 345; refuses to countenance the em-
ployment of Indians, 350; is supported by
Lord North, 350; his dilatory movements,
350; prepares to march on Philadelphia,
351; amountof his force, 351; Washington
outgenerals him, 351 ; he retreats to Bruns-
wick, 354; to Amboy, 355; and to Stuten
Island, 356; thus finally evacuating New
Jersey, 356; embarks for Philadelphia,
391; enters the Chesapeake, 391; strength
of his army, 392; lands at the Head of
Elk in Maryland, 393; begins his march.,
394; his feint at Milltown, 394; Washing-
ton again outgenerals him, 394; Howe's
personal courage, 400; his plan of battle
fails, 400: is detained from the pursuit of
Washington's army, 400, 401; crosses the
Schuylkill, 403; takes possession of Phila-
delphia, but fails in the great object of the
campaign, 404; his camp at Germantown,
423; is surprised there, 425; his troops
repel the attack, 427; he fortifies himself
in Philadelphia, 429: offers his resignation
of his command, 432; plans an attack on
Washington, 452; his first advance, 453;
its failure, 453; second advance, 453; fears
to attack, 454; returns to Philadelphia,
454; his unsuccessful attempt to entrap
and capture Lafayette, x. 119, 120 ; his char-
acter, 120; his want of enterprise, fondness
for pleasure, 121; his lack of military skill
and judgment, 121; his farewell to the
American shore, 119; thinks the contest
hopeless, 141.

Huddy, Joshua, murdered by loyalists, x.
502.

Hudson, Henry, endeavors to discover a
north-east passage to China, ii. 265; ex-
plores the American coast 266; enters the
harbor of New Y'ork, 267; sails up the
North river, 268; returns to Europe, 209;
is detained in England, 273: his last voy-
age, 273; enters Hudson's Bay, 274; hi3
death, 274.

Hudson river discovered, i. 38.

Hudson's Bay discovered, i. 82,274; hostile
operations there, iii. 178, 179, 199.

Huger, General Isaac, of South Carolina, x.
316.

Huguenots, in Canada, i. 26, 28; in Florida,
61; massacre of, 70; emigrate to South
Carolina, ii. 174-183; their condition in
France, 175; excluded from office. 176;
"dragooned," 177; forbidden to emigrate,
177; enormities suffered by them, 178;

GENERAL INDEX.

G63

their steadiness under suffering, 179; mul-
titudes emigrate, 179; to New England,
New York," especially to South Carolina,
180; whole number of emigrants, half a
million, 180; sufferings of Judith M.mi-
gault, 180; descendants of Huguenots, their
services, 182; in South Carolina enfran-
chised, iii. 14, 17.

Humanity of American officers and soldiers,
x. ;j49,*562, 564; of SirGuy Carleton, 5G3;
of General Leslie, 565.

Human race, unity of the, iv. 5, G; progress
everywhere manifest, 8, 9.

Human sacrifices offered by Indians, iii. 289.

Hume, David, his tribute to the memory of
the Puritans, i. 291; the correspondent of
Franklin, iv. 3G8; character of his mind
and of his history, viii. 173; his sentiments
touching the American controversy, 173;
his philosophy, 3G6; advises Kngland to
give up the war with America, ix. 74.

Humphrey, John, one of the patentees of
Massachusetts, i. 340; remains in England,
355 ; defends the colony, 405.

Humphreys, John, lieutenant in Morgan's
rifle company, viii. G3; joins the expedition
against Quebec, 191; taken prisoner there,
210.

Hundred Associates, The, obtain a grant of
New France, iii. 119; they resign the prov-
ince to the king, 148.

Hunt, Robert, i. 118; his eminent services to
the colon}' of Virginia, 125.

Hunter, James, general of the regulators of
North Carolina, vi. 394, 395, proscribed by
Tryon, 396.

Hunter, Robert, Governor of New York, iii.
64; his contest with the assembly, 04, 65.

Huntington, Jcdediah, colonel of a Connecti-
cut regiment on Long Island, ix. 88; at
Danbury, Conn., 346.

Huron-Iroquois. (See Wyandots.)

Ilurous visited by Champlain, i. 29; Jesuit
mission among them, iii. 122, et seq. (see
Missions); exterminated by the Iroquois,
138-140; some of them incorporated with
their conquerors, 142, 177, 244 ; peace made
with them, 211.

Husbands, Herman, of Orange County, North
Carolina, his advice to an oppressed people,
vi. 35; is arrested, 188; is insulted and
harassed, 188 ; representative of Orange in
the Assembly, 382; is expelled without
good cause, and kept in prison, 383 ; bail
refused him, 383 ; a price set on his head,
39G.

Huske, Ellis (son of Ellis Huske, of Ports-
mouth, N. II., educated at Boston), v. 170;
advised the stamp tax, 170; betra\-ed his
native land, 170, 171; his speech in Par-
liament, 170, note ; wishes for delay, 183,
188.

Huske, John, his letter quoted, v. 179, note.

Hutcheson, Francis, a British writer, asserts
the right of America to independence, iv.
181.

Hutchinson, Ann, the leader of the Antino-
mians, in Massachusetts, i. 388 j exiled,

391; her opinions compared with those of
Descartes, 391; goes to Rhode Island, 393;
removes to the Dutch territory, 394; she
and her family slain by Indians, 394, ii.
290.

Hutchinson, Thomas, his inaccuracy, i. 443,
note ; at Albany, iv. 27 ; his character, 27,
28 ; sordid, selfish, unprincipled, 28 ; advises
the coercion of the colonies, 29, 32; pro-
poses the displacement of the paper cur-
rency by coin, 51; drafts a pusillanimous
state paper, 269; appointed ehie!Ljustiec of
Massachusetts, 379; as such heard argu-
ments on the question of granting writs of
assistance, 414; his subserviency to the
British ministry, 418, 429; holds too many
offices, 431; threatt-ns in his posthumous
history to take vengeance on those who
opposed him, 449 ; elected agent in London
for Mas-achusetts, v. 176; is excused, 176;
remonstrates against parliamentary taxa-
tion of the colonics, 200, et seq. ; utterly de-
nies the right, 206; his pusillanimity, 299;
his history published, 228 ; its great merit,
223; his letters quoted, 248; he defends the
stamp act as legally right, and admonishes
the people to obey, 272; is baffled in the
endeavor to disperse the patriotic move-
ments of the people, 310, 311; universally
distrusted, 312; his furniture and papers
destroyed, 313; flees to the castle, 314; is
compensated for his losses on account of

; the stamp act, vi. 40; his hypocrisy un-
masked, 41; date of the revolt as assigned
by him, 41; usurps a seat in council. 50,
70; deceives the liberal statesmen of Eng-
land, 69; appointed on a committee to
settle the boundary with New York, 54,
55; obtains a grant from Massachusetts,
116; wishes troops sent to Boston, 133;
fails of an election to the council, 151, 152;
a pensioner of England, 152; a falsehood
of his, 152; he wishes Samuel Adams
"taken off," 192, while admitting his un-
sullied purity, 192; his treacherous recom-
mendations to the British ministry, 249,
250 ; recommends " an abridgment of Eng-
lish liberties," 250; his letters quoted, 250;
is busy in getting evidence against Samuel
Adams, 251; succeeds Bernard as governor,
303; brief sketch of his previous life and
character, 303, et seq. ; his duplicity, 304;
his sympathy with Bernard, 303, 305; a
trimmer and time-server, 305; his servility
to great men, 305; his complicity with
those who sought the utter subversion of
colonial liberty, 306, 307 (see American
Letters) ; yet wishes to keep in the dark,
307; his sons recreant to freedom, 308;
their names recorded as infamous, 311 ; he
advises the ministry to deprive Boston, his
native town, of its municipal government,
312,313; orders a new supply of tea for his
sons, 313; is a large importer of it, 329;
prorogues the Massachusetts Assembly,
328; his altercation with the merchants
about tea, 329, 330; he capitulates, 330;
his cringing servility, 330, 331; is despised

664

GENERAL INDEX.

and taunted with his old frauds and days
of smuggling, 333; insulted by the press,
333; tries to evade the demand for the
removal of the troops, 342; is overawed bv
Samuel Adams, 344, 345; and vields, 34G;
is governed by the advice of Bernard, and
thereby involved in needless difficulties,
358, 359 ; convenes the legislature at Cam-
bridge, 359 ; tells a lie about it, 359 ; over-
acts his part, 3G4; delivers up Castle
William to the king's troops, 369, 370;
flees for safety to the castle, 370; advises
the abrogation of the charter of Massachu-
setts, 372; opposes Franklin, 376; vetoes
a tax-bill, because it imposed on the roval
commissioners equal burdens with other
people, 404; and his thanksgiving procla-
mation in 1771, 408; his shameful conduct,
409 ; wishes Americans carried to England
for trial and punishment, 251, 373, 419;
refuses to answer the inquiries of the town
of Boston, 427, 428; ridicules the efforts of
the patriots, 431; his secret letters dis-
covered and sent to Massachusetts, 435,
436; challenges the legislature of the prov-
ince to discuss with him the supreme
power of Parliament, 445; answer of the
council, 448; answer of the House, 448,
449 ; the governor foiled at his own weapons
by Samuel Adams, 450; disputes with the
House on the salaries of the judges, 452;
claims that Massachusetts is a feudatorv
of the crown of England, 453; wishes the
ministry to coerce the province, 453, 454;
his letters are published far and wide, and
prove him to be a consummate villain, 462,
el sent. ; his extreme dejection, 463; ruin
of all his prospects, 463; his testimony to
the exalted character and controlling* in-
fluence of Samuel Adams, 469, note; his
pusillanimity, 476; orders the great meet-
ing at the Old South Church to disperse,
479; the order received with derision, 479;
he finds he can do nothing, 487; address
to him on his leaving Massachusetts, vii.
46 j he embarks for England, 56; is hur-
ried into the royal presence, and gives ialse
information, which misleads the king, 71 ;
becomes a lavorite of the monarch, 72; his
confident promises to the ministry, 282;
sinks into neglect and insignificance, 342;
advises to close the port "of Boston, his
native city, viii. 127.
Hutchinson* Thomas and Elisha, sons of
Governor Hutchinson, importers of tea con-
trary to the non-importation agreement, vi.
311; violate their agreement, 329; refuse
to resign their appointment as consignees
of tea, 474.
Hyde, Edward, Earl of Clarendon (see Clar-
endon, Earl oj).
Hyde, Edward (Lord Cornbury), governor of
North Carolina, iii. 22, 23; of New Jersey,
48.

Iberville, Lernoine d', dispossesses the Eng-
lish of their ports in Hudson's Bav, iii.
179, 180; takes part in the attack on Sche-
nectady, 182; captures Pemaquid, 189;
victorious again in Hudson's Bay, 199;
leads a colony to the lower Mississippi,
200; builds a fort on its bank, 203; his
death, 205 ; state of Louisiana at his death.
205.
Icelandic voyages to North America, i. 5 ; the

story discredited, 5, iii. 313.
Illicit trade practised, iv. 85, 147, 376, 377;

on the coast of Spanish America, x. 48.
Illinois country, French officers in, v. 118;
passes into the hands of the English, 336;
the Indians threaten war, but are pacihed,
337; white and black population of the
valley of the Illinois, 338; plan for coloniz-
ing it, vi. 32, et seq. ; to be the home of the
free, 33: its scanty population in 1768, 223;
the Indians there mostly exterminated,
297, 298; the settlers oppressed bv the
British government, 411; they set* up a
government of their own, 412; thev per-
sist in the affair notwithstanding the'frown
of the Bnti-h government, 471, 472; their
indignant protest, 472; infested by the
Iroquois, iii. 151; visited bv Jesuits, 155;
traversed bv Marquette ami Joliet, 161;
and by La Salle, 165, 167; held bv the
French, 177, 195; missions there, 195* 196;
first permanent settlement, 195.
Illinois river, military operations thereon, x.
198, et seq. ; that country permanently
secured to the United States, and how,
202. '

Illinois tribe of Indians, iii. 146, 165, 177.
241. '

Impartiality in history, how to be main-
tained, viii. 119; aiways wins sympathy
and belief, 120; with regard to men an'd
States, 120; British writers have failed in
it with regard to America, and why, 120,
121; haughtiness their prevalent* error,
121; why Americans can more easily be
impartial, 121; citizens of a republic less
likely to speak ill of princes than men of
rank, and why, 122: Americans discrimi-
nate between the English people and a
transient ministry, 122.
Importation of British goods decided against,

vi. 98, 103, 150 (see Non-importation).
Importations from England into the colonies,
great increase of, v. 429; merchants of
New York resolve to discontinue them,
351, 352.
Improvement the universal desire, iv. 10; its

successive steps, 11.
Incarnation, Mary of the, iii. 127.
Independence, Fort (see Fort Independence).
Independence, legislative,claimed by the colo-
nies, iv. 3, et seq. ; tendency to indepen-
dence in 1748, 25; the opening scene in the
strugsle for independence, 35; right of
America to independence, 181 ; principles
of independence disavowed, 269; Governor

GENERAL INDEX.

665

Pownal predicts independence, 297, 3G9;
Pratt (Lord Camden) predicts it, 380;
Thomas Hollis predicts it, 450; the inde-
pendence of the British colonies a matter
of course on the cession of Canada, 4(30,
461; in prospect, v. 193, 194; broadly
hinted at, 289; the desire for it disavowed,
vi. 73 ; but foreseen by discerning men, 26,
67, 84, 95; Samuel Adams distinctly aims
at it, 192, 253, 449, 469 ; French statesmen
foresee it, 244; the prospect brightens,
464; Samuel Adams the first person that
openly declared for independence, 469,
note • increasing spirit of, 505, 506 ; the
independence of America advocated by
Josiah Tucker and John Cartwright, 514-
516; the idea disclaimed, vii. 82; fore-
shadowed, 84; foreseen by Vergennes, 90;
not yet desired, 138, 150; the idea scarcely
entertained till the battle of Lexington
and Concord, 301 ; becomes the desire of
some leading men, but cannot immediately
be declared, 354; the desire for it dis-
claimed by the provincial Congress of New
York, 392; independence declared by the
county of Mecklenburg, North Carolina,
372, 373; virtually included in the plan of
confederation proposed by Franklin, viii.
54; proposed by James Warren of Massa-
chusetts, 136; Joseph Hawleysees in inde-
pendence the only solution of existing
difficulties, 136; George II [. of England the
real author of American indepen 'ence,
175; Washington's mind fully made up
for independence, 235 ; opinion of Greene,
235; change of popular opinion in favor of
it, 236; Paine's pamphlet "Common
Sense," 236-241; the pamphlet opportune
and widely circulated, 242; moderate men
opposed to independence, 242, et seq. ;
New Hampshire hesitates, Portsmouth in
particular, 243; yet progress was con-
tinually made toward independence; it
came of necessity, 247 ; sprang from the
people, was the dictate of comm n-
sen-e, 248; a virtual declaration of inde-
pendence, 323; North Carolina the first
colony to vote an explicit sanction to inde-
pendence, 352; Virginia convention in-
structs its delegates in Congress to propose
a declaration of independence, 378; reso-
lutions for independence moved and
seconded in Congress, 389 ; independence
not sudden; it had been amply discussed,
434; the colonies had severally instructed
their delegates on the subject, 449; Con-
gress declares the United Colonies to be
Free and Independent States, 459; state
of the vote, 459 ; its immediate effects, ix.
31; proclaimed to the army, 34; the act of
the people, 37; its aspect on the nations of
Europe, 37; the declaration signed by
every member of Congress, 41; first cele-
bration of the declaration, 357; of the
"United States, decided in part by the sym-
pathies of foreign powers, x. 36; many
true friends of liberty in England reluctant
(to grant it, 40 ; French statesmen averse to |

it, 42; Spain averse to it, 50, 157, etseq.,
164, 181, et seq., 190; Denmark disinclined,
also Austria, 53, 56; Holland desires it,
60; warm sympathy for the American
cause entertained bv Frederic of Prussia,
102, 100, 114; 115;"the spirit of indepen-
dence remains firm in America, 177, 506;
France insists on American independence,
189; Fox, Pownall, Conway, Barrington,
and other British statesmen favor it, 142,
143, 246; Congress insists on indepen-
dence, 214, 220; acknowledged bv France,
117; by Holland, 527; by Spain, 527;
independence steadily conceded bv Eng-
land, 546, 547, 553, 557, 560,576, 578;
formally acknowledged by treaty, 591.

Independence, Mount (see Mount InclejieTi-
dence).

Independents, to be distinguished from the
Puritans, i. 288; cruelly persecuted, 290;
many went into exile, 200; party of the
Independents in England, ii. 9, et seq. ;
represented by Vane and Cromwell, 11 ;
sustained by the army, 12; army seizes
the king, 14.

Indiana, its settlement begun, iii. 346.

Indian mission and village at Ogdensburg, iv.
31 ; Indians in Nova Scotia, 47.

Indians carried off as slaves, i. 16, 36, 54;
harsh treatment of, 45,47-50; Indians m
Virginia, 179; their inconsiderable num-
bers, 180; their ignorance and simplicity,
181 ; are taught the use of lire-arms, 181 ;
massacre the whites, 182; a second massa-
cre, 208; disappear from the soil, but their
memory remains in the names of rivers
and mountains, 209 ; friendly relations
with the colony of Massachusetts, 363;
Pequod war, 398-402; Pequods reduced to
slavery, 402; number of Indians in 1675,
ii. 93; efforts of Eliot to christianize the
Indians, 94; of Mayhew, son and father,
97; inquisitive spirit of the Indians, 95, 96;
the Bible in the Indian language, 95; the
"praying Indians," 97; Indian war of
1675, its causes, 98, 99 ; jealousy of Philip,
100; commencement of the war accidental,
100; the colonists surprised and appalled,
101: prognostics of the conflict, 102; hor-
rors of the war, 103; " great swamp light,"
105; distress of the Indians, 105; of the
colonists, 106, 107, 109 ; losses sustained by
the colonists, 109; Indian war in Virginia,
215, 216; Indian war against the Dutch in
New Netherland, 288, et seq. ; Indian
ravages, 290; peace restored, 293; friendly
relations between the Quakers and Indians,
358; the Iroquois, or Five Nations, 415
(see Iroquois); missions prosecuted by the
Jesuits among the Indians (see Missions);
instances of Indian ferocity, iii. 134, 137-
141, 145, 179, 180, et seq. ; cannibalism of
the Indians, 134, 145; cruelties of the
Indians at Deerfield and Haverhill, 212-
216; bounty offered for Indian scalps, 217;
estimated Indian population, 253; Indian
languages, 254, et seq. (see Languages);
the ancestors of the Indians must have

666

GENERAL INDEX.

been like themselves, 265; manners and
customs, 2GG; Indian habitations, 206;
marriage, its limitations, 2G7; how con-
tracted, 2G7; existence of polygamy, 267;
divorce permitted, 207; childbirth easy
and speedy, 2G8; love of mothers fo? their
children, 268: children, how treated, 269;
how educated, 209, 270; employments of
the men, 270; of the women, 270; the
Indian's wife his slave, 271; the calendar
of the Indian, 271 ; lives by the chase, 271 ;
and on maize, 272; Indian hospitality,
272; indulgence at festivals, 272; suffering
from famine, 273; treatment of the sick
and the aged, 273; clothing of the Indian,
273, 274; ornaments, 274; political institu-
tions, absence of law, 275; every man his
own protector, 275; revenge frequent and
severe, 27G; the family, 27G; the tribe a
union of families, 27G, 277; succession of
chiefs, how determined, 277; the authority
of the chief, how limited, 277 ; councils,
how conducted, 270; the calumet of peace,
280; war the Indian's delight, 281); how
conducted, 282; captives, how treated,
283; scenes of unutterable horror, 284;
cannibalism, 284; religion, no conception
of a supreme, spiritual, self-existent Deity,
285; every mysterious influence deified,
28G ; worship never paid to living or de-
ceased men, 287 ; but spirits are every-
where, 287; the Manitou, 287, 288; sacri-
fices offered, 288, 280; human sacrifices,
280; gifts of tobacco, 280, 200; Indian
penances, 200; yows of chastity, 200;
Indian fasts, 291; atonement for sin, 201;
guardian nngels, 201; the medicine man,
201; faith in his power, 202; no sacred
days or places, 203; faith in dreams, 204;
belief in a future state, 295; provision
made for the departed, 295 ; the world of
shades, sometimes visited by the living,
296; the sitting posture in burial, 297;
animals believed to be immortal. 298; the
Indian paradise, 299; bones of the dead
collected by the Ilurons, 299; veneration
for the dead, 299; in natural endowments
the Indians like other people, 300, 301 ; but
deficient in imagination, the reasoning
faculty, and the moral qualities, 302; there
is an inflexibility of character which has
resisted the efforts of benevolence for their
improvement, 303, 304; peculiar physiog-
nomy and bodily organization, 305; j'et
improvement has begun among the Chero-
kees and other south-western tribes, 30G;
the origin of the American Indian cannot
be made out from the mounds of the west,
307; nor from tradition, 300; nor from
analogies of language, 310; nor from simi-
larity of customs, 311, 312; nor from the
knowledge of astronomy, 314; neither
Israelites, 311, nor Carthaginians, 312,
nor Chinese, 313, were the ancestors of
our Indians; resemblance of the American
and Mongolian races, 317; in the Congress
at Albany, iv. 28, 88, 122; Indians of the
Ohio valley friendly to the English, 41;

protest against the claims of France, 43;
Indians in Nova Scotia protect against the
English claim, 47; Indians beyond the
Alleghanies receive Girt, 77; their jealousy
of the English, 03, 94; friendly to the
English, 96, 07; protest against French
occupation of Ohio, 107, 100; Mingo In-
dians attack the French, 118; Indians
make war on the English, 1G0: defeat the
army of Braddock, 188, et m-(/. ; southern
Indians friendly to the English, 193;
northern Indians join with the French,
200, 210; ravages of Indians in Virginia,
224; they drive the white people wholly
out of the western valley, 224; while the
Six Nations are in general neutral, the
Oneidas take part with the French, 250
(see Cherokees); their inroads and horrid
barbarities, 137; praised for this by Lord
Germain, secretary of war, 138; "British
treasury provides their sealping-knives,
152; Indian massacre at Wyoming and
Cherry Valley, 137, 152; again employed'
by British agents, 105, et set], ; Try on,
William Franklin, and other refugees ad-
vise their employment, 222; congress of,
at Fort Stanwix, vi. 227 (see Cherokees);
British governors threaten to employ them
against the colonists, vii. 117; they have
full authority to employ them, 118; Chat-
ham and Burke protest against the
measure, 118; the horrors of Indian war-
fare described, 120; murders perpetrated
by them, 1G4; the backwoodsmen take
revenge, 165; great battle with the In-
dians in West Virginia, 108, 169; the
king and ministry give orders to Gage to
employ them against the Americans, 222;
measures taken to avert their hostility,
270, 280; George III. specially desirous to
rouse them against the co onists, 349; no
English precedents for employing Indians
in war, 118; a lew of the Stockbridge
tribe in the American army, viii. 43; Brit-
ish authorities excite the savages to war
against the colonies, 55, 88; the}- join Car-
leton and forsake him, 186; he will not
allow them to ravage the frontier, 186;
Indians not employed by the American
authorities, 418; an Indian council, 418;
they agree to remain neutral, 419; Indians
under Foster attack the fort at the Cedars,
427; their savage cruelty to prisoners,
427; promise of their aid against the
Americans, ix. 151; Indian war in the
mountains of Carolina and Georgia, 159,
et seq. ; the Indians totally defeated, 161,
162; the king gives peremptory orders to
empW savages, 321; Sir William Howe
never encouraged the employment of
savages, 350; Burgoyne's speech to a con-
gress of savages, 363, 364; the reply, 364;
his regulation about scalping, 364; mur-
der of Jane McCrea, 371; Burgoyne's
opinion of the Indians, 371; yet resolves
to employ them, 371; the king and Ger-
main bent on employing them, 376 ; a
large Indian force accompanies St. Leger

GENERAL INDEX.

667

against fort Stanwix, 377; they waylay
General Herkimer, 378; a terrible conflict,
379 ; they are repulsed with severe loss, 379 ;
torture and kill their captives, 379; canni-
balism, 380, note; Indians cannot be con-
trolled, 381; description of them by a
Brunswick officer, 382; Indians sent in
Baum's expedition, 383; to be employed
against the revolted colonies, x. 123, 151,
284.

Indians of the South, peace made with them,
v. 107.

Indians of the West, uneasy at the presence
of the English in 1703, v. Ill; conspiracy
formed for their expulsion, 111; the tribes
engaged in it, 112; the forts taken by
them, 118, et seq. ; ravages committed,
123; end of the war, 104; treaty of peace,
211; Indians of Illinois and Missouri
threaten war, 33(3, 337.

Indies, East, war in, iii. 452.

Indiscretion of Howe, 121; of Sullivan, 148.

Individual right as opposed to the supremacy
of Parliament, 39.

Industry may follow the bent of its own
genius, iv. 13; of Ireland repressed by
law, v. 73; and of America. 206, 237, 288.

Inlluence of American ideas on Europe, x.
35.

Informer tarred and feathered in Boston, vi.
313.

Ingersoll, Jarcd, of Connecticut, agent in
England lor that colony, his interview
with Mr. Grenville, v. 230; he reports
Barre's great speech, and sends it to Amer-
ica, 241 ; is a stamp-master, and comes to
Boston, 308; roughly handled in his own
colony, and compelled to resign, 31G-320.

Ingle's Rebellion, i. 254.

Inglis, Charles, rector of Trinity Church,
New York, a royalist, flatters Dickinson,
viii. 324.

Ingoldsby in New York, iii. 53.

Inheritances, English law of, excluded from
the colonics, iii. 392.

Inhumanity of British officers and soldiers
(see Barbarity).

Inquisition in Spain, ix. 303, 304, 503, 504.

Insurrection in Virginia, its causes, ii.
210, 218; its leader. Nathaniel Baun, 217;
suppressed, 229 ; its unfortunate results,
233; the truth concerning it long un-
known, 233.

Intelligence, a supreme, governs the material
universe, viii. 117.

Intercolonial correspondence, v. 200.

International law has become humanized and
softened, iv. 13.

Invasion of England threatened by France,
x. 103, 249; of New Jersey by Knyphau-
sen, 372; of Virginia bv Cornwallis, 484;
by Arnold, 497.

Iowa early visited by Jesuits, iii. 157.

Iowa tribe of Indians, visited by Le Sueur,
iii. 204.

Ipswich in Massachusetts, patriotic utterance
in response to the Boston circular, vi. 440.

Iredell, James, of North Carolina, viii. 95.

Ireland and America treated alike, iv. 439.

Ireland, contribution from it to relieve the
distress of Philip's war, ii. 109; emigrants
from, iii. 370; conquest of, by the English
oligarchy, v. 01; its Parliament from the
first unfairly constituted, 01; severe laws
passed, 01,02; establishment of the Pro-
testant Church bylaw, 02; bad character
of the Protestant clergy of Ireland, 03 ; no
Parliament for twenty-seven years, 03;
escheats to the crown and manifold ex-
tortions, 04; rebellion of 1041 ibllowed by
large forfeitures, 04; sufferings of the
people, G5 ; state of things after the resto-
ration, 05; after the revolution of 1088,
05; proportion, respectively, of the Catho-
lics, of the Anglican churchmen, and of
the Presbyterians, 00; Roman Catholics
excluded from all places of honor and of
power, 07; various other disabilities, 07,
08; laws prohibiting their education and
worship, 08, 09; restrictions on their in-
dustry, holding land, and keeping arms,
70-72; the Irish treated as a conquered
people, 73; rise of the' patriot party of
Ireland, 74; Scotch-Irish Presbyterians,
04, 75 ; they too are oppressed and in large
numbers emigrate to America, 76, 77;
their posterity retain the spirit of liberty,
77.

Irnham, Lord, opposes in Parliament the
treaties with Brunswick and Hesse for
troops to be sent to America, viii. 268.

Iron manufacture in the colonies prohibited,
iii. 384; forbidden, iv. 03; indignation
thus awakened, 04.

Iroquois, or Five Nations of Indians, at-
tacked by Champlain, i. 28 ; treaty with,
ii. 255; names of these nations, 415; their
political and social condition, 415; wide
extent of their power, 410; their wars with
the French in Canada, 417; friendly to the
Dutch of New Netherland, 311; and to the
English of New York, 315, 418 ; treaty with
the English at Albany, 419 ; specimens of
Indian eloquence, 420, 421; the Iroquois a
bulwark against the French, 422; a party
of chiefs entrapped and made slaves by the
French, 423; and restored, 424; the* Iro-
quois secure to New York its northern
boundary, 424; their attack on Montreal,
449; hinder the access of the French to
Upper Canada, iii. 132; Jogues a prisoner
among them, and tortured, 133; human
sacrifices, 134; peace with the French, 135;
exterminate the Hurons, 138; supplied
with lire-arms by the Dutch, 141; their
extreme cruelty, 134, 138-141, 145 ; Jesuit
mission among them, 143 ; renewed hostil-
ities with the French, 145; exterminate the
Eries, 140; invade, the Illinois region, 151;
inspire terror on the banks of the Ohio and
Mississippi, 159; attack La Salle's fort on
the Illinois, 107; attack the French at
Montreal, 179 ; are claimed as subjects of
England, 192; five Iroquois sachems have
an interview with Queen Anne, 219; unite
in an attempt on Canada, 221; their mill-

668

GENERAL INDEX.

tary strength arid political importance,
244; their extensive dominion, 244, 245;
estimated population, 253; the Iroquois
confederacy cede lands to Virginia, 455,
iv. 210, 293; deny their subjection to any
European power, 31 ; in council, addressed
by Burgoyne, ix. 302, 303; are inclined to
neutrality, 377; roused by Butler, join the
expedition of St. Leger, 377 ; they hastily
abandon it, 381.

Irvine, Colonel, of Pennsylvania, sent to re-
enforce the army in Canada, viii. 422; in
the attack on Three Rivers, 429 ; a prisoner,
430.

Irvine, General, of Pennsylvania, wounded
and a prisoner, ix 453.

Isle aux Noix, in Canada, viii. 181, 182; re-
treat of the American troops to, 432, 433.

Italy lbrmerly annexed to Germany, x. 07;
the results, 07 ; indisposed to assist the
United States, 54.

Izard, Ralph, of South Carolina, the unre-
ceived minister to Tuscany, is presented to
Louis XVI., ix. 489 ; his strange conduct,
493.

Jackson, Andrew, in youth, appears in arms
against the British, x. 314.

Jackson, Richard, quoted, v. 89, note ; an
officer of the Exchequer under Grenvillc,
106; his excellent character, 10G; agent
for Connecticut, 100; advises Grenville
to abandon the idea of taxing America,
155, 181; dissuades him from founding a
system of corruption in the colonies, 176 ;
again dissuades Grenville from his plan of
taxing America, 230, 231; his speech in
Parliament against the stamp-tax, 238;
superseded as agent of Massachusetts, vi.
41 ; his speech against taxing America, 77 ;
another speech, 274.

Jacobs, George, hanged for witchcraft, iii.
93.

Jamaica, centre of a smuggling trade, iii.
402; offers its mediation, vii. 189; its
friendly interference remembered by Con-
gress, viii. 54; proposed to make it a re-
public, x. 536.

James I., King of England, grants a charter
for Virginia, i. 120; its provisions, 120-
122; makes laws for the colony, 122;
makes a gift of arms to the colony. 183 ;
contends with London Virginia Company,
187; his arbitrary proceedings, 187; de-
mands the surrender of the charter, 188;
his death, 193; his ample charter to the
second Plymouth Company, 272, 273;
his cotemporaneous reputation, 292; the
weakness and vices of his character, 293;
his pedantry, 290; insults the Puritans,
230 ; hates them, 297 ; his proclamation in
reference to the fisheries, 325; grants a
patent of Nova Scotia, 332.

James II., King of Great Britain, sends ad-
herents of Monmouth to Virginia, ii. 250;

his character, 405; his friendship for Wil-
liam Penn, 395 ; patron of the slave-trade,
316; as Duke of York obtains grants of
large territories in America, 313, 315, 325;
employs Andros as his governor, 403; his
instructions to Andros, 406 ; his cruel
treatment of the Scottish covenantors, 411;
his commercial cupidity, 413; his arbitrary
government, 442, 443; his dethronement,
444; his usurpation, viii. 123.

James, major of artillery in New York, a
braggart, v. 332; his house sacked by the
people, 356.

Jamestown, in Virginia, founded, i. 125; de-
serted, 140.

Jasper, William, a sergeant, replaces the flag
shot .way in the attack on Fort Moultrie,
viii. 406; a lieutenant's commission offered
him, 414; his heroism, at Savannah,
297.

Jay, John, wishes not to separate from Brit-
ain, vii. 41, 42; his character, 78; his con-
servatism's, 80, 108; a member of the
First Continental Congress, 127; wishes to
make no change in the constitution, 131;
objects to opening the proceedings with
prayer, 131; believes in natural rights,
133; advocates the insidious plan of Gal-
loway for retaining America in subjection,
141; a member of the Second Continental
Congress, 353 ; wishes not to oppose the
landing of British troops in New York,
358; proposes a second petition to the
king. 360, viii. 37; member of a committee
ot correspondence, 142; his address to the
assembly of New Jersey, 214; his prudent
policy, 274; averse to separation from
Great Britain, 320; his firmness and purity,
439; in the New York Convention, ix. 33,
34; advises to burn the city of New York,
and retire to the Highlands, 70; entreats
"Washington to send aid to Schuyler, 374;
first chief-justice of New York, 405; his
patriotic charge to the grand jury, 406;
will accept of nothing from England short
of independence, 498; js willing to give up
the Mississippi, x. 183; his course in Con-
gress, 215, 217, 219; ;ippointed envoy to
Spain, 221; is hostile to slavery, 358;
Franklin sends for him to come to Pans,
540 ; arrests the negotiations tor peace, and
why, 558, 560; loses his confidence in
Spain, 559; disagrees with Franklin, 560;
will not yield to Spain the territory east of
the Mississippi, 574, 579; his interview
with the Spanish minister, 579; with Os-
wald, the British negotiator, 580; Jay,
Franklin, and Adams meet the British
commissioners, 589; the treaty signed,
591.

Jealousy between the Northern and Southern
States, 348; between Clinton and Corn-
wallis, 506.

Jefferson, Thomas, his childhood, iv. 136;
early prepared for resistance to British ag-
gression, v. 275, 277; his first appearance
in public life, vi 279; proposes a bill for
the emancipation of slaves in Virginia,

GENER.iL INDEX.

669

413 ; one of the committee of correspond-
ence, 455; in the house of burgesses, vii.
53; strongly condemns i lie Boston port
bill, 58; denies the power of Parliament to
make laws for America, 107; will no
longer accept acts of repeal, 385; drafts
the reply of the legislature of Virginia to
the proposals of Lord North, 38 j; enters
Congress, viii. 30; his paper adopted by
Congress in reply to Lord North's proposal
for conciliation, 50; his intrepid spirit, 82;
his clear discernment of the issue, 143;
■writes the Declaration of Independence,
392; writes the preamble to the constitu ion
of Virginia, 43:3; his sympathetic nature,
462; his character, 463; philosophic cast
of his mind, 463; a free-thinker, 463; an
idealist, 464; his mastery of details, 464;
always prepared, 464; no orator, 464; free
from envy, 464; his intimacy with John
Adams, 464; not a visionary, 465; the
draft of the Declaration wholly his own,
465 ; criticisms of Congress, 465 : his com-
promise proposed in Congress by Sherman,
ix. 55; protests against the assumption of
power by Congress, 56 ; is summoned from
the National Congress to assist in forming
the constitution of Virginia, 280; the
separation of church and state carried by
his activity, 278; lie is employed to revise
the law of "descent, 280; consulted respect-
ing the occupation of the Northwest, x.
104; his sentiments on religious freedom,
224, 225; his opinions on slavery, 356;
his forebodings, 357; governor of Virginia,
315; organizes a regiment of backwoods-
men, 332; in time of invasion invites the
presence of Washington, 500; narrowly
escapes capture, 505.

Jeffries, Sir George, lord chief-justice of
England, his severity towards the partisans
of Monmouth, ii. 250 ; this severity sends
many emigrants to America, 251.

Jenkins, a noted smuggler, iii. 436 ; pretends
to have lost his oars, 436.

Jenkins, John, governor of Carolina, i. 161,
162, note.

Jenkinson, Charles, afterwards Earl of Liver-
pool, iv. 234, 391; first Earl of Liverpool,
v. 79; the father of the stamp act, 89,
mote, 152; becomes secretary of the treas-
ury, 102; his rare talents, 102; his self-
control, 103; thinks it absurd to charge
England with ambition, iv. 234; proposes
new regulations in American trade and
new taxes, v. 187, 188 ; opposes the repeal
of the stamp act, 434 ; is a member of the
treasury board in the Bedford administra-
tion, vi" 110, 123 ; engages to assist Thomas
Hutchinson and other enemies of Massachu-
setts. 110 ; wishes Parliament to disregard
the popular voice, 320 ; procures a pension
for Hutchinson, 110; thinks the Americans
ought to submit, vii. 218, 243; his mean
reply to Burke, 270.

Jennings, Samuel, his intrepid conduct as
speaker of the assembly of New Jersey,
iii. 63, 64.

Jenyns, Soame, becomes a lord of trade,
iv. 221; lavors colonial taxation, 223;
advises the subversion of the charter of
Pennsylvania, 230; a member of the board
of trade, v. 231 ; his sophistical arguments
for taxing America, 232-234.
Jervis, John (afterwards Earl of St. Vincent),
in the fleet, in the St. Lawrence, under
Admiral Saunders, iv. 324.
Jesuits arrive in "Acadia," and visit the Ken-
nebec river, i. 27; establish themselves in
Canada, i. 29, iii. 120 ; character and gen-
eral policy of the order, iii. 120; Jesuits in
Canada, their character and numbers, 122 ;
college founded by them in Quebec, 126 ;
Brebeuf and Daniel, 122; their sufferings,
124, 128 ; increase of Jesuit missionaries,
128 ; extended plans and labors, 128 ; mis-
sion to the Onondagas, 143 ; visit the
Indians beyond Lake Superior, 145 ; stim-
ulate the Indians to horrid barbarities, 187 ;
their sway of the Indian mind, 222, 224 ;
Jesuit mission not fruitless, 245 ; expelled
from France, vii. 28; had been useful to
Spain, x. 49 ; the order abolished there,
49.
Jewett, of Lyme, in Connecticut, captain of
volunteers, is slain after his surrender, ix.
93.
Jews in New Netherland, ii. 300.
Joachim, elector of Brandenburg, embraces

Lutheranism in 1539, x. 81.
Jogues, Isaac, a Jesuit, visits Lake Superior,
iii 131; taken prisoner by the Iroquois,
132; tortured by them, 133; ransomed by
the Dutch from Albany, 134; his martyr-
dom, 137.
John Sigismund, elector of Brandenburg, be-
comes a Calvinist, x. 81; becomes Duke
of Prussia in 1618, 81.
Johnson, Guy. royal superintendent of Indian
affairs, vii. 279; the king sends a positive
order to him to rouse the Six Nations
against the Americans, 349; he acts in con-
formity with these instructions, 305; ex-
cites Indian hostility against America, viii.
55. .
Johnson, Isaac, i. 352, 354, 359 ; dies, 360.
Johnson, John, and his wife, of Haverhill,

slain by Indians, iii. 215.
Johnson, Lady Arbella, i. 354; dies, 360.
Johnson, Lev. Samuel, of Connecticut, prays
for the subversion of popular liberty in New
England, v. 225, 220.
Johnson, Robert, governor of South Carolina,
iii. 329; resists the popular movement,
330.
Johnson, Samuel, the famous moralist, his
ungracious utterai ce respecting America,
vi. 278 ; the lexicographer, his long struggle
with poverty, vii. 257 ; his antipathy to the
Whig part}', 258; he sells his pen to a cor-
rupt ministry, 258; his "Taxation no
Tyranny," 258; his abuse of Franklin,
259 ; his vituperations of America, 259 ; his
unsparing ribaldry, 259, 230.
Johnson, Sir John, defeated by Schuyler, and
taken prisoner, viii. 272; breaks his parole,

670

GENERAL INDEX.

272 ; stirs up Canadians and Indians against
the Americans, 425 ; leads a party of loyal-
ists against fort Stanwix, ix. 378.

Johnson, Sir Nathaniel, governor of South
Carolina, iii. 211.

Johnson, Sir William, iv. 183; commands
the army destined for the reduction of
Crown Point, 207 ; arrives at Lake George,
208; is wounded in battle, 211; his army
gains the battle, but the victory was not
due to him, 212; is made a baronet, 212;
his inefficiency, 212; fails of taking Crown
Point, 213; at Ticonderoga, with warriors
of the Six Nations, 301, 302; at Niagara,
with Mohawks, 320; he takes Niagara,
321; engages in a scheme for colonizing
the West, vi. 32; negotiates with the Six
Nations, 227.

Johnson, Stephen, minister of Lyme, Conn.,
denounces the oppressive acts of England,
v. 320, 321 ; his fervent appeal in the " New
London Gazette," 353.

Johnson. William Samuel, agent in England
for Connecticut, quoted, vi. 48, 58, 04, 75;
present during a violent debate on Ameri-
can affairs, 80; his able defence of the
rights of Connecticut during a discussion
with Lord Hillsborough, 111-115; his lettPr
to Wedderburn after his return home, 406;
an envoy from Connecticut to Gage at
Boston, vii. 321.

Johnston. Colonel, of New Jersey, at the
battle of Long Island, ix. 80, 81) ; is slain,
02.

Johnston, Samuel, of North Carolina, viii.
95; president of the provincial congress,
90; his moderation, 97.

Johnstone, George, one of the three commis-
sioners sent by Lord North to America, x.
122; his character, 123, 151; leaves the
country, 125.

Johnstone, governor of West Florida, v. 235.

"Join or Die," motto of a paper at New
York, v. 332.

Joliet, Louis, discovers the Mississippi river,
iii. 155; the Missouri and Ohio, 159.

Joncaire, lives among the Senecas in Indian
style, iii 34 L, 344.

Jones, John Paul, captain in the American
navy, ix. 134; takes the ''Serapis" and
" Countess of Scarborough," x. 271 ; enters
the Texel with his prizes, 272; the cap-
tured ships reclaimed by the British, 272;
the demand refused by the Dutch authori-
ties, 272.

Jones, Nnble Wimberly, of Georgia, elected
speaker in defiance of the governor, vi. 409 ;
with others, obtains possession of the royal
magazine, vii. 337.

Joseph IL, emperor of Austria, and his
mother, Maria Theresa, how they regard
the struggle in America, viii. 391, 392;
visits Paris, and why, x. 52, 110; his de-
signs on Bavaria, 105; contrasted with
Frederic of Prussia, 244.

Joseph II. , emperor of Germany, as a philos-
opher and reformer, v. 10, 11; his ill
success, 11; visits Paris, ix. 297; he will

have no communication with the American
commissioners, 297.

Josepli, William, deputy of Lord Baltimore,
in Maryland, his high claims, ii. 244; his
defeat, iii. 30.

Judges appointed by the king, and held office
at his pleasure, iv. 428, 441; independence
of the judiciary subverted, 427; judges to
be paid by colonial assemblies, and not by
the king, vi. 452; they are required to
refuse to receive salaries from the crown,
507.

Judiciary of the colonies made dependent on
the king, v. 85.

Judiciary kept distinct from the legislative
and executive power, ix. 270; appointment
of judges 270; their term of office, 270;
no judiciary under the confederation, 445.

Jumonville, a French officer, killed, iv. 119.

K.

Kahokia, population of, in 1768, vi. 223.

Kalb, attaches himself to the American cause,
ix. 285; embarks with Lafayette, 295; ar-
rives at Philadelphia, 389; mee^s a rude
repulse, 389; with Washington at White-
marsh, 453; to go with a winter expedition
to Canada, 4G2. (See De Kalb.)

Ivilm, Peter, the Swedish traveller in Amer-
ica; his statement of American opinion,
iii. 464.

Karnes, Lord (Henry Home), believes a po-
litical union of the American colonies im-
possible, vii. 107.

Kant, Emanuel, in political science the coun-
terpart of America, ix. 501; his philosophy,
x. 87, 88 ; defends the American cause, 88.

Kaskaskia, the oldest se tlement in the Mis-
sissippi Vallev, iii 195, 340 ; why so named,
340 ; taken by Clark, x. 196. 199. _

Kaskaskias, population of, in 1768. vi. 223.

Kattnitz, prime minister of Austria, at first
unfriendly to America, x 53, 245; wishes
to have America represented in the peace
congress, 449 ; favors the American cause,
450

Keith, George, makes a schism in the Quaker
body in Pennsylvania, iii. 36; embraces
Episcopacv. 37.

Keith, Sir 'William, governor of Pennsyl-
vania, iii. 345; recommends English taxa-
tion of the colonies, 383; proposes a stamp
duty, iv. 58.

Kemp's landing in Virginia, viii. 222, 226.

Kennebec river visited by the French, i. 27;
claimed by them, iii. 154; difficulties ex-
perienced by Arnold's expedition on its
banks, viii. 192.

Kennedy, Archibald, of New York, urges an
annual meeting of commissioners from all
the colonies, iv. 91; and a "gentle land
tax," 115.

Kennedy, Joseph, a leading patriot in North
Carolina, vii. 373.

Kennedy, Quintine, of South Carolina, iv.
424.

GENERAL INDEX.

671

Kenon, of North Carolina, joins colonel

Moore with a re-enforcement, viii. 285.
Kent, Benjamin, of Boston, vi. 483.
Kentucky, not a white man there in 17G8;
vi. 222; the region explored by Daniel
Boone and others, 298, et seq. ; settled
vii. 365; names of the chief settlers, 366;
its first assembly, 3G6; the session opened,
367; spirit of liberty, 368; civil constitu-
tion and laws, 368; 369; spirit of piety,
339; and it- representative, viii. 108; the
wonderful richness of its soil, 108; Virginia
bars it out of Congress, 108; a part of Vir-
ginia, x. 193; made a county, 194; the
bold, brave men of that region, and what
they did, 194, et seq.
Kepp'el, Augustus, admiral, refuses to serve
against America, vii. 343 ; sails in quest of
a French licet, x. 162; he fails, 163; his
incapacity, 163.
Kichline, of Pennsylvania, on Long Island,

ix. 86-89.
Kickapoos, iii. 155, 156, 242.
Kidd, William, the famous pirate, iii. 60.
Kieft, William, governor of New Netherland,
ii. 283; claims for his country, against
Sweden, the region on the Delaware, 287;
a massacre of Indians by him, 289; his
meanness, 291 ; perishes in the waves of the
Atlantic, 293.
Kings, the argument of " Common Sense"
against them, viii. 236; the greater part
have been bad men, 237 ; they have multi-
plied civil wars, 237 ; they are of no good
use, 237.
King's Mountain, battle of, x. 337; forces
engaged there, 337; severe action, 338;
surrender of the whole British force, 339;
effect of the victory, 340.
Kirk, Sir David, takes Canada, i. 334.
Kirkland, Moses, of South Carolina, changes

sides, viii. 87.
Kirkland, Samuel, missionary among the

Oneida and Mohawk Indians, vii. 280.
Kittanning, a town of the Delawares, de-
stroyed,^. 241, 242.
Klopstoek, Frederic Theophilus, a friend to

America, x. 90.
Knowles, Commodore Sir Charles, impresses
seamen at Boston, iii. 465; high excite-
ment produced thereby, 466.
Knowlton, Captain Thomas, of Ashford, leads
a detachment of Connecticut troops to
Bunker Hill, vii. 408, 414, 419; his gal-
lant conduct, 424, 430 ; mortally wounded
in a skirmish near Manhattan ville, ix. 126.
Knox, Henry, afterwards general and secre-
tarv of War, a witness of the Boston mas-
sacre, vi. 338. 339, 349 ; a bookseller of Bos-
ton, vii. 326 ; plans the American works in
Eoxburv, July, 1775, viii. 43 ; colonel of
artillery, ix. 77; is with Washington in
the battle of Trenton, 230.
Knox, James, a pioneer of settlement in the

Cumberland Valley, Tennessee, vi. 380.
Knox, "William, agent for Georgia, quoted,
v. 137. 191; defends the stamp tax, 155,
189, 251.

Knvphausen, Baron, lieutenant-general,
commander of Hessian troops, viii. 265;
his character, 235 ; lands at New Rochelle,
ix. 178; removes to New York Island,
184; attacks Fort Washington, 190; it
surrenders to him, 193; he supersedes
Heister, 314; leads a column on the march
to Philadelphia, 394; comes to the Brandy-
wine at Chad's Ford, 395; crosses that
stream, 398; defeats the American left
wing, 398; x. 119, 120, 130; in command
at New York, 301, 371; invades New
Jersey, 372 ; fears to attack the Americans,
and retires, 373.

Kosciuszko, Thaddeus, enters the American
army, ix. 337; his great merit, 337; in
South Carolina, x. 459, 490.

Laconia, its extent, i. 328; granted to Gorges
and Mason, 328.

La Corne, his violent proceedings in Acadia,
iv. 67, et seq.

Lafayette, Gilbert Motier de, became inter-
ested in the American cause, vii. 350; re-
solves to engage in the American struggle,
ix. 70; purchases and freights a ship for
America, 285 ; embarks for America in de-
fiance of the order of the king, 296; the
women of Paris applaud his heroism, 290;
arrives at Philadelphia, 389; is at first re-
pulsed, 389; made a major-general, 389;
received into Washington's family, 393;
wounded at the battle of Brandywine,
397, 399; Washington's love for him,
400 ; routs a party of Hessians, 435 ; ap-
pointed to command a winter expedition
to Canada, 462; the design relinquished,
463; unsuccessful attempt of Sir William
Howe to circumvent and capture him, x.
119, 120; advises an attack on the British
army after its evacuation of Philadelphia,
127; the attack committed to him, 128;
has no support from Lee, 129; battle of
Monmouth, 131; he compels Sullivan to
withdraw his censure of the French officers,
148; his address to the people of Canada,
176; visits France, 187; exerts himself
there in behalf of the United States, 187;
commands in Virginia, 497, et seq. ; his
generous conduct, 498; refuses to corre-
spond with Arnold, 499; retreats _ before
Cornwallis, 504; pursues Cornwallis, 505,
507 ; amount and quality of his force, 507 ;
never guilty of rashness, 507; his great
vigilance and self-possession, 507: his
great bravery, 508; his strong hopes of
success, 512; welcomes Washington to
Virginia, 516; persuades de Grasse to keep
within the capes of Virginia, 517; assists
in the capture of Cornwallis, 517, et seq. ;
honored in France, 524.
Lafreniere, a prominent man in the republic
of New Orleans, vi. 220, 293; hanged,
295.

672

GENERAL INDEX.

La Galissoniere, governor of Canada, iv. 31;
sends a colony into the Ohio valley, 43;
entices the Acadians to leave English ju-
risdiction, 44; returns to France, 47;
opposes the abandonment of Canada, 72,
73.

La Harpe, Bernard de, claims the del Norte
as the western boundary of Louisiana, iii.
353.

Lake George, all around is a wilderness, iv.
208; battles near there, 210, 211; gather-
ing of a large force in its vicinity, 298.

Lakes, countrv on the, possession taken of it
by the Engiish, iv 301.

Lallemand, Gabriel, his sufferings and mar-
tyrdom, iii. 140.

LaLoutre, Abbe, missionary in Nova Scotia,
iv. 44; instigates the Indians against the
English colony, 47; sets lire to a church at
Chiegnecto, 68.

Lamb, Captain John, in the Northern Army,
his character, viii. 183; takes part in the
assault on Quebec, 208.

Lamb, colonel of artillery, opposes the enemy
at Saugatuck, ix. 347; is wounded, 348.

Lamb, John, a Son of Liberty in New York,
v. 425; a leading patript in New York, vii.
328.

Land, large grant of, in the Ohio vallev, iv.
42, 167.

Land Bank in Massachusetts, iii. 388, 389;
depreciation of the currency, 389.

Land-tax in England reduced, vi. 59.

Land-tax proposed, iv. 222.

Lands, western, speculation in, vi. 32; large
cessions of, made by the Indians, 88, 227;
lands for the soldiers of the French war,
379; lands granted to a company in Eng-
land, 421.

Lane, Ralph, conducts a colony to North
Carolina, i. 95; massacre of Indians by
him, 100; returns to England, 106.

Langdon, Samuel, of Portsmouth, his de-
liverance on colonial rights, vi. 166.

Langdon, Samuel, president of Harvard
College, his prayer on the marching of the
detachment for Bunker Hill, vii 408.

Language not a human invention, iii. 263;
it springs from our very nature and cannot
be essentially changed. 264.

Languages of the Amcricn Indians, eight in
number, iii. 237; distinctive peculiarities,
254, et seg. ; free from irregularities, gov-
erned by undeviating laws, 254; no writ-
ing, knowledge conveyed by hieroglyph ;cs,
256; poor in abstract terms, 256; copious
for objects of sense, no spiritual or moral
ideas conveyed, 250; synthesis pervades
the entire language, 257 ; no generic terms,
258; no substantive verb, the verb to be
always includes place and time, 258;
abounds in combinations, often excessive
and grotesque, 259 ; no distinction of gen-
der, but only of animate and inanimate,
260 ; the verb the dominant part of speech,
261 ; peculiar use of the pronoun and
adjective, 261; relations of time, how ex-
pressed, 262; the verb receives almost

countless changes, 202, 263; the language,
in its internal mechanism, resembles all
other languages, 264.

La S die, Robert Cavalier de, his early his-
tory, iii. 162 ; obtains the grant of Fort
Frontenac, 162: his vast designs, 163;
builds the " Griffin," the first vessel on the
upper lakes, 164; traverses lakes Erie,
Huron, and Michigan, 164; penetrates the
Illinois country, 165; intercourse with the
Indians, 165; his strength of will, 165,
172; goes on foot fifteen hundred miles
back to Fort Frontenac, 166; visits Green
Bay, 167; returns to Illinois, 167; descends
the Mississippi to its mouth, 168; returns
to Quebec and to France, 108; his dis-
astrous voyage in the Gulf of Mexico, 169,
170; lands a colony in Texas, 171; de-
parts for Canada, 172; murdered by one of
his men, 173; his great character, 173,174.

"Last Appeal " contemplated, vi. 407.

Lathrbp, Captain Thomas, and his company
slaughtered by the Indians, ii 104.

Lauderdale, John Maitland, duke of, ii. 410.

Laurens, Henry, of South Carolina, vii. 336;
is opposed to independence, viii. 84, 328;
is chosen vice-president of the province,
348; president of Congress, x. 173, 221;
advises the arming of slaves, 291; is sent
to the Netherlands to negotiate for a loan,
433; taken prisoner and confined to the
tower, 433 ; the ministry dare not bring him
to trial, 437 ; he is liberated from the tower,
536; his interview with Lord Shelburne,
536; goes to Holland, 537 ; assists in the
negotiations at Paris, 589.

Laurens, John, of South Carolina, son of
Henry, his gallant conduct, ix 426; lieu-
tenant-colonel, assists Washington at Mon-
mouth, x. 129, 132; serves in the Rhode
Island campaign, 146, 149; in South Caro-
lina, 292, 293; wishes to raise a regiment
of blacks, 291; comes to the defence of
Charleston, 292; is sent to France to pro-
cure a loan of money, 418; obtains money,
but not as a loan, 447; his bravery at
Yorktown, 520; in South Carolina, re-
ceives a mortal wound, 565 ; Washington's
high encomium on him, 565.

Laurie, Captain, has a command at the battle
of Concord, vii. 298.

Lauzun, Duke de, repulses Tarleton's legion,
x. 518.

Law, John, iii. 349; his credit system, 350;
his theory of money, 350 ; his vast schemes,
350, 354; his bank, 350; becomes the bank
of France, 354; contest between paper and
specie, 354; paper made a legal tender,
355; Law becomes a Catholic, 356; and
comptroller- general of the currency, 356;
results of the frantic scheme, 357.

Law, what gives it binding free, vi. 97.

Law-courts of Kngland, v. 47, et seq.

Lawrence, lieutenant-governor of Nova
Scotia, iv. 68, 182, 199, 200, 206.

Laws of Massachusetts, early, i. 417, 418.

Laws, common consent the only just origin
of, iv. 13.

GENERAL INDEX.

673

Lawson, a captive among the Tusearoras,
iii. 310; burned to death, 320.

Lead mines in Virginia, vi. 86, 225, 227.

Learned, Brigadier, in the battle of Bemis's
Heights, ix. 410, 417.

Le Caron, his early visit to Lake Huron, iii.
118.

Ledyard, John, colonel, murdered by Arnold,
x. 500.

Lee, Arthur, proposed as agent in England
for Massachusetts, vi. 374; the king wishes
to have him arraigned for treason, vii. 58;
agent for Massachusetts in England, 342;
in London, is desired by Congress to ascer-
tain the disposition of foreign powers, viii.
210; receives a promise of pecuniary aid,
344; commissioner to France, ix. 133; his
character, 133 ; not noticed by Vergennes,
291; on his way to Madrid, 28!), 306;
stopped at Burgos, 308; his interview with
Grimaldi, 308; he is snubbed by Prussia
and Austria, 473 ; his papers stolen, 474 ;
his mischievous intermeddling, 480; he is
presented to Louis XVL, 489; envies
Franklin, and intrigues to supplant him,
493; his ill success at Berlin, x. 104, 107,
170; his proceedings in France, 261,
202.

Lee, Charles, resolves to devote himself to the
cause of American liberty, vi. 460; comes
to Boston, vii. 101; his restless spirit, 101;
asumes the rank of major-general, 102;
opinion entertained of him in England,
viii. 26; his true character, 27; his de-
mand of indemnity for renouncing his
English half-pay, 28; accompanies Wash-
ington to Cambridge, 32, 40; his letter
to Burgoyne and Burgoyne's answer, 46;
his secret treason, 46; he continues the
correspondence, 220; inspects the harbor
and fortifications of Newport, 220 ; his high
reputation for military genius, 277, 280,
281; goes to Connecticut, 277; persuades
Governor Trumbull to call out two regi-
ments, 278; usurps authority, 278; New
York offended by his interference, 278; he
enters New York, 279; begs money of the
New York Congress, 281 ; is appointed to
the Southern command, 282; his arbitrary
conduct in New York, 282; and in Virgi-
nia, 354; transcends his proper authority,
354; arrives in the ticinity of Charleston,
396; examines its defences, 396; proposes
to abandon Sullivan's Island, 390; doubts
whether Sullivan's Island can be held,
400, 401; meditates removing Moultrie
from his command, 400, 401 ; neglects to
send him powder, 409 ; plans the fortifica-
tions of New York and Brooklyn, ix. 76;
Congress sends for Lee, 113, 159; he de-
mands money of Congress, 158 ; proposes
to attack East Florida, 158; his march
into Georgia, 159; loses many of his men
by sickness and death, 159 ; abandons the
expedition, 159; goes to the North, 159;
is eagerly expected by the army of Wash-
ington, 168; his high reputation, 168; yet
utterly incompetent as a commander, 168;

VOL. X.

his pride as an Englishman, 168; his con-
tempt of Americans, 168; his opposition to
independence, 169; his insincerity, 169;
his interview with Congress, 169; clamors
for a separate army, 169; advises Mary-
land to submit to Britain, 170; proposes a
negotiation with Lord Howe on his own
terms, 173; did not originate the evacua-
tion of New York Island 175, note , his
arrival in Washington's army, 176; attends
a council of war, 176; at White Plains
blames the place of encampment, 179; is
ordered by Washington to join him in
New Jersev, 187, 194, 196, 198,202,204;
disregards those orders, 187, 194, 196, 198,
202, 204; his idleness, 197; his military
reputation very high in Congress and
among the people, 203; his wild ambition,
203; his intrigues to obtain dictatorial au-
thority, 204, 205; meditates a "virtuous
treason," 205; falsifies Washington's let-
ter to him, 204; misrepresents and vilifies
Washington, 205, 207, 209; his arrogant
letter to Washington, 206; assumes au-
thority in chief, 206; crosses the Hudson,
207; his falsehoods, 208; his self-esteem,
209 ; his continual disobedience of orders,
208; hopes to reconquer the Jerseys, 208;
his slow progress, 208 ; his spleen against
Washington, 209; is surprised and taken
prisoner by a party of British, 210; his ab-
ject cowardice, 210; treated as a deserter,
211, 215; a letter purporting to be from
him to Kennedy not genuine, 211, note;
Lee beyond doubt a traitor, 211 ; put under
a close, guard and sent to New York, 215;
Congress and Washington intercede for him,
327 ; volunteers to bring back the colonies
to their old allegiance, 328; his request to
Congress, 328; the request refused, 328;
the request repeated, 330; and again re-
fused. 330; he presents to Lord and Gen-
eral Howe a plan for reducing the Ameri-
cans, 330; the plan rejected, 331; the
opinion entertained of him in Europe, 331;
his hypocrisy and treason, 331; his want
of veracity, 333, note ; put on board the
"Centurion," 351; plots the ruin of the
American cause, x. 127 ; refuses to attack
the retreating British army, 128; battle of
Monmouth, 129 ; the day nearly lost through
his treachery, 129 ; disobeys the orders of
Washington, 129 ; his false representations,
130; his inactivity, — does nothing, 131;
Washington's anger at this, 131; his dis-
respect to Washington, 130, 133; is tried
by a court-martial and suspended, 134; his
inglorious end, 134.

Lee, Francis, of Virginia, elected to Congress,
viii. 81.

Lee, Henry, major, takes Paulus Hook. x.
229, 23o": lieutenant-colonel, with his legion,
sent to South Carolina, 457, 477; his suc-
cessful operations there. 485, 489.

Lee. Richard Henry, of Virginia, his speech
against negro slavery, iv. 422; an eloquent
advocate for freedom, vi. 445, 455, vii. 52;
compared to Cicero, 85; a member of the

43

674

GENERAL INDEX.

First Continental Congress, 127; his con-
ciliatory speech, 130; believes in natural
rights, 132; sustains the Fairfax resolu-
tions, 275; a member of the Second Con-
tinental Congress, 353 ; delegate of Virginia
in Congress, in favor of disowning the au-
thority of the king, viii. 320; in favor of
independence, 307; introduces resolutions
for independence, 389; assists in framing
the constitution of Virginia, 436, ix 59,
207; his confidence in Washington, 250; in
Congress sides with the New Fngland
States on the question of the fisheries, x.
215; proposes to send a body of troops to
the succor of South Carolina, 315; pro-
poses to invest Washington with supreme
power, 50U.

Lee, William, brother of Arthur, " the unre-
ceived minister to Prussia," ix. 489; is re-
pulsed at Berlin, and why, x. 240; is dis-
missed from office, 241, 2(33.

Legge, William, afterwards Earl of Dart-
mouth, chancellor of the exchequer urn lei-
Newcastle, retires from office, iv. 220;
chancellor under Pitt, 248; dismissed from
office, 250; London and other cities vcte
him their freedom, 272; the king dismisses
him from office, 390.

Legislative power, how exercised, ix. 265,
266 ; two legislative bodies in every state
but two, 266.

Legislature, necessity of two branches in it,
viii. 371.

Leibnitz, Godfrey William, foretells a general
overturn in Europe, viii. 364.

Leicester, in Massachusetts, its patriotic ut-
terances, vi. 442, 483.

Leicester House, a name for the partisans of
George III. before he became king, iv. 162,
245, 275.

Leisler, .Jacob, assumes the government of
New York, with the assent of the humbler
classes, but opposed by the aristocracy, iii.
51; takes possession of the fort, 51; refuses
possession to Ingoldsby, 53 ; his arrest,
trial, and execution, 54, 55; has the sym-
pathy of the people, 55.

Leitch, Major, from Virginia, slain in a skir-
mish on New York Island, ix. 126-128.

Lemoine, Charles, iii. 179. (See Iberville.)

Le Moyne, a Jesuit missionary to the Onon-
dagas, iii. 142; and Mohawks, 145.

Lenni Lenape Indians, their location, iii. 239;
Penn's treaty with them, ii. 381, 382.

Lenox, in Massachusetts, their patriotic re-
sponse to the boston circular, vi. 442.

Leo III., pope, claims superiority over all
temporal power, x. 65.

Leon, Juan Ponce de, his earty history, i- 31,
et seq.; discovers Florida, 33; mortally
wounded, 34.

Leonard, Daniel, of Taunton, in Mass., a
member of a committee appointed by the
House of Representatives, vii. 02; deceives
himself, and also the governor, in regard
to the spirit of the province, 62; his letters
signed Massachusetten3is," published in
Draper's paper in Boston, recommend sub-

mission to the arbitrary acts of the British
Parliament, 231, 232; they are ably an-
swered by John Adams, 232-238.

Leslie, Colonel, his expedition to Salem, vii.
252; his attack on the Great Bridge near
Noriblk, viii. 227; retreats to Norfolk, 2-8.

Leslie, General, his movement, ix. 126; at
Maidenhead, in New Jersey, 244, 250.

Le Sueur explores the Northwest, iii. 204;
succors the French settlement at Natchez,
363.

Leuthen, great battle of, gained by Frederic
II., 288, 289.

Leverett, John, agent of Massachusetts iu
England, ii. 72.

Levi, De, assists in the capture of Fort Wil-
liam Henry, iv. 262, 263, 265; assists in
the defence of Ticonderoga, 302, 303; at
Ogdensburgh, 322; attempts to retake
Quebec, 358; his failure, 359.

Lewis, Andrew, of Virginia, commands at
the buttle of Point Pleasant, vii. 108; his
ill conduct, 169; elected brigadier-general,
viii. 317; resigns, 318.

Lewis, Charles, brother of the preceding,
killed in the battle of Point Pleasant, vii.
108.

Lewis, of the New York provincial congress,
viii. 430.

Lewisburg, the men of South-West Virgini t,
assemble there in arms, vii. 167; their
battle with the Indians, 168, 169.

Lexington, its people resolve to drink no
more tea, vi. 237; Gage sends an expedi-
tion to that place and to Concord, vii. 288
(see Concord); population in 1775, 291;
spirit of the townsmen, 288; they appear
in arms at the approach of the British,
288; they are fired on by the troops at the
command of Pitcairn, 293 ; seven men of
Lexington slain, and one of Woburn, 294;
names of the victims, 293, 294; the Lexing-
ton company join in the pursuit of the
British, 305; the consequences, a general
rising of the people, 310, 312, et seq. ; the
news received in London, and the effect in
Europe, 342, et seq.

Liberal-party, a new one in England, x. 39.

Liberties of America protected bv Pitt, iv.
249, 250.

Liberty, progress of, in Europe, vi. 29, 83,
91); held to be the inherent right of all
mankind, 97; stagnant in Europe, 527;
camp of, near Boston, vii. 321, et seq.;
Dr. Richard Price's able pamphlet on, viii.
361, 302.

"Liberty," sloop, her cruise on Lake Cham-
plain, 364.

"Liberty of prophesying," what, i. 284; de-
manded by the Puritans, 284; severelv
punished, 286, 289.

Liberty of the press infringed in Boston, iii.
375, 376; infringed in New York, 393;
vindicated, 394; defended by Franklin, 395.

Liberty-tree in Boston, v. 310; Oliver hung
there in effigy, 310; splendid scene there
after the repeal of the stamp act, 458; pub-
lic meeting there, vi. 473.

GENERAL INDEX.

675

Lillie, Theophilus, a grocer in Boston, sells
contrary to the agreement, vi. 333; blood
shed in consequence, 334.

Lillington, of Wilmington, North Carolina,
brings a re-enforcement to Colonel Moore,
viii. 285; joins General Caswell, 287.

Lincoln, General Benjamin, at Boundbrook,
New Jersey, ix. 346 ; is sent to the aid of
the northern army, 374; at Manchester,
Vermont, 408 ; arrives in the camp of
Gates, 414; does not appear on the field of
battle, 418; his character, x. 287; takes
command in South Carolina, 287; his
operations there, 289, el seq. ; besieges Sa-
vannah and fails, 296 ; retreats to Charles-
ton, 298; sustains a siege there, 302;
amount of his force, 302; his measures for
the defenee of the city, 303; his indecision,
304; he surrenders, 305.

Lincoln minute men at Concord, vii. 298;
pursuit of the British through this town,
305.

Linzee, captain of the "Falcon," beaten off
from Gloucester, viii. 65.

Lippincott, Captain, a murderer, x. 562.

Lisle, his patriotism, x. 313.

Literature of England, v. 44, 45.

Little, Colonel Moses, a portion of his regi-
ment are in Bunker Hill battle, vii.
418.

Livingston, Colonel James, of New York, as-
sisted by Major Brown, captures Chambly,
viii. 186; is sent to watch Maclean ap-
proaching from Quebec, 187; joins in the
attack on Quebec, 206.

Livingston, Henry, colonel of a New York
regiment, ix. 409.

Livingston, Peter Van Brugh, of New York,
vii. 78, 80.

Livingston, Philip, of New York, iv. 371;
his patriotic motion, vi 272; loses his elec-
tion, 272; vii. 79, 108; member of the First
Continental Congress, 131; president of
the convention of New York, 283.

Livingston, Philip, of Brooklyn, delegate in
Congress from New York, ix. 60; council
of war at his house, 102.

Livingston, Robert, of New York, a stanch
patriot, foresees his countrjr's indepen-
dence, viii. 179; his death, 179.

Livingston, Robert, grandson of the preced-
ing, opposes in Congress the resolution for
independence, viii. 390.

Livingston, Robert R., viii 178; Montgomery
marries his daughter, 178; one of the com-
mittee to prepare a declaration of inde-
pendence, 392.

Livingston, Robert R., of Dutchess County,
N. Y., iv. 371; his utterances on the news
of colonial taxation, v. 198; elected to the
Second Continental Congress, vii. 284;

E resent there, 353; Washington's letter to
im, x. 419; proposes in Congress resolu-
tions on maritime rights, 428; administers
for Congress the department of foreign
affairs, 501.
Livingston, William, iv. 371; a popular
lawyer, 429; of New York, one of the

patriotic triumvirate of lawyers, vi. 141,
and note; his impassioned appeal, 141.

Livingston, William, of New Jersey, chosen
delegate to the general Congress, vii. 83;
present there, 131; in Congress, viii. 315,
328; his sympathy for Washington, ix.
198; governor, of New Jersey, is hostile to
slavery, x. 358.

Livingston family in New York, vii. 76-

Lloyd, David, a political scold, iii. 38, 44.

Lloyd, Thomas, a Quaker preucher, president
of the council in Pennsylvania, iii. 35.

Loan from France obtained, x. 446 ; absolute-
ly necessary, 446 ; wrong use made of this
loan, 447.

Locke, John, his character, ii. 144 ; frames a
constitution for Carolina, 145; landgrave
of Carolina, 168; his constitution abrogated,
iii. 15.

Logan, James, secretary of Pennsylvania,
calls the attention of the British govern-
ment to the encroachments of the French,
iii. 345 ; his character of Franklin, 377 ;
complains of the rising spirit of liberty,
394, 395.

Logan ( Ta/i-gah-jute), a chief of the Cayugas,
but leading the Shawanese, the friend of
the white man, some of his kindred slain,
vii. 165; he determines on revenge, 166;
his earlier history, 166 ; he takes revenge,
166; his celebrated speech, not spoken,
however, 170.

London intercedes for America, vii. 282 ; the
king frowns on the attempt, 282; address
to the corporation of London from New
York, 330; sorrow in London on hearing
of the slaughter at Lexington and Con-
cord, 343; address of the citizens to the
king, 346; address of Congress to, viii.
39.

London Virginia Company, the, chartered, i.
120; the charter revoked, 192.

Long Island, the inhabitants disinclined to
the cause of libertv, viii. 274; disarming of
the Tories there, 276; battle of, ix. 82-96;
landing of the British and Hessian troops,
83; their numbers and equipment, 85;
American force, its amount, 86; their posi-
tions, 86 ; the Americans defeated with
great loss, 92-94; British loss, 95; Ameri-
can loss, 95; sufferings of the American
troops, 97, 98, 101 ; they retreat without
further loss, 103, 104; erroneous account
of the retreat, 105; the errors corrected,
100, 107; the retreat Washington's own
measure, the design and proposal originated
with him, 107.

Lords of trade, what, iv. 17; their powers,
18; could advise, but not execute, 18.

Loudoun, Earl of, made commander-in-chief,
"viceroy," and governor of Virginia, iv.
228 ; clothed with despotic power, 229 ; his
cruel treatment of Acadians, 206; his
slackness, 237; his cowardice, 240; de-
mands free quarters for his troops in New
York, 240 ; his rude language to the mayor,
240; and in Philadelphia, 241; impresses
four hundred men at New York, 256 ; sails

676

GENERAL INDEX.

for Halifax, 257; has a large army there,
258; accomplishes nothing, and returns to
New York, 258; stays there doing nothing,
267; attempts to overawe the continent,
268; is recalled, 290.

Louis XIV. of France, governed by Madame
de Maintenon, ii. 175 ; revokes the edict of
Nantz, 177; an absolute monarch, iii. 115;
claims a large part of North America, 118;
his bounty to a French colony, 171, 199;
takes up arms in behalf of James II., 175;
encourages the slave-trade, 187; his humi-
liation, 225 ; his last days, 323.

Louis XV., of France, disclaims hostile inten-
tions, iv. 90, 177 ; exasperated against Eng-
land, 218 ; his licentiousness and profligacy,
2K0; his cordial understanding with George
III., vi. 422; his arrogant spirit, 422; his
oppressive, rule, 423; his licentious course
of life. 423; his arbitrary rule, vii. 30; his
enslavement to pleasure, 30; courts the
friendship of George III-, 30; Madame de
Pompadour rules, 30.

Louis XVI. of France, ascends the throne,
vii. 32; joy at his accession, 32; holds that
the king alone should reign, 33 ; his char-
acter, 80; his choice of ministers deter-
mined by his aunts, 87; sends an emissary
to America, 352; has confused ideas about
the American struggle, and can come to no
decision, viii. 329; his sluggish disposition,
ix. 69 ; not ready for war with England,
69; has no sympathy with America, 233;
his weakness, 294, 295; determines to ac-
knowledge and support American inde-
pendence, 480; he receives the American
commissioners, 489; his peevishness, 490;
a mere child, x. 45; his limited under-
standing, 40 ; his weakness, 445.

Louisburg, fortified, iii. 235; capture of, by
New England troops, 457, el seq. ; strength
of the fortifications, 459; the surrender,
462; expedition to, in 1758, iv. 294; the
troops land, 295; the garrison surrenders,
296 ; the town is deserted, 296.

Louisiana, colonized by the French, iii. 202 ;
insalubrity of the climate, 204; the colo-
nists isolated and unhappy, 206; its extent
as claimed by the French, 343, 347 ; the
cob my not prosperous, 348; the Mississippi
scheme, 349 ; tales of the wealth of Louisi-
ana, 351 ; arrival of a colony from France,
352; the Del Norte the western boundary,
353; when half a century had elapsed, still
a wilderness, 369; surrendered to Spain,
v. 193 ; a republic installed there, vi. 219 ;
the Spanish government expelled,^ 220;
Spain resolves' to repossess it, 201; French
statesmen desire that it may be free, and
the reason why, 263; is conquered by
Spain, and the" inhabitants treated with
great cruelty, 292, el seq.
Lovelace, Colonel, governor of New York, his

arbitrary conduct, ii- 321, iii. 64.
Lovell, delegate from Massachusetts, praises
Gates and disparages Washington, ix. 456;
his abusive language, 457.
Low, Isaac, of New York, vii. 43; a Tory at

heart, yet elected to Congress, 79 ; not re-
elected, 283.
Lowell, John, of Boston, an able lawyer and

zealous abolitionist, x. 361.
Lowndes, Bawlins, of South Carolina, elected
speaker of their assembly, vi. 447; his
noble conduct as a magistrate, 471 ; defeats
the design of arresting the royal govern-,
or, viii. 89; in favor of delay in instituting
government, 347, x. 154; superseded as
governor of South Carolina, 288; his
cowardly behavior, 330.
Loyal addresses from England received by

the ministry, viii. 145.
Loyalists in North Carolina, their military
operations, viii. 284-288; their defeat,
289; of Boston recommend unqualified sub-
mission, vii. 69; their spirit as interpreted
by Daniel Leonard, 231; they induce Gage
to detain the loyal people as hostages, 321.
Loyalists, American, nothing can be done for

them, and why, x. 555. 580, 5S6.
Loyalty to England disappears from the

American heart, and why, x. 140.
Ludwell, Philip, sent as governor to restore
order in South Carolina, iii. 14; but in
vain, 14.
Luther, Martin, influences all Europe, i. 200 ;
discountenanced harsh proceedings, 274;
contrasted with Calvin, 277, 278; his coun-
sel to the peasants of Suabia, 298; brought
to light truths which elevated and ennobled
humanity, iv. 151, 152; his teachings and
their effect, x. 75; he justified slavery, 340.
Luthcranism, its wide extent, x 79, el seq.
Luttrell, the seat of Wilkes in Parliament

given to him, vi. 275.
Luttrell, Henry Temple, replies to Burgoyne

in the House of Commons, vii. 246.
Lygonia, or the plough patent, i. 336 ; pur-
chased by Rigby, 429 ; absorbed by Massa-
chusetts, 430.
Lyman, Phinehas, of Connecticut, major-
general of New England troops iv. 207.
Lynch, Thomas, of South Carolina, vi. 380;
"a member of the first continental congress,
vii. 81, 127, 129; one of a committee of
Congress to visit the camp at Cambridge,
viii. Ill; opposed to independence, 244;
member of a committee sent to New York,
279; on slavery, ix. 52.
Lyttleton, George, lord, of the treasury board,
iv. 54, 100, 103; chancellor of the excheq-
uer, 179, 231; speaks in Parliament in
favor of taxing America, v. 402; his speech
in the House of Commons against the
Americans, viii. 161.
Lyttleton. Richard, brother of the preced-
ing;, governor of South Carolina, iv. 179,
243; his overbearing conduct, 270, 340;
provokes a war with the Cherokees, 340,
342; hinders supplies from being sent to
them, 344; the assembly and council op-
pose his measures, 345.347; his perfidy,
345, 347 ; he invades the Cherokee country,
348; his unreasonable demands, 349; is
transferred to the government of Jamaica,
351 ; advises colonial taxation, 380.

GENERAL INDEX.

677

Littleton, Lord Thomas, reproaches Chat-
ham, and speaks against the Americans,
vii. 202.

McArthur, Neil, a Highlander of North Caro-
lina, viii. 284.

Macaulay's opinion of Lord North, x. 531.

Maccall, Major, of Georgia, joins Morgan.
x. 400; makes a successful charge, 461.

McClary; Andrew, major in Stark's regiment,
is killed bv a chance shot on the day of
Bunker Hill, vii. 433.

McCrea, Jane, murder of, ix. 371, 372.

Macdaniel, killed in the attack on Fort Moul-
trie, viii. 407.

Macdonald, Allan and Flora, settlers in
Kingsborough, North Carolina, viii. 94;
their character and previous history, 94;
he takes sides with the royal governor
against the country, 94; receives a com-
mission to raise a body of Highlanders,
283; marches for Wilmington, 284; is de-
feated and a prisoner, 289.

Macdonald, Donald, commissioned as briga-
dier of Highlanders in North Carolina, viii.
284; marches for Wilmington, 285; his
message to Colonel Moore, 285; goes to
encounter Caswell, 286; is defeated and a
prisoner, 288, 289.

McDougal, a brave " Son of Liberty " in New
York, vi. 481; imprisoned for libel, vi. 332,
365, 385.

Macdougal, Alexander, a leading patriot at
New York, vii. 40, 78, 79, 80. 283,329 ; in the
New York assembly, viii. 215 ; concurs with
Jay in his prudent policy, 274 ; at Brooklyn,
advises a retreat, ix. 102; superintends the
embarkation, 103; his brigade employed to
secure Washington's rear, 175; occupies
Chatterton Hill, 181; is attacked there by
superior numbers, 181 ; at Peekskill is
compelled to burn the magazine, 345; at
Germantown, 424; does not assist in the
battle, 427.

Macdowell, colonel of North Carolina militia,
forced to retreat beyond the Alleghanies,
x. 334.

McGinnes, of New Hampshire, killed, iv.
212.

Machenry, Doctor, at Monmouth, x. 131,
note.

Mackean (see McKean).

McKean, Thomas, delegate to Congress from
Delaware, viii. 75 ; is warmly in favor of
independence, 368, 437; presides at the
provincial conference, of Pennsylvania,
445, 446.

Mackenzie, John, of South Carolina, vi. 386.

Mackinaw (see Michilimackinac).

Mackinaw, strength of the garrison in Pon-
tiac's war, v. 121; taken by the Indians,
122; horrid scenes at the capture, 122.

Mackintosh, Peter, a blacksmith of Boston,
leader in the riots there, v. 375.

Mackintosh, of South Carolina, his advice,
x. 304.

Maclean, Alexander, assists Governor Mar-
tin in stirring up the Highlanders of North
Carolina, viii. 2t3.

Maclean, Allan, of Torloish, Scotland, is sent
over to North Carolina, vii. 282.

Maclean, Colonel Allan, in Canada, tries in
vain to form a junction with Carleton, viii.
187; retires to Quebec, 187, 196.

McLellan, of Pennsylvania, lieutenant in
Arnold's expedition against Quebec, taken
severely ill on the way, viii. 194; dies,
195.

Macleod, Alexander, of the Scottish High-
landers, in North Carolina, viii. 94.

Macleod, Donald, of North Carolina, viii.
284; commands the insurgent Highlanders,
288; attacks the patriot army, and is mor-
tally wounded, 289.

Macpherson, Captain, aid-de-camp of Mont-
gomery, a young officer of great promise in
the northern army, viii. 184 ; slain in the
assault on Quebec, 208; left not his like
behind him, 211.

Maddock's Mill, meeting at, vi. 36.

Madison, James, his childhood, iv. 136; lieu-
tenant-colonel, commands a party sent to
seize the powder of the province, vii. 114;
in the Virginia convention, viii. 378; pro-
poses equal religious freedom, 380: favors
a strong government, x. 424, 502, 571.

Madison and Hamilton compared, x. 570.

Magaw, Colonel of a Pennsylvania regiment,
ix. 98; retreats from Long Island, 103;
commands at Fort Washington, 179, 184;
supposes the fort can stand a long siege,
188; he makes a gallant defence, 190-192;
surrenders, 193.

Magistracy of France, their position in 1774,
vii. 28, 29.

Maine, its coast explored by the French, i.
27; by Gosnold, 112: by Pring, 114; by
Weymouth, 114; the French settlement on
Mount Desert, 27, 28; they are dislodged
by Argal, 148; colony at Sagadahoc, 268;
part of the territory granted to the Plym-
outh colonv, 320; and part to Gorges,
328; colony at Saco, 330; at Pemaquid,
331 ; design of these settlements, 331 ; mul-
tiplied grants of the territory, 335: slow-
progress of settlement, and why, 336; no
efficient government, 337 ; not admitted to
the New England confederacy, 422; ab-
sorbed by Massachusetts, 430; the royal
commissioners in Maine, ii. 86; population
in 1675, 93; trade and business, 93; Indian
war in 1676, 109, 110; Maine separated
from Massachusetts by the privy council,
113; this measure defeated by that colony,
113 ; Maine becomes a province of Massa-
chusetts, 114; its frontier laid waste by
Indians, 431; again laid waste, iii. 183,
212, 333 (see Abenahis, also see Rasley).

Maintenon, Madame de, mistress of Louis
XIV., ii. 175 ; her early history, 175 ; gov-
erns the king, 175, 177 ; forsakes him, iii.
323.

Maitland, British general, comes to the relief
of Savannah, x. 296 ; repels the besiegers,
297.

Major-generals elected by the continental
congress, viii. 26 ; their names, 26, et seq.

678

GENERAL INDEX.

Malcolm, Daniel, of Boston, a stubborn patri-
ot, refuses to have his house searched, vi. 31 ;
moves thanks in town meeting, 13!) ; leads
the people in the riot of the tenth of June,
1768, 156 ; arretted by the crown officers,
213.

Malcolm, John, a Scotchman, tarred and
feathered in boston, vi. 493.

Maiden offers its blood and treasure in the
cause of liberty, vi. 483.

Malesherbes, Christian William, exiled by
Louis XV., vi. 423, viii. 330, 362, ix. 293;
what he said of Franklin, 492.

Manchester, Duke of, his speech against the
war with America, viii. 164.

Mandamus councillors for Massachusetts, the
king makes out a list of them, vii. 58; they
fare hardly in that province, 103-105; in a
state of alarm, they resign their commis-
sions, or take to flight, 103-105; more
resignations, 111, 115, 116.

Manhattan visited by Hudson, ii. 268; by
Adriaen Block, 275*; settlement begun,
276.

Manigault, Judith, her sufferings for religion,
ii. 180.

Manly, John, American naval commander,
his success in taking prizes, viii. 217.

Mansfield, Earl of (see Murray, William).

Manslield, Earl of (William Murray), his
elaborate speech in Parliament on the right
of that, body to tax America, v. 405-413;
his reasoning accepted as unanswerable,
413 ; is in favor of coercion, 412 ; he and Ed-
mund Burke found the new Tory party of
England, 418; its impersonation, 419; his
desperate counsel in regard to America, vi.
182; his plea in behalf of arbitrary power,
323, 324; in a debate "breathes out
threatenings and slaughter " against Bos-
ton, 518; in Parliament denies having ad-
vised the duty on tea, vii. 226 ; he praises
the Boston port bill and the regulating act,
226 ; is charged by Shelburne with telling
a lie, 227 ; his cruel and unrighteous pro-
ceeding as a judge, 344; his atrocious
speech in the House of Lords, viii. 170,
171 ; ridicules the idea of suspending hos-
tilities, 301; his heartless indifference
when Chatham was struck with death, ix.
495.

Manufactures, colonial, frowned upon by
England, iv. 63, 64, 150.

Manufactures in England in 1763, v. 54; the
cotton manufacture then unknown, 55; the
manufacture of iron and clay scarcely be-
gun, 55 ; domestic manufactures proposed
in the colonies, 288; colonial manufactures
forbidden by law, 266, 267, 287; restraints
on American, vi. 71; a flagrant violation of
national right, 71.

Marblehead, its inhabitants respond to the
Boston circular, vi. 431, 437; the board of
customs transferred to that place, vii 34;
its people make generous offers to Boston,
67 ; Leslie with his command lands in Mar-
blehead, 252; its fishermen man the boats
at the crossing of the Delaware, ix. 230.

Marchant, of Rhode Island, votes for limiting
Washington's powers, ix. 433.

Marest, Gabriel, Jesuit missionary in Hud-
son's Bay and Illinois, iii. 196, 197.

Marest, Joseph, Jesuit missionary among the
Sioux, iii. 243.

" Margaretta," a king's cutter, captured by a
party from Machias, vii. 341, 342.

Maria Theresa, empress of Austria, x. 53; is
averse to the American cause, 245.

Maria Theresa, queen of Hungary, caresses
Madame de Pompadour, the French king's
mistress, iv. 278.

Marie Antoinette, queen of France, her char-
acter, vii. 31; her levity, 31; calumniated,
32; a friend to America, x. 45, 111, 112,
187; gives birth to a daughter, 216; and
to a son, 216.

Marion, Francis, iv. 348, 423, 426, viii. 90;
assists in the defence of Fort Moultrie, 402 ;
sent to watch the enemy, x. 317 ; his noble
character, 331; captures a British tone,
331; exerts a good influence, 331; his fur-
ther successes as a partisan, 341; his mercy
to the enemy, 342, 485, 488, 493.

Maritime restrictions of Carthage, i. 213; of
Spain and Portugal, 213; the freedom of
the sea vindicated by Grotius,214; and by
the Dutch, 215; the navigation act of the
English Parliament in 1651, 212; another
in 1660, ii. 42; this policy permanently
established in England, i. 218; further
maritime restrictions, ii. 104, 105 ; absurdity
of the system of monopoly, 110, 113; led
to the decay of commerce, 113; a fruitful
source of national animosity, 114, 116.

Markham, Archbishop of York, recommends
American reconstruction, ix. 324.

Markham, William, deputy-governor for
Penn, of Pennsylvania, ii. 364, 381; of
Delaware, iii. 35; of Pennsylvania, 40.

Marlborough, Mass., its patriotic response to
the Boston circular, vi. 442.

Marquette, James, missionary to the Chippe-
ways in Michigan, iii. 152; resolves to
discover the Mississippi, 153; gathers a
village of Indians in Northern Michigan,
155; discovers the Mississippi river, 155;
the Missouri, the Ohio, and the Arkansas,
159; his death, 161.

Marshall, John, afterwards chief-justice of
the United States, serves as a lieutenant
at Great Bridge, viii. 226; commands a
Virginia regiment in the battle of Brandy-
wine, 397; in the battle of Germantown,
427, note.

Martha's Vineyard plundered by a British
armament, x. 149.

Martial law proclaimed by Lord Dunmore in

Virginia, viii. 223.
Martin, Josiah, royal governor of North
Carolina, condemns the course pursued
towards the ''Regulators," vi. 400;
seeks to obstruct the progress of liberty,
vii. 271 a; his disappointment and alarm,
373, 374; sends his wife to New York
for safety, 335; thinks Charleston ought
to be destroyed, viii. 91; takes refuge

GENERAL INDEX.

679

first in a British fort, 92; his insult-
ing proclamation, 90; excites the High-
landers against the patriots, 94, 96; organ-
izes an insurrection in North Carolina, 283;
the insurrection is crushed. 288-290, wit-
nesses the unsuccessful attack on Fort
Moultrie, 411 ; arrives in New York Bay,
ix 82.

Martinieo captured by the English, iv. 436.

Maryland, its territory originally included in
Virginia, i. 236; a grant of it to Lord Bal-
timore, 241; boundaries assigned to it by
charter, 241; whence the name, 242; ab-
solute authority conferred on the proprie-
tary, 242; yet the liberties of the people
secured, 242; perfect religious equality,
243; no power reserved to the monarch,
243 ; the first emigration, 246 ; rapid prog-
ress of the settlement, 247; peace inter-
rupted by Clayborne, 249; a declaration of
rights adopted, 251 ; liberty and happiness
of the people, 2-32, an Indian war, 253;
Clayborne returns from England, and ex-
cites a rebellion, 254; the governor flees to
Virginia, 255; the toleration act, 256; the
legislative body divided into an upper and
a lower house, 257; disputes about the
government, 258; Clayborne, as commis-
sioner from the Long Parliament, sus-
pends the authority of the proprietary,
251); his patent confirmed by Cromwell,
261; the right of jurisdiction still disputed,
263; the assembly assert the superior
power of the people, 2G4 ; condition of
Maryland in 1660, ii. 234; the proprietary
government re-established, 236; its policy
mild and generous, 236; emigration en-
couraged, 230 ; sufferings of the Quakers,
237 ; residence of Charles Calvert in the
province, 237; money coined there, 238;
importation of felons prohibited, 240; the
party of Bacon (of Virginia) obtains a
lodgment in the province, 241 ; restrictions
laid on suffrage, 241; insurrection, 242;
struggle of the English church in Mary-
land for an establishment, 242; the prov-
ince suffers from the commercial policy of
England, 243; a struggle for liberty, 244;
the northern boundary of Maryland settled,
394; population in 1688,450; a majority
Protestants, 454; effect of the English
revolution of 1688, iii. 30; the " Protestant
Association," 30; Maryland made a royal
government, 31; Annapolis made the capi-
tal, 31; Protestantism triumphant, 31;
Church of England established by law, 32;
Catholics disfranchised, 32; missionaries
come from New England, 32; power of the
proprietary restored, 33; manufactures
attempted, 33; white servants, 33; educa-
tion, 34; population in 1710,34; restless-
ness, 395 ; does nothing to repel the French
from her borders, iv. 113; population in
1754, 129, 130; its social condition, 137;
prerogatives of Lord Baltimore, 138; cor-
rupt state of society, 138, 139 ; spirit of
freedom, 373; the province receives a rep-
rimand from the young king, 441, 442; its

frontiers ravaged by Indians in Pontiac's
war, v. 124; the stamp act resisted, 315;
approves the proceedings of Massachusetts,
vi. 167; its promptness in choosing dele-
gates to the continental congress, vii. 66;
contributes to the relief of Boston, 74; high
spirit of the province, 142; burning of the
brig "Peggy Stewart " at Annapolis, with
a ton of tea, 143; general convention of the
people, 172; their patriotic resolves, 172,
207; military organization, 207; wish for
reconciliation to England, 334; volunteer
troops from it join the army belbre Boston,
viii. 63; unanimity of the province, 75; its
conservative policy, 76; the population to
be armed, 76; equality restored to the
Catholics, 76, 78; resolute spirit of the
colony, 77, 78; casts off the proprietary
government, 78; establishes a temporary
government, 78; issues bills of credit, 78;
convention at Annapolis, ~8; its spirit
averse to separation from England, 244;
the proprietary interest dominant, 313; the
province still hopes for a reunion with
Britain, 385; in June, 1776, the province
de lared unanimously for independence,
446,447; a government to be formed by
the authority of the people only, 447; re-
nounces allegiance to George lit., ix. 32;
has a grudge against Virginia, 56; a regi-
ment of very brave troops from this state
on Long Island, 88, 93, 94, 103 ; the state
is willing to abandon the Declaration of
Independence, 199; constitution of civil
government, 262; great inequality of rep-
resentation, 265; the state seeks to re-
strain popular power, 266 ; public worship,
how sustained, 276 ; disposition of church
property, 277; disaffection on the eastern
shore, 392.

Mason, Charles, and Jeremiah Dixon, sur-
veyors, their line (Mason and Dixon's line)
established, ii. 394.

Mason, George, of Virginia, foretells the dire
consequences of slavery, vi. 417, 418; an
eminent patriot, vii. 53 ; drafts a series of
patriotic resolutions, 74; is elected to Con-
gress, but declines, viii. 81; member of
the Virginia convention, 379, 436; his ex-
alted character, 379; and influence, 379;
has the principal share in framing the con-
stitution of Virginia. 436; a correspondent
of Washington, x. 207; his vehement de-
nunciation of slavery, 354.

Mason, John, commander in the Pequod
war, i. 399; successfully nssails the Pequod
Fort, 400 ; unites his efforts with Gorges,
328; obtains a grant of territory in New
England, 328; takes out a new ""patent,
328; extends his claims, 329; complains of
the Massachusetts people, 405; his death,
329, 409; his claim revived, ii. 115.

Mason, Robert (formerly Robert Tufton),
grandson of the preceding, ii. 115; selects
a governor for New Hampshire, 110; de-
rives no benefit from lawsuits in his behalf,
118; his sons sell his claim to Samuel
Allen, of London, iii. 82.

680

GENERAL INDEX.

Mascoutins, iii. 155, 156, 242.

Massachusetts, its coast explored by Gos-
nold, i. 112; by De Monts, 20; by Pring,
114 ; by Smith, 209 ; included in the char-
ter of the Plymouth company, 272 ; land-
ing of the Pilgrims, 309 (sec Pilgrims) ; its
soil claimed, in part, by Gorges and Mason.
328; charter of the Massachusetts com-
pany, 328, 340 ; names of the patentees, 340 ;
the king confirms the patent, 342 ; provi-
sions of the charter, 342; its fundamental
principle, 343 ; seal of the colony, 346 ;
the charter and government transferred to
America, 352 ; Winthrop's company em-
bark, 355; their farewell to England, 356,
357 ; their numbers, 355, 357 ; their char-
acter, 357; their arrival in Salem, 358;
great suffering and mortality, 360; the
oath of fidelity, 362 ; none to he freemen
but members of the church, 362* ; a repre-
sentative government, 363 ; friendly rela-
tions with the natives, 363 ; new emigrants
arrive, 364 ; the ballot-box introduced, 366 ;
democracy, 367 ; religious union, 368 ; a
proposal for a hereditary nobility declined,
385 ; the Antinomian controversy, 386 ;
Ann Hutchinson and John Wheelwright,
388 ; Henry Vane, 388 ; emigration from
Massachusetts to Connecticut, 395 ; Massa-
chusetts participates in the Pequod war,
399, 401 ; efforts of the enemies of the
colony in England, 405 ; ships bound to
Massachusetts detained, 406 ; her liberties
threatened, 407; the colony prepares for
resistance, 407; restraints placed on emi-
gration, 408 ; a quo warranto issued, 409 ;
the writ disregarded, 413; Massachusetts
threatens to declare itself independent,
413; its virtual independence, 415; and
great prosperity, 415 ; population in 1041,
415 ; the protection of Parliament declined,
416; ministers decline to attend the West-
minster Assembly, 416 ; Parliament favors
the colony, 416 * ; the " Body of Liberties "
established, 416 * ; its provisions, 417, et
seq.; annexation of New Hampshire, 418 * ;
absorption of Maine, 430 ; toleration of
dissenters, 432; "a perfect republic," 433;
exercises the functions of sovereignty, 433;
its mint, 433 ; its democratical spirit, 433 ; a
conservative and a liberal party, 434 ; the
people jealous of the magistrates, 434 ;
disturbance at Hingham, 435 ; zeal for
toleration made a pretence for undermining
the liberties of the country, 437 ; Parlia-
ment assert a right to control the govern-
ment of Massachusetts, 439 ; the claim
resisted, 440 ; the true idea of the de-
pendence of the colony on the mother
country defined, 440-442 ; a noble remon-
strance, 441; Cromwell offers the colonists
estates in Ireland, 444 ; the offer declined,
444; laws against irreligion and sectarian-
ism, 450 ; severities against the Quakers,
452, et seq. ; an issue made between Massa-
chusetts and England, ii. 41 ; address of
the colony to Charles II., 71; a declara-
tion of rights, 73 ; two parties formed, —

the friends of prerogative and those of
freedom, 74, 75 ; the king's answer, 75 ;
his demands resisted, 76 ; commissioners
sent to regulate the affairs of New Eng-
land, 77 ; the general court resolve on
resistance, 79 ; they claim the right of self-
government, 80 ; remonstrance to the king,
79-81 ; the commissioners foiled in their
attempts, 85-87 ; the general court resolve
to disobey the king, 88 ; the privy council
overawed, 89, 90 ; prosperity of Massa-
chusetts, 91 ; its extensive commerce, 91 ;
population in 1675, 93 ; extent of settle-
ment at that time, 93 ; the Indian title to
land always respected, 98 ; the Indian war
of 1675, 100, etseq. ; its causes, 98, 99 ; hor-
rors of the war, 103, etseq. ; " Great Swamp
Eight," 105; great distress on both sides,
106, 107 ; end of the war, 108 ; its cost in life
and property, 109 ; controversy with Eng-
land renewed, 111 ; Edward Randolph
arrives, 111 ; his activity, 112; his exagger-
ations, 112 ; the colony sends agents to Eng-
land, 112 ; purchases the rights of Gorges in
Maine, 113 ; continues the struggle against
the privy council, 121 ; the colony resolves
to stand on its charter, 123 ; a quo warranto
issued, 124 ; the colony refuses to submit
to the will of the king, 125, et seq.; the
charter abrogated, 127 ; despotism estab-
lished, 425 ; liberty recovered, 440 ; re-
sumption of the charter, 447; population
in 1088, 450; the political institutions of
Massachusetts resulted from the Calvinism
of its founders, 461, et seq. ; effect of the
English revolution, iii. 71; the popular will
defeated, and the opportunity lost for re-
covering chartered rights, 71 ; Massachu-
setts made dependent on England, 72 ;
witchcraft, belief in it general, 73 ; con-
trolling influence of ministers, 74; Massa-
chusetts seeks a new charter, 79; has
powerful friends in England, 79 ; the new
charter compared with the old, 80 ; territory
of Massachusetts greatly enlarged, 81 ; the
withcraft delusion, 73-99 (which see);
claims the right of habeas corpus, 103 ; a de-
preciated currency, 104; a commercial mo-
nopoly, 104; the navigation laws, 104 ; the
governors obliged to enforce the restrictive
system, 105 ; suggested the lirst American
Congress, and therefore the parent of the
American Union, 183 ; sends a fleet and
army for the conquest of Canada, 185; the
expedition fails, 186 ; consequent issue of
paper money, ISO; distress of Massachu-
setts in "Queen Anne's war," iii. 212, et
seq.; final conquest of Acadia, 217, 218;
flourishing condition. of, 369; the charter
in danger, 380; Massachusetts vindicated,
381; its territory curtailed, 382; paper
money, 388, 389 ; Massachusetts refuses a
fixed salary to its governor, 391, 392;
petitions Parliament against the king, 392;
sends an expedition to the capture of
Louisburg, 458 ; protests against arbitrary
power, iv. 50; her expenses for the reduc-
tion of Louisburg refunded, 50; abolishes

GENERAL INDEX.

681

paper currency, 51 ; solicits the interposi-
tion of the king against French encroach-
ment, 114; bad character of its governor
and council, 113, 114 (see Shirley); peti-
tion to the House of Commons rebuked as
an insult, 254; disavows a desire for in-
dependence, 209 ; heavy self-imposed tax-
ation, 202; a self-imposed stamp-tax, 293;
its military strength, 297; has ten thou-
sand men in the public service, 297 ; places
a monument for Lord Howe in Westminster
Abbey, 301 ; has seven thousand men un-
der arms, 319 ; Bernard governor, 377 ;
disavows "subjection to Great Britain,"
378; denies the justice of t.he_ acts of
trade, and questions their authority, 414 ;
great speech of James Otis against writs
of assistance, 415, et seq. ; liberty in peril,
414, 439 ; right of Britain to tax the col-
onies denied, 447; the province determined
to vindicate its rights, 449; its loyalty
vouched for by Bernard, v. 148; its bound-
aries settled, 163; proceedings of its gen-
eral court on taxation by the British
Parliament, 199; correspondence with the
other colonies, 200; waives the question of
right, 224; the spirit of Massachusetts re-
vives, 273; proposes a congress of the
American people, 279, 280; its cautious
proceedings, 202; the people roused, 309,
et seq. ; Bernard, the governor, essavs to
frighten the legislature, 329, 330 ; * able
reply of that body, 347-349 ; Samuel Adams
the "author, 349 ; arbitrary conduct of its
governor, Bernard, vi. 8, 9 ; threatened
with the loss of its charter, 10 ; patriotic
reply of the house, 12 ; and of the coun-
cil, 12; the house votes thanks to Pitt,
Grafton, and others, 13; the enemies of the
province continue their machinations, 30,
31, 47, 50 ; the house is willing to grant
aid to the king's service " of their own free
accord," but not to be taxed for it, 51 ; the
province specially obnoxious to the British
government, 68, 69 ; speech of Charles
Townshend against it, 75; shameful con-
duct of the earl of Hillsborough toward it,
116, 117 ; loading men in the province pro-
pose resistance, 117, 118; a solemn decla-
ration of rights, 121 ; remonstrance of the
province against the oppressive acts of the
13ritish Parliament, 121, 122; its beautiful
letter to the king, 123 ; great caution of
the assembly, 120, 124, 125; a circular
letter addressed to the other colonies, 125,
126 ; they enumerate their grievances, 126 ;
vote against the use of superfluities, 129 ;
the house requests the recall of Bernard,
131 ; Hillsborough requires the house to
rescind its resolves, 144; the king himself
responsible for this order, 308 ; its petition
to the king never presented, 144 ; the
house refuses to rescind, by a large ma-
jority, 165 ; the governor dissolves the
assembly, 165; England irritated against
Massachusetts, 173, 177; Bernard wishes
to forbid the meeting of the general court,
194 ; is without a legislature, 194 ; proposal

for an extension of chartered rights, 195 ;
the council refuse to provide quarters for
British troops, 201; a convention of the
province assembles at Faneuil Hall, 203 ;
Bernard tries to intimidate them, but in
vain, 204; their energetic proceedings and
resolutions, 205; the province on the side
of law, its enemies law-breakers, 204 ;
great firmness and prudence of the prov-
ince, 204, et seq. ; the law officers of Eng-
land can find no treason in its doings, 200 ;
its charter to be abrogated, 231 ; this in-
tention laid aside, 268 ; the ministry will-
ing to withdraw the troops, 268 ; discontent
at the presence of the troops, 283 ; alterca-
tion with the governor, 285, et seq. ; the
general court adopt the resolutions of
Virginia, 288; and refuse all supplies to
the troops, 289 ; Bernard threatens them,
289; the Boston massacre (see Boston);
Hutchinson succeeds Bernard as governor,
303; he convenes the legislature at Cam-
bridge, 359 ; this body declares a standing
army in time of peace to be against law,
300 ; the legislature again convened at
Cambridge, 364, 367 ; and a third time,
403 ; the king had ordered it, 307 ; Castle
William, though the exclusive property of
the province, taken possession of by'the
regular troops, at the command of the
king, 369; efforts of Hillsborough to sub-
vert its charter, 371 ; the legislature keep
a day of solemn fasting and prayer, 371 ;
Hutchinson advises the entire abrogation
of its charter, 372 ; proposes to exclude it
from the fisheries, 373 : to seize the leading
patriots, and especially to punish Boston,
373 ; protest of the legislature against abuse
of prerogative, 403 ; and against the king's
instructions to exempt from taxation cer-
tain individuals, 404, 405; the legislature
pass a vote condemnatory of the governor,
420; the king makes the" judges dependent
on his mere pleasure, 420, 421; commit-
tees of correspondence, 429, et seq ; the
flame spreads, 431; Hutchinson's secret
letters discovered and sent to Massachu-
setts, 435, 436 ; general patriotic response
of eighty towns to the circular of Boston,
437, et seq. ; 445, et seq. ; Hutchinson
challenges the legislature to discuss with
him the supreme power of Parliament, 445 ;
answer of the council, 448 ; answer of the
house, 448, 449 ; the towns continue their
patriotic responses, 446, 447, 452 ; dispute
of the house with the governor on the de-
pendence of the judgeSj 452 ; the province
elects its committee of correspondence, 460;
the insidious letters of Hutchinson and
Oliver read to the house, 461 ; and published
far and wide, 402, et seq. ; vigorous pro-
ceedings of the committees of correspond-
ence, 467, 475, et seq. ; the tea thrown
overboard, 477-487 ; union of the people,
409,_ 476, 478, 481, 484, 488 ; their resolute
spirit, 507 ; the ultimatum of America, as
expressed by Samuel Adams, 508, 509;
the Boston port bill passes the House of

682

GENERAL INDEX.

Commons, 511, 512 ; and the House of
Lords, 518 ; other stringent measures
adopted, 525, 526 ; stringent measures of
the British ministry against, vii. 34 ; the
people exclusively of English origin, 38 ;
George III. approves two acts against; 43;
legislature of, organized, 47; the royal
governor, Gage, negatives thirteen council-
lors out of twenty-eight, 47, 48 ; bills
passed in Parliament to subvert the char-
ter, 60, 94, 97 ; Gage removes the legislat-
ure to Salem, 01 ; and refuses to receive
the address of the council, 01 ; Massachu-
setts appoints time and place for the first
continental congress, G4 ; keeps a day of
fasting and prayer, 83; the act for better
regulating the province subversive of the
charter and liberties of the people, 95 ;
sweeps away all authority but that of the
king, 96 ; tramples on all the affections,
laws, customs, and privileges of the people,
96; requires Boston to pay for the tea
thrown overboard, 96 ; and the province
peacefully to acquiesce in the loss of its
charter, 97 ; two other acts confer on Gage
absolute power to enforce the preceding
and all other acts, at his discretion, 97 ; the
question between Britain and America
wholly changed, 97 ; general spirit of re-
sistance, 100, et seq. ; estimated population
of the province, and of men able to bear
arms, 101 ; delegates of Massachusetts are
received with high respect as they pass
through Connecticut, 106, 107; convention
of three counties in Boston, 109 ; Gage
seizes the powder of the province at Char-
lestown, 114 ; the people of Middlesex
county rise in indignation, 114, 115; in
Worcester and Hampshire counties, and
in Connecticut, 120, 121, 122 ; royal author-
ity ceases outside of Boston," 121 ; the
wealthy royalists flee to Boston, 122;
Massachusetts wishes to resume its first
charter, 124 ; the resistance of the province
to Parliament approved by the continental
congress, 134, 145 ; the " minute-men," 137 ;
Gage dares not meet the legislature, 138;
this body applies to Congress for advice, 142;
the house of representatives resolves itself
into a provincial congress, 153; it remon-
strates with Gage, 154; the province con-
forms to the second charter, 155 ; destitute
of all government, yet in perfect tranquil-
lity ; the people a law to themselves, 184 ;
admirable conduct of the clergy, 184, 185;
magnanimity of Boston, 185; Massachu-
setts declared to be in a state of rebel-
lion, 222 ; stringent measures against her,
222 ; the provincial congress appoints a
committee of safety, 228; elects general
officers, 228 ; their measures for defence,
229, 230; Massachusetts receives intelli-
gence of the violent measures adopted in
England, 278; precautions against Indian
hostility, 279, 280 ; preparations for war,
280, 281; scanty means, 281; the conflicts
at Lexington and Concord, 292, et seq. ;
people rush to the camp of liberty, 313 ;

an army to be raised, 314; slender supplv
of military stores, 314; personal character
of the men composing the army of Massa-
chusetts, 317 ; difficulties of the men at the
head of affairs, 321 ; want of union and
discipline in the army, 322 ; financial diffi-
culties, 323; state of the currency, 323 ; no
proper organization for government, 324
(see Provincial Congress) ; the continental
Congress unanimously approve the con-
duet of Massachusetts, 357; the province
asks the advice of Congress in regard to a
form of government, 324, 357, 388 ; invites
Congress to assume the army then be-
sieging Boston,389 ; the Massachusetts dele-
gates and leading men nominate Washing-
ton as commander-in-chief ; Samuel Adams
and John Hancock proscribed by Gage,
391; the people choose a house of repre-
sentatives according to their charter, viii.
47, 48 ; the royal government wholly super-
seded, and a new seal adopted for the com-
monwealth, 48; the army sustained by
voluntary contributions of' the people, 49;
their character imperfectly understood by
Washington, 41, 49; their untiring zeal
and great exertions, 49, 50; institutes ad-
miralty courts, 136; militia from Massa-
chusetts called out to re-enforce the army at
Cambridge, 219; Massachusetts keeps" up
the numbers of the army, 233 ; the militia
praised by Washington, 234 ; the people,
in their town meetings, declare for inde-
pendence almost unanimously, 438 ; wel-
comes the Declaration of Independence, ix.
36; three thousand of her soldiers return
home, 197 ; her form of government from
1775 to 1780, 260 ; education of the whole
people provided for, 270 ; public worship,
how sustained, 276 ; sends aid to the north-
ern army, 384, 387; the richest state in
the Union, x. 171 ; raises soldiers by
draft, 206 ; refuses to give up the fisheries,
215, 216, 218; vainly endeavors to recover
Castine, 233; how far slavery was toler-
ated, 360; laws in relation to it, 360; cau-
tious steps towards abolition, 361, et seq. ;
slavery finally abolished, and how, 304-
367; made a free republic, 364; caution
in establishing a form of government, 363,
et seq. ; excellence of its constitution, 367 ;
consents to a national debt, 571.

Massachusetts Fort in Williamstown capitu-
lates, iii. 463.

Massachusetts tribe of Indians, iii. 238.

Massacre of the Huguenots in Florida, i. 70 ;
of the Virginia colonists, 182; a second
massacre, 208.

Massacre of Hurons by Iroquois, iii. 139; of
inhabitants of Montreal by Iroquois. 179.

Massacre of English at Lancaster, i. 106;
at Schenectadv, iii. 182; at Oyster river,
187 ; at DeeVfield, 213 ; at " Haverhill,
215; in North Carolina, 320; in South
Carolina, 327 ; of the French bv the
Natchez, 360; at Wyoming, x. 137; at
Cherry Valley, 152 ; terrible, in South
Carolina, by Tarleton's cavalry, 307; by

GENERAL INDEX.

683

Arnold at fort Griswold, 500; applauded
by British generals, 307.
Massasoit visits the Pilgrims at Plymouth,
i. 317; reveals a plan formed for their de-
struction, 319.
Masts, royal, monopoly of, iii. 10G, 390.
Matagorda Bay, visited by La Salle, iii.
170, 171; fort built there by Spaniards,
353.
Material universe, unity of the, viii. 116,

117 ; not less so the moral, 117, 118.
Mather, Cotton, opposes the resumption of
chartered liberties, iii. 71; his share in the
witchcraft delusion, 75, et seq., 85, el seq. ;
his exultation at the appointment of Phips,
83; his address at the execution of Bur-
roughs, 92; his " Wonders of the Invisible
Wo'rld," 95; his creduliiy, 97; procures
the appointment of Joseph Dudley as gov-
ernor, 99; desires a synod, 391.
Mather, Increase, iii. 71; agent of Massachu-
setts in England, 72, 79; nominates Sir
William Plnps as governor, 83 ; has no re-
compense for his services, 89.
Matthews, General, his destructive incursion

into Virginia, x. 223.
Matthews, George, in the battle of Point

Pleasant, vii. 109.
Matthews, Samuel, governor of Virginia, i.
220; his struggle with the assembly, 220 ;
submits, 227 This death, 228.
Mauduit, Duplessis, a French officer, his gal-
lant conduct at Brandy wine, ix. 399; at
Germantown, 420.
Mauduit, Israel, favors the stamp tax, v.
155 ; advises the concession to New Eng-
land of the whale fishery, 185 ; his artful
attempt to mislead, 190, note ; the adviser
of the stamp tax, vi. 491 ; is in league with
Hutchinson against Massachusetts, 65, 69,
98, 110, 116 ; counsel for Hutchinson before
the privy council, 492, 494.
Mauduit, Jasper, agent in England for Mas-
sachusetts, iv. 430 ; his letters quoted, v.
79, 80, 88; consents to taxation of the colo-
nies, 155, 180 ; quoted, 185, note.
Maurepas, John Frederic Phillipeaux, Count
de, chief minister of Louis XVI , his pre-
vious history, vii. 87; his character, 87, 88;
his weakness, 88, 89 ; his envy of Turgot,
viii. 341; misrepresents him to the king,
341, 303; desires to maim England, ix.
287; advises Louis XVI. to acknowledge
American independence, 400, x. 42, 187,
242, 243; eager for peace, 443, 444.
Maury, James, a clergyman in Virginia, v.
171 ; sues his parish for salary, 173 ; is op-
posed by Patrick Henry, and loses his
case, 175.
Maverick, Rev. John, arrives at Nantasket, i.

358.
Maverick, Samuel, on Noddle's Island, now
East Boston, i. 341; one of the royal com-
missioners in 1G04, ii. 84.
Mawhood, Lieutenant-Colonel, commands the
British at Princeton, ix. 248; his defeat,
249.
Maxwell, General, in command at Morris-

town, New Jersey, ix. 224; orders given
him. 224; his success at Elizabethtown,
251; in the affair at Scotch Plains, 350;
commands a body of light troops at Iron
Ilili, 3J4; covers" the American retreat at
Bran ly wine, 399, 402; at the battle of
Germantown, 424; his good conduct at
Monmouth, x. 129; commands the Jersey
brigade, 372; repels an attack from Hes-
sians, 373.
May, Cornells Jacobsen, the Dutch navigator,
ii. 275; his name given to the southern -
point of New Jersev, 279 ; first governor of
New Netherlund, 2*79.
"Mayflower," the Pilgrim ship, i. 300; her

voyage, 308; arrives at Plymouth, 313.
Mayhew, Jonathan, a clergyman of Boston,
his character, iv. 59; a champion of liberty,
59, 00; his sermon in 1750 against un-
limited submission, 00; known a9 "an
enemy to kings," 429; his public spirit,
v. 200; speaks and writes for liberty, 311,
312 ; but disapproves of violent proceedings
313; his letter to Ilollis, 342; his apos-
trophe to Pitt, 459; advises a union of the
colonies, vi. 12, 13; his death, 13.
Mayhew, Thomas, father and son, their

labors to convert the Indians, ii. 97.
Mc( lulloh, Henry, is zealous for the taxation
of America, v^ 137 ; biographical notices of
him, 138. note; "a convenient subordi-
nate," 138.
Mecklenburg County, North Carolina, suf-
fers under oppression from crown officers,
vi. 187; its Scotch-Irish population, vii.
370; their spirit of liberty, 371; they de-
clare themselves independent of king and
Parliament, 371, 372; they establish a gov-
ernment of their own, 372; they publish
their resolves to the world, 372; and sepa-
rate wholly from the British empire,
373.
Meeom, Benjamin, editor at New Haven, fills

his paper with patriotic appeals, v. 353.
Meigs, Return Jonathan, major in the ex-
pedition against Quebec, viii. 191; is taken
prisoner in the assault on the citadel, 210;
his successful expedition to Sag Harbor,
ix. 348, 349.
Mein, John, a printer, insults the patriots of

Boston, vi. 313.
Melcomb (see Dodington).
Melendez de Aviles, Pedro, invades Florida,
i. 67 ; lays the foundation of St. Augustine,
G9; slaughters the French colonists, 70;
his extreme cruelty, 71; attempts to take
possession of Chesapeake Bay, 71.
Menomonies, iii. 242; their singular dialect,

242.
Mercer, Captain Hugh, of Pennsylvania,
wounded, iv. 242; left in command of Fort
Pitt, 313.
Mercer, Hugh, colonel of a Virginia
regiment, viii. 240 ; commended by Wash-
ington, 317; on Staten Island, ix. 170;
wishes New York to be defended, 113;
with Washington on the Delaware, 224; in
the crossing of the Delaware, 230 ; is mor-

684

GENERAL INDEX.

tally wounded at Princeton, 246-248; his
great merit, 250.

Mercer, Lieutenant-Colonel, iv. 213; killed
at Oswego, 239.

Meredith, Sir William, a friend to America,
v. 242, 244; espouses the cause of America,
vi. 257.

" Merlin," British frigate, destroyed in Dela-
ware river, ix. 431.

Mermet, Jesuit missionary, on the Ohio, iii.
196 ; his labors, 198.

Merrick, Captain, a. Tory of Monson, Mas-
sachusetts, obnoxious to the people, vii.
111.

Merrill, Benjamin, of North Carolina, vi.
395; hanged by Tryon, 397.

Meserve, George, stamp distributor at Ports-
mouth, resigns his office, v. 316.

Mesnard, Bene, missionary among the Ca-
yugas, iii. 144; visits Lake Superior, 147;
is lost in the forest, 148.

Methodists denounce slavery as repugnant to
the law of Cod, x. 370.

Miami tribe of Indians, iii. 154, 155, 156,
240,241,244; visit Albany, 339; a power-
ful tribe, iv. 78; friendly to the English,
78; council at Picqua, 79, 80; at Shawnee
town, 95 ; at Carlisle, 108 ; unite with other
tribes to expel the English, v. 112.

Miami, Great, iv. 78; iertile country on its
banks, 81.

Miantonomoh, the great chief of the Narra-
gansetts, visits Boston, i. 363; makes a
grant of Rhode Island to the followers of
Mrs. Hutchinson, 392; dissuades from an
attack on the Pequods, 399 ; makes war on
the Mohegans, 423 ; his death, 424.

Michigan, possession of it taken by the Eng-
lish, iv. 362.

Michig m, Lake, first visited by white men,
iii. 128; traversed by La Salle, 164.

Michilimacliinac, English traders visit it in
1686, ii. 422; iii. 177 (see Mackinaw).

Micmacs of Nova Scotia, allies of the French,
iii. 187, 237, iv. 47.

Middlebrook. New Jersey, camp of Washing-
ton there, ix. 351 ; Howe, by various move-
ments, endeavors to draw him awaj-, 351,
352; Washington, by his steady firmness
there, saves his country, 352.

Middlesex County, Mass., convention at
Concord, vii. 112; its patriotic spirit, 112;
the people of the county rise and come in
arms to Cambridge, 114, 115 ; their good
conduct, 116; Prescott, Bridge, Brewer,
Brooks, Gardner, Nixon, and the men they
commanded were from this county, and
fought on Bunker Hill, 408, 411, 414, 418,
433.

Middleton, Arthur, of South Carolina, iii.
329; elected delegate to Congress, vii.
81.

Middleton, Henry, of South Carolina, iv.
423, 426; his unworthy submission to
British rule, x. 330.

Midway in Georgia burned, x. 285.

Mifflin, Thomas, of Philadelphia, vi. 481,
vii. 43, 44 ; an ardent patriot, 45 ; is elected

to the house of burgesses, 141 ; his fervent
spirit of liberty, 332 ; his impatience at the
dilatory action of Congress, 377 ; at Cam-
bridge,' viii 40; at New York, ix. 81;
Washington's confidence in him, 101: he
and his command the List to leave the lines
at Brooklyn. 103; his mistake, 104; state-
ments respecting him, 105; the statements
corrected, 107; with Washington at the
Highlands, 187 ; is sent by him to Con-
gress to ask for re-enforcements, 197; his
spirited conduct, 197 ; rouses up the men
of Pennsylvania to arms. 202; his advice
to Congress, 213; is posted at Bordentown,
243; grumbles, 337; cannot rouse Penn-
sylvania, 392; neglects his duties, 455,
459; one of the Conway cabal, 456; is
chosen one of the board of war, 456 ; praises
Conway, 457; recommends him for promo-
tion, 457; denies being implicated in the
Conway cabal, 464.

Milborue, son-in-law of Leister, iii. 52: takes
possession of Albany, 53 ; his trial, 54 ; and
execution, 55.

Milhet, John, of New Orleans, vi. 218, 220,
293.

Military, the, Townshend refuses to withdraw
them from America, vi. 74; Bernard and
Paxton wish their assistance, 101, 133;
regiments and armed ships ordered to Bos-
ton, 153; two regiments arrive, 207; they
land and parade on the Common, 208;
sleep in Faneuil, 209; quarters in the town
denied them, 209, 210; the}' are stationed
with a view to intimidate the legislature,
211; many of the soldiers desert, 213;
threats of seizing the leading patriots, 246,
247; insolence of the soldiers, 247; the
town of Boston demands their withdrawal,
284; Bernard refuses to take measures for
this purpose, 285, 286; the troops find
nothing to do, 313, 314; they have frequent
broils with the inhabitants, 314 ; the people
despise them, 333; the Boston massa-
cre, 334-340; extreme excitement, 340,
et seq. ; Captain Preston and eight of the
soldiers arrested, 341; the troops removed
to the castle, 346; note on the evidence
respecting the massacre, 347-349 ; trial of
Preston and the soldiers, 350, 373 ; two of
the soldiers convicted of manslaughter,
374; more troops sent to Boston, 523.

Military rule, the colonies placed under it,
iv. 227, et seq. ; superior to the civil power,
229 ; this state of things continues till the
revolution, 229.

Military stores, great want of, among the
Americans, vii. 322, 401, 405, 415, 427;
measures to procure them, 183, 184,340;
great want of, in the northern army, viii.
185, 420,424; in Washington's army, 51,
61, 70, 217, 234, 291, 422 ; in the southern
army, 404, 408.

Militia of Massachusetts and New Hampshire
assist in the siege of Boston, viii. 219 ; re-
view of, at Boston, vii. 101 ; not to be relied
on in war, ix. 137, 221 ; Washington's
chief reliance the New England militia,

GENERAL INDEX.

G85

335; testimony of General Howe to their
value as soldiers, 335 ; turn the tide of suc-
cess in the northern department, 378-381 ;
defeat the Brunswick troops at Benning-
ton, 384, 385 ; their invincible courage, 386 ;
re-enforce the army of Gates, 405, 414 ; tri-
umph over Burgoyne's veteran troops, 418.

Millar, John, professor of law at Glasgow,
commends the republican form of govern-
ment, viii. 173.

Miller, governor of North Carolina, ii. 156.

Milton," John, the greatest poet of our lan-
guage, i. 409, note.

Milton, near Boston, the residence of Thomas
Hutchinson, vi. 485.

Mingo Indians active in Pontiac's war, v. 119,
129.

Ministry of Great Britain resolve to re-
strain the liberty of the colonies, iv. 56,
57 ; have American affairs much at
heart, and resolve to persevere, 61 ;
jealousies among them, 70, 71; plans
for taxing America delayed in conse-
quence of these jealousies, 86 ; great cor-
ruption of the ministry, 98 ; their instruc-
tions to Dinwiddie, governor of Virginia,
102 ; they do nothing to repel French en-
croachment, 102, 106, 113; their imbecile
administration, 165 ; shameful proposal to
Russia, 219; their dilatory proceedings,
235; end of the Newcastle" ministry, 247;
a new and liberal ministry formed by Pitt,
274; in 1763, v. 79, 80; spirit of, 91; minis-
trv of Bute overturned, 96 ; the triumvirate,
97, el seq. ; the king wishes a stronger min-
istry, 139 ; but fails to get one, 143, etseq.;
the Grenville ministry, 147 ; the ministry
responsible for the stamp act and all sub-
sequent acts of American taxation, 151,
152, 157, 180, 187, et seq. ; the ministry
zealous to restrain the spirit of New Eng-
land, 214 ; trouble in the ministry occa-
sioned by the king's illness, 253, et seq. ;
the Grenville ministry triumphs over the
king, 264, 235 ; America at their feet, 285 ;
this ministry displaced, and why, 300, 305;
the Rockingham administration, 301 ; its
gre#at defects, 305 ; has no intention of
repealing the stamp act, 305 ; adopts meas-
ures for enforcing it, 322; shrinks from
employment of arms, 342; severe measures
proposed, but not adopted, 381; ministry
decided for the right to tax America, and
to bind the colonies in all cases whatsoever,
401, 418, 419; the new Tory party thus
founded, 418; the Rockingham ministry
defeated in the House of Lords, 421; vic-
torious in the Commons, 422 ; various meas-
ures proposed, vi. 17 ; Pitt once more prime
minister, 20; the most liberal that had been
seen in England, 22 ; weakened by Pitt's
elevation to the peerage, 24, 25; opposed
bv a combination of the friends of Gren-
ville, Bedford, and Rockingham, 59; de-
feated, 60, 01 ; the ministry misled by those
in whom they trusted, 68 ; left with a small
majority, 81; revolutionized, 109; resolve
to abrogate colonial charters, 116 ; and to

reduce America to absolute submission,
130, 145, 164; is incensed against Boston,
173 ; secret intrigues with Corsica, 175,
176; its policy towards America, 176;
more troops to be sent to Boston, 178 ;
hinders the settlement of the Mississippi
Valley, 223 ; threatens the violation of
chartered rights, 231; nonplussed, 233;
but refuses to recede, 233, 238, 239, 245 ;
if America may be punished, is willing to
sacrifice liberty in England, 258; but is
restrained by the English constitution and
the sentiment of the people, 265, 286 ; had
no system, 267 ; is willing to make some
concessions, 208; its mistaken policy in
regard to Russia, 209, 270 ; afraid of Chat-
ham, 238, 276 ; resolves to repeal the duties,
except that on tea, 276 ; why was this duty
retained, 277 ; under the advice of Bernard,
declines taking conciliatory measures, 310;
strengthened by the accession of Gren-
ville's friends, 389; exasperated against
the Americans, 503; takes pains to quiet
the Bourbon powers, 504; will not be
warned, 509; applies to Parliament, in the
name of the king, for additional powers,
509, 510 ; stringent measures to be adopted ;
the Boston port bill, 511 ; the Massachu-
setts charter abrogated, 525 ; men indicted
for murder to be tried in Nova Scotia or
Great Britain, 525; troops to be quartered
in Boston, 520; the Quebec bill, 527; jeal-
ous of the Bourbons, keeps spies in all the
French ports and at Paris, vii. 34 ; its ma-
jority in Parliament increased, 176 ; the
colleagues of Lord North constantly thwart
him, 24, 179 ; contemptuous language tow-
ards America, 178, 181; is surprised at
the firmness and unanimity of Congress,
188; negotiates with Franklin through
Lord Howe, 188 ; rejects his terms and
those proposed by the continental con-
gress, 193 ; Lord North's colleagues draw
him into their measures, and into war with
America, 193 ; it endeavors to break the
union of the colonies, 207 * ; instructs Gage
to act offensively, 218*; hopes to subdue
the Americans by fear, 222; tries to obtain
from Franklin some concessions, but in vain,
242 ; employs Johnson to abuse America,
258, 259 ; overreaches itself by not be-
lieving Franklin, 264 ; its marvellous blind-
ness, 284 ; the city of London ask the king
to dismiss the ministers, 282, 346; their
utter incompetency, ?47 ; they cannot en-
list an army in England to tight against
America, 347; they apply for Russian
troops, 348 ; they send out arms for Indians
and negroes, 349 ; condemns the conduct
of General Gage, viii. 100 ; recalls him, 100 ;
determines to burn Boston, 133 ; changes
in the ministry, 165 ; the weakest and least
principled of that century, 167; relies on
German princes for support, 169 ; not pop-
ular in England, 169; or in Ireland, 169;
obtains four thousand men from the Irish
Parliament. 170 ; its negotiations with Ger-
man princes, 255, et seq. ; demands of the

G86

GENERAL INDEX.

Americans unconditional submission, 301;
knew nothing of the science of govern-
ment, 359 ; conciliation with America not
really designed, 3G0; is for absolute au-
thority over the colonies, 3G0 ; the powers
given to the royal commissioners limited
by this purpose, 360 ; the charters of the
colonies were to be violated, 361; have
undisputed sway in Parliament, ix. 144;
their hope of an easy triumph in America
crushed, 144, 235 ; the ministry are divided
on the conduct of the war, 312; their hopes
rest on Germany, 313.

Ministry, French, their cautious policy re-
garding America, viii. 329, et seq. ; divided
in opinion, 329.

Minuit, Peter, purchases Manhattan Island of
the Indians, ii. 279* ; the price, 279*; sends
an embassy to New Plymouth, 280 ; dis-
placed from his government, 282*; con-
ducts a colony of Swedes to the Delaware,
288.

Mirabeau, his address to the German people,
ix. 476.

Miruelo Diego, visits Florida, i. 34, 39.

Missions, Puritan, in Massachusetts, ii. 94;
John Eliot, 9.5; the Mayhews, 97 ; ''pray-
ing Indians," 97 ; Romish missions in New
France, iii. 119, el seq. ; the Franciscans,
119 ; the Jesuits, 120 ; Brebeuf and Daniel,
122; among the Hurons, 123; austerities
of lirebeuf, 124; interest awakened by
his labors and success, 126; nuns arrive,
126; Raymbault, 129, 131; Jogues, 131-
134 ; Bressani, 134; the Abenakis in Maine,
135, 136; the missionaries left alone. 136;
Nou<5, 137 ; martyrdom of Jogues, 137, 138;
of Daniel, 139; of Brebeuf and Lallemand,
140; mission of Le Moyne and Dablon to
the Onondagas, 143; the mission aban-
doned, 145; mission of Allouez to the In-
dians around Lake Superior, 149, et seq. ;
of Dablon and Marquette in the same
vicinity, 152 ; hardships endured by the
missionaries, 152; their pleasures, 153;
their toils and labors, 198 ; Spanish mis-
sions in Georgia, 210; Jesuit mission not
fruitless, 245.

Mississippi river, its mouth discovered, i. 35;
called Espiritu Santo, 36 ; crossed by De
Soto, 52 ; discovered by Jolict and Mar-
quette, iii. 155; La Salle reaches its mouth,
168 ; the boundaries of Canada extended
to it, vii. 156 ; with all the country watered
by its affluents, is claimed by Spain, x.
183, 193; immense value of this river and
its tributaries to the United States, 192 ;
without it and them these States cannot re-
main united, 192 ; the possession put beyond
a doubt, and the Spanish claims set for ever
at rest by the backwoodsmen of Virginia,
193, et seq. ; Gouverneur Morris and others
would yield the Mississippi to Spain, and
why, 350 ; the Mississippi to be the western
boundary of the United States, 574, 579;
navigation of this river, 580.

Mississippi scheme, iii. 349, et seq. ; theory
and plan of John Law, 350; infatuation

of the people, 351 ; the unhappy results,
357.

Mississippi Valley claimed by France, iii. 175 ;
the oldest European settlement in it, 195;
state of, colonized, 204, 349 (see Iberville,
Illinois, Louisiana); France abandons it,
v. 164 ; England forbids its settlement,
164; the mandate disregarded, 165; the
British ministry wish it to remain a wilder-
ness, vi. 222, 223 ; its small population in
1768, 2231; a TJeltic-American republic on
its banks, 217, 292. (See Louisiana and
New Orleans.)

Missouri visited by De Soto, i. 52, 53; by"
Joliet and Marquette, iii. 159, 160.

Mobile, De Soto at, i. 49; a French colony
there, iii. 205, 206.

Mobilian race of Indians, iii. 249; estimated
population, 253.

Moderation of the claims of France compared
with those of Spain, x. 185, 186.

Moffat of Bhode Island petitions the assembly
for relief, vi. 43 ; the petition denied, 43.

Mohammed, influence of his system on the
inarch of improvement, iv. 7."

Mohawks, ii. 415; their extensive power,
416; Champlain attacks them, 417; at
peace with the Dutch, 418; at war with the
French, 421, iii. 129; their extreme fero-
city, 133 ; their treatment of missionaries,
137, 139, 140 (see Iroquois); they receive
fire-arms from the Dutch, 141; their de-
structive inroads into Canada, 142, 179;
their steady friendship for the English,
181; with Johnson at Niagara, iv. 321
(see Johnson, Sir William, and Six Na-
tions); their help sought by the British
government against the Americans, vii.
119 ; speech of Gates to them, ix. 360 ; they
incline to neutrality, 377; Brant the Mo-
hawk, 321, 359.

Mohawk Valley, the settlers there march to
the relief of fort Stanwix, ix. 378; severe
conflict with the Indians, 378, 379; the
Indians repulsed, 379 ; the Indians torture
and murder captives, 380; Highlanders of
the, rally to the king's standard, viii. 272.

Mohegan Indians attacked by the Narragan-
setts, i. 423; faithful to "the English, ii.
109.

Molesworth. Parmely, captain, indicted for a
rash speech, vi. 314.

Molineux, William, of Boston, a leading
patriot, vi. 311, 343; his interview with
Clarke, one of the consignees of the tea,
473, 474; at the Old South Church, 478.

Molyneux, of Ireland, asserts the indepen-
dence of the Irish Parliament, v. 74; the
precedent, and his reasoning applied to
the case of America, vi. 97, 319.

Monarchies, great, their decline predicted, iv.
438.

Monarchy of England, of a different character
from those of Catholic countries, v. 34; of
France, its absolute power, vii. 28; the
church subordinate to it, 28; its degrada-
tion, 30; its arbitrary rule, 20; arguments
otV" Common Sense" against, viii. 237.

GENERAL INDEX.

687

Monckton, Robert, colonel, afterwards gen-
eral, assists in the removal or' the Acadians,
iv. 204: general of brigade in the army of
Wolfe, 324; occupies Point Levi, 320;
lands with Wolfe on the north shore, 333;
is wounded, 330 ; governor of New York,
427 ; his great victories in the West Indies,
430.

Money, great danger of failure of the revolu-
tion for want of it, x. 403, 404.

Monhegan Island, a winter spent there by the
crew of "Eoeroft," i. 330.

Monk, George, Duke of Albemarle, his
agency in restoring the Stuart dynasty,
ii. 28; his despicable character, 28; one of
the proprietaries of Carolina, 129; palatine
of Carolina, 151.

Monmouth, battle of, x. 128, el seq. ; the day
nearly lost through the treachery of Lee,
129 (sec Lee, Charles); statements of eye-
witnesses of Lee's misconduct, 131, note ;
Washington's anger at Lee's ill conduct,
130; Washington's self-possession, ex-
posure of himself, and admirable conduct
retrieve the fortune of the da}', 131, 132; the
British lose the day, 133; extreme heat of
the atmosphere, 132 ; colored Americans in
the battle, 133.

Monro, Colonel, commands at Fort William
Henry, iv. 203; capitulates, 205.

Monroe, James, of Virginia, at the battle
of Trenton, ix. 230; is wounded there,
233.

Montagu, Frederic, opposes in Parliament
the proposal of Lord North, vi. 257.

Montagu, John, rear-admiral, commands a
powerful British fleet in the harbor of Bos-
ton, vi 400; his insolent reply to the gov-
ernor of Rhode Island, 418; goes to New-
port on a silly errand, 450; blockades the
harbor of Boston, 483.

Montagu, Lord Charles Grenville, governor
of South Carolina, vi. 235; his detcat, 235;
his insolence, 411 ; insults the assembly,
447, 448.

Montbarev, Prince de, French minister of
war, despises the people of the United
States, x. 41.

Montcalm. Louis Joseph de St. Veran, Mar-
quis de, field-marshal of France, iv. 238;
general of the French forces in Canada, 238 ;
captures Oswego, 239 ; besieges Fort Wil-
liam Henry, 200, et seq. ; captures it, 235;
his humanity, 205, 200 ; his able defence
of Ticonderoga, 300, et seq. ; small amount
of his force, 302; his able defence of Que-
bec, 327, et seq. ; his bravery, 335; is mor-
tally wounded in battle, 337 ; his high char-
acter, 330 ; forged letters of his, v. 180, and
note.

Montesquieu, his foresight in 1748 of the
greatness of America, iv. 3; his " Spirit of
the Laws," v. 24, 25; reasoned on facts,
24; led the way to a milder penal code,
25.

Montgomery, Colonel (Earl of Eglinton), iv.
250; invades the Cherokee country, iv.
351 ; his vigorous campaign, 353 ; his hasty

retreat, 355 ; inflames the Cherokee mind
to madness, 350.

Montgomery, John, a backwoods captain, x.
195.

Montgomery, Richard, in the expedition
against Louisburg, iv. 295; comes to
Boston with Amherst, 300; elected by
Congress brigadier-general, viii. 31, 179;
his previous history, 178; connected by
marriage with the Livingston family, 178;
happy in his beautiful home at Rhinebeck,
179; a delegate in the New York conven-
tion, 179; accepts military command, 180;
advises the occupation of Canada, 180; ar-
rives at Ticonderoga, 180; Washington
urges the immediate prosecution of the en-
terprise, 180; Montgomery moves forward
without waiting for Schuyler's orders, 181 ;
Schuyler retires, and the command is left
with Montgomery, 182 ; he is in want of
good officers, 184; complains of the New
England troops, 185; and of the New
Yorkers, 185; but wins the affection of
the whole army, 185; meets with great dif-
ficulties, 185; takes the strong fort of St.
John, 188; enters Montreal, 188; his polit-
ical plans for Canada, 188; resolves to at-
tempt the conquest of Quebec, 189 ; most of
his men desert him, 200; joins Arnold at
Point aux Trembles, 201; appears before
Quebec, 201 ; demands its surrender, 201 ;
his batteries of snow and ice destroyed by
the enemy's artillery, 203; his desperate
situation, 203; visits the spot where Wolfe
fell, 204; recalls three mutinous captains
to their duty, 204; makes preparations for
the assault, 205; leads on his men, 200; is
stopped by a block-house, 207 ; finds the
garrison on the alert, 207 ; is killed by a
shot from the block-house, 208; his exalted
character, 211; grief at his death, 211,212;
eulogies on him in the British Parliament,
212; effect of his death, 415, 416.

Montmorin, French ambassador at Madrid,
x. 158, 186, 190, 191.

Montreal, occupied by Montgomery, viii.
188; Arnold there, 420; the British ap-
proach it from the west, 428; the place
evacuated by the Americans, 432

Moody, Rev. Joshua, pastor in Portsmouth,
imprisoned by Crantield, ii. 119.

Moore, Andrew, of North Carolina, in the
battle of Point Pleasant, vii. 169; takes
the field against the Highland insurgents,
viii. 285; his message to their chief, 285;
disarms the Highlanders and regulators,
290.

Moore, Colonel James, son of the preceding,
defeats and expels the Tuscaroras from
North Carolina, iii. 321; elected governor
of South Carolina, 329.

Moore, James, governor of South Carolina,
leads an expedition against St. Augus-
tine, iii. 209; his expedition against the
Indians. 210.

Moore, Major Willard. of Paxton. in Bunker
Hill battle, vii. 418; is mortaily wounded,
432.

688

GENERAL INDEX.

Moore, Sir IT., governor of New York, yields
to the popular will, v. 358, vi. 43; calls for
more troops, 68.

Moorish slavery, i. 164.

Moors contended with Christians in three
thousand battles, i. 164.

Morals and truth, common-sense the criterion
of, viii. 248, 249.

Moranget, a nephew of La Salle, murdered,
iii. 173.

Moravians, their emigration to Georgia, iii.
427.

Moravian settlement at Salem in North Car-
olina, x. 471.

Morgan, Daniel, of Virginia, a wagoner in the
train of Braddock, iv. 185; in the Indian
war, vii. 167; with his riflemen arrives at
Cambridge, viii. 62; his early life, 62;
his adventurous character, 62; his great
abilities as an officer, 63; joins the ex-
pedition against Quebec, 191; he and his
company capture a battery, 209; taken
prisoner in the assault on that place,
210; his return from captivity, ix. 131;
his great merits, 131; attacks a col-
umn of Cornwall's troops, 355; his ad-
mirable regiment of riflemen sent to the
northern army, 387; in the lirst battle of
Bemis's Heights, 409; in the second battle,
410, 418; his corps of riflemen Again with
Washington, 432; sharp action witli a
British party at Edgehill, 454; sent to har-
ass the British right, x. 128; a brig idier-
general, is sent to join Gates in South
Carolina, 316; his operations there, 461;
pursued by Tarleton, 462; amount of his
force, 463; turns on his pursuers, 463; at
Cowpens, gives Tarleton a total defeat,
465; retreats through North Carolina, and
thus saves the Southern states, 466; the
most extraordinary victory of the war,
467; his remarkable career, 407; he joins
his forces with those of Greene, 469.

Moro Castle, Havanna, taken by storm, iv.
445.

Morrell, William, comes to Weymouth with
Robert Gorges, i. 326; his mission fruitless,
328.

Morris, a preacher in Virginia, iii. 454.

Morris, captain of the " Bristol," of fifty guns,
killed in the attack on Fort Moultrie, viii.
408.

Morris, Gouverneur, in the New York con-
vention, ix. 33; entreats Washington to
send aid to Schuyler, 374; on a committee
respecting the terms of peace, x. 213, 217;
is willing to give up the fisheries, 215;
wants no more land at the South, 213; is
willing to give up the entire Mississippi,
and why, 350; is hostile to slavery, 349,
358.

Morris, Lewis, in the New York convention,
ix. 33; in Congress, 60.

Morris, Major, of New Jerse)', killed at Edge-
hill, ix. 454.

Morris, Robert, a merchant of Philadelphia,
his sloop captures a magazine of powder at
Bermuda, viii. 69; in Congress, 318; his

character, 325; his position with regard to
independence, 325; impatient for the arrival
of the British commissioners, 327; one of a
committee for treaties with foreign powers,
393; a stanch supporter of independence,
ix 41,59; his zeal in the cause, 241; his
financial aid, 242; calls Washington li the
greatest man on earth," 250; will accept
of nothing from England short of indepen-
dence, 498; an error relating to him cor-
rected, x. 495, note ; he is placed in charge
of the finances, 501 ; recommends a national
bank, 501; his extreme views, 501; his
great financial ability, 566; his important
services, 566; recommends a strong na-
tional government, 567; proposes taxation
by Congress, 568; his wishes frustrated,
573.

Morristown, N. J., American army encamped
there, x. 372.

"Mosaic" cabinet, the term when applied,
vi. 22.

Moscow, American affairs under discussion in
that city, viii. 104, 107, 150; application
made for Russian troops, 149, 151, et seq. ;
a d refused, 151-154.

Mott, captain of a company in Montgomery's
attack on Quebec, viii. 206.

Mott, Captain Edward, of Preston, Conn.,
assists in the plan for taking Ticonderoga,
vii. 338.

Motte, Isaac, lieutenant-colonel, of South
Carolina, takes possession of Fort Johnson,
viii. 90; assists in the defence of Sullivan's
Island, 402.

Motte, Rebecca, her patriotism, x. 489.

Moultrie, Fort, surrenders to the British, x.
305.

Moultrie, WilXam, iv. 351, 423, 426; takes
possession of Fort Johnson, in Charleston
harbor, viii. 90; is ordered to fortify Sulli-
van's Island, 346; his courage, 397; Lee's
orders to him, 398; dilatory conduct of the
British, 399; his preparations for defence,
402; amount of his force, 402; the fort
described, 402,403; the action begins, 404;
Mou'trie fires slowly, and with good effect,
404, 407, 408; sends for more powder, 405;
his flag is shot away, 403 ; Sergeant .lasper
replaces it, 406, 407; the enemy finally re-
pulsed, 410; small loss of the Americans,
410; great loss of the British, 411; the
squadron greatly damaged, 411; the fort
scarcely injured, 412; consequences of the
action, 412; joy in Charleston, 412; the
tort named, 414; honors and congratula-
tions best'wed on him, 413, 414; accom-
panies Lee's expedition into Georgia, ix.
158, 159; repels an attack on Beaufort,
S. C, x. 287; retreats before Prevost, 290;
successfully defends Charleston, 291, 293.

Mounds in the Western states, not evidence
of an early civilization, iii. 307; explained
by geology, 307.

Mount Desert Island, in Maine, a French
colony there, i. 28.

Mount Independence, on Lake Champlain,
ix 157; useless as a fort, 340; its invest-

GENERAL INDEX.

689

ment by Riedesel, 366; occupied by him,
ouT.

Mount Wollaston, plantation at, i. 338; visit
of Endicott, 341.

Mowat, captain of the armed ship "Can-
ceaux," is forcibly detained at Falmouth,
now Portland, vii. 341; he breaks his
parole, 341; burns Falmouth, viii. 113.

Moylan, an American officer, ix. 229.

Mugford, James, a Marblehead sea captain,
viii 372; takes a most valuable prize, 372;
is i ttacked b}r a powerful force and mor-
tally wounded, 372.

Muhlenberg, commands a brigade at the bat-
tle of Brandy wine, ix. 398; at German-
town, 427.

Muhlenberg, Peter, a clergyman and military
commandor, vii. 75; his patriotic preaching
in the Shenandoah Valley, viii. 224; leaves
the pulpit lor the army, 246; his excellent
rifle regiment, 246; the regiment takes
part in the defence of Charleston, 400; its
superior quality, 400; it is sent to Sulli-
van's Island, 409.

Municipal charters in France often confis-
cated, vii. 29.

Munroe, Robert, slain at Lexington, vii. 294.

Murray, General James, commands a brigade
in Wolfe's army, iv. 325; attempts a land-
ing, without success, 329; lands with
"Wolfe on the north shore, 333 ; left in com-
mand at Quebec, 359; is defeated at
Sillery, 359 ; maintains possession of Que-
bec, 359; his advice in regard to Canada
and the older colonies, v. 135.

Murray, Mary Lindley, her patriotic conduct
delays the British pursuit, ix. 121.

Murray, of Rutland, Mass , a mandamus
councillor, his flight and escape, vii. 104.

Murray, William, Karl of Mansfield, affirms
that' not the king, but the Parliament, may
tax the colonies, iv. 33, 34, 56 ; as crown
lawyer rules the cabinet, 54, 163; his
opinion on obliging the colonies to furnish
quarters for soldiers, 229,230; holds that
"free ships do not make free goods," 233;
becomes a peer and lord chief justice, 246;
his extraordinary motion in the privy
council, 374; his political principles, v. 80;
strongly asserts the authority of Parlia-
ment over America, 372 (see Mansfield,
Earl of)

Musgrave, British colonel, at Germantown,
ix. 423, 425.

Muskhogee, or Creek confederacy, iii. 250;
friendly to Oglethorpe's colony, 420, 434

Muskhogee-chocta Indians, iii. 249.

Mutiny act revised, iv. 171; a proposal to
extend it to America, 171.

Muzzey, Isaac, slain at Lexington, vii. 294.

N.

Nansemond, in Virginia, ii. 133; abounds in
Nonconformists, 134 ; some of them remove
to North Carolina, 134.

Nantes, edict of, its nature, ii. 174; revoked,

177; its consequences, 178 ; revocation of
compelled emigration to America, and thus
promoted freedom, x. 84.

Nanticocke tribe of Indians, iii. 239.

Narraganset Indians, vicinity where found,
iii. 238 ; hostile to the Pequods, i. 398 ;
fear to engage in war with them, 399 ; at-
tack the Mohegans, 423 ; reject the Chris-
tian religion, ii. 97; their numbers, 97;
engage to be neutral in Phillip's war, 102;
"Great Swamp Fight," 105; extermination
of the tribe, 105, 109.

Narvaez, Pamphilo de, is defeated by Cortez,
i. 39; undertakes the conquest of" Florida,
39.

Nash, Abner, of North Carolina, member of
the provincial congress, viii. 98.

Nash, general, commands a brigade at Ger-
mantown, ix. 424.

Natchez, a French colony there, iii. 204, 349 ;
possession of it taken for the United States,
ix. 466.

Natchez nation, iii. 248, 249; estimated popu-
lation, 253 ; their villages, 358 ; sacred
building for the dead, 359; rupture be-
tween the tribe and the French, 360 ; fear-
ful massacre of the French, 360-362 ;
extermination of the Natchez, 363 ; their
peculiar language and customs, 364.

National Bank chartered, x. 566; its pros-
perity, 567.

Navigation act of 1651, its origin, i. 212; its
intention and scope, 216, 222; not enforced
in Virginia, 229.

Navigation act of 1660, ii. 42 ; its gross in-
justice, 44; injurious both to the colonies,
45, and to England, 46 ; a pledge to the
colonies of ultimate independence, 46; as
a scheme of taxation, a failure, 47 (see
Commerce); ancient navigation, iii. 111.

Navigation acts, extensively disregarded, v.
157; curious illustration, 158, note; the
British ministry determine on their en-
forcement, 160 ; the army and navy to be
employed for this purpose, 160, 161 ; the
people incensed at them, vi. 39 ; a perpetual
source of discontent, 72 ; their baleful in-
fluence in the West, 224; their general
operation, 236 ; consented to by Congress,
vii. 139, 140, 148, 149.

Navy, American, origin of, viii. 114; Wash-
ington employs small vessels, 114 (see
American Navy).

Navy of Great Britain, employed in enforcing
the navigation acts, v. 161.

Navy of the United States almost wholly
destroyed, x. 502.

Neal, captain of artillerv, slain at Princeton,
ix. 248.

Necker, James, made director-general of
French finances, ix. 295; his character,
295; at the head of the French finances,
x. 44 ; wishes France to be neutral in the
American contest, 44; in 1782 is clamor-
ous for peace, 444 ; wishes to be prime
minister, 448 ; is made rich by the war,
448.

Negotiations for peace, x. 502; instructions

44

<w

690

GENERAL INDEX.

given to the American commissioners, 502;
negotiation, how begun, 535; its progress,
540; terms proposed by the English min-
istry, 541 ; further progress of the negoti-
ation, 542, 545, 555, 558, 574, et seq. ; the
negotiation ended, and treaty signed,
591.

Negro emancipation desired, vii. 42, 271 b;
no more negroes to be imported, 84 ; ne-
groes fought side bv side with white men
on Bunker Hill, 42l'

Negroes serve in the army along with white
men, ix. 421 ; emancipated in Rhode
Island, enlist during the war, 468 ; free ne-
groes are citizens of the United States,
449 (see Slaves) ; negro slaves in Pennsyl-
vania join the British, 401.

Negro population in Virginia, state of, viii.
223; invited to rise against their masters,
223; why they did not rise, 225; Dunmore
has two companies armed, 224, 225, 227;
free negroes serve in the continental army,
232, 233; though at first excluded, 233;
slave trade forbidden by Congress, 321;
effect of the prohibition on the white race,
321; on the negro race, 321 ; first proposal
of colonization of free negroes, 322 ; Samuel
Hopkins writes against slavery, 322; Vir-
ginia treats the negro humanely, 322.

Negro slaves, confiscated bv the British, x.
292; and sold, 299; their treatment by
the British, its consequences, 298 ; taken
at Charleston, and sold in the West In-
dies, 306 ; they wish success to England in
the war, 360 (see Colored Americans, and
Slavery).

Negro slavery existed from time immemorial,
i. 165; introduced into Europe, 166; into
America, 169 ; English participation in it,
173, hi. 232 (see Staves, Slavery).

Nepisings, iv. 243; assist in the reduction of
Fort William Henry, 262, 263.

Nesbit, Lieutenant-colonel, his shameful be-
havior in Boston, vii. 256.

Netherlands, or United Provinces, a land of
liberty, x. 59 ; maintain the freedom of
the seas, 59 ; are invited to join a league
for the protection of neutral trade, 427;
their difficult position, 431; the Northern
powers will protect them, 432; on the seiz-
ure of the Laurens papers, the United
Provinces engage to give England "all
reasonable satisfaction," 434; unwilling to
have war with England, 436, 437 ; England
makes war on them, 438, 440 ; they lose
their possessions in both the Indies, 438,
440; fight the English at Dogger Bank,
451 (see Butch and Holland).

Neufville, Jan de, of Amsterdam, x. 262.

Neutral nation of Indians, iii. 129; mission
among them, 129.

Neutral ships ,not allowed to carry an ene-
my's goods, iv. 233, 234.

Neutrals, their maritime rights, x. 255.

New Albion, ii. 296.

New Amsterdam, ii. 279*.

Newark in New Jersey, settled from New
Haven colony ii. 3 18.

New Bedford, the shipping there burned bv
the British, x. 149.

New Belgium, ii. 279, 296 (see New Nether-
land).

New Berne, in North Carolina, settled from
Switzerland, iii. 24.

Newburyport and the neighboring towns
unite with Boston in the struggle for lib-
erty, vi. 481; its merchants agree to sus-
pend all commerce with Britain, vii. 38.

Newcastle administration commences, iv.
159; ends, 247.

Newcastle, Duke of (see Pelham T. Holies).

Newcastle, Duke of, lord privy seal under the
Rockingham administration, v. 300, 301 ;
tries, in vain, to unite the friends of Bed-
ford and Rockingham, vi. 92.

New England, its discovery by Cabot, i. 13 ;
its shores visited by Verrazzini, 18; un-
successful attempts of the French to settle
it, 26, seq. ; visited by the Spaniards, 38;
explored by John Smith, 269; first Eng-
lish settlement, which soon fails, 268;
granted to the first Plymouth company,
120; to the second Plymouth company,
272, 273; this company divide all New
England among its members, and resign
their charter, 408; the New England con-
federacy of 1643, 420; motives which led
to it, 421; its scope and limitations, 421;
its long duration, 422; royal commission-
ers, ii. 77-87; population in 1675, 92; In-
dian war of 1675, 100-111; great loss of
lives and property, 109; a colony in Norih
Carolina from New England, 131; Andros
governor of New England, 425 ; his ar-
bitrary measures, 420; extortions, 426;
Episcopal service introduced, 426; New
England consolidated, 431; news of the
revolution in England reaches Boston,
445; excitement among the people, 446;
Andros deposed, 447; a burning desire for
the conquest of Canada, iii. 78 ; the colonial
press free, 102; appeals to England not
allowed, 103; commercial monopoly of the
mother country, 104, et seq. ; tendency of
the colonies to independence, 108; a gloomy
period, 188; north-eastern boundary, 333;
peace with the Indians, 338; overthrow of
French influence, 338; English influence
supersedes it, 338; the interests of New
England sacrificed by the mother country,
385; its manufactures forbidden, 384, 386;
ineffectual attempt to introduce the Eng-
lish law of inheritance, 392; capture of
Louisburg by New-England troops, 457-
403; insubordinate to royal authority, iv.
39; population in 1754," 128, 129; social
and political condition, 148, et seq., settled
in towns; prerogatives of towns, 148;
spirit of liberty cherished, 149; the land of
free schools, of independent churches, of an
efficient militia, 149 ; a people of homoge-
neous origin attached to the parent state,
149; frugal and industrious. 150; willi
scarcely any slavery, 150; religious char-
acter, 151; Calvinism the basis of New
England ideas and character, 154 ; the New

GENERAL INDEX.

691

England creed, 155, et se/j. ; New England
troops gain the battle of Lake George, 211 ;
their military expenses partially repaid,
227; New England zeal aroused in the
prospect of conquering Canada, 232 (see
Massachusetts); governments formed on
republican principles, v. 149; the whale
fishery conceded to it, 184, 185; alarm
prevails at the encroachments of the Brit-
ish ministry, 194; the ministry zealous to
restrain the spirit of New England, 214;
they annex part of it to New York, 214,
215; decided opposition of New England
to the stamp act, 323-320 (see Massa-
chusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island); peo-
ple unwilling to be taxed by Parliament,
vi. 41 ; New England theologians study the
Apocalypse in reference to the controversy
with Great Britain, 1G8; the prime minister
of France collects extracts from New Eng-
land sermons, 180; rigid morality of the
people, 425; the institution of town meet-
ings the essential characteristic of their
rights, 428; ministers to the wants of
Boston, vii. 74; determined resistance of,
to British aggression, 137; the king de-
clares the New England governments in a
state of rebellion, 177; the spirit of New
England, 228-238; John Adams, in his
letters signed "Novanglus," give< it utter-
ance, 232, et seq. ; the king determines to
exclude New England from the Newfound-
land fisheries, 23!); a bill lor that purpose
passes both Houses of Parliament, 253, 205;
the king is resolved to reduce New England
to absolute submission, 04, 97, 145, 146,
193; will listen to no terms of conciliation,
145, 174; gives orders to arrest and im-
prison the leading patriots, 218; Burke's
splendid eulogy on the people of New
England, 200-270; the British fire on the
people at Lexington, 291-204; battle of
Concord, 299-309 ; the scheming genius of
New England, 323; a scheme to capture
Ticonderoga, 323; another to invade t'an-
ada by way of Kennebec and Chaudiere
rivers, 323; New Englanders encouraged
by their successors. 363, 304; Washington
rejoices in their resistance to Britain, 375;
New England farmers behold British vet-
erans recoil before them, at Lexington,
306; and at Bunker Hill, 424, 425; the
men of, their daring attempts, viii. 65;
jealousy of. entertained by some delegates
in Congress, 109 ; Gadsden of South Caro-
lina defends them, 109; feelings of New
England on reading the king's atrocious
proclamation, 134-136; Montgomery com-
plains of the New England soldiers, 185;
Washington appeals to the families of New
England to furnish his army with blankets,
218; eagerness of New England men for
paltry gains, 218; the press eager for in-
dependence, 219, 220; some of the people
hesitate respecting independence, 243 ; their
affection for Washington, 304, 395; char-
acter of the people of, 305, 300; their wide-
spread influence, 300, 307; New England

men re-enforce the army in Canada, 416 ;
zeal and alacrity of the people, 417 ; a want
of due subordination among the troops,
418; the people of New England declare
for independence almost unanimously, 438;
it is nearly secure against invasion, 438;
eagerly adopts the Declaration of Inde-
pendence, ix. 30; jealousy of, entertained
by southern men, 51, 52; a bitter rivalry
between the New England troops and those
south of New England, 123; New England
troops with Washington at the crossing of
the Delaware, 230; large re-enforcements
sent to the army, 240; New England regi-
ments at Princeton, 250; nearly the whole
territory free from invaders, 254; all New
England love Washington and confide in
him, 250; constitutions of civil govern-
ment, 2G0, 201; equality of representation,
205; militia of New England, reliable 335;
insists on its right to the fisheries, x. 211,
216, 218; this claim disputed by Yergennes,
211; its people earnest for freedom, 218;
patience and patriotism of the New Eng-
land troops, 417.

Newenham, Sir Edward, in the Irish House
of Commons, denounces the American war.
viii. 169.

Newfoundland, its discovery by Cabot, i. 13;
fishery, origin of, 16 ; its great increase,
24,76, 80, 87, 111 (see Avaion); claimed
by France, iii. 178; part of it held by
France, 192, 217; England possesses the
whole of it, 234; fisheries of, New England
excluded from them, vii. 239, 240, 253,
205.

New France, institutions of, iv. 458 (see
Canada); granted to the Hundred Asso-
ciates, iii. 119; its vast extent, 119; relig-
ious motives operate in its colonization,
121; the Jesuits, 121 (see Canada).

New Hampshire, its coast explored by Pring, i.
114; its soil granted to Mason, 328, 329 ; an-
nexed to Massachusetts, 418*; population
in 1675, ii. 93 ; separated from Massachu-
setts, 113; becomes a royal province. 115;
the first ever established in New England,
115; the province asserts its rights, 116;
Cranfield governor, 116 ; takes from Mason
a mortgage of the whole province, 117 ;
his oppressive proceedings, 118, et seq.;
the people resist, 119 ; population in 1088,
450; Mason's claim sold to Allen, 82;
Usher, lieutenant governor, 82; a succes-
sion of complaints, lawsuits, and trials,
82 : dismembered by the Grenville ministry,
v. 214, 215; sympathizes with Massachu-
setts, vi. 160 (see Portsmouth); organized
for resistance, vii. 50; chooses delegates to
Congress, 83; conforms to the recommen-
dations of Congress, 205 ; chooses delegates
to the next Congress, 205; the men of, rush
to the scene of action after the combat at
Lexington and Concord, 314; the colony
offers to raise two thousand men, 325;
regime :ts at Cambridge placed under the
command of Wards, 405 (see Bunker
Hill) ; asks Congress to sanction the in-

692

GENERAL INDEX.

stitution of a government in that colony,
■ viii. 115; Congress advises the measure,
137; militia re-enforce the army at Cam-
bridge, 219; Washington praises these
soldiers, 234; the convention of the colony
not in favor of independence, 243; the leg-
islature declares for independence, 438;
its form of civil government during the
revolutionary war, ix. 2G1 ; the men of
New Hampshire fly to the standard of
Stark, 384; defeat the Brunswick troops at
Bennington, 385.

New Hampshire grants, now Vermont, vii.
209 ; the region is claimed by New York,
271 ; the New York authorities get posses-
sion of the court-house by force of arms,
271 ; they are speedily dislodged, 271 a ;
the "Green Mountain Boys," 271a; they
engage to take Ticonderoga, 271a; they
take "it, 338-340.

New Haven colony, founded, i. 403 ; its civil
constitution derived immediately from the
Bible, 404; " The House of Wisdom," 404;
absorbed by Connecticut, ii. 54; the union
consummated, 83; honors the Massachu-
setts delegates to Congress, vii 10G; mili-
tary movement there, 316; suffers from a
pillaging expedition, 220.

New Ireland, of what territory to be formed,
x. 3118.

New Jersej', colonized by the Dutch, ii. 279 ;
colony at Cape May, 282; this colony de-
stroyed by Indians, 282 *; New Jersey In-
dians ravage Staten Island, 288; separated
from New Netherland, 315; whence the
name, 315; assigned to proprietaries, 315;
slavery introduced, 31G; condition of, pre-
vious to its surrender to the English, 310;
a settlement of New England Puritans on
the l.'aritan, 317; another, 318; weight of
New England influence, 318; the province
recovered by the Dutch, 322; restored to
the English, 325; West New Jersey sold
to the Quakers, 355 ; constitution of govern-
ment established there by them, 357 ; East
New Jersey sold to William Penn and
others, 301, 409; lands purchased of the
Indians, 358 ; Andros claims authority over
the province, 408; the claim successfully
resisted, 408 ; a large emigration from Scot-
land, 409; the causes, 410-412 ; the prov-
ince annexed to New York, 413; popula-
tion in 1088, 450; effect of the English
revolution, iii. 47; the proprietaries surren-
der their rights to the crown, 40, 48 ; East
New Jersey without any government, 47;
the two Jerseys united in one royal prov-
ince, 48; Lord Combury governor, 48;
all political power vested in the governor,
48; no printing allowed, 49; slavery, 49;
no permanent salary for the governor, 49;
oppressive administration of Lord Corn-
bury, 03 ; intrepid conduct of the assembly,
03; growing discontent there, iv. 40; con-
flict about land-titles, 40 ; population in
1754, 128, 130; social condition, 142; the
people rustic, unlearned, unwarlike, 142 ;
Governor Belcher, 142 ; John Woolman,

142, 143 ; New Jersey troops at Ticonder-
oga, 301 ; makes great exertions in the
war, 319; William Franklin, governor,
440; denounced by Townshend in Parlia-
ment, v. 76; sympathizes with Massachu-
setts, 164; declares for a suspension of
trade ami a congress, and sympathizes
with Boston, vii. 50; would not have the
tea paid for, and sends a delegate to the
general congress, 83 ; the assembly unani-
mously adopt the recommendations of Con-
gress, and elects delegates to the next,
211; petitions the king, 211; enthusiastic
spirit of New Jersey, 332 ; a provincial con-
gress meet at Trenton, 332 ; its proceedings
in 1775, viii. 71, 72; provides for delence,
72 ; enjoins on its delegates in the continen-
tal congress to resist separation from Eng-
land, 139 ; proposes once more to address
the king, 213 ; dissuaded from this measure,
214; the assembly addressed by Dickinson
and Jay, 214; the provincial congress in
1770 declares for independence, almost
unanimously, 442, 443; a constitution
formed, 443; its provisions, 443; sanctions
the Declaration of Independence, ix 32;
calls out its militia, 77; a strong party
opposed to independence, 172; New Jersey
overrun by the British and Hessian tr< ops,
194, et seq. ; many of the people submit to
the king, 199; desolations caused by the
British, 202, 215, 216; New Jersey re-
covered by Washington, 240-254; royalists
in the state, 253; form of civil govern-
ment, 202; the British army retreat tlmmt'h
it from Philadelphia, x. 127, et seq. ; battle
of Monmouth, 130; merciless conduct of
the British troops, 152; invaded by Kny-
phausen, 372; New Jersey troops show
signs of discontent, 410; the trouble re-
pressed by New England regiments, 417.

"New Jcrsev Gazette," at Trenton, glorifies
Gates, ix. 460.

New Mexico, its eliscovery by the Spaniards,
40 e, et seq. ; description of the inhabitants,
40 k.

New Netherland, preliminary statements, ii.
250, et seq. ; oppression of the Low Coun-
tries by Philip II. 257; resistance of the
people, 258; the United Provinces, 259;
their flourishing commerce, 200; a West
India company proposed, 201; visits of the
Dutch to India and China, 231; attempts
to discover a north-east passage, 202; the
Dutch East India Company chartered, 203;
the Dutch propose to England a joint col-
onization of the New World, 275; voyage
of Hudson to America, 205, et seq. ; voyage
of Adrien Block, 275; name of New Neth-
erland imposed, 270 ; Albany founded, 270;
treaty with the Iroquois, 270; intestine
commotions in Holland, 277; the Dutch
West India Company chartered, 278; set-
tlement of New Netherland, 279; first pur-
chase of land from Indians, 279*; friendly
intercourse with New Plymouth, 279;*
manors established, 281; privileges of pa-
trons, 281; disastrous consequences, 28 1 * ;

GENEEAL INDEX.

693

the Dutch from New Netherland occupy
Hartford, 283; encroachments made on tlie
province from New England, 283; Indian
war, 288, ct se</. ; peace restored, 233 ; pros-
perity of the colony, 2134: ; strife with Con-
necticut, 295; boundary established be-
tween the two colonies, 235; the Dutch
overpower the Swedes on the Delaware,
2J7; the colony prospers, 290; Dutch
maxims of government, 300; toleration of
Quakers and Jews, 300; emigrants from
Fiance, Germany, and Italy, 301; Wal-
denses, 301; Huguenots, 302; African
slaves introduced, 303; emigrants from
New England, 301; first struggle of the
people lor liberty, 304; redress sought in
vain from Holland, 305; meeting of an
assembly of delegates from the people, 300 ;
their demands refused by the governor,
307; the West India Company approve
the refusal, 338; Lord Baltimore claims
the territory west and south of the Dela-
ware, but without effect, 308; the Dutch
remain in possession, 303; an error of
Chalmers corrected. 309, note; friendly
relations with Virginia, 309; discussions
witli New England concerning territory,
310; war with the savages round Esopus,
311; discontent in the colony, 311; the
king of England gives the country to his
brother. 313; surrender of New Nefhevland
to an English armament, 314; the territory
dismembered, 315.

New Orleans founded, iii. 351; its unpro-
pitious beginnings, 352; whence its name,
352 ; becomes the capital of Louisiana, 358 ;
its inhabitants unwilling to accept Spanish
rule, vi. 217; the Spaniards land, 218; dis-
tress of the inhabitants, 219; a republic
proposed, 219, 220; an embassy sent to
Pans. 218, 220; a Spanish armament ar-
rive, 292; the place occupied by this force,
233; arrest of the principal inhabitants,
294; trials and executions, 235; great
cruelty used, 294-296 ; census of New Or-
leans'in 1709,236.

Newport, Christopher, commands the ships
which bore the -first colon}' to Virginia,
l. 124; ascends James river, 125; sails for
England, 126; returns with a re-enforce-
ment, 132; sails again for England, 133;
embarks a third time for Virginia, 137; is
wrecked on Bermuda, 137.

Newport, Rhode Island, resists the revenue
officers, vi. 289, 230.

New Providence taken by a privateer, ix.
467.

Newspapers, the first in America, iii. 374,
375; number in 1740, 375; tax on them in
England, viii. 361.

New Sweden, on the Delaware river, ii. 285-
288; a colony of Swedes and Finns arrive,
285; conquest by the Dutch, and end of
the colony, 296, 297; descendants of the
colonists, 297; the city of Amsterdam be-
comes proprietor, 298.

New Year*s Day of 1770, its sadness in Nor-
folk, Virginia, viii. 230,231; the American

banner unfurled at Cambridge, 232; free
negroes allowed to serve in tlie army, 232.
New York (the province) conquered from
the Dutch, ii. 314; English liberty with-
held from the inhabitants, 320 ; arbitrary
conduct of the governor, 320, 321; re-
covered by the Dutch, 322; restored to
the English, 325 ; condition of the province
in 1678, 407; Andros, governor, 404; pop-
ular discontent, 407 ; the people obtain the
"liberties of Englishmen," 414; the king
first grants and then denies these privi-
leges, 414; the northern boundary of the
province due to the warlike enterprise of
the Iroquois, 424; population in 1088, 450;
dread of popery, iii. 50; insurrection of
Leisler, iii. 51-53; his execution, 54, 55;
Fletcher's administration, 58; the assem-
bly deny the right of king or Parliament
to tax them, 56; the other colonies in-
structed to contribute to the defence of
New York, 57; Church of England es-
tablished by law, 58; the assembly
oppose the governor, 58 ; administration
of Bellermont, 59 ; imperious conduct
of Lord Cornbury, the governor, 62;
contests of the assembly with Governor
Hunter, 64, 65 ; their assertion of liberty,
65; contest with Governor Cosby, 393;
triumph of the people, 394; measures of
Governor Clinton to raise a revenue, iv.
34; the assembly resist, 35, 53; a proposal
for union, 75; the minis'ry endeavor to
subject the province to the royal preroga-
tive, 103, 104; custom of annual grants
never to be surrendered, 104; population
in 1754, 128, 129; social and political con-
di ion, 144, et seq. ; relations to England,
145; the king's prerogative disputed, 140;
the laws of trade disregarded, 140; illicit
commerce, 147; the merchants averse to
England, ' 147; the province impeaches
ex-Governor Clinton, 164; complains to
the king of instructions sent out to his
governor, 165; tenure of judicial office
during the king's pleasure, 427; the as-
sembly protests against this encroachment
of power, 428 ; the colony made dependent
on the crown, 440 ; opposition to the Brit-
ish government deeply rooted, 441 ; remon-
strates against the arbitrary measures of
the British cabinet, v. 84, 85; its voice un-
heeded, 85; covets the territory west of
Connecticut river, 149 ; excitement in New
York over news of the determination of
Parliament to tax the colonies, 198 ; a
strong spirit of resistance roused, 215, 210;
protest of the general assembly against
parliamentary taxation, 210; voice of the
people. 270 (see New York City); demon-
strations of loyalty in, vi. 14, 15; complies
with the requisition of the British general
for his troops, 15 ; the billeting act distaste-
ful, 43, 44; the declaratory act resisted,
44; severely denounced in Parliament, 76;
disfranchised, 76, 81 ; avoids the blow, 91 ;
meetings held there, 167 ; asserts its 'egis-
lative rights, 248 ; its plan for an American

694

GENERAL INDEX.

union, 310 ; its " Sons of Liberty," vii. 40 ;
division of sentiment, 41; a committee of
fifty-one supersedes the former committee,
41 ; two great families, — the Livingstons
and the Delanceys, 70; a compromise of
parties, 83; elects a delegation ot lukewarm
patriots to the general congress, 83; the
people wish not to sunder their connection
with the English crown, 10? ; suppose an
independent federative republic impossible,
107; the royal party endeavor to detach
New York from the other colonies, 203,
210; the assembly false to Congress and
to the people, 210"; it refuses to send dele-
gates to the second Congress, 212; the
people hampered and hindered by the legis-
lature, 212; Alexander Hamilton writes in
defence of liberiy, 212-210 ; the descendants
of the Dutch remember the heroism of their
fathers, 240 ; New York claims the whole
territory of Vermont, 209, 271 ; the claim
successfully disputed, 271 a, 280 ; the prov-
ince elects delegates to the second conti-
nental congress, 283, 284; conservative
policy of the province, 359; the New York
assembly disclaims the desire of indepen-
dence, 392; proposes Schuyler for major-
general, viii. 28; address of its provincial
congress to Washington, 33 : its plan of ac
commodation, 34; the war to be transferred
to New York, 158; Montgomery complains
of the New York troops, 185; intrigues of
Tryon, the royal governor, 215; firmness of
the assembly, 215; their exposed condi-
tion imposes a prudent course of conduct,
274; the provincial convention meet, 270;
disarming of the Tories on Long Island
undertaken at their request by the conti-
nental congress, 270 ; Lee desires of Wash-
ington to be sent on same business, 277;
Washington consents, 277 ; the interference
resented by the New York authorities, 278 ;
the provincial congress vote money to Lee,
281; position of New York in June, 1770,

438, 440; its extreme danger, 440; firm-
ness of the patriots, Jav, Scott, Haring,
439; the people consulted on the great
questions of independence and government,

439, 440.

New York, state of, its convention meets, ix.
33; approves the Declaration of Indepen-
dence, 34; danger of invasion, 33; two-
thirds of the men of property unfaithful to
the cause, 80; the country people ready to
defend the state, 80; the American army
compelled to retire from Long Island, 103,
104; and from New York, 175; British
ships ascend the Hudson, 174; civil consti-
tution of New York, 202 ; liberal system
adopted, 274; the free black under no dis-
qualification, 274; Clinton the first gover-
nor, 372; alarm occasioned by the advance
of Burgoyne, 374; the State the battlefield
of the ifnion, 374; asserts her claims to
western territory, x. 400; but consents, for
the sake of peace, to waive her claim, 400.

New York City, its rude beginnings as New
Amsterdam* ii. 279*, 280; its early pros-

perity, 294; first known as New York, 315;
the city incorporated, 320; the acts of trade
disregarded, iii. 59; its commerce at the
present time compared with that of all
Great Britain a centun'- ago, v. 159; the
first American congress meets there, 333;
indignation at the arrival of stamps from
England, 345; its merchants resolve to im-
port no more British goods till the stamp
act be repealed, 351, 352; the people flock
into the city to oppose their delivery, 355;
the stamp act disregarded, 374; the stamps
burned, 378; petition of merchants for re-
dress of grievances, vi. 57; correspondence
with Boston respecting the revenue acts,
98; the New York triumvirate of Presby-
terian lawyers, 141; New York joins with
Boston in the non-importation resolution,
150, 199; this resolution rigidly executed,
308; New York patriots plan a union <f
the colonies, 308, 310; insulting conduct
of the troops 331, 332; affrays with the
citizens, 332; New York alone adheres
strictly to the non-importation agreement,
305; yet here at length it is abandoned,
except on the single article of tea, 300; the
people resolve that the tea shall not be
landed, 474,475; the tea sent back, 519;
its "Sons of Liberty" propose a general
congress, vii. 40; formation of a conserva-
tive party among the aristocratic portion
of the people, 40, 41; words of cheer sent
to Boston, 41; many of the citizens under
British influence, 41; new committee or-
ganized there, 41; spirit of the people, 70;
state of parties, 77 ; British infiuen e power-
ful, 77; the new committee vote to send
delegates to a general congress, 78 ; diver-
sity of views, 80; origin of the two great
American parties, 81; the press takes the
side of liberty, 212; the news from Lexing-
ton arrives, 328; a new committee organ-
ized, 329; the royal authority prostrate,
329; all parties united, 323; address of the
committee to the people of London and of
Great Britain, 330; enthusiastic reception
of the delegates to Congress from Massa-
chusetts and Connecticut, 331; the city is
advised by Congress not to oppose the
landing of British troops, 358; consequences
of this advice, 358, 359; its reception of
Washington, viii. 32, 33; its exposed posi-
tion, 273; the people for liberty, 274; the
merchants averse to a separation from
Britain, 274; General Lee arrives, 279;
Clinton arrives, 279; troops from New .Jer-
sey and Connecticut arrive, 279; general
consternation and flight of the inhabitants,
279; hostilities delayed. 279; the city is
fortified, 280; Lee's arbitrary conduct. 282;
Washington at New York, 350; British
forces to be concentrated there, 350; con-
spiracy against Washington, 441 ; menaced
with invasion, ix. 33; statue of George III.
thrown down, 35; Congress wish the city
to be defended, 70; Washington promises
to do what he can, 70; the defences, 81;
consternation of the inhabitants, 81; pro-

GENERAL INDEX.

695

posal to burn the city ami retire to the
Highlands, 70, 110; the men of wealth keep
aloof Iroin the struggle or side with the
'enemy, 80; the American troops retreat
from Long Island to the city, 103, 104; the
city must be abandoned, 110; shameful
flight of the American troops, 110, 120;
the British take possession of the city, 120;
a great tire, 120; cruelty of the British,
120; Clinton's retreat thither, x. 127-133;
this and Rhode Island alone remain to the
British, 130; the French fleet cannot reach
it, 1-45; Clinton threatens to evacuate it,
150: Lord Amherst advises its evacuation,
1G8; Spain wishes it may remain in the
possession of England, 182.

Neyon, De, a French officer in Illinois, ex-
horts the Indians to make peace with the
English, v. 133

Niagara first visited by white men, iii 128;
a fort erected there by the French, ii. 423,
iii. 341; purpose for which intended, 342.

Niagara, Fort, description of, iv. 213, 320; an
expedition planned against it, 183; the
expedition fails, 213; a second expedition,
320; Niagara is captured, 321.

Nicholas George, commander of the Virgin-
ians at Hampton, tires the first gun, viii.
221.

Nicholas, Robert Carter, of the House of Bur-
gesses of Virginia, vii. 53.

Nichols, Richard, one of the royal commis-
sioners in 1604, ii. 84; takes possession of
New Netherland, 313, 314; as governor of
New York, exercises supreme power, 320;
his exactions from the planters, 320.

Nicholson, Francis, lieutenant-governor of
New York and of Virginia, iii. 25; his
exorbitant powers, 23 ; is governor of
Maryland, 31 ; commands the successful
expedition against Acadia, 218 ; goes to
England to urge the conquest of Canada,
218; the attempt fails, 224; governor of
South Carolina, 330 ; makes a treaty with
the Cherokees and ('reeks, 331.

Niebuhr, Carsten, sympathized with the
Americans, x. 92, 93.

Ninety-six, S. C, district of, x. 288 ; occupied
by the British troops, 303 ; orders given to
the commander there, 327; fort on, 485;
besieged by Greene, 490 ; evacuated, 491.

Ninon de l'Enclos, ii. 175.

Nipissing, Lake, visited by Jesuits, iii. 130.

Nipmuck Indians, afford shelter to Phillip,
ii. 102.

Nixon, John, captain of the Sudbury com-
pany at the battle of Concord, viii. 304 ;
colonel of an incomplete regiment in Bunker
Hill battle, 418; is dangerously wounded,
432.

Nobility of England, not a caste, v. 37; suc-
cession of the title, 37; recruited from the
commons, 38 ; amenable to law, 38 ; of Eu-
rope, state of the, in 1774, vii. 2(3, 27 ; of
France, their vices had demoralized the
army, 93.

Noddje's Island, now East Boston, skirmish
near, vii. 303.

Non-importation of British goods resolved
on, v. 351. 352 ; vi. 98, 103, 120, 132, 150,
179-199 ; the svstem rigorously main-
tained, 272, 2 JO, 308; the agreement no' to
import fails, being now limited to the single
article of tea, 305, 300, 383.

Non-intercourse with England proposed, vii.
40, 47, 50, 00; Gage ' threatens all who
enter into this agreement, 09, 70.

Norfolk, in Virginia, sympathizes with Bos-
ton, vii. 57, 58; Dunmore plunders a print-
ing office there, viii. 220; the town is left
to the Tories, 220; they take refuge on
board ships of war, 228; the patriots take
possession, 228 ; the town is burned to ashes
by Dunmore's order, 230, 231.

Norridgcwock on Maine, scene of the labors
of the Jesuit Rasles, iii. 333 ; destroyed
by the English, 330, 337.

North, Lord, begins public life, iv. 161, 103;
at the treasury board, 438.

North, Lord Frederick, afterwards Earl of
Guilford, v. 151; invited to become chan-
cellor of the exchequer, vii. 00; succeeds
Charles Townshend in the ministry, 100;
his character, 100 ; opposed to liberty in
every shape, 100; will have America pros-
trate at his feet, 233, 230 ; and yet is afraid
to strike, 253 ; his underhand proceedings,
253; will not allow the question of repeal
to be considered, 273 ; is responsible for
the continuance of the duty on tea, and
thus for the revolt of the colonies, 277;
becomes first lord of the treasury and
prime minister, 320; moves for a partial
repeal of the revenue acts, 351 ; insists
upon retaining the duty on tea, 352; justi-
fies the stamp act, and rails at the
Americans, 352; acts on the advice of
Lord Thurlow, 358 ; deserves impeachment,
301; his ministry strengthened by the ac-
cession of Grenville's "friends, 389; the
happiest period in his public career, 390 ;
is sick of the dispute with America, 434 ;
but will not permit the right to tax Amer-
ica to be questioned, 459 ; introduces into
Parliament the Boston port bill, 511, 512 ;
is ready to employ military force against
the Americans, 512; though prime minister
in 1774, exercised no control over his col-
leagues, vii. 24; constantly thwarted by
them, 179 ; wishes to negotiate with the
Americans, 179; consults Franklin, 180;
is ready for some compromise, 187, 188;
wishes to avoid war, but is drawn into it
by his colleagues in the cabinet, 193 ; moves
that Massachusetts be declared in a state
of rebellion, 222; again consults Franklin,
224; encounters strong opposition, 223,
225; offers to repeal the tax on tea, 225 ;
pretends not to be responsible for that tax,
225; proposes to exclude New England
from the Newfoundland fisheries, 23!); the
measure is carried, 240 ; Lord North leans
towards the Americans, 241; once more
consults Franklin, 241 ; the attempt is use-
less, 242 ; wishes to resign, but the king
cannot spare him from his councils, 241 ;

696

GENERAL INDEX.

he proposes a plan for conciliation, but
loses ground by it in Parliament, 243 ; the
plan is wholly Inadequate, 2-43; wherein it
differed from the plan of Chatham, 244;
his weak and unsettled course, 28(3 ; dreads
a civil war, 28(5 ; hopes the colonies will
submit, 286 ; sick of the hopeless struggle,
he wishes to resign, 340; his uneasiness
at the state of affairs in America, viii. 99;
his disinclination to the measures of his
own ministry, 102; yet will not resign
office, 162; rebuked by Fox, 102; keeps
hi.s place by the sacrifice of his opinions
and of America, 168; his bill for prohibit-
ing the trade of all the colonies, and for
capturing American vessels, is adopted,
170, 171; defends the treaties with Bruns-
wick and Hesse, 268; will not allow the
obnoxious measures of the ministry to be
revised, ix. 145 ; is willing to make con-
cessions, 312 ; sustains General Sir William
Howe, 350 ; receives information of Bur-
goyne's surrender, 478; his intense agita-
tion, 478; is willing to concede to America
all she demands, 478 ; his penitence in his
old age, 478 ; the king will not suffer him
to flinch, 481 ; introduces two conciliatory
bills, 484; confesses that he never had a
policy of his own, 484 ; astonishment of
the assembly, 485 ; he respects Franklin,
493 ; attempts an informal negotiation with
him, 497; his reply, 497 ; his weak minis-
try, x. 37; how his administration was
prolonged, 40; Frederic despises him, 100,
102; Frederic's opinion of his ministry,
113 ; his offers to America rejected, 122 ;
proposes to resign office, and why, 143;
wishes to give up the contest, 247 ; his ban
mot referring to the Dutch, 258 ; de-
nounced by Fox, 530; retires from the
ministry, 530; his good private character,
531; Macaulay's opinion of him, 531; char-
acter of his administration, 531, 552.
North Carolina, a colony settled on its shores
by Raleigh, i. 93, et sea.; appearance of
the country, 93 ; the natives described, 94,
98; they become impatient of the presence
of the "English, 99 ; the colony lost, 106 ;
Massachusetts and Carolina compared, ii.
128 ; province of Carolina, its chartered
extent, 123 ; given to proprietaries, 129 ;
claimed by Spain, 130; by Sir Robert
Heath, 130; a colony there from New
England, 131; this colony of short dura-
tion, 132; settlements made from Virginia,
133-135; its first governor, 135, 136; its
first assembly, 136 ; spirit of freedom, 136 ;
planters from Barbadoes settled there,
137 ; a new charter to the eight proprie-
taries, 138 ; a constitution for Carolina
made by Lord Shaftesbury and John
Locke, 145 ; thoroughly aristocratic in
character, 147 ; serfdom and slavery al-
lowed, 148 ; Church of England established,
but toleration allowed, 150 ; the settlers
reject the constitution, 153; George Fox
visits Carolina, 154 ; is entertained by the
governor, Samuel Stevens, 155 ; friends of

popular liberty resort to Carolina, 157?
the settlers oppressed by the navigation
acts of England, 158; they rise against
their oppressive rulers, 159; establish a
free government, 160;' the proprietaries
yield, 162; Sothel, a rapacious governor,
103; no minister and no church in the
province, 164 ; no city or township, or
public roads, or printing press, 165; yet
the people were free, contented, and happy,
165 ; population in 1688,450; its unbridled
liberty, iii. 21; called "the sanctuary of
runaways," 21; only one clergyman in the
province, 21; Church of England estab-
lished by law, 21; Quakers in the colonv,
their influence, 22, 23; insubordination,
23 ; severity of the laws, 23 ; increase of
the population, 24; Swiss and German
colonists, 24; negro slavery, 25; war with
the Tuscaroras, 319-321; cruelties of those
Indians, 320; expatriation, 321; political
state in 1748, iv. 38; population in 1754,
123, 130 ; social and political condition,
132, 133 ; spirit of resistance to the stamp
act, v. 423 ; flagrant oppressions there, vi.
35 ; a meeting of the people, 36 ; proceed-
ings of governor Tryon, 86; severe and
iniquitous oppressions of the people, 183 ;
the regulators, 185 ; their peaceful con-
duct, 183; their petition to the governor,
183 ; his oppressive conduct, 190 (see
Orange Couniy)\ a disorganized govern-
ment and judiciary, 505; contributes to the
relief of Boston, vii. 73 ; the convention
of the province adheres to the resolutions
of the continental congress, 271 c ; the king
tries to detach this from the other colonies,
282 ; the people excited by the news from
Lexington, 335 ; its enthusiasm for liberty,
viii. 92; Highlanders in the province, 93;
spirit of the people on Albemarle Sound,
95 ; a provincial congress assembles at
Hillsborough, 90 ; its proceedings, 96, 97 ;
emission of paper money, 96; raising a
military force, &c, 97; insurrection of the
Highlanders, 283, et serj. ; their total de-
feat, 283 ; zeal of the people in the cause
of liberty, 280, 230; the Highlanders dis-
armed, 230; the provincial congress votes
an explicit sanction for a declaration
of independence, 352 ; two regiments from
this province take part in the defence
of Charleston, 398 ; its civil constitution,
ix. 262; heroism of her men, 335, 340;
military operations there, 460, et seq. ; bat-
tle at Guilford court-house, 475; the state
evacuated by Cornwallis's army, 481 ;
British cruelties in the state, 500.
North-eastern boundary, 220.
Northern army, its unsalisfactory condition,
viii. 52; invasion of Canada resolved on,
68, 176; Washington urges it, 180? prepa-
rations made by Schuyler, 177, 178; the
army moves forward, 181; attacked by a
party of Indians, 181; Schuyler's inde-
cision, 182; his health obliges him to
retire, and the command devolves on Mont-
gomery, 182; great insubordination in the

GENERAL INDEX.

697

armv, 183, 185, 18(5; Etlian Allen taken
prisoner, 183, 184; want of ammunition,
185; powder supplied by the capture of
Chamblv, 183; siege of St. Johns, 182,
187; vain attempts of Carletonto raise the
siege, 187 ; the place surrenders, 18S ;
Montgomery enters Montreal, 188 ; his
junction with Arnold, 201 ; appears be-
fore Quebec, 201 ; attempts to carry it by
assault, 200; is killed, 208; and the at-
tempt fails, 210; effect of Montgomery's
death, 415 ; the American force near
Quebec, 415 ; the command in Canada de-
volves on Wooster, 415; re-enforcements
arc sent him, 410; insurmountable obsta-
cles attend the enterprise, 417 ; wants of
the army, 417 ; difficulty of travel and
transportation, 418; time of enlistments
of many expires, 420 ; the new regi-
ments incomplete, 420 ; the Canadians
become hostile, 421; large re-enforcements
sent from Washington's army, 421 ; a gen-
eral is wanted, 423 ; Thomas is sent, 423;
he arrives, 424 ; nearly half of the army
sick with small-pox, 423. 424 ; the army
scattered and inefficient, 424 ; compelled
to retreat with the utmost precipitation,
425; arrival of British re-enforcements,
425; the Americans retreat to Sorel, 425;
Thomas dies of small-pox, 42); Sullivan
succeeds him in the command, 42J ; his
self-sufficiency, 420; the army retreats to
Isle aux Noix, 433 ; evacuates Canada,
433; its severe sufferings and great losses,
433; Gates appointed to the command,
432; rivalry between Schuyler and Gates,
ix. 338 ; intrigues of Gates, 339 ; com-
plaints of Schuyler, 339; Gates placed in
independent command, 330; he assumes
undue authority, 339; disobeys explicit
orders, 340; asks for cavalry, 341; his
disrespect towards Washington, 341 ; re-
moved from his command, 341 ; Schuyler
reinstated, 342; thinks Ticondcroga nearly
impregnable, 342 ; Ticondcroga cannot be
defended, 342; Schuyler unpopular with
New England troops, 342 ; Saint Clair
takes command at Ticondcroga, 301 ; the
fort untenable, 301; Burgoyne's army in
possession of it, 307 ; and in hot pursuit of
Saint Clair, 307, 369 ; the northern army
retreats to Fort Edward, 370; to Saratoga,
373 ; to Stillwater, 375 ; to Mohawk river,
370 ; repulse of Saint Leger at Fort Stan-
wix, 378-381 ; defeat and surrender of
the Brunswickers at Bennington, 384, 385 ;
the army advances to Stillwater, 400 ; its
strong position, 408 ; first battle of Be-
mis's Heights, 409; good conduct of the
Americans, 410 ; American loss, 411 ; Brit-
ish loss, 411 ; desperate condition of the
British armv, 411 ; second battle of Bemis's
Heights, 414, 410 ; total defeat of the
British, 417; surrender of Burgoyne, 420;
Gates refuses to send re-euforcements to
Washington, 432.
Norlhin^ton, Lord-chancellor, insists on
the right to tax America, v. 305, 372,

404; becomes president of the council,
vi. 22.

North-west, disputed jurisdiction over it, vii.
161-103.

Norton, Rev. John, sent to represent Massa-
chusetts in England, ii. 74.

Norton, Sir Fle'cher, is for taxing America,
v. 373, 399, 400.

Nottingham in England, Sir William Howe
returned for, vii. 176.

Nottingham in New Hampshire, sends a
body of troops to oppose the British forces,
vii. 314.

Nova Scotia, settlement of, i. 26 (see Aead'nt);
a British colony settled there, iv. 45, 40 ;
violent proceedings of the French, 07, 08,
210,217, 220; always desired by the Brit-
ish, and why, 350.

Noyes, Nicholas, minister at Salem, his con-
nection with the witchcraft delusion, iii.
90, 93, 98.

Nugent, Lord, insists on the execution of the
stamp act, v. 383, 399, 423.

Nurse, Rebecca, of Salem village, accused of
witchcraft, iii. 80; acquitted, 89; con-
demned and executed, 90.

Nye, Philip, a faithful minister, i. 354.

o.

Oath of fidelity to the charter government of
Massachusetts, i. 302, 371.

Obedience, passive, this doctrine exploded by
the revolution of 1088, iii. 6.

OTirien, Captain Jeremiah, aad others from
Machias, capture a British armed ship, the
" Margaretta," vii. 341*.

Oconostata, the great Cherokee war chief, iv.
345, et seq.

Ogden, Matthias, a volunteer in the march
through the wilderness to Quebec, viii.
191.

Ogdensburg, Indian mission there, iv. 31,
360.

Ogle, George, in the Irish House of Com-
mons, denounces the American war, viii.
169.

Oglethorpe, James, his earh' history, iii. 418;
his disinterested philanthropy, 418, 432;
plans an asylum in America tor the por>rof
England, 419; obtains a charter for a new
colony, arrives in Georgia, 419 ; treats with
the Indians, 421; begins the settlement of
Savannah, 421; obtains the confidence of
the red men, 422, 423; guides the Salzburg
emigrants to their new home, 425; sails for
England, 426; returns to Georgia with a
new company, 427 ; brings with him John
and Charles Wesley, 428; visits the Salz-
burgers, 430; founds Frederica, 430;
claims the territory as far as St. John's
river, 431; exposed to danger from Span-
ish hostility, 432; interdicts negro slavery,
434; renews treaty with the Indians, 434;
invades Florida, 443; besieges St. Augus-
tine without success, 443; his heroic de-
termination, 445; repels the Spanish inva-

698

GENERAL INDE:

sion (f Georgia, 445, 44G; returns to Eng-
land, 44G; his exalted character, 447; dies
at near live score, 448; active in the cause
of America, vi. 148.
O'llara, General, conducts the surrender of

York town, 522.
Ohio company in Virginia, iv. 75; send Gist
to explore the country beyond the Alle-
ghanie*, 7G; open a road over those moun-
tains, 10G; begin a fort at the confluence of
the Alleghany and Monongahela, 108, 112,
116.
Ohio river first seen by white men, iii. 159;
its banks occupied by the French, 190 ;
even to its headwaters, 343; indifference
of the English government, 345, 340;
the French descend the Ohio, 340.
Ohio, territory north-west of, ix. 55; claimed
by Virginia, 5G ; question of ownership,
443; an expedition thither, 4G7.
Ohio Valley, new English colony to be
planted there, iv. 42; formal possession
taken by the French, 43; to be colonized
from Virginia, 1G7.
Ojibwas (see Chippewas).
Old Sarum, almost without inhabitant, sent
as many representatives to Parliament as
the whole county of York, v. 39.
Old South Meeting-House, Boston, town
meetings held there, vi. 158, 343, 478,
vii. 08; turned into a riding-school, viii.
292.
Olden Bameveldt, John, advocate of Holland,
ii. 233; oppo-es the colonization of Amer-
ica, 234; his execution, 277*.
Oldham, John, i. 347; murdered by Pcquods,

398.
Oligarchy, British, its power at the culminat-
ing point, v. 205.
Olive, Thomas, governor of West New Jer-
sey, iii. 50.
Oliver, Andrew, secretary of Massachusetts,
attends the Congress at Albany, iv. 20; his
character, 27; advises the interposition of
the king in colonial affairs, 29, 32; distrib-
uter of stamps, v. 278; hung in effigy in
Boston. 310; is compelled to resign "his
office, 312; and to reiterate his resignation,
375; urges the British ministry to oppres-
sive measures, vi. 69; rejected from being
councillor, 70 ; wishes to have " the original
incendiaries taken off," 251, 2S3; lieuten-
ant-governor, 385; his letters to persons in
power in England. 435; they are sent to
Massachusetts, published, and utterly ruin
his prospects, 400, et seq. ; chief-justice of
Massachusetts, vii. 108; attempts in vain
to hold a court under the regulating act,
108; is in great distress and resigns his
office, 115, 110.
Oneida tribe of Indians, iii. 144, 190, 194;
mission to the, viii. 418; friendly to the
Americans, ix. 377; some of them in the
camp of Gates, 414.
Onondagas, ii. 415; their wide-spread incur-
sions, 419; magnanimity of a chief, i±->;
mission among them, iii. 143; encouraging
prospects, 144; the mission abandoned,

145; the Onondagas attacked by the
French, 190; remarkable fortitude of one
of i he tribe, 191; join the French colony
at Oswegatchie, iv. 123.
Onslow, Arthur, speaker of the House of

Commons, iv. 50.
Opechancanouijh, an Indian chief, i. 130; his
simplicity, 181; succeeds Powhatan, 181;
his treacherous conduct, 182; his capture
and death, 208.
Opinions, ancient, relative to a western con-
tinent, i. 6.
Orange, now Randolph, County, North Car-
olina, vi. 35; the seat of disturbances in
1708, 185, et seq. ; gross oppressions there,
184, 381, 382; the oppressors protected and
encouraged by the royal government, 180,
190, 382; the "Regulators," 185. etseq.,
382; Fanning, an oppressor, 183, 382;
Husbands, a benefactor, 35; suffers great
wrong, 188, 383; the unrighteous riot act,
383; the regulators put down by the
strong hand, 393, et seq. (see Reyulaturs
and Tryon).
Orangeburgh, S. C. surrenders to Sumter,

488.
Ord, George, in a sloop from Philadelphia
captures a public magazine in Bermuda,
viii. G9.
Oregon, first visited by Englishmen, i. 80;

visited by Spaniards, 8G.
O'Reilly, Alexander, sent by Spain to recover
New Orleans, vi. 265; "his arrival, 292;
takes possession of the town, 293; by a
stratagem arrests the principal inhabitants,
2)4; puts them to death without merev,
295.
O'Beilly, Spanish minister of war, ix. 308.
Origin of the two great American political

parties, vii. 81.
Oriskany, severe conflict with the Indians

there, ix. 379, 380.
Orb iff, Alexis Gregorievitch, Russian minis-
ter, viii. 100.
Orleans, Philip of, regent of France, iii.

323.
Orloff, Gregory Gregorievitch, favorite of

Catharine II., viii. 10G.
Osborne, Sir Danvers, sent out as governor
of New Y'ork, iv. 103; commits suicide,
104.
Oswald, Richard, is sent by the British min-
istry to Paris to negotiate respecting a
peace, 53G; his character, 53G; his inter-
view with Franklin at Paris, 540; his in-
terview with Vergennes, 540; he is sent
thither again, 541; his instructions, 541;
he may propose independence in the treaty,
54G; his powers enlarged, 547: a wide dif-
ference between him and Grenville, the
other commissioner, 543; a new commis-
sion given him, 578; various hinderances
to the negotiation, 558, et seq. ; the treaty
signed, 591.
Oswegatchie, now Ogdensburg, Indian mis-
sion there, iv. 31, 123.
Oswego, a post established there, iii. 339;
channel of trade with the ^Yest, 339, iv.

GENERAL INDEX.

699

107; fort built there, 213; description of,
238; captured by Montcalm, 239; left
a solitude, 239; Bradstreet linds it such,
305.

Otho, emperor of German}', 66, 67.

Otis, James, the father of Barnstable,
slighted by Governor Bernard, iv. 379.

Otis, James, the son, his eloquence and influ-
ence, iv. 379; his great argument against
writs of assistance, 415, et seq. ; effect of
the speech, 417, 418; authorities for the
speech as printed, 410, 417, note ; his char-
acter, 419; elected representative of Bos-
ton, 420; denies the right of England to
tax America, 447; his theory of govern-
ment, 448; his speech in Boston in 1703,
v. 90; his memoir on the rights of the
colonists, 198, 199; his published views on
government, liberty, and natural right,
202-205; his prophetic, sagacity, 205; de-
fines the true foundation of human govern-
ment, 202; denies the right of Parliament
to tax America, 204; but counsels submis-
sion and patience, 202, 270, 271; hs
loyalty, 271; suffers reproach both from
friends and enemies, 273 ; proposes a con-
gress of the American people, 279 ; is elected
a member of this congress, 280 ; chosen
speaker of the Massachusetts House of
Representatives, vi. 7; the choice vetoed
by Bernard, 8; accuses Bernard of having
caused the taxation of the colonies, 41 ;
recommends caution, 104; speaks on the
side of government, 104; his political
"rhapsodies," 118; shrinks from the
thought of independence, 118; desires "a
general union of the whole British empire
under one equal and uniform direction,"
118; the letter from the province to its
agent in England not written by him, 119,
note ; his indignation strongly excited at
the conduct of Governor Bernard, 131;
moderator at a town meeting, 158, 196;
recommends peace and good order, 159 ;
his speech in the House of Iiepresentatives
on Lord Hillsborough's letter requiring
Massachusetts to rescind its resolves, 163;
elected to a convention of the province,
198; representative to the general court,
2S4; his rencontre with John Robinson,
310 ; is disordered in mind, 403 ; a confirmed
maniac, 409 ; a mere wreck, 430 ; his last
public service, 431; killed by lightning,
432.

Ottagamies (see Fox Indians).

Ottawas, an Indian tribe, iii. 142, 177, 190,
193, 194, 195, 241, 242, iv. 76, 79, 81, 243,
261 ; Pontiac their chief, 361 ; near Detroit,
v. 116; peace made with them, 210,211;
take up the hatchet against the Americans,
ix. 302, 382.

Ottawa river, iii. 129, 130, 132, 141, 149.

Our country, its population in 1688, ii. 450;
its national character, how formed, 451, et
seq ; a free people, 452; an Anglo-Saxon
people, 452; a Christian people, 453; a
Protestant people, 454; influence of Wick-
liffe, 450 ; of Luther, 458, of Calvin, 400,

et seq. ; of Quakerism, 463 ; influence of
each of the three races, — white, black, and
red, 404; influence of America on Europe,
465; absolute power of Parliament un-
questioned, iii. 101; first proposal to tax
the colonies, 101; this power always denied
in America, 102; the press free here, 102;
Episcopacy, 102; personal freedom enjoyed,
103; the judges, how appointed, 103; a
commercial monopoly, 104; a negative on
the enactment of laws, 105; colonial indus-
try discountenanced, 106, 107; a tendency
to" independence, 108; the desire of it dis-
claimed, 109 ; the time not come, 109.

Outrage of an English admiral, x. 275.

Oxenstiern, Axel, Count of Sweden, pro-
motes the settlement of Delaware, ii. 280 ;
chancellor of Sweden, x. 82.

Oxford University, its address to the king
against the Americans, viii. 103.

Oyster River (now Durham, N. H.), attacked
by Indians, iii. 187.

Paine, Robert Treat, delegate to the first con-
tinental congress, vii. 04; delegate in Con-
gress from Massachusetts, not in favor of
independence, viii. 242.

Paine, Thomas, of Philadelphia, rejects the
rule of the king of England, vii. 333 ; writes
an appeal to the people in favor of inde-
pendence, viii. 140: his previous history,
236; writes "Common Sense," 236; Ru h
gives it this title, 236; writes in favor of a
strong government, x 567.

Paine, Timothy, of Worcester, Massachusetts,
a mandamus counsellor, is compelled to
resign his commission, vii. 104.

Palliser, Sir Hugh, admiral, x. 163.

Pamlico Indians, iii. 239.

Panin, Nakita Ivanovitch, chief minister of
Catharine II., viii. 105; his character, 105,
100; his intercourse with the British min-
ister, 107; Gunning, the minister, applies
to him for Russian troops to be employed in
America, 151; the request is declined, 153,
155; Panin declines all further discussion,
155; he assures the French minister that it
is physically impossible to send the troops,
150; prime minister, 432; his pure charac-
ter, x. 257 ; his language to Harris, the
British minister, 265, 267 ; his language to
the Prussian minister, 269; his death,
278.

Paoli, Pascal de, leader of the Corsican insur-
gents, vi. 176; his failure and arrival in
England, 176.

Paper currency abolished in Massachusetts,
iv. 51; retained in Rhode Island, 83; its
depreciation in Massachusetts, 51 ; in Rhode
Island, 83.

Paper money issued, iii. 186, 209, 350, 354,
387, 388; how introduced and sustained,
387; contest between paper and specie,
354; paper made a legal tender, 355; pop-
ular frenzy, 355 ; circulation of gold and

700

GETTERAL INDEX.

silver prohibited, 357; the reaction and
fearful consequences, 357; lessons of the
affair, 357; fluctuations of the currency,
389; advocated bv Franklin and others,
388, 390; issued, ix. 4G8; it depreciates,
468, x. 109, et seq. (see Continental Money,
Bills of Credit).

Paris, its splendor and gayety, x. 40 ; state of
opinion there concerning America, vii.
351.

Tans, Isaac, a captive, tortured and murdered
by the Indians, ix. 380.

Parisians sympathized with America, x. 41,

43.

I'arker, John, captain of the minute-men of
Lexington, vii. 292; orders given by him,
292; he orders his men to disperse, 293; his
company renew the light, 305.

Parker, Jonas, of Lexington, is slain at the
action there, vii. 293.

Parker, Moses, of Chelmsford, lieutenant-
colonel in Bridge's regiment, wounded
and a prisoner, dies in Boston jail, vii.
432.

Parker, Sir Peter, commodore in the British
navy, enters Cape Fear river, viii. 357;
resolves to attack Charleston, 358 ; arrives
with his fleet off Charleston, 394, 395; the
fleet crosses the bar, 397 ; delay from vari-
ous causes, 399, 400; his confidence of an
easy victory, 400, 401; arrival of the large
ship, the ''Experiment," 400; the squadron
afack Fort Moultrie, 404; his flag-ship
greatly damaged and great slaughter on
board, 407, 408; the land forces do not
assist, 408; the ships retire very greatly
damaged, 410, 411; in New York Pay, ix.
82, 8 J ; convoys the expedition to lihode
Island, 200.

Parliament, establishment of religion by, i.
279, 282, 285 ; the church party opposed in,
296; opposition in, to the monopoly of the
Plymouth company, 324, et seq. ; the Long
Parliament favors Massachusetts, 416; yet
tries to revoke its charter, 439 ; the attempt
defeated, 441; the jurisdiction of, denied,
442; is foiled by Massachusetts, and re-
cedes from its claim, 443, 444; meeting of
the Long Parliament, ii. 4; reforms effected,
5; subverts the constitution, 6; the "Re-
monstrance," 7; exercises despotic power,
9; its division into two parties, 9; strife
between army and Parliament, 13; the
"purge," 14"; Parliament turned out of
doors, 19; reassembles. 29; supremacy of
Parliament over the colonies asserted, 41;
the navigation act, 42; monopoly thus
created oppressive, injurious, and mani-
festly wrong, 43-48; a Parliament nineteen
years long, 436; last Parliament of Charles
II., 438; monarchy triumphs, 439; su-
premacy of, established by the English
revolution, iii. 2,7, 9; the king becomes
subordinate to it, and how, 8, 9; the revo-
lution partial and one-sided in its opera-
tion, 4, 5, 82; Parliament claims absolute
power over the colonies, 101, 104, et seq. ;
its oppressive acts, 105, 106 ; theory of its

supremacy, iv. 32, 34; act of Parliament
proposed tor overruling all charters, 48, 49;
the plan abandoned, 50, 51; authority of
Parliament to be invoked, 58,02; proposal
to tax the colonies, 101, 115; manner of
governing Parliament, 100; Parliament
advised to tax America, 107, 171, 172;
power of Parliament incessantly invoked
176; a tax urged by Bra Idock and the
royal governors and others, 178 (see Tax-
ation) ; Parliament establishes a British
proconsular power in America, 228; claims
control over American legislation, 255; in
1703 wholly aristocratic, v. 38, et seq. ; its
supremacy, 41 ; its functions, 42, 43; re-
garded by Grenville as supreme, 180; op-
position to its proceedings in New England,
198, 199; debates in, on taxing America,
236, et seq. ; vehement speech of Barrel
against it, 240 ; the stamp act passes, 247 ;
Parliament affirms its right to tax Amer-
ica, 413, et seq. ; reduces the land tax in
Engl ind, vi. 59; angry debate touching
colonial affairs, Go; Parliament esteems
itself master of America, 73 ; shuts its doors
against all complaints and agents from that
country, 75, 80; violent language against
America, 80; has taken steps which cannot
be retraced, 81; venality < f , 94; power of,
denied in Boston, 96, 97; and bvthe legis-
lature of Massachusetts, 121, 123, 126; the
unrival cd profligacy of the Twelfth Parlia-
ment, which taxed America, 137;- its
shameless corruption, 137; destitute of an}'
principle, unstable in conduct, and impu-
dent in measures, 138; regarded by the
colonists as their most dangerous enemy,
139; the Thirteenth British Parliament
meets, 147; cost of a seat in, 147; expul-
sion of Wilkes, 148 ; reasons why America
was not represented in Parliament, 181;
Grenville advocates parliamentary reform,
210; meeting of, in 1708, 230; the king's
foolish speech, 230; determine to bring
America to condign punishment, 233; by
a large majority, determine to chastise
Boston, 240 ; and to punish the " instigators
of the late disorders," 240, 255; confers on
the king additional powers, 510; the vote
unanimous, 511 ; stringent measures adopt-
ed for the punishment of Boston, 512-
520; its strange infatuation, vii. 24; asserts
an absolute dominion over the colonies,
24; passes the " regulating act," sweeping
away the liberties of Massachusetts, 94;
that province sets the act at defiance and
practically nullifies it, 108-113; dissolution
of the Thirteenth Parliament, 135; the
Fourteenth elected, 174; the general venal-
ity and corruption, 175; the French minis-
ter purchases a seat, 174, 175; Westminster
elects Tories, 175, 170; the House of Lords
refuses to remove the troops from Boston,
203 ; the House of Commons refuses to re-
ceive petitions in behalf of America, 217,
218; declares Massachusetts in a state of
rebellion, 222; address of both houses to
the king advising hostile measures against

GENERAL INDEX.

701

the colonics, 227; excludes New England
from the Newfoundland fisheries, 240, 253,
205; rejects the petition of New York, 28G;
the king expects its hearty concurrence,
viii. 159; his speech at the opening of, 100,
101; debates upon it, 161-163 tsce House of
Commons) ; lias given up the power to tax
the colonies, is.. ""2; but not the general
power over charters, 73; its supremacy, x.
37, 38 (see Supremacy) ; reform proposed,
549.
Parliamentary reform, questions relative to
it raited by the discussions oi' the American
controversy, viii. 125; advocated by Dr.
Price, 302; opinions of French writers and
statesmen, 302.
Parris, Samuel, minister at Salem village, ill-
84; his connection with the witchcraft de-
lusion, 85, 88, 90; driven from Salem vil-
lage, 98.
Parry, lieutenant-colonel of Pennsylvania!!
troops, slain in the battle of Long Island,
ix. 92.
Parsons, Samuel Holden, of Middletown, in
Connecticut, plans the capture of Ticon-
deroga, vii. 338; brigadier of Connecticut
troops, in the battle of Long Island, ix. 88,
89; makes his escape from it, 92; shame-
ful flight of his brigade, 119 ; his operations
in Connecticut, 348.
Parties, state of, in England, favored the

king's purposes, vi 350.
Party always founded on some truth, viii.
119; the cause of every party is some
force which is always present in society, 119.
Patapsco river, an admirable site for com-
merce, vii. 49 ; its colonization, 49.
Patriot party in Ireland, rise of, v. 75.
Patriotic so::g, vi. 179.
Patronage of the crown, immense, vi. 94; its

corrupting influence, 137, 138.
Patterson, colonel of a New England regi-
ment at Princeton, ix. 250.
Paulding, John, arrests Andre, x. 387; the
circumstances related, 388; his resolute
behavior, 388; his reward, 395.
Paulet, Earl, votes against taxing America,

v. 413.
Paulli. ensign, taken at Sandusky by the

Indians, v. 1 18.
Paulus Hook taken by Major Henry Lee, x.

223.
Pauw, Miihacl, purchases Staten Island, and

what is now Jersey City, ii. 281 *.
Pawtucket tribe of Indians, iii. 238.
Paxton, Charles, revenue officer in Boston,
iv. 339: marshal of the court of admiralty
in Boston, vi. 31; sails for England as the
representative of the crown oilicers, 32; his
nefarious schemes, 47, 50 ; advises the em
ploymcnt of force in aid of the revenue acts,
101 ; obnoxious to danger in Boston, 102,
109; hung in effigy, 133; calls for troops,
101; objects to paying a small income tax,
404.
Payson, Phillips, minister of Chelsea, captures
two wagons sent with supplies for British
truops, vii. 307.

Peace, negotiations for, with England by
France, iv. 393, 439 ; by the Cherokees with
South Carolina, 425; Bedfor I sent to Paris
to negotiate for peace, 439, 442, 443;
George III. desires peace, 451; peace of
Paris, 1703, 452.; the treaty approved by
Parliament, 453; the happy results, 455,
et seq. ; between Britain and her colonies,
how it might have been secured, vii. 190,
et seq. ; the way to restore it, viii. 359-
372 ; France wishes it, x. 441 ; Spain wishes
it, 412; Austria wishes it. 449; of Utrecht,
iii. 220; provisions of the treaty, 227, et
seq ; changes effected by it, 227, et seq. ;
it contained the seeds of future war, 227,
et seq. ; its effect on Spain, 229; on Bel-
gium, 229; on France, 230; on the Spanish
colonies, 231 ; its most weighty result, the
Assieuto, 232.
Peerage, first and last, erected by the English
in America, i. 105 ; of England described,
v. 30-38.
Peirce, William, master of the ship "Lyon,"
i. 358; sent across the Atlantic for food for
the colony, 358.
Pelham, Henrv, prime minister of Great
Britain, iv. 42, 45, 51, GO, 87,100; dies, 157.
Pelham, Thomas Holies, Duke of Newcastle,
favors a war with Spain, iii. 438; orders
the expedition to Canada to be abandoned,
404; the supposed reason, 404, iv 18; be-
comes colonial minister under Walpole, 18;
his ignorance and imbecility, 19 ; often be-
stowed office in America on bad men, 20;
his temporizing policy, 20, 21; transferred
to the northern department, 21 ; contrasted
with Russell, Duke of Bedford, 22; his im-
patience, 63; wishes to get rid of Bedford,
71; his forbearance towards the colonies,
85; his perfidy towards the Duke of Bed-
ford, 86; becomes prime minister, 15);
Pitt solicits a nomination from him, 159;
imbecility of the Newcastle administration,
164, 105; Newcastle sends to Madame de
Pompadour, 108; undecided whether to at-
tack France or not, 210, 217; gives a sub-
sidy to Russia, 219; tries to obtain the
support of Pitt for this treaty, but in vain,
220; Pitt refuses office under him, 247; is
superseded in office by Pitt,- 247; a new
ministry includes him with Pitt, 274; is
sent for by the new king, George III., 382;
intrigues at court, 383 ; has little favor with
kin^or people, 390; he and the Duke of
Bedford compel the resignation of Pitt,
408, 409 ; retires from office, 437 ; end of the
old line Whigs, 437.
Peltrie, Madame de la, establishes the Ursu-

Iine Convent at Quebec, iii. 127.
Pemaquid settled, i. 331 ; attacked and taken
bv Indians, iii. 181; again attacked and
taken, 189.
Pemberton, Ebenezer, minister of the New
South Church in Boston in 1771, reads the
proclamation of Governor Hutchinson,
while all the rest refuse, vi. 408; he is
known to George III. as a friend to govern-
ment, vii. 72.

702

GENERAL INDEX.

Pembroke, Mass., its response to the circular
from Boston, vi. 439.

Pendleton, Edmund, a delegate of Virginia
in the first continental congress, vii. 273;
one of the committee of safety, viii. 81,82;
president of the convention, 377.

Penn, John, delegate to Congress from North
Carolina, viii. 97.

Penn, Richard, appointed to bear the second
petition of Congress to the king, viii. 39;
his zeal and celerity, 130; he arrives in
London, 130; merits the confidence of the
government, 130; yet he is on his arrival
totally neglected, 130; the king will not
see him, 131 ; the petition delivered to Lord
Dartmouth, but no answer returned, 133;
he is examined at the bar of the House of
Lords, 1G5.

Penn, Thomas and Richard, proprietaries of
Pennsylvania, iv. 139, 141; strife with
them, 115, 224, 255; favor parliamentary
control, 255; their estates taxed, 372; the
matter before the board of trade, 373; and
privy council, 374; oppose the scheme of
American taxation, v. 182; letter quoted,
183, note.

Penn, William, his doctrine of the inner light,
li. 337, 338; he and others purchase East
New Jersey, 381; obtains a charter for
Pennsylvania, 302; his proclamation to the
people of that province, 303 ; refuses to
grant a monopoly of the fur-trade, 305;
writes a letter to the Indians, 305; his
views of government, 300; obtains a grant
of what is now Delaware, 307; lands in
Newcastle, Delaware, 308; his previous
life, 308-380; at Oxford, 308; at Saumur,
300; in prison for conscience' sake, 370; an
outcast, 300, 370 ; in the Tower, 371 ; pleads
the privilege of an Englishman, 372; in-
herits a large fortune, 372 ; pleads for lib-
erty of conscience, 373; again in prison,
373; a Quaker missionary in Germany,
374; appeals to Parliament for universal
liberty of conscience, 375; and to the peo-
ple, 375 ; connection with Algernon Sydney,
370 ; turns t > the new world, 370 ; com-
pared with John Locke, 377, et seq. ; Penn
o i the Delaware, 380; his great treaty with
the Indians, 381; visits Lord Baltimore,
385; discussion with him on boundaries,
380; frame of government for Pennsyl-
vania, 388; his farewell to the people and
return to England, 303; his influence with
the monarch secures the liberation of the
Quakers. 305; resists the commitment of
the bishops to the tower, 397; his princi-
ples sanctioned by posterity, 397 ; his en-
during fame, 398:*yeta slave-holder, 401;
his encomium on George Fox, 402. re-
covers his authority in Pennsylvania, iii.
34; gives liberty to the people, 35; his
misfortunes, 30; his property restored, 40;
visits Pennsylvania, 41; returns to Eng-
land, 44.

Pennacook Indians, iii. 238.

Pennsylvania, first occupied by Swedes, ii.
287 ; charter granted to William Penn, 302;

a free society of traders organized, 367;
Penn's arrival in the province, 380; his
great treaty with the Indians, 381; the
government organizel, 384; dispute with
Lord Baltimore on boundaries, 380; frame
of government adopted. 388; the lirst and
last trial for witchcraft, 301; emigrants
come from England, the Low Countries,
Germany and Sweden, 392; Penn's de
parture, 393 ; Mason and Dixon's line es-
tablished, 394; uneasiness in the province,
399; Indian alarm quieted, 399; slavery in
Pennsylvania, 401; Penn a slave-holder,
401; the German emigrants decide against
slavery, 401; population in 1088, 450; effect
of the English revolution, iii. 34; disputes,
35 ; separation of Delaware, 35 ; George
Keith's schism, 35; resists the magistracy;
35; Pennsj'lvania a rcyal province, 37;
administration of Fletcher, 37; the assem-
bly resist, 38 ; Penn recovers his authority,
30, 40 ; a democratic government, 40 ; the
people rule, 34, 41 ; the old charter sur-
rendered, 41; the colony refuses to contrib-
ute for the defence of New York, 39, 41 ;
condition of the negroes and Indians, 42;
new constitution, 43; toleration, 43; colli-
sions between the people and the proprie-
taries, 44; perfect freedom, 43, 45, 40; Sir
William Keith, the governor, urges the erec-
tion of a fort on Lake Erie, 345; the people
restive under restraint, 394; voluntary
militia system devised by Franklin. 450;
spirit of freedom in, iv. 39; does nothing to
rep'd French encroachments, 88, 115; pop-
ulation in 1754, 129, 130; political and
social condition, 130, et seq. ; great freedom
enjoyed, 140, 141 ; predominant influence
of Franklin, 140, 141; strife with the pro-
prietaries, 115, 224, 255; refuses grants of
money, but issues bills of credit, 175: the
frontier ravaged by Indians, 225; Frank-
lin placed in command, 225, 220 ; a pro-
posal to overrule the charter, 230; militia
law repealed by the king in council, 231;
flourishing state of the province, 253; pop-
ulation, 253; liberty enjoyed, 253, 254;
Franklin chosen agent to England, 254;
sends a strong force against Fort Duquesne,
308; leads the van of liberal principles,
372; taxes the estates of the proprietaries,
372; the province reprimanded by the king
for disobedience to his instructions, 441,
442; in Pontiac's war, v. 124; impatient
of the proprietary government, 218; pro-
tests against parliamentary taxation, 219;
sends Franklin to England to defend its
liberties, 220; sends a strong force under
Bouquet into the Ohio country, 221; ac-
cepts the proposal of an American Con-
gress, 328; represented in the Congress,
334, 340; spirit of the province, 377; its
imports from England, 429 ; is greatly
under the influence of Dickinson, vii. 44;
its convention, echoing his opinions, rec-
ommends paying for the tea, and advises
gentle methods, 82; but chooses delegates
to a general congress, 82, 83 ; resists the en-

GENERAL INDEX.

703

croachmeuts of Lord Dunmore, 162; the
legislature approve the proceedings of the
continental congress, 211; a proposal for
manumission of slaves, 271 b ; the spirit of
liberty bold and defiant, 332, 333; the as-
sembly resolves to maintain a union wilh
the other colonies, 333; the province
wants a continued union with Britain, 377;
riflemen from it join the army before Bos-
ton, viii. 04; the ardent patriots of the
province held under restraint, 72; Dickin-
son guides the proceedings of the conven-
tion, 72; the lirst and second conventions,
72, 73; the loyalists have a majority in the
House of Representatives, 72, 73; mistaken
policy pursued, 74 ; influence of the pro-
prietary governor, 74; insincerity of the
ass mbly, 74; appoints a committee of
safety, 75; a new legislature organized,
and all its members take the oath of alle-
giance to the king, 114; it pursues the
Quaker po'iicy, 115; the legislature alarmed,
138; unhappy influence of Dickinson, 138;
he reports a set of instructions for the dele-
gates in Congress, enjoining on them to
resist a separation from England, 139;
the mischievous consequences, 1J9; friends
of the proprietary government opposed to
independence, 242, 323; a convention of
the people opposed by them, 323, 324; the
representation enlarged, 32(1; measures of
the assembly, 32G; it renews its instruc-
tions against independence, 327; the
"moderate men " carry the elections, 355;
the Germans not allowed to vote unless
naturalized, and naturalization involved
allegiance to the king, 355; the popular
party hold the proprietary government as
virtually dissolved, 385; incapacity of the
existing government, 38(5; a strong popu-
lar movement for independence, 380 ; a
conflict of parties, 387; one party conser-
vative, the other progressive, 387 ; Dickin-
son stands between the two, 387 ; the as-
sembly become uneasy, 388; new instruc-
tions to the delegates in Congress, 388;
provincial conference of the committees of
the several counties, 443; the proprietary
government dies out, 444; reform de-
manded, 444; new men brought forward,
444; a new government, 445; all tax-
payers allowed to vote, 415; a religious
test imposed, 440; a unanimous vote for
independence, 440; divided in opinion in
respect to a civil constitution, ix. 170 ; its
convention, 170; the new constitution, 170;
its grave defects, 171; it disfranchises
Quakers and others, 171; provides for only
a single legislative assembly, 171 ; the state
rent into factions, 171; a counter-revolu-
tion desired, 171 ; a party for absolute and
unconditional submission, 172 ; urgent ap-
peal to the people to rise in arms for the
defence of their state, 202 ; many of the
people unfriendly, 225; Pennsylvania mili-
tia at Princeton, 243; Congress exercises
a temporary control, 338; the militia do
not repair to Washington's camp at the

approach of danger, 392; a factious spirit
prevails, 401 ; the people will not rise, 42 ),
433; the council and assembly remonstrate
against going into winter quarters, 45J;
Washington's reply, 459; condition of his
arm}', 459, 405; leads in the abolition of
slavery, x. 300; part of the Pennsylvania
line in the army revolts, 415; they refuse
to join the enemy, 410.

Pensacola occupied by Spaniards, iii. 200,
353 ; captured by the French and recovered
by Spain, 353; its excellent harbor, vi.
27.

Pensioner, Dr. Johnson's definition of one,
vii. 258; he has himself become one,
258.

People, sovereignty of the, v. 30; people of
America, their opinions, 285, et scq. ; their
rights as Englishmen, 280, 344, 385, et seq. ;
the Declaration of Independence emanated
from them, viii. 247, 248; their powerful
agency in all reforms, 248; their common-
sense must bear rule, 248.

Peoria Indians, 197.

Peoria, Lake, visited by La Salle, iii.
105.

Pepperell, its cheering answer to Boston in
1774, vii. 99.

Pepperell, William, commands the expedi-
tion against Louisburg, iii. 458.

Pequod Indians, i. 397; murder of Oldham
by them, 398; their fort destroyed and
hundreds of them slain, 400; the tribe ex-
terminated, 402.

Percy, Earl, brings re-enforcements to the
British troops in their flight from Concord,
vii. 300, 307; by great effort brings off the
troops, 309; he calumniates the Americans,
318,319; dares not mingle in the conflict
at Bunker Hill, 413; appointed to attack
Dorchester Heights, viii. 297; is compelled
to make no attack, 237, 298; in the battle
of Long Island, ix. 87; moves on Fort
Washington, 179; his feeble attack, 191;
assists in the expedition to Rhode Island,
200.

Periodical press, the, original of, in America,
iii. 374.

Personal freedom secured by the American
revolution, iv. 13.

Peter III. of Russia makes an alliance with
Frederic II., iv. 434; his generous
conduct towards him, 435; murdered,
454.

Peters, Hugh, arrives in Boston, i. 383 ; goes
to England as agent for the colonies, 410;
his character and death, ii. 32, 33; mis-
representations concerning him, 33, note.

Petersham, Massachusetts, its patriotic dec-
laration against British aggression, vi.
442.

Petitions of the colonies rejected without a
hearing, vi. 144, 234, 236.

Petty, William (see Slulbume, Earl of).

Philadelphia founded by William Penn, ii.
387; its rapid growth, 392: first newspaper
there, iii. 374; proposed as the seat of
government forth" united colonies, iv. 123;

704

GENERAL INDEX.

meeting of governors there, 252; a diver-
sity of sentiment in regard to resistance,
vii. 43; moderate measures proposed, 45;
a committee of correspondence appointed,
45; a letter to Boston advises slower move-
ments, 45; the bells tolled and the houses
shut on account of the blockade of Boston,
57; thirty military companies daily prac-
tise the manual exercise, 333; the largest
city in the land, 377; remonstrates against
the tame conduct of the legislature, viii.
114; a temporizing spirit prevails, 355;
the "moderate men" succeed at the elec-
tions, 355; great meeting for independence
in the State House yard, 385 ; votes of the
meeting, 38G; independence proclaimed
there, ix. 32; the spirit of a counter revo-
lution, 171; approach of a British army,
202; measures taken for defence, 202; pro-
posal to burn the city, 20'J ; first' celebra-
tion of the Fourth of July, 357; panic on
the approach of Howe's army, 401; Corn-
wallis takes possession of the city, 404;
Philadelphia of no military importance, 422;
the forts below, 422; loss of an American
frigate there, 423; two British ships of war
destroyed, 431; Forts Mifflin and Mercer
evacuated, 434, 435; the city strongly for-
tified by the British, 452 ; occupied by Brit-
ish troops, x. 121; British commissioners
arrive there, 122; evacuated by the British,
124; departure of the commissioners, 125;
thousands of the inhabitants leave the city,
124.

Philadelphia merchants unanimously adopt
the system of non-importation of British
goods, vi. 272; the system modified and
restricted, 317; it is confined to the single
article of tea, 305; resolute stand taken
against taxation by Parliament, 470; the
tea-ship arrives and is sent back to London,
488.

Philip of Anjou becomes king of Spain, iii.
220, 323.

Phi ip of Hesse embraces Protestantism, x.
78.

Philip of Orleans, regent of France, iii.
323.

Philip of Pokanoket, rejects Christian in-
struction, ii. 97; his jealousy of the Eng-
lish, 100; the war of 1675 not designed on
his part, 101; a fugitive, 102; his death,
108; his son sold as a slave, 103.

Philips, general under Burgoyne, ix. 302;
invests Ticonderoga on the south side,
360; in the battle of Bemis's Heights, 409,
415; commands the British force in Vir-
ginia, x. 498; dies there, 499.

Phillips, George, first minister at Watertown,
i. 358 *.

Phillips, William, of Boston, vi. 330, 343;
his share in public meetings concerning the
tea party, 473, 482 ; negatived as a coun-
cillor, vii. 48.

Philosophy of France incapable of guiding a
revolution, vii. 2'); of Hume, as prevalent
in Europe, viii. 306.

Phips, Sir William, his early history, iii. 83;

governor of Massachusetts, 83 ; arrives in
lioston, 87; appoints a court for the trial
of witches, 88; his connection with the
witchcraft delusion, 89; captures Port
Koyal in Acadia, iii. 184; commands the
ill-fated expedition against Quebec, 185;
returns to Boston, 186.

Phipps, of Cambridge, high-sheriff, resigns
his office, vii. 115.

Physiocrates of France, a school of political
economists, v. 26.

Piankeshaw Indians friendly to the English,
iv. 79, 80; their great chief taken captive
by French Indians, 95.

Pickens, Andrew, of South Carolina, viii.
87 ; pursues and captures a bod}1 of Tories,
x. 288; joins Morgan, 460,403; his able
conduct at Cowpens, 434, 470; made a
brigadier-general, 466; his efficient co-
operation with Greene, 485, 489, 493.

Pickering, Colonel Timothy, fails to bring his
regiment into action at Bunker Hill, vii.
309 ; quartermaster-general, x. 407.

Picqua, a town of the Miami Indians, iv. 78;
important treaty there, 79 ; this town at-
tacked and destroyed by French Indians,
•94, 95.

Pinckney, Charles, president of the provincial
congress of South Carolina, vii. 205; takes
measures for the defence of the colony,
330; his unworthy conduct, x 330.

Pinckney, Charles Cotesworth, of South Car-
olina, he and others take possession of Fort
Johnson, viii. 90; his courageous reply to
the royal governor, 90 ; assists in the de-
fence of Charleston, 403.

Pinckney, Thomas, aid to General Gates, x.
317.

Picquet, Francis, Abb<$, missionary to the
Indians at Ogdensburg, iv. 31.

Pierce, John, trustee for the Pilgrims, ob-
tains a patent for them, i. 320; his treach-
ery, 320.

Pigot, brigadier-general, at Charlestown, vii.
413 ; leads the left wing of the British,
422, 425 ; his gallantly, 432 ; commands a
British force on Khode Island, x. 148.

Pijart, Claude, missionary among the IIu-
rons, iii. 129; among the Algonquins, 130.

Pilgrims, the, their church in the north of
England, i. 299 ; assert the rights of con-
science, 299 ; seek safety in exile, 300 ;
retire to Holland, 301 ; settle at Leyden,
301 ; inconveniences there, 302 ; resolve
on emigration, 302 ; their patriotism, 303 ;
negotiate with the London Virginia com-
pany, 303 ; petition the king, 304 ; obtain
a patent, which proves of no service, 305* ;
propose to settle on the Hudson, 305 * ;
the plan fails, 305 * : form a partnership
with merchants of London, 300 ; they set
sail for America, 306; their voyage, 308;
made at the right period, 308; arrive at
Cape Cod, 309; their political compact, 30J;
search for a convenient residence, 311;
voyage in the " Shall ip," 312 ; the landing
at Plymouth, 313; their difficulties and
hinderances, 313; their sufferings, 310-

GENERAL INDEX.

705

315 ; want of fond, 315 ; system of common
property abandoned, 315; intercourse with
the Indians, 31G, 317; the partnership dis-
solved, 319; they obtain a patent, 320;
but not a charter, 321 ; character of the
colony, 322 ; its claims on our gratitude,
323.

Pillage by British troops, x. 223, 226, 227.

Pinet, Jesuit missionary in Illinois, iii.
196.

Titcairn, major of marines at Lexington, vii.
212; orders the troops to lire on the people,
203; destroys stores at Concord, 300; is
compelled to a hasty retreat, 304, 305;
mortally wounded at Bunker Hill, 429.

Pitkin, Timothy, his history corrected, vi.
48, note.

Pitkin, William, elected governor of Con-
necticut, vi. 14.

Pitt, William, Karl of Chatham, favors a war
with Spain, iii. 438 ; the Great Commoner,
iv. 159 ; solicits the patronage of New-
castle, 159 ; opposes Newcastle's party in
the Commons, 161 ; opposes the treaty
with Russia, 220: Newcastle tries to win
him to his side, 220; attacks the Russian
subsidy and retires from office, 220 ; con-
' nects himself with Prince George, the heir-
apparent, 244; ineffectual attempt of New-
castle to negotiate with him, 246 ; super-
sedes Newcastle as prime minister, 248 ;
protects American liberty, 249 ; possesses
no real power, 250 ; the king dismisses
him from office, 250 ; the foremost man in
England, 272 ; forms a ministry, including
Fox and Newcastle, 274 ; compared with
Cromwell, 274 ; takes the colonial depart-
ment, 274 ; the man of the people. 275 ;
his commanding genius and remarkable
achievements, 275,276 ; the Great Question
of the day, 277 ; Pitt offers to restore Gib-
raltar, 281 ; invites the colonies to unite
with England in the conquest of Canada,
291 ; a friend to liberty and the rights of
America, 292 ; derives information from
Franklin, but without seeing him, 315,
376, note ; his plans for 1759, 315, 376, note ;
is cheerfully seconded by all the Northern
colonies, 319; rejoices over the relief of
Quebec, 359 ; is desirous of peace, 363 ;
and of retaining Canada, 369 ; never favor-
ed encroachment on the liberties of Amer-
ica, 375 ; never threatened interference, 376 ;
is disliked bv the young king, George III.,
383 ; the great stain on his 'memory, 396 ;
chooses to continue the war, 396 ; wishes
the utter humiliation of France, 399 ; re-
fuses a participation in the fisheries, 400 ;
has knowledge of the family compact, 404;
and of the special convention, 405; his
vast designs, 406 ; proposes a war with
Spain, 407 ; all the cabinet, save Earl Tem-
ple, oppose the measure, 408 ; Pitt resigns
office, 409 ; accepts a pension, 410 ; a peer-
age conferred on his wife, 410 ; Pitt speaks
against the treaty of 1762, 453 ; refuses to
take office with Bedford, v. 141 ; the king
invites him to enter the ministry, 143 ;

vol. x. 45

terms on which Pitt would accept office,
144 ; a second interview with the king,
146; the king rejects his terms, 146; he
declines office, 262; the king sends for him
again, 296 ; disagreemi nt between Pitt and
Temple, 297; Pitt disapproves the stamp
act, 297 ; cannot take office, 298 ; in«feeble
health, 381, 382; his great speech in Par-
liament, denying its right to tax America,
383-387 ; his crushing reply to Grcnville,
391-395 ; Grafton advises the king to send
for Pitt, 396 ; the king refuses, 396 ; Graf-
ton sees Pitt, 397; Pitt is willing to act with
the Rockingham ministry, on the plan of
relinquishing all right to tax America,
397 ; pronounces the essay of John Adams
on the feudal law masterly, 398 ; advocates
the reception of the petition of the Ameri-
can Congress, 399 ; contends strenuously
for the rights of America, 415, 416 ; speaks
in favor of the repeal of the stamp act, 434;
almost adored by the people, 436 ; speaks
against the declaratory bill, 444 ; his last
speech in the House of Commons, 457 ; re-
ceives the thanks of Massachusetts, vi. 13;
a statue to him in New York, 15; his
prostrated health, 18 ; his ill success, 18 ;
invited by the king to form a new ad-
ministration, 19 ; forms a most liberal
cabinet, 22 ; is insulted by Rockingham,
23 ; becomes Earl of Chatham, 24 ; by this
means is bereft of all his power, 25 : the
only point of his agreement with the king
25 ; denies the right of Parliament to tax
the colonies, x. 39 ; promotes the cause of
liberty in both hemispheres, 86 (see Chat-
ham, /Carl of).

Pitt, William, the younger, accompanies his
father to the House of Lords, ix. 494;
condemns the war, x. 482 ; favors peace
with America, 529 ; not in favor of Ameri-
can independence, 552 ; proposes a reform
in Parliament, 549 ; becomes a member of
the Shelburne administration, 552 ; chan-
cellor of the exchequer, 553.

Pittsburgh, originally Fort Duquesne, its
probable destiny foreseen by Washington,
iv. 109 ; a fort there commenced by the
Ohio company, 108, 112, 116; Virginia re-
fuses to build a fort there, 88 (see Duquesne
Fort); Lord Dunmore takes possession of
it, and of its dependencies, vii. 162.

Plymouth colony, settlement of, i. 309 ; suf-
ferings, 314 ; intercourse with natives, 317;
slow progress of population, 321 ; civil
constitution, 322; trading house at Wind-
sor, 395 ; proceedings of the royal com-
missioners, ii. 84 ; population in 1675, 93 ;
sufferings in "Philip's war," relieved, in
part, from Ireland, 109.

Plymouth company in England, the first, i.
120, 267, 269 ; the second, 271 ; its very
ample privileges, 272, 273 : grants a patent
to the Leyden Pilgrims, 305 * ; their mon-
opoly opposed in Parliament, 324 ; opposed
by those concerned in the fisheries, 325 ;
they fail to keep off the fishermen, 326 ;
convey to Robert Gorges a portion of Mas-

706

GENERAL INDEX.

saehusetts, 32'J ; efforts of the company
paralyzed, 327 ; their grant to the Massa-
chusetts company, 340.

Plymouth, town of, the people almost unani-
mous in opposition to Britain, vi. 431,438;
compels George Watson to resign his com-
mission, vii. 105.

Pleasant Kiver, in Maine, volunteers from
this place and Machias capture a British
armed ship, vii. 341 *.

Pocahontas saves the life of Smith, i. 131 ;
befriends the colony, 132 ; stolen by Argal,
146 ; is married to John Rolfe, 147 ; visits
England, 147 ; dies there, 147.

Point Levi, in Canada, the American forces
arrive there, viii. 106, 197.

Point Pleasant, at the'confluence of the Kan-
awha and Ohio, great battle there, vii. 1G8,
169.

Poisson, du, Jesuit missionary in Arkansas,
iii. 361 ; killed by the Natchez Indians,
362.

Pokanoket Indians, their location, i. 317 ;
treaty with them, 317; their numbers, ii.
97; their chief scats, 99 ; reject Christian
instruction, 99; war with them, 100, et
seq. ; they are driven from their homes,
102 ; death of Philip, and extermination
of the tribe, 108, iii. 238.

Poland, partition of, vi. 424, 527.

Political power declared to be a trust, iii. 6, 8.

Polk, Thomas, a leading patriot in North
Carolina, vii. 371, 373.

Poll-tax proposed, iv. 167, 222, 223.

Pombal, Sebastian, Marquis of, prime minis-
ter of Portugal, x. 47, 51.

Pomeroy, Seth, an officer in the expedi-
tion against Louisburg, iii. 460, iv. 212 ;
elected brigadier-general of the Massachu-
setts forces, vii. 228 ; goes as a private
soldier to the combat near Bunker Hill,
417 ; his gallant demeanor, 430 ; of North-
ampton, Massachusetts, elected brigadier-
general, viii. 30 ; he declines, 30.

Pompadour, Marchioness of, a licentious but
attractive woman, mistress of Louis XV,
vi. 424; her great political influence, vii.
30, 31.

Ponce de Leon, Juan, his earl}' history, i. 31,
el seq. ; discovers Florida, 33 ; mortally
wounded, 34.

Ponsonby, in the Irish House of Commons,
opposes the American war, viii. 109.

Pontiac, chief of the Ottawas, his "meeting
with Rogers, iv. 362, v. 113; his origin,
once a captive, 113 ; his character, 114 ;
his attempt to surprise Detroit, 116 ; com-
mences hostilities, 117 ; sends emissaries to
Illinois, 117; a reward offered for his
assassination, 132 ; end of the war, 164 ;
his friendly conduct, 338 ; assassinated in
time of peace, vi. 297 ; the Indians avenge
his death, 298.

Poor, colonel of a New England regiment at
the battle of Princeton, ix. 250 ; general
in the battle of Bemis's Heights, ix. 416.

" Poor Richard," frigate, her light with the
"Sorapis," x. 271.

Popham, George, president of the colonv at
Sagadahoc, i. 268 ; dies, 268.

Popham, Sir John, embarks in the scheme of
colonizing Virginia, i. 119; and in the
affair of settling New England, 267 ; dies,
268.

Population of the colonies in 1675, ii. 92; in
1688, 450; of the old thirteen colonies,
iv. 127, et seq. ; of the valley of the Mis-
sissippi in 1768, vi. 223, 224"; of the thir-
teen colonies in 1774, vii. 128.

Port of Boston, act for closing it, vii. 34 ; the
act received, 35; the effect on the people,
35, 36 ; the effect on other colonies, 42, el
seq. (see Boston Port Bill).

Porter, Asahel, of Woburn, slain at Lexing-
ton, vii. 294.

Porterfield, Charles, a sergeant under Mor-
gan, viii. 63 ; lieutenant-colonel in South
Carolina, x. 317 ; repulses the enemy, 320.

Portland, in Maine, bombarded by the Brit-
ish ship " Canceaux," vii. 341.

Port Royal, in Acadia, founded, i. 26 ;
burned" by Argal, 148; surrenders to the
English amis, 334, iii. 186; again surren-
ders, 218 ; its name changed to Annapolis,
218.

Port Royal, S. C, settled, ii. 174 ; attacked
by Indians, iii. 327.

Ports of the united colonies, Congress refuses
to open them, viii. 58, 59; they arc finally
opened, 323.

Portsmouth settled, i. 328, 329.

Portsmouth, N. H., makes common cause
with the colonies, vi. 485 ; seizure of arms
and powder at, vii. 183, 384 ; averse to
separation from England, viii. 243.

Portugal unfriendly to the United States, x.
51.

Portuguese discoveries befoi-e Columbus, i.
7, iii. 113 ; voyage of discovery to North
America, i. 16 (see Ccrlereal); Portuguese
colonies, iii. 113.

Post-office arrangement on the Chesapeake,
iii. 34; established by Congress, viii 57;
organized by Franklin, 57.

Potawatomies invite a mission, iii. 151; give
shelter to Tonti, 167 ; attack the Iroquois,
190; mentioned, 242; unite in the design
to drive out the English, v. 113, 116, 119"

Potemkin, Gregory Alexandrovitch, Rus-
sian field-marshal and favorite of Catharine
II., viii. 106;. his character and habits, x.
268.

Potter, General, with a party of militia, cuts
off supplies from the British, ix. 428.

Poutrincourt, a lieutenant of De Monts, settles
Port Royal, i. 26 ; attempts to colonize
New England, 27.

Powell, Thomas, of South Carolina, unjustly
imDrisoned, vi. 471; released, 471.

Power, new principles of, iv. 12.

Powhatan, great Indian chief of Virginia, i.
125; Smith brought to him as a captive,
131; friendly to the colonists, 181; his
death, 181.

Pownall, John, secretary of the board of
trade, iv. 375, note.

GENERAL INDEX.

707

Pownall, Thomas, comes to America, iv. 10-3,
128; his estimate of the population of Brit-
ish America, 128, note ; Governor of Mas-
sachusetts, 297 ; complains of that province,
and predicts independence, 297; often re-
iterates this prediction, 369; contends for
American taxation, v. 181 ; eulogizes Gren-
ville, 191, 251; proposes the repeal of the
revenue acts, vi. 267, 273; and of the duty
on tea, 353; insists on the dependence of
the colonies, 510; favors the Boston port
bill, 514; a warm friend to the United
States, x. 142; predicts their future great-
ness, 235, et seq.

Poyning's law enacted to restrain the holding
of Irish parliaments, v. 62 ; proposed as a
good precedent for America, 62.

Pratt, Benjamin, of Boston, made chief jus-
tice of New York, " at the king's pleasure,"
iv. 427 ; dislikes this new tenure of office,
427 ; proposes a pern>anent salary, and
dependence of the colonv on the crown,
440.

Pratt, Charles, afterwards Earl of Camden,
speaks for colonial liberty, iv. 230; becomes
attorney-general, 274; appears in behalf of
the proprietaries of Pennsylvania, 373;
foretells American independence, 380; pre-
dicts for the young and obstinate king,
George III., " a weak and inglorious reign,"
387; "chief justice of England sets Wilkes
at liberty, v. 105 ; becomes Earl of Cam-
den, 305 (see Camden, Earl of).

Prerogative, government founded on, iv. 32.

Presbyterian discipline excluded from New
England, i. 444; Presbyterian party in
England, ii. 9, el seq. ; tries to dispense
with the army, 14; Presbyterian members
of Parliament excluded, 14; resume their
seats, 30.

Presbyterians. Scotch, of Ireland, v. 76 ; their
emigration to America, 76.

Presbyterian partv in North Carolina, vi.
383'.

Presbyterians in Philadelphia, vii. 43; of
Baltimore, 49, 207*; of the Holston Valley,
194; of South-western Virginia. 194; they
meet in council, 194; their patriotic resolu-
tions, 195, 196.

Prescott, a British brigadier, abuses Ethan
Allen, his prisoner, viii. 184; is himself
taken prisoner, with all his command, 199 ;
commander of the British forces on Rhode
Island, ix. 200; taken prisoner by Colonel
Barton, 358 ; exchanged for Lee, 358.

Prescott, Samuel, of Concord, escapes from
his pursuers, vii. 290.

Prescott, William, of Pepperell, a brave man,
vi. 447 ; his resolute answer in behalf of that
town to the appeal from Boston, vii. 99 ; hast-
ens to join in the pursuitof the British, 307;
guards the entrance to Boston, 313; has
orders to march to Breed's Hill, 408, 409;
his unshaken courage, 411; his orders to
reserve tire till the enemy were near, 423;
gives the word "fire!" 424; the result,
424-426 ; Prescott has no more powder,
427; gives the word to retreat, 429; his

self-possession, 429; though in extreme
danger, he escapes unhurt, 430; his re-
markable bravery, 431; offers with three
fresh regiments to recover his post, 431; at
New York, ix. 82; in command at Gover-
nor's Island, 82; his regiment withdrawn,
109; guards the causeway from Prog's
Neck, 175.

Presque Isle, now Erie, capitulates to the
Indians, v. 122.

Press, censorship of the, ceases in England,
iii. 11; full liberty allowed, 12; of America
defies the stamp act, v. 352-354; of Boston,
its reasonings concerning liberty, vi. 97,
102; urges a union of the colonies, 466, 469
(see Boston Gazette, and Edes tf- Gill); of
New England, favors a declaration of inde-
pendence, viii. 219, 220.

Preston, Captain Thomas, orders the troops
to fire on the town's people in Boston, vi.
338, 347; examination of the testimony,
347, et seq. ; his trial and acquittal, 373.

Prevost, General, plans to invade Georgia,
x. 155, 284 ; takes Sunbury, 286 ; invades
South Carolina, 290; plunders plantations,
294; defends Savannah, 296.

Prevost, Lieutenant-Colonel, surprises Gen-
eral Ashe in Georgia, x. 289.

Price, captain of a Maryland company in the
army round Boston, viii. 64.

Price, Dr. Richard, his able pamphlet on
Liberty, viii. 361; his definition of liberty,
362; honored by the city of London, 362;
advocates parliamentary reform, 362; Con-
gress invite him to be their fellow-citizen,
x. 172.

Prideaux, General, besieges Fort Niagara,
iv. 321; is killed, 321.

"Pride's purge," ii. 14.

Priestcraft, its influence weakened, and how,
v. 3.

Primogeniture abolished in Virginia, ix. 280.

Princeton, battle of, Washington concentrates
his forces at Trenton, ix. 243; his plan for
the deliverance of New Jersey, 240, 246;
his night march to Princeton, 246, 247 ; the
battle commences, 248 ; exposure of Wash-
ington to danger, 249 ; the enemv take to
flight, 249, 250; losses of the British, 250;
of the Americans, 250; Mercer slain, 248,
250; effect of the victory, 251.

Pring, Martin, visits the harbors of Maine
and New Hampshire, and lands in Massa-
chusetts, i. 114, 327.

Printing, first, executed in the United States,
i. 415.*

Prisoners inhumanly treated, x. 286, 320;
the faith of British generals broken towards
them, 329 ; vast numbers of them perished,
329.

Privateers authorized to be fitted out against
British ships, viii. 320; American, their
great success, ix. 134, 467, 473 ; British,
their ravages, x. 204.

Privateer "General Mifflin," x. 257.

Private judgment, right of, affirmed, v. 4.

Proctor, Edward, captain of the guard placed
over the Dartmouth tea-ship, vi. 478.

708

GENERAL INDEX.

Proctor, Elizabeth, accused of witchcraft, iii.
81J; reprieved, 92.

Proctor, John, accused of witchcraft, iii. 87 ;
executed, 92.

Progress everywhere manifest, iv. 7, 8; this
progress never-ceasing, 9 ; in intelligence,
8; in religion, morality, and social life, 11.

Prophecies of the New Testament supposed
to have reference to American affairs, vi.
168.

Proprietary governments, a blow at, viii. 308.

Protection to neutral vessels resolved on by
the northern powers, x. 277.

Protestantism, shall it prevail, or be over-
powered by popery and feudalism, iv. 277;
this the great question of the time, 277;
the Catholic powers leagued against it,
278 ; ceases to be a cause of revolutions,
v. 3, 4; the successes of the Seven. Years'
War favorable to it, 3; powerful in Ger-
many, x. 85, et seq.

Providence of God should be recognized in
history, iii. 399; notwithstanding the ap-
parent sway of human passion, 400.

Providence, "R. I., founded by Roger Wil-
liams, i. 379 ; denied admission to the New
England confederacy, 422; welcomes Roger
Williams on his return, 426; its address to
Sir Henry Vane, 428; attack on it by In-
dians, ii. 107; complains of British inso-
lence, vi. 418 (see Gaspee); votes for a con-
gress of all the colonies, vii. 42.

Provincial congress, the house of represen-
tatives of Massachusetts resolves itself into
one, vii. 153; they remonstrate with Gage,
154; measures adopted by them, 154; de-
nounced by Gage as an unlawful assembly,
182; adopts all the recommendations of
the continental congress, 182; their brave
words to the people of Massachusetts, 182;
resolves to raise an army, 314; its address
to the inhabitants of Britain, 342; remon-
strates against the abandonment of Ticon-
deroga, 365.

Prussia, its rising greatness, x. 81, 84, 86;
accedes to the armed neutrality, 430 (see
Frederic); and its king, at the close of
,the Seven Years' War, v. 6; tolerated
every creed. 6.

Prussia (see Frederic II.)

Prynne, William, mutilated, i. 410; his elo-
quence, ii. 14.

Publication of the truth no libel, iii. 394.

Pulaski, Count Casimir, engages in the Amer-
ican cause, ix. 296; his fearless courage at
Brandy wine, 400; his command surprised,
x. 152; comes to the defence of Charleston,
291, 293; is mortally wounded at Savan-
nah, 297.

Pulteney, William, Earl of Bath, promotes a
war with Spam, iii. 437, 438; a friend of
American liberties, iv. 363; is desirous of
retaining Canada after its conquest, 363;
eulogizes Frederic II., 364.

Puritanism disallowed in Virginia, i. 178;
vet some Puritans live there, 206; and in
Maryland, 257; Puritan ministers invited,
206 ; but silenced and sent away, 207 ; Puri-

tans in Maryland, their intolerance, 261;
their energy and courage, 262; a powerful
part}', 263; rise of Puritanism in England,
278; what is Puritanism? 279; many of
them exiles, 281 ; the party of reform, 282;
the champions of liberty, 284; desired not
a schism, 286; but reform, 288; averse to
popery, 289; Queen Elizabeth displeased
with them, 284; favored by the people,
284; the Protestantism of England due to
them, 289; Hooper and Rogers, Puritans,
280; increase in number and power, 291;
could not be crushed, 291 ; conference at
Hampton Court, 295; the Puritans hated
by the king, but favored by the Commons,
297; severities endured by them, 297; friv-
olous acts made penal, 298 ; Puritanism the
fundamental idea of Massachusetts, 343;
the Puritans summoned to America by the
voice of God, 350 ; confidence reposed in
them, 429; character of Puritanism: its
peculiarities, its excellencies, its spirit of
independence, courage, and hope, its be-
nign results, 400, et seq. ; the Puritans, in
their treatment of dissentients, acted in
self-defence merely, 463 ; mildness of their
legislation, 465; their care for posterity,
466; their many virtues, 467; Puritanism
compared with chivalry, 468; Puritanism
loses its power in England, ii. 40.

Purviance, Samuel, of Baltimore, arrests Gov-
ernor Eden, viii. 354.

Putnam, Israel, of Connecticut, at Lake
George, iv. 210; a major in the army of
Abercrombie, 1758, 298; a prisoner to the
Indians, 305; his narrow escape from a
frightful death, 305 ; at the conquest of
Havana, 444; in Bradstreet's expedition,
v. 210 ; active in the cause of liberty in
1766, 378, 441, vii. 73; visits Boston with
supplies of provisions, 101 ; his undaunted
demeanor before British officers, lol; he
summons the militia in his vicinity to take
up arms in aid of Boston, 120; his animat-
ing language, 121; rushes from agricul-
tural toils to the strife of war on hearing
of the combat at Concord, 315; his mar-
vellous speed, 315; brigadier of the Con-
necticut troops near Boston, 325 ; he is
stationed at Cambridge, 405; wishes to
occupy Prospect Hill, 406; hastens to the
impending conflict at Bunker Hill, 410,
412; at the rail-fence, 418; his great ac-
tivity, 420; cheers on the men, 424; bids
them reserve their fire, 424; assumes the
supreme direction, 431; occupies Prospect
Hill, 431; chosen major-general, viii. 29;
his previous career, 29; his character, 29;
has command on Prospect Hill, near Bos-
ton, 43, 61 ; is regarded as incompetent to
command the army in Canada, 423; under-
takes the obstruction of Hudson river, ix.
81; takes command on Long Island, 85;
his incapacity for command, 88, 89; his
rash order to Lord Stirling, 88, 89; the
disasters of the day chiefly due to his in-
capacity, 90; escape of his division on New
York Island, 120, 121; in the action near

GENERAL INDEX.

709

Manhattanville, 127 ; undertakes to ob-
struct Hudson river, 167 ; his obstructions
prove to be of no value, 174; at Mount
Washington, 175; his overweening con-
fidence, 184; he crosses into the Jerseys,
188; is in command at Philadelphia, 202,
214 ; promises not to burn the city, 214 ;
fails to assist Washington in attacking the
British posts on the Delaware, 225, 228;
his foolish conduct, 403; his unfitness for
command, 412 ; his want of sagacity, 412;
his blunders, 413; his intense alarm, 414;
disregards the orders of Washington, 432.
Putnam, Rufus, the engineer, viii. 293, ix.
110.

Q.

Quakers, the early, described, i. 451; some
arrive in Boston, 452; severities against
them, 452, et seq. ; four put to death, 455;
their own conduct provoked the fatal issue,
458; in North Carolina, ii. 153; banished
from Virginia, i. 231, ii. 201; yet they
multiply, 202; their sufferings in Mary-
land, 237; in New Netherland, 300; the
faith of Quakers, 326, et seq. ; progress of
intellectual freedom and political liberty in
England, 327; advancement of science,
328; origin of Quakerism, 330; George
Fox, 331; the inner light, 333, 337; the
instinct of a Deity, 338; method of Des-
cartes, 338 ; liberty of conscience, 339 ;
emancipation from superstition, 340; the
inner light, not the Bible, guides the
Quaker, 342; their disinterested virtue and
purity of life, 345; reject capital punish-
ment, and the right of self-defence, 346;
reject religious rites of all kinds, 347; re-
fuse an oath, 347; condemn the theatre,
and appear in sober attire, 347; eschew a
paid ministry, 348; pay no tithes, 349;
believe in human progress, 350; and in
human essential equality, 352; everywhere
exposed to persecution, 354; purchase West
New Jersey, 355; civil constitution estab-
lished there, 357 ; their controversy with
the Duke of York, 358; decided in their
favor, 360; their first legislative assembly,
360; the measures adopted, 360 (see Wil-
liam Penn and George Fox); opinions of
Quakers concerning slavery, 401; Buck-
ingham pretends to favor them, 434 ; Quaker
colonies enumerated, 402; in Pennsylvania,
their principles, iv. 141; jealous of the
younger Pcnns, 141; wish to abolish pro-
prietary rule, 176; negotiate with the Del-
awares, 231 ; a majority in the assembly,
254; oppose the Revolution, viii. 245, 274;
disfranchised in Pennsylvania, ix. 171; re-
fuse in any way to aid in carrying on the
war for independence, 215; of Philadelphia
will not fight, vii. 43; nor those of the
province at large, 211; they disapprove of
opposition to the measures of government,
211.

Quarter, none to be given to the " rebel con-
gress," x. 151; refused at Wyoming, 138;
refused to Baylor's regiment of horse,- 152;
refused at Cherry Valley, 153; refused to
Colonel Hayne, 492; other instances, 327,
328. 4S9 ; refused to the regiment of Colonel
Buford, 307; refused to the garrison of
Fort Griswold, 500 (see Barbarity).

Quebec, founded by Champlain, i. 28 ; taken
by the Kirks, 334; restored, 335; a Jesuit
seminary founded, iii. 120; and hospital,
126; Ursuline convent, 127; expedition
against it fails, 185; attack on, by Wolfe,
iv. 326; Wolfe lands above the citv,
333; battle on the Plains of Abra-
ham, 334; the momentous victory of the
English, 336; Quebec surrenders, 338;
great exultation in the colonies, 338; at-
tempt of the French to retake it, 359; the
attempt fails, 359 (see Canada); expedition
to, by way of Kennebec river, viii. 190;
command given to Arnold, 190 ; names of
the officers, 191; instructions by Washing-
ton, 191; the detachment enters the Ken-
nebec, 191; lands at Fort Weston, in
Augusta, 192 ; ascends the river to Nor-
ridgewock, 192; manner of travelling, 192;
encounters great difficulties, 193; Colonel
Enos, the second in command, deserts the
enterprise, 193; want of food, 194; all
suffer, and man}' die, 194; arrive on the
Chaudiere, 195; vanguard reaches Point
Levi, opposite Quebec, 190 ; their coming
known by the garrison, 196 ; preparations
for defence, 190 ; the Americans cross the
river, but are too weak to attack Quebec,
197; the garrison is re-enforced, 190; the
Americans retire to Point aux Trembles,
198 ; assault on the city by Montgomery,
206, et seq. (see Montgomery) ; British
ships of war and troops arrive, 424; the
Americans retreat, 425 (see Northern
army).

Queen's College, North Carolina, endowed,
vi. 383

Queen's County, Long Island, refuses to send
delegates to the provincial congress, viii.
274; the recusants disarmed, 276.

Question at issue between Britain and Am-
erica, viii. 122-129; antagonism between
the numerous distinct representative gov-
ernments of America and the central power
of Britain, 122; solution attempted by
James II., 123; after 1688, great incon-
venience was experienced, but conflict was
avoided, 123; George III. resolves on a
new colonial system, 123 ; plan matured
by Halifax, Bedford, and Charles Towns-
hend, 123; modified b}- George Grenville's
Whig proclivities, but still oppressive, 124;
Grenville's theory, after his retirement,
finds no support, 124; theory of Lord
Chatham, 125; counter-theory of Rock-
ingham, which prevails, 125; has Parlia-
ment absolute power over the colonies ?
the colonies deny this, because not repre-
sented in Parliament, 125; here is the
question, and this discussion leads to ques-

710

GENERAL INDEX.

tions of Parliamentary reform at home,
125 ; the colonies taxed in conformity
to Rockingham's theory, 126; discontent
arising, all the taxes are repealed, except
the tax on tea, 126 ; this tax is not burden-
some; the trouble, the sting is in the
preamble, 126, 127; the colonies cannot
submit, 127; the East India Company, by
direction from the king, send tea to Am-
erica, 127; the colonists will not suffer it
to be landed, 127 ; Parliament abrogate
the charter of Massachusetts, 127; here is
a claim of absolute power over life, liberty,
and propert}' in America, 128; the people
resist: the king says, "Blows must de-
cide," 128.

Quiney, Josiah, his resolute utterance, vi.
102; is counsel for Captain Preston and
the soldiers, 350, 373; was of opinion that
the verdict of the jury was unjust, 348,
374; draws up the instructions of the town
of Boston to its representatives; 303; an-
other bold utterance of his, 425, 426; his
brave speech in the great meeting at the
Old South Church, 485, 488.

Quincy, Josiah, junior, visits England, vii.
173; Warren's letter to him, 173; is de-
nounced by Lord Hillsborough in Parlia-
ment, 178.

Quesnai, Francis, and his school of political
economists in France, v. 26.

R.

Raleigh, city of, on Roanoke Island, i. 104;
modern city of that name, 111.

Raleigh, Sir Walter, his zeal for discovery,
i. 74; obtains a patent, 92; his vessels
reach the shores of North Carolina, 93;
sends a colony thither, 95; the settlers re-
turn to England, 102; Raleigh sends out a
second colony, 103; the colonists all per-
ish, 100; his" repeated attempts all prove
fruitless, 108; his character, 109; cruelty
of his sentence, 110 ; sent by King James
to Guiana, 110; his execution, 110; his
memory gratefully cherished, 111.

Rail, a Hessian colonel, at White Plains, ix.
182; leads an attack on Fort Washington,
185, 190; in command at Trenton, 216;
his sense of securitv, 217; his bad habits,
217; scoffs at the idea of an attack, 226;
his drunken revel while Washington is
crossing the Delaware, 231; attack of the
Americans, 233 ; Rail's mistakes, 234; he
is mortally wounded, 234; surrender of his
troops, 234.

Ramsay, Colonel, at Monmouth, x. 131.

Randolph County (see Orange County).

Randolph, Edmund, of Virginia, viii. 378.

Randolph, Edward, a special messenger of
the Crown, arrives in Boston, ii. Ill; his
zeal against Massachusetts, 112, 122; comes
from England with the writ of quo war-
ranto, 124; his hostile language, 425, 428.

Randolph, John, of Virginia, opposes the
patriotic resolutions of that colony, v. 276.

Randolph, Peyton, of Virginia, tries to mod-
erate the liery zeal of patriotism in that
colony, v. 276; speaker of the Virginian
Assembly, vii. 54, 84; a member of the
first continental congress, 127, 131; presi-
dent of the same, 127 ; directs the choice
of deputies to a colony convention, 207*;
advises delay to some who were ripe for
insurrection, 277; a member of the second
continental congress, but attends as speaker
the legislature of Virginia, 378, 384.
Rasles, Sebastian, missionary to the Aben-
akis of Maine, iii. 195; at Mackinaw and
Illinois, 195; again on the Kennebec, 196;
his labors and success at Norridgewock,
333; attempts to capture him, 335, 336;
slain, 337.

Ravages of the British armv in South Caro-
lina, x. 306, 310, 328; in Virginia, 505;
amount of property destroyed by them,
505.

Rawdon, Lord (Francis Rawdon Hastings,
afterwards Marquis of Hastings), a lieuten-
ant at the battle of Bunker Hill, vii. 429;
his braverv, 432; his extreme cruelty, x.
311, 313, 492; commands the British left
wing at Camden, 321; is driven back by
de Kalb, 323; Cornwallis retreating, the
command devolves on him, 341; com-
mands at the battle of Ilobkirk's Hill, 486,
487 ; though victorious, is compelled to
leave the field, 488; marches to the relief
of Ninety-six. 490 ; retires to Orangeburgh,
491; sends the brave Colonel Haync to the
gallows, 492; in despair of the contest,
sails for England, 492; is captured on the
way thither, 492.

Rawlings, colonel of a rifle regiment at Fort
Washington, ix. 184, 190; is wounded,
192.

Raymbault, Charles, reaches the Huron mis-
sions, iii. 129; among the Algonquins, 130;
reaches the outlet of Lake Superior, 131;
dies at Quebec, 132.

Raynal, Abbe, his work on the history of
the Two Indies, x. 448 ; its republican
doctrines, 448; this book displeases the
French government, and the author is com-
pelled to flee, 449; its principles become
widely diffused, 449.

Rayncval, French minister, tries to conciliate
Spain by the sacrifice of the American
claims, x. 574; his discussion with Lord
Shelburne, 576 (see Gerard).

Razier, or Ue Rasieres (see De Rasieres).

"Rebels," so called, blood of, first shed, vi.
183.

Red men of the West roused to war again; t
the English, v. 112; their barbarity, 116,
118, 119, et seq.

Red river, a tributary of the Kentucky, vi.
299.

Reed, Colonel James, of New Hampshire,
marches to the support of Prescott in Char-
lestown, vii. 416; sent to re-enforce the
Northern army, viii. 422; at the battle of
Princeton, ix. 250.

Reed, Joseph, of Philadelphia, vii. 43; wishes

GENERAL INDEX.

711

reconciliation with England, 44; president
of the Pennsylvania convention, 211; op-
poses arming the province, 211; an enemy
to active resistance to the encroachments
of Britain, viii. 73; takes, in February,
1776, the oath of allegiance to George III.,
315; a friend of Washington, 325; desires
a compromise, 325; wishes to avoid a lee
shore, 325 ; in favor of making concessions
to England, 326; joins the army as adju-
tant-general, 444, 445; his despondency,
458; is sick of the contest, and disposed to
a reconciliation, ix 40; the proposal for a
retreat from Long Island did not originate
with him, 107 ; in a skirmish near Man-
hattanville, 126; resigns his commission in
the army, 171, 172; retracts his resigna-
tion, 198; is sent on important business,
198; tails of the duty, 198; his letter of
flattery to Lee, and denunciation of Wash-
ington, 205; Lee's reply, 205; deserts
Washington in his time of greatest need,
and obtains protection of the enemy, 229,
and note ; a letter from him, 230; he re-
covers courage, 239; never resumes his
former post, 335; his disingenuousness,
335; his disrespect for Washington, 455;
hostile to slavery, x. 359.

Eeed, William 13., his biography of Joseph
Reed, ix. 105, note; exposure of grave
errors contained in that work, 105, note
(see Long Island).

Reform, the voice of, iv. 5; certainty of,
418; in Parliament proposed, x. 549; Pitt
favors it, 549; Fox opposes it, 549.

Reformation in England, i. 274; did not at
the outset recognize the right of private
judgment, 275; made the king a pope in
his own dominions, 275; as opposed to
popery, the great question of the age, iv.
277; Frederic of Prussia regarded as its
champion, 279, 280, 290; from popeiy, its
main principles, x. 74; its happy influences
and results, 75.

Regency bill, proposed by George III., v.
253; proceedings relating to it, 254, 255.

Regicides, the, their fate after the restoration
of the Stuart dynasty, ii. 34, et seq.

" Regulating Act," for the province of Massa-
chusetts is received, vii. 94; its provisions,
95, 96; Gage receives full power to enforce
it, and may fire on the people at his dis-
cretion, 97 ; it changed the whole ground
of controversy, 97 ; and brought the colo-
nies at once into conflict with the mother
country, 97; Massachusetts at once de-
feats the "regulating act," 104, 105.

Regulators in North Carolina, vi. 185; their
number, 397; who they were, and their
purpose, 35, 185, 187, 382, 390; are mis-
represented, 186; their peaceable behavior,
189 ; some of them commit acts of violence,
185, 382; their grievances, 390; appear
in arms, 391, 392; march through Salis-
bury, 392; Governor Tryon's purpose of
vengeance, 393 ; with an armed force he
marches into their country, 394; a spirited
encounter, 395; they are driven from the

field, 395; seven prisoners are hanged by
the governor's order, 39H, 397; the regu-
lators cross the Alleghanies into Tennessee,
39S ; and torm a republic, 399 ; the suc-
cessor of Tryon condemns the course of the
royal governor towards them, 400; their
settlement beyond the Alleghanies, the
germ of the Mate of Tennessee, 400, 401,
viii. 96, 284, 286, 290.

Religion, existence of it among Indians de-
nied, iii. 285 ; disenthralled from civil
fovernment, iv. 13; established by law in
'irginia, ii. 200; religious liberty in Rhode
Island, 65; religious contentions in Hol-
land, 277; its establishment in France,
subordinate to the Crown, vii. 28; its in-
fluence in Massachusetts, 184, 185.

Remsen, of the Mew York provincial con-
gress, viii. 439.

Representation of America in Parliament
shoun to be a fallacy, v. 282, 290.

Representation and legislation inseparable,
viii. 128.

Representative government, the earliest in
America, i. 158; in Massachusetts, 366; in
Carolina, ii. 168 ; opinion of French states-
men and writers on, viii. 362.

"Reprisal," the American armed ship, car-
ries Franklin to France, ix. 285; takes
several British ships, 285, 298; cruises off
the French coast, 298 ; is captured, 298.

Republic, dawn of the new, iv. 432, el seq.

Republicans less likely to speak ill of princes
than men of rank, viii. 122.

Republics, difference between ancient and
modern ones, viii. 370, 371.

Restoration of the Stuarts, ii. 28, et seq.

Restrictions on American manufactures, iv.
63; on commerce (see Commercial Restric-
tions).

Revenue, measures for raising a, iv. 34, 52
(see Taxation); from America, to be placed
at the disposal of the king, vi. 77 ; Charles
Townshend's famous bill for raising it, 84;
exasperation at Boston on its passage,
96.

Revenue acts (see Duties and Taxation);
their enforcement deemed impracticable,
vi. 128.

Revere, Paul, sent express by the Boston
patriots to New York and Philadelphia, vi.
487 ; goes by way of Charlestown to Lex-
ington to give information of danger, vii.
289; rouses the people on the road, 290; is
twice intercepted, 289, 290.

Revolt of the colonies, its true date according
to Hutchinson, vi. 41.

Revolution imminent throughout Europe,
viii. 364, 365.

Revolution, near approach of, iv. 4 ; emanated
from the people, vii. 366-374 (see Indepen-
dence).

Revolution of 1688, its immediate purpose,
iii. 2; the offering of experience, 4; adapt-
ed to circumstances and to the spirit of the
age, 5; the doctrine of passive obedience
exploded, 6; triumph of the people over
despotic power, 6 ; sovereignty of Parlia-

712

GENERAL INDEX.

ment established, 7 ; the commercial classes
obtain the controlling power, 8 ; civil gov-
ernment determined to be a compact, 9 ;
its political theory, 9 ; public opinion su-
preme, 10 ; leading characteristics of the
revolution, 11; a free press guaranteed, 11;
personal liberty secured, 12; influence of
the revolution on Europe, 13 ; on New
England, ii. 445, et seq. ; on Carolina, iii.
14 ; the revolution secured not freedom but
privilege, iii. 82.

Revolution predicted, vi. 103.

Rhett, Colonel William, repels the French in-
vasion of South Carolina, iii. 211.

Rhode Island, whence the name, ii. 275*;
the colony founded by RogerWilliams, i.
380; grant made to Coddington and others,
392; obtains a charter, 425; democratic
constitution, 42G ; denied admission to the
New England confederacy, 422 ; obtains a
liberal charter from Charles II., ii. 62; per-
fect liberty of conscience allowed, 63; to
Roman Catholics as well as to others, 65,
66 ; an error on this point corrected, 65,
66; Rhode Island never a persecuting com-
munity, 67 ; population in 1675, 93 ; Indian
war, 102; "Great Swamp tight," 105;
writ of quo warranto against the charter,
429; Andros dissolves the government,
429 ; on his deposition the people resume
their liberties, 448; population in 1688,
450; effect of the English revolution, iii.
69 ; Rhode Island compared with Connect-
icut, 69; a paper-money colony, iv. 83;
population in 1754, 128, 129; its spirit of
liberty, v. 217, 218, 271, 286, 290; this
Spirit manifested in act, 291, 314; their
stamp-officer compelled to resign, 314; the
assembly direct all their officers to disre-
gard the stamp act, 328; it is disregarded,
374; refuses to be bound by acts of the
British Parliament, vi. 43 ; Charles Towns-
hend inveighs against it, 75; resistance of
the people to official insolence, 418 ; burn-
ing of the schooner " Gaspee," 419; conse-
quent wrath of the British ministry, 419,
441; the authorities ask the advice of
Samuel Adams on this case, 441 ; his
courageous reply, 441, 443 ; efforts of the
British authorities in the affair of the
"Gaspee" disappointed, 451; the charter
threatened, 451; the colony elects its com-
mittee of correspondence, 460; its as-
sembly unanimously choose delegates to
the general congress, vii. 65, 66 ; seizure
of cannon at Newport, 183; measures taken
to import military stores, 183 ; armed men
hasten to the scene of conflict near Boston,
316 ; the colony agrees to furnish a force of
fifteen hundred men, 316, 326 ; her troops in
the armj' around Boston, viii. 43 ; the as-
sembly directs the equipment of two armed
vessels to protect the trade of the colony,
68; the delegate from Rhode Island pro-
poses an American fleet, 114; she casts off
allegiance to the king and makes herself an
independent republic, 355, 356; the minis-
try had determined to infringe on its char-

ter, 360 ; independence joyfully proclaimed,
ix. 36 ; the island conquered by the British,
200; form of civil government as under the
charter, 261 ; military and naval operations
there, x. 146, et seq. ; evacuated, 233,
301.

Ribault, John, conducts a colony of Hugue-
nots to Carolina, i. 61, 66, 68.

Rice introduced into South Carolina, iii.
20.

Richards, John, sent as agent of Massachu-
setts to England, ii. 123.

Richardson, Ebenezer, of Boston, an in-
former, vi. 333 ; kills a poor German bov,
333, 334.

Richmond, Virginia, founded, i. 144, 153 ; at
first called Henrico, and why, 144; burned
by Arnold, x. 497.

Richmond, Duke of, in relation to the regency
bill, v. 254, 255, vi. 5; opposes the Boston
port bill, 518; wishes that the Americans
may resist, vii. 43; opposes the proceed-
ings of the ministers, 178; his motion in
favor of America rejected, viii. 165; is will-
ing to concede American independence,
ix. 477, 478; his spirited reply to the Earl
of Hillsborough, 482, 483 ; he moves in the
House of Lords for the recognition of
American independence, 494; proposes an
entire change of measures, x. 246.

Rider, Sir Dudley, advises the taxation of
the colorwes, iv. 56.

Riedesel, Frederic Adolphus, Baron, com-
mander of the Brunswick troops, viii. 258;
arrives in Quebec, 265, 429; on Lake
Champlain, ix. 157; is shocked at the em-
ployment of Indians in the British service,
322, 359; major-general under Burgoyne,
362; occupies Mount Independence on
Lake Champlain, 367; in the battle of
Hubbardton, 369; in the battle of Bemis's
Heights, 409, 410, 415.

Riflemen of America, viii. 62; of Pennsyl-
vania, 64; described, 64; their alacrity,
64; their Influence on European tactics,
65.

Rigby, Alexander, purchases Lygonia, i.
429; his claim superseded, 430.

Rigby, Rich'ard, becomes a lord of trade, iv.
221 ; favors a tax on the colonies, 223. 230,
273, 292, 403, 442; leader of the Bedford
part}' in the Commons, v. 296, 363 ; pro-
poses an address to the king censuring
America for her rebellious disposition, vi.
9; reproaches the ministers, 58; is made
vice-treasurer of Ireland, 109 ; wishes to
continue the oppressive measures against
America,, 232; despises the common people,
321; in the House of Commons justifies
the war with America, viii. 163.

Rights of man as proclaimed by Virginia,
viii. 381-383.

Rivington, James, his New York "Gazette"
quotes Scripture for passive obedience, vii.
283 ; his printing office in New York rifled
by Sears, viii. 275.

Roanoke Island, colony of Raleigh settled
there, i. 96; its extinction, 106.

GENERAL INDEX.

713

Roberdeau, Daniel, presides at a meeting of
citizens of Philadelphia, viii. 380.

Robertson, James, emigrates from North
Carolina to Tennessee, vi. 381 ; his charac-
ter, 381 ; a great benefactor to the early-
settlers, 381; a republic in Tennessee with
Robertson at the head, 398, 399; in the
Indian war of 1774, vii. 167, 108, 169; he
and his garrison repulse the Indians, ix.
161.

Robertson, William, the historian, his opin-
ion on the strife between Britain and
America, viii. 172.

Roberval, his voyage to Canada, i. 22, et seq. ;
passes a year there, 24.

Robinson, John, pastor of the Pilgrim church
at Scrooby, i. 299; and at Leyden, 301;
publishes an apology, 301; his parting
counsel to the Mayflower Pilgrims, 300;
his death, 321.

Robinson, John, one of the commissioners of
the customs, his attack on James Otis, vi.
310.

Robinson, John, of Westford, has part in the

*- Concord battle, vii. 302; and in the battle

' of Bunker Hill, 423.

Robinson, Sir Thomas, made secretary of
state for the colonies, iv. 160; rallies his
part}' against the Great Commoner, 161;
his imbecility. 164.

Robinson, William, a Quaker, hanged at
Boston, i. 456.

Rochambeau, Count de, arrives in Newport
with six thousand men, x. 375, 376; is
displeased at not being re-enforced from
France, and wishes to return to Europe,
447; is put under the command of Wash-
ington, 447, 503; meets Washington at
Weatherslield, 503; or Hartford, 382; sets
out on his march to Virginia, 382.

Roche, Marquis de la, leaves a colony on the
Isle of Sable, i. 25.

Rocheblave commands at Kaskaskia, x.
196.

Rochester, Mass., its response to the circular
from Boston, vi. 439.

(Rochford, Earl of, made secretary of state,
vi. 215; his incapacity, 215; opposes the
repeal of the duty on tea, 277; reproaches
Chatham, vii. 202; provokes France, viii.
102; his indiscretion, 102; says it is deter-
mined to burn Boston, 133; retires from
office, 165.

Rockingham, Marquis of (Charles Watson
* Went worth), v. 247; first lord of the treas-
ury in 1765, 301; his character, 301;
friendly to America, 341, 305; but cannot
admit that Parliament does not possess the
power of taxation, 397; refuses to give
place to Pitt in the ministry, — the only
thing that could have averted the Ameri-
can revolution, 397; under his administra-
tion was founded the new Tory party of
England, 418; a question of veracity be-
tween him and the kins, 427; the chief of
the great Whig families, vi. 22; insults
Pitt, 22. 23; his friends unite with Gren-
ville and Bedford against Pitt, 59 ; he and

they will not join in any severe measures
against America, 64; tries to form a coali-
tion with Grenville and Bedford, 89; the
effort fails, 91, 92; he distrusts Grenville
and Temple, 92; cannot form a strong ad-
ministration, 93; he is kind and liberal,
but notable, 93; his speech, 325; opposes
the Boston port bill, 518; with his friends,
protests against the act for regulating the
province of Massachusetts Bay, vii. 94;
protests against the rash proceedings of the
ministers, 178 ; but resists the demands of
the continental congress, 192; he and
Chatham differ, 192; he refuses to sanction
the measures proposed by Lord North, 225,
226 ; defends American liberty as the bul-
wark of the British constitution, viii. 172;
his friends in Parliament keep aloof, ix.
141 ; he advises to acknowledge American
independence, 487, x. 530; becomes first
lord of the treasury, 534; constructs a new
ministry, 534; names of its members, 534;
great results of this administration, 548;
death of Rockingham, 548.

Rockingham administration, its weakness
after the repeal of the stamp act, vi. 4;
their helpless condition, 10; their good
and bad acts, 23, 24; their course ends, 23;
the first, recognizes the freedom of the
seas, x. 256.

Rodney, Sir George, his character, x. 380,
440; in prison at Paris for debt, 380; com-
mands an expedition to relieve Gibraltar,
381; defeats a Spanish squadron, 381; re-
lieves Gibraltar and Minorca, 381; his
operations in the West Indies, 381; comes
to New York, and joins in the enterprise
for obtaining West Point, 382, 383; in time
of profound peace with Holland seizes St.
Euslatius and captures two hundred Dutch
ships, 438; a great rascal, 440; encounters
the fleet of Count De Grasse near Guada-
loupe, 544; a sanguinary battle, 545; he
gains a great victory, 545.

Rogers, Major Robert, commander of New
England rangers, iv. 305; is sent from
Montreal to take possession of the upper
forts, 301; passes up Lakes Ontario and
Erie, 361; meets with Pontiac, 302; takes
possession of Detroit, 362.

Rogers, Nathaniel, an abettor of Hutchin-
son's proceedings, his letters quoted, vi.
173, 251, 252.

Rogers, Robert, burned by Indians, iii.
183.

Rolfe, John, marries Pocahontas, i. 147; visits
England with her, 147.

Rolfe, Rev. Benjamin, of Haverhill, Mass.,
killed by Indians, iii. 215.

Rome extended the benefit of fixed principles
of law, iv. 7.

" Romney," of fifty guns in Boston harbor,
vi. 154, 200 ; impresses New England men,
154, 155.

Rosalie, Fort, on the site of Natchez, iii. 204,
349.

Rossbach, battle of, iv. 285.

Ross, George, of Pennsylvania, moves in,

714

GENERAL INDEX.

Congress that Massachusetts be left to her
own discretion, vi. 145.

Roteh, Francis, owner of the tea-ship " Dart-
mouth," vi. 477; promises that the tea
should he sent back to England, 479; is
summoned before the committee of corre-
spondence, 482 ; applies for a clearance and
is denied, 483, 484.

Rouerie, Marquis de la, commands a corps in
Washington's army, ix. 393.

Rousseau, Jean Jacques, predicts the decline
of the great monarchies, iv. 437, 438; his
philosophy, v. 29; his idea of the social
compact, 30 ; teaches the sovereignty of the
people, yet ignores the personal freedom of
every man's thought, 30; his fiery elo-
quence, 31 ; a fugitive from France in Eng-
land, 414.

Rowe, John, of Boston, a prominent patriot
in 1773, vi. 482.

Rowlandson, Mary, her captivity, ii. 10G.

Roxbury settled, i. 358 *; joins with Boston
in resistance to British aggression, vi. 431,
438, 475.

Royal governors, their rapacity, iv. 19 ; sup-
ported by armed grants, 19, 25; the office
often bestowed on bad men, 20; frequent
attempts to obtain for them a fixed salarv,
32, 35, 54, 56, 62, 85, 93, 100 ; these at-
tempts always abortive, 52, 86, 104; ad-
vise taxation of the colonies, 177, 178.

Royal prerogative in France restrained, v.
20, 21.

Royalists in America urge the ministry to
arbitrary measures, v. 200, 224, 379; their
intrigues in New York, vii. 208-210; in
Boston, 68, 09,121, 122; of South Carolina
forsaken by the British, x. 491; their
wretched condition, 491 ; of the country at
large, no relief for them in the treaty of
peace, and why, 555, 580, 586.

Ruggles, Timothy, of Hardwick, presiding
officer of the Congress of 1765, refuses to
sign its declaration of rights, v. 346 ; his
solitary vote for the use of superfluities, vi.
129; a mandamus councillor, is warned
that he cannot return home alive, vii.
104.

Rulhicre, Claudius Carloman de, assists Pu-
laski to come to America, ix. 297.

Rush, Benjamin, of Philadelphia, in favor of
independence, viii. 446; gives the title of
"Common-Sense" to Paiue's pamphlet,
236; his speech in Congress on represen-
tation, ix. 54; speaks against the confer-
ence proposed by Lord Howe, 112; in cor-
respondence with Charles Lee, 203, 207;
supposed author of an article in the New
Jersey "Gazette," 460; plots against
Washington, 461; his letter to Patrick
Henry, 401, 462.

Russell, Duke of Bedford (see Bedford).

Russia, trade opened with, through Arch-
angel, i. 79; sends an expedition to North-
West America, iii. 453; subsidized by
England to check the power of Prussia, iv.
219; cannot be fully relied on, 277; alli-
ance of Russia and Prussia, 434, 454 ; ac-

cession of Catharine IT., 455; its wide ex-
tent and political importance, v. 8, 9; its
growing power an occasion of alarm to
Western Europe, vi. 289, 270; attention of,
to the straggle between Britain and Amer-
ica, viii. 104; favors the United States,
ix. 473, 497; refuses an alliance with Eng-
land, x. 55; favors the United States, 55;
wishes neutral commerce to be exempt
from capture, 257; joins the armed neu-
trality, 265, 274, 278; the liussian declara-
tion on that subject, 274; Rus-ia invites
the European powers to a league for the
protection of neutral commerce, 427,
428.

Russian camp, Gibbon's sarcastic query about
visiting it, viii. 157.

Russian troops, the king resolves to apply for
them, vii. 348; George III. applies for
them, viii. 149, et seq. ; but cannot get
them, 151, 153, 155.

Russian vessels seized by Spain, x. 276 ; the
consequences, 276.

Rutherford, of North Carolina, destroys many
Cherokee towns, ix. 163, x. 288.

Rutledge, Arthur, an inflexible patriot, his
shameful treatment, x. 329.

Rutledge, Edward, of South Carolina, elected
to the first continental congress, vii. 81 ;.
delegate in Congress, endeavors in vain to
exclude colored men from the continental
armv, viii. 110; his motions in Congress,
279,"282, 315, 367; opposes the Declaration
of Independence, 390 ; his ungracious
words, 390; one of a committee to devise a
plan for a confederation, 392 ; cavils at the
idea of a permanent confederation, ix. 59,
51; his jealous}' of New Eng'and, 51, 52;
is in favor of procrastination, 112; is chosen
one of a committee to meet Lord Howe,
112; the interview, 116, 117; his despond-
ency, 131; member of the committee on
spies, 135.

Rutledge, John, of South Carolina, v. 293; a
delegate to the first American Congress,
333; his patriotism, 343; elected to the
first continental congress, vii. 81, 127;
holds that allegiance is inalienable, 133 ;
contends against the restriction of not ex-
porting rice, 206; aids in forming a new
government in South Carolina, viii. 313 ; is
chosen president of that province, 348; his
speech on accepting the office, 348; ad-
dress of the legislature to him, 349; bis
speech at the close of the session, 350-352;
his great abilities, 353; his activity in pro-
viding for the defence of Charleston, 394 ;
will not suffer Sullivan's Island to be
abandoned, 397 ; sends a supply of powder
to Moultrie during the attack, 409; visits
the garrison, 413; his feelings at meeting
them, 413, x. 288, 290.

Rvswick, peace of, iii. 192; its provisions,
"192.

GENERAL INDEX.

715

s.

Sackville, Lord George, complains of the
liberty enjoyed in the colonies, iv. 220 ;
apologizes tor Loudoun, 290; declines to
command in America, 204; his disobe-
dience to orders at the battle of Minden,
317, 318; his fall and disgrace, 318; under
the Rockingham ministry is restored to
office, v. 305, 373, 401, 436 ; favors Ameri-
can taxation, vi. 49.

Saco, a colony there, i. 330 ; tenure of land,
336 ; first court held there, 337.

Sacs and Foxes, Indian tribes, iii. 151, 224;
where located, 242 ; enemies of the French,
346.

Sadducees in Boston, iii. 76, 77.

Sagadahoc, Popham's colony there, i. 208;
province of Sagadahoc has a fort and gar-
rison, ii. 406; Pemaquid, the fort, iii. 181.

St. Augustine, oldest town in the United
States, founded, i. 69.

St. Clair, Arthur, in the attack on Three
Rivers, viii. 429; at Trenton, ix. 240; his
mistake, 246; he takes command at Ticon-
deroga, 361 ; expects to repulse the enemy,
366 ; hastily evacuates the fort, 300 ; amount
of his force. 366; Burgoyne's army in close
pursuit, 367; Saint Clair and his ibrce
reach Fort Edward, 370.

St. Clair, or Sinclair, Sir John, in Braddock's
army, iv, 187.

St. Ignatius, a Huron village, destroyed by
the Iroquois, iii. 139.

Saint John, a parish in Georgia, conforms to
the resolutions of Congress, and sends fond
to Boston, 206,207; it is represented in the
second continental congress, vii. 207, 358.

St. John, Henry, Lord Bolingbroke, his char-
acter, iii. 219; plans the conquest of Can-
ada, 220 ; his sanguine expectation, 221.

St. Joseph's, the fort at the mouth of that
river surprised by the Indians, and the
garrison massacred, v. 119.

St. Lawrence, gulf and river, discovered,
i. 20, 21.

Saint Leger, Colonel Barry, his expedition
against Fort Stanwix, ix. 377; his force
chiefly composed of Indians, 377 ; proceeds
from Montreal to Oswego, 378; arrives
in the vicinity of Fort Stanwix, 378;
strength of thefort, 378; severe conflict at
Oriskany, 380 ; the Indians, frantic at their
losses, rob the British officers, and hasten
away, 381; Saint Leger makes a hurried
retreat, 381.

Saint Luc, La Corne, endeavors to rouse the
Indians to ruthless warfare against the
Americans, vii. 305 ; arrested by Wooster
in Canada, and sent out of the province,
viii. 419; urges on the Indians to take up
the hatchet against the Americans, ix. 322,
326.

St. Lusson meets an assembly of Indians at
St- Mary's, and erects the standard of
France, iii. 154.

St. Mary's, central station of the Huron mis-
sion, iii. 125.

St. Pierre, Gardeur de, commander at Le
Boeuf, receives Washington, iv. 111.

Salem, settlement of, i. 339, 341; the first
ministers, Skelton and Higginson, 345;
voyage of the emigrants, 340; their num-
bers, 347 ; ordination of the first ministers,
348; the church constituted on the prin-
ciple of religious liberty, 348; the ballot
here used for the first time, 348; distress
of the inhabitants, 358 ; choose Roger Wil-
liams their teacher, 369 ; lose land for their
attachment to him, 373; ship-building in
Salem, 415 * (see Salem village, and Witch-
craft delusion).

Salem to be the capital of Massachusetts, vi.
178; seat of government of Massachusetts
removed to it from Boston, vii. 34; deter-
mines to stop all trade with Britain and
the West Indies, 38, 39; the legislature
meet there, 01; their proceedings, 63, 64;
the merchants and others of the place speak
kind words to Boston, 67 ; unsuccessful visit
of British troops to that place in quest of
military stores, 252.

Salem village (now Danvers), the scene of
the witchcraft delusion, iii. 84, et seq. (see
Witch craft de lusion ) .

Salisbury, on the Merrimack, counsels an
American union, vi. 440.

Salle, La (see La Salle).

Salmon Falls, village of, attacked by the
Indians, iii. 182.

Saltonstall, Sir Richard, denounces the slave-
trade, i. 174 ; determines to emigrate to
New England, 352 ; settles at Watertown,
i. 358 * ; remonstrates against hereditary
power, 385; in England, defends the Massa-
chusetts colony, 405; condemns the severi-
ties there practised, 448.

Salzburg, in Germain-, emigrants from, ar-
rive in Georgia, iii. 425 ; introduce the cul-
ture of silk, 430.

Samoset. the Indian, welcomes the Pilgrims
at Plymouth, i. 316.

Sandusky, the fort there taken by the Indians,
v. 118.

Sandwich. Earl of, a lord of the admiralty,
iv. 71, 87; dismissed from office, 87; be-
comes secretary of state, v. 147 ; a hater of
America, at the head of the English post-
office, vi. 109; thinks a small force will be
sufficient to reduce the colonies, vii. 181;
calls the Americans cowards, 181, 202;
opposas Lord Chatham's bill tor concilia-
tion, 220; his tirade against Franklin, 220;
berates the Americans as cowards, 202;
is bent on coercion, 346; is for absolute
authority over the colonies, viii. 360.

Sandys, George, agent for Virginia, i. 204.

Sandys, Sir Edwin, reforms abuses in the
aifairs of Virginia, i. 157; sends over many
colonists, 157; his friendly interposition for
the colony, 191; befriends the fishermen,
324

Santilla river, Georgia, colony on its banks,
iv. 242.

716

GENERAL INDEX.

Saratoga, convention of, violated by the

British, x. 126.
Sartine, minister of police, vii. 32; minister
of marine to Louis XVI., 93; concurs in the
views of Vergennes, viii. 341 ; advises war,
312.

Saunders, Sir Charles, admiral of the fleet
which convoyed Wolfe up the St. Law-
rence, iv. 316, 324; with Wolfe, reconnoitres
the shore, 327.

Savages employed against the revolted col-
onists, x. 123, 151, 195, 284; Tryon, Wil-
liam Franklin, and other refugees, advise
their employment, 222; their horrid bar-
barities, 137, 152, 480; praised for it by
Lord George Germain, 138 (see Indians).

Savannah founded, iii. 421; taken by the
British, x. 285; siege of, by Lincoln and
D'Estaing, 296 ; the. effort fails, 297; evacu-
ated by the British, 504.

Saville, Sir George, the ''spotless" represen-
tative of Yorkshire, vindicates the rights of
the people, vi. 321. 322; wishes a repeal of
the duty on tea, 300 ; wishes that Franklin
may be heard at the bar of the House of
Commons, vii. 218; thinks the Americans
justifiable in resisting oppressive acts, 239,
240.

Saxon emperors of Germany, their energy,
x. 72.

Saxon princes refuse to furnish soldiers for
conquest of America, x. 94-96.

Say and Seal, Lord, proposes to remove to
America, i. 384; a proprietary of Connecti-
cut, 395 ; befriends that colony, ii. 51.

Sayle, William, governor of Carolina, ii. 138,
150.; conducts a body of emigrants to Ash-
ley river, 166.

Sayre, Stephen, sent to the tower, viii. 145.

Scammel, Alexander, in the battle of Bemis's
Heights, ix. 409.

Scepticism in France in 1774, vii. 28, 29.

Schenectady, massacre of its inhabitants by
the Indians, iii. 182.

Schlieffen, General, minister of Hesse, his
negotiations with Faucitt, viii. 201, 262.

Schuyler, Colonel Peter, remonstrates against
Indian cruelties, iii. 216; takes five Iro-
quois sachems to England, 219.

Schuyler, Philip, in the New York assembly,
vii. 210; risks his vast estate in the cause
of liberty, 250; elected to the second con-
tinental congress, 284; elected major-
genera!, viii. 28; his character, 29; Mont-
gomery's opinion of him, 28, 29 ; his report
to Congress, 52; makes preparation for
the invasion of Canada, 177 ; Washington
urges him to proceed iu it immediately,
180; he embarks for St. John's, 181; re-
treats to the Isle Aux Noix, 181 ; his health
suffers greatly, 181, 182 ; his indecision
and delay, 182; he returns to Ticonderoga,
182; forwards supplies to Montgomery,
183; complains of the Connecticut troops,
185; marches against Sir John Johnson,
and takes him prisoner, 272 ; refuses the
active command in Canada, 273, 432; sends
a re-enforcement to Washington, ix. 200;

his love of country, 338 ; Gates supplants
him, 339; Schuyler's vindication of him-
self .to Congress, 342; is restored to his
command, 342 ; his military capacity
doubted, 342; wrant of personal courage,
372 ; the soldiers have no confidence in
him, 372; his mistakes, 373; he retreats,
373; does not dispute the advance of Bur-
goyne, 373 ; applies to Washington for aid,
373; Washington encourages him, 375;
removes the army to an island in Mohawk
river, 376; expects Burgoyne at Albany,
376 ; is removed from command, 386.

Scollay, John, of Boston, one of the select-
men, refuses to serve on the committee of
correspondence, vi. 430.

Scot, George, conducts an emigration from
Scotland to New Jersey, ii. 409.

Scotch-Irish emigration, iii. 371.

Scotch Presbyterians, their settlement in Ire-
land, v. 64, 76 ; some of them remove to
America, 76; in North Carolina, vi. 34;
oppressions suffered by them, 35.

Scotland, Presbyterians in, sufferings en-
dured by them for religion's sake, ii. 410;
great numbers of them emigrate to East
New Jersey, 412 ; the leading minds are on
the side of America and against the stamp
act, v. 437, 438.

Scots, insurrection of, in North Carolina,
viii. 284 (see Hiijhlanders).

Scott, an officer of Virginia troops, ix. 230;
at Germantown, 427.

Scott, General, commands a division at Mon-
mouth, x. 128.

Scott. John Morin, a popular lawyer in New
York, iv. 429, v. 224 ; the probable author
of the patriotic article signed "Freeman,"
284, note ; one of the triumvirate of patri-
otic lawyers, vi. 141; loses his election,
249, vii. 78, 80, 329; in the assembly of
that province, viii. 215; concurs with Jay
in his policy, 274, 279, 439; brigadier in
the American army, ix. 95, 97, 102, 107.

Scottish brigade in Holland, its history, viii.
251.

Screven, an American officer, killed in cold
blood, x. 285.

Sears, Isaac, a leader of the people in New
York, v. 352, 355, 356, 377, 425; his patri-
otic utterances, vi. 366, 481; one of the
principal Sons of Liberty at New York,
vii. 40, 78, 80; for his patriotic efforts the
mayor commits him to prison, 283 ; he is
liberated by the people, 283 ; stops all ves-
sels going to Quebec or Boston, 328; rifles
the printing office of the Tor}' Hivington,
viii. 275; goes to the camp in Cambridge,
275; his representations to Lee, 276; abuses
the committee of New York and its con-
vention, 281 ; Lee makes him his adjutant-
general, 278; and gives him great power
in New York, 282.

Seeker, Thomas, archbishop of Canterbury,
iv. 379, 385, 426.

Secretaries of state charged with the conduct
of the external relations of Great Britain,
iv. 17.

GENERAL INDEX.

717

Secretary of state for the southern depart-
ment; his administration of colonial affairs,

iv. 17, 18; l'elham, Duke of Newcastle, in
this office, 18, 1 J ; Russell, Duke of Bed-
ford, succeeds him, 21.

Selden, John, his answer to the question
about resisting tyranny, vii. 202.

Seminoles of Florida, iii. 251

Seneca tribe of Indians, ii. 215, 415, iii. 163,
164, 177, 180, 194, 244 ; incite the more west-
ern tribes to take up arms against the Eng-
lish, v. Ill; ambush laid by tliem near Niag-
ara Falls, 132; the fearful result, 133; peace
with them, 210, 211; take up the hatchet
against the Americans, ix. ."J77, 370; their
severe loss at Oriskany, 370; their yells of
grief and rage, 382; under the British flag
at Wyoming, x. 137 ; their fearful ravages
and cruelties, 138.

Separatists from the Church of England,
i. 287, 288.

Sequoah (or George Guess), a Cherokee, in-
vents an alphabet, iii. 255.

"Serapis" frigate taken by Paul Jones,
x. 271.

Sergeant, of New Jersey, in Congress, viii.
320.

Servants in Virginia invited by the royal
governor to rise against their masters,
viii. 223; why they did not rise, 225.

Servitude of white people in the colonies,
i. 175; abolished in Virginia, 205; con-
tinues in Maryland, iii. 33.

Sessions, Darius, deputy governor of Rhode
Island, in the affair of the " Gaspee," vi.
441, 450.

Settlements, their wide extension, v. 165.

Settlement of the West, Hillsborough at-
tempts to counteract, vi. 225.

Seven years' war, its successes the triumph of
Protestantism, v. 3; its effect on America,
x. 86.

Sevier, John, a "backwoods" colonel, x.
335; at the head of a regiment, 335; his
undaunted valor at King's Mountain, 336-
338.

Sevier, Valentine, of East Tennessee, in the
Indian war of 1774, vii. 167-160.

Sewall. Jonathan, the early friend of John
Adams, vii. 65; their political views sepa-
rate them, 65.

Sewall, Stephen, chief justice of Massachu-
setts, dies, iv. 378.

"Sexby, Edward," a signature in " Boston
Gazette" in 1772, used by Josiah Quincy,
junior, vi. 348, 426, note.

Shaftesbury, Earl of (Antony Ashley Cooper),
ii. 124; one of the proprietaries of Carolina,
12 J ; his character, 139, et seq. ; errors
concerning him corrected, 140; his political
principles, 141; his virtues and vices, 142;
wanting in delicacy, 143; his infidelity,
143; with John Locke frames a constitu-
tion for Carolina, 145; procures the ac-
quittal of Culpepper, 161; 1'enn's acquaint-
ance with him, ii. 376; one of the cabal,
434; his fall, 435; recovers power, and is
again displaced, 436 ; courts popular favor,

437: his exile, 438; author of the decla-
ration of indulgence, 435; fourth earl, one
of the council tor Georgia, iii. 420.

Sharks devour multitudes of French escaped
the carnage of a naval battle, x. 545.

Sharp, Granville, opposed to war with Am-
erica, and resigns office, vii. 343.

Sharpe, Horatio, lieutenant-governor of Mary-
land, iv. 167, 178; made general of the
military force in America, 168; his requi-
sitions disregarded by the colonies, 175;
meets Braddock at Alexandria, 177; his
misgivings about the war, 235; recom-
mends taxation of the colonies, 167, 177 ;
apologizes for Loudoun's incapacity, 267;
again recommends taxation, 307, 376;
wishes to share in the contraband trade,
377.

Shawanese Indians, their ferocity, vii. 166,
168; great battle with them at Point Pleas-
ant, 168; they are defeated, 169; and sue
for peace, 170; its humiliating terms, 170,
171.

Shawnee Indians, where located, iii. 159,
240; their wanderings, 240, 252; for a time
friendly to the English, iv. 77, 82, 94, 107,
108; make war on them, 169, 225; their
horrible ferocity, 225 ; combine with other
tribes to expel the English, v. 112; their
attack on Fort Pitt, 128, 129; peace with
them, 210, 221; they restore their captives,
222 ; take up arms against the Americans,
ix. 160.

Shawneetown, Indian council at, demand
help from the English against the French,
iv. 96, 97.

Shee, tiolonel of a Pennsylvania regiment,
ix. 98; retreats from Long Island, 103; re-
signs his commission, 171.

Shelburne, Earl of (William Petty), first lord
of trade, v. 108; vindicated from the as-
persions ofWalpole, 108, note ; a man of
ability, 134; marks out the boundaries of
New England, 135; declines to take part
in the scheme for taxing America, 136;
retires from office, 147; the firm friend of
Pitt, 147; refuses office under the Rock-
ingham administration, 304 ; wishes the
repeal of the stamp act, 369 ; proposes a
repeal in the House of Lords, 402; secretary
of state for the colonies under Pitt, vi. 21 ;
and, as such, has the care of American
affairs, 21; wishes the Mississippi valley to
be the refuge of English liberty, 33 ; seeks
to recover the affections of the colonies
by moderation and prudence, 39, 40 ; his
orders to American governors, 52; his
caution and moderation, 53 ; his American
policy, 53,54; averse to sending bishops to
America, 54; disapproves the billeting act,
55; tries to check speculators in American
lands, 53; is beset with difficulties, 56;
the king dislikes him, 21, 47, 55; his wise
policy defeated, 59, 60; finds himself pow-
erless, 63; favors Massachusetts, 70; the
colonies taken from under his care, 109;
endeavors to calm the exasperated spirit of
England, 175; the king wishes to get rid

718

GENERAL INDEX.

of him, 175; he is removed from the min-
istry, 214; this induces the resignation of
Chatham, 214; Shelburne esteems Lord
North worthy of impeachment, 361; op-
poses the Boston port bill, 519; protests
against the rash proceedings of the minis-
ters, vii 178; speaks in favor of removing
the troops from Boston, 202 ; charges Lord
Mansfield with uttering gross falsehoods,
220; is greatly pleased with Jefferson's
answer to Lord North's insidious proposi-
tions, 388; bears honorable testimony to
the sincerity of Franklin, and protests
against the war with America, viii. 163;
Marquis of Lansdowne, x. 531 ; his charac-
ter as a statesman, 532 ; condemns, in 1780,
the Russian manifesto in defence of neutral
rights, 428; mediates between the king
and the Marquis of Rockingham, 534; a
member of the Rockingham ministry, 535;
is desirous of peace. 535 ; his letter to
Franklin at Pans, 536 ; his generous feel-
ings, 536; Franklin's reply, 540; the earl
writes again to Franklin, 541 ; his in-
structions to Oswald, 541, 554 ; wishes
the Penobscot or Kennebec to be the east-
ern boundary of New England, 541, 583;
he becomes first lord of the treasury,
551; his noble qualities. 553; averse to
a war with America, 554 ; accepts the
American ultimatum, 556; his letters to
Oswald, 557; consents, reluctantly, to the
independence of America, 557; but cannot
yield Gibraltar, 576; his discussion with
Rayneval, the French minister, on that
subject, 576; his generous feelings towards
France, 577, 578 ; his final instructipns to
Strachey, 583; his exalted merit as a Brit-
ish statesman. 558.

Shelburne ministry, of whom composed, x.
552; favorable to parliamentary reform,
549; their hesitation about the terms of
peace, 586.

Shelby, Evan, in the Indian war, vii. 167,
1G9 ; a patriotic church member, 195.

Shelbv, Isaac, of Kentucky, in the battle of
Point Pleasant, vii. 169"; colonel of back-
woodsmen, x. 335; with Sevier and others,
gains a glorious victory at King's Moun-
tain, 336-338.

Sheldon, Colonel, receives a letter from Major
Andre, 380.

Sherburne, Major Henry, of Rhode Island,
taken prisoner at the Cedars, and his men
butchered by the Indians, viii. 427.

Sherman, Roger, elected representative of
New Haven, v. 317; quoted in regard to
American rights, vi. 166; denies the power
of Parliament to make laws for America,
vii. 106; is a member of the first conti-
nental congress, 132, 133; deduces alle-
giance from consent, 133; in Congress,
viii. 314, 315, 317, 319; one of the commit-
tee to prepare a Declaration of Indepen-
dence, 392; in Congress, ix. 55; his action
in Congress, x. 173.

Shipbuilding, commencement of, in New
England, i. 415 *.

Shirley, William, governor of Massachusetts,
resolves on the capture of Louisburg, iii.
457; his plan of attack, 458, iv. 26; at-
tends the Congress at Albany, 1748, 28;
unites with Clinton in an appeal to the
paramount power of Great Britain, 29 ; ac-
cuses Boston to the board of trade, 39;
proposes the removal of the Acadians, 44 ;
goes to England to prosecute his designs,
53, 54; principal adviser of the ministry
against Massachusetts, 59 ; his proceedings
at Paris, 72; his influence with the mims-
try, 114; returns from England, 1753, 114;
and still plans for the royal prerogative,
114; his plan of union of the colonies, 172;
objections to it, as given by Franklin, 172,
173 ; is bitterly opposed to the Albany plan,
174, note ; invokes the power of Parliament,
174, 175; meets Braddock at Alexandria,
177 ; fails of taking Niagara. 213; soothes
the alarm felt in England at the growth
and prosperity of the colonies, 214; thinks
the colonies could not become independent,
214; placed at the head of the army in
America, 221; advises a tax on the col-
onies, 52, 172, 178, 222; is superseded and
recalled, 228.

Shute Daniel, minister of Hingham, in Mas-
sachusetts, his election sermon in 1768, vi.
151.

Silesia, reverses in, iv. 288.

Silk-weavers of London exasperated against
the Duke of Bedford, and why, v. 257;
their riotous behavior, 258, 259.

Silleri, Noel, establishes a colony of Algon-
quins near Quebec, iii. 127.

Silliman, General, his combat with the enemy
at Ridgefield, Connecticut, ix. 347.

Simcoe, his advice to Cornwallis, ix. 245.

Sinclair (see St. Clair).

Sioux, first known to white men, iii. 131, 151
(see Dahcotas).

Six Nations, treaties with them, iv. 29, 31,
103, 122; are present by their delegates at
the Albany congress, 88, 122; their dis-
trust of the English, 88, 122; their alliance
sought by the French, 89, 169.; they claim
the Ohio vallev, 96, 107; some of them
aid the French, 209; neutrality of, 238,
243 ; the Oneidas take part with the French,
259 ; a body of warriors at Ticonderoga
under Sir William Johnson, 302; with
Bradstreet, at Fort Frontenac, 305 ; with
Johnson, at Niagara, 321 : a congress with,
at Fort Stanwix, vi. 227; their warriors
paid to secure their neutrality, vii. 118;
notices of, 167, 280, 349, 365, 392; take up
arms against the Americans, ix. 160; speech
of Gates to their council, 359 ; they incline
to be neutral, 377.

Skeene, a British agent, taken prisoner, vii.
340, 341.

Skelton, Samuel, one of the earliest ministers
of Salem, i. 345.

Skepticism applied to every object of human
thought, v. 5; its tendency, revolution,
5; uncreative, viii. 366; ought to be re-
jected, 366.

GENERAL INDEX.

719

Skinner, Cortland, of New Jersey, appointed
a brigadier in the British service, ix. 320;
enlists men for the army, 320.

Slavery, history of, i. 159; Indians made
slaves, 16, 30; negro slavery, 65, 67; its
early existence, 159; anciently in Egypt,
Palestine, Greece, Home, 100, 161; in the
middle ages in England, Germany, and
other European countries, 162, 163; in the
contests between the Christians and Moors,
all captives were enslaved, 164 ; negro
slaverv, its origin; not an invention of
white "men, 165; existed long before Colum-
bus, 166; negro slaves introduced into
Spain and Portugal, 106; natives of Am-
erica made slaves, 167; by Columbus, 168;
and by the Fathers of New England, 169;
negro "slaves introduced early into Hispan-
iola, 109; sanctioned by royal decrees, 170;
mistaken benevolence of Las Casas, 170;
the slave-trade never sanctioned by the
Roman pontiff, 172; Sir John Hawkins the
first English slave-trader, 172; earliest im-
portation of Africans into New England,
173; denounced as a crime, 174; intro-
duction of slavery into Virginia, 176; In-
dians made slaves, 402; provisions of law
in Massachusetts concerning slavery, 418 ;
the son of Philip sold as a slave, ii. 109 ;
slaves in Virginia, 193; their treatment,
193; how regarded in law, 194; an aris-
tocracy founded on slave property, 194;
negro slaves introduced into New Nether-
land, 303; slavery in Pennsylvania, 401;
William Penn a slave-holder, 401; slavery
in South Carolina, in. 20; in Maryland,
33; in Pennsylvania, 41; in New Jersey,
49 ; England becomes rich and powerful by
the slave-trade, 233; slavery of Indians,
321, 303 ; South Sea company and the
slave-trade, 401 ; slave-trade, how con-
ducted, 402; sources of the supply, 403;
solution of the problem of the slave-trade,
404; horrors of " the middle passage," 404,
405; great loss of life, 405; emancipation
proposed in Boston, 408; and in Pennsyl-
vania, 408 ; conver-ion did not enfranchise,
409; yet the rightfulness of slavery was
never recognized bylaw, 409; color alone
prevented emancipation, 410 ; England
forced slavery upon the colonies, 411, 415;
number of slaves imported, 411; slavery
justified by public opinion, by national
policy, and by able writers, 412, 413;
"negroes are merchandise," was unques-
tioned law, 414; slavery resisted by the
colonies, but enforced on them, 416; for-
bidden in Georgia, 426; permitted there,
448; great alarm in Virginia on account of
the increase of the slave population, vi.
414; Massachusetts denounces the institu-
tion, 415 ; a slave is free on touching Brit-
ish soil, 415; the voice of Jefferson, of
Patrick Henry, and of George Mason raised
against it, 413-417 ; a wish to have it abol-
ished, vii. 42, 75, 84, 271 b ; in Virginia,
England alone is responsible for it, viii.
225 (see Negro Pvjiutalion); contrary to

conscience and the divine law, x. 298, 370;
abolished in France on all the estates of
the crown, 345; in Oberyssel, one of the
United Netherlands, 346 ; justified by
Luther, and by Bossuet, 340; prevalent
over one-half of Europe, 340 ; threatened
from the first the existence of the American
Union, 349; could not be abolished by
Congress, 353; it gave rise to jealousy be-
tween the North and the South, 348;
opinions of Jefferson on slavery, 356; his
forebodings, 357 ; of Governor Morris, 349,
358; of John Jay, 358; of William Living-
ston, 358; of Robert R. Livingston, 358;
of George Bryan, of Pennsylvania, 359,
360; of Joseph Reed, of Pennsylvania, 359 ;
of Gordon the historian, 361 ; how far had
it been removed in Virginia, 356; in Dela-
ware, 357 ; in New York and New Jersey,
358; it remained a primary element in
the social organization of South Carolina,
360 ; how disposed of by the treaty of 1782,
591.

Slaves, negro, trade in, beginning of, i. 169;
not sanctioned by the Roman pontiff, 172;
introduced into New England, 173, 174;
and Virginia, 176 ; the negro in Virginia,
ii. 193 ; in New Netherlands, 303 ; in
Pennsylvania, 401; in the Carolinas, iii.
20; in New Jersey, 49; the traffic in slaves
enriches England, 233, 412; great activity
of the slave-trade, 402; extent of the slave
coast, 402; slave-trade, how conducted,
403 ; sources of the supply, 403 ; solution
of the problem, 403; the slave in Africa,
404; on the passage across the ocean, 405;
great loss of life, 405; the number actually
imported into the English colonies, 406,
411; their condition here, 406, 407; a
marked progress, 408 ; the English colonies
always opposed to the slave-trade, 410;
Congress forbids the traffic, 411 ; number of
slaves imported, 411, 414; number thrown
into the Atlantic on the passage, 412 ; pe-
cuniary returns to the merchants, 412;
public opinion sanctioned the traffic, 412;
as did the civil law, 413; and the national
policy, 414; no more to be imported into
Virginia, vii. 84; the continental congress
inaugurate the abolition of the slave-trade,
148; the British ministry and the king
give orders to Gage to excite them to cut
their masters' throats, 222 ; Dunmore
threatens to free and arm the slaves in
Virginia, 276, 386 ; Dunmore would have
them rise against their masters, viii. 223.

Slave-trade prohibited by Congress, viii. 321 ;
in Virginia, might be attached to the soil
and entailed, ix. 280; attempt to abolish
slavery, 281; why the attempt failed, 281;
slaves in Pennsylvania side with the Brit-
ish, 401; in South Carolina, proposal to
make soldiers of them, x. 291, 292; confis-
cated by British officers, and sold, 292,
299 ; man}' perish from want, 294 ; many
join the enemy, 294; many shipped to the
'West Indies, 299.

Slave-trade encouraged by England, iv. 62,

720

GENERAL INDEX.

63, 140; eagerly pursued, v. 207; opposed
by Virginia, vi. 71, 413, 414; the king for-
bids it to be obstructed, 413; upheld by
the British government, x. 347; Chancellor
Thurlow defends it, 347; could not be in-
terdicted in the United States under the
old confederation, 352.

Slavonic race, extent of the, v. 8, 9.

Sloughter, Henry, governor of New York,
lii. 53; arrests Leisler, 54; procures his
execution, 55.

Smallwood, colonel of Maryland troops, his
aspersions on the courage of Connecticut
soldiers, ix. 123; quoted, 175, note; at
"White Plains, 181; brings a re-enforce-
ment to Washington, 403; not to be found
when most wanted, x. 322.

Smith, Adam, his great ability, viii. 174; his
noble sentiments in regard to the contro-
versy with the colonies, 174, 175.

Smith, James, visits the region of the Ohio,
vi. 34.

Smith, John, engages in the scheme of colo-
nization, i. 118; arrives in Virginia, 124;
excluded from the council, 125 ; his early
life and character, 127, 128 ; his strange
adventures, 127, 128; explores the interior
of Virginia, 129; a captive among the In-
dians, 130; regarded by them with rever-
ence, 130; conducted to Powhatan, 131;
rescued from death by Pocahontas, 131; is
released, and returns to Jamestown, 132;
explores the Chesapeake, 133; ascends the
Potomac to Georgetown, 134; his map of
the country still extant, 134; is made pres-
ident of Virginia, 134; his energetic ad-
ministration, 134; returns to England,
138; ingratitude of the company in Eng-
land, 138 ; his eminent services and extraor-
dinary character, 139; examined touch-
ing Virginia affairs, 187; asserts the true
policy of England, 269 ; explores the coasts
of New England, 269; gives that name to
the country, 270 ; his unsuccessful attempt
to colonize it, 270 ; taken by pirates, 270 ;
succeeds in forming a second Plymouth
company, 271.

Smi h, John, of Boston, one of" the Sons of
Liberty" in 1765, v. 310.

Smith, Joshua Hett, implicated in the trea-
son of Arnold, and how, x. 383; conductor
of Andre- on his return, 386.

Smith, Lieutenant-Colonel, commands the
expedition to Concord, vii. 288 ; his indeci-
sion, 304; his retreat, 305, et seq. ; rapidity
of the retreat, 309; his falsehoods, 318,
321.

Smith, Samuel, lieutenant-colonel, com-
mands at Fort Mifflin on Mud Island, ix.
422; is wounded, and leaves the fort,
433.

Smith, Thomas, governor of South Carolina,
iii. 14, 15.

Smith, William, of New York, desires an
American parliament, iv. 268, 428 ; his dis-
creet course in a time of high excitement,
v. 357; one of the triumvirate of patriotic
lawyers, vi. 141; his letter quoted, 310;

an advocate of union under the auspices of
the British king, vii. 108.

Smith, William, of New York, the historian,
seconds the intrigues of Governor Tryon,
viii. 215.

Smvth, chief-justice of New Jersey, vi.
451.

Smuggling carried on by the English, iii.
231, 402,426, 435, 436; cause of a war with
Spain, 438; practised at Boston, iv. 27; at
New York, 85, 147.

Society, ancient forms of, doomed to be
broken, iv. 4; great changes in, 12, 13;
every form of it contains the two elements
of law and freedom, viii. 118, 119; for con-
stitutional information votes money for suf-
ferers in America, vii. 344.

Sokokis, an Indian tribe, iii. 238.

Soldiers billeted in private houses, iv. 236,
240.

Somers, Lord John, Baron of Evesham, lord-
keeper of the great seal, leader of the Whig
part}' at the revolution, iii 4; opposes the
restoration of the charter to Massachusetts,
79.

Somers, Sir George, wrecked on Bermuda, i.
137.

"Sons of Liberty," the phrase first used, v.
240; universally adopted in America, 241;
what they did in Boston, 310; a wide-
spread and powerful organization. 440,
441 : the organization dissolved, vi. 30, 35;
of New York, this organization still in ex-
istence in 1774, vii. 40; they propose a
general congress, 40; this their last achieve-
ment, 41.

Sothel, Seth, acquires a proprietary right in
Carolina, ii. 161; is governor of that prov-
ince, 163; an infamous, -worthless charac-
ter, 103; is deposed in North Carolina,
164; chosen by the people governor of
South Carolina, iii. 14.

Soto (see Be Soto).

South, voices from the, vii. 49, et seq.

South Carolina visited by Spaniards, i. 3G;
natives carried off as slaves, 30; the name
how derived, 62; a colony of Huguenots
arrive, i. 61, 66, 68; emigrants from Eng-
land settle there, ii. 166; a free, represen-
tative government established, 168; the
settlers resist the proprietaries, 168; hard-
ships endured, 169; Charleston founded,
170; slavery coeval with the state, 170;
arrival of Dutch emigrants, 171; emigrants
from England and Scotland, 172, 173;
Huguenot emigration, 174-183; struggle
of the people with the proprietaries, 184-
18'i; the people prevail, 187; population in
1688, ii. 450 ; character of the early settlers,
iii. 13; factions in the colony, 14; Sothel
governor, 14; Thomas Smith governor,
14; effect of the English revolution, 14;
struggle again between the people and the
proprietaries, 15; arbitrary conduct of the
latter, 14, 15, 19 ; the constitution of Shaftes-
bury and Locke perishes, 14, 15, 19; emi-
gration flows in from abroad, 17 ; the
Huguenots, 17; High-Church faction, 18;

GENERAL INDEX.

721

Church of England established by law,
18; cultivation of rice introduced from
Madagascar, -20; the fur trade, 20; expe-
dition against St. Augustine, 209; this in-
volves the colony in debt, 200; invasion by
the French, 2ll; the invaders repelled,
211; succor afforded to North Carolina
against the Tuscaroras, 320; war with the
Yamassccs, 328; the people throw off the
proprietary government, 328, 329; the
colony becomes a royal province, 330;
the proprietaries sell their rights to the
crown, 331; paper money, 388; politi-
cal dissatisfaction of, iv. 38; inclination
towards union, 75; its first movement tow-
ards confederation, 88; joins in council
with the northern colonies, 88; a company
from South Carolina join Washington in
his first campaign, 120; population in
1754. 129, 130; its political and social con-
dition, 131, 132; favored by the parent
state, 131; endeavors to hinder the impor-
tation of negro slaves, 422; expedition
against the Cherokees, 423, et seq. (see
Cherokees) ; discontent of the province tow-
ard England, 426; long strife with its
royal governor on a question of privilege,
v. 150; the assembly decides for a con-
gress of the colonies, 293; its delegates
arrive, 333; their names, 333; they act
well their part, 343 ; complains of the arbi-
trary measures of the British government,
vi. 14, 43; approves the doings of Massa-
chusetts, 107, 235, 309; defects in the judi-
cial system of South Carolina, 183; refuses
compliance with the billeting act, 309; its
social connection with England, 317 ; pop-
ulation in 1709, 317; slave-trade, 317;
makes a liberal remittance to London in
aid of the cause of liberty, 319; zealous in
the cause, 380 ; wide discontent at the in-
sults offered by the ministry, 411; affec-
tions of the province alienated from Eng-
land, 410 ; governor infringes the rights of
the assembly and dissolves them, 447; de-
termined spirit of the province, 471; the
tea refused, 488 ; the colony in a disordered
state, 505; condition of, in 1774, vii. 51;
its close connection with England, 51;
warm affection for the mother country,
51 ; its numerous slaves hostages for loyalty,
51; its sympathy for Boston, 51; and
patriotic spirit, 52; contributes promptly
for the relief of Boston, 62, 73; elects dele-
gates to a general congress, 81 ; opposition
of her delegates to the prohibition of ex-
porting rice, 147; general convention of
the colony, 172; another convention, 205;
adopts the recommendations of Congress,
206; firm spirit of the people, 251; they
associate themselves for defence and raise
a military force, 336; its condition in 1775,
viii. 84; Vash conduct of its governor, 84;
news of the battle of Bunker Hill, 85; the
patriot party, 85; the legislature inactive,
85; two distinct populations in the prov-
ince, 85. 88 ; different in origin, in religion,
in political affinities, 86 ; the planters on

VOL. X.

the sea, gentlemen, connected with Eng-
land, despise the rude settlers in the inte-
rior, recently from continental Europe, 86;
struggle for superiority, 86; open hostili-
ties, 87 ; danger from the savages, 87 ; the
governor urges the ministry to employ
force, 89 ; his arrest proposed, 89 ; Congress
advise South Carolina to establish a gov-
ernment, 137; expedition planned against
South Carolina, 158, 159; the conven-
tion of the province approves the proceed-
ings of Congress, 345; opinions in the
convention divided, 346; Sullivan's Island
fortified, 346; paper money issued, 347;
hesitation about instituting government,
347; the act of Parliament prohibiting
American Congress is received, 347; a
constitution of civil government is estab-
lished, 347 ; its provisions, 347, 348 ; John
Rutledge president, 348; his speech on ac-
cepting the office, 348; the government
formally inaugurated, 348,349; condition
of the inhabitants, 349; courage of the
planters, 350; the legislature firm for union
with the other colonies, 350; the supreme
court declares George III. to have abdicated
the government, 352, 353; attack on Fort
Moultrie repulsed and South Carolina
saved, 404-412; welcomes the Declaration
of Independence, ix. 36; war made on its
western settlements by the Indians, 161;
the Indians totally defeated, 161, 162 ; and
sue for peace, 161, 162; form of civil gov-
ernment established by the legislature, not
by the people, 261 ; great inequality of
representation, 265; disposition of church
property, 277; attempt to have a religion
of the state, 277; South Carolina is silent
as touching the rights of man, 282; its
new constitution, v. 153, 154; invaded by
British troops, 287; the seat of war, 290,
et seq. ; neutrality proposed, 293 ; the people
disheartened and sick of the war, 292, 298,
the paper money worthless, 298, 302; suf-
ferings of the population, 299, 300; main-
disaffected, 302; opposition to British rule
ceases, 306 ; *the state supposed to be
thoroughlv subdued, 308; instances of
British pe'rfkly and cruelty, 300, 307, 310,
311, 312; Washington sends De Kalbwith
the Maryland division to their relief, 314;
cruel treatment of the people by the British,
328; yet the people never conquered, 330,
332.

Southern campaign, x. 456, et seq. ; as con-
ducted by Greene, 485, et seq. ; southern
troops, their good conduct and good suc-
cess, 496.

Southern department, including the colon-
ies, entrusted to Pelham, Duke of New-
castle, iv. 18; to the Duke of Bedford,
21.

Southern Indians quiet, iv. 193 (see Cataw-
bns, Cherokees, Chickri-mws).

South Sea Company, financial dreams con-
nected with it, iii. 401; the Assiento, 401;
the slave-trade, 401; owe the king of
Spain, 437.

46

722

GENERAL INDEX.

Sovereignty of the states asserted in all parts
of the country, 352.

Spain, her early love of adventure, i 30 ; her
conquests in the New World, 31; discovers
Florida, 33; enters the Gulf of Mexico,
35; reaches the Mississippi river, 51;
claims all North America, GO ; discovers
the Chesapeake, CO ; exterminates the
French colony in Florida, 70 ; extent of
the Spanish dominion in North America,
73 ; colonial system of Spain, iii. Ill ;
she becomes involved in the destiny of
Fnglish America, 206 ; character of the
Spanish people, 206 ; decline of Spanish
wealth and power, 207 ; possessions of
Spain in Europe, 207 ; w;ir with England,
209 ; occupies Florida, 209 ; loses her
European provinces, but retains her colo-
nies, 229 ; Spanish jealousy of France,
347; Spanish commercial monopoly, 400 ;
encroachments on it by English cupidity,
402, 436 ; Spain claims the whole territory
of Georgia, 410 ; and threatens hostility in
consequence, 432 ; convention with Spain,
437 ; is rejected by England and war de-
clared, 438 ; Spanish invasion of Georgia,
445; her demands on England, iv. 401;

. the Family compact, 403 ; special conven-
tion between Spain and France, 404 ; Eng-
land declares war against Spain, 432, 433 ;
Spain loses many treasure ships, 438 ; loses
Havana, 444 ; which England resigns for
Florida; 451; treaty of peace signed, 452;
her position and political relations in 1763,
V. 14, etseq. ; sunk to a fourth-rate power,

16 ; its natural advantages neutralized by
unsound policy, 16, 17 ; its people poor
and wretched, 1G ; its hatred of England,

17 ; surrender of Louisiana to her, 192 ;
is eager for war with England, vi. 52 ; re-
solves not to pay the ransom for Manilla,
53; hopes that" England will master her
colonies, 182; declines to interfere in the
dispute, 237; sides against the colonies,
259 ; supports a restrictive system of trade,
259 ; fears England, much, but fears Amer-
ica more, 260; resolves to recover New
Orleans, 261; the design carried out with
great cruelty, 292, et sec/. ; dispute with
England respecting the Falkland Islands,
387 ; contributes a million of French livres
to aid America, viii. 343; opens her ports
to American ships, ix. 71; even to priva-
teers, 71; not friendly to American inde-
pendence, 71; indifferent to the American
struggle, 290; the discoverer of the we-t-
ern world, 301 ; multiform origin of her
people, 301; her great historical names,
302; great natural advantages, 302; want
of a good gi ivernment, 302 ; the church and
the throne alike reverenced, 302; chivalry,
303; the Austrian dynasty, 303; the
House of Bourbon. 303; the Family com-
pact, 304; Grimaldi, prime minister, 304;
ministry of Florida Blanca, 304; his char-
acter 304; his influence on the king, 300;
reasons why Span was opposed to Ameri-
can independence, 306, 307 ; Spain unpre-

pared for war, 307; ruined by monopoly,
307; without an efficient navy, 308; an
American embassy not to appear at Madrid,
308, 309; Spanish court drawn towards
France, 309; its fear of England, 310; de-
sires the friendship of France, 310; Spain
aids America secretly, 310; Spain will not
join France in the American alliance, 503;
Spain and France contrasted, 503; the
French and Spanish mind contrasted, 504;
no free thought in Spain, 504; her recent
disasters and wasting power, x. 47; her
tbreign dependencies ill governed and
scarcely held in subjection, 48; no senti-
ment of union between her and her domin-
ions abroad, 48; encroachments of tbreign
nations, 48; illicit trade on the Spanish-
American coast, 48; dangers attending her
hold on her American provinces, 49 ; there-
fore averse to the American revolution, 50;
fears what may ensue from its success, 158,
181; wishes that England may hold New
York and other seaports, 182; wishes to
maintain a firm hold on the Mississippi and
its affluents, 183 ; this matter discussed be-
tween the French and Spanish ministers,
183; she intends to exclude the United
States from the entire valley of the Missis-
sippi, 186; wants Gibraltar, 186; Spanish
policy wavers with regard to the American
contest, 160 ; bad effect of this on France,
160; consequently the most favorable
chances for the conduct of the war are
thrown away, 162; frivolous measures of
both France and Spain, 163; Spain tries
diplomacy and it fails, 164, 165; she oilers
mediation and it is rejected, 165; frivolous
conduct again and chicanery, 196; the
Spanish designs on our western rivers
utterly baffled, 194-201; Spain declares
war against Great Britain, 246; imbroglio
of Spain with Russia, 276; Spain repents
of going to war with England, 441; wishes
for peace, 442 ; opposed to the independence
of the United States, and why, 442 ; in-
tensely hates America as an independent
power, 538; dreads the effect on her own
colonies, 539; hopes to recover Gibraltar,
539; the only obstacle to peace, 574; fails
in the attempt, 581.

Spaniards, their right of discovery, i. 30;
their love of maritime adventure, 31; their
numerous voyages to North America, 33,
et seq. ; undertake the conquest of Florida,
39; their sufferings, 39 6; failure of the
enterprise, 40, et seq. ; under De Soto
traverse Florida, Georgia, Alabama, Mis-
sissippi, and Louisiana, 43-59 ; destroy
the French settlement in Florida, 71; ex-
tent of the Spanish dominions in America,
73.

Spanish town of St. Louis, vi. 223.

Spencer, General, at Providence, ix. 412.

Spencer, Joseph, general of the Connecticut
troops near Boston, vii. 325; at Roxbury,
405; elected brigadier-general, viii. 31; his
dulness, ix. 118; driven back to White
Plains, 180.

GENERAL INDEX.

723

Spencer, Oliver, of New Jersey, puts to flight
a party of \Yaldeckcrs, ix. 251.

Spencer," Thomas, Lis heroic death, ix.
379.

Spotswood, governor of Virginia, ii. 453, iii.
23, 24, 29, 30, 107 ; the best in the series,
30; endeavors to check French influence
over the west, 344
■Stamp act, proposed, v. 88; the measure not
Mr..(!renville's, 89, note; but Jenkinson's,
89, note; its authorship discussed, 151,
152; the responsibility on Grenville, 152; a
stamp tax for America generally desired in
England, 179; Richard Jackson advises
Grenville against the measure, 181 ; Lord
Hillsborough and the board of trade
against it, 181; Grenville defers it for a
year, 183; gives notice of his intention to
bring it forward, 187 ; tries to procure the
consent of the colonies, 189, 190 ; alarm in
the colonies at the prospect, 194, et seq. ;
Franklin and other Americans in England
remonstrate, 230, 231 ; the measure intro-
duced, 233; arguments of Grenville and
Townshend for it, 236, 239 ; great speech of
Barns against it, 239-241; speech of Con-
way, 244 ; and of Yorke, 246 ; the stamp
act passes, 247 ; stamp officers appointed,
250; great dissatisfaction with it in the
colonies, 270-280, 285, et seq. ; no hope of
its repeal, 305, 306; the policy of employing
Americans under it fails, 308; denounced
in Boston, 309; stamp officers compelled to
resign, 310, et seq. ; the first of November,
352; the press bold in defying the stamp
act, 353; in New York the people rise as
one man against it, 355, 350 ; universal re-
jection of it in all the colonies, 358, et seq. ;
debates in Parliament about this act and
kindred measures, 338 ; arguments against
repeal, 369; the stamps burned at New
York, 378 ; the act denounced by Pitt in
Parliament and its repeal demanded, 391-
395; repeal of the stamp act, 436; followed
by great rejoicings in England and in Amer-
ica. 454, 457 ; its repeal celebrated in Bos-
ton, vi. 134; the rejoicing represented by
Bernard as a fearful riot, 134; Grenville
assumes the responsibility of the act, 353;
expenses of the office exceeded the income,
434.

Stamp tax proposed by Sir William Keith,
iv. 58 ; by William Douglas, 58 ; the pro-
posal rejected by Sir Robert Walpole, 85;
proposed also by William Shirley, 223 ; by
Horatio Sharpe, 167; bv James Delancy,
180; and by many others, 100, 180.

Standish, Miles, the military leader of the
Pilgrims, i. 311, 316; saves the colony by
his intrepid behavior, 319.

Stanhope, a British officer, breaks his parole,
viii. 67.

Stanhope, Earl (Philip Stanhope), favors
parliamentary reform, vi. 357, 361; protests
against the rash proceedings of the minis-
try in 1774, vii. 178.

Stanley, Hans, sent to Paris, iv. 396, 398,
■402; furnishes important information, 404,

note ; his speech against the colonies, vi.
231.

Stanwix, Fort, strength of its garrison, ix.
378 ; besieged by .St. Leger, 378 ; delivered,
380, 381.

Stanwix, General, iv. 250, 305.

Star chamber, its severe measures, i. 409.

Stark, John, of New Hampshire, a captive
among the Indians, iv. 93 ; a lieutenant in
the army of Johnson, 200; his combat with
a superior French force, 251; in the expe-
dition against Ticonderoga, 298; his sound
judgment, 301; leads a regiment to the
scene of conflict near Boston, vii. 314; sta-
tioned at Chelsea, 315 ; marches to support
Prescott at Bunker Hill, 416, 419; his calm
courage, 419; completes the line of defence
to the Mystic, 419; bids his men reserve
their fire, 424; his gallant conduct, 424,
430; sent with re-enforcements to Canada,
viii. 422; joins Washington on the Dela-
ware, ix. 223 ; crosses with him, 230 ; his
gallant behavior at Trenton, 233 ; to pay
the troops, he pledges his own fortune, 241;
in the battle of Princeton, 250 ; is slighted
by Congress, 335; retires to his farm, 336;
with a brigade of militia marches to oppose
Baum, 384; battle of Bennington, 385;
death of Baum, and surrender of his troops,
385; Breymann comes up, a new conflict
ensues, Breymann retreats, 3S5; a brilliant
victory, 386; obstructs the retreat of Bur-
goyne, 419; appointed to go on a winter
expedition to Canada. 462.

Staten Island, Lord Howe arrives there, ix.
38; British troops retreat to that place,
350; Sullivan's raid there, 390.

Stephen, Adam, his brave words, vii. 250;
commands a division in Washington's
army, ix. 396; his "unofficer-like con-
duct." 397; leads a division at the battle
of Germantown, 424, 427; court-martial,
397, note.

Stephens, William, an eminent shipwright,
i. 415*.

Stephenson, Marmaduke, a Quaker, hanged
at Boston, i. 456.

Sterling, colonel of a Highland regiment in
the capture of Fort Washington, ix. 191,193.

Steuben, Baron Frederic William Augustus,
a Prussian officer, ix. 469 ; falsely assumes
high rank, 409 ; elected major-general, 469 ;
and inspector-general, 469; at Monmouth,
x. 131, note ; commands the American
troops in Virginia, 497; joins Lalayette,
499 ; his further operations, 504, 505.

Stevens, commands a regiment of Virginians
at Brandywine. ix. 398; joins Gates near
Camden, x. 319; his brigade of militia
driven from the field, 322.

Stevens, Samuel, governor of Carolina, ii.
151; dies, 156.

Stewart, colonel of a Pennsylvanian regiment
at Brandywine, ix. 398; commands a regi-
ment at Monmouth, x. 131.

Stewart, Lieutenant-Colonel (British), of the
Guards, killed at Guilford Court-house, x.
478.

724

GENEEAL INDEX.

Stirling. Earl of (William Alexander), enters
the army as colonel of the battalion of New
Jersey, viii. 72; places Governor Franklin
under arrest, 245; brigadier in the battle
of Long Island, ix. 88, 8J ; his heroic con-
duct, 92, 93; is compelled to surrender,
94; is exchanged, 187; with Washington
at the Highlands, 187; commands a de-
tachment at Princeton, 201 ; with Washing-
ton at the crossing of the Delaware, 230; a
Hessian regiment surrender to him at
Trenton, ix. 234; is worsted in the en-
gagement near Scotch Plains, 356 ; com-
mands a division, as major-general, on the
Brandy wine, 396, 397; at Germantown,
424; averse to an attack on the British
force, x. 128; his firm stand at Monmouth,
132.

Stockbridge Indians, their friendship courted
by Congress, vii. 280; in the army near
Boston, viii. 43, 44.

Stone, deputy of Lord Baltimore, in Mary-
land, is displaced, i. 259; resumes his
authority, 260 ; is defeated, and narrowly
escapes death, 262.

Stone, Samuel, of Hartford, i. 399; chaplain
in the Pequod war, 399.

Stone, Thomas, delegate in Congress from
Maryland, ix. 56.

Stonv Point, abandoned by the Americans,
x."226; retaken by Wayne, 228.

Stormont, Viscount (D. W. Murray), his in-
terview with the king of France, viii. 163;
and with Vergennes, 164; protests against
aid furnished by France to America, ix.
286 ; reply of Vergennes, 286 ; his remon-
strances have little effect, 287 ; his violent
language, 297 ; his arrogant reply to Frank-
lin and Deane, 313; his character, x. 423;
his arrogant language towards the Dutch,
426, 430, 431, 435, 438.

Stoughton, William, agent in England for
Massachusetts, ii. 112; returns without
success, 122 ; one of the judges at the trials
for witchcraft, iii. 75, 88; lieutenant-gover-
nor of Massachusetts, 83, 97.

Stratford, Earl of, his advice to Charles I.,
ii. 3; his attainder and execution, 5.

Strickland Plain, battle of, between the Dutch
and Indians, ii. 293, note.

Stuart, Charles Edward, the young Pre-
tender, iii. 451 ; invades England, 451.

Stuart, Henry, a British agent, retires from
Charleston^) St. Augustine, viii. 87 ; obeys
the order of Gage to employ Indians against
Carolina, 83 ; inflames the savages against
the Americans, ix. 160, 161.

Stuart, James, a prisoner among the Chero-
kee Indians, iv. 355, 356.
Stuart, .John, British agent to negotiate with
the Southern Indians, vi. 225; meets the
chiefs in council, 226; his treaty with the
Cherokecs, 227.
Stuart, John, Earl of Bute (see Bute).
Stuart iamil}', its vices and misfortunes, iii.
1 ; benefits arising therefrom to the English
colonies, 2.
Stuarts, their colonial policy, i. 187, 194, 212,

219, 409; their restoration, ii. 1, 30; their
spirit of revenge, 32, 34 ; their crimes, 410 ;
their despotic sway, 438; their overthrow,
444; their misfortunes, iii. 1; their monu-
ments in the New World, 1.

Strachey, Henry, sent to Paris to assist Os-
wald in the negotiation for peace, x. 583;
his instructions, 583; takes part in the
negotiation, 584, 586.

Stuyvesant, Peter, governor of New Nether-
land, ii. 293; negotiates with Connecticut,
295; leads an expedition to the conquest
of New Sweden, 297 ; rebuked for mal-
administration, 300; refuses the demands
of the people, 307 ; his visit to Boston, 310;
surrenders New Netherland to an English
squadron, 314.

Subserviency of an English politician, ix. 75.

Suffolk County, in Massachusetts, a conven-
tion of its towns assembles at Stoughton,
vii. 109; reassembles at Dedham in Sep-
tember, 1774, 122; its brave resolutions,
123 ; these resolutions approved by Con-
gress, 134.

Suffolk, Earl of (Howard), becomes secretary
of state for the colonies, vi. 389; is deter-
mined to reduce the Americans to obedi-
ence, vii. 202; writes for Russian troops to
be employed in America, viii. 149, 150; his
instructions to Faucitt, 255 ; urges expedi-
tion, 265, ix. 314; justifies the employment
of Indians, 365.

Suffrage, universal, in Virginia, i. 231, ii.
188; the practice ceases, 195.

Sullivan, John, of New Hampshire, a mem-
ber of the continental congress, vii. 184 ;
with a party dismantles the fort at Porte-
mouth, 184 ; elected brigadier-general, viii.
31; his character, 31; sent to fortify Ports-
mouth, 113; sent with re-enforcements to
Canada, 422 ; the command of the northern
army devolves on him, 429; his vanity,
429; he retreats from Sorel, 431; halts at
Isle aux Noix, 432 ; arrives at Crown
Point, 433; is superseded by Gates, 432;
commands on Long Island, ix. 83 ; is super-
seded by Putnam, 85; is taken prisoner,
92; is exchanged for Prescott, 108; pro-
poses to Lord Howe to visit Philadelphia
as a go-between, 108; his reception in Con-
gress, 110; John Adams's contempt for
him, 110; mistakes the offers of Lord
Howe, 111 ; Lord Howe disavows the mes-
sage brought by Sullivan, 117; Sullivan
brings to Washington Lee's division, 223;
is with him in crossing the Delaware, 230;
leads part of the force, 232, 233 ; his dis-
respect to Washington, 337; stationed at
Princeton, 351; avoids an attack, 352; his
ill-conducted expedition to Staten Island,
390; his delav in joining Washington,
390, 393; disobeys the orders of Washing-
ton, 396; his blunder, 397; the conse-
quences, 397, 398 ; commands a division
at the battle of Germantown, 424; joins in
the intrigues of the Conway cabal, 456;
his absurd advice, 460; commands on
lthode Island, x. 147 ; his indiscretion aud

GENERAL INDEX.

725

inefficiency, 148 ; censures D'Estaing, and
recalls the censure, 148; withdraws to the
mainland, 149; disappointment of the
people, 149; his invasion of the Indian
country, 230 ; his slow and careless march,
232.

Sumner, General, of North Carolina, at battle

of Eutaw, x. 493.
' Sumpter, Thomas, Colonel, of South Carolina,
leader of a patriot force, x. 312 ; his meth-
ods to obtain arms, 313 ; surprises and
destroys a British force, 313; a further
sir cess, 314 ; Andrew Jackson is with him,
314; captures a convoy, 320; his careless-
ness, 324; his great loss in consequence,
323 ; greatly harasses the British, 330; in-
tercepts British supplies, 343 ; defeats Tarle-
ton, 343; is wounded, 343; g-eneral, 485;
takes Orangeburgh, 489.

Sunbury, in Georgia, its surrender demanded,
x. 284 ; occupied by the British, 286.

Superior, Lake, first' known by white men,
iii. 131 ; missionaries sent thither, 131 ;
first visited by traders, 14G ; a mission
begun on its shores, 150.

Supremacy of Parliament, what it meant in
1G88, x". 37; in its exaggerated form an
instrument of despotism^ 38 ; and subver-
sive of individual right, 38.

Surrender of Charleston, x. 305; surrender
of Cornwallis, 522 ; the news reaches Con-
gress, 523 ; it reaches France, 524 ; _ and
England, 524 ; how the news was received,
524 ; Fox rejoices at it, 524.

Susquehanna tribe at war with Maryland,
ii. 215.

Sweden takes part in American colonization,
ii. 284; a company formed for this purpose,
284 ; a colony settles on the Delaware, 286 ;
the colony extends to the neighborhood of
Philadelphia, 287 ; the colony subdued by
the Dutch from New Netherland, 297 ;
favors the American oause, and stands for
the liberty of the seas, x. 55, 264 ; is a part}'
to the armed neutrality, 274, 281, 429.

Swiss, in North Carolina, iii. 24 ; on the Sa-
vannah, 417 ; mercenary troops, viii. 254.

Switzerland, the forerunner and friend of
American liberty, x. 57.

Sydney, Algernon, ii. 349, 366; his execu-
tion," 439.

Svnod of 1637 in Massachusetts, i. 390 ; of
"1648, 443; the "Reforming Synod" of
1079, ii. 121; desired, iii. 391; refused,
391.

Talbot, Silas, has command of a fire-brig, ix.

125.
Talon, intendant of New France, iii. 153; his

great designs, 154 ; promotes the discovery

of the Mississippi, 156.
Tar and feathers used in Boston, vi. 313, 493 ;

applied by British officers on an inoffensive

citizen, vii. 256.
Tarleton, Bannastre, Colonel, partisan British

officer, x. 306 ; destroys the detachment of
Colonel Buf'ord, 307; receives high praise
for this massacre, 307 ; commits great
ravages, 319; puts Sumpter to flight, 325;
his cruel advice, 327 ; his merciless con-
duct, 342 ; attacks Sumpter, but is totally
defeated, 343 ; is sent to attack Morgan,
461 ; attacks him at the Cowpens, 463 ; but
suffers a thorough defeat, 464 ; his remark-
able activity in Virginia, 504, 505; spares
Jefferson's property, 505; his great rav-
ages, 508 ; barely escapes capture, 518.
Taxation and representation not to be sepa-
rated, iii. 10, viii. 128; taxation of the colo-
nies recommended, 383; Sir Robert Walpole
averse to it, 383 ; taxation first resorted to,
385 ; of the colonies proposed, iv. 32, 33 ; by
Clinton and Shirley, 32; bv Lord Mans-
field, 32 ; bv Shirley, 52, 172". 178, 222 ; by
Colden, 54,"57 ; by "Keith, 58; by Douglas,
58; bv Clinton, 62; bv many others, 100,
115, 167; bv the board of trade, 100;
taxation determined on, 101, 171, 180, 223,
230 ; advised bv the roval governors, 177,
178, 380; bv tiraddock, 178; bv men in
office generally, 178; bv Gage, "221, 222;
by Dinwiddie,"l67, 178, 222; the board of
trade mature the system, 379 (see Poll
tax, Stamp tax) ; not to be effected by the
royal prerogative, v. 80 ; but by Parliament,
80"; the first proposal of the measure in
that body, 88; the colonies will not yield
to the king's requisitions for a revenue,
153 ; therefore Parliament must impose the
tax, 154; the supposed necessity of it, 152,
et seq. ; the right to do it not controverted
in Parliament, 187 ; the system openly in-
augurated, 187, 188; alarm in the colonies,
194, et seq. ; Adams, Otis, Thacher, Living-
ston, 196-200; Hutchinson opposes the
measure, 206-209; Franklin and other
Americans in England remonstrate, 230,
231; speeches for and against it, 236, et
seq. ; great speech of Barre, 240 ; petitions
against the measure not heard, 244, 246;'
the stamp tax passes, 247 ; receives the
royal assent, 247, 248; legitimate results
of "such an act, 269 ; general dissatisfaction
in the colonies, 270-280, 285, el seq. (see
Sta/np Act); Pitt in Parliament denies its
competency to tax America, 383-387, 391—
395 ; taxation and representation go to-
gether, 344, 348, 385, 387, 403, 443, 447;
inconsistent with civil liberty, vi. 5 ; the
plan due to the advice of Bernard, 41 ; no
distinction between internal and external
taxation, 48, 74 ; Charles Townshend deter-
mined on taxing America, 48, 58, 76, 84;
his revenue bills pass, 84; the Americans
denv the right of Parliament to tax them,
41, 51, 121, 123, 126, 145, 146, 149, 151,
166, 193, 205, 234, 247, 280, 353 ; they re-
sist, but in a passive form, 98, 103, 129,
132, 150, 153, 204, 272, 308, 311 ; the rev-
enue acts repealed, except the duty on tea,
276, 351 ; why was this duty retained ?
277,278; this "partial repeal declared un-
satisfactory, 290, 312, 318 ; American taxa-

726

GENERAL INDEX.

tion the wish of the king, and he was chiefly
responsible for it, 353 ; the taxation of
America a losing concern, 434 ; the right
to tax the colonies denied, 470.

Taxation inseparable from representation,
viii. 128.

"Taxation no Tyranny," an abusive pam-
phlet written by Johnson in behalf of the
ministry, vii. 258-2G0.

Taxes, exclusive right of the colonial legis-
latures to levy them, iv. 19 ; heavy self-
imposed taxes in Massachusetts and Con-
necticut, 292, 293.

Taxing America, plans for, iv. 100, 11G, 340,
370, 379, 414, 439, 440, 454 ; the right to
do this denied, 447.

Taylor, Jeremy, compared with Roger Wil-
liams, i. 376 ; his opinion of Anabaptists,
432.

Tea, a duty laid on it by Parliament, vi. 84 ;
produces only a paltry sum, 274, 270 ; yet
the ministry refuse to have it repealed, 277;
this reserve was to please the king, 277 ; a
consignment of tea sent back from Boston,
311 ; advance in the price, 329 ; the women
renounce the use of it, 333 ; Lord Chatham
recommends the repeal of the duty, 351 ;
Thomas Pownall recommends it, 353 ; Par-
liament refuse, 353 ; the repeal again urged
and refused, 360; again urged and refused,
519-523; trade between America and Eng-
land is open in every thing but tea, 366 ;
shipped to America by the East India Com-
pany, 470 ; resolutions of Philadelphia
against it, 470; the tea consignees give up
their office, 471 ; the Boston tea party, 472-
487; the tea thrown overboard, 486, 487;
the tea ship sent back from New York,
525 ; thrown overboard at Boston, not to
be paid for, vii. 3G, 62, 63, 83 ; Lord North
offers to repeal the duty, 225 ; this duty
the original cause of the dispute, 226 ; tax
on, levied by Townshend, and supported
by Lord North, viii. 126 ; shipped to
America by the East India Companv,
127.

Telfair, Edward, and others, in Savannah,
obtain possession of the king's magazine,
vii. 337.

Temple, Earl (see Grenville, Earl Temple).

Temple, Earl (Richard Grenville), brother of
George Grenville, and brother-in-law of
Pitt, v. 141, 146, 247, 257, 258, might have
been first lord of the treasury, 262 ; refuses
the office, 262; interview with Pitt, 297;
be justilies the stamp act, 297 ; and again
refuses office, 297; advocates taxation in
America, 402, 403 ; he and other peers
protest against the repeal of the stamp act,
453; is invited by Pitt to take office under
him, but refuses, vi. 20.

Temple, John, one of the commissioners of
'customs, vi. 154, note, 157; Bernard and
Hutchinson wish him removed from office,
249; his letters quoted, 249; in England,
409 ; discovers that all the oppressive
measures of England were prompted by
some of the Americans, 435 ; denies the

charge of purloining those letters, 491 ; his
duel with William Whately, 492.

Temporary expedients to carry on the war,
x. 401, 405, et seq.

Ten Broeck, Abraham, his motion in the New
York assembly, vii. 210.

Ten Broeck, General, in the battle of Bemis's
Heights, ix. 416.

Tennent, Rev. William, viii. 87.

Tennessee settled, iv. 243 ; the whole region
left to be inhabited by wild beasts, v. 166;
origin of, vi. 377, el seq. ; trappers and
emigrants, 380; its settlement begun, 381;
the republic on the Watauga, 398^ 399, 401
(see Regulator's); Eastern, faithful to the
patriot cause, ix. 160, 164 ; their struggle
against the Indians, 161 ; name their dis-
trict Washington, 164.

Ternay, Admiral De, arrives at Newport with
a French squadron, x. 376.

Texas claimed as part of Louisiana, iii. 171,
353.

Thacher, Oxenbridge, iv. 379, 415.

Thacher, Oxenbridge, of Boston, his senti-
ments in regard to the taxation of the col-
onies, v. 200, 269 ; his patriotic words from
his deathbed, 285.

Thanksgiving Day, manifestations of popular
feeling on it, vi. 408.

Thayer, Colonel Ebenezer, of Braintree, vii.
109 ; commands a Rhode Island company
in the expedition against Quebec, viii. 191.

Thaver, Major Simeon, commands at Fort
Mifflin, below Philadelphia, ix. 433; his
able defence, 434 ; " an officer of the highest
merit," 435; evacuates the fort, 435.

Theocracy in Massachusetts, i. 362*; justi-
fied by impending dangers, 363.

Theories of government must give place to
analysis, viii. 118.

Thirteen Colonies, the Old, iv. 127, et seq. ;
population in 1754, white, 128; black, 129,
130 ; social and political condition of each,
130, et seq.

Thirty years' war drove multitudes to Amer-
ica, x. 83.

Thomas, John, of Kingston, commands the
American forces at Roxbury, vii. 321 ;
elected brigadier-general, viii. 31; com-
mands the right wing of the American
army around Boston, 43 ; commands the
working party on Dorchester Heights,
294; raised to the rank of major-general,
423 ; takes command of the northern army,
424; finds the army weak and in bad con-
dition, 424; is compelled to order a retreat,
425 ; dies at Sorcl of small-pox, 429.

Thompson, William, colonel of a Pennsyl-
vania regiment in 1775, viii. 64; sent as
brigadier with re-enforcements to Canada,
421 ; makes an unsuccessful attempt on
Three Rivers, and is taken prisoner, 429,
430.

Thomson, Charles, of Philadelphia, vii. 43,
44 ; secretary of Congress, 127 ; a burgess
of Philadelphia, 141.

Thomson, Colonel William, of Orangeburg,
in South Carolina, a man of rare worth,

GENERAL INDEX.

72>

viii. 402: assists in the defence of Charles-
ton, 402. 405.

Thome, Robert, proposes a north-east passage
to India, i. 76.

Three Rivers, in Canada, unsuccessful attack
on liv the Americans, viii. 429.

ThurloV, Edward, afterwards Lord Thurlow,
solicitor-general, his bad character, vi. 358 ;
his hatred of America, 358; his opinion
touching the burning of the " Gaspee,"
441; he finds treason in the conduct of
some Americans, 523; his legal opinion in
favor of despotism, vii. 58; his memory
dear to Canadian Catholics, 158 ; he is for
pursuing vigorous measures towards the
colonies, 223; thinks the provincial con-
gress of Massachusetts guilty of treason,
284 ; his unrelenting proceedings against
Home Tooke, 344 ; denounces a bill to ter-
minate the slave-trade, x. 347 ; a colleague
of Lord North, 530; a defender of the con-
servative party, 531; Lord Chancellor dur-
ing the Rockingham ministry, 534; bears
Shelburne malice, 534.

Thury, Jesuit missionary to Penobscot In-
dians, iii. 181 ; stimulates them to atrocious
acts, 187.

Ticonderoga, Fort Carillon built there by the
French, iv. 212, 238, 251, 200; a large army
led against it by Abercrombie, 299; the
place described, 299; valor of Montcalm,
300, et seq. ; incapacity and cowardice of
Abercrombie, 302, 303 ; great carnage, 303;
shameful retreat, 304; Fort Carillon aban-
doned by the French, 323 ; plan for seizing
it, vii. 271 a, 280, 338 ; the enterprise under-
taken, 339 ; and crowned with complete
success, 340 ; condition of the army at that
post, viii. 52 ; preparations made there for
the invasion of Canada, 177 ; cannon
brought from Ticonderoga to Cambridge,
217 ; distress of its garrison, ix. 157, 158 ;
supposed to be nearly impregnable, 342;
Saint Clair takes command of that post,
361 ; finds the fort untenable, 361 ; hastily
evacuates it, 366 ; the fort occupied by the
army of Burgoyne, 367 ; ample stores
found there, 367; general alarm from its
loss, 373, 374.

Tilghman, in the action near Manhattanville,
ix. 127.

Tillotson, Archbishop, a friend to Massachu-
setts, iii. 79.

Tobacco, first cultivated in Virginia, i. 151 ;
used as currency, 151, 229 ; given in ex-
change for wives, 157 ; taxes paid in it,
189 ; Virginia supplies with it the British
market, 194; the king demands a monopoly
of it, 196 ; debts paid in it, 202 ; restric-
tions on its culture and sale, 219; tobacco
the circulating medium, iii. 28.
Toleration first asserted by Roger Williams,
i. 376 ; a zeal for, made a pretence for
undermining liberty, 437, 438 ; of religious
opinion and inquiry, how far allowed by
the revolution of 1688, iii. 5.
Tonti, Henri, de, lieutenant to La Salle, iii.
163 ; with him penetrates the Illinois coun-

try, 165 ; driven thence by the Iroquois,
167 ; rejoins La Salle, 167"; descends the
Mississippi in search of him, 174 ; again
descends that river, 195, 203.
Tonyn, governor of East Florida, is impatient
for an attack on Georgia, viii. 400; will
raise the Indians to attack South Carolina,
401.
Tooke, John Home, persecuted by the Eng-
lish government, vii. 344.
Tories of Massachusetts, their address to
Hutchinson, vii. 46, 47 ; Daniel Leonard,
62; Tories of Boston endeavor to persuade
the citizens to pay for the tea thrown over-
board, and to paralyze the spirit of the
country, 63, 68 ; they are disposed to ab-
solute submission, 68; at a town meeting
they exert their utmost strength, but are
utterly defeated, 69 ; Tories abound in
New York, 208-210 ; some Tories in Massa-
chusetts, 230 ; Daniel Leonard, of Taunton,
231 ; his utterances, 231 ; on Long Island
disarmed, viii. 276; their inhumanity, x.
300, 310, 328, 332, 458.
Torrington, Viscount, votes against taxing

America, v. 413.
Tory partv of England, the new, founded by
the Rockingham Whigs, v. 418 ; its plat-
form, 418, 419 ; takes possession of the
cabinet, vi. 327.
Towns and cities of England", life in the, v.

50.
Townshend, Charles, a member of the board
of trade, iv. 54, 62, 92 ; bent on sustaining
extended limits in America, 100 ; defends
the application of severe measures to the
colonies, 171 ; retires from office, 220 ; dis-
agrees with Pitt, 248 ; his connection with
the heir-apparent, 248; secretary of war to
George III., 391 ; resigns this office, 453 ;
his able speech in favor of the treaty of
Paris, 453 ; first lord of trade, v. 79 ; power
assumed by him, 79 ; his colleagues in
council, 80 ; his purpose and policy for the
colonies, 81; rules the House of Commons,
82; his plan of a standing army for the
colonies, 83, 86, 88; his scheme for taxing
America, 87; retires from the cabinet, 94;
declines office under the triumvirate min-
is'try, 103 ; favors taxing the colonies, 155,
230"; is proposed for secretary of state, 256 ;
is again proposed for that office, 303 ; pro-
poses to deprive America of its charters,
vi. 9; condemns "the madness and dis-
tractions" of America, 10; becomes chan-
cellor of the exchequer, 20, 21 ; courts the
favor of Grenville and Bedford, 45 ; his
headstrong conduct and arbitrary spirit,
45 ; his political schemes, 46, 47 ; sets his
colleagues at defiance, and usurps the lead
in government, 47, et seq. ; undertakes to
raise a revenue from America, 48 ; brow-
beats the ministry, 49 ; is thrice denounced
by Chatham as ""incurable," 57; his over-
bearing conduct towards America, 43, 58,
63; triumphs over Lord Chatham, 00, 61;
his character and great abilities, 62; his
supremacy in the administration, 63, et

728

GENERAL INDEX.

seq. ; his overweening self-confidence, 74 ;
his American policy, 74 ; his answer to
Trecothick, 74 ; his speech in Parliament
on American affairs, 75 ; he inveighs against
Massachusetts and other colonies, 75 ; holds
the right of taxation as indubitable, 76 ;
proposes port duties on wine, oil, fruits,
glass, paper, colors, and especially on tea,
76, 77; carries a bill for disfranchising
New York, 76, 81 ; his sudden illness and
death, 98; his character, 98, 99; "famed
alike for incomparable talents and extreme
instability," 98 ; always feared, never
trusted, 98 ; his fatal bequest to his coun-
trv, 101 ; plan of, viii. 123 ; his colonial
system, 125, 126.

Townshend, George, iv. 170 ; commands a
brigade in Wolfe's army, 324; receives the
capitulation of Quebec, of which he claims
the credit, 339 ; visits Boston, 339 ; returns
tp England, 340.

Townshend, Thomas, home secretary in the
Shelburne administration, x. 552; his sei>-
timents regarding the peace, 587.

Trade and plantations, board of commission-
ers for regulation of, iv. 17 ; their want of
power, 17, 18 (see Board of Trade); acts
of trade resisted at Boston, 414, et seq. ;
evasions of these acts habitually permitted,
339.

Trade, American, new regulations of Mr.
Grenville, v. 183, 184; illicit, 157, 158;
with Great Britain suspended, vi. 272 ;
illicit trade of the Americans, 72 (see Non-
importation).

Transportation of white servants, i. 177.

Transylvania, part of Kentucky, its settle-
ment, vii. 306; its civil constitution and
laws, 368, 369 ; perfect religious freedom,
369 (see Kentucky) ; its inhabitants concur
with the people of the United Colonies,
viii. 376.

Treason, accusations of, against the leading
patriots of Boston, vi. 251, 252, 257.

Treat, Robert, governor of Connecticut, de-
clines to surrender the charter, ii. 430 ;
resumes his functions as governor, iii. 66.

Treaties with foreign powers, committee of
Congress for the preparation of, viii. 393.

Treaty of peace, terms proposed by Lord
Shelburne, x. 541 ; terms insisted on by
Franklin, 555 ; preliminary negotiations,
574, et seq. ; the treaty signed, 591 ; char-
acter of the treaty, 591 ; advantages to
England derived from it, 591 ; reflections
on the event, 592.

Trecothick, alderman, a merchant of London,
v. 364 ; examined before the House of
Commons, 424, 427.

Trecothick, Barlow, member of Parliament,
waits upon Townshend, and is repulsed,
vi. 74; continues his efforts in behalf of
America, 239, 273 ; moves for the repeal of
the duty on tea, 360 ; again advises the
remission of that duty, 458.

Trenton, battle of, Colonel Rail has com-
mand there, with a Hessian brigade, ix.
216 ; Washington determines to attack the

enemy, 218 ; his numbers, 223, note ; his
watchword, 224 ; his preparations, 223,
224; fancied security of the enemy, 217,
225 ; the American cause regarded by
many as hopeless, 226, 227; Washington
crosses the Delaware, 230, 231 ; state of
the weather, 231; sufferings of the troops,
232 ; names of the officers, 230 ; the Ameri-
cans enter Trenton, and iind the enemy
unprepared, 232, 233 ; after a short conflict,
Rail is killed, and nearly one thousand Hes-
sians are prisoners, 234 ; effect of the vic-
tory, 235.

Triumvirate ministry, — Grenville, Egremont,
and Halifax, v. 96 ; their difficulties, 103,
104; laughed at, 104; their resolution to
tax America, 107, 109 ; their weakness, 139.

Triumvirate of Presbyterian lawyers in Mew
York, vi. 141.

Trumbull, Colonel Joseph, son of Governor
Trumbull, commissary-general of the Am-
erican army, ix. 102, 107.

Trumbull, Jonathan, lieutenant-governor of
Connecticut, his upright character, vi. 83;
foresees a separation of the colonies from
the mother country, 84, 103; governor,
his patriotic letter, 331 ; convenes the legis-
lature after the combat at Concord, vii. 315,
vni. 41; his message to Washington, 41;
wishes to keep back a portion of the new
levies for the defence of the colony, 69 ;
apologizes to Washington for the desertion
of Connecticut soldiers, 219. ix. 57; sends
troops to Washington, 79; exhorts them to
be brave, 79 ; his opinion of the offer of
Lord Howe to grant pardons, 117, 118; his
firm patriotism in the darkest hour of the
revolution, 200; his patriotism, x. 503.

Tryon, royal governor of North Carolina, a
savage at heart, vi. 68, 85; marches a body
of troops into the Cherokee country, 86;
his interview with the Cherokee chiefs,
86; his violent spirit, 189, 190; favors op-
pressors, 190, 382 ; assembles an armed
force, 190; his gross injustice, 383; con-
sidered at the colonial office the ablest of
the royal governors, 384; is intimidated,
391; marches against the "Regulators,"
394; his un justifiable demands, 395; battle
of the Alamance, 395; execution of prison-
ers on his bare order, 396, 397; is gratified
at the spectacle, 397; leaves the province
and becomes governor of New York, 397 ;
his conduct severely denounced by his suc-
cessor, Josiah Martin, 400, note.

Tryon, William, royal governor of New York,
his information touching the colonies, vii.
71 ; professes a desire to assist the patriots,
209 ; his reception at New York, viii. 33 ;
his disappointment, 33; endeavors to de-
tach that colony from the Union, 215; his
conspiracy against Washington, 441; on
Staten Island, ix. 82 ; his letter approving
the employment of Indians, 326; his ex-
pedition to Danbury, 346 ; burns the
village, 347; makes a hasty retreat, 347.

Tryon County (see Mohawk Valley, and
Herkimer).

GENERAL INDEX.

729

Tubby-hook, ix. 166, 185, 189.

Tucker, .lohn, minister in Newbury, Mass.,
a sermon of his read by Lord Chatham, vi.
■140.

Tucker, Josiah, dean of Gloucester, his book
advocating free-trade and the indepen-
dence of America, vi. 514, 515; a writer
on political economy, thinks Great Britain
would luse nothing by the independence
of America, viii. 175; advises England to
let America be independent, ix. 74.

Tucker, Samuel, of New Jersey, submits to
the king. ix. 199.

Tupper, Major Benjamin, his attack on the
British guard at Boston light-house, viii.
49.

Turgot, Robert James, Abbe, his prediction,
in 1750, of the future greatness of America,
iv. 65 ; his excellent character, v. 27 ; the
friend of liberty and of human nature, 27 ;
condemns the tyranny of the British gov
eminent, vi. 1G8, 16!); foresees the inde-
pendence of America, 370, 371 ; minister
of finance, vii. 90 ; his high character,
90, 91; he plans reform, and in it has
the countenance of the king, 92; his con-
servatism, 92; his plans of reform, viii.
335; the king of France requires his writ-
ten opinion on American affairs, 335; he
foretells the independence of the English
colonies, 336; and a total change in the
relations of Europe and America, 336; Am-
erican independence will break up the
colonial system and introduce liberty of
trade, 337 ; France and Spain will cease to
have dependent colunies, 337; the inde-
pendence of all colonies is best for the
mother country, 338 ; the Americans not
to be aided with money, 339 ; neither
France nor Spain is ready for war, 339,
340; peace is the policy for both, 340;
Turgot the friend of both king and people,
341; intrigues of his enemies, 341; his
advice is not followed, 342; Maurepas mis-
represents hiin to the king, 341, 363; he is
dismissed, 363; in him the F'rench mon-
archy lost its firmest support, 363.

Turner, Captain William, his successful at-
tack oil the Indians at Turner's F'alls, ii.
107.

Tuscarora tribe, iii. 245; make war upon the
people of North Carolina, 320 ; their crueltv,
320, 321; defeated, 321; abandon their
homes and join the confederacy of the Iro-
quois, 322; their alliance sought, iv. 345,
347.

Twelve united colonies of America, vii. 391.

Twiller, Wouter Van (see Van Twiller).

" Two-penny Act" in Virginia, v. 172.

Tyler, Royal, one of the governor's council,
vi. 345.

U.

lichees, Indian tribe, iii. 247, 248; estimated
population, 253 ; war with the colonv, 326,
328.

Ultimatum, American, in the negotiation at
Paris, x. 555.

Unbelief, foolish pride of, viii. 365.

Uncas, the Mohegan chief, i. 399, 423 ; puts
Miantonomoh to death, 424.

Underbill, John, captain in the Pequod war,
i. 399 ; commander of Dutch troops in an
Indian war, ii. 292.

Union, tendency towards, iv. 74, 75 ; proposal
from New York, 75; plan of union pro-
posed by Franklin at Albany, 122, 123;
plan proposed by Halifax, 165, 166; plan
proposed by Shirley, 172 ; of the colonies
proposed by Otis of Massachusetts, v.
279 ; the proposal received with hesita-
tion, 292, 293 ; South Carolina decides
for it, 294 ; proposed as the means of
security, vi. 6, 12 ; union of all parts
of the British empire under an equal
and uniform direction, proposed by Otis,
118; of the colonies proposed, 308, 310;
strongly desired in Boston, 196, 363; in-
cipient measures taken, 454, 455; with
England desired by leading men in New
York, 208. 209, 211; the people are for
union with the other colonies, 216.

Union, town of, in Connecticut, compel a
mandamus councillor of Massachusetts to
resign his commission, vii. 105.

United colonies (see Colonies, and America).

United colonies of New England, i. 420.

United provinces (see Holland).

United States, their prosperous condition,
i. 1 ; compared with the nations of Europe,
1 ; their declaration of independence, viii.
462, el seq. (see America, and Declaration
of Independence).

Unity of the human race, iv. 5, 6 ; progress
everywhere, 7, 8; Calvinism teaches this,
154; of the material universe, viii. 117;
and of the intelligent universe, 117.

Universal suffrage in Virginia, i. 231 ; abol-
ished, ii. 207.

Unskilful conduct of the Massachusetts ex-
pedition to the Penobscot, x 233.

Ursuline convent at Quebec, iii. 27.

Usher, John, lieutenant-governor of New
Hampshire, iii. 82.

Utrecht, peace of, iii. 226 (see Peace of
Utrecht); favorable to liberty, v. 85; it3
provisions touching the fisheries, 211; it
recognized the rights of neutral flags, 256.

Van Cortlandt, in the New York convention,

ix. 33.
Van Rensselaer, Kiliaen, obtains a grant of

land near Albanv, ii. 281 *; extent of this

grant, 281*.
Van Twiller, Wouter, governor of New

Netherland, ii. 282 *.
Van Wart. Isaac, assists in the capture of

Andre, 387; his reward, 395.
Vane. Henry, arrives in Boston, i. 383; his

character, 383 ; governor of Massachusetts,

384; an unwise choice, 384; sustains Ann

730

GENERAL INDEX.

Hutchinson, 388; returns to England, 390;
aids in procuring a charter tor Rhode
Island, 425, 427 ; a friend of Massachusetts,
443 ; leader of the moderate Independents,
ii. 11; his pure and upright character, 30,
37; his trial and execution, 38, 40.

Varney, Lord, his venality, vii. 175.

Varnum, brigadier from Rhode Island, pro-
poses to enlist emancipated slaves, ix. 408.

Vasquez de Ayllon, Lucas, sends ships to
South Carolina for slaves, i. 36; his un-
successful attempt to conquer it, 37.

Vassal, William, a "busy and factious
spirit," i. 438; endeavors the overthrow of
the charter, 438.

Vaudreuil, Marquis de, governor of Canada,
iii. 211, 21G, 218, 222, 333, iv. 184; despairs
of the safety of Fort Duquesne, 18G; takes
measures for the succor of Crown Point,
20!J ; holds a congress of Indians at Mon-
treal, 259, 209 ; at Quebec, 334, 337 ; sur-
renders Montreal, 360.

Vaughan, Colonel William, takes one of the
batteries of Louisburg, iii. 400; general,
takes Fort Clinton, ix. 413; burns Kings-
ton, 414.

Venango, destroyed by Indians, v. 123.

Vergennes, Count de, predicts the indepen-
dence of British America, iv. 401; minis-
ter of foreign affairs of Louis XVI.,
his character and previous history, vii.
80, 90; his views of the controversy be-
tween Great Britain and her colonies,
190, 261, 264; his sagacity, 284; his opin-
ions touching the struggle and its probable
consequences, 351, 352; his opinion of the
answer of Virginia to Lord North's pro-
posals, 388; his opinion of the probable
result of Bunker Hill battle, viii. 100; pro-
poses to send an emissary to America. 103;
his message to the Americans, 103 ; is
amazed at the folly of the British ministers,
104; sees that the king of England has no
retreat, 134; his wariness, 146; finds it
difficult to believe that the British minis-
ters are seeking to obtain foreign troops,
147 ; foresees American independence and
its consequences, 164; his policy with re-
gard to the American struggle, 329, 330;
considerations submitted by him to the
king, 331; the issue involves grave con-
sequences to France and Spain, 331; dan-
ger of war with England, 332 ; that
power may make peace with her colonies,
and then attack France, 332; to guard
against this, aid should be extended to the
Americans, 333; but secretly, 334; France
should be prepared for war, 335; his ad-
vice to the king in council, ix. 61,62;
admits Silas Deane to an interview and
promises arms to the United States, 63;
his representations to the king of the as-
pect of public affairs, 64; the danger to
France of attack from England, 65; she
will be bound by no treaties, 65 ; advan-
tages to France of such a war, 66 ; of a
friendly connection with America, 67 ;
probable neutrality of other European pow-

ers, 67; advises a war with England, 68;
the king does not adopt the policy recom-
mended, 09; reply of Vergennes to Stor-
mont's protest, 280; his secret interview
with the American commissioners, 288 ;
permits warlike stores to be sent to the
United States, and American privateers
to relit in French harbors, 298-300; re-
gards England as an enemy, 299 ; his
adroit evasions of English remonstrances,
300; fixes the time for France and Spain
to go to war with England, 311; his de-
light on hearing of Burgoyne's surrender,
479; his character, x. 44; seeks the co-
operation of Spain in a war with England,
165, 182, 185, et seq. ; undervalues Am-
erican energy, 183; yields to Spain all she
required, 189; is averse to an attempt on
Ireland, 251, 253; is willing to make con-
cessions to England, 442; would leave to
England Canada and the territory west
and north-west of the Ohio, 442 ; is offended
with John Adams for his republican ideas,
443; his opinion of Neekeras a statesman,
444; his complaints about a loan, 446 ;
complains of Adams, 452; his interview
with Grenville, the agent of Fox, 542, 543 ;
he thinks Grenville's credentials insuffi-
cient, 546; he is anxious for peace, 559,
581; explains his system, 582; wishes to
exclude the United States from the great
lakes, 582: his sentiments concerning the
boundaries and fisheries, 582, 588.

Vermont settled, iii. 370; part of it claimed
by France, iv. 74; part of it granted by
N. Hampshire, 74; settlements made there,
v. 165; annexed to New York, 214, 215;
oppressions of the people there, 291,292;
resists the jurisdiction of New York, vi.
507; rising of the men of, vii. 338; they
cross Lake Champlain and capture Ticon-
deroga, 339, 340 (see New Hampshire
Grants); wishes to join the confederacy,
viii. 10 ; New York disallows it, 108; the
name first given to the state, ix. 360 ; the
convention meets, 360, 368; independence
of the state declared, 360 ; Congress re-
fuses to admit it to the Union, 361; the
new constitution formed, 368; its provi-
sions, 368, 369 ; slavery forbidden, 369 ; no
imprisonment for debt, 369; aid sought
from New Hampshire and Massachusetts,
369; it is obtained. 384, battle of Hub-
bardton, 369, 370; denied admission to the
Union, and why, x. 352.

Vernon, Admiral Edward, takes Porto Bello,
iii. 440; fails in an attack on Carthagena,
441.

Verrazzani, John, visits the coast of North
Carolina, i. 17; of New England, 18.

Veto power ceases in England, iii. 7.

Villere, a leading man in the republic of New
Orleans, vi. 293; his tragical fate, 294

Villiers, de, admits Washington to a capitu-
lation, iv. 121; intercepts supplies for Os-
wego, 237.

Vincennes, slain in the war against the
Chickasas, iii. 307.

GENEKAL INDEX.

731

Vineennes, settled by emigrants from Canada,
iii. 346; its population in 1708, vi. 224;
the British ministry command them to
leave their homes; they disregard the com-
mand, 412; taken by" the Americans, x.
19(3; retaken by the British, 197; recov-
ered by the Americans, 200.
"Vindex" [Samuel Adams] in Boston Ga-
zette, quoted, vi. 247, 341.
Vineland, the name given to a portion of

New England, i. 5.
Vines, Richard, settles at Saco, i. 330; leaves

Maine, 430.
Virginia, the name first imposed, i. 95; first
charter, 120; a code of laws for it made
by King James, 122 ; embarkation of
the first colony, 124; a site selected for
settlement, 125; dissensions among the
colonists, 125; distress of the colony, 120,
132; arrival of a re-enforcement, 133; un-
reasonable expectations of the London
company, 135; Smith's administration,
134, 135; a new charter and enlargement
of the company, 130; civil privileges de-
nied to the emigrants, 137; Lord De la
Ware governor tor life, 137 ; dissolute char-
acter of the colonists, 138 ; their sufferings,
— "the starving time," 139; great mor-
tality, 140; the survivors take passage for
Newfoundland, are met by Lord De la
Ware in the river and return, 140; mar-
tial law introduced, 143; new emigrants
arrive, 144; private property in land
allowed, 144; a third patent, 145; improve-
ment under it, 146; Pocahontas, 140, 147;
Argall, Gates, Dale, 148, 149; tobacco cul-
tivated, 151; severity of Argall, 152;
dismal state of the colony, 152; its real
life begins under Yeardley, 153; first
colonial assembly in the New World,
154; the Episcopal Church established by
law, 155; many abuses reformed, 157;
women sent over from England, 157 ; paid
for in tobacco, 157; a representative gov-
ernment and trial by jury granted to the
colonists, 158; slavery introduced, 170;
Puritanism disallowed, 178; culture of silk
and of the vine unsuccessful, 179 ; culture of
cotton succeeds, 179; condition of the
aborigines, 180 ; massacre by the Indians,
182; succor from England, 184; Indian
war, 184; quo warranto against the Vir-
ginia company in London, 189; commis-
sioners sentto^ 189; spirit of liberty among
the Virginians, 190; the Virginia company
dissolved, 192 ; the colonists retain their
liberties, 193; beneficent administration
of Yeardley, 154, 195; more emigrants ar-
rive, 190 ; the colonists elect their governor,
196-198; the representative government
continues, 199, 201 ; scale of debts altered,
202; Berkeley's administration, 203; quiet
restored, 204 ; adheres to the royal cause,
even after the execution of Charles, 205,
210; Puritans in the colony, 200; Parlia-
ment asserts its authority, 211; intolerant
proceedings against Puritan ministers, 207;
a second Indian war and massacre, 208 ;

prosperity of the colony, 210; numbers of
the colonists, 210 ; partisans of Charles I.
resort to Virginia, 210; commercial policy
of England revised, 212, et seq. ; submits
to the Long Parliament and gains a virtual
independence, 223; now as free as New
England, 224; a declaration of popular
sovereignty, 227; the rights of, respected
under the" protectorate, 225; prosperity of,
229; it enjoys free-trade, 230; religious
liberty except for Quakers, 231 ; universal
suffrage granted, 231; population in 1000,
232; the genial climate. 233; beauty of the
scenery, 233; happiness of the people, 234;
remonstrates against the charter of Mary-
land, 245; suffers from the sellishness of
Sir William Berkeley, her agent, ii. 69;
Virginians settle North Carolina, 135;
character of the early settlers, 188 ; their
independent spirit, 188; biennial election
of legislators, 189; early tendency towards
aristocracy, 190; a continuation of English
society, 190; church established by law,
190, 200; great lack of education, 191;
common schools unknown, 192 ; a degraded
caste of white servants, 192; negro slaves,
193; their severe treatment, 193; an
aristocracy founded on slave property, 194;
absence of town government, 194; retro-
grade movement in Virginia on the resto-
ration of monarchy in England, 195; the
sovereignty of the people ceases, and the
aristocracy becomes dominant, 196; gains
the ascendency in the legislature, 197;
navigation act in Virginia. 198 ; its oppres-
sive influence, 199; intolerance in religion,
200; the Quakers persecuted, 201; the
royal officers independent of the people,
203; the judges not responsible, 204; arbi-
trary taxation, 204; the legislature as-
sumes indefinite continuance of power, 205 ;
excessive compensation of its members,
206; inequality of taxation, 207; universal
suffrage abolished, 207, 208; and liberty
taken away, 207, 208; Virginia granted to
Culpepper and Arlington, 209 ; the colony
remonstrates, 210; condition and character
of the people, 212 ; discontent of the masses,
214; Indian war, 215; insurrection led by
Nathaniel Bacon, 217, et seq. ; a new as-
sembly elected, 219; demands a redress
of grievances, 220, 221; the insurrection
suppressed, 229, et seq. ; changed to a
proprietary government, with Lord Cul-
pepper as governor for life, 245; his avari-
cious conduct and arbitrary administration,
247; extreme distress of the people, 248;
Culpepper returns to England, 249 ; some
of Monmouth's followers sent to Virginia,
250; kidnapped men and boys, 251; the
printing-press excluded, 252; liberty pros-
trate, 253; the authority of the king ques-
tioned, 254 ; the people contend for freedom,
255; population in 1088, 450; its general
character, 452; how affected by the revolu-
tion of 1088, iii. 25; college of "William and
Mary founded, 25; oppressions of Governor
Nicholson, 26; the church on the side of

732

GENERAL INDEX.

liberty, 27; neglect of commerce, 28;
tobacco the staple commodity, 28; the
colony enjoys seventy years of peace, 29 ;
toleration in religion not allowed, 32; the
settlements extend westward, 370; no
paper money in Virginia alone of all the
colonies, 388, 396; its commerce in the
hands of strangers, 39G; treaty with the
Six Nations, 455, 456; spirit of freedom
there, iv. 38, 39, 113; claims all the land
west of her borders to the Mississippi, 94;
the Indians in 1752 desire her to build a
fort on the present site of Pittsburgh, 94;
population in 1754, 129, 130; political and
social condition, 133.131; the Church of
England established by law, 134; no free
schools, 134; slavery, 135; relations with
England, 135; Madison and Jefferson in
their boyhood, 136; Virginia to colonize
the Great Western Valley, 167, 168; In-
dians confine the settlers to the east of the
Blue Kidge, 224; sends a strong force
against Fort Duquesne, 308; Virginia op-
poses the slave-trade, 421; its frontiers
ravaged in Pontiac's war, v. 124; its strife
with its clergy, 171, et seq. ; loyal to Eng-
land, but protests against parliamentary
taxation, 223; the assembly adopt patriotic
resolutions, 275-277; Virginia gives the
signal of resistance for the continent, 278;
spirit of resistance to the stamp act, 426 ;
opposes the slave-trade, vi. 71; approves
the measures of Massachusetts, 146; denies
the power of the British Parliament to tax
America, 146; prepares a petition to the
king, a memorial to the House of Lords,
and a remonstrance to the House of Com-
mons, 146 ; Botetourt appointed governor,
177; limits of the colony curtailed, 226;
and enlarged, 228 ; Botetourt reports favor-
ably of the disposition of the colony, 229;
meeting of the legislature, 279; the session
opened by Lord" Botetourt, 279; it meets
the declaration of Parliament by a direct
negative, and claims for itself the sole
right of taxing Virginia, 280; warns the
king of danger, and sends a circular to the
other colonies, 280 ; makes a non-importa-
tion covenant, 281; and resolves to buy no
more slaves, 281 ; Governor Botetourt
promises a partial repeal of the revenue
acts, 315; Virginia desires an entire repeal,
315; chooses representatives to a congress,
316; resists a proposed restriction of her
western boundary, 378; her settlements
continually extend westward, 379; the
Earl of Dunmore becomes governor, 384;
the legislature protest against the slave-
trade, 413; but the king will not allow it
to be in any way obstructed, 413 ; alarm
at the increase of the negro population,
414; the legislature propose intercolonial
committees, 454, 455 ; in 1774, the exten-
sion of the province greatly desired, vii.
52; meeting of the assembly, 52; its lead-
ing men, 52; sympathy with Boston, 52;
a fast appointed, 52; the assembly dis-
solved, 54; meeting of the members : they

advise a continental congress, 54; they call
a convention of the province, and inaugu-
rate the revolution, 54; a fast strictly kept,
57 ; contributes liberally to the relief of Bos-
ton, 74; meets in convention, 83 ; high spirit
and great energy of that meeting, 84; it
forbids the slave-trade, 84; takes part
strongly with Massachusetts, 85; condemns
the conduct of General Gage, 85 ; opposes
the extension by the Quebec act of the
boundaries of Canada to the Mississippi,
161; rapacity of Governor Dunmore, 161,
162 ; the Indian war in Western Virginia
and Kentucky, 164, etseq. ; great battle at
Point Pleasant, 168 ; victory of the Virginia
troops, 169 ; they cross the Ohio river, 169 ;
the Indians sue for peace, 170; celebrated
speech of Logan, 170; the Virginia forces
nullify the boundary established by the
Quebec act, 171; Presbyterians of South-
western Virginia, their patriotic resolutions,
195, 196; patriotic spirit of the dwellers in
the Valley of the Shenandoah, 250; con-
servative character of Virginia, 271 c; the
people reluctant to sunder their connection
with Britain, 271 d ; are unprepared for
war and open to attack, 271 d; the con-
vention meets, 272 ; its earnest debate, 273 ;
the Fairfax resolves introduced, 272;
Patrick Henry sustains them in a bold
speech, 273, 274; they are adopted 275;
measures for defence, 275; Dunmore
seizes the powder of the colony, 275, 276 ;
threatens to free and arm the slaves and to
lay Williamsburgh in ashes,. 276, 277; the
people ready to rise, 276 ; but are induced
to forbear, 277; news from Lexington ar-
rives, 334; great excitement and military
rising, 334; Patrick Henry's bold conduct
is approved by the people, 335 ; Dunmore
convenes the assembly, 384 ; last use of the
king's veto power on the acts of the as-
sembly, 385; reply of the house of bur-
gesses to Lord North's insidious proposals,
386, 387 ; the reply written by Jefferson, 386 ;
Shelburne praises the document, 388 ; ar-
rogance and rashness of the governor, Lord
Dunmore, viii. 78, 79; he virtually abdi-
cates the government, 79; the royal au-
thority at an end, 79; a convention at
Richmond becomes the supreme govern-
ment, 80; its vigorous measures, 80; com-
mittee of safety chosen and delegates to
Congress, 81; bills of credit issued, 82;
taxation suspended, 82; the convention
affirm their loyalty to George IIP, 82;
Virginia bars the doors of Congress against
Kentucky, 109; the ministry determine to
recover the province, 158 ; violent proceed-
ings of Dunmore, 220, et seq. ; first resist-
ance of Virginia to British troops, 221 ;
Dunmore' s foray at the Great Bridge, 222;
he invites slaves to rise against their mas-
ters, 223; state of the colored population,
223 ; not Virginia, but England, responsible
for slavery in that province, 225 ; why the
slaves did not generally rise, 225 : many
people join the British standard, 226; the

GENERAL INDEX.

733

convention give up the shoves of the Ches-
apeake to waste and solitude, 246; raises
more troops, 2-16; demands the opening of
the ports. 24/ ; house of hurgesses dissolves
itself, and thus annihilates the last vestige
of regal authority. 373 ; the convention
assembles, 373; "the population, whence
derived, 374; historical notices, 374; ex-
tent of territory claimed, 374; whence
sprung the spirit of the revolution now in
progress, 375; Virginia unanimous and
resolute, 375; the Lee family and the Cary
family, 375; purpose of the convention,
375, 370'; its character, 377; a resolution
adopted instructing the Virginia delegates
in Congress to propose to that body a dec-
laration of independence, 378; this resolu-
tion received out of doors with high satis-
faction, 378 ; adopts a declaration of the
rights of man, 381, et seq. ; its principal
features, 381; the end of government, 381;
distinction of powers, 382 ; the right of
suffrage, 382; freedom of the press, 382;
the militia, 382 ; freedom of religion, 383;
the declaration founded on immutable
truth, 383; state constitution formed, 434;
it made no attempt at social reforms, 435;
parallel with the English constitution, 435;
distribution of power, 436; acknowledges
the territorial rights of Pennsylvania,
Maryland, and the Carolinas, 436 ; organ-
ization of the government, 437 ; progress
of the war, ix. 35 ; Dunmore infests the
tide-waters, 35 ; independence proclaimed,
36 ; claims the immense territory north-
west of the Ohio, 55, 56 ; this claim dis-
puted in Congress, 56 ; constitution _ of
civil government adopted, 262 ; disposition
of the glebe lands of the Church of Eng-
land, 277 ; separation of church and state
effected after a brief struggle, 278 ; entails
abolished by the energy of Jefferson, 280 ;
an attempt to abolish slavery, 281; why
the attempt failed, 281 ; invaded by a
pillaging expedition, x. 223 ; the legisla-
ture confiscates the property of British sub-
jects, 223 ; a bill lor establishing religious
freedom, 224 ; a regiment of Virginia troops
massacred in South Carolina by Tarleton,
307 ; Virginia in part for slavery, in part
against it, 354 ; the Virginia declaration
of rights assumes the wrong of slavery,
355 ; how far was slavery interdicted. 356 ;
sentiments of her leading statesmen re-
specting slavery. 356; offers a bounty to
white men to enlist, 356 ; prohibits the in-
troduction of more slaves, 356 ; sends troops
to the relief of South Carolina, 315 ; asserts
the sovereignty of the individual states, and
protests against the assumption of power
by Congress. 400; proposes to relinquish
some of her rights for the sake of union,
419; her magnanimity, 480; invaded by
Arnold, 497; by Cornwallis, 484, 499;
ravages of the British troops, 505 ; amount
of property destroyed, 505; military op-
erations there ending in the surrender
of Cornwallis, 497, et seq. ; Virginia re-

fuses to Congress the power of taxation,
572.

Virginia Dare, first English child born in
America, i. 105.

Virtual representation of America in Eng-
land, aiallacy, v. 282, 230.

Voltaire, influence of his writings, v. 22; the
prince of scoffers, 22; complaisant to those
in power, 22; his contempt of the people,
23; competent to destroy, not to reform,
23;. on the progress of human liberty, vi.
83; his high reputation, ix. 483; repre-
sented the France of his day, 483; his ad-
vocacy of toleration, 483; not the teacher,
yet the friend, of America, 483, 484; his
interview with Franklin, 484; his admira-
tion of Lafayette, 484; Voltaire and Frank-
lin at the French Academy, 499.

Vose, Major, burns Boston light -house, viii.
48.

Vries, De (see De Vries).

w.

Wabash river, the Americans obtain posses-
sion of the country on its banks, x. 199, et
seq.

Waddel, of North Carolina, commands a
body of militia sent against the regulators,
vi. 303, 396.

Wadswortb, Joseph, secretes and secures the
charter of Connecticut, ii. 430.

Wadsworth, William, captain of the train-
bands at Hartford, ii i - 67; disconcerts the
attempt of Governor Fletcher of New York,
68.

Wainwright, Simon, of Haverhill, slain by
Indians, iii. 215 ; courageous conduct of
his wife, 215.

Walcott, lieutenant-colonel of the British
army, is sent by General Howe to negotiate
with Washington, ix. 329.

Waldeck, Prince of, his eagerness to supply
troops to George III., viii. 256; the regi-
ment is furnished, 267; collects recruits
for England, ix. 313.

Waldeckers at White Plains, ix. 178; under
l>onop at Princeton, 243; put to flight by
New Jersey militia, 251.

Waldenses in New Netherland, ii. 301.

Waldron, Richard, of Cocheeo, tortured to
death by Indians, iii. 180.

Walford, Thomas, at Charlestown, i. 341.

Walker, Admiral Sir Hovenden, commands
a fleet for the reduction of Canada, iii. 221;
his dilatory proceedings, 221; his incom-
petency, 223; the expedition fails, 224.

Walker, Henderson, governor of North Car-
olina, iii. 20.

Walker, Thomas, commissioner of Virginia,
to a congress of the Six Nations, vi. 227;
the Anglo-Canadian, at Montreal, vii. 280.

Walpole, Horace, quoted, v. 87, 89, note, 99,
note; earl of Orford, his Memoirs quoted,
vi 88.

Walpole, Horatio, iv. 48, 63.

734

GENERAL INDEX.

"Walpole, Sir Robert, iv. 18; rejects the pro-
posal of a stamp tax on the colonies, 85;
doubts the wisdom of taxing the colonies,
v. 182; prime minister of England, his
character, iii. 324; his pacilic policy, 325;
indifference to the encroachments of the
French, 345; averse to taxation of the col-
onies, 383 ; opposes a war with Spain, 438.
Wanton, governor of Rhode Island, inclined

to the royal side, vii 316.
War of 175(i, the underlying causes, iv. 277 ;
it involved the great question of modern
times, 277; sufferings and sorrows of this
war, 455; number of the dead in arms,
455; results of the peace, 450; diffusion of
the English tongue, 456.
War which followed the accession of King
William III., its causes, iii. 175,176; plans
for conducting hostilities, 177; horrors of
this w;ir, 179, el seq. ; war of the Spanish
succession, 200 ; its causes, 207, 208 ; war
between France and Spain, 353; war for
trade, 400; war of the Austrian succession,
449.
War foreseen by Joseph Hawley of Massa-
chusetts, vii. 102, 125, 152.
War expenses of the United States, estimate

of, x. 568, 569.
War in New Jersey, x. 127, et seq. 372 ; in
Rhode Island, 147; in the "backwoods,"
193, et seq. ; in the Northern department,
222, et seq. ; in Europe, 240, et seq. ; in
the Southern states, 283, et seq., 560 ; in
South Carolina, 300, el seq. ; on the ocean,
423, et seq. ; at the South, 456, et seq. ; in
Virginia, 497, et seq. ; England tired of
the war, 529, 531, et seq.
Wars, Indian, how conducted, iii. 281.
Ward, Artemus, one of the council of Massa-
chusetts, vi. 152 ; of Shrewsbury, appointed
major-general of the Massachusetts forces,
vii. 228; unlit for the command, 321, 322,
389; commands at Cambridge, 405; dreads
defeat, 405 ; his inactivity on the day of
Bunker Hill, 416; elected major-general
by the Continental Congress, viii. 26; com-
mands the American centre, 43, 6L
Ward, Rev. Nathaniel, a code of laws pre-
pared by him, i. 416*; its provisions, 417,
et seq.
Warham, Rev. John, arrives atNantasket, i.

358.
Warner, of Hampshire County, his resigna-
tion as mandamus councillor, vii. 111.
Warner, Seth, shares in the enterprise of tak-
ing Ticonderoga, vii. 339; takes Crown
Point, 340; elected lieutenant-colonel of
the Green Mountain Bovs, viii. 177; com-
pels the retreat of Carleton, 187; his regi-
ment in the battle of Hubbardton, ix. 369;
in the battle of Bennington, 385.
Warren, Admiral Sir Peter, co-operates in
the attack on Louisburg, iii. 459, 461; cap-
tures a French fleet, 463.
Warren, James, representative from Plym-
outh, vi. 7; the idea of committees of
correspondence did not originate with him,
429, note; he concurred in it, 429; his de-

spondency, 438 ; speaker of the new house
of representatives, viii. 48; desires from
Congress a declaration of independence,
130.
Warren, Joseph, of Boston, utters the new
war cry, " Freedom and Equality," v.
441, 442; a member of the committee of
correspondence, his all-controlling love of
liberty, vi. 430; concurs with Samuel
Adams, 196, 430, 431; one of the commit-
tee to prevent the tea from being landed,
473; at the great meeting in the Old South
Church, 478, vii. 35, 30; reports "a solemn
league and covenant" to suspend commer-
cial intercourse with England, 00; enter-
tains Putnam, 101; gives direction to a
convention for the county of Suffolk, 109;
report to the Suffolk county convention,
122; patriotic resolutions drafted by him,
123; his fearless bearing before Gage, 124;
his sound judgment, 124. 125; one of the
committee of safety, 154; his letter to Jo-
siah Quincy, then in England, 173; his
courage, 229; his oration on the Boston
massacre, 253, et seq. ; he is confident of
success, 279; the British ministry, by in-
structions to Gage, except him from par-
don, 264; sends a message to Adams and
Hancock at Lexington, 288, 289; assists
in the pursuit of the British, 308; an-
nounces that war is begun. 341*; desires
that Ward may be superseded by a more
competent general, 389; names Washing-
ton as his successor, 389; fights as, a vol-
unteer at Bunker Hill, 417, 418; he falls,
the last in the trenches, 433; his exalted
character, 433; his memory honored, 434.
Warwick, R. I., and Sam uef Gorton, i. 419.
Washington, George, comes into notice, iii.
407; his early history, 408; his destiny,
408; sent by Dinwi'ddie to remonstrate
against French encroachment, iv. 108;
foresees the destiny of the spot where
Pittsburgh now stands, 109 ; his interview
with the French commander at Le Bceuf,
111 ; made a lieutenant-colonel, and ordered
to the Forks of Ohio, 110; his advance
solicited by the Indians, 117; goes in a
dark night to the Indian camp, 118; his
first combat with the French, 118, 119;
compelled to fall back upon Fort Necessity,
120; obliged to capitulate, 121; joins Brad-
dock, 185; his description of that general,
185; his extraordinary courage and hero-
ism, 190; his hairbreadth escapes, 190;
the praises lavished on him, 190; made
colonel, and charged with frontier defence,
223; visits Boston, 224; highly praised by
Dinwiddie, 235; neglected by the British
commander-in-chief, 230; his self-sacrific-
ing spirit, 225; commands two Virginia
regiments sent against Fort Duquesne,
308; in command of the advance brigade,
310; the fort is taken, 311; honors paid to
Washington, 313; his marriage, 314; re-
tires to private life, 314 ; his opposition to
the stamp act, v. 327, 328 ; his patriotic
utterances, vi. 272, 273; his scheme for

GENERAL INDEX.

735

non-importation adopted by Virginia, 281 ;
his examination of the Ohio Valley, 37J;
his eulogium on Franklin, 41)9; member of
the House of Burgesses of Virginia, vii. 52;
subscribes for the relief of suffering Boston,
74; favors decisive measures, 85; wishes
to march to the relief of Boston, 85; a
member of the first continental congress,
127; rejects the idea of independence, but
condemns the regulating act, 144, 145 ;
Patrick Henry's opinion of him, 153 ;
chosen commander of a military organiza-
tion, 207; presides at a convention of
Fairfax County, which adopted very de-
cided resolutions, 74 ; these resolutions,
under the sanction of his name, adopted
by the colony of Virginia, 272 ; his good
advice to those who were ripe for insurrec-
tion, 277 ; a member of the second conti-
nental congress, 353; his patriotic decision,
joined with modest regard for the opinions
of others, 375, 376; is nominated for com-
mander-in-chief, 390 ; unanimously elected,
31)3 ; his exalted character, 393-400 ; of
Southern origin, yet the true representative
of his country, '398; religious character,
398; his purity of motive, 399; was by
necessity the first of men, 399 ; used power
only for the public good, 400; never did
any man so command universal confidence,
400; saw the difficulties before him, yet
cheerfully accepted the station, 401; re-
fusing all pay, he entered on the duty,
401, 402 ; Congress unanimously pledged
to him its support, and invested him with
full powers, 402; his appointment greatly
united the people, and strengthened the
cause, 403 ; his farewell to Congress, viii.
31; his departure from Philadelphia, 31;
his reception at New York, 32, 33 ; address
of the provincial congress of New York to
him, 33 ; his answer, 34 ; assumes the
command of the army at Cambridge, 40 ;
his popularity, 41 ; his' answer to Governor
Trumbull, 41; visits the posts of the army,
41, 42 ; introduces reforms, 45 ; misjudges
the Massachusetts people, 49 ; his report to
Congress on the state of the army, 51 ; his
multifarious duties, 60 ; his position, 60 ;
his want of money, powder, and arms, 61 ;
his efforts to obtain powder, 61 ; relies on
the spirit of the country, 62 ; remonstrates
with Gage on the ill treatment of his Amer-
ican prisoners, 66; maintains that the
people are the true source of power, 66 ;
his lenity to British officers in his hands,
67 ; closely invests Boston, 67 ; offers battle
to Gage, 67; the challenge not accepted,
67 ; rejects the plan of an expedition against
Nova Scotia, 68; directs an invasion of
Canada, 68 ; his policy with respect to coast
defence, 69 ; his difficulties and wants, 69 ;
his great fortitude, 70 ; is fully convinced
of the necessity of independence, 108 ; com-
plains that Congress neglect to provide for
his army, 111 ; Congress send a committee
to the camp, 111; his indignation at the
burning of Falmouth, 113; urges the im-

mediate occupation of Canada, 180 ; his
instructions to Arnold relative to his ex-
pedition to Quebec, 191 ; his address to
the Canadians, 191 ; his army at Cambridge
greatly need supplies, 217 ; complains to
Governor Trumbull of the desertion of
Connecticut soldiers, 219; enlists a new
army, and continues the siege of Boston,
219; his ceaseless vigilance, 219; his in-
dignation at the proceedings of Dunmore
in Virginia, 224, 225, 232; allows free
negroes to enlist in his arm}', 233 ; is sadly
in want of money, 233 ; and in want of
suitable implements of war, 234; yet Con-
gress are impatient that he accomplishes
so little, 234 a ; submits to a council of war
the question of an assault on Boston, 234 a ;
the officers advise against it, 234 b ; he
would have been glad to resign his com-
mission, but duty forbade, 2346; his mind
now fully made up for independence, 235 ;
destitute" condition of his army, 291 ; he
calls out militia, 291 ; plans an attack on
Boston, 292 ; takes possession of Dorchester
Heights, 293 ; his skilful preparations, 293 ;
his movements unperceived by the enemy,
294 ; is ready for an attack, 297; the enemy
fear to attack him, 297; takes possession
of Nook's Hill, 302; this compels a pre-
cipitate retreat of the British, 302 ; his army
enters Boston, 303 ; receives a hearty wel-
come, 303 ; orders troops to New York,
303; he attends the Thursday lecture,
304 ; address to him of the Massachusetts
legislature, 304 ; Congress vote him a com-
memorative medal, 304; he complains to
Congress of the policy of short enlistments,
315; at New York, 356; is fully for inde-
pendence, 384 ; his army greatly weakened
by detachments sent to re-enforce the north-
ern army, 421, 422 ; is left with a small
force, 422 ; and in great want, 422 ; amount
of his force in June, 1776, 440, 450 ; Tryon's
conspiracy against him, 441 ; Washington's
trust in Providence, 442 ; will not hold
intercourse with Lord Howe as a private
person, ix. 39, 41, 42 ; will not accept par-
don, 42 ; proposes an exchange of prisoners,
45 ; Gates claims to be his equal, 58 ; Wash-
ington's public spirit, 59 ; is surrounded by
incompetent generals, 78, 334 ; Congress
too ready to take affairs out of his hands,
78, 334 ; few men on whom he can rely,
78, 79; force at his command in August,
1776, 80; repairs to Long Island, 89; his
anguish at the slaughter of brave men, 94 ;
his sleepless vigilance and activity, 98, 99,
101, 104; his soldiers confide in 'him, 99;
perceives the danger of his troops, and
determines on a retreat, 101 ; the proposal
unanimously approved, 103 ; the retreat
effected without loss, 103, 104 ; Washing-
ton the last to leave Brooklyn, 104; his
wonderful power of secrecy, 107 ; the re-
treat his own measure, 107 ; he represents
to Congress the condition of his army, 109,
110; tells them the city of New York must
be abandoned, 110 ; is 'overruled in opinion

736

GENERAL INDEX.

by his officers, 113; he explains to Con-
gress why New York cannot be defended,
114, 115; his able argument, 114, 115;
Congress yields, 115, 110 ; he is fired on
by the Hessians, 118 ; removes his stores
and artillery, 119 ; landing of British troops,
119 ; shameful flight of the Americans, 119 ;
Washington's example of courage, 120 ; is
exposed to death or capture, 119, 120; his
perfect self-possession, 122 ; did not lose
his temper, 124 ; takes a strong position at
Harlem Heights, 128, 165; condemns the
practice of trusting to militia, 137; his
representations to Congress on the subject
disregarded, 138 ; his trust in the people,
138; his renewed expostulations with Con-
gress about an efficient army, 173; British
ships ascend the Hudson, 174; British
troops land at Frog's Neck, 175 ; his com-
munications threatened, 175 ; takes meas-
ures to secure them, 175 ; evacuates New
York Island, 175; holds a council of war,
176 ; secures his rear at White Plains, 179 ;
Howe does not venture to attack him, 180,
183; strengthens his position, 183; sees
the danger of Fort Washington, and wishes
to have it evacuated, 185; his instructions
to Greene, 18G; Greene disregards his in-
tentions, 188; Congress interferes with his
movements, 188 ; a great disaster in conse-
quence, 190-193; his instructions to Lee,
186; Lee disregards them, 187, 196, 197,
203, 206 ; examines the Highlands, and
determines to fortify, them, 187 ; is not
seconded by his generals, 187 ; his great
grief at this, 188, 193 ; crosses the Hudson
into New Jersey, 187 ; his army melts
away, 195 ; he crosses the Passaic, 196 ; at
Newark, 196; at Brunswick, 198; at
Princeton and Trenton, 201 ; retreats be-
yond the Delaware, 202 ; he does not de-
spair, 198, 201 ; his daily orders to Lee to
join him are disregarded, 194, 198, 200,
202, 204; Lee misrepresents and denounces
Washington, 205, 207, 209; Washington
sees one of Lee's letters, 206 ; his difficul-
ties, 217; his fortitude in meeting them,
217 ; his trust in God, 218 ; he resolves on
a bold stroke, 218; often blamed, 218,
note; vindicated, 218, note; secures all the
boats, 202, 219; proposes a reform in the
army, 219, et seq. ; asks for power to enlist
men, 220 ; his army on the eve of dissolu-
tion, 220, 221 ;• remonstrates with Congress,
220-222 ; proposes an army of the United
States, 223 ; preparations for crossing the
Delaware, 223 ; amount of his force, 223,
note ; his watchword, 224 ; crosses the
Delaware in a night of terrible severity,
231 ; attack on the Hessians at Trenton,
232, 233 ; his horse is wounded, 234 ; sur-
render of the Hessians, 234 ; the Amer-
icans lose not one man, 235 ; effect of the
victory, 235 ; Washington's feelings at this
great success, 234 ; Congress confer on him
power to enlist an army, 238 ; they do not
make him a dictator, 238 ; he again crosses
the Delaware, and takes post at Trenton,

240 ; the eastern regiments agree to remain
with him, 240 ; to pay the troops he pledges
his own fortune, 241 ; his letter on New
Year's Day, 1777, 242 ; concentrates his
forces at Trenton, 243 ; ins night march to
Princeton, 246, 247; his plan of operations
for delivering New Jersey, 240, 246 ; arrives
at Princeton, 247 ; hattle of Princeton,
248, 249 ; exposes himself to great danger,
249 ; his complete success, 249, 250 ; en-
camps at Morristown, 252 ; his proclama-
tion to all who had accepted British pro-
tection, 253; contidence reposed in him by
his army and the people, 255; jealousy of
him in Congress, 255 ; weakness of his
army, 334 ; advises a draft, 334 ; relies on
New England militia, 335 ; surrounded by
unworthy officers, 337; Congress enlarges
his powers, 338 ; helplessness of Congress,
338 ; his opinion of Mount Independence,
opposite Ticonderoga, 340 ; his unselfish
zeal and untiring patriotism, 343 ; bears
unjust reproach with meekness and dig-
nity, 344 ; advances to Middlebrook, 351 ;
his immovable fortitude at Middlebrook
saves his country, 352 ; by his calm self-
possession he utterly baffles a powerful
enemy, 352-354 ; advances to Quibbletown,
355 ; retires to Middlebrook, 356 ; his
watchfulness over the northern depart-
ment, 374 ; sends re-enforcements and
generals to the northern army, 374 ; writes
to New England for re-enforcements for
that army, 374 ; writes to encourage
Schuyler, 375 ; predicts that the success
of Burgoyne will be but temporary, 375 ;
writes to the council of New York, 375 ; is
slighted and neglected by Congress, 388 ;
his effective force in August, 1777, 393 ;
marches through Philadelphia, 393 ; reaches
Wilmington, 393 ; disappoints a plan of
the enemy, 394 ; prepares to dispute the
passage of the Bnmdywine, 395 ; his orders
to Sullivan are disobeyed, 396; rout of the
right wing, 397; checks the retreat of the
fugitives, 398; the final encounter, 399;
calls on Putnam and Gates for re-enforce-
ments, 403 ; frustrates the purpose of
Howe, 404; determines to attack Howe at
Germantown. 423, 424 ; his plan of attack,
424; the attack fails, 428; Washington's
personal prowess and danger, 428 ; the
retreat well conducted, 428 ; why victory
was lost, 428; encamps at Whiteir.arsh,
453 ; no serious action ensues, 454 ; Howe
fears to attack him, 454 ; the Conway
cabal, 454, et seq. ; Washington goes into
winter quarters at Valley Forge, 458 ; con-
dition of his army, 458: sufferings of the
troops, 458, 459 ; his reply to the Pennsyl-
vania remonstrance, 459, 460 ; his remon-
strance to Congress, 461 ; is unwilling to
seize provisions or clothing, 461 ; suffers
exquisite pain from the efforts of concealed
enemies, 463 ; his noble letter to the his-
torian Gordon, 463 ; his calm dignity over-
awes his enemies, 464 ; Conway and others
exonerate him, 464 ; the majority of Con-

GENERAL INDEX.

737

gress his friends, 465 ; sad condition of his
army from the neglect of Congress, 4G5 ;
advises drafts from the militia, 468; Con-
gress jealous of him and of the army, 470 ;
endeavors to allay the existing jealousy,
471 ; speaks warmly in praise of the army,
471 ; will be content with no terms from
England short of independence, 498 ; at
the battle of Monmouth, x. 129, et seq:
thinks Charleston not defensible, 303; his
opinion slighted by Congress, 316; his views
on slavery, 358; meets Kochambeau at Hart-
ford, 382, 386; at Wetherslield, 503; visits
"West Point. 389; his great influence, 403;
favors a confederation of the states, 408, 409 ;
perceives the defects of the existing confed
eration, 422; his picture of the distresses of
the country, 414, 418, 425; wants a stronger
government, 414, 415; marches with the
combined American and French army to
the Chesapeake, 513; excellent spirit of
the army, 513; thoroughly outmanoeuvres
Clinton, 513; with Rochambeau visits home
at Mount Vernon, 516; visits the French
fleet, 516; siege of Yorktown, 518, et seq;
surrender of Cornwallis, 522; his opinion
of Greene, 457; his encomium on the
younger Laurens, 565; his immense
popularity, 460.

"Washington, Captain "William, at the battle
of Trenton, ix. 2 30; is wounded there, 233;
is sent to the aid of Gates in South Caro-
lina, x. 316; commands a body of mounted
riflemen, 461. 463 ; of cavalrv, 476, 478 ; at
the battle of Hobkirk's Hill, 487 ; at Eutaw
Springs, 493; is taken prisoner, 494.

Washington on the Delaware, ix. 231.

Washington, a district so named, ix. 164.

Washington, John, commands a body of
Virginians against the Indians, ii. 215.

"Watauga, Republic of, in Eastern Tennessee,
vi. 398-401 (see Orange County, Regula-
tors).

Watauga republicans m Tennessee, assist
Virginia in the Indian war, vii. 167.

Wataug.i and Holstein, the people on those
rivers adhere to the United Colonies, viii.
376.

Waterbury, Colonel, of Stamford in Connect-
icut, viii. 276, 277; his naval operations
on Lake Champlain, ix. 152, 155.

"Waterman, Nathaniel, of Boston, his visit
to the Romney frigate, vi. 155.

Watertown settled, i. 358* ; incorporated
359*; provincial congress there, vii. 323.

Watson, George, of Plymouth, a mandamus
councillor, resigns his commission, vii. 105.

Wayne Anthony, his early military ardor,
iv. 308; of Pennsylvania, sent to re-enforce
the army in Canada, viii. 422; his gal-
lantry at Three Rivers, 429, 430 ; commands
at Ticonderoga, ix. 157, 200 ; burns to go
to the assistance of "poor Washington"
in Jersey, 200: commands the left wing at
the battle of Brandy wine, 398; his en-
counter with Donop, 401; his rash confi-
dence, 402; commands a division at the
battle of Cermantown; 424; his impetuous

attack, 425; he is separated from Sullivan,
425; is compelled to retreat, 427; dispar-
ages Washington, 456; his rashness at
Green Springs, x. 508; too eager tor a light,
508; rescued from destruction by the
prompt action of Lafayette, 508; defeats
the British and Indians in Georgia, 563;
rescues that state from the hands of the
British, 563.

Weas, Indian tribe, friendly to the English,
iv. 79, 80.

Webb, Colonel, of Connecticut, at White
Plains, ix. 181; is with Washington in the
battle of Trenton, 230.

Webb, General, sails for New York, iv. 235;
his neglect of dutv, and cowardice, 237,
240; his pusillanimity 261, 264, 266.

Webster, Lieutenant-Colonel, commands
the British right wing at Camden, x. 321,
322; repulses an American force at Char-
lotte, N.C., 334; commands the British
left at Guilford, 477; receives a mortal
wound there, 478.

Webster, Pelatiah, his pamphlet, x. 424.

Wemyss, Major, defeated by Sumpter, x.
343, his ferocious cruelty, 343; is kindly
treated by his captors, 343.

Wentworth, Benning, governor of New
Hampshire, grants land in Vermont, iv.
74; complains of the spirit of liberty, 268.

Wentworth, John, governor of New Hamp-
shire, his sentiments on the controversy
between Britain and America, vi. 154, note ;
212 note.

West, explorations of the, vi. 297-302; its
colonization one of Franklin's great ob-
jects, 377; Washington there, 379; Daniel
Boon, and others, 380, et seq. ; its resist-
ance to British domination, 411, 412; emi-
gration rapidly extending thither, 505, 506.

West, Benjamin, the painter, his early mili-
tary ardor, iv. 308.

West, Vallev of the, possession taken of it,
iv. 74, 81,' 88, 89, 97, 101, 126, 167, 311,
361.

"Western armv " of backwoodsmen, under
Campbell, Shelby, &c, x. 336, 338.

Western lands to be formed into new states,
x. 413.

West Point, a plan for its surrender by
Arnold, x. 384; its fortifications described,
E<35 ; what they contained, 385 ; Washington
visits it, 389.

Wedderburn, Alexander, afterwards Earl of
Rosslyn and lord chancellor, contends in
Parliament for the right of binding the
colonies in all cases whatsoever, v. 417,
440; ridicules the Rockingham ministry,
vi. 10; declaims against the Grafton min-
istry, 232; in alliance with Burke, 357,
362; inveighs against Lord Hillsborough
and his policy 362; and against Lord
North, 389; becomes solicitor-general,
C"3J; his report concerning the burning'of
the "Gaspee," 441; is counsel before the
privy council for Hutchinson and Oliver,
492, 494; his philippic against Franklin,
495 ; his gross misstatements and blank

47

738

GENERAL INDEX.

falsehoods, 49G, 497 ; contrasted with Frank-
lin, 4'J(J; he finds treason in the conduct
ot some of the American patriots, 523 ; the
king's representation of him. 499: his legal
opinion in favor of despotism, vii. 58; his
memory dear to Canadian Catholics, 158;
he detends the policy pursued by the min-
istry, vii. 224; thinks the provincial con-
gress of Massachusetts guilty of treason,
-284; replies to Fox in Parliament, ix. 146.

Weedon, commands a brigade at the battle
of Brandy wine, ix. 398.

Welles, Henrv, of Boston, a "Son of Lib-
erty" in 1765, v. 310.

Weniworth, Thomas, Earl of Strafford (see
Strafford, Earl of).

Wesley, John, the preacher to the poor, vii.
260; misapprehends the controversy of
Britain and her colonies, 260, 261; blames
the Americans, and defends the ministry,
261; protests against attempting to reduce
America by force of arms, 345.

Wesley, John and Charles, in Georgia, iii.
428 ; they fail there of success and return,
429.

West, Francis, governor of Virginia, i. 196 ;
admiral of New England, 326.

West, John, deputy-secretary of New Eng-
land under Andros, ii. 425; his rapacity,
426.

West, Joseph, agent for the proprietaries of
Carolina, ii. 166; favors the people, 184.

West, Thomas, often called Lord Ue la War,
or Delaware. See Delaware, Lord.

West brook. Colonel, leads an expedition to
Norridgewock, iii. 335, 336.

Westchester County in New York, the in-
habitants equally divided, viii. 274.

Western continent, its existence imagined in
early times, l. 6.

Western Wilderness described, v. 110; how
far occupied by the English, 110; in-
adequately garrisoned, 110.

Western World, the youth and power of the
human race to be there renewed, v. 269.

Western Vallev, population of in 1705, 338,
340.

Westminster elects Tories to Parliament in
1774, vii. 175.

Weston, Thomas, his plantation at Wey-
mouth, i. 318.

Wetherslield in Connecticut sends a strong
force to the scene of conflict near Boston,
vii. 316.

Wevman's " New York Gazette " quoted, v.
88, 88, 109, 116, 117, 120, 123, 171, 307.

Weymouth, George, ascends St. George's
river in Maine, i. 115; kidnaps five of the
natives, i. 115.

Weymouth, Lord, succeeds Conway in the
ministry, vi. 109, 326; desires war with
Spain, 387; resigns his place in the minis-
try, 388; opposes the repeal of the revenue
acts, 277; becomes secretary of state,
viii. 1G5.

Weymouth, Town of, Weston's colony there,
i. 318; Gorge's unsuccessful effort there,
326 ; the settlement revived, 338.

Whale fishery conceded to New England hy
Mr Grenville, and why, v. 184, 185.

Whalley, Edward, a regicide, comes to Amer-
ica, ii. 34; fruitless search made for him,
35.

Whately, Thomas, joint secretary of the
treasury, v. 105; his correspondence with
Hutchinson and others, vi. 69, 150, 155-
157, 161, 250, 253, note, 305, note, 307, 313,
435; these letters communicated to Gren-
ville, 435.

Whately, William, the banker, brother of
Thoaias, vi. 491; his duel with John
Temple, 492.

Wheelock, Eleazer, president of Dartmouth
College, vii. 279.

Wheelwright, John, sustains Mrs. Hutchinson,
i. 388; his fast-day sermon, 388; threatens
an appeal to England, 383; exiled, 391;
founds Exeter, 392; sentence of exile re-
scinded, 431.

Whig aristocracy in England, decline of its
power, iv. 1 63 ; their past services, 163 ;
leading men among them, 163, 1G4; im-
becility of the Newcastle administration,
164, 165; end of that administration, 247;
the Whig party, led by Newcastle, loses
power, 247; the Whig aristocracy cannot
govern England, 248; nor conquer Canada,
260-270; they compel Pitt to resign office,
408, 409; they are themselves driven from
office, 437; rupture with the king, 447.

Whig party in England, the old, its downfall,
vi. 23; it was divided, and thus lost its
ascendency, vi. 356, 357; it fought alike
against the prerogative and against the
people, 357; not friendly to relbrm, 357;
what became of it, x. 552.

Whigs, old, led by Edmund Burke, Lord
Mansfield, and others, found the new Tory
parly of England, v. 418.

Whipple, William, delegate in Congress from
New Hampshire, viii. 438.

Whitaker, Alexander, the apostle of Vir-
ginia, i. 144.

Wnitcomb, Colonel Asa, of Lancaster, in
Massachusetts, part of his regiment in the
battle of Bunker Hill, not there himself,
vii. 418.

White, Lev. John, of Dorchester, England, i.
339 ; suggests the permanent settlement of
New England, 339.

Whitefield, George, in Georgia, iii. 429 ;
founds the orphan house at Savannah,
429; pleads in favor of slavery, 448.

White Plains, battle of. ix. 178, el seq.

Whitgift, John, archbishop of Canterbury, i.
288; cruelly oppresses the Puritans, 288;
hates them," 294; dies, 296.

Whiting, Nathan, of New Haven, conducts
the retreat of Colonel Williams's regiment,
iv. 210.

Whiting, Samuel, agent of Connecticut in
England, iii. GG.

Wicklifie, John, his teaching and his trans-
lation of the New Testament led the way
to American freedom, ii. 456.

Wigglesworth, on Lake Champlain, ix. 155.

GENERAL INDEX.

739

"Wilford, Thomas, a leader of the insurrection
against Berkeley, ii. 230.

Wilkes, John, promises support to Pitt, iv\
275; inflames the public mind, 446; ar-
rested on a general warrant, and the cause,
v. 104, 105; set at liberty, 105; the king-
procures his expulsion from Parliament, vi.
148; four times elected as representative
of Middlesex, and four times expelled, 275;
in Parliament vindicates America, vii. 225;
with the alderman, as lord mayor, he com-
plains to the king of the arbitrary pro-
ceedings of ministers, 282; lord mayor of
London, his disrespect for George 111., viii.
144; says it is impossible to conquer Amer-
ica, ix. 142.

Wilkins. the British commandant in Illinois,
vi. 224; his venality, 225.

Wilkinson, James, the bearer of a message
from Gates to Lee, ix. 209; a sycophant
and a babbler, 455 ; is made a brigadier by
( 'ongress, 455.

Willard, John, accused of witchcraft, con-
victed, and executed, iii. 91.

"Willard, of Lancaster, Massachusetts, a man-
damus councillor, resigns his commission,
vii. 105; his answer to Gage's inquiry
about Prescott, 411.

"Willard, Samuel, minister of the Old South
Church, Boston, his sermon, ii. 432.

Willard, Simon, settles in Concord, i. 382.

Willett, Colonel Marinus of New York, com-
mands at St. John's, Canada, viii. 201;
lieutenant-colonel, makes a successful sor-
tie from Fort Stanwix, ix. 370, 380.

"William III., his character, iii. 3; his ruling
passion, 4, 207; his death, 208; his policy
triumphant, 227; false to the liberty of the
seas, 230.

William and Mary College founded, iii. 25.

Williams, Colonel James, of Ninety Six, S.
C., avoids capture, x. 300; his persevering
loyalty to freedom, 330 ; routs a superior
British force, 331; commands a regiment
of mounted men in the battle of King's
Mountain, 336, 337; is killed there, 339.

Williams, David, one of the captors of Andre,
x. 387; his reward, 395.

Williams, Ephraim, colonel, makes a bequest
to found a free school, iv. 209 ; sent to re-
lieve Fort Edward, 210; falls into an am-
buscade and is slain, 210.

Williams, Eunice, of Deerfield, killed by the
Indians, iii. 213.

Williams, John, of Deerfield, Mass., a cap-
tive among the Indians, iii. 213; piety of
his wife, and her death, 213; his daughter
remains among the Mohawks, 214.

Williams, Jonathan, moderator of an im-
mense meeting at the Old South Church in
Boston, vi. 478.

Williams, Otho Holland, lieutenant of a
Maryland company in the army near Bos-
ton, viii. 64; at Fort Washington, ix. 190;
is wounded 192; his thoughtless advice, x.
322; renders good service at Guilford court-
house, 472, 473; his gallant conduct at
Eutaw Springs, 493.

Williams, Roger, arrives in Boston, i. 361;
his earlier history, 361*; goes to Plym-
outh, 362; settles at Salem, 369; com-
plaints against him, 369; will hold no
communion with the Church of Eng-
land, 369; is for restraining the power of
magistrates to civil affairs, 370; contro-
versy on the subject, 370; the breach wid-
ened, 373; he appeals to the people against
the magistrates, 374; asserts the doctrine
of intellectual and religious freedom, 375;
compared with Jeremy Taylor, 376; is
banished the jurisdiction, 377: retires
among the Indians, 378; the founder of
Rhode Island, 3b0; his magnanimity, 381;
persuades the Narragansetts not to unite
with the Pequods, 398; goes to England,
425; obtains a charter for Rhode Island,
425; welcomed on his return, 428; again
goes to England and procures a new char-
ter, 427.

Williams, William, of Lebanon in Connect-
icut, his patriotic words, vi. 166, 167.

Williams of Hatlield, a mandamus councillor,
is compelled to ask forgiveness, vii. 103,
111.

W'illiamsburg in Virginia, gunpowder seized
at, vii. 275; Dunmore threatens to lay it
in ashes, 277.

Williamson repels the Cherokees, and de-
stroys their towns, ix. 162.

Willing, Thomas, president of the convention
of Pennsylvania, vii. 82; delegate to Con-
gress, 333; thwarts every step tending to
independence, 382; of Philadelphia, op-
poses the idea of independence, viii. 72, 315.

Willoughby, Francis, deputy governor of
Massachusetts, counsels resistance to the
king's demands, ii. 88; dies, 92.

Willoughby, Sir Hugh, attempts a north-east
passage to China, i. 78; his whole company
perish, 78.

Will's Creek, now Cumberland, Md., iv. 76;
road over the mountains here opened, 106;
on Braddock's march, 185.

Wilmington, in North Carolina, sends a
handsome donation to Boston in 1774, vii.
73.

Wilson, James, delegate from Pennsylvania
to the continental congress, vii. 333; dele-
gate in Congress, viii. 233, 315; is opposed
to independence, 242,320; his failure, 313;
he favors opening the ports of the united
colonies, 313 ; opposes a preamble in-
volving independence, 369; opposes the
Declaration of Independence, 390, 391 ;
being now authorized by his constituents,
he argues in favor of independence, 456;
thinks slaves ought to be taxed, ix. 52; in
debate, 53, 56.

WTilson, John, first minister of Boston, i. 359;
visits England, 361; visits Plymouth, 364;
harangues the people from a tree on elec-
tion day, 389; chaplain in the Pequod war,
401 ; bis death, ii. 92.

Wilson, Jonathan, captain of the Bedford
minute-men at Concord, vii. 2J9; he is
slain, 305.

740

GENERAL INDEX.

Windham, iri Connecticut, sends provisions
to Boston in 1774, vii. 73.

Wingrield, Edward Maria, aids in the col-
onization of Virginia, i. 118; president of
Virginia, 125; deposed, 127.

Winnebagoes, iii. 213.

Winslow, Edward, his account of the depart-
ure of the Pilgrims from Holland, i. 307;
agent in England for Massachusetts, 412.

Winslow, General John, of Marshfield, super-
intends the removal of the Acadians, iv.
202.

Winslow, Josiah, his successful winter cam-
paign against the Narragansetts, ii. 105.

Winston Major, at King's Mountain, x. 337.

Winthrop, b'itz-John, goes to England as
agent of Connecticut, iii. 67 ; governor of
that colony, 08.

Winthrop, John, the elder, chosen governor
of Massachusetts, i. 353; his character,
355 ; his self-denial, 358*; visits Plymouth,
304; again chosen governor, 380; left out
of office, 433; his impeachment, trial, and
triumphant acquittal, 436 ; is weary of
banishing heretics, 449.

pin throp, John, the younger, i. 305; his
tolerant spirit, 449, 453; his exalted char-
acter, ii- 52-54; obtains a charter for Con-
necticut, 54; fourteen years her governor,
55; accompanies the English squadron to
the conquest of New Netherland, 314.

Wisconsin traversed by Jesuit missionaries,
iii. 155, 157; visited by Hennepin, 166;
and by Le Sueur, 204.

Wise, John, minister of Ipswich, Mass., ad-
vises resistance to arbitrary taxation, ii 427.

Witchcraft, law against, in Massachusetts,
i. 418; first and last trial for in Pennsyl-
vania, ii. 391.

Witchcraft delusion in Massachusetts, iii. 73;
'a belief in it general, 73; how to be ac-
counted for, 73; the Goodwin children, 75;
the devils well skilled in languages, 76;
Cotton Mather's sermon, 77; its influence,
78; appears in Salem village, 84; the re-
sponsibility rests on a very few people, 88;
advice of'the ministers, 89; executions,
88, 90, et seq. ; no mercy shown, 94; favor
shown to friends and to accusers, 94;
Cotton Mather's "Wonders of the Invisi-
ble World," 95; the minister and people
ofAndover remonstrate against the witch
trials. 95, 96; acquittal of accused persons,
96; witchcraft in Boston, 97; Robert Calef,
97; the delusion over, 98; the common
mind vindicated, 99.

Witherspoon, John, of New Jersey, a staunch
patriot, vii. 83; president of the college at
Princeton, viii. 442; his great character,
442; member of the provincial congress of
New Jersey, 442; as a member of the con-
tinental congress, argues for independence,
457 ; in Congress, ix. 52, 53 : opposes the
conference proposed by Lord Howe, 112;
teaches .Madison the great lesson of perfect
liberty of conscience, 278; a member of
Congress, proposes to vest in that body the
power to regulate commerce, x. 419.

Woburn, in that town Adams and Hancock
take refuge, vii. 202; a Woburn man slain
at Lexington, 204 ; men from Woburn
join in pursuit of the British, 305.

Wolcott, (Oliver, in Congress, viii. 315.

Wolfe, General James, sent to America as
second in command to Amherst, ii. 294;
his success at Louisburg, 205; appointed
to command on the St. Lawrence, 310;
ascends that river, 324, 325; amount of his
force, 324; lands on the Isle of Orleans,
325; oners battle and is repulsed, 328, 329;
his poor health, 330; his despondency,
331; lands on the north 'shore, 333; the
battle on the Plains of Abraham, 335;
death of Wolfe, 330.

Woodtbrd, William, colonel of a Virginia
regiment at Hampton, viii. 221; he repels
the enemy, 222; he routs the British at
Great Bridge, 226, 227; commands a bri-
gade at Germantown, ix. 427.

Woodhull, Nathaniel, president of the New
Yoik convention, ix. 33, 34 ; is a brigadier-
general on Long Island, 85; after being
captured, is mercilessly slain by a Tory
officer, 100.

Wollaston, Mount, plantation at, i. 338, 341.

Women sent from England to Virginia for
wives as a commercial speculation, i. 157;
the price paid in tobacco, 157.

Woods, Major Henry, in Prescott's regiment,
in the redoubt on Breed's Hill, vii 42o.

Woolman, John, of New Jersey, iv. 142, 143;
a Quaker, opposed to slavery, his great
benevolence, 142, et seq.

Woolwich, in Maine, its response to the
Boston circular, vi 430.

Wooster, David, of Connecticut, elected brig-
adier-general, viii. 31; his character, 31;
joins Montgomery at St. John's, Canada,
187; left by him in command at Montreal,
201; after "the fall of Montgomery, he has
chief command in Canada, 415; applies for
re-enforcements and supplies, 416 ; he is re-
enforced, 416; his character as commander,
419; brave, but not sufficiently prudent,
419; takes command of the troops around
Quebec, 420; his batteries are light, and do
no harm, 420; he is superseded in the com-
mand by Thomas, 423; his brave conduct
at liidgefield. Connecticut, ix. 347; is mor-
tally wounded there, 347.

Worcester County, in Massachusetts, has a
county congress; it disclaims the jurisdic-
tion of Parliament, vii. 100; the militia rise
in a mass and march towards Boston, vii.
120; the court interrupted, 122; a com-
mittee of ths county remonstrate with
Gage, 154; its military organization, 137;
Worcester men under Brown and Whit-
comb fought on Bunker Hill, 418.

Worcester in Massachusetts, the people pre-
pare armed resistance to British troops if
sent among them, vii. 103 ; a great meet-
ing there, 104.
Worthington of Springfield, resigns his com-
mission as mandamus councillor, vii. 103,
111.

GENERAL INDEX.

741

Wright, Sir James, governor of Georgia, sup-
ports the views of the British ministry, vi.
68; infringes the privileges of the assem-
bly, 409; is for conciliation, viii. 83; is
made prisoner bv the people, but escapes,
245, 240.

"Writs of Assistance," their legality doubt-
ed, iv. 378 ; trial before Chief Justice Hutch-
inson, 414, et seq.; argument of James Otis
against them, 415, 41(3; the effect, 417, 418;
the beginning of the revolution, 414, 418;
not warranted bj' law, vi. 72 ; opinion of
the English attorney and solicitor-general
of England to 'this effect, 72, note; they
are legalized by act of Parliament. 84.

Wsselinx, William, proposes a Dutch West
India company, ii. 201 ; and a Swedish
West India company, 284.

Wurtembcrg, Duke of, offers to furnish re-
cruits for the British army, ix. 318; his
inability to supply them, 318; the treaty
fails, 475.

Wyandots, or Huron Iroquois, where located,
iii. 243, 244; visited by Gist, iv. 77; at
Carlisle, 108; combine with other Indians
to expel the English in Pontiac's war, v.
112, 110; attack Port Pitt, 129.

Wyatt, Sir Prancis, governor of Virginia, i.
158, 178; retires from office, 195; reap-
pointed governor, 202.

Wyly, Samuel, cruel treatment of, x. 310.

Wyllys, Samuel, of Connecticut, with others,
plans the capture of Tieonderoga, vii. 338.

Wyoming, Vallev of, settled, v. 105, vi. 298,
506.

Wythe, George, tries to moderate the patri-
otic zeal of Virginia, v. 270 ; delegate to
Congress from Virginia, addresses the as-
sembly of New Jersey, viii. 215; one of a
committee on enlisting colored men, 233 ;
in favor of independence, 242, 315 ; his
excellent character. 314; an important res-
olution offered by him, 314, 319 ; the reso-
lution carried, 320 ; assists in framing the
constitution of Virginia, 430, ix. 59.

Y.

Yamassee tribe of Indians, iii. 251 ; make war
on the English settlements, 320; cruelties
practised bv them, 327; defeated and
driven into Florida, 328, 422.

Yarmouth, Lad}', mistress of George II., iv.
98; the ministers dependent on her good-
will, 98, 240; Pitt waits on her, 247.

Yeamans, Sir John, governor of North Caro-
lina, ii. 137 ; a landgrave, 108 ; introduces
negro slaves into South Carolina, 170; a
sordid calculator, 184.

Yeardley, Sir George, governor of Virginia,
i. 153; his beneficent administration, 154;

his second administration, 195 ; his death,
196.

Yellow Creek, in Virginia, murders of In-
dians by whites committed there, vii.
165.

York, in Maine, attacked by Indians, iii.
186.

Yorke, Charles, on the side of prerogative,
iv. 230, 373.

Yorke, Charles, resigns office, v. 168; his
equivocal position, 108; though a Whig,
speaks against the claim of privilege, 169;
desires office, but is slighted by Grenville,
171 ; his elaborate speech in favor of tax-
ing America, 240; attorney-general under
the Rockingham administration, 301; in-
sists on the right to tax America, 305; re-
fuses the position of lord-chancellor, vi.
324; dies by his own hand, 325.

Yorke, Philip, iv. 33 (see Hardwicke, Earl

of)-

Yorke, Sir Joseph, British minister at the
Hague, viii. 20, 101 ; his opinion of Charles
Lee, 26; thinks George III. may obtain
troops from Germany, 148 ; ambassador of
England at the Hague, ix. 292 ; his haughty,
insulting language, 293, 290, note ; is pres-
ent at tlie embarkation of German troops
for America, 317 ; his opinion of General
Charles Lee, 331 ; British minister to the
Dutch republic, x. 430, 431 ; his interview
with the stadtholder, 435; leaves the
Hague, 438.

Yorktown, Virginia, description of, x. 511 ;
occupied by Cornwallis, 511 ; its fortifica-
tions, 517 ; the place invested by the com-
bined French and American army, 518 ;
progress of the siege, 518, et seq. ; the out-
works taken, 519, 520 ; the surrender, 522 ;
amount and quality of the force surren-
dered, 522 ; the American force employed
in the siege, 523 ; the French force, 523 ;
the news reaches England and France, 524;
effect in each country, 524.

Young, Thomas, at the meeting in the Old
South Church, Boston, vi. 478 ; proposes
to throw the tea overboard, 478; addresses
the meeting, 485.

Zealand unites with Holland in demanding

freedom, ii. 258.
Zenger, John Peter, prints a paper in defence

of popular libertv, iii. 393; imprisoned,

393 ; acquitted, 393.
Zinzcndorf, Count, among the Indians, vii.

166.
Zubly, delegate in Congress from Georgia,

denounces a republic, viii. 141 ; flees to the

royal standard, 141.

Cambridge : Pres3 of John Wilson & Son.

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