History of western Iowa, its settlement and growth. A comprehensive compilation of progressive events concerning the counties, cities, towns, and villages--biographical sketches of the pioneers and business men, with an authentic history of the state of Iowa

1

1

■-■{{./■■■]-. [-:■

k

-1

i

k

umkm^atk

Gc

^11 .1
H621h
1590179

GENEALOGY CCL-L.ECT10N

ALLEN COUNTY PUBLIC LIBRARY

3 1833 01080 9058

HISTORY

ESTERN IOWA

Its Settlement and Growth,

A COMPREHENSIVE COMPILATION OF PROGRESSIVE EVENTS CONCERNING
THE COUNTIES, CITIES, TOWNS AND VILLAGES — BIOGRAPH-
ICAL SKETCHES OF THE PIONEERS AND BUSI-
NESS MEN, WITH AN AUTHENTIC

/H^l^ HISTORY OF THE STATE OF IOWA.

SIOUX CITY:
Western Publishing Company.

1882.

I

Daily Journal Steam Print, t>«^
^^ Sioux City, Iowa. ®r

1590179

PREFACE,

;^T^EW entei'prises are more liable to misunderstanding than a work of this char
plj^ acter. The main trouble arises from confounding it with books in general.
^^TH) A large, elegantly-bound volume— maybe a History of the World, or of
some particular Nation, or embracing a scope of interest to a very consideraljle
portion of mankind, in the gathering of material for which the continuous time
and labor of but one person have been employed, and the sales of which are
equally extensive and continuous with the vei-y. general and comprehensive na-
ture of the whole — such a volume,-we say, finds purchasers at so low a price as
to make that asked for a work of the kind herewith presented seem dispropor-
tionately large.

Perhaps it is a work of fiction that is offered the purchasing public. Very
well; the "Novel" is sumptuously bound, artistically illustrated, and contains a
great number of closely printed pages; yet its price per copy is even less than
that for which the Publishers offer their History of Western Iowa. Hence,
not infrequently individuals leap untliinkingly to inadequate and necessarily
hasty conclusions, such as, that the price asked is exorbitant, and so on, for
quantity. Such a mode of overleaping reasonableness naturally leads to de-
preciation of the enterprise, and per consequence, many highly creditable works,
having begun their career with a "damning by faint praise," have ended it m
unthinking condemnation.

Now, it is not the intention to argue or philosophize. We herewith present
the results of half a year's diligent labor, which has occupied the entire time and at-
tention of a number of competent men — labor not of the most inviting kind, but
of a sort akin to drudgery. And not only time and work, but money also to a
not inconsiderable amount, has been expended. The Publishers ask you to re-
member that the History of Western Iowa has been compiled for ijou; that
its sales are limited almost wholly to that portion of country the facts concern-
ing which it recounts ; that, were it possible to send the books broadcast over
the country, and sell them in every city, village and hamlet, the selling price
could, and would, be proportionately reduced. The work is intended mainly for
home consumption; the expense is large, the sales disproportionately small. In
presenting this work to the citizens of Western Iowa, we do so at the very low-
est possible margin of profit, and that, even, problematic.

With these remarks, we trust we have established relations of friendly un-
derstanding with every candid patron. The nature and plan of the work were
fully ex A.iined in the Prospectus, to the promises of which we have endeav-
ored strictly to adhere. There are errors, 'of course; no book was ever published

6 PKEFACE.

that did not contain errors. These are most likely, in this instance, to occur in
the Biographical Departments of the work. The persons approached by a mem-
ber of the Publishing Staff in many instances themselves unintentionally give
incorrect information; the historian has no other means of knowing, and so,
trusting to the accuracy of the informant — especially as the matter sought is of
personal concern to the informant himself— he "makes a note" of it, and trans-
cribes it for the History. Hence, patrons should judge leniently concerning
such errors as may appear; for, in both the matter ot compiling and printing, .
no pains have been spai'ed to insure the strictest accuracy.

It goes without the saying, that it is not to the interest of either the Pub-
lishers or their employes to pervert the facts in any case to the help or hurt of
any one.

And so, asking only a recognition of the difficulties, risk and unavoidable
obstacles in the way of such an undertaking, we launch the History of West-
ern Iowa upon the sea of popular favor, confident that it will meet with a
reception in some degree commensurate to its merits.

Very RespectfaUy,

THE PUBLISHERS.
March, 1882.

CONTENTS.

Wage.

Early History of Iowa 9

Indian Wars 23

Indian Purchases, Reserves

and Treaties 32

Territorial History 49

State Orp^anization 59

Agricultural College 66

State University 67

State Historical Society 72

Penal Institutions 73

Insane Asylum 74

BUnd Asylums 75

Deaf and Dumb Institute 76

Soldiers' Orphans' Homes 77

State Normal School 78

Asylum for Feeble-Minded 79

Reform School 80

Fish Hatchery 81

Public Lands 82

School System 99

Political Record 104

War Record 110

Abstracts of Iowa Laws 117

Rules for Everyday Use 149

Population of Iowa 156

Population of United States 158

Geological and Physical Features . 159

Woodbury County 175

Sioux City 181

Sloan 214

Sioux City Biographies 217

Sloan Biographies 241

Monona County 243

Onawa 248

Mapleton 252

Whiting 255

Page.

Onawa Biographies 255

Mapleton Biographies 257

Whiting Biographies 259

Cherokee County 260

Cherokee 267

Marcus 274

Cherokee Biographies 276

Marcus Biographies 283

Harrison County 285

Mondamin 290

River Sioux 293

Woodbine 295

Modale 298

Dunlap 301

Little Sioux 306

Missouri Valley

Logan 314

County Details 319

Missouri Valley Biographies. 322

Logan Biographies 328

Mondamin Biographies. ...337

Modale Biographies 339

Little Sioux Biograpiiies 340

Woodbine Biographies 343

Dunlap Biographies 347

Magnolia Biographies 354

River Sioux Biographies 355

O'Brien County 856

Primghar 357

Sheldon 859

Sanborn 863

Hartley 365

Sheldon Biographies 366

Primghar Biographies 869

Hartley Biographies 372

Sanborn Biographies 373

C0NTEKT8.

Page

Osceola County 377

Sibley 378

Ashtx)n 382

Sibley Biographies 382

Plymouth County 387

LeMars 388

LeMars Biographies 395

Shelby County 403

Harlan 405

Harlan Biographies 414

. Clay County 430

Spencer 431

Spencer Biographies 436

BuENA Vista County 440

Storm Lake..., 442

Sioux Rapids 448

Alta 450

Newell 452

Storm Lake Biographies 454

Alta Biogi-aphies 460

Newell Biographies 461

Crawford County 465

Denison 470

Vail 476

West Side 480.

Dow City 483

Page

Denison Biographies 487

Vail Biographies 492

West Side Biographies 496

Dow City Biographies 497

Carroll County 499

Carroll City 503

Arcadia 508

Glidden 512

Carroll City Biographies 514

Arcadia Biographies 518

Glidden Biographies 519

Sac County 522

Sac City 528

Odebolt 531

Wall Lake 534

Fletcher 536

Sac City Biographies 538

Odebolt Biographies 547

Wall Lake Biographies 553

Fletcher Biographies 655

1 DA County 557

Ida Grove 558

Battle Creek 663

Ida Grove Biographies 565

Battle Creek Biographies . . . 568

History of Iowa.

DISCOVERY AND OCCUPATION.

The name Iowa is said to signify "The Beautiful Land," and
was applied to this magnificent and fruitful region by its ancient
owners, to expjfess their appreciation of its superiority of climate^
soil and location. Prior to 1803, the Mississippi River was the
extreme western boundary of the United States. All the great
empire lying west of the " Father of Waters," from the Gulf of
Mexico on the south to British America on the north^ and west-
ward to the Pacific Ocean, was a Spanish province. A brief
historical sketch of the discovery and occupation of this great
empire by the Spanish and French governments will be a fitting
introduction to the history of the young and thriving State of
Iowa, which, until the commencement of the present century, was
a part of the Spanish possessions in America.

Early in the Spring of 1542, Ferdinand DeSoto discovered the
mouth of the Mississippi River at the mouth of the Washita.
After the sudden death of DeSoto, in May of the same year, his
followers built a small vessel, and in July, 1543, descended the
great river to the Gulf of Mexico.

In accordance with the usage of nations, under which title to
the soil was claimed by right of discovery, Spain, having con-
quered Florida and discovered the Mississippi, claimed all the
territory bordering on that river and the Gulf of Mexico. But it
was also held by the European nations that, while discovery gave
title, that title must be perfected by actual possession and occupation.
Although Spain claimed the territory by right of first discovery,
she made no efi'ort to occupy it; by no permanent settlement had
she perfected and held her title, and therefore had forfeited it
when, at a later period, the Lower Mississippi Valley was re-
discovered and occupied by France.

The labors of the zealous French Jesuits of Canada in penetrat-
ing the unknown region of the West, commencing in 1611, form
a history of no ordinary interest, but have no particular connec-
tion with the scope of the present work, until in the Fall of 1665.
Pierre Claude Allouez, who had entered Lake Superior in Septem-
ber, and sailed along the southern coast in search of copper, had
arrived at the great village of the Chippewtis at Chegoincegon.
Here a grand council of some ten or twelve of the principal Indian
nations was held. The Pottawatomies of Lake Michigan, the
Sacs and Foxes of the West, the Hurons froii the North, the

10 HIS TORY OF IOWA.

Illinois from the South, and the Sioux from the land of the
prairie and wild rice, were all assembled there. The Illinois told
the story of their ancient glory and about the noble river on the
banks of which they dwelt. The Sioux also told their white
brother of the same great river, and AUouez promised to the
assembled tribes the protection of the French nation against all
their enemies, native or foreign.

The purpose of discovering the great river about which the
Indian nations had given such glowing accounts, appears to have
originated with Marquette, in 1669. In the year previous, he and
Claude Dablon had established the Mission of St. Mary's, the oldest
white settlement within the present limits of -the State of
Michigan. Marquette was delayed in the execution of his great
undertaking, and spent the interval in studying the language and
habits of the Illinois Indians, amoQg whom he expected to travel.

About this time the French Government had determined to
extend the Dominion of France to the extreme western borders of
Canada. Nicholas Perrot was sent as the agent of the govern-
ment, to propose a grand council of the Indian nations, at St.
Mary's.

When Perrot reached Green Bay, he extended the invitation far
and near; and, escorted by Pottawatomies, repaired on a mission
of peace and friendship to the Miamis, who occupied the region
about the present location of Chicago.

In May 1671, a great council of Indians gathered at the Falls
of St. Mary, from all parts of the northwest, from the head waters
of the St. Lawrence, from the valley of the Mississippi and from
the Red River of the North. Perrot met with them, and after
grave consultation, formally announced to the assembled nations
that their good French Father felt an abiding interest in their
welfare, and had placed them all under the powerful protection of
the French Government.

Marquette, during that same year, had gathered at Point St.
Ignace the remnants of one branch-of the Hurons. This station, for
a long series of years, was considered the key to the unknown West.

The time was now auspicious for the consummation of Mar-
quette's grand project. The successful termination of Perrot's
mission, and the general friendliness of the native tribes, rendered
the contemplated expedition much less perilous. But it was not
until 1673 that the intrepid and enthusiastic priest was finally
ready to depart on his daring and perilous journey to lanis never
trod by white men. Having implored the blessing of God upon
his undertaking, on the 13th day of May, 1673, with Joliet and
five Canadian-French voyageurs, or boatmen, he left the mission
on his daring journey. Ascending Green Bay and Fox River,
these bold and enthusiastic pioneers of religion and discovery pro-
ceeded until they reached a Miami and Kickapoo village, where
Marquette was delighted to find " a beautiful cross planted in the

HISTORY OF IOWA. 11

middle of the town, ornamented Avitli white skins, red girdles and
bows and arrows, which these good people had offered to the Great
Manitou, or God, to thank Him for the pity He had bestowed on
them during the winter,in having given them abundant chase." This
was the extreme point beyond which the explorations of the
French missionaries had not then extended. He called together
the principal men of the village, and informed them that his com-
panion, Joliet, had been sent by the French Governor of Canada to
discover new countries, to be added to the dominion of France;
but that he, himself, had been sent by the Most High God, to carry
the glorious religion of the Cross; and assured his wondering
hearers that on this mission he had no fear of death, to which he
knew he would be exposed on his perilous journeys.

Obtaining the services of two Miami guides, to conduct his
little band to the Wisconsin River, he left the hospitable Indians
on the 10th of June. Conducting them across the portage, their
Indian guides returned to their village, and the little party descended
the Wisconsin, to the great river which had so long been so
anxiously looked for, and boldly floated down its unknown waters.

On the 25th of June, the explorers discovered indications of
Indians on the west bank of the river, and landed a little above
the mouth of the river now known as Des Moines, and for the first
time Europeans trod the soil of Iowa. Leaving the Canadians to
guard the canoes, Marquette and Joliet boldly followed the trail
into the interior for fourteen miles (some authorities say six), to
an Indian village situated on the banks of a river, and discovered
two other villages, on the rising ground about half a league dis-
tant. Their visit, while it created much astonishment, did not
seem to be entirely unexpected, for there was a tradition or
prophecy among the Indians that white visitors were to come to
them. They were, therefore, received with great respect and
hospitality, and were cordially tendered the calumet or pipe of
peace. They were informed that this band was a part of the Illini
nation, and that their village was called Monin-gou-ma or
Moingona, which was the name of the river on which it stood.
This, from its similarity of sound, Marquette corrupted into Des
Moines (Monk's River), its present name.

Here the voyagers remained six days, learning much of the
manners and customs of their new friends. The new religion
they boldly preached, and the authority of the King of France they
proclaimed were received without hostility or remonstrance by their
savage entertainers. On their departure, they were accompanied
to their canoes by the chiefs and hundreds of warriors. Mar-
quette received from them the sacred calumet, the emblem of
peace and safeguard among the nations, and re-embarked for the
rest of his journey.

In 1682, LaSalle descended the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico
and in the name of the King of France took formal possession

12 HISTORY OF IOWA.

of all the immense region watered by the great river and its
tributaries from its source to its mouth, and named it Louisiana,
in honor of his master, Louis XIV. At the close of the seven-
teenth century, France claimed, by right of discovery and occu-
pancy, the whole valley of the Mississippi and its tributaries, in-
cluding Texas, as far as the Rio del Norte.

In 1719, Phillipe Francis Renault arrived in Illinois with twa
hundred miners and artisans. The war between France and Spain
at this time rendered it extremely probable that the Mississippi
Valley might become the theater of Spanish hostilities against the
French settlements; to prevent this, as well as to extend French
claims, a chain of forts was begun, to keep open the connection
between the mouth and the sources of the Mississippi. Fort Or-
leans, high up the Mississippi River, was erected as an outpost in
1720.

The Mississippi scheme was at the zenith of its power and glory
in January, 1720, but the gigantic bubble collapsed more suddenly
than it had been inflated, and the Company was declared hopelessly
bankrupt in May following. France was impoverished by it, both
private and public credit were overthrown, capitalists suddenly found
themselves paupers, and labor was left without employment. The
effect on the colony of Louisiana was disastrous.

While this was going on in Lower Louisiana the region about
the lakes Avas the theater of Indian hosti]ities,rendering the passage
from Canada to Louisiana extremely dangerous for many years. The
Englishhad not only extended their Indian trade into the vicinity o«f
the French settlements, but through their friends, the Iroquois, had
gained a marked ascendancy over the Foxes, a fierce and powerful
tribe, of Iroquois descent, whom they incited to hostilities against
the French. The Foxes began their hostilities with the siege of
Detroit in 1712, a siege which continued for nineteen consecutive
days, and although the expedition resulted in diminishing their num-
bers and humbling their pride, yet it was not until after several suc-
cessive campaigns, embodying the best military resources of New
France, had been directed against them, that they were finally de-
feated at the great battles of Butte des Morts, and on the Wiscon-
sin River, and driven west in 1746.

The Company, having found that the cost of defending Louisi-
ana exceeded the returns from its commerce, solicited leave to sur-
render the Mississippi wilderness to the home government. Ac-
cordingly, on the 10th of April, 1732, the jurisdiction and control
over the commerce reverted to the Crown of France. The Com-
pany had held possession of Louisiana fourteen years. In 1735,
Bienville returned to assume command for the King.

A glance at a few of the old French settlements will show the
progress made in portions of Louisiana during the early part of
the eighteenth century. As early as 1705, traders and hunters had
penetrated the fertile regions of the Wabash, and from this region,

HISTORY OF IOWA. 13

at that early date, fifteen thousand hides and skins had been col-
lected and sent to Mobile for the European market.

In the year 1716, the French pojiulation on the Wabash kept up
a lucrative commerce with Mobile by means of traders and voyag-
eurs. The Ohio river was comparatively unknown.

In 171:6, agriculture on the Wabash had attained to greater pros-
perity than in any of the French settlements besides, and in that
year six hundred barrels of flour were manufactured and shipped to
New Orleans, together with considerable quantities of hide, peltry,
tallow and beeswax.

In the Illinois country, also, considerable settlements had been
made, so that, in 1730, they embraced one hundred and forty French
families, about six hundred "converted Indians," and many trad-
ers and voyageurs.

In 1753, the first actual conflict arose between Louisiana and the
Atlantic colonies. From the earliest advent of the Jesuit fathers,
up to the period of which we speak, the great ambition of the
French had been, not alone to preserve their possessions in the
West, but by every possible means to prevent the slightest attempt
of the English, east of the mountains, to extend their settlements
toward the Mississippi. France was resolved on retaining posses-
sion of the great territory which her missionaries had discovered
and revealed to the world, French commandants had avowed their
intention of seizing every Englishman within the Ohio Valley.

The colonies of Pennsylvania, New York and Virginia were most
affected by the encroachments of France in the extension of her
dominion; and particularly in the great scheme of uniting Canada
with Louisiana. To carry out this purpose the French had taken
possession of a tract of country claimed by Virginia, and had com-
menced a line of forts extending from the lakes to the Ohio River.
Virginia was not only alive to her own interests, but attentive to
the vast importance of an immediate and effectual resistance on the
part of all the English colonies to the actual and contemplated en-
croachments of the French.

In 1753, Governor Dinwiddle, of Virginia, sent George Wash-
ington, then a young man just twenty-one, to demand of the French
commandant "a reason for invading British dominions while a solid
peace subsisted.'" Washington met the French commandant,
Gardeur de St. Pierre, on the head waters of the Alleghany, and
having communicated to him the object of his journey, received the
insolent answer that the French would not discuss the matter of
right, but would make prisoners of every Englishman found trading
on the Ohio and its waters. The country, he said belonged to the
French, by virtue of the discoveries of La Salle, and they would
not withdraw from it.

In January, 1754, Washington returned to Virginia, and made
his report to the Governor and Council. Forces were at once raised
and Washington, as Lieutenant Colonel, was dispatched at the

14 HISTOKY OF IOWA.

head of a hundred and fifty men, to the forks of the Ohio, with or-
ders to "finish the fort already begun there by the Ohio Company,
and to make prisoners, kill or destroy all who interrupted the; Eng-
lish settlements/'

On his march through the forests of Western Pennsylvania,
Washington, through the aid of friendly Indians, discovered the
French concealed among the rocks, and as they ran to seize their
arms, ordered his men to ffre upon them, at the same time, with
his own musket, setting the example. An action lasting about a
quarter of an hour ensued; ten of the Frenchmen were killed,
among them Jumonville, the commander of the party, and twenty-
one were made prisoners. The dead were scalped by the Indians,
and the chief, bearing a tomahawk and a scalp, visited all the tribes
of the Miamis, urging them to join the Six Nations and English
against the French. The French, however, were soon re-enforced
and Col. Washington was compelled to return to Fort Necessity.
Here, on the 3d day of July, De Villiers invested the fort with 600
French troops and 100 Indians. On the 4th, Washington accept-
ed terms of capitulation and the English garrison withdrew from
the valley of the Ohio.

This attack of Washington upon Jumonville aroused the indig-
nation of France, and war was formally declared m May, 1756, and
the " French and Indian War" devastated the colonies for severaj
years. Montreal, Detroit and all Canada were surrendered to thg
English, and on the 10th of February, 1763, by the treaty of Pay_
is — which had been signed, though not formally ratified by the j.g_
spective governments, on the 3d of November, 1762 — France ^^_
linquished to Great Britain all that portion of the province of L
isiana lying on the east side of the Mississippi, except the is7and
and town of New Orleans. On the same day that the treaty of
Paris was signed France, by a secret treaty, ceded to Spain all her
possessions on the west side of the Mississippi, including the whole
country to the head waters of the Great River, and west to the
Rocky Mountains, and the jurisdiction of France in America, which
had lasted nearly a century, was ended.

At the close of the Revolutionary war, by the treaty of peace
between Great Britain and the United States, the English Govern-
ment ceded to the latter all the territory on the east side of the
Mississippi River and north of the thirty-first parallel of north
latitude. At the same time. Great Britain ceded to Spain all the
Floridas, comprising all the territory east of the Mississippi and
south of the southern limits of the United States.

At this time, therefore, the present State of Iowa was apart of
the Spanish possessions in North America, as all the territory west
of the Mississippi River was under the dominion of Spain. That
government also possessed all the territory of the Floridas east of
the gi eat river and south of the thirty-first parallel of north lati-
tude. The Mississippi, therefore, so essential to the prosperity of

HISTORY OF IOWA. 15

the western portion of the United States, for the hist three hun-
dred miles of it.-' course flowed wholly within the Spanish domin-
ions, and that i^av^erument claimed the exclusive right to use and
control it below the southern boundary of the United States.

The free navigation of the Mississippi was a very important
question daring all the time that Louisana remained a dependency
of the Spanish Crown, and as the final settlement intimately af-
fected the status of the then future State of Iowa, it will be in-
teresting to trace its progress.

The people of the United States occupied and exercised juris-
diction over the entire eastern valley of the Mississippi, embracing
all the country drained by its eastern tributaries; they had a nat-
ural right, according to the accepted international law, to follow
these rivers to the sea, and to the use of the Mississippi River ac-
cordingly, as the great natural channel of commerce. The river
was not only necessary but absolutely indispensable to the pros-
perity and growth of the western settlements then rapidly rising
into commercial and political importance. They were situated in
the heart of the great valley, and with wonderful expansive ener-
gies and accumulating resources, it was very evident that no power
on earth could deprive them of the free use of the river below
them, only while their numbers were insufficient to enable them
to maintain their right by force. Inevitably, therefore, immedia-
tely after the ratification of the treaty of 1785, the Western peo-
ple began to demand the free navigation of the Mississippi — not
as a favor, but as a right. In 1786, both banks of the river, below
the mouth of the Ohio, were occupied by Spain, and military posts
on the east bank enforced her power to exact heavy duties on all
imports by way of the river for the Ohio region. Every boat de-
cendingthe river was forced to land and submit to the arbitrary
revenue exactions of the Spanish authorities. Under the admin-
istration of Governor Miro. these rigorous exactions were some-
what relaxed from 1787 to 1790: but Spain held it as her right to
make them. Taking advantage of the claim of the American peo-
ple, that the Mississippi should be opened to them, in 1791, the
Spanish Government concocted a scheme for the dismembership
of the Union. The plan was to induce the Western people to sep-
arate from the Eastern States by liberal land grants and extraor-
dinary commercial privileges.

Spanish emissaries, among the people of Ohio and Kentucky, in-
formed them that the S])anish Government would grant them fa-
vorable commercial privileges, provided they would secede from
the Federal Government east of the mountains. The Spanish
Minister to the United States plainly declared to his confidential
correspondent that, unless the Western people would declare their
independence and refuse to remain in the Union, Spain was deter-
mined never to grant the free navigation of the Mississippi.

16 HISTORY OF IOWA.

By the treaty of Madrid, October 20, 1795, however, Spain form-
ally stipulated that the Mississippi River, from its source to the
Gulf, for its entire width, should be free to American trade and
commerce, and that the people of the United States should be per-
mitted for three years, to use the port of New Orleans as a port of
deposit for their merchandize and produce, duty free.

In November, 1801, the United States Government received,
through Rufus King, its Minister at the Court of St. James, a
copy of the treaty between Spain and France, signed at Madrid,
March 21, 1801, by which the session of Louisiana to France,
made the previous autumn, was confirmed.

The change offered a favorable opportunity to secure the just
rights of the United States, in relation to the free navigation of
the Mississippi, and ended the attempt to dismember the Union
by an effort to secure an independent government west of the Al-
leghany Mountains. On the 7th day of January, 1803, the Amer-
ican House of Representatives adopted a resolution declaring their
"unalterable determination to maintain the boundaries and the
rights of navigation and commerce through the River Mississippi,
as established by existing treaties."

In the same month, President Jefferson nominated and the Sen-
ate confirmed Robert R. Livingston and James Monroe as Envoys
Plenipotentiary to the Court of France, and Charles Pinckney and
James Monroe to the Court of Spain, with plenary power to ne-
gotiate treaties to effect the object enunciated by the popular
branch of the National Legislature. These envoys were instructed
to secure, if possible, the cession of Florida and New Orleans, but
it does not appear that Mr. Jefferson and his cabinet had any idea
of purchasing that part of Louisiana lying on the west side of the
Mississippi. In fact, on the 2d of March following, the instruc-
tions were sent to our Ministers, containing a plan which express-
ly left to France "all her territory on the west side of the Mississ-
ippi." Had these instructions been followed, it might have been
that there would not have been any State of Iowa or any other
member of the glorious Union of States west of the '"Father of
Waters."

In obedience to his instructions, however, Mr. Livingston
broached this plan to M. Talleyrand, Napoleon's Prime Minister,
when that courtly diplomatist quietly suggested to the American
Minister that France nikjJd be willing to cede the ivhole French
domain in North America to the United States, and asked how
much the Federal Government would be willing to give for it.
Livingston intimated that twenty millicns of francs might be a
fair price. Talleyrand thought that not enough, but asked the
Americans to "think of it.'' A few days later, Napoleon, in an
interview with Mr. Livingston, in effect informed the American
Envoy that he had secured Louisiana in a contract with Spain for
the purpose of turning it over to the United States for a mere

HISTORY OF IOWA. 17

nominal sura. He had been compelled to provide for the safety
of that province by the treaty, and he was "anxious to give the
United States a magnificent Ijargain for a msre trifle." The price
proposed was one hundred and twenty-five million francs. This
was subsequently modified to fifteen million dollars, and on this
basis a treaty was negotiated, and was signed on the 30th day of
April, 1803.

This treaty was ratified by the Federal Government, and by act
of Congress, approved October 31. 1803, the President of the
United States was authorized to take possession of the territory
and provide for it a temporary government. Accordingly, on the
20th day of Saptember following, on behalf of the President,
Gov. Clairborne and Gen. Wilkinson took possession of the Louis-
iana purchase, and raised the American flag over the newly ac-
quired domain, at New Orleans. Spain, although it had by treaty
ceded the province to France in 1801, still held quasi possession
and at first objected to the transfer, but withdrew her opposition
early in 1801.

By this treaty, thus successfully consummated, and the peace-
able withdrawal of Spain, the then infant nation of the New
World extended its dominion west of the Mississippi to the Pacific
Ocean, and north from the Gulf of Mexico tc British America.

If the original design of Jefferson's administration had been
accomplished, the United States would have accquired only that
portion of the French territory lying east of the Mississippi River,
and while the American people would thus have acquired the free
navigation of that great river, all of the vast and fertile empire on
the west, so rich in its agricultural and inexhaustible mineral
resources, would have remained under the dominion of a foreign
power. To Napoleon's desire to sell the whole of his North
American possessions, and Livingston's act transcending his in-
structions, which was acquiesced in after it was done, does Iowa
owe her position as a part of the United States by the Louisiana
purchase.

By authority of an act of Congress, approved March 26, 1801,
the newly acquired territory was, on the 1st day of October follow-
ing, divided: that part lying south of the 33d parallel of north
latitute was called the Territory of Orleans, and all north of that
parallel the District of Louisiana, which was placed under the
authority of the officers of Indiana Territory, until July 4, 1805,
when it was organized with territorial government of its own, and
so remained until 1812, when the Territory of Orleans became the
State of Louisiana, and the name of the Territory of Louisiana
was changed to Missouri. On the 1th of July, 1811, that part of
Missouri Territory comprising the present State of Arkansas, and
the country to the westward, was organized into the Arkansas
Territory.

18 HISTcRiT OF IOWA.

On the 2d of March, 1821, the State of Missouri, heing a part
of the territory of that name, was admitted to the Union. June
28, 1834, the territory west of the Mississippi River and north of
Missouri, was made apart of the Territory of Michigan; but two
years later, on the 4th of July, 1836, Wisconsin Territory was
erected, embracing wibhin its limits the present States of Iowa,
Wisconsin and Minnesota.

By act of Congress, approved June 12, 1838, the

TERKITORT OF IOWA

was erected, comprising, in addition to the present State, much the
larger part of Minnesota, and extending north to the boundary of
the British possessions.

THE ORIGIN"AL OWNERS.

Having traced the early history of the great empire lying west
of the Mississippi, of which the State of Iowa constitutes a part,
from the earliest discovery to the organization of the Territory of
Iowa, it becomes necessary to give some history of the Indians of
Iowa.

According to the policy of the European nations, possession
perfected title to any territory. W^e have seen that the country
west of the Mississippi was hrst discovered by the Spaniards, but
afterward, was visited and occupied by the French. It was ceded
by France to Spain, and by Spain back to France again, and then
was purchased and occupied by the United States. During all that
time, it does not appear to have entered into the heads or hearts of
the high contracting parties that the country they bought, sold and
gave away was in the possession of a race of men who, although
savage, owned the vast domain before Columbus first crossed the
Atlantic. Having purchased the territory, the United States
found it still in the possession of its original owners, who had
never been dispossessed; and it became necessary to purchase
again what had already been bought before, or forcibly eject the
occupants; therefore, the history of the Indian nations who occu-
pied Iowa prior to and during its early settlement by the whites,
becomes an important chapter in the history of the State, that
cannot be omitted.

For more than one hundred years after Marquette and Joliet
trod the virgin soil of Iowa, not a single settlement had been made
or attempted; not even a trading post had been established. The
whole country remained in the undisputed possession of the native
tribes, who roamed at will over her beautiful and fertile pmiries,
hunted in her woods, lished in her streams, and often poured out
their life-blood in obstinately contested contests for supremacy.
That this State so aptly styled " The Beautiful Land,'' had been
the theater of numerous, fierce and bloody struggles between rival
nations, for possession of the favored region, long before its settle-
ment by civilized man, there is no room for doubt. In these

HISTORY OF IOWA. 19

savage wars, the weaker party, whether aggressive or defensive, was
either exterminated or driven from their ancient hunting grounds.

In 1673, when Marquette discovered Iowa, thelUini were a very
powerful people, occupying a large portion of the State; but when
the country was again visited by the whites, not a remnant of that
once powerful tribe remained on the west side of the Mississippi,
and Iowa was principally in the possession of the Sacs and Foxes,
a war-like tribe which, originally two distinct nations, residing in
New York and on the waters of the St. Lawrence, had gradually
fought their way westward, and united, probably, after the Foxes
had been driven out of the Fox River country, in 1816, and crossed
the Mississippi. The death of Pontiac, a famous Sac chieftain,
was made the pretext for war against the Illini, and a fierce and
bloody struggle ensued, which continued until the Illinois were
nearly destroyed and their hunting grounds possessed by their
victorious foes. The lowas also occupied a portion of the State
for a time, in common with the Sacs, but they, too, were nearly
destroyed by the Sacs and Foxes, and, in ''The Beautiful Land,"
these natives met their equally warlike foes, the Northern Sioux,
with whom they maintained a constant warfare for the possession
of the country for many years.

When the United States came in possession of the great valley
of the Mississippi, by the Louisiana purchase, the Sacs and Foxes
and lowas possessed the entire territory now comprising the State
of Iowa. The Sacs and Foxes, also, occupied the most of the
State of Illinois.

The Sacs had four principal villages, where most of them
resided, viz: Their largest and most important town — if an
Indian village may be called such — and from which emanated
most of the obstacles and difficulties encountered by the Govern-
ment in the extinguishment of Indian titles to land in this region,
was on Rock River, near Rock Island; another was on the east
bank of the Mississippi, near the mouth of Henderson River; the
third was at the head of the Des Moines Rapids, near the present
site of Montrose, and the fourth was near the mouth of the Upper
Iowa.

The Foxes had three principal villages, viz: One on the west
side of the Mississippi, six miles above the rapids of Rock River;
another about twelve miles from the river, in the rear of the
Dubuque lead mines, and the third on Turkey River.

The lowas, at one time identified with the Sacs, of Rock River,
had withdrawn from them and become a separate tribe. Their
principal village was on the Des Moines River, in Van Buren
County, on the site where lowaville now stands. Here the last
great battle between the Sacs and Foxes and the lowas was fought,
in which Black Hawk, then a young man, commanded one division
of the attacking forces.

20 HISTORY OF IOWA.

The Sacs and Foxes, prior to the settlement of their village on
Kock River, had a fierce conflict with the Winnebagoes, subdued
them and took possession of their lands. Their village on Rock
River, at one time, contained upward of sixty lodges, and was
among the largest Indian villages on the continent. In 1825, the
Secretary of War estimated the entire number of the Sacs and
Foxes at 4,600 souls. Their village was situated in the immediate
vicinity of the upper rapids of the Mississippi, where the beautiful
and flourishing towns of Rock Island and Davenport are now situ-
ated. The beautiful scenery of the island, the extensive prairies,
dotted over with groves; the picturesque bluffs along the river
banks, the rich and fertile soil, producing large crops of corn,
squash and other vegetables, with little labor; the abundance of
wild fruit, game, fish, and almost everything calculated to make it
a delightful spot for an Indian village, which was found there, had
made this place a favorite home of the Sacs, and secured for it the
strong attachment and veneration of the whole nation.

North of the hunting grounds of the Sacs and Foxes, were those
of the Sioux, a fierce and warlike nation, who often disputed pos-
session with their rivals in savage'and bloody warfare. The pos-
sessions of these tribes were mostly located in Minnesota, but
extended over a portion of Northern and Western Iowa to the Mis-
souri River. Their descent from the north upon the hunting
grounds of Iowa frequently brought them into collision with the
Sacs and Foxes; and after many a conflict and bloody struggle, a
boundary line was established between them by the Government
of the United States, in a treaty held at Prairie du Chien, in 1825.
But this, instead of settling the difficulties, caused them to quarrel
all the more, in consequence of alleged trespasses upon each other's
side of the line. These contests were kept up and became so unre-
lenting that, in 1830, Government bought of the respective tribes
of the Sacs and Foxes, and the Sioux, a strip of land twenty miles
in width, on both sides of the line, and thus throwing them forty
miles apart by creating between them a "neutral ground," com-
manded them to cease their hostilities. Both the Sacs and Foxes
and the Sioux, however, were allowed to fish and hunt on this
ground unmolested, provided they did not interfere with each other
on United States territory. The Sacs and Foxes and the Sioux
were deadly enemies, and neither let an opportunity to punish the
other pass unimproved.

In April, 1852, a fight occurred between the Musquaka band of
Sacs and Foxes and a band of Sioux, about six miles above Algona,
in Kossuth County, on the west side of the Des Moines River.
The Sacs and Foxes were under the leadership of Ko-ko-wah, a
subordinate chief, and had gone up from their home in Tama
County, by way of Clear Lake, to what was then the ''neutral
ground." At Clear Lake, Ko-ko-wah was informed that a party of
Sioux were encamped on the west side of the East Fork of the Des

HISTORY OF IOWA. 21

Moines, and he determined to attack them. With sixty of his
warriors, he started and arrived at a point on the east side of the
river, about a mile above the Sioux encampment, in the night, and
concealed themselves in a grove, where they were able to discover
the position and strength of their hereditary foes. The next morn-
ing, after many of the Sioux braves had left their camp on hunting
tours, the vindictive Sacs and Foxes crossed the river and suddenly
attacked the camp. The conflict was desperate for a short time,
but the advantage was with the assailants, and the Sioux were
routed. Sixteen of them, including some of their women and
children, were killed, and a boy 14 years old was captured. One
of the Musquakas was shot in the breast by a squaw as they were
rushing into the Sioux's camp. He started to run awa}^ when the
same brave squaw shot him through the body, at a distance of
twenty rods, and he fell dead. Three other Sac braves were killed.
But few of the Sioux escaped. The victorious party hurriedly
buried their own dead, leaving the dead Sioux above ground, and
made their way home, with their captive, with all possible expedition.

pike's EXPEDITI0]Sr.

Very soon after the acquisition of Louisiana the United States
Government adopted measures for the exploration of the new ter-
ritory, having in view the conciliation of the numerous tribes of
Indians by whom it was possessed, and, also, the selection of proper
sites for the establishment of military posts and trading stations.
The Army of the West, Gen. James Wilkinson commanding, had
its headquarters at St. Louis. From this post. Captains Lewis and
Clarke, with a sufficient force, were detailed to explore the unknown
sources of the Missouri, and Lieut. Zebulon M. Pike, to ascend to
the head waters of the Mississippi, Lieut. Pike, Avith one Ser-
geant, two Corporals and seventeen privates, left the military camp,
near St. Louis^ in a keel-boat, with four month's rations, on the
9th day of August, 1805, On the 20th of the same month, the ex-
pedition arrived within the present limit of Iowa, at the foot of
the Des Moines Rapids, where Pike met William Ewing, who had
just been appointed Indian agent at this point, a French interpreter
and four chiefs and fifteen Sac and Fox warriors.

At the head of the rapids, where Montrose is now situated. Pike
held a council with the Indians, in which he addressed them sub-
stantially as follows: "Your great Father, the President of the
United States wished to be more intimately acquainted with the
situation and wants of the difierent nations of red people in our
newly acquired territory of Louisiana, and has ordered the General
to send a number of his warriors in different directions to take
them by the hand and make such inquiries as might afford the sat-
isfaction required." At the close of the council he presented the
red men with some knives, whisky and tobacco.

Pursuing his way up the river, he arrived, on the 23d of August,
at what is supposed, from his description,to be the site of thepres*

22 HISTORY OF IOWA.

ent city of Burlington, which he selected as the location of a mili-
tary post. He describes the place as being "on a hill, about forty
miles above the River de Moyne Rapids, on the west side of the
river in latitude about 41 degrees 21 minutes north. The channel
of the river runs on that shore; the hill in front is about sixty feet
perpendicular; nearly level on top; four hundred yards in the rear
is a small prairie fit for gardening, and immediately under the hill
is a limestone spring, sufficient for the consumption of a whole reg-
iment." In addition to this description, which corresponds to Bur-
lington, the spot is laid down on his map at a bend in the river a
short distance below the mouth of the Henderson, which pours its
waters into the Mississippi from Hlinois. The fort was built at
Fort Madison, but from the distance, latitude, description and map
furnished by Pike, it could not have been the place selected by him
while all the circumstances corroborate the opinion that the place
he selected was the spot where Burlington is now located, called by
the early voyagers on the Mississippi, " Flint Hills."

On the 24th, with one of his men, he went on shore on a hunt-
ing expedition, and following a stream which they supposed to be
a part of the Mississippi, they were led away from their course.
Owing to the intense heat ahd tall grass, his two favorite dogs,
which he had taken with him, became exhausted and he left them
on the prairie, supposing that they would follow him as soon as
they should get rested, and went on to overtake his boat. Reach-
ing the river, he waited some time for his canine friends, but they
did not come, and as he deemed it inexpedient to detain the boat
longer, two of his men volunteered to go in pursuit of them, and
he continued on his way up the river, expecting that the two men
would soon overtake him. They lost their way, however, and for
six days were without food, except a few morsels gathered from the
stream, and might have perished had they not accidentally met a
trader from St. Louis, who induced two Indians to take them up
the river, and they overtook the boat at Dubuque.

At Dubuque Pike was cordislly received by Julien Dubuque, a
Frenchman, who held a mining claim under a grant from Spain.
Dubuque had an old field piece and fired a salute in honor of the
advent of the first Americans who had visited that part of the Ter-
ritory. Dubuque, however, was not disposed to publish the wealth
of his mines, and the young and apparently inquisitive officer could
obtain but little information from him.

After leaving this place. Pike pursued his way up the river,
but as he passed beyond the limits of the present State of Iowa, a
detailed history of his explorations on the upper waters of the Mis-
sissippi more properly belongs to the history of another State.

It is sufficient to say that on the site of Fort Snelling, Minneso-
ta, at the mouth of the Minnesota River, Pike held a council with
the Sioux, September 23, and obtained from them a grant of one
hundred thousand acres of land. On the 8t"h of January 1806,

HISTORY OF IOWA. 23

Pike arrived at a trading post belonging to the Northwest Com-
pany, on Lake De Sable in latitude 47 ° . At this time the then
posrerfal Northwest Company carried on their immense operations
from Hudson's Bay to the St. Lawrence; up that river on both
sides, along the Great Lakes to the head of Lake Superior, thence
to the sources of the Red River of the North, and west to the Rocky
Mountains, embracing within the scope of their operations the en-
tire Territory of Iowa. After successfully accomplishing his mis-
sion, and performing a valuable service to Iowa and the whole
Northwest, Pike returned to St. Louis, arriving there on the 30th
of April, 1806.

INDIAN WARS,

The Territory of Iowa, although it had been purchased by the
United States, and was ostensibly in the possession of the Gov-
ernment, was still occupied by the Indians, who claimed title to
the soil by right of ownership and possession. Before it could be
open to settlement by the whites, it was indispensible that the
Indian title should be extinguished and the original owners re-
moved. The accomplishment of this purpose required the expen-
diture of large sums of money and blood, and for a long series of
years the frontier was disturbed by Indian wars, terminated re-
peatedly by treaty, only to be renewed by some act of oppression
on the part of the whites or some violation of treaty stipulation.

As previously shown, at the time w^hen the United States as-
sumed the control of the country by virtue of the Louisiana pur-
chase, nearly the whole State was in possession of the Sacs and
Foxes, a powerful and warlike nation, who were not disposed to
submit without a struggle to what they considered the encroach-
ments of the pale faces.

Among the most noted chiefs, and one whose reitlessness and
hatred of the Americans occasioned more trouble to the Govern-
ment than any others of his tribe, Avas Black Hawk, who was born
at the Sac village, on Rock River, in 1767. He was simply the
chief of his own band of Sac warriors, but by his energy and am-
bition he became the leading spirit of the united nation of Sacs
and Foxes, and one of the prominent figures in the history of the
country from 1804 until his death. In early manhood he attained
some destinction as a fighting chief, having led campaigns against
the Osages, and other neighboring tribes. About the beginning
of the present century he began to appear prominent in attairs on
the Mississippi. Some historians have added to the statement that
" it does not appear that he was ever a great general, or possessed
any of the qualifications of a successful leader." If this was so,
his life was a marvel. How any man who had none of the quali-
fications of a leader became so prominent as such, as he did, indi-
cates either that he had some ability, or that his cotemporaries,
both Indian and Anglo-Saxon, had less than he. He is said to

24 HISTORY OF IOWA.

have been the " victim of a narrow prejudice and bitter ill-will
against the Americans," but the impartial historian must admit
that if he was the enemy of the Americans, it was certainly not
without some reason.

It will be remembered that Spain did not give up possession of
the country to France on its cession to the latter power, in 1801,
but retained possession of it, and, by the authority of France,
transferred it to the United States, in 3804. Black Hawk and his
band were in St. Louis at the time, and were invited to be present
and witness the ceremonies of the transfer, but he refused the invi-
tation, and it is but just to say that this refusal was caused proba-
bly more from regret that the Indians were to be transferred from
the jurisdiction of the Spanish authorities than from any special
hatred toward the Americans. In his life he says: ''I found many
sad and gloomy faces because the United States were about to take
possession of the town and country. Soon after the Americans
came, I took my band and went to take leave of our Spanish father.
The Americans came to see him also. Seeing them approach, we
passed out of one door as they entered another, and immediately
started in our canoes for our village, on Rock River, not liking the
change any more than our friends appeared to at St. Louis. On
arriving at our village, we gave the news that strange people had
arrived at St, Louis, and that we should never see our Spanish
father again. The information made all our people sorry."

On the 3d day of November, 1804, a treaty was concluded
between William Henry Harrison, then Grovernor of Indiana Terri-
rory, on behalf of the United States, and five chiefs of the Sac and
Fox nation, by which the latter, in consideration of two thousand
two hundred and thirty-four dollars' worth of goods then delivered,
and a 3"early annuity of one thousand dollars to be paid in goods at
just cost, ceded to the United States all that laud on the east side
of the Mississippi, extending from a point opposite the Jefferson,
in Missouri, to the Wisconsin River, embracing an area of over
fifty-one millions of acres.

To this treaty Black Hawk always objected and always refused
to consider it binding upon his people. He asserted that the chiefs
or braves who made it had no authority to relinquish the title of
the nation to any of the lands they held or occupied; and, more-
over, that they had been sent to St. Louis on quite a different
errand, namely, to get one of their people released, who had been
imprisoned at St. Louis for killing a white man.

The year following this treaty (1805), Lieutenant Zebulon M.
Pike came up the river for the purpose of holding friendly coun-
cils with the Indians and selecting sites for forts within the terri-
tory recently acquired from France by the United States. Lieu-
tenant Pike seems to have been the first American whom Black
Hawk ever met or had a personal interview with; ana he was very

HISTORY OF IOWA. 25

much prepossessed in Pike's favor. He gives the following account
of his visit to Rock Island:

''A boat came up the river with a young American chief and a
small party of soldiers. We heard of them soon after they passed
Salt River. Some of our young braves watched them every day,
to see what sort of people he had on board. The boat at length
arrived at Rock River, and the young chief came on shore with his
interpreter, and made a speech and gave us some presents. We in
turn presented them with meat and such other provisions as we
had to spare. We were weU pleased with the young chief. He
gave us good advice, and said our American father would treat us
well.^'

The events which soon followed Pike's expedition were the erec-
tion of Fort Edwards, at what is now Warsaw, Illinois, and Fort
Madison, on the site of the present town of that name, the latter
being the first fort erected in Iowa. These movements occasioned
great uneasiness among the Indians. When work was commenced
on Fort Edwards, a delegation from their nation, hoded b}' some
of their chiefs, went down to see what the Americans were doing,
and had an interview with the commander; after which they
returned home apparently satisfied. In like manner, when Fort
Madison was being erected, they sent down another delegation
from a council of the nation held at Rock River. According to
Black Hawk's account, the American chief told them that he was
building a house for a trader who was coming to sell them goods
cheap, and that the soldiers were coming to keep him company — ■
a statement which Black Hawk says they distrusted at the time,
believing that the fort was an encroachment upon their rights, and
designed to aid in getting their lands away from them.

It has been held by good American authorities, that the erection
of Fort Madison at the point where it was located iras a violation
of the treaty of 1804. By the eleventh article of that treaty, the
United States had a right to build a fort near the mouth of the
Wisconsin River; by article six they had bound themselves "that
if any citizen of the United States or any other white persons
should form a settlement upon their lands, such intruders should
forthwith be removed." Probably the authorities of the United
States did not regard the establishment of military posts as coming
properly within the meaning of the term ''settlement," as used in
the treaty. At all events, they erected Fort Madison within the
territory reserved to the Indians, who became very indignant. Not
long after the fort was built, a party led by Black Hawk attempted
its destruction. They sent spies to watch the movements of the
garrison, who ascertained that the soldiers were in the habit of
marching out of the fort every morning and evening for parade,
and the plan of the party was to conceal themselves near the fort,
and attack and surprise them when they were outside. On the
morning of the proposed day of attack, five soldiers came out and

^Zt> HISTOEY OJ IOWA.

were fired upon by the Indians, two of them being killed. The
Indians were too hasty in their movement, for the regular drill had
not yet commenced. However, they kept up the attack for sev-
eral days, attempting the old Fox strategy of setting fire to the
fort with blazing arrows; but finding their efforts unavailing, they
soon gave up and returned to Rock River.

When war was declared between the United States and Great
Britain, in 1812, Black Hawk and his band allied themselves with
the British^ partly because he was dazzled by their specious prom-
ises, and more probably because they had been deceived by the
Americans. Black Hawk himself declared that they were "forced
into the war by being deceived." He narrates the circumstances
as follows: "Several of the chiefs and head men of the Sacs and
Foxes were called upon to go to Washington to see their Great
Father. On their return, they related what had been said and
done. They said the Great Father wished them, in the event of a
war taking place with England, not to interfere on either side, but
to remain neutral. He did not want our help, but wished us to
hunt and support our families, and live in peace. He said that
British traders would not be permitted to come on the Mississippi
to furnish us with goods, but that we should be supplied with an
American trader. Our chiefs then told him that the British trad-
ers always gave them credit in the fall for guns, powder and goods,
to enable us to hunt and clothe our families. He repeated that
the. traders at Fort Madisou would have plenty of goods; that we
should go there in the fall and he would supply us on credit, as
the British traders had done."

Black Hawk seems to have accepted of this proposition, and he
and his people were very much pleased. Acting in good faith,
they fitted out for their winter's hunt, and went to Fort Madison
in high spirits to receive from the trader their outfit of supplies.
But, aft^r waiting some time, they were told by the trader
that he would not trust them. It was in vain that they pleaded the
promise of their great father at Washington. Tlit trader was inex-
orable; and, disappointed and crestfallen, they turned sadly toward
their own village. "Few of us," says Black Hawk, ''slept that night;
all was gloom and discontent. In the morning a canoe was seen
ascending the river; it soon arrived, bearing an express, who
brought intelligence that a British trader had landed at Rock
Island with two boats loaded with goods, and requested us to come
up immediately, because he had good news for us, and a variety of
presents. The express presented us with tobacco, pipes and
wampum. The news ran through our camp like fire on a prairie.
Our lodges were soon taken down, and all started for Rock Island.
Here ended all hopes of our remaining at peace, having been
forced into the war by being deceived."

He joined the British, who flattered him, styled him "General
Black Hawk," decked him with medals, excited his jealousies

HISTORY OF IOWA. 27

against the Americans, and armed his band; but he met with de-
feat and disappointment, and soon abandoned the service and came
home.

With all his skill and courage. Black Hawk was unable to lead
all the Sacs and Foxes into hostilities to the United States. A
portion of them, at the head of whom was Keokuk (''the Watch-
ful Fox "), were disposed to abide by the treaty of 1804, and to
cultivate friendly relations with the American people. Therefore,
when Black Hawk and his band joined the fortunes of Great
Britain, the rest of the nation remained neutral, and, for protec-
tion, organized, with Keokuk for their chief. This divided the
nation into the '' War and the Peace Party."

Black Hawk says he was informed, after he had gone to the
war, that the nation, which had been reduced to so small a body
of fighting men, were unable to defend themselves in case the
Americans should attack them, and having all the old men and
women and children belonging to the warriors who had joined the
British on their hands to provide for, a council was held, and it
was agreed that Quash-qua-me (the Lance) and other chiefs, to-
gether with the old men, women and children, and such others as
chose to accompany them, should go to St. Louis and place them-
selves under the American chief stationed there. They according-
ly went down, and were received as the " friendly band " of the
Sacs and Foxes, and were provided for and sent up the Missouri
River. On Black Hawk's return from the British army, he says
Keokuk was introduced to him as the war chief of the braves then in
the village. He inquired how he had become chief, and was in-
formed that their spies had seen a large armed force going toward
Peoria, and fears Avere entertained of an attack uj)on the village;
whereupon a council was held, which concluded to leave the village
and cross over to the west side of the Mississippi. Keokuk had
been standing at the door of the lodge where the council was held,
not being allowed to enter on account of never having killed an
enemy, where he remained until Wa-co-me came out. Keokuk
asked permission to speak in the council, which Wa-co-me obtained
for him. Keokuk then addressed the chiefs; he remonstrated
against the desertion of their village, their own homes and the
graves of their fathers, and offered to defend the village. The
council consented that he should be their war chief. He marshaled
his braves, sent out spies, and advanced on the trail leading to
Peoria, but returned without seeing the enemy. The Americans
did not disturb the village, and all were satisfied with the appoint-
ment of Keokuk.

Keokuk, like Black Hawk, was a descendant of the Sac branch
of the nation, and was born on Rock River, 'in 1780. He was of
a pacific disposition, but possessed the elements of true courage,
and could fight, when occasion required, with a cool judgment and
heroic energy. In his first battle, he encountered and killed a

28 HISTORY OF IOWA.

Sioux, which placed him in the rank of warriors, and he was
honored with a public feast by his tribe in commemoration of the
event.

Keokuk has been described as an orator, entitled to rank with
the most gifted of his race. In person, he was tall and of portly
bearing; in his public speeches, he displayed a commanding atti-
tude and graceful gestures; he spoke rapidly, but his enunciation
was clear, distinct and forcible; he culled his figures from the
.stores of nature, and based his arguments on skillful logic. Un-
fortunately for the reputation of Keokuk as an orator, among
white people, he was never able to obtain an interpreter who could
claim even a slight acquaintance with philosophy. With one ex-
ception only, his interpreters were unacquainted with the elements
of their mother-tongue. Of this serious hindrance to his fame,
Keokuk was well aware, and retained Frank Labershure, who had
received a rudimental education in the French and English
languages, until the latter broke down by dissipation and died.
But during the meridian of his career among the white people, he
was compelled to submit his speeches for translation to uneducated
men, whose range of thought fell below the flights of a gifted
mind, and the fine imagery drawn from nature was beyond their
power of reproduction. He had sufficient knowledge of the
English language to make him sensible of this bad rendering of
his thoughts, and often a feeling of mortification at the bungling
efforts was depicted on his countenance while speaking. The
proper place to form a correct estimate of his ability as an orator
was in the Indian council, where he addressed himself exclusively
to those who understood his language, and witness the electrical
effect of his eloquence upon his audience.

Keokuk seems to have possessed a more sober judgment, and to
have had a more intelligent view of the great strength and re-
sources of the United States, than his noted and restless cotempor-
ary. Black Hawk. He knew from the first that the reckless war
which Black Hawk and his band had determined to carry on could
result in nothing but defeat and disaster, and used every argument
against it. The large number of warriors whom he had dissuaded
from following Black Hawk became, however, greatly excited with
the war spirit after Stillman's defeat, and but for the signal tact
displayed by Keokuk on that occasion, would have forced him to
submit to their wishes in joining the rest of the warriors in the
field. A war-dance was held, and Keokuk took part in it, seeming
to be moved with the current of the rising storm, When the
dance was over, he called the council to prepare for war. He made
a speech, in which he admitted the justice of their complaints
against the Americans. To seek redress was a noble aspiration of
their nature. The blood of their brethren had been shed by the
white man, and the spirits of their braves, slain in battle, called
loudly for vengeance. " I am your chief," he said, " and it is my

HISTORY OF IOWA. 29

duty to lead you to battle, if, after fully considering the matter,
you are determined to go. But before you decide on taking this
important step, it is wise to inquire into the chances of success."
He then portrayed to them the great power of the United States,
against whom they would have to contend, that their chances of
success was utterly hopeless. "But," said he, "if you do determine
to go upon the war-path, I will agree to lead you, on one condition,
viz: that before we go, we will kill all our old men and our wives
and children, to save them from a lingering death of starvation,
and that every one of us determine to leave our homes on the
other side of the Mississippi.

This was a strong but truthful picture of the prospect before
them, and was presented in such a forcible light as to cool their
ardor, and cause them to abandon the rash undertaking.

But during the war of 1832, it is now considered certain that
small bands of Indians, from the west side of the Mississippi, made
incursions into the white settlements, in the lead mining region,
and committed some murders and depredations.

When peace was declared between the United States and Eng-
land, Black Hawk was required to make peace with the former,
and entered into a treaty at Portage des Sioux, September 14,
1815, but did not "touch the goose-quill to it until May 13, 1816,
when he smoked the pipe of peace with the great white chief," at
St. Louis. This treaty was a renewal of the treaty of 1804, but
Black Hawk declared he had been deceived; that he did not know
that by signing the treaty he was giving away -his village. This
weighed upon his mind, already soured by previous disappointment
and the irresistible encroachments of the whites; and when a few
years later, he and his people were driven from their possessions
by the military, he determined to return to the home of his
fathers.

It is also to be remarked that in 1816, by treaty with various
tribes, the United States relinquished to the Indians all the lauds
lying north of a line drawn from a southerraost point of Lake
Michigan west to the Mississippi, except a reservation five leagues
square, on the Mississippi River, supposed then to be sufficient to
include all the mineral lands on and adjacent to Fever River, and
one league square at the mouth of the Wisconsin River.

THE BLACK HAWK WAR.

The immediate cause of the Indian outbreak in 1830 was the
occupation of Black Hawk's village, on the Rock River, by the
whites, during the absence of the chief and his braves on a hunt-
ing expedition, on the west side of the Mississippi. When they
returned they found their wigwams occupied by white families,
and their own women and children were shelterless on the banks
of the river. The Indians were indignant, and determined to re-
possess their village at all hazards, and early in the spring of 1831

30 HISTOKY OF IOWA.

recrossed the Mississippi and menacingly took possession of their
own cornfields and cabins. It may be well to remark here that
it was expressly stipulated in the treaty of 1804, to which they at-
tributed all their troubles, that the Indians should not be obliged
to leave their lands until they were sold by the United States, and
it does not appear that they occupied any lands other than those
owned by the Grovernment. If this was true, the Indians had good
cause for indignation and complaint. But the whites, driven out
in turn by the returning Indians, became so clamorous against what
they termed the encroachments of the natives, that Gov. Reynolds,
of Illinois, ordered Gen. Gaines to Rock Island with a military
force to drive the Indians again from their homes to the west side
of the Mississippi. Black Hawk says he did not intend to be pro-
voked into war by anything less than the blood of some of his own
people; in other words, that there would be no war unless it should
be commenced by the pale faces. But it was said and probably
thought by the military commanders along the frontier, that the
Indians intended to unite in a general war against the whites,
from Rock River to the Mexican borders. But it does not appear
that the hardy frontiersmen themselves had any fears, for their
experience had been that, when well treated, their Indian neigh-
bors were not dangerous. Black Hawk and his band had done no
more than to attempt to repossess the old homes of Avhich they had
been deprived in their absence. No blood had been shed. Black
Hawk and his chiefs sent a flag of truce, and a new treaty was
made, by which Black Hawk and his band agreed to remain for-
ever on the Iowa side and never recross the river without the per-
mission of the President or the Governor of Illinois. Whether
the Indians clearly understood the terms of this treaty is uncer-
tain. As was usual, the Indian traders had dictated terms on
their behalf, and they had received a large amount of provisions,
etc., from the Government, but it may well be doubted whether
the Indians comprehended that they could never revisit the graves
of their fathers without violating their treaty. They undoubtedly
thought that they had agreed never to recross the Mississippi with
hostile intent. However this may be, on the 6th day of April,
1832, Black Hawk and his entire band, with their women and chil-
dren, again recrossed the Mississippi in plain vieAv of the garrison
of Fort Armstrong, and went up Rock River. Although this act
was construed into an act of hostility by the militpry authorities,
who declared that Black Hawk intended to recover his village, or
the site where it stood, by force; yet it does not appear that he
made any such attempt, nor did his appearance create any special
alarm among the settlers. They knew that the Indians never
went on the war path encumbered with the old men, their women
and their children.

The Galen/an, printed in Galena, of May 2d, 1832, says that
Black Hawk was invited by the Prophet and had taken possession

HISTORY OF IOWA. 31

of a tract about forty miles up Rock River; but that he did
not remain there long, but commenced his search up Rock
River. Captain W. B. Green, who served in Captain Ste-
venson's company of mounted rangers, says that "Black
Hawk and his band crossed the river with no hostile in-
tent, but that his band had had bad luck in hunting during the
previous winter, were actually in a starving condition, and had
come over to spend the summer with a friendly tribe on the head
waters of the Rock and Illinois Rivers, by invitation from their
chief. Other old settlers who all agree that Black Hawk had no
idea of fighting, say that he came back to the west side expecting
to negotiate another treaty, and get a new supply of provisions.
The most reasonable explanation of this movement, which resulted
so disastrously to Black Hawk and his starving people, is that,
during the fall and winter of 1831-2, his people became deeply in-
debted to their favorite trader at Fort Armstrong (Rock Island),
they had not been fortunate in hunting, and he was likely to lose
heavily, as an Indian debt was outlawed in one year. If, therefore,
the Indians could be induced to come over, and the fears of the
military could be sufficiently aroused to pursue them, another
treaty could be negotiated, and from the payments from the Gov-
ernment the shrewd trader could get his pay. Just a week after
Black Hawk crossed the river, on the 13th of April, lb32, George
Davenport wrote to Gen. Atkinson: "I am informed that the
British band of Sac Indians are determined to make war on the
frontier settlements. * ^i^ * Prom every information
that I have received, I am of the opinion that the intention of the
British band of Sac Indians is to commit depredations on the in-
habitants of the frontier." And yet, from the 6th day of April,
nntil after Stillman's men commenced war by firing on a flag of
truce from Black Hawk, no murders nor depredations were com-
mitted by the British band of Sac Indians.

It is not the purpose of this sketch to detail the incidents of the
Black Hawk war of 1832, as it pertains rather to the history of
the State of Illinois. It is sufficient to say that, after the dis-
graceful affiiir at Stillman's Run, Black Hawk, concluding that the
whites, refusing to treat with him, were determined to extermin-
ate his people, determined to return to the Iowa side of the Missis-
sippi. He could not return by the way he came, for the army was
behind him, an army, too, that would sternly refuse to recognize
the white flag of peace. His only course was to make his way
northward and reach the Mississippi, if possible, before the troops
could overtake him, and this he did; but, before he could get his
women and children across the Wisconsin, he Avas overtaken, and
a battle ensued. Here, again, he sued for peace, and, through
his trusty Lieutenant, "the Prophet," the whites were plainly in-
formed that the starving Indians did not wish to fight, but would
return to the west side of the Mississippi, peaceably, if they could

32 HISTORY OF IOWA.

be permitted to do so. No attention was paid to this second effort
to negotiate peace, and, as soon as supplies could be obtained, the
pursuit was resumed, the flying Indians were overtaken again eight
miles before they reached the mouth of the Bad Axe, and the
slaughter (it should not be dignified by the name of battle) com-
menced. Here, overcome by starvation and the victorious whites,
his band was scattered, on the 2d day of August, 1832. Black
Hawk escaped, but was brought into camp at Prairie du Chien by
three Winnebagoes. He was confined in Jefferson Barracks until
the spring of 1833, when he was sent to Washington, arriving
there April 22. On the 26th of April, they were taken to Fortress
Monroe, where they remained till the Ith of June, 1833, when
orders were given for them to be liberated and returned to their own
country. By order of the President, he was brought back to Iowa
through the principal Eastern cities. Crowds flocked to see him
all along his route, and he was very much flattered by the atten-
tions he received. He lived among his people on the Iowa River
till that reservation was sold, in 1836, when, with the rest of the
Sacs and Foxes, he removed to the Des Moines Reservation, where
he remained till hi^ death, which occurred on the 3d of October,
1838.

INDIAN" PURCHASES, RESERVES AND TREATIES.

At the close of the Black Hawk War, in 1832, a treaty was made
at a council held on the west bank of the Mississippi, where now
stands the thriving city of Davenport, on grounds now occupied by
the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific railroad company, on the 21st
day of September, 1832. At this council, the United States were
represented by Gen. Winfield Scott and Gov. Reynolds, of Illinois.
Keokuk, Pash-a-pa-ho and some thirty other chiefs and warriors of
the Sac and Fox nation were present. By this treaty, the Sacs and
Foxes ceded to the United States a strip of land on the eastern
border of Iowa, fifty miles wide, from the northern boundary of
Missouri to the mouth of the Upper Iowa River, containing about
six million acres. The western line of the purchase was parallel
with the Mississippi. In consideration of this cession, the United
States Government stipulated to pay annually to the confederated
tribes, for thirty consecutive years, twenty thousand dollars in
specie, and to pay the debts of the Indians at Rock Island, which
had been accumulating for seventeen years, and amounted to fifty
thousand dollars, due to Davenport & Farnham, Indian traders.
The Government also generously donated to the Sac and Fox
women and children, whose husbands and fathers had fallen in the
Black Hawk war, thirty-five beef cattle, twelve bushels of salt,
thirty barrels of pork, fifty barrels of flour and six thousand
bushels of corn.

This territory is known as the " Black Hawk Purchase,"
Although it was not the first portion of Iowa ceded to the United

HISTORY OF IOWA. 33

States by the Sacs and Foxes, it was the first opened to actual
settlement by the tide of emigration that flowed across the Mis-
sissippi as soon as the Indian title was extinguished. The treaty
was ratified February 13, 1833, and took effect on the 1st of June
following, when the Indians quietly removed from the ceded ter-
ritory, and this fertile and beautiful region was opened to white
settlers.

By the terms of the treaty, out of the Black Hawk Purchase
was reserved for the Sacs and Foxes 400 square miles of land
situated on the Iowa River, and including within its limits Keo-
kuk's village, on the right bank of that river. This tract was
known as '• Keokuk's Reserve," and was occupied by tlie Indians
until 1836, when, by a treaty made in September between them
and Grov. Dodge, of Wisconsin Territory, it was ceded to the
United States. The council was held on the banks of the Mis-
sissippi, above Davenport, and was the largest assemblage of the
kind ever held by the Sacs and Foxes to treat for the sale of lands.
About one thousand of their chiefs and braves were present, and
Keokuk was their leading spirit and principal speaker on the occa-
sion. By the terms of the treaty, the Sacs and Foxes were re-
moved to another reservation on the Des Moines River, where an
agency was established for them at what is now the town of
Agency City.

Besides the Keokuk Reserve, the Government gave out of the
Black Hawk Purchase to Antoine Le Claire, interpreter, in fee
simple, one section of land opposite Rock Island, and another at
the head of the first rapids above the island, on the Iowa side.
This was the first land title granted by the United States to an in-
dividual in Iowa.

Soon after the removal of the Sacs and Foxes to their new
reservation on the Des Moines River, Gen. Joseph M. Street was
transferred from the agency of the Winnebagoes, at Prairie du
Chien, to establish an agency among them. A farm was selected,
on which the necessary buildings .were erected, including a com-
fortable farm house for the agent and his family, at the expense of
the Indian Fund. A salaried agent was employed to superintend
the farm and dispose of the crops. Two mills were erected, one
on Soap Creek, and the other on Sugar Creek. The latter was
soon swept away by a flood, but the former remained and did good
service for many years. Connected with the agency were Joseph
Smart and John Goodell, interpreters. The latter was interpre-
ter for Hard Fish's band. Three of the Indian chiefs, Keokuk,
Wapello and Appanoose, had each a large field improved, the two
former on the right bank of the Des Moines, back from the river,
in what is now " Keokuk's Prairie," and the latter on the present
site of the city of Ottumwa. Among the traders connected with
the agency were the Messrs. Ewing, from Ohio, and Phelps & Co.,

34 HISTORY OF IOWA.

from Illinois, and also Mr. ,J. P. Eddy, who established his post at
what is now the sit 3 of Eddyviile.

The Indians at this agency beCame idle and listless in the
absence of their natural and wonted excitements, and many of
them plunged into dissipation. Keokuk himself became dissjpated
in the latter years of his life, and it has been reported that he
died of delirium tremens after his removal with his tribe to Kansas.

In May, 1843, most of the Indians were removed up the Des
Moines River, above the temporary line of Red Rock, having ceded
the remnant of their lands in Iowa to the United States on the
21st of September, 1837, and on the 11th of October, 1842. By
the terms of the latter treaty, they held possession of the "New
Purchase" till the Autumn of 1845, when the most of them were
removed to their reservation in Kansas, the balance being removed
in the Spring of 1846.

1. Treaty ivith the .^/oftx— Made July 19, 1815; ratified December 16, 1815.
This treaty was made at Portage des Sioux, between the Sioux of Minnesota
and Upper Iowa and the United States, by WiUiam Clark and Ninian Edwards.
Commissioners, and was merely a treaty of peace and friendship on the part of
those Indians toward the United States at the close of the war of 1812.

2. Treaty with the Sacs. — A similar treaty of peace was made at Portage
des Sioux, between the United States and the Sacs, by William Clark, Ninian
Edwards and Auguste Choteau, on the 13th of September, 1815, and ratified at
the same date as the above. In this, the treaty of 1804 was re-affirmed, and
the Sacs here represented promis-.ed for themselves and their bands to keep en-
tirely separate from the Sacs of Rock River, who, under Black Hawk, had joined
the British m the war just then closed.

3. Treaty with the Foxes. — A separate treaty of peace was made with the
Foxes at Portage des Sioux, by the same Commissioners, on the 14th of Septem-
ber, 1815, and ratified the same as the above, wherein the Foxes re-affirmed the
treaty of St. Louis, of November 3, 1804, and agreed to deliver up all their pris-
oners to the officer in command at Fort Clark, now Peoria, Illinois.

4. Treaty tvith the lowas. — A treaty of peace and mutual good will was
made between the United States and the Iowa tribe of Indians, at Portage des
Sioux, by the same Commissioners as above, on the 16tli of September, 1815, at
the close of the war with Great Britain, and ratified at the same date as the
others. . * .

5. Treaty with the Sacs of Rock River — Made at St. Louis on the 13th of
May, 1816, between the United States and the Sacs of Rock River, by the Com-
missioners, William Clark, Ninian Edwards and Auguste Choteau, and ratified
December 30th, 1816. In this treaty, that of 1804 was re-established and con-
firmed by twenty-two chiefs and head men of the Sacs of Rock River, and Black
Hawk himself attached to it his signature, or, as he said, "touched the goose
quiU. "

6. Treaty of 1824. — On the 4th of August, 1824, a treaty was made between
the United States and the Sacs and Foxes, in the city of Washington, by

William Clark, Commissioner, wherein the Sac and Fox nation relinquished
their title to all lands in Missouri and that portion of the southeast corner of
Iowa known as the "Half-Breed Tract" was set off and reserved for the use of
the half-breeds of the Sacs and Foxes, they holding title in the same manner as

Indians. Ratified January 18, 1825.

7. Treaty of August 19, 1825. — At this date a treaty was made by William
Clark and Lewis Cass, at Prairie du Chien, between the United States and the
Chippewas, Sacs and Foxes, Menomonees, Winnebagoes and a portion of the
Ottawas and Pottawatomies. In this treaty, in order to make peace oetween
the contending tribes as to the limits of tlieir respective hunting grounds in

1590179

HISTORY OF IOWA. 35

Towa, it was agreed that the Unite:! States Government should run a boundaiy
lir>e between the Sioux, on the north, and the Sacs and Foxes, on the south, as
follows:

Commencing' at the mouth of the Upper Iowa River, on the west bank of the
Mississippi, and asc3nding said low i River to its west fork; thence up the fork
to its source; thence crossing the fork of Red Cedar River in a direct line to the
seconl or uppir fork of the Des iM )ines River; thence in a direct line to the
lower fork of the Calumet River, and down that river to its janction with the
Missouri River.

8. Treaty of 1830.— On the 15th of July, 1830, the confederate tribes of the
Sacs and Foxes ceded to the United States a strip of country lying south of the
above line, twenty miles in width, and extending along the line aforesaid from
the Mississippi to the Des Moines River. The Sioux also, whose possessions
were north of the line, ceded to the (jovernment, in the same treaty, a like strip
on the north side of the boundary. Thus the United States, at the ratification
of this treaty, February 24, 1831, came into possession of a portion of Iowa forty
miles wide, extending along the Clark and Cass line of 1825, from the Missis-
sippi to the Des Moines River. This territory was known as the "Neutral
Ground," and the tribes on either side of the line were allowed to fish and hunt
on it unmolested till it was made a Winnebago reservation, and the Winneba-
goes were removed to it in 1841.

9. Treatij with the Sacs and Foxes and other Tribes. — At the same time of
the above treaty re^p3cting the '"Neutral Ground" (July 15, 1830), the Sacs and
Foxe?, We^t3rn Sioix, Omxha?, lowas and Missouris cedsd to the United States
a portion of the west3rn slope of Iowa, the boundaries of which were defined as
follows: Beginning at the upper fork of the Des Moines River, and passing the
sources of the Little Sioux and Floyd Rivers, to the fork of the first creek that
falls into the Big Sioux, or Calumet, on the east side; thence down said creek
an 1 the Calum3t River to the Missouri River; thence down said Missouri River
to the Missouri State line above the Kansas; thence along said line to the north-
west corner of said State; thence to the high lands between the waters falling
into the Missauriand Des Moines, pas^iing to said high lands along the dividing
ridge between the forks of the Grand River; thence along said high lands or
ridge separating the waters of the Missouri from those of the Des Moines, to a
point opposite the source of the Boyer River, and thence in a direct line to the
upper fork of the Des Moines, the place of beginning.

It was understood that the lands ceded and relinquished by this treaty were
to be assigned and allotted, under the direction of the President of the United
States, to the tribes then living thereon, or to such other tribes as the President
might locate thereon for huntmg and other pui-poses. In consideration of three
tracts of land ceded in this treaty, the United States agreed to pay to the Sacs
three thousand dollars; to the Foxes, three thousand dollars; to the Sioux, two
thousand dollars; to the Yankton and Santee bands of Sioux, three thousand
dollars; to the Omahas, two thousand five hundred dollars; and to the Ottoes
and Missouris, two thousand five hundred dollars — to be paid annually for ten
successive years. In addition to these annuities, the Government agreed to fur-
nish some of the tribes with blacksmiths and agricultural nuplements to the
amount of two hundred dollars, at the expense of the United States, and to set
apai't three thousand dollars annually for the education of the children of these
tribes. It does not appear that any fort was erected in this territory prior to the
erection of Fort Atkmson on the Neutral Ground, in 1840-1.

This treaty was made by William Clark, Superintendent of Indian affairs, and
Col. WilloughViy Morgan, of the United States First Infantry, and came into
effect by proclamation, February 24, 1831.

10. Treatfj with tlir W iinnhtiiiocs. — Made at Fort Armstrong, Rock Island,
September 15, 1832, bv ( ini, \\inticl(l Scott and Hon. John Reynolds, (Jovcrnor
of Illinois. In this tn-iity the Winncbagoes ceded to the United States all their
land lying on the east side of the Mississippi, and in part consideration therefor
the United States granted to the Winnebagoes, to be held as other Imliau lands
are held, that portion of Iowa known as the Neutral Ground. The exchange of

36 HISTORY OF IOWA.

the two tracts of country was to take place on or before the 1st day of June, 1833.
In addition to the Neutral Ground, it was stipulated that the United States
should give the Winnebagoes, bsginning in September, 1883, and continuing for
twenty-seven successive years, ten thousand dollars in specie, and establish a
school among them, with a farm and garden, and provide other facilities for the
education of their children, not to exceed in cost three thousand dollars a year,
and to continue the same for twenty-seven successive years. Six agriculturists,
tvs^elve yoke of oxen and plows and other farming tools were to be supplied by
the Government.

11. Treaty of 1832 with the Sacs and Foxes. — Already mentioned as the
Black Hawk purchase.

12. Treat)) of 1836, with the Sacs and Foxes, ceding Keokuk's Reserve to
the United States; for which the Government stipulated to pay thirty thousand
dollars, and an annuity of ten thousand dollars for ten successive years, together
vfith other sums and debts of the Indians to various parties.

_ 13. Treat!) of 1837. —On the 21st of October. 1837, a treaty was made at the
city of Washington, between Carey A. Harris, Commissioner of Indian Affairs,
and the confederate tribes of Sacs and Foxes, ratified February 21, 1838, wherein
another slice of the soil of Iowa was obtained, described in the treaty as follows:
"A tract ot country containing 1,250,000 acres, lying west and adjoining the
the tract conveyed by them to the United States in the treaty of September 21,
1832. It is understood that the points of termination for the present cession
shall be the northern and southern points of said tract as fixed by the survey
made under the authority of the United States, and that a line shall be drawn
between them so as to intersect a line extended westwardly from the angle of
said tract nearly opposite to Eock Island, as laid down in the above survey, so
far as may be necessary to include the numljer of acres hereby ceded, which last
mentioned line, it is estimated, will be about twenty-five miles."

This piece of land was twenty-five miles wide in the middle, and ran off to a
point at both ends, lymg directly back of the Black Hawk Purchase, and of
the same length.

14. Treati/ of Relinquishment. — At the same date as the above treaty, in
the city of Washington, Carey A. Harris, Commissioner, the Sacs and Foxes
ceded to the United States all their right and interest in the country lying south
of the boundary line between the Sacs and Foxes and Sioux, as described in the
treaty of August 19, 1825, and between the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers, the
United States paying for the same one hundred and sixty thousand dollars. The
Indians also gave up all claims and interests under the treaties previously made
with them, for the satisfaction of which no appropriations had been made.

15. Treat/) of 1842. — The last treaty was made with the Sacs and Foxes Oc-
tober 11, 1842; ratified March 23, 1843. It was made at the Sac and Fox
agency (Agency City), by John Chambers, Commissioner on behalf of the United
States. In this treaty the Sac and Fox Indians "ceded to the United States all
their lands west of the Mississippi to which they had any clami or title." By
the terms of this treaty they were to be removed from the country at the expi-
ration of three years, and all who remained after that were to move at their
own expense. Part of them were removed to Kansas in the Fall of 1845, and
the rest the Spring following.

SPANISH GRANTS.

While the territory now embraced in the State o£ Iowa was un-
der Spanish rule as a part ol: its province of Louisiana, cer-
tain claims to and grants of land were made by the Spanish
authorities, Avith which, in addition to the extinguishment of In-
dian titles, the United States had to deal. It is proper that these
should be briefly reviewed.

HISTORY OF IOWA. 37

Dubuque — on the 22d day of September, 1788, Julien Dubuque,
a Frenchman, from Prairie du Chien, obtained from the Foxes a ces-
sion or lease of lands on the Mississippi River for mining purposes,
on the site of the present city of Dubuque. Lead had been dis-
covered here eight years before, in 1780, by the wife of Peosta Fox,
a warrior, and Dubuque's claim embraced nearly all the lead bear-
ing lands in that vicinity. He immediately took possession of his
claim and commenced mining, at the same time making a settle-
ment. The place became known as the " Spanish Miners," or,
more commonly, '' Dubuque's Lead Mines."

In 1796, Dubuque filed a petition with Baron de Carondelet, the
Spanish Governor of Louisiana, asking that the tract ceded to him
by the Indians might be granted to him by patent from the Span-
ish Government. In this petition Dubuque rather indefinitely set
forth the boundaries of his claim as ''about seven leagues along
the Missippi River, and three leagues in width from the river," in-
tending to include, as is supposed, the river front between the Lit-
tle Maquoketa and the Tete des Mertz Rivers, embracing more than
twenty thousand acres. Carondelet granted the prayer of the pe-
tition, and the grant was subsequently confirmed by the Board of
Land Commissioners of Louisiana.

In (Jctober 1804, Dubuque transferred the larger part of his
claim to Auguste Choteau, of St. Louis, and on the 17th of May,
1805, he and Choteau jointly filed their claims with the Board of
Commissioners. On the 20th of September, 1806, the Board de-
cided in their favor, pronouncing the claim to be a regular Spanish
grant, made and completed prior to the 1st day of October, 1800,
only one member, J. B. C. Lucas, dissenting.

Dubuque died march 24, 1810. The Indians, understanding that
the claim of Dubuque under their former act of cession was only
a permit to occupy the tract and work the mines during his life,
and that at his death they reverted to them, took possession and
continued mining operations, and were sustained by the military
authority of the United States, notwithstanding the decision of the
Commissioners. When the Black Hawk purchase was consummated
the Dubuque claim thus held by the Indians was absorbed by the
United States, as the Sacs and Foxes made no reservation of it in
the treaty of 1832.

The heirs of Choteau, however, were not disposed to relinquish
their claim without a struggle. Late in 1832, they employed an
agent to look after their interests, and authorized him to lease the
right to dig lead on the lands. The miners who commenced work
under this agent were compelled by the military to abandon their
operations, and one of the claimants went to Galena to institute
legal proceedings, but found no court of competent jurisdiction,
although he did bring an action for the recovery of a quantity of
lead dug at Dubuque, for the purpose of testing the title. Being
unable to identify the lead, however, he was non-suited.

do HISTORY OF IOWA,

By act of Congress, approved July 2, 1836, the town of Dubuque
was surveyed and platted. After lots had been sold and occupied
by the purchasers, Henry Choteau brought an action of ejectment
against Patrick Malony, who held land in Dubuque under a patent
from the United States, for the recovery of seven undivided eighth
parts of the Dubuque claim, as purchased by Auguste Choteau in
1804. The case was tried in the District Court of the United
States for the District of Iowa, and was decided adversely to the
plaintiff. The case was carried to the Supreme Court of the United
States on a writ of error, when it was heard at the December term,
1853, and the decision of the lower court was affirmed, the court
holding that the permit from Carondolet was merely a lease, or
permit to work the mines; that Dubuque asked, and the Governor
of Louisiana granted, nothing more than the ''peaceable posses-
sion" of certain lands obtained from the Indians; that Carondolet
had no legal authority to make such a grant as claimed, and that,
even if he had, this was but an "inchoate and imperfect title."

Girard. — In 1795, the Lieutenant Governor of Upper Louisiana
granted to Basil Girard five thousand eight hundred and sixty acres
of land, in what is now Clayton County, known as the " Girard
Tract." He occupied the land during the time that Iowa passed
from Spain to France, and from France to the United States, in
consideration of which the Federal Government granted a patent
of the same to Girard in his own right. His heirs sold the whole
tract to James H. Lockwood and Thomas P. Burnett, of Prairie du
Chien, for three hundred dollars.

Honor L — March 30, 1799, Zenon Trudeau, acting Lieutenant
Governor of Upper Louisiana, granted to Louis Honori a tract of
land on the site of the present town of Montrose, as follows: " It
is permitted to Mr. Louis (Fresson) Honori, or Louis Honore Fes-
son, to establish himself at the head of the rapids of the River Des
Moines, and his establishment once formed, notice of it shall be
given to the Governor General, in order to obtain for him a com-
mission of a space sufficient to give value to such establishment,
and at the same time to render it useful to the commerce of the
peltries of this country, to watch the Indians and keep them in the
fidelity which they owe to His Majesty."

Honori took immediate possession of his claim, which he retained
until 1805. While trading with the natives he became indebted to
Joseph Robedoux^ who obtained an execution on which the prop-
erty was sold May 13, 1803, and was purchased by the creditor.
In these proceedings the property was described as being " about
six leagues above the River Des Moines." Robedoux died soon
after he purchased the property. Auguste Choteau. his executor,
disposed of the Honori tract to Thomas F. Reddeck, in April, 1805,
up to which time Honori continued to occupy it. The grant, as
made by the Spanish Government, was a league square, but only
one mile square was confirmed by the United States, After the

HISTORY OF IOWA. 39

half-breeds sold their lands, in which the Houori grant was includ-
ed, various claimants resorted to litigation in attempts to invalidate
the title of the Reddeck heirs, but it was finally confirmed by a
decision of the Supreme Court of the United States in 1839, and
is the oldest legal title to any land in the State of Iowa.

THE HALF-BREED TRACT.

Before any permanent settlement had been made in the Territo-
ry of Iowa, white adventurers, trappers and traders, many of whom
were scattered along the Mississippi and its tributaries, as agents
and employes of the American Fur Company, intermarried with
the females of the Sac and Fox Indians, producing a race of half-
breeds, whose number was never definitely ascertained. There
were some respectable and excellent people among them, children
of men of some refinement and education. For instance: Dr.
Muir, a gentlemen educated at Edinburgh, Scotland, a surgeon in
the United States Army, stationed at a military post located on the
present site of Warsaw, married an Indian woman, and reared his
family of three daughters in the city of Keokuk. Other examples
might be cited, but they are probably exceptions to the general
rule, and the race is now nearly or quite extinct in Iowa.

A treaty was made at Washington, August 4, 1824, between the
Sacs and Foxes and the United States, by which that portion of
Lee County was reserved to the half-breeds of those tribes, and
which was afterward known as "The Half-Breed Tract." This
reservation is the triangular piece of land, containing about 119,-
000 acres, lying between the Mississippi and Des Moines Rivers.
It is bounded on the north by the prolongation of the northern
line of Missouri. This line was intended to be a straight one,
running due east, which would have caused it to strike tlie Miss-
issippi River at or below Montrose; but the surveyor who run it
took no notice of the change in the variation of the needle as he
proceeded eastward, and, in consequence, the line he run was bent,
deviating more and more to the northward of a direct line as he
approached the Mississippi, so that it struck that river at the lower
edge of the town of Fort Madison. ''This erroneous line." says
Judge Mason, "has been acquiesced in as well infixing the north-
ern limit of the Half-Breed Tract as in determining the northern
boundary line of the State of Missouri." The line thus run in-
cluded in the reservation a portion of the lower part of the city of
Fort Madison, and all of the present townships of Van Buren,
Charleston, Jeft'erson, Des Moines, Montrose and Jackson.

Under the treaty of 1824, the half-breeds had the right to oc-
cupy the soil but could not convey it, the reversion being reserved
to the United States. But on the oOth day of January, 1834, by
act of Congress, this reversionary riglit was relinquished, and the
half-breeds acquired the lands in fee simple. This was no sooner

40 HISTOKY OF IOWA.

done, than a horde of speculators rushed in to buy land of the half-
breed owners, and, in many instances, a gun, a blanket, a pony or
a few quarts of whisky was sufficient for the purchase of large
estates. Tliere was a deal of sharp practice on both sides; Indians
would often claim ownership of land by virtue of being half-breeds
and had no difficulty in proving their mixed blood by the li.dians,
and they would then cheat the speculators by selling land to which
they had no rightful title. On the other hand, speculators often
claimed laud in which they had no ownership. It was diamond cut
diamond, until at last things became badly mixed. There was no
authorized surveys, and no boundry lines to claims, and, as a nat-
ural result, numerous conflicts and quarrels ensued.

To settle these difficulties^ to decide the validity of claims or sell
them for the benefit of the real owners, by act of the Legislature
of Wisconsin Territory, approved January 16, 1838, Edward John-
stone, Thomas S. Wilson and David Brigham were appointed
Commissioners, and clothed with power to effect these objects.
The act provided that these Commissioners should be paid six dol-
lars a day each. The commission entered upon its duties and con-
tinued until the next session of the Legislature, when the act cre-
ating it was repealed, invalidating all that had been done and de-
priving the Commissioners of their pay. The repealing act, how-
ever, authorized the Commissioners to commence action against
the owners of the Half-Breed Tract, to receive pay for their servi-
ces, in the District Court of Lee County. Two judgments were
obtained, and on execution the whole of the tract was sold to
Hugh T. Reid, the Sheriff" executing the deed. Mr. Reidsold por-
tions of it to various parties, but his own title was questioned and
he became involved in litigation. Decisions in favor of Reid and
those holding under him were made by both District and Supreme
Courts, but in December, 1850 these decisions were finally reversed
by the Supreme Court of the United States in the case of Joseph
Webster, plantiff" in error, vs. Hugh T. Reid, and the judgment
titles failed. About nine j^ears before the ''judgment titles" were
finally abrogated as a above, another class of titles were brought
into competition with them, and in the conflict between the two,
the final decision was obtained. These were the titles based on
the "decree of partition" issued by the United States District
Court for the Territory of Iowa, on the 8th of May, 1841, and
certified to by the Clerk on the 2d day of June of that year. Ed-
ward Johnstone and Hugh T. Reid, then law partners at Fort
Madison, filed the petition for the decree in behalf of the St. Louis
claimants of half-breed lands. Francis S. Key, author of the Star
Spangled Banner, who was then attorney for the new York Land
Company, which held heavy interest in these lands, took a leading
part in the measure, and drew up the document in which it was
presented to the court. Judge Charles Mason, of Burlington, pre-
sided. The plan of partition divided the tract into one hundred

HISTORY OF lOAVA. 41

and one shares, and arranged that each claimant should draw his
proportion by lot, and should abide the result, whatever it might
be. The arrangement was entered into, the lots drawn, and the
plat of the same filed in the Recorder's office, October 6, 1841.
Upon this basis the titles to land in the Half-Breed Tract are now
held.

EARLY iSETTLEMENTS.

The first permanent settlement by the whites within the limits
of Iowa was made by Julien Dubuque, in 1788, when with a small
party of miners, he settled on the site of the city that now bears
his name, where he lived until his death, in 1810. Louis Honori
settled on the site of the present town of Montrose, probably in
1799, and resided there until 1805, when his property passed into
other hands. Of the Girard settlement, opposite Prairie du Chien,
little is known except that it was occupied by some parties prior to
the commencement of the present century and contained three
cabins in 1805. Indian traders, although not strictly to be con-
sidered settlers had established themselves at various points at an
early date. A Mr. Johnson, Agent of the American Fur Com-
pany, had a trading post below Burlington, where he carried on
traffic with the Indians some time before the United States possessed
the country. In 1820, Le Moliese, a French trader, had a sta-
tion at what is now Sandusky, six miles above Keokuk, in Lee
County. In 1829, Dr. Isaac Gallaud made a settlement on the
Lower Rapids, at what is now Nashville.

The first settlement in Lee County was made in 1820, by Dr.
Samuel C. Muir, a surgeon in the United States army, who had
been stationed at Fort Edwards, now Warsaw, 111., and who built
a cabin where the city of Keokuk now stands.

Messrs. Reynolds & Culver, who had leased Dr. Muir's claim at
Keokuk, subsequently employed as their agent Mr. Moses Still-
well, who arrived with his family in 1828, and took possession of
Muir's cabin. His brothers-in-law, Amos and Valencourt Van
Ansdal, came with him and settled near.

His daughter, Margaret Stillwell (afterward Mrs. Ford) was
born in 1831, at the foot of the rapids, called by the Indians Puch-
a-she-tuck, where Keokuk now stands. She was probably the first
white American child born in [owa.

Jn 1831, Mr. Johnson, agent of the American Fur Company,
who had a station at the foot of the rapids, removed to another
location, and. Dr. Muir having returned from Galena, he and
Isaac R. Campbell took the place and buildings vacated by the
Company, and carried on trade with the Indians and half-breeds.
Campbell, who had first visited and traveled through the southern
part of Iowa, in 1821, was an enterprising settler, and besides
trading with the natives, carried on a farm and kept a tavern.

Dr. Muir died of cholera in 1832.

42 HISTORY OF IOWA.

In 1830, James L. and Lucius H. Langwortli}^, brothers and na-
tives of Vermont, visited the Territory for tlie purpose of work-
ing the lead mines at Dubuque. They had been engaged in lead
mining at Galena, Illinois, the former as early as 1824. The lead
mines in the Dubuque region were an object of great interest to
the miners about Galena, for they were known to be rich in lead
ore. To explore these mines and to obtain permission to work
them was therefore eminently desirable.

In 1829, James L. Langworthy resolved to visit the Dubuque,
mines. Crossing the Mississippi at a point now known as Dunleith
in a canoe, and swimming his horse by his side, he landed on the
spot now known as Jones Street Levee. Before him spread out a
beautiful prairie, on which the city of Dubuque now stands. Two
miles south, at the mouth of Catfish Creek, was a village of Sacs
and Foxes. Thither Mr. Langworthy proceeded, and was well re-
ceived by the natives. He endeavored to obtain permission from
them to mine in their hills, but this they refused. He, however,
succeeded in gaining the confidence of the chief to such an extent
as to be allowed to travel in the interior for three weeks and ex-
plore the country. He employed two young Indians as guides,
and traversed in different directions the whole region lying be-
tween the Maquoketa and Turkey Rivers. He returned to the
village, secured the good will of the Indians, and, returning to
Galena, formed plans for future operations, to be executed as soon
circumstances would permit.

In 1830, with his brother, Lucius H., and others, having ob-
tained the consent of the Indians, Mr. Langworthy crossed the
Mississippi and commenced mining in the vicinity around Du-
buque.

At this time, the lands were not in the actual possession of the
United States. Although they had been purchased from France,
the Indian title had not been extinguished, and these adventurous
persons were beyond the limits of any State or Territorial govern-
ment. The first settlers were therefore obliged to be their own
law-makers, and to agree to such regulations as the exigencies of
the case demanded. The first act resembling civil legislation
within the limits of the present State of Iowa was done by the
miners at this point, in June, 1830. They met on the bank of the
river, by the side of an old cottonwood drift log, at what is now
the Jones Street Levee, Dubuque, and elected a committee, con-
sisting of J. L. Langworthy, H. F. Lander, James McPhetres,
Samuel Scales, and E. M. Wren. This may be called the first
Legislature in Iowa, the members of which gathered around that
old cottonwood log, and agreed to and reported the following,
written by Mr. Langworth, on a half-sheet of coarse, unruled
paper, the old log being the writing desk:

We, a Committee having been chosen to draft certain rules and regulations
(laws) by which we as miners, will be governed, and having duly considered

HISTORY OF IOWA. 43

the subject, do unanimously agree that we will be governed by the regulations
on the east side of the Mississippi River,* with the following exceptions, to-wit:

Article I. That each and every man shall hold 200 yards square of ground
by working said ground one day in six.

Article II. We further agree that there shall be chosen, by the majority
of the miners present, a person who shall hold this article, and who shall grant
letters of arbitration on application having been made, and that said letters of
arbitration shall be obligatory on the parties so applying.

The report was accepted by the miners present, who elected Dr.
Jarote, in accordance with Article 2. Here, then, we have, in
1830, a primitive Legislature elected by the people, the law drafted
by it being submitted to the people for approval, and under it Dr.
Jarote was elected first Governor within the limits of the present
State of Iowa. And it is to be said that the laws thus enacted
were as promptly obeyed, and the acts of the executive officer thus
elected as duly respected, as any have been since.

The miners who had thus erected an independent government
of their own on the west side of the Mississippi River, continued
to work successfully for a long time, and the new settlement
attracted considerable attention. But the west side of the Mis-
sissippi belonged to the Sac and Fox Indians, and the Government
in order to preserve peace on the frontier, as well as to protect the
Indians in their rights under the treaty, ordered the settlers not
only to stop mining, but to remove from the Indian territory.
They were simply intruders. The execution of this order was en-
trusted to Col. Zachary Taylor, then in command of the military
post at Prairie d\\ Chien, who, early in July, sent an officer to the
miners with orders to forbid settlement, and to command the
miners to remove within ten days to the east side of the Missis-
sippi, or they would be driven off by armed force. The miners,
however, were reluctant about leaving the rich " leads "" they had
already discovered and opened, and were not disposed to obey the
order to remove with any considerable degree of alacrity. In due
time, Col. Taylor dispatched a detachment of troops to enforce his
order. The miners, anticipating their arrival, had, excepting three,
recrossed the river, and from the east bank saw the troops land on
the western shore. The three who had lingered a little too long
were, however, permitted to make their escape unmolested. From
this time, a military force was stationed at Dubuque to prevent
the settlers from returning, until June, 1832. The Indians re-
turned, and were encouraged to operate the rich mines opened by
the late white occupants.

In June, 1832, the troops were ordered to the east side to assist
in the annihilation of the very Indians whose rights they had been
protecting on the west side. Immediately after tlie close of the
Black Hawk war, and the negotiations of the treaty in September,
1832, by which the Sacs and Foxes ceded to the United States the

^Established by the Superintendent of U. S. Lead Mines at Fever River.

4:i HISTOEY OF IOWA.

tract known as the "Black Hawk Purchase," the settlers, suppos-
ing that now they had a right to re-enter the territory, returned
and took possession of their claims, built cabins, erected furnaces
and prepared large quantities of lead for market. Dubuque was
becoming a noted place on the river, but the prospects of the hardy
and enterprising settlers and miners were again ruthlessly inter-
fered with by the Government, on the ground that the treaty with
the Indians would not go into force until June 1, 1833, although
they had withdrawn from the vicinity of the settlement. Col Tay-
lor was again ordered by the War Department to remove the min-
ers, and in January, 1833, troops were again sent from Prairie du
Chien to Dubuque for that purpose. This was a serious and per-
haps unnecessary hardship imposed upon the settlers. They were
compelled to abandon their cabins and homes in midwinter. It
must be now said, simply that " red tape " should be respected.
The purchase had been made, the treaty ratified, or was sure to be;
the Indians had retired, and, after the lapse of nearly fifty years,
no very satisfactory reason for this rigorous action of the Grovern-
ment can be given.

But the orders had been given, and there was no alternative but
to obey. Many of the settlers recrossed the river, and did not re-
turn; a few, however, removed to an island near the east bank of
the river, built rude cabins of poles, in which to store their lead
until spring, when they could float the fruits of their labor to St.
Louis for sale, and where they could remain until the treaty went
into force, when they could return. Among these were James L.
Langworthy, and his brother Lucius, who had on hand about three
hundred thousand pounds of lead.

Lieut. Covington, who had been placed in command at Dubuque
by Col. Taylor, ordered some of the cabins of the settlers to be torn
down, and wagons and other property to be destroyed. This wan-
ton and inexcusable action on the part of a subordinate clothed with
a little brief authority was sternly rebuked by Col. Taylor, and Cov-
ington was superseded by Lieut. Geo, Wilson, who pursued a just
and friendly course with the pioneers, who were only waiting for
the time when they could repossess their claims.

June 1, 1833, the treaty formally went into effect, the troops
were withdrawn and the Langworthy brothers and a few others at
once returned and resumed possession of their home claims and
mineral prospects, and from this time the first permanent settle-
ment of this portion of Iowa must date. Mr. John P. Sheldon
was appointed Superintendent of the mines by the Government,
and a system of permits to miners and licenses to smelters was
adopted, similar to that which had been in operation at Galena,
since 1825, under Lieut. Martin Thomas, and Capt. Thomas C. Le-
gate. Substantially the primitive law enacted by the miners assem-
bled around that old Cottonwood drift log in 1830 was adopted and
enforced by the United States Government,except that miners were

HISTORY OF IOWA. 45

required to sell their mineral to licensed smelters and the smelter
was required to give bonds for the payment of six per cent, of all
lead manufactured to the Government. This was the same rule
adopted in the United States mines on Fever River in Illinois,
except that, until 1830, the Illinois miners were compelled to pay
ten per cent. tax. This tax upon the miners created much dissatis-
faction among the miners on the west side as it had on the east side
of the Mississippi. They thought they had suffered hardships and
privationsenough in opening the way for civilization, without be-
ing subjected to the imposition of an odious Government tax upon
their means of subsistence, when the Federal Government could
better afford to aid than to extort from them. The measure soon
became unpopular. It was difficult to collect the taxes, and the
whole system was abolished in about ten years.

During 1833, after the Indian title was fully extinguished, about
five hundred people arrived at the mining district, about one hun-
dred and fifty of them from Galena.

In the same year Mr. Langworthy assisted in building the first
school house in Iowa, and thus was formed the nucleus of the now
populous and thriving city of Dubuque. Mr. Langworthy lived to
see the naked prairie on which he first landed become the site of a
city of fifteen thousand inhabitants, the small school house which
he aided in constructing replaced by three substantial edifices,
wherein two thousand children were being trained, churches erect-
ed in every part of the city, and railroads connecting the wilder-
ness which he first explored with all the eastern world. He died
suddenly on the 13th of March, 1865, while on a trip over the Du-
buque & Southwestern Railroad, at Monticello, and the evening
train brought news of his death and his remains.

Lucius H. Langworthy, his brother, was one of the most worthy,
gifted and influential of the old settlers of this section of Iowa.
He died, greatly lamented by many friends, in June, 1865.

The name Dubuque was given to the settlement by miners at a
meeting held in 1834.

In 1832 Captain James White made a claim on the present site
of Montrose. In 1834 a military post was established at this point
and a garrison of cavaly was stationed here, under the command of
Col. Stephen W. Kearney. The soldiers were removed from this
post to Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, in 1837.

During the same year, 1832, soon after the close of the Black
Hawk War, Zachariah Hawkins, Benjamin Jennings, Aaron White,
Augustine Horton, Samuel Gooch, Daniel Thompson and Peter
Williams made claims at Fort Madison. In 1833, these claims were
purchased by John and Nathaniel Knapp, upon which, in 1835,
they laid out the town. The next summer, lots were sold. The
town was subsequently re-surveyed and platted by the United States
Government.

46 HISTORY OF IOWA.

At the close of the Black Hawk War, parties who had been im-
patiently looking across upon " Flint Hills," now Burlington, came
over from Illinois and made claims. The first was Samuel S.White,
in the fall of 1832. who erected a cabin on the site of the city
of Burlington. About the same time, David Tothero made a
claim on the prairie about three miles back from the river, at a
place since known as the farm of Judge Morgan. In the winter of
that year, they were driven off by the military from Rock Island,
as intruders upon the rights of the Indians, and White's cabin was
burnt by the soldiers. He retired to Illinois, where he spent the
winter, and in the summer, as soon as the Indian title was extin-
guished, returned and rebuilt his cabin. White was joined by his
brother-in-law, Doolittle, and they laid out the original town of
Burlington, in 1834.

All along the river borders of the Black Hawk Purchase settlers
were flocking into Iowa. Immediately after the treaty with the
Sacs and Foxes, in September, 1832, Col. George Davenport made
the first claim on the spot where the thriving city of Davenport
now stands. As early as 1827, Col. Davenport had established a
flatboat ferry, which ran between the island and the main shore of
Iowa, by which he carried on a trade with the Indians west of the
Mississippi. In 1833, Capt. Benja-min W. Clark moved across from
Illinois, and laid the foundation of the town of Buffalo, in Scott
county, which was the first actual settlement within the limits of
that county. Among other early settlers in this part of the Ter-
ritory were Adrian H. Davenport, Col. John Sullivan, Mulligan
and Franklin Easly, Capt. John Coleman, J. M. Camp, William
White, H. W. Higgins, Cornelius Harrold, Richard Harrison, E.
H. Shepherd and Dr. E. S. Barrows.

The first settlers of Davenport were Antoine LeClaire, Col.
George Davenport, Major Thomas Smith, Major William Gordon,
Philip Hambaugh, Alexander W. McGregor, Levi S. Colton, Capt.
James May and others. Of Antoine LeClaire, as the representa-
tive of the two races of men who, at this time occupied Iowa, Hon.
C. C. Nourse, in his admirable Centennial Address, says: ''Antoine
LeClaire was born in St. Joseph, Michigan, in 1797. His father
was French, his mother a granddaughter of a Pottawattamie chief .
In 1818, he acted as official interpreter to Col. Davenport, at Fort
Armstrong (now Rock Island). He was well acquainted with a
dozen Indian dialects, and was a man of strict integrity and great
energy. In 1820 he married the granddaughter of a Sac chief.
The Sac and Fox Indians reserved for him and his wife two sec-
tions of land in the treaty of 1833, one at the town of LeClaire
and 'One at Davenport. The Pottawattamies, in the treaty at
Prairie du Chien, also reserved for him two sections of land, at the
present site of Moline, 111. He received the appointment of Post-
master and Justice of the Peace in the Black Hawk Purchase, at
an early day. In 1833, he bought for $100 a claim on the land

HISTORY OF IOWA. 47

upon which the original town of Davenport was surveyed and
platted in 1836. In 1836, LeClaire built the hotel, known since,
with its valuable addition, as the LeClaire House. He died Sep-
tember 25, 1861."

In Clayton county, the first settlement was made in the Spring
of 1832, on Turkey River, by Robert Hatfield and William W.
Wayman. No further settlements were made in this part of the
State till the beginning of 1836.

In that portion now known as Muscatine county, settlements
were made in 1834, by Benjamin Nye, John Vanater and G. W.
Kasey, who were the first settlers. E. E. Fay, William St. John,
N. Fullington H. Reece, Jona. Pettibone, R. P. Lowe, Stephen
Whicher, Abijah Whiting, J. E. Fletcher, W. D. Abernethy and
Alexis Smith were early settlers of Muscatine.

During the summer of 1835, William Bennett and his family,
from Galena, built the first cabin within the present limits of
Delaware county, in some timber since known as Eads' Grove.

The first postoffice in Iowa was established at Dubuque in 1833.
Milo H. Prentice was appointed postmaster.

The first Justice of the Peace was Antoine LeClaire, appointed
in 1833, as "a very suitable person to adjust the difiiculties be-
tween the white settlers and the Indians still remaining there."

The first Methodist Society in the Territory was formed at Du-
buque on the 18th of May, 1834, and the first class meeting was
held June 1st of that year.

The first church bell brought into Iowa was in March, 1834. .

The first mass of the Roman Catholic Church in the Territory
was celebrated at Dubuque, in the house of Patrick Quiglev, in the
fall of 1833.

The first school house in the Territory was erected by the Du-
buque miners in 1833.

The first Sabbath school was organized at Dubuque early in the
Summer of 1834.

The first woman who came to this part of the Territory with a
view to permanent residence, was Mrs. Noble F. Dean, in the Fall
of 1832.

The first family that lived in this part of Iowa was that of
Hosea T. Camp, in 1832.

The first meeting house was built by the Methodist Episcopal
Church, at Dubuque, in 1834.

The first newspaper in Iowa was the Dubuque Visitor, issued
May 11th, 1836. John King, afterward Judge King, was editor,
and William C. Jones, printer.

The pioneers of Iowa, as a class, were brave, hardy, intelligent
and enterprising people.

As early as 1824, a French trader named Hart had established a
trading post, and built a cabin on the bluffs above the large spring
now known as "Mynster Spring," within the limits of the pres-

48 HISTORY OF IOWA.

ent city of Council Bluffs, and had probably been there some time,
as the post was known to the employes of the American Fur
Company as Lacote de Hart, or ''Hart's Bluif." In 1827, an
agent of the American Fur Company, Francis Guittar, with others,
encamped in the timber at the foot of the bluffs, about on the
present location of Broadway, and afterward settled there. In
1839, a block house was built on the bluff in the east part of the
city. The Pottawattamie Indians occupied this part of the State
until 1846-7, when they relinquished the territory and removed to
Kansas. Billy Caldwell was then principal chief. There were no
white settlers in that part of the State, except Indian traders,
until the arrival of the Mormons under the lead of Brigham
Young. These people, on their way westward, halted for the
Winter of 1846-7 on the west bank of the Missouri River, about
five mile above Omaha, at a now place called Florence. Some of
them had reached the eastern bank of the river the Spring before,
in season to plant a crop. In the Spring of 1847, Young and a
portion of the colony pursued their journey to Salt Lake, but a
large portion of them returned to the Iowa side and settled mainly
within the limits of Pottawattamie County. The principal settle-
ment of this strange community was at a place called " Miller's
Hollow," on Indian Creek, and afterward named Kanesville, in
honor of Col. Kane, of Pennsylvania, who visited them soon after-
ward. The Mormon settlement extended over the county and into
neighboring counties, wherever timber and water furnished
desirable locations. Orson Hyde, priest, lawyer and editor, was
installed as President of the Quorum of Twelve, and all that part
of the State remained under Mormon control for several years.
In 1846, they raised a battalion, numbering some five hundred men,
for the Mexican w\ar. In 1848, Hyde started a paper called the
Fro7itier Guardian., at Kanesville. In 1849, after many of the
faithful had left to join Brigham Young at Salt Lake, the Mor-
mons in this section of Iowa numbered 6,552, and in 1850, 7^828,
but they were not all within the limits of Pottawattamie County.
This county was organized in 1848, all the first officials being Mor-
mons. In 1852, the order was promulgated that all the true be-
lievers should gather together at Salt Lake. Gentiles flocked in,
and in a few years nearly all the first settlers were gone.

May 9, 1843, Captain James Allen, with a small detachment of
troops on board the steamer lone, arrived at the present site of the
capital of the State, Des Moines. The lone was the first steamer
to ascend the Des Moines River to this point. The troops and
stores were landed at what is now the foot of Court avenue, Des
Moines, and Capt. Allen returned in the steamer to Fort Sanford
to arrange for bringing up more soldiers and supplies. In due
time they, too, arrived, and a fort was built near the mouth of
Raccoon Fork, at its confluence with the Des Moines, and named
Fort Des Moines. Soon after the arrival of the troops, a trading

HISTORY OF IOWA. 49

post was established on the east side of the river, by two noted
Indian traders named Ewing, from Ohio.

Among the first settlers in this part of Iowa were Benjamin
Bryant, J. B. Scott, James Drake (gunsmith), John Sturtevant,
Robert Kinzie, Alexander Turner, Peter Newcomer, and others.

The Western States have been settled by many of the best and
most enterprising men of the older States, and a large immigra-
tion of the best blood of the Old World, who, removing to an
arena of larger opportunities, in a more fertile soil and con-
genial climate, have developed a spirit and an energy peculiarly
Western. In no country on the globe have enterprises of all
kinds been pushed forward with such rapidity, or has there been
such independence and freedom of competition. Among those
who have pioneered the civilization of the West, and been the
founders of great States, none have ranked higher in the scale of
intelligence and moral worth than the pioneers of Iowa, who came
to the territory when it was an Indian country, and through
hardship, privation and suffering, laid the foundations of the popu-
lous and prosperous commonwealth which to-day dispenses its bless-
ings to a million and a quarter of people. From her first settle-
ment and from the first organization as a territory to the present
day, Iowa has had able men to manage her affairs, wise statesmen
to shape her destiny and frame her laws, and intelligent and impar-
tial jurists to administer justice to her citizens; her bar^ pulpit and
press have been able and widely influential; and in all the profes-
sions, arts, enterprises and industries which go to make up a great
and prosperous commonwealth, she has taken and holds a front
rank among her sister States of the West.

TERRITORIAL HISTORY. '

By act of Congress, approved October 31, 1803, the President of
the United States was authorized to take possession of the terri-
tory included in the Louisiana purchase, and provided for a tem-
porary government. By another act of the same session, approved
March 26, 1804, the newly acquire 1 country was divided. October
1st, 1804, into the Territory of Orleans, south of the thirty-third
parallel of north latitude, and the district of Louisiana, which lat-
ter was placed under the authority of the officers of Indian Terri-
tory.

In 1802, the district of Louisana was organized as a Territory,
with a government of its own. In 1807, Iowa was included in the
Territory of Illinois, and in 1812 in the Territory of Missouri.
When Missouri was admitted as a State, Marth 2, 1821, "Iowa,"
says Hon. C. C. Nourse, ''was left a political orphan," until by act
of Congress, approved June 28, 1834, the Black Hawk purchase
having been made, all the territory west of the Mississippi and
north of the northern bojndary of Missouri, was made a part of

50 HISTORY OF IOWA.

Michigan Territory. Up to this time there had been no county
or other organization in what is now the State of Iowa, although
one or two Justices of tlie Peace iiad been appointed and a post-
office was established at Dubuque in 1833. In September, 1834,
however, the Territorial Legislature of Michigan created two coun-
ties on the west side of the Mississippi River, viz: Dubuque and
Des Moines, separated by a line drawn westward from the foot of
Rock Island. These counties were partially organized. John
King was appointed Chief Justice of Dubuque County, and Isaac
Leffler, of Burlington, of Des Moines County. Two Associate
Justices in each county, were appointed by the Governor.

On the first Monday in October, 1835, Gen. Geo. W, Jones, now
a citizen of Dubuque, was elected a Delegate to Congress from this
part of Michigan Territory. On the 20th of April, 1836, through
the efforts of Gen. Jones, Congress passed a bill creating the Ter-
ritory of Wisconsin, which went into operation, July 4, 1836, and
Iowa was then included in.

THE TEERITORY OF WISCONSIN,

of which Gen Henry Dodge was appointed Governor; John S.
Horner, Secretary of the Territory; Charles Dunn, Chief Justice;
David Irwin and Wm. C. Frazer, Associate Justices.

September 9, 1836, Gov. Dodge ordered the census of the new
territory to be taken. This consus resulted in showing a popu-
lation of 10,531 in the counties of Dubuque and Des Moines. Un-
der the apportionment, these two counties were entitled to six
members of the Council and thirteen of the House of Representa-
tives. The Governor issued his proclamation for an election to be
held on the first Monday of October, 1836, on which day the fol-
lowing members of the First Territorial Legislature of Wisconsin
were elected from the two counties in the Black Hawk purchase:

Dubuque Count ij. — Council: John Fally, Thomas McKnight,
Thomas McCarney. House: Loring Wheeler, Hardin Nowlan,
Peter Hill Engle, Patrick Cuigley, HoseaT. Camp.

Des Moines Count i/. — Council: Jeremiah Smith, Jr., Joseph
R. Teas, Arthur B. Inghram. House: Isaac Leffler, Thomas Blair,
Warren L. Jenkins, John Box, George W. Teas, Eli Reynolds,
David R. Chance.

The first Legislature assembled at Belmont, in the present State
of Wisconsin, on the 25th day of October, 1836, and was organ-
ized by electing Henry T. Baird President of the Council, and
Peter Hill Engle, of Dubuque, Speaker of the House. It adjourn-
ed December 9, 1836.

The second Legislature assembled at Burlington, November, 10,
1837. Adjourned January 20, 1838. The third session was at
Burlington; commenced June 1st, and adjourned June 12, 1838.

During the first session of the Wisconsin Territorial Legislature
i n 1836, the County of Des Moines Avas divided into Des Moines

HISTORY OF IOWA. 51

Lee, Van Buren, Henry, Muscatine and Cook (the latter being sub-
sequently changed to Scott) and defined their boundaries. During
the second session, out of the territory embraced in Dubuque
County, were created the counties of Dubuque, Clayton, Fayette,
Delaware, Buchanan, Jackson, Jones, Linn, Clinton and Cedar,
and their boundaries defined, but the most of them were not or-
ganized until several years afterward, under the authority of the
Territorial Legislature of Iowa.

The question of a separate territorial organization for Iowa,
which was then a part of Wisconsin Territory, began to be agitated
early in the autumn of 1837. The wishes of the people found ex-
pression in a convention held at Burlington on the 1st of Novem-
ber, which memorialized Congress to organize a Territory west of
the Mississippi, and to settle the boundary line between Wisconsin
Territory and Missouri. The Territorial Legislature of Wisconsin,
then in session at Burlington, joined in the petition. Gen. Geo.
W. Jones, of Dubuque, then residing at Sinsinawa Mound, in what
is now Wisconsin, was Delegate to Congress from Wisconsin Ter-
ritory, and labored so earnestly and successfully, that "An act to
divide the Territory of Wisconsin, and to establish the Territorial
Government of Iowa," was approved June 12, 1838, to take effect,
and be in force on and after July 3, 1838. The new Territory em-
braced "all that part of the present Territory of Wisconsin which
lies west of the Mississippi River, and west of a line drawn due
north from the head water or sources of the Mississippi to the
territorial line." The organic act provided for a Governor, whose
term of office should be three years, and for a Secretary, Chief Jus-
tice, two Associate Justices, and Attorney and Marshal, who
should serve four years, to be appointed by the President, by and
with the advice and consent of the Senate. The act also provided
for the election, by the white male inhabitants, citizens of the
United States, over twenty-one years of age, of a House of Rep-
resentatives, consisting of twenty-six members, and a Coun-
cil, to consist of thirteen members. It also appropriated $5,000
for a public library, and $20,000 for the erection of public
buildings.

President Van Buren appointed Ex-Governor Robert Lucas, of
Ohio, to be the first Governor of the new Territory. William B.
Conway, of Pittsburgh, was appointed Secretary of the Territory;
Charles Mason, of Burlington. Chief Justice, and Thomas S. Wil-
son, of Dubuque, and Joseph Williams, of Pennsylvania, Associate
Judges of the Supreme and District Courts; Mr. Van Allen, of
New York, Attorney; Francis Gehon, of Dubuque, Marshal; Au-
gustus C. Dodge, Register of the Land Office at Burlington, and
Thomas McKnight, Receiver of the Land Office at Dubuque. Mr.
Van Allen, the District Attorney, died at Rockingham, soon after
his appointment, and Col. Charles Weston was appointed to fill his
vacancy. Mr. Conway, the Secretary, also die! at Burlington,

52 HISTORY OF IOWA.

during the second session of the Legislature, and James Clarke,
editor of the Gazette., was appointed to succeed him.

Immediately after his arrival. Governor Lucas issued a proclama-
tion for the election of members of the first Territorial Legislature,
to be held on the 10th of September, dividing the Territory into
election districts for that purpose, and appointing the 12th day of
November for meeting of the Legislature to be elected, at Bur-
lington.

The first Territorial Legislature was elected in September and
assembled at Burlington on the 12th of November, and consisted
of the following members:

Council.— Jesse B. Brown, J. Keith, E. A. M. Swazy, Arthur
Ingram, Robert Ralston, Greorge Hepner, Jesse J. Payne, D. B.
Hughes, James M. Clark, Charles Whittlesey, Jonathan W. Par-
ker, Warner Lewis, Stephen Hempstead.

House. — William Patterson, Hawkins Taylor, Calvin J, Price,
James Brierly, James Hall, Gideon S. Bailey, Samuel Parker, James
W. Grimes, George Temple, Van B. Delashmutt, Thomas Blair,
George H. Beeler,* William G. Coop, William H. Wallace, Asbury
B. Porter, John Frierson, William L. Toole, Levi Thornton, S. C.
Hastings, Robert G. Roberts, Laurel Summers,! Jabez A. Burch-
ard, Jr., Chauncey Swan, Andrew Bankson, Thomas Cox and Har-
din Nowlin.

Notwithstanding a large majority of the members of both branches
of the Legislature were Democrats, yet Gen. Jesse B. Browne
(Whig), of Lee County, was elected President of the Council, and
Hon. William H. Wallace (Whig), of Henry County, Speaker of
the House of Representatives — the former unanimously and the
latter with but little opposition. At that time, national politics
were little heeded by the people of the new Territory, but in 1840,
during the Presidential campaign, party lines were strongly drawn.

At the election in September, 1838. for members of the Legisla-
ture, a Congressional Delegate was also elected. There were four
candidates, viz: William W. Chapman and David Rohrer, of Des
Moines County; B. F. Wallace, of Henry County, and P. H.
Engle, of Dubuque County. Chapman was elected, receiving a
majority of thirty-six over Engle.

The first session of the Iowa Territorial Legislature was a stormy
and exciting one. By the organic law, the Governor was clothed
with almost unlimited veto power. Governor Lucas seemed dis-
posed to make free use of it, and the independent Hawkeyes could
not quietly submit to arbitrary and absolute rule, and the result
was an unpleasant controversy between the Executive and Legisla-
tive departments. Congress, however, by act approved March 3,

♦Cyrus S. Jacobs, who was elected for Des Moines County, was killed in an unfortu-
nate encounter at Burlington before the meeting of the Legislature, and Mr. Beeler
was elected to fill the vacancy.

tSamuel R. Murray was returned as elected from Clinton Oounty, but his seat was
successfully contested by Burchard.

HISTORY OF IOWA. 53

1839, amended the organic law by restricting the veto power of
the Governor to the two-thirds rule, and took from him the power
to appoint Sheriffs and Magistrates.

Among the first important matters demanding attention was the
location of the seat of government and provision for the erection
of public buildings, for which Congress had appropriated 820,000.
Governor Lucas, in his message, had recommended the appointment
of Commissioners, with a view to making a central location. The
extent of the future State of Iowa was not known or thought of.
Only on a strip of land fifty miles wide, bordering on the Missis-
sippi River, was the Indian title extinguished, and a central loca-
tion meant some central point in the Black Hawk Purchase. The
friends of a central location supported the Governor's suggestion.
The southern members were divided between Burlington and
Mount Pleasant, but finally united on the latter as the proper loca-
tion for the seat of government. The central and southern parties
were very nearly equal, and, in consequence, much excitement pre-
vailed. The central party at last triumphed, and on the 21st day
of January, 1839, an act was passed, appointing Chauncey Swan,
of Dubuque County; John Ronalds, of Louisa County, and Robert
Ralston, of Des Moines County, Commissioners, to select a site for
a permanent seat of Government within the limits of Johnson
County.

Johnson County had been created by act of the Territorial Leg-
islature of Wisconsin, approved December 21, 1837, and organized
by act passed at the special session at Burlington in June, 1838,
the organization to date from July 4th, following. Napoleon, on
the Iowa River, a few miles below the future Iowa City, was des-
ignated as the county seat, temporarily.

Then there existed good reason for locating the capital in the
county. The Territory of Iowa was bounded on the north by the
British Possessions; east, by the Mississippi River to its source;
thence by a line drawn due north to the northern boundary of the
United States; south, by the State of Missouri, and west, by the
Missouri and White Earth Rivers. But this immense territory
was in undisputed possession of the Indians, except a strip on the
Mississippi, known as the Black Hawk Purchase. Johnson County
was, from north to south, in the geographical center of this pur-
chase, and as near the east and west geographical center of the
future State of Iowa as could then be made, as the boundary line
between the'lands of the United States and the Indians, estab-
lished by the treaty of October 21, 1837, was immediately west of
the county limits.

The Commissioners, after selecting the site, were directed to lay
out 640 acres into a town, to be called Iowa City, and to proceed to
sell lots and erect public buildings thereon. Congress having
granted a section of land to be select el by the Territory for this
purpose. The Commissioners met at Napoleon, Johnson County^

5i HISTORY OF IOWA.

May 1, 1839, selected for a site Section 10^ in Township 79 North
of Range 6, West of the Fifth Principal Meridian, and immedi-
ately surveyed it and laid off the town. The first sale of lots took
place August 16, 1839. The site selected for the public buildings
was a little west of the geographical center of the section, where
a square of ten acres on the elevated grounds overlooking the river
was reserved for the purpose. The capitol is located in the center
of this square. The second Territorial Legislature, which assem-
bled in November, 1839, passed an act requiring the Commis-
sioners to adopt such plan for the building that the aggregate cost
when complete, shovld not exceed $51,000, and if they had already
adopted a plan involving a greater expenditure, they were directed
to abandon it. Plans for the building were designed and drawn
by Mr. John F. Eague, of Springfield, 111., and on the 4th day of
July, 1840, the corner stone of the edifice was laid with appro-
priate ceremonies. Samuel C. Trowbridge was Marshal of the
day, and Gov. Lucas delivered the address on that occasion.

When the Legislature assembled at Burlington in special session
July 13, 1840, Gov. Lucas announced that on the 4th of that
month he had visited Iowa City, and found the basement of the
capitol nearly completed. A bill authorizing a loan of $20,000
for the building was passed, January 15, 1841, the unsold lots of
Iowa City being the security offered, but only $5,500 was obtained
under the act.

THE BOUNDARY QUESTION.

The boundary line between the Territory of Iowa and the State
of Missouri was a difficult question to settle in 1838, in conse-
quence of claims arising from taxes and titles, and at one time
civil war was imminent. In defining the boundaries of the coun-
ties bordering on Missouri, the Iowa authorities had fixed a line
that has since been established as the boundary between Iowa and
Missouri. The Constitution of Missouri defines her northern
boundary to be the parallel of the latitude which passes through
the rapids of the Des Moines River. The lower rapids of the
Mississippi immediately above the mouth of the Des Moines River
had always been known as the Des Moines Rapids, or "^the rapids
of the Des Moines River." The Missourians (evidently not well
versed in history or geography) insisted on running the northern
boundary line from the rapids in the Des Moines Rivet, just below
Keosauqua, thus taking from Iowa a strip of territory eight or ten
miles wide. Assuming this as her northern boundary line, Mis-
souri attempted to exercise jurisdiction over the disputed territory
by assessing taxes, and sending her Sheriffs to collect them by dis-
training the personal property of the settlers. The lowans, how-
ever, were not disposed to submit, and the Missouri officials were
arrested by the Sheriffs of Davis and Van Buren Counties and

mSTORY OF IOWA. 55

confined in jail. Gov. Boggs, of Missouri, called out his militia to
enforce the claim and sustain the officers of Missouri. Gov. Lucas
called out the militia of Iowa, and both parties made active prep-
arations for war. In Iowa, about 1,200 men were enlisted, and
500 were actually armed and encamped in Van Buren County,
ready to defend the integrity of the Territory. Subsequently,
Gen. A. C. Dodge, of Burlington, Gen. Churchman, of Dubuque,
and Dr. Clark, of Fort Madison, were sent to Missouri as envoys
plenipotentiary, to effect, if possible, a peaceable adjustment of the
difficulty. Upon their arrival, they found that the County Com-
missioners of Clarke County, Missouri, had rescinded their order
for the collection of the taxes, and that Gov. Boggs had despatched
messengers to the Governor of Iowa proposing to submit an
agreed case to the Supreme Court of the United States for the
final settlement of the boundary question. This proposition was
declined, but afterward Congress authorized a suit to settle the
controversy, which was instituted, and which resulted in a judg-
ment for Iowa. Under this decision, William G. Miner, of Mis-
souri, and Henry B. Hendershott were appointed Commissioners
to survey and establish the boundary. Mr. Nourse remarks that
''the expenses of the war on the part of Iowa were never paid,
either by the United States or the Territorial Government. The
patriots wko furnished supplies to the troops had to bear the cost
and charges of the struggle."

The first legislative assembly laid the broad foundation of civil
equality, on which has been constructed one of the most liberal
governments in the Union. Its first act was to recognize the
equality of woman with man before the law, by providing that
'' no action commenced by a single woman, who intermarries
duriug the pendency thereof, shall abate on account of such mar-
riage." This principle has been adopted by all subsequent legisla-
tion in Iowa, and to-day woman has full and equal civil rights with
man, except only the right of the ballot.

Keligious toleration was also secured to all, personal liberty
strictly guarded, the rights and privileges of citizenship extended
to all white persons, and the purity of elections secured by heavy
penalties against bribery and corruption. The judiciary power was
vested in a Supreme Court, District Court, Probate Court, and
Justices of the Peace. Real estate was made divisible by will, and
intestate property divided equitably among heirs. Murder was
made punishable by death, and proportionate penalties fixed for
lesser crimes. A system of free schools, open for every class of
white citizens, was established. Provision was made for a system
of roads and highways. Thus, under the territorial organization,
the country began to emerge from a savage wilderness, and take
on the forms of civil government.

By act of Congress of June 12, 1838, the lands which had been
purchased of the Indians were brought into market, and land

56 HISTORY OF IOWA.

offices opened in Dubuque and Burlington. Congress provided for
military roads and bridges, which greatly aided the settlers, who
were now coming in by thousands, to make their homes on the
fertile prairies of Iowa — " the Beautiful Land." The fame of the
country had spread far and wide; even before the Indian title was
extinguished, many were crowding the borders, impatient to cross,
over and stake out their claims on the choicest spots they could
find in the new Territory. As soon as the country was open for
settlement, the borders, the Black Hawk Purchase, all along the
Mississippi, and up the principal rivers and streams, and out over
the broad rolling prairies, began to be thronged with eager land
hunters and immigrants, seeking homes in Iowa. It was a sight
to delight the eyes of all comers from every land — its noble streams,
beautiful and picturesque hills and valleys, broad and fertile
prairies extending as far as the eye could reach, with a soil surpass-
ing in richness anything which they had ever seen. It is not to
be wondered at that immigration into Iowa was rapid, and that
within less than a decade from the organization of the Territory it
contained a hundred and fifty thousand people.

As rapidly as the Indian titles were extinguished and the or-
iginal owners removed, the resistless tide of emigration flowed
westward. The following extract from Judge Nourse's Centennial
Address shows how the immigrants gathered on the Indian
boundary, ready for the removal of the barrier:

In obedience tc our progressive and aggressive spirit, the Government of the
United States made another treaty with the Sac and Fox Indians, on the 11th
day of August, 1842; for the remaining portion of their land in Iowa. The treaty
provided that the Indians should retain possession of all the lands thus ceded
until May 1, 1843, and should occupy that portion of the ceded territory west of
a line running north and south through Bedrock, until October 11, 1845. These
tribes, at this time, had their principal village at Ot-tum-wa-no, now called Ot-
tumwa. As soon as it became known that the treaty had been concluded, there
was a rush of immigration to Iowa, and a great number of temporai-y settle-
ments were made near the Indian boundary, waiting for the 1st day of May.
As the day approached, hundreds of families encamped along the line, and their
tents and wagons gave the scene the appearance of a military expedition. The
country beyond had been thoroughly explored, but the United States military
authorities had prevented any settlement or even the making out of claims by
any monuments whatever.

To aid them in making out their claims when the hour should arrive, the set-
tlers had placed piles of dry wood on the rising ground, at convenient distances,
and a short time before twelve o'clock on the night of the 30th of April, these
were lighted, and when the midnight hour arrived it was announced by the dis-
charge of firearms. The night was dark, but this army of occupation pressed
forward, torch in hand, with axe and hatchet, blazing lines with all manner of
curves and angles. When daylight came and revealed the confusion of these
wonderful surveys, numerous disputes arose, settled generally by compromise,
but sometimes by violence. Between midnight of the 30th of April and sundown
of the Ist of May, over one thousand families had settled on their new purchas e.

While this scene was transpiring, the retreating Indians were enacting one
more impressive and melancholy. The winter of 18^2-43 was one of unusual
severity, and the Indian prophet, who had disapproved of the treaty, attributed
theseverity of the winter to the anger of the Great Spirit, because they had sold
their country. Many religious rites were performed to atone for the crime.

HISTORY OF 10 V,- A. 57

When the time for leaving Ot-tum-wa-no arrived, a solemn silence pervaded the
Indian camp, and the laces of their stoutest men were bathed in tears ; and when
their cavalcade was put in motion, toward the setting- sun, there was a sponta-
neous outburst of frantic grief from the entire procession.

The Indians remained the appointed time beyond the line running north and
south through Redrock. The Government estabhshed a trading post and mili-
tary encampment at the Raccoon Fork of the Des Moines River, then and for
many years known as Fort Des Moines. Here the red man lingered until the
11th of (!)ctober, 1845, when the same scene that we have before described was
re-enacted, and the wave of immigration swept over the remainder of the " New
Purchase." The lands thus occupied and claimed by the settlers still belonged
in fee to the General Government. The surveys were not completed until some
time after the Indian title was extinguished. After their survey, the lands
were puVilicly proclaimed or advertised for sale at public auction. Under the
laws of the United States, a pre-emption or exclusive right to purchase public
lands could not be acquired until after the lands had thus been publicly oft'ered
and not sold for want of bidders. Then, and not until then, an occupant mak-
ing improvements in good faith might accjuire a right over others to enter the
land at the minimum price of $1.25 per acre. The "claim laws" were un-
known to the United States statutes. Th6y origmated in the "eternal fitness
of things," and were enforced, probably, as belonging to that class of natural
rights not enumerated in the constitution, and not impaired f r tlispaiaged by
its enumeration.

The settlers organized in every settlement prior to the public land sales,
appointed officers, and adopted their own rules and regulations. Each man's
claim was duly ascertamed and recorded by the Secretary. It was the duty of
all to attend the sales. The Secretary bid off the lands of each settler at $1.25
per acre. The others were there to see, first, that he did his duty and bid in the
land, and, secondly, to see that no one else hid. This, of course, sometimes led
to trouble, but it saved the excitement of competition, and gave a formality and
degree of order and regularity to the proceedings they would not otherwise have
attained. As far as practicable, the Territorial Legislature recognized the valid-
ity of these " claims " upon the public lands, and in 1839 passed an act legal-
izing their sale and making their transfer a valid consideration to support a
promise to pay for the same. (Acts of 1843, p. 456). The Supreme Territorial
Court held this law to be valid. (See Hill v. Smith, 1st Morris Rep. 70). The
opinion not only contains a decision of the question involved, but also contains
much valuable erudition upon that "spirit of Anglo-Saxon liberty" which the
Iowa settlers unquestionably inherited in a direct line of descent from the said
"Anglo-Saxons." But the early settler was not always able to pay even this
dollar antl twenty-five cents per acre for his land.

Many of the settlers had nothing to begin with, save their hands,
health and courage and their family jewels, "the pledges of love/'
and the " consumers of bread." It was not so easy to accumulate
money in the early days of the State, and the " beautiful prairies,"
the " noble streams," and all that sort of poetic imagery, did not
prevent the early settlers from becoming discouraged.

An old settler, in speaking of the privations and trials of those
early days, says:

Well do the "old settlers " of Iowa remember the days from the first settle-
ment to 1840. Those were days of sadness and ehstress. The endearments of
home in another land had been broken up; and all that was hallowed on earth,
the home of childhood, and the scenes of youth, were severed ; and we sat down by
the gentle waters of our noble river, and often ' "hung our harps on the willows. ' '

Another, from another part of the state testifies:

There was no such thing as gettuig money for any kind ot labor. I laid brick
at $3.00 per thousand, and took my pay in anything 1 could eat or wear. I

58 H [STORY OF IOWA.

built the first Methodist Church at Keokuk, 42x60 feet, of brick, for $600, and
took my pay in a subscription paper, part of which I never collected, and upon
which I only received $00.00 in money. Wheat was hauled 100 miles from
the interior, and sold for 37 J ^ cents per bushel.

Another old settler, speaking of a later period, 184:3, says:
Land and everything had gone down in value to almost nominal prices. Corn
and oats could be bought for six or ten cents a bushel; pork, $1.00 per hundred
and the best horse a man could raise sold for $50.00. Nearly all were in debt
and the Sheriff and Constable, with legal processes, wei-e common visitors at
almost every man's door. These were indeed "the times that tried men's souls."

"A few," says Mr. Nourse, " who were not equal to the trial, re-
turned to their old homes, but such as had courage and faith to be
the worthy founders of a great State remained, to more than realize
the fruition of their hopes, and the reward of their self-denial."

On Monday, December 6, 1841, the fourth Legislative Assembly
met, at the new capital, Iowa City, but the capitol building could
not be used, and the Legislature occupied a temporary frame house,
that had been erected for that purpose, during the session of 1841-2.
At this session, the Superintendent of Public Buildings (who, with
the Territorial Agent, had superseded the Commissioners first ap-
pointed), estimated the expense of completing the building at
$33,330, and that rooms for the use of the Legislature could be
completed for $15,600.

During 1842, the Superintendent commenced obtaining stone
from a new^ quarry, about ten miles northeast of the city. This is
now known as the 'Old Captain Quarry," and contains, it is thought,
an immense quantity of excellent building stone. Here all the
stone for completing the building was obtained, and it was so far
completed that on the 5th day of December, 1842, the Legislature
assembled in the new capitol. At this session, the Superintendent
estimated that it would cost $39,143 to finish the building. This
was nearly $6,000 higher than the estimate of the previous year,
notwithstanding a large sum Jiad been expended in the meantime.
This rather discouraging discrepancy was accounted for by the fact
that the officers in charge of the work were constantly short of
funds. Except the Congressional appropriation of $20,000 and the
loan of $5,500, obtained from the Miners' Bank, of Dubuque, all the
funds for the prosecution of the work were derived from the sale of
the city lots (which did not sell very rapidly)^ from certificates of
indebtedness, and from scrip, based upon unsold lots, which was to
be received in payment for such lots when they were sold. At one
time the Suporintendent made a requisition for bills of iron and
glass, which could not be obtained nearer than St. Louis. To meet
this, the Agent sold some lots for a draft, payable at Pittsburgh,
Pa., for which he was compelled to pay twenty-five per cent, ex-
change. This draft, amounting to $507, that officer reported to be
more than one-half the cash actually handled by him during the
entire season, when the disbursement amounted to very nearly
$24,000.

HISTORY OF IOWA. * 09

With such uncertainty, it coukl not be expected that estimates
could be very accurate. With all these disadvantages, however, the
work appears to have been prudently prosecuted, and as rapidly as
circumstances would permit.

Iowa remained a Territory from 1838 to 1846, during which the
office of Governor was held by Robert Lucas, John Chambers and
James Clarke.

STATE ORGANIZATION.

By an act of the Territorial Legislature of Iowa, approved Feb-
ruary 12, 1841, the question of the formation of a State Constitu-
tion and providing for the election of Delegates to a convention to
be convened for that purpose was submitted to the people, to be
voted upon at their township elections in April following. The
vote was largely in favor of the measure, and the Delegates elected
assembled in convention at Iowa City, on the 7th of October, 1844.
On the first day of November following, the convention completed
its work and adopted the first State Constitution.

The President of the convention, Hon. Shepherd Leffler, was in-
structed to transmit a certified copy of this Constitution to the
Delegate in Congress, to be by him submitted to that body at the
earliest practicable day. It was also provided that it should be
submitted, together with any conditions or changes that might be
made by Congress^ to the people of the Territory, for their approval
or rejection, at the township election in April, 1845.

The boundaries of the State, as defined by this Constitution,
were as follows:

Beginning in the middle of the channel of the Mississippi River, opposite
mouth of the Des Moines River, thence up the said river Des Moines, in the
middle ot the main channel thereof, to a point where it is intersected by the
Old Indian Boundary line, or line run by John C. Sullivan, in the year 1816;
thence westwardly along said line to the "old" northwest corner of Missouri;
thence due west to the middleof the main channel of the Missouri River; tiience
up in the middle of the main channel of the river last mentioned to the mouth
of the Sioux or Calumet River; thence in a direct line to the middle of the main
channel of the St. Peters River, where the Watonwan River — according to Nic-
ollet's map— enters the same; thence down the middle of the main channel of
said I'iver to the middle of the main channel of the Mississippi River; thence
down the middle of the main channel of said river to the place of beginning.

These boundaries were rejected by Congress, but by act approved
March 3, 1845, a State called Iowa was admitted into the Union,
provided the people accepted the act, bounded as follows:

Beginning at the mouth of the Des Moines River, at the middle of the Mis-
sissippi, thence by the middle of the channel of that river to a parallel of lati-
tude passing through the mouth of the Mankato or Blue Earth River; thence
west, along said parallel of latitude, to a point where it is intersected by a me-
ridian line seventeen degrees and thirty minutes west of the meridian ot Wash-
ington City; thence due south, to the northern boundary line of the State of
Missouri; thence eastwardly, following that boundary to the point at which the
same intersects the Des Moines River; thence by the midtUe of the channel of
that river to the place of beginning.

60 ' HISTORY OF IOWA.

These boundaries, had they been accepted, would have placed
the northern boundary of the State about thirty miles north of its
present location, and would have deprived it of the Missouri slope
and the boundary of that river. The western boundary would
have been near the west line of what is now Kossuth County.
But it was not so to be. In consequence of this radical and un-
welcome change in the boundaries, the people refused to accept the
act of Congress and rejected the Constitution at the election, held
August 4, 1845, by a vote of 7,656 to 7,235.

A second Constitutional Convention assembled at Iowa City on
the 4th day of May, 1846, and on the 18th of the same month an-
other Constitution for the new State with the present boundaries,
was adopted and submitted to the people for ratification on the 3d
day of August following, when it was accepted; 9,492 votes were
cast "for the Constitution," and 9,036 "against the Constitution."
The Constitution was approved by Congress, and by act of Con-
gress approved December 28, 1846, Iowa was admitted as a sover-
eign State in the American Union.

Prior to this action of Congress, however, the people of the new
State held an election under the new Constitution on the 26th day
of October, and elected Oresel Briggs, Governor; Elisha Cutler,
Jr., Secretary of State; Joseph T. Fales, Auditor; Morgan Reno,
Treasurer; and members of the Senate and House of Represent-
atives.

At this time there Avere twenty-seven organized counties in the
State, with a population of nearly 100,000, and the frontier settle-
ments were rapidly pushing toward the Missouri River. The Mor-
mons had already reached there.

The first General Assembly of the State of Iowa was composed
of nineteen Senators and forty Representatives. It assembled at
Iowa City, November 30, 1846, about a month before the State was
admitted into the Union.

At the first session of the State Legislature, the Treasurer of State
reported that the capitol building was in a very exposed condition,
liable to injury from storms, and expressed the hope that some pro-
vision would be made to complete it, at least sufficiently to protect
it from the weather. The General Assembly responded by appropri-
ating 12,500 for the completion of the public buildings. At the
first session also arose the question of the re-location of the capi-
tal. The Avestern boundary of the State, as now determined, left
Iowa City too far toward the eastern and southern boundary of
the State; this was conceded. Congress had appropriated five sec-
tions of land for the erection of public buildings, and toward the
close of the session a bill was introduced providing for the re-loca-
tion of the seat of government, involving to some extent the loca-
tion of the State University, which had already been discussed.
This bill gave rise to a deal of discussion and parliamentary ma-
neuvering, almost purely sectional in its character. It provided

HISTORY OF IOWA. 61

for the appoiutmeut of three Commissioners, who were authorized
to make a location as near the geographical center of the State as
a healthy and eligible site could be obtained; to select the five sec-
tions of land donated by Congress; to survey and plat into town
lots not exceeding one section of the land so selected; to sell lots
at public sale, not to exceed two in each block. Having done this,
they were then required to suspend farther operations, and make a
report of their proceedings to the Governor. The bill passed both
Houses by decisive votes, received the signature of the Governor,
and became a law. Soon after, by ''An act to locate and establish
a State University,'' approved February 25, 1847, the unfinished
public buildings at Iowa City, together with the ten acres of land
on which they were situated, were granted for the use of the Uni-
versity, reserving their use, however, by the general Assembly and
the State officers, until other provisions were made by law.

The Commissioners forthwith entered upon their duties, and se-
lected four sections and two half sections in Jasper County. Two
of these sections are in what is now Des Moines Township, and
the others in Fairview Township, in the southern part of that
county. These lands are situated between Prairie City and Mon-
roe, on the Keokuk & Des Moines Railroad, which runs diagonally
through them. Here a town was platted, called Monroe City, and
a sale of lots took place. Four hundred and fifteen lots were sold,
at prices that were not considered remarkabl7 remunerative. The
cash payments (one-fourth) amounted to $1,797.43, while the ex-
penses of the sale and the claims of the Commissioners for services
amounted to $2,206.57. The Commissioners made a report of their
proceedings to the Governor, as required by law, but the location
was generally condemned.

When the report of the Commissioners, showing this brilliant
financial operation, had been read in the House of Representatives,
at the next session, and while it was under consideration, an in-
dignant member, afterward known as the eccentric Judge McFar-
land, moved to refer the report to a select Committee of Five,
with instructions to report ''how much of said city of Monroe was
under water and how much was burned." The report was re-
ferred, without the instructions, however, but Monroe City never
became the seat of government. By an act approved January 16,
1849, the law by which the location had been made was repealed
and the new town was vacated, the mouey paid by purchasers of
lots being refunded to them. This, of course, retained the seat
of government at Iowa City, and precluded, for the time, the occu-
pation of the building and grounds by the tlniversity.

At the same session, $3,000 more were appropriated for complet-
ing the State building at Iowa City. In 1852, the further sum of
$5,000, and in 1854 $4,000 more were approj)riated for the same
purpose, making the whole cost $123,000, paid partly by the Gen-

62 • HISTORY OF IOWA.

eral Government and partly by the State, but principally from the
proceeds of the sale of lots in Iowa City.

But the question of the permanent location of the seat of gov-
ernment was not settled, and in 1851 bills were introduced for the
removal of the capital to Pella and to Fort Des Moines. The lat-
ter appeared to have the support of the majority, but was finally
lost in the House on the question of ordering it to its third read-

At the next session, in 1853, a bill was introduced in the Senate
for the removal of the seat of Government to Fort Des Moines, and,
on final vote, was just barely defeated. At the next session, how-
ever, the effort was more successful, and on the 15th day of Jan-
uary, 1855, a bill re-locating the capital within two miles of the
Raccoon Fork of the Des Moines, and for the appointment of Com-
missioners, was approved by Gov. Grimes. The site was selected
in 1856, in accordance with the provisions of this act, the land be-
ing donated to the State by citizens and property-holders of Des
Moines. An association of citizens erected a building for a tempo-
rary capitol, and leased it to the State at a nominal rent.

The third Constitutional Convention to revise the Constitution
of the State assembled at Iowa City, January 19, 1857. The new
Constitution framed by this convention was submitted to the peo-
ple at an election held August 3, 1857, when it was approved and
adopted by a vote of 40,311 "for" to 38,681 "against," and on the
3d day of September following was declared by a|proclamation of the
Governor to be the Supreme law of the State of Iowa.

Advised of the completion of the temporary State House of Des
Moines, on the lOtli of October following. Governor Grimes issued
another proclamation, declaring the city of Des Moines to be the
capital of the State of Iowa.

The removal of the archives and offices was commenced at once
and continued through the fall. It was an undertaking of no
small magnitude; there was not a mile of railroad to facilitate the
work, and the season was unusually disagreeable. Rain, snow and
other accompaniments increased the difficulties,' and it was not
until Dacember that the last of the effects — the safe of the State
Treasurer, loaded on two large "bob-sleds" — drawn by ten yoke of
oxen was deposited in the new capitol. It is not imprudent now
to remark that, during this passage over hills and prairies, across
rivers, through bottom lands and timber, the safes belonging to
the several departments contained large sums of money, mostly
individual funds, however. Thus, Iowa City ceased to be the
capital of the State, after four Territorial Legislatures, six State
Legislatures and three Constitutional Conventions had held their
sessions there. By the exchange, the old capitol at Iowa City,
became the seat of the University, and exceptthe rooms occupied by
the United States District Court, passed under the immediate and
direct control of the Trustees of that institution.

HISTORY OF IOWA. 63

Des Moines was now the permament seat of government, made
so by the fundamental hiw of the State, and on the 11th day of
January, 1858, the seventh General Assembly convened at the
new capital. The buildings used for governmental purposes was
purchased in 1864. It soon became inadequate for the purposes
for which it was designed, and it became apparent that a new,
large and permanent State House must be erected. In 1870, the
General Assembly made an appropriation and provided, for the ap-
pointment of a Board of Commissioners to commence the work.
The board consisted of Gov. Samuel Merrill, ex-officio. President;
Grenville M. Dodge, Council Bluffs; James F. Wilson, Fairfield;
James Dawson, Washington; Simon G. Stein, Muscatine; James
0. Crosbv, Gainsville; Charles Dudley, Agency City; John N.
Dewey, Des Moines; William L. Joy, Sioux City; Alexander R.
Fulton, Des Moines, Secretary,

The act of 1870 provided that the building should be constructed
of the best material and should be fire proof, to be heated and ven-
tilated in the most approved manner; should c6ntain suitable leg-
islative halls, rooms for State ofiicers, the judiciary, library, com-
mittees, archieves and the collections of the State Agricultural
Society, and for all purposes of State Government, and should be
erected on grounds held by the State for that purpose. The
sum first appropriated was ^150,000; and the law provided that no
contract should be made, either for constructing or furnishing
the building, which should bind the State for larger sums than
those at the time appropriated. A design was drawn and plans and
specifications furnished by Cochrane & Piquenard, architects, which
were accepted by the board, and on the 23d of November, 1871,
the corner stone was laid with appropriate ceremonies. The esti-
mated cost and present value of the capitol is fixed at 12,000,000,

From 1858 to 1860, the Sioux became troublesome in the north-
western part of the State. These warlike Indians made frequent
plundering raids upon the settlers, and murdered several families.
In 1861. several companies of militia were ordered to that portion
of the State to hunt down and punish the murderous thieves. No
battles were fought, however, for the Indians fled when they as-
certained that systematic and adequate measures had been adopted
to protect the settlers.

"The year 1856 marked a new era in the history of Iowa. In
1854, the Chicago & Rock Island Railroad had been completed to
the east bank of the Mississippi River, opposite Davenport. In
1054, the corner stone of a railroad bridge, that was to be the first
to span the 'Father of Waters,' was laid with appropriate cere-
monies at this point. St. Louis had resolved that the enterprise
was unconstitutional, and by writs of injunction made an unsuc-
cessful effort to prevent its completion. Twenty years later in her
history, St. Louis repented her folly, and made atonement for her
sin by imitating our example. On the first day of January, 1856,

64 HISTOEY OF IOWA.

this railroad was completed to Iowa City. In the meantime, two
other railroads had reached the east bank of the Mississippi — one
opposite Burlington, and one opposite Dubuque — and these were
being extended into the interior of the State. Indeed, four lines
of railroad had been projected across the State from the Mississippi
to the Missouri, having eastern connections. On the 15th of May,
1856, the Congress of the United States passed an act granting to
the State, to aid in the construction of railroads, the public lands
in alternate sections, six miles on either side of the proposed line.
An extra session of the General Assembly was called in July of
this year, that disposed of the grant to the several companies that
proposed to complete these enterprises. The population of our
State at this time had increased to 500,000. Public attention had
been called t(.« the necessity of a railroad across the continent. The
position of luwa, in the very heart and center of the Republic, on
the route of this great highway across the continent, began to at-
tract attention. Cities and towns sprang up through the State as
if by magic. Capital began to pour into the State, and had it been
employed in developing our vast coal measures and establishing
manufactories among us, or if it had been expended in improving
our lands, and building houses and barns, it would have been well.
But all were in haste to get rich, and the spirit of speculation
ruled the hour.

" In the meantime every effort was made to help the speedy com-
pletion of the railroads. Nearly every county and city on the Mis-
sissippi, and many in the interior, voted large corporate subscrip-
tions to the stock of the railroad companies, and issued their ne-
gotiable bonds for the amount.'" Thus enormous county and city
debts were incurred, the payment of which these municipalities
tried to avoid upon the plea that they had exceeded the constitu-
tional limitation of their powers. The Supreme Court of the
United States held these bonds to be valid; and the courts by man-
damus compelled the city and county authorities to levy taxes to
pay the judgments. These debts are not all paid even yet, but
the worst is over and ultimately the burden will be entirely re-
moved.

The first railroad across the State was completed to Council Bluffs
in January, 1871. The others were completed soon after. In 1854
there was not a mile of railroad in the State. In 1874, twenty
years after, there were 3,765 miles in successful operation."

GROWTH AND PROGRESS.

When Wisconsin Territory was organized, in 1836, the entire
population of that portion of the Territory now embraced in the
State of Iowa was 10,531. The Territory then embraced two coun-
ties; Dubuque and Des Moines, erected by the Territory of Michi-
gan, in 1834. From 1836 to 1838, the territorial Legislature of
Wisconsin increased the number of counties to sixteen, and the

HISTORY OF IOWA. 65

population had increased to 22,859. Since then the counties have
increased to ninety-nine, and the population, in 1875, was 1,366,-
000. The following table will show the population at different
periods, since the erection of Iowa Territory:

Yea)-. Population. \Y ear. Population .
1838 22,589 1859 6:38,775

1840 43,115

1844 75,152

1846 97,588

1847 116,651

1849 152,988

1850 191,982

1851 204,774

1852 2:30.713

1854 326,013

1856 519,055

1860 674,91:3

1863 701,7:32

1865... 754,699

1867 902,040

1869 1,040,819

1870 1,191,727

1878 1.251,333

1875 1,:366,000

1880 1,624,463

The most populous county in the State is Dubuque. Not only
in population, but in everything contributing to the growth and
greatness of a State has Iowa made rapid progress. In a little more
than thirty years, its wild but beautiful prairies have advanced
from the home of the savage to a highly civilized commonwealth,
embracing all the elements of progress which characterize the
older States.

Thriving cities and towns dot its fair surface; an iron net-work
of thousands of miles of railroads is woven over its broad acres; ten
thousand school houses, in which more than five hundred thou-
sand children are being taught the rudiments of education, testify
to the culture and liberality of the people; high schools, colleges
and universities are generously endowed by the State; manufacto-
ries spring up on all hef water courses, and in most of her cities
and towns.

Whether measured from the date of her first settlement, her
organization as a Territory, or admission as a State, Iowa has thus
far shown a growth unsurpassed, in a similar period, by any com-
monwealth on the face of the earth; and, with her vast extent of
fertile soil, with her inexhaustible treasures of mineral wealth,
with a healthful, invigorating climate; an intelligent, liberty-lov-
ing people; with equal, just and liberal laws, and her free schools,
the future of Iowa may be expected to surpass the most hopeful
anticipations of her present citizens.

Looking upon Iowa as she is to-day — populous, prosperous and
happy — it is hard to realize the wonderful changes that have oc-
curred since the first white settlements were made within her bor-
ders. When the number of States was only twenty-six, and their
total population about twenty millions, our republican form of gov-
ernment was hardly more than an experiment, just fairly put up-
on trial. The development of our agricultural resources and inex-
haustible mineral wealth had hardly commenced. Westward the
'' Star of Empire " had scarcely started on its way. West of the

66 HISTORY OF IOWA.

great Mississippi was a mighty empire, but almost unknown, and
marked on the maps of the period as " The Great American Des-
ert."

Now, thirty-eight stars glitter on our national escutcheon, and
forty-five millions of people, who know their rights and dare main-
tain them, tread American soil, and the grand sisterhood of States
extends from the Gulf of Mexico to the Canadian border, and
from the rocky coast of the Atlantic to the golden shores of the
Pacific.

THE AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE AND FARM.

Ames, Story Countij.

The Iowa State Agricultural College and Farm were established
by an act of the^General Assembly, approved March 22d, 1858.
A Board of Trustees was appointed, consisting of Governor R. P.
Lowe, John D. Wright, William Duane Wilson, M. W. Robinson,
Timothy Day, Richard Gaines, John Pattee, G. W. F. Sherwin,
Suel Foster,'S. W. Henderson, Clement Coffin and E. G. Day; the
Governors of the State and President of the College being ex-officio
members. Subsepuently the number of Trustees was reduced to
five. The Board met in June, 1859, and received propositions for
the location of the College and Farm from Hardin, Polk, Story and
Boone, Marshall, Jefferson and Tama Counties. In July, the
proposition of Story County and some of its citizens and by the
citizens of Boone County was accepted, and the farm and the
site for the buildings were located, In 1860-61, the farm-house and
barn were erected. In 1862, Congress granted to the State 240,-
000 acres of land for the endowment of schools of agriculture and
the mechanical arts, and 195,000 acres were located by Peter Mel-
endy. Commissioner, in 1862-63. In 1861, the General Assembly
appropriated $20,000 for the erection of the college building.

In June of that year, the Building Committee proceeded to let
the contract. The $20,000 appropriated by the General Assembly
were expended in putting in the foundations and making the brick
for the structure. An additional appropriation of $91,000 was
made in 1866, and the building was completed in 1868.

Tuition in this college is made by law forever free to pupils from
the State over sixteen years of age, who have been resident of the
State six months previous to their admission. Each county in the
State has a prior right of tuition for three scholars from each
county; the remainder, equal to the capacity of the college, are by
the trustees distributed among the counties in proportion to the
population, and subject to the above rule. All sale of ardent
spirits, wine or beer, are prohibited by law within a distance of
three miles from the college, except for sacramental, mechanical
or medical purposes.

HISTORY OF IOWA. 67

The course of instruction in the Agricultural College embraces
the following branches: Natural Philosophy, Chemistry, Botany,
Horticulture, Fruit Growing, Forestry, Animal and Vegetable
Anatomy, Geology, Mineralogy, Meteorology, Entomology,
Zoology, the Veterinary Art, Plane Mensuration, Leveling, Sur-
veying, Bookkeeping, and such Mechanical Arts as are directly
connected with agriculture; also such other studies as the Trustees
may, from time to time, prescribe, not inconsistent with the pur-
poses of the institution. The funds arising from the lease and
sale of lands, and interest on investments are sufficient for the
support of the institution.

The Board of Trustees, in 1881, was composed of Charles W.
Tenney, Plymouth; George H. VV^right, Sioux City; Henry G.
Little, Grinnell; William McClintock, West Union; John N.
Dixon, Oskaloosa. A. S. Welch, President of the Faculty; W.
D. Lucas, Treasurer; E. W. Stanton, Secretary.

The Trustees are elected by the General Assembly, in Joint
Convention, for lour years, three being elected at one session and
two the next.

THE STATE UNIVERSITY.

Iowa City^ Johnson Countij.

In the famous Ordinance of 1787, enacted by Congress before
the Territory of the United States extended beyond the Missis-
sippi River, it was declared that in all the territory northwest of
the Ohio River; "Schools and the means of education shall for-
ever be encouraged." By act of Congress, approved July 20, 1810,
the Secretary of the Treasury was authorized ''to set apart and re-
serve from sale, out of any of the public lands within the Terri-
tory of Iowa, to which the Indian title has been or may be ex-
tinguished, and not otherwise appropriated, a quantity of land, not
exceeding the entire townships, for the use and support of a uni-
versity within said Territory when it becomes a State, and for no
other use or purpose whatever; to be located in tracts of not less
than an entire section, corresponding with any of the large divis-
ions into which the public land are authorized to be surveyed."

William W. Dodge, of Scott County, was appointed by the
Secretary of the Treasury to make the selections. He selected
Section 5, in Township 78, north of Range 3, east of the Fifth
Principal Meridian, and then removed from the Territory. No
more land were selected until 1816, when, at the request of the
Assembly, John M. Whitaker, of Van Buren County, was appoint-
ed,who selected the remainder of the grant except about 122 acres.

In the first Constitution, under which Iowa was admitted to the
Union, the people directed the disposition of the proceeds of this
munificent grant in accordance with its terms, and instructed the

bo HISTORY OF IOWA.

General Assembly to provide, as soon as may be, effectual means
for the improvement and permanent security of the funds of the
university derived from the lands.

The first General Assembly, by act approved February 25, 1847,
established the "State University of low^a" at Iowa City, then
the Capital of the State, "with such other branches as public con-
venience may hereafter require." The " public buildinojs at
Iowa City, together with the ten acres of land in which they are
situated, were granted for the use of said university j^^'Oi'ided,
however, that the sessions of the Legislature and State offices
should be held in the capitol until otherwise provided by law. The
control and management of the University were committed to a
Board of fifteen Trustees, to be appointed hj the Legislature, five
of whom were to be chosen bienially. The Superintendent of
Public Instruction was made President of this Board. Provisions
were made for the disposal of the two townships of land, and for
the investment of the funds arising therefrom. The act further
provides that the University shall never be under the exclusive
control of any religious denomination whatever, and as soon as
the revenue for the grant and donations amounts to §?2,000 a year,
the University should commence and continue the instruction,
free of charge, of fifty students annually. The General Assembly
retained full supervision over the University, its officers and the
grants and donations made and to be made to it by the State.

The organization of the University at Iowa City was impractic-
able, however, so long as the seat of government was retained there.

In January, 1849, two branches of the University and three
Normal Schools were established. The branches were located —
one at Fairfield, and the other at Dubuque, and were placed upon
an equal footing, in respect to funds and all other matters, with
the University established at Iowa City. " This act," says Col.
Benton, " created three State Universities, with equal rights a.nd
powers, instead of a 'University with such branches as public con-
venience ?»ai/ hereafter demand,'' as provided bv the Constitution."

The Board of Directors of the Fairfield Branch consisted of
Barnet Ristine, Christian W. Slagle, Daniel Rider, Horace Gay-
lord, Bernhart Henn and Samuel S. Bayard. At the first meeting
of the Board Mr. Henn was elected President, Mr. Slagle Secretary,
and Mr. Gaylord Treasurer. Twenty acres of land were purchased,
and a building erected thereon, costing |2,500. This building was
nearly destroyed by a liurricane, in 1850, but was rebuilt more
substantially, all by contributions of the citizens of Fairfield. This
branch never received any aid from the State or from the Univer-
sity Fund, and by act approved January 24, 1853, at the request of
the Board, the General Assembly terminated its relation to the State.

The branch at Dubuque was placed under the control of the Su-
perintendent of Public Instruction. The Trustees never organ-
ized, and its existence was only nominal.

HISTORY OF IOWA. 09

The Normal Schools were located at Andrew, Oskaloosa and
Mount Pleasant, respectively. Each was to be governed by a board
of seven Trustees, to be appointed by the Trustees of the Univer-
sity. Each was to receive $500 annually from the income of the
University fund, upon condition that they should educate eight
common school teachers, free of charge for tuition, and that the
citizens should contribute an equal sum for the erection of the
recj[uisite buildings. The several Boards of Trustees were appointed.
At Andrew, the school was organized November 21, 1849. A
building was commenced and over $1,000 expended on it, but it
was never completed. At Oskaloosa, the Trustees organized in
April, 1852. This school was opened in the Court House, Septem-
ber 13, 1852. A two-story brick building Avas completed in 1853,
costing 12,473. The school at Mount Pleasant was never organ-
ized. Neither of these schools received any aid from the Univer-
sity Fund, but in 1857 the Legislature appropriated $1,000 each
for those at Oskaloosa and Andrew, and repealed the law author-
izing the payment of money to them from the University Fund.
From that time they made no further effort to continue in ope-
ration.

At a special meeting of the Board of Trustees, held February
21, 1850, the "College of Physicians and Surgeons of the Upper
Mississippi," established at Davenport, was recognized as the "Col-
lege of Physicians and Surgeons of the State University of Iowa,"
expressly stipulating, however, that such recognition should not
render the University liable for any pecuniary aid, nor was the
Board to have any control over the property or management of the
Medical Association. Soon after, this College was removed to Ke-
okuk, its second session being opened there in November, 1850.
In 1851, the General Assembly confirmed the action of the Board,
and by act approved January 22, 1855, placed the Medical College
under the supervision of the Board of Trustees of the University,
and it continued in operation until this arrangement was termin-
ated by the new Constitution, September 3, 1857.

From 1817 to 1855, the Board of Trustees was kept full by reg-
ular elections by the Legislature^ and the Trustees held frequent
meetings, but there av as no effectual organization of the University.
In March, 1855, it was partially opened for a term of sixteen weeks, ,
July 16, 1855, Amos Dean, of Albany, N. Y., was elected Presi-
dent, but he never entered fully upon its duties. The University
was again opened in September, 1855, and continued in operation
until June, 1856, under Professors Johnson, Welton, Van Valken-
burg and Guffin.

In the Spring of 1856, the capital of the State was located at
Des Moines; but there were no buildings there, and the capitol at
Iowa City was not vacated by the State until December, 1857.

In June, 1856, the faculty was re-organized, with some changes,
and the University was again opened on the third Wednesday of

70 HISTORY OF IOWA.

September, 185H. There were one hundred and twenty-four stu-
dents— eighty-three males and forty-one females in attendance
during the year 1856-7, and the first regular catalogue was pub-
lished.

Article IX, Section 11, of the new State Constitution, which
went into force September 3, 1857, provided as follows:

The State University shall be established at one place, without branches at
any other place; and the University fand shall be applied to that institution,
and no other.

Article XI, Section 8, provided that

The seat of Government is hereby permanently establislied, as now fixed by
law. at the city of Ues Moines, in the county of Polk; and the State University
at Iowa City, in the county of .Johnson.

The new Constitution created the Board of Education, consist-
ing of the Lieutenant Grovernor, who was ex officio President, and
one member to be elected from each judicial district in the State.
This Board was endowed with "full power and authority to legis-
late and make all needful rules and regulations in relation to com-
mon schools and other educational institutions," subject to altera-
tion, amendment or repeal by the General Assembly, which was
vested with authority to abolish or re-organize the Board at any
time after 1863.

In December, 1857, the old capitol building, now known as Cen-
tral Hall of the University, except the rooms occupied by the
United States District Court, and the property, with that excep-
tion, passed under the control of the Trustees, and became the seat
of the University. The old building had had hard usage, and its
arrangement was illy adapted for University purposes. Extensive
repairs and changes were necessary, but the Board was without
funds for these purposes.

The last meeting of the Board, under the old law, was held in
January, 1858. At this meeting, a resolution was introduced, and
seriously considered, to exclude females from the University; but
it finally failed.

March 12, 1858, the first Legislature under the new Constitution
enacted a new law in relation to the University, but it was not
materially different from the former. March 11, 1858, the Leg-
islature appropriated $3,000 for the repair and modification of
the old capitol building, and 110,000 for the erection of a boarding
bouse, now known as South Hall.

The Board of Trustees created by the new law met and duly or-
ganized April 27, 1858, and determined to close the University
until the income from its fund should be adequate to meet the cur-
rent expenses, and the buildings should be ready for occupation.
Until this term, the building known as the ''Mechanics' Academy"
had been used for the school. The Faculty, except the Chancellor
(Dean), was dismissed, and all further instruction suspended, from
the close of the term then in progress until September, 1859. At

HISTORY OF IOWA. 71

this meeting, a resolution was adopted excluding females from the
University after the close of the existing term; but this was after-
ward, in August, modified, so as to admit them to the Normal De-
partment.

An "Act for the Government and Regulation of the State Uni-
versity of Iowa," approved December 25, 1858, was mainly a re-en-
actment of the law of March 12, 1858, except that changes were
made in the Board of Trustees, and manner of their appointment.
This law provided that both sexes were to be admitted on equal
terms to all departments of the institution, leaving the Board no
discretion in the matter.

At the annual meeting, June 28, 1860, a full Faculty was ap-
pointed, and the University re-opened, under this new organiza-
tion, September 19, 1860 (third Wednesday); and at this date the
actual existence of the University may be said to commence.

August 19, 1862, Dr. Totten having resigned. Prof. Oliver M.
Spencer was elected President and the honorary degree of Doctor
of Laws was conferred upon Judge Samuel F, Miller, of Keokuk.

At the commencement, in June, 1863, was the first class of
graduates in the Collegiate Department.

The Board of Education was abolished March 19, 1864, and the
office of Superintendent of Public Instruction was restored ; the
General Assembly resumed control of the subject of education,
and on March 21, an act was approved for the goverment of the
Universit3^ It was substantially the same as the former law, but
provided that the Governor should be ex-officio President of the
Board of Trustees. Until 1858, the Superintendent of Public In-
struction had been ex-ofiicio President. During the period of the
Board of Education, the University Trustees were elected by it,
and elected their own President.

The North Hall was completed late in 1866.

The Law Department was established in June, 1868, and, in
September following au arrangement was perfected with the Iowa
Law School, at Des Moines, which had been in successful opera-
tion for three years, by which that institution was transferred to
Iowa City and merged in the Law Department of the University.

At a special meeting of the Board, on the ITth of September,
1868, a committee was appointed to consider the expediency of
establishing a Medical Department. This Committee reported at
once in favor of the proposition, the Faculty to consist of the
President of the University and seven Professors, and recom-
mended that, if practicable, the new department should be opened
at the commencement of the University year, in 1869-70.

By an act of the General Assembly, approved April 11, 1870,
the "Board of Regents" was instituted as the governing power of
the University, and since that time it has been the fundamental
law of the institution. The Board of Regents held its first meet-
ing June 28, 1870.

72 HISTOKY OF IOWA.

The South Hall having been fitted up for the purpose, the first
terra of the Medical Department was opened October 24_, 1870, and
continued until March, 1871.

In June, 1874, the "Chair of Military Instruction" was estab-
lished, and the President of the United States was requested to
detail an officer to perform its duties. At the annual meeting, in

1876, a Department of Homceopathy was established. In March,

1877, a resolution was adopted, affiliating the High Schools of the
State with the University.

In 1872, the ex-officio membership of the Superintendent of
Public Instruction was abolished; but it was restored in 1876.

The Board of Regents, in 1881, was composed as follows:
John H. Gear, Grovernor, ex-officio. President; Carl W. vonCoelln,
Superintendent of Public Instruction, ex-officio; J. L. Pickard,
President of the University, ex-officio; C. W. Slagle, Fairfield,
First District; D. N.Richardson, Davenport, Second District; H.
C. Bulls, Decorah, Third District; A. T. Reeve, Hampton, Fourth
District; J. N. W. Rumple, Marengo, Fifth District; W. 0.
Crosby, Centerville, Sixth District; T. S. Parr, Indianola, Seventh
District; Horace Everett, Council Bluffs, Eighth District; J, F.
Duncombe, Fort Dodge, Ninth District. John N. Coldren, Iowa
City, Treasurer; W. J. Haddock, Iowa City, Secretary.

The Regents are elected by the General Assembly, in Joint
Convention, for six years, one-third being elected at each regular
session, one member to be chosen from each Congressional
District.

The present educational corps of the University consists of the
President, nine Professors in the Collegiate Department, one Pro-
fessor and six Instructors in Military Science: Chancellor, three
Professors and four Lecturers in the Law Department; eight
Professor Demonstrators of Anatomy; Prosector of Surgery and
two Lecturers in the Medical Department, and two Professors in
the HomcBopathic Medical Department.

STATE HISTORICAL SOCIETY.

By act of the General Assembly, approved January 28, 1857, a
State Historical Society was provided for in connection with the
University. At the commencement, an appropriation of $250 was
made, to i3e expended in collecting, embodying, and preserving in
an authentic form, a library of books, pamphlets, charts, maps,
manuscripts, papers, paintings, statuary, and other materials illus-
trative of the history of Iowa; and with the further object to
rescue from oblivion the memory of the early pioneers; to obtain
and preserve various accounts of their exploits, perils and hardy
adventures; to secure facts and statements relative to the history
and genius, and progress and decay of the Indian tribes of Iowa,
to exhibit faithfully the antiquities and past and present resources

i

HISTORY OF IOWA. 73

of the state; to aid in the publication of such collections of the
Society as shall, from time to time be deemed of value and inter-
est; to aid in binding its books, pamphlets, manuscripts and papers,
and in defraying other necessary incidental expenses of the So-
ciety.

There was appropriated by law to this institution, till the Gen-
eral Assembly shall otherwise direct, the sum of $500 per annum.
The Society is under the management of a Board of Curators,
consisting of eighteen persons, nine of whom are appointed by the
Grovernor, and nine elected by the members of the Society. The
Curators receive no compensation for their services. The annual
meeting is provided for by law, to be held at Iowa City on Mon-
day preceding the last Wednesday in June of each year.

The State Historical Society has published a series of very
valuable collections, including history, biography, sketches, remin-
iscences, etc., with quite a large number of finely engraved por-
traits of prominent and early settlers, under the title of "Annals
of Iowa."

THE PENITENTIARY.

Located at Fort Madison, Lee County.

The first act of the Territorial Legislature, relating to a Peni-
tentiary in Iowa, was approved January 25, 1839, the fifth section
of which authorized the Grovernor to draw the sum of |20,000
appropriated by an act of Congress approved July 7, 1838, for
public buildings in the Territory of Iowa. It provided for a
Board of Directors of three persons elected by the Legislature,
who should direct the building of the Penitentiary, which should
be located within one mile of the public square, in the town of
Fort Madison, Lee County, provided Fort Madison should deed to
the Directors a tract of land suitable for a site, and assign them,
by contract, a spring or stream of water for the use of the Peni-
tentiary. To the Directors was also given the power of appoint-
ing the Warden; the latter to appoint his own assistants.

The first Directors appointed were John S. David and John
Claypole. They made their first report to the Legislative Council
November 9, 1839. The citizens of the town of Fort Madison
had executed a deed conveying ten acres of land for the building
site. Amos Ladd was appointed Superintendent of the building
June 5, 1839. The building was designed of sufficient capacity to
contain one hundred and thirty-eight convicts, and estimated to
cost $55,933.90. It was begun on the 9th of July, 1839; the
main building and Warden's house were completed in theFall of
1811. Other additions were made from time to time till the build-
ing and arrangements were all complete according to the plan of
the Directors. It has answered the purpose of the State as a

74 HISTORY OF IOWA.

Penitentiary for more tlian thirty years, and during that period
many items of practical experience in prison management have
been gained.

ADDITIONAL PENITENTIARY.

Located at Anaiiiosa, Jones County.

By an Act of the Fourteenth General Assejnbly, approved April

23, 1872, William Ure, Foster L. Downing and Martin Heisey
were constituted Commissioners to locate and provide for the erec-
tion and control of an additional Penitentiary for the State of
Iowa. These Commissioners met on the 4th of the following
June, at Anamosa, Jones County, and selected a site donated by
the citizens, within the limits of the city. L. W. Foster & Co.,
architects, of Des Moines, furnished the plan, drawings and sjieci-
fications, and work was commenced on the building on the 28th
day of September, 1872. May 13, 1873, twenty convicts were
transferred to Anamosa from the Fort Madison Penitentiary.
The entire enclosure includes fifteen acres, with a frontage of 663
feet.

IOWA HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE.

Mount Pleasant, Henry County.

By an act of the General Assembly of Iowa, approved January

24, 1855, $4,425 were appropriated for the purchase of a site, and
$50,000 for building an Insane Hospital, and the Governor
(Grimes), Edward Johnston, of Lee County, and Charles S. Blake,
of Henry County, were appointed to locate the institution and
Superintend the erection of the building. These Commissioners
located the institution at Mt. Pleasant, Henry County. A plan
for a building designed to accommodate 300 patients was accepted,
and in October work was commenced. Up to February 25, 1858,
and including an appropriation made on that date, the Legislature
had appropriated $258,555.67 to this institution, but the building
was not finished ready for occupancy by patients until March 1,
1861. April 18, 1876, a portion of the hospital building was de-
stroyed by fire.

Trustees, :ZS8^ /—Timothy Whiting, Mt. Pleasant; J. H. Kulp,
Davenport; Denison A. Hurst, Oskaloosa; John Conaway, Brook-
lyn; L. E. Fellows, Lansing. Mark Ranney, M. D., Mt. Pleasant,
is the Medical Superintendent; C. V. Arnold, Mt. Pleasant, Treas-
urer.

HOSPITAL FOR THE INSANE

Independence., Buchanan County.

In the winter of 1867-8 a bill providing for an additional Hos-
pital for the insane was passed by the Legislature, and an appro-
priation of $125,000 was made for that purpose. Maturin L.

HISTORY 0? IOWA. 75

Fisher, o£ Clayton County; E, G. Morgan, of Webster County, and
Albert Clark, of Buchanan County, were appointed Commissioners
to locate and supervise the erection of the building.

The Commissioners met and commenced their labors on the 8th
day of June, 1868, at Independence. The act under which they
were appointed required them to select the most eligible and de-
sirable location, of not less than 320 acres, within two miles of
the City of Independence, that might be offered by the citizens
free of charge to the State. Several such tracts were offered, but
the Commissioners finally selected the south half of southwest
quarter of Section 5; the north half of northeast quarter of Sec-
tion 7; the north half of northwest quarter of Section 8, and the
north half of northeast quarter of Section 8, all in Township 88
north. Range 9 west of the Fifth Principal Meridian. This loca-
tion is on the west side of the Wapsipinicon River, and about a
mile from its banks, and about the same distance from Indepen-
dence.

The contract for erecting the building was awarded for $88,114.
The contract was signed November 7^ 1868, and work was at once
commenced. The main buildings were constructed of dressed
limestone, from the quarries at Anamosa and Farley. The base-
ments are of the local granite worked from the immense boulders
found in large quantities in this portion of the State.

In 1872, the building was so far completed that the Commis-
sioners called the first meeting of the Trustees, on the 10th day of
July of that year. The building was ready for occupancy April
21, '1873.

In 1877, the south wing was built, but was not completed ready
for occupancy until the Spring or Summer of 1878.

Trustees, 1881: — Erastus G. Morgan, Fort Dodge, President;
Jed. Lake, Independence; Mrs. Jennie C. McKinney, Decorah;
Lewis H. Smith, Algona; David Hammer, McGregor; A. Reynolds,
M. D., Independence, Medical Superintendent; W. G. Donnan, In-
dependence, Treasurer.

IOWA COLLEGE FOR THE BLIND.

Vinton, Benton County.

In August, 1852, Prof, Samuel Bacon, himself blind, estab-
lished an Institution for the Instruction of the blind of Iowa, at
Keokuk.

By act of the General Assembly, entitled, " An act to establish
an Asylum for the Blind," approved January 18, 1853, the institu-
tion was adopted by the State, removed to Iowa City, February 3d,
und opened for the reception of pupils April 4, 1853, free to all
the blind in the State.

76 HISTORY OF IOWA.

The Board of Trustees appointed Prof . Samuel Bacon, Principal;
T. J. McGittigen, Teacher of Music, and Mrs. Sarah K. Bacon,
Matron. Twenty-three pupils were admitted during the first term.

In his first report, made in 1854, Prof. Bacon suggested that the
name should be changed from "Asylum for the Blind," to that
of ''Institution for the Instruction of the Blind." This was done
in 1855, when the General Assembly made an annual appropriation
for the College of $55 per quarter for each pupil. This was subse-
cpently changed to $3,000 per annum, and a charge of $25 as an
admission fee for each pupil, which sum, with the amounts real-
ized from the sale of articles manufactured by the blind pupils,
proved sufficient for the expenses of the institution during Mr.
Bacon's administration.

On the 8th of May, 1858, the Trustees met at Vinton, and made
arrangements for securing the donation of $5,000 made by the cit-
izens of that town.

In June of that year a quarter section of land was donated for
the College, by John W. 0. Webb and others, and the Trustees
adopted a plan for the erection of a suitable building. In 1860,
the plan was modified, and the contract for enclosing let for
$10,420.

In August, 1862, the building was so far completed that the goods
and furniture of the institution were removed from Iowa City to
Vinton, and early in October the School was opened there with
twenty-four pupils.

Trustees, 1881:— GXmion 0. Harrington, Vinton; S. H. Watson,
Vinton, Treasurer; J . F. White, Sidney; M. H. Westerbrook, Lyons;
W. H. Leavitt, Waterloo; Jacob Springer. Watkins; Rev. Robert
Carothers, Principal of the Institution, and Secretary of the Board.

INSTITUTION FOR THE DEAF AND DUMB.

Council Bluffs, Poftawattatnie Cotmfi/.

The Iowa Institution for the Deaf and Dumb was established
at Iowa City by an act of the General Assembly, approved January
24,1855. The number of deaf mutes then in the State was 301;
the number attending the Institution, 50.

A strong effort was made, in 1866, to. remove this important in-
stitution to Des Moines, but it was located permanently at Council
Bluffs, and a building rented for its use. In 1868, Commissioners
were appointed to locate a site for, and to superintend the erection
of a new building, for which the Legislature appropriated $125,-
000 to commence the work of construction. The Commissioners
selected ninety acres of land about two miles south of the city of
Council Bluffs. The main building and one wing were completed
October 1, 1870, and immediately occupied by the Institution.
February 25, 1877, the main building and east wing were des-
troyed by fire; and August 6th, following, the roof of the new

HISTORY OF IOWA. 77

west wing was blown off and the walls partially demolished
by a tornado. At the time of the fire, about one hun-
dred and fifty pupils were in attendance. After the fire, half the
classes were dismissed and the number of scholars reduced to
about seventy, and in a week or two the school was in running
order.

Trustees, 1881 .•— B. F. Clayton, Macedonia, President; J. H.
Stubenrauch, Pella, Treasurer; Louis Weinstein, Burlington. Rev.

A. Rogers, Superintendent.

SOLDIERS' ORPHANS' HOMES.

Davenport, Cedar Falls, Glenwood.

The movement which culminated in the establishment of this
beneficient institution was originated by Mrs. Annie Wittenmeyer,
during the civil war of 1861-65. This noble and patriotic lady
called a convention at Muscatine, on the 7th of October, 1863,
for the purpose of devising measures for the support and educa-
tion of the orphan children of the brave sons of Iowa, who had
fallen in defense of national honor and integrity. So great was
the public interest in the movement that there was a large repre-
sentation from all parts of the State on the day named, and an
association was organized called the Iowa State Orphan Asylum.

The first meeting of the Trustees was held February 14, 1864,
in the Representative Hall, at Des Moines. Committees from
both branches of the General Assembly were present and were in-
vited to participate in their deliberations. Arrangements were
made for raising funds.

At the next meeting, in Davenport, in March, 1864, the Trus-
tees decided to commence operations at once, and a committee was
appointed to lease a suitable building, solicit donations, and pro-
cure suitable furniture. This committee secured a large brick
building in Lawrence, Van Buren County, and engaged Mr.
Fuller, of Mt. Pleasant, as Steward.

At the annual meeting, in Des Moines, in June, 1864, Mrs. C.

B. Baldwin, Mrs. G. G. Wright, Mrs. Dr. Horton, Miss Mary E.
Shelton and Mr. George Sherman, were appointed a committee to
furnish the building and take all necessary steps for opening the
" Home," and notice was given that at the next meeting of the
Association, a motion would be made to change the name of the
Institution to Iowa Orphans' Home.

The work of preparation was conducted so vigorously that on
the 13th day of July following, the Executive Committee an-
nounced that they were ready to receive the children. In three
weeks twenty-one were admitted, and the number constantly in-
creased, so that, in a little more than six months from the time

78 HISTOKY OF IOWA.

of opening, there were seventy children admitted, and twenty
more applications, which the Committee had not acted upon — all
Orphans of Soldiers.

The " Home" was sustained by the voluntary contributions of
the people, until 1866, when it was assumed by the State, In that
year, the General Assembly provided for the location of several
such "Homes" in the different counties, and tvhich were estab-
lished at Davenport, Scott County; Cedar Falls, Black Hawk
County, and at Glenwood, Mills County.

The Board of Trustees, elected by the General Assembly, had
the oversight and management of the Soldiers' Orphans' Homes
of the State, and consisted of one person from each county in
which such Home was located, and one for the State at large, who
held their offices two years, or until their successors were elected
and qualified. An appropriation of $10 per month for each
orphan actually supported was made by the General Assembly.

The Home in Cedar Falls was organized in 1865, and an old
hotel building was fitted up for it. January, 1866, there were
ninety-six inmates.

October 12, 1869, the Home was removed to a large brick build-
ing, about two miles west of Cedar Falls, and was very prosperous
for several years, but in 1876, the General Assembly established a
State Normal School at Cedar Falls, and appropriated the build-
ings and grounds for that purpose.

By "An act to provide for the organization and support of an
asylum at Glenwood, in Mills County, for feeble minded children,"
approved March 17, 1876, the buildings and grounds used by the
Soldiers' Orphans' Home at that place were appropriated for this
purpose. By another act, approved March 15, 1876, the soldiers'
orphans, then at the Homes at Glenwood and Cedar Falls, were to
be removed to the Home at Davenport within ninety days there-
after, and the Board of Trustees of the Home were authorized to
receive other indigent children into that institution, and provide
for their education in industrial pursuits.

Trustees 1881.— C. M. Holton, Iowa City; Seth P. Bryant, Da-
venport; C. C. Horton, Muscatine. S. W. Pierce, Davenport, Su-
perintendent.

STATE NORMAL SCHOOL.

Cedar Falls, Black Hawk County.

Chapter 129 of the laws of the Sixteenth General Assembly, in.
1876, established a State Normal School at Cedar Falls, Black
Hawk County, and required the Trustees of the Soldiers' Orphans'
Home to turn over the property in their charge to the Directors
of the new institution.

The Board of Directors met at Cedar Falls June 7, 1876, and
duly organized. The Board of Trustees of the Soldiers' Orphans'

HISTORY OF IOWA. 79

Home met at the same time for the purpose of turning over to the
Directors the property of th?t institution, which was satisfactorily
done and properly receipted for as required by law.

On the 12th of July, 1876, the Board again met, when executive
and teachers' committees were appointed and their duties assigned.
A Steward and a Matron were elected, and their respective duties
defined.

The buildings and grounds were repaired and fitted up as well as
the appropriation would admit, and the first term of school opened
September 6, 1876, commencing with twenty-seven and closing
with eighty-seven students.

Directors, 1881:— C. C. Cory, Pella; E. H. Thayer, Clinton; G.
S. Robinson, Storm Lake; N. W. Boyes, Dubuque; L. D. Le wel-
ling, Mitchellville; J. J. Tollerton, Cedar Falls; E. Townsend,
Cedar Falls, Treasurer.

ASYLUM FOR FEEBLE MINDED CHILDREN.

Glenwood, Mills County.

Chapter 152 of the laws of the Sixteenth General Assembly, ap-
proved March 17, 1876, provided for the establishment of an asy-
lum for feeble minded children at Glenwood, Mills County, and the
buildings and the grounds of the Soldiers' Orphans' Home at that
place were to be used for that purpose. The asylum was placed
under the management of three Trustees, one at least of whom
should be a resident of Mills County. Children between the ages
of 7 and IS years are admitted. Ten dollars per month for each
child actually supported by the State was appropriated by the act,
and $2,000 for salaries of officers and teachers for two years.

Hon. J. ^N. Cattell, of Folk County; A. J. Russell, of Mills
County, and W. S. Robertson, were appointed Trustees, who held
their first meeting at Glenwood, April 26, 1876. The Trustees
found the house and farm which had been turned over to them in
a shamefully dilapidated condition. The fences were broken down
and the lumber destroyed or carried away; the windows broken,
doors off" their hinges, floors broken and filthy in the extreme, cel-
lars reeking with offensive odors from decayed vegetables, ajd
every conceivable variety of filth and garbage; drains obstructed,
cisterns broken, pump demoralized, wind-mill broken, roof leaky,
and the whole property in the worst possible condition. It was
the first work of the Trustees to make the house tenable.

The Institution was opened September 1, 1876; the first pupil
admitted September 4, and the school was organized September 10.

Trustees, 1881:— Vred. O'Donnell, Dubuque; S. B. Thrall, Ot-
tumwa; E. R. S. Woodrow, Glenwood; 0. W. Archibald, M. 1).,
Medical Superintendent.

80 HISTORY OF IOWA.

THE REFORM SCHOOL.

Eldora, Hardin County.

By "An act to establish and organize a State Reform School for
Juvenile Offenders," approved March 31, 1868, the General Assem-
bly established a State Reform School at Salem, Lee (Henry)
County; provided for a Board of Trustees, to consist of one person
from each Congressional District. For the purpose of immediately
opening the school, the Trustees were directed to accept the prop-
osition of the Trustees of White's Iowa Manual Labor Institute, at
Salem, and lease, for not more than ten years, the lands, buildings,
etc., of the Institute, and at once proceed to prepare for and open
a reform school as a temporary establishment.

The contract for fitting up the buildings was let September 21,
1868, and on the 7th of October following, the first inmate was
received from Jasper County. The law provided for the admission
of children of both sexes under 18 years of age. In 1S76, this was
amended, so that they are now received at ages over 7 and under
16 years.

April 19, 1872, the Trustees were directed to make a permanent
location for the school, and S15,000 was appropriated for the erec-
tion of the necessary buildings. The Trustees were further di-
rected, as soon as practicable, to organize a school for girls in the
buildings where the boys were then kept.

The Trustees located the school at Eldora, Hardin County, and
in the code of 1873, it is permanently located there by law.

The institution is managed by five Trustees, who are paid mile-
age, but no compensation for their vservices.

The object is the reformation of children of both sexes, under
the age of 16 and over 7 years of age; and the law requires that
the Trustees shall require the boys and girls under their charge to
be instructed in piety and morality, and in such branches of useful
knowledge as are adapted to their age and capacity, and in some
regular course of labor, either mechanical, manufacturing or agri-
cultural, as is best suited to their age, strength, disposition and
capacity, and as may seem best adapted to secure the reformation
and future benefit of the boys and girls.

A boy or girl committed to the State Reform School is there
kept, disciplined, instructed, employed and governed, under the di-
rection of the Trustees, until he or she arrives at the age of major-
ity, or is bound out, reformed or legally discharged. The binding
out or discharge of a boy or girl as reformed, or having arrived at the
age of majority, is a complete release from all penalties incurred by
conviction of the crime for which he or she is committed.

Trustees, 1881: — J. A. Parvin, Muscatine, President; W. J.
Moir, Eldorado, Treasurar; W. G. Stewart, Dubuque: J. T. Moor-

HISTORY OF IOWA. 81

head, Ely; T. E. Corkhill, Mount Pleasant; B. J. Miles, Eldora,
Superintendent, L. D. Lewelling is Superintendent of the Girl's
Department, at Mitchellville, Polk County.

. FISH HATCHING ESTABLISHMENT.

Near Anamosa, Jones County.

The Fifteenth General Assembly, in 1874, passed " An act to
provide for the appointment of a Board of Fish Commissioners for
the con-^truction of Fishways for the protection and propagation
of Fish," also, " an act to provide for furnishing the rivers, and
lakes with fish and fish spawn." _This act appropriated $3,000 for
the purpose. In accordance with the provisions of the first act
above mentioned, on the 9th of April, 1874, S. B. Evans of Ot-
tumwa, Wapello County; B. F. Shaw of Jones County, and Charles
A. Haines, of Black Hawk County, were ai)pointed to be Fish Com-
missioners by the Governor. These Commissioners met at Des
Moines, May 10, 1874, and organized by the election of Mr. Evans,
President; Mr. Shaw, Secretary and Superintendent, and Mr.
Haines, Treasurer.

The State was partitioned into three districts or divisions to en-
able the Commissioners to better superintend the construction of
fishways as required by law. At this meeting, the Superintend-
ent was authorized to build a State Hatching House; to procure the
spawn of valuable fish adapted to the waters of Iowa; hatch and
prepare the young fish for distribution, and assist in putting them
into the waters of the State.

In compliance with these instructions, Mr. Shaw at once com-
menced work, and in the summer of 1874^ erected a" State Hatch-
ing House " near Anamosa, 20x40 feet, two stories; the second story
being designed for a tenement; the first story being the "hatching
room." The hatching troughs are supplied with water from a
magnificent spring, four feet deep and about ten feet in diameter,
aff'ording an abundant and unfailing supply of pure running water.
During the first year, from May 10, 1874, to Mav 10, 1875, the Com-
missioners distributed within the State 100!|000 Shad, 300,000
California Salmon, 10,000 Bass, 80,000 Penobscot (Maine) Salmon,
5,000 land-locked Salmon, 20,000 of other species.

By act approved March 10, 1876, the law was amerided so that
there should be one instead of three Fish Commissioners, and B. F.
Shaw was appointed, and the Commissioner was authorized to pur-
chase twenty acres of land, on which the State Hatching House
was located near Anamosa.

In the fiiU of 1876, Commissioner Shaw gathered from the
sloughs of the Mississippi, where they would have been destroyed,
over a million and a half of small fish, which were distributed in
the various rivers of the State and turned into the Mississippi.

82 HISTORY OF IOWA.

In 1875-6, 533,000 California Salmon, and in 1877, 303,500 Lake
Trout were distributed in various rivers and lakes in the State.
The experiment of stocking the small streams with brook trout is
being tried, and 81,000 of the speckled beauties were distributed
in 1877. In 1876, 100,000 young eels were distributed. These
came from New York, and they are increasing rapidly.

A. A, Mosier, of Spirit Lake, was appointed Assistant Fish Com-
missioner, by the Governor, under Chapter 156, Laws of 1880.

THE PUBLIC LANDS.

The grants of public lands made in the State of Iowa, for vari-
ous purposes^ areas follows:

1. The 500,000 Acre Grant.

2. The 16th Section Grant.

3. The Mortgag-e School Lands.
, •- 4. The University Grant

5. The Saline Grant.

6. The Des Moines River Grant.

7. The Des Moines River School J^ands.

8. The Swamp Land Grant.

9. The Railroad Grant.

10. The Agricultural College Grant.

I. THE FIYE HUNDRED THOUSAND ACRE GRANT.

When the State was admitted into the Union, she became en-
titled to 500,000 acres of land by virtue of an act of Congress, ap-
proved September 4, 1811, which granted to each State therein
specified 500,000 acres of public land for internal improvements;
to each State admitted subsequently to the passage of the act, an
amount of land which, with the amount that might have been
granted to her as a Territory, would amount to 500,000 acres. All
these lands were required to be selected within the limits of the
State to which they were granted.

The Constitution of Iowa declares that the proceeds of this grant,
together with all lands then granted or to be granted by Congress
for the benefit of schools, shall constitute a perpetual fund for the
support of schools throughout the State. By an act approved Jan-
uary 15, 1849, the Legislature established a Board of School Fund
Commissioners, and to that Board was confided the selection, care
and sale of these lands for the benefit of the School Fund. Until
1855, these Commissioners were subordinate to the Superintendent
of Public Instruction, but on the 15th of January of that year,
they were clothed with exclusive authority in the management and
sale of school lands. The ofiice of School Fund Commissioner was
abolished March 23, 1858, and that officer in each county was re-
quired to transfer all papers to and make full settlement with the
County Judge. By this act, County Judges and Township Trus-
tees were made the agents of the State to control and sell the six-

HISTOKY OF IOWA. Od

teenth sections; but no further provision was made for the sale of
the 500,000 acre grant until April 3d, 1860, when the entire manage-
ment of the school lands was committed to the Boards of Super-
visors of the several counties.

II. THE SIXTEENTH SECTIONS.

By the provisions of the act of Congress admitting Iowa to the
Union, there was granted to the new State the sixteenth section
in every township, or where that section had been sold, other
lands of like amount for the use of schools. The Constitution of
the State provides that the proceeds arising from the sale of these
sections shall constitute a part of the permanent school fund. The
control and sale of these lands were vested in the School Fund
Commissioners of the several counties until March 23, 1858, when
they were transferred to the County Judges and Township Trus-
tees, and were finally placed under the supervision of the County
Boards of Supervisors in January, 1861.

III. THE MORTGAGE SCHOOL LANDS.

These do not belong to any of the grants of land proper. They
are lands that have been mortgaged to the school fund, and became
school lands when bid off by the State by virtue of a law passed in
1862. Under the provisions of the law regulating the manage-
ment and investment of the permanent school fund, persons de-
siring loans from that fund are required to secure the payment
thereof with interest at ten per cent, per annum, by promissory
notes endorsed by two good sureties and by mortgage on unincum-
bered real estate, which must be situated in the county where the
loan is made, and which must be valued by three appraisers. Mak-
ing these loans and taking the required securities was made the
duty of the County Auditor, who was required to report to the
Board of Supervisors at each meeting thereof, all notes, mortgages
and abstracts of title connected with the school fund, for examina-
tion.

When default was made of payment of money so secured by
mortgage, and no arrangement made for extension of time as the
law provides, the Board of Supervisors were authorized to bring
suit and prosecute it with diligence to secure said fund; and in ac-
tion in favor of the county for the use of the school fund, an in-
junction may issue without bonds, and in any such action, when
service is made by publication, default and judgment may be en-
tered and enforced without bonds. In case of sale of land on exe-
cution founded on any such mortgage, the attorney of the board,
or other person duly authorized, shall, on behalf of the State or
county for the use of said fund, bid such sum as the interests of
said fund may require, rnd if struck off to the State the land shall
be held and disposed of as the other lands belonging to the fund.

84 HISTOEY OF IOWA,

These lands are known as the Mortgage School Lands, and reports
of them, including description and amount, are required to be
made to the State Land Office.

lY. UNIVEilSITY LANDS.

By act of Congress, July 20, 1840, a quantity of land, not ex-
ceeding two entire townships, was reserved in the Territory of
Iowa for the use and support of a university within said Territory
when it should become a State. This land was to be located in
tracts of not less than an entire section, and could be used for no
other purpose than that designated in the grant. In an act sup-
j)lemental to that for the admission of Iowa, March 3, 1845, the
grant was renewed, and it was provided that the lands should be
used "solely for the purpose of such university, in such manner as
the Legislature may prescribe."

Under this grant there were set apart and approved by the Sec-
retary of the Treasury, for the use of the State, the following
lands.

ACKES.

In the Iowa City Land District, Feb. 29, 1849 20,150.49

In the Fairfield Land District, Oct. 17, 1849 9,685.20

In the Iowa City Land District, Jan. 28, 1850 2,571.81

In the Fairfield Land District, Sept. 10, 1850 .3,198.20

In the Dubuque Land District, May 19, 1852 10,552.24

Total 45,957.94

These lands were certified to the State November 19, 1859. The
Universit}^ lands are placed by law under the control and manage-
ment of the Board of Trustees of the Iowa State University. Prior
to 1865, there had been selected and located under 282 patents,
22,892 acres in sixteen counties, and 23,036 acres unpatented,
making: a total of 45,928 acres.

V. SALINE LANDS.

By act of Congress, approved March 3, 1845, the State of Iowa
was granted the use of the salt springs within her limits, not ex-
ceeding twelve. By a subsequent act, approved May 27, 1852,
Congress granted the springs to the State in fee simple, together
with six sections of land contiguous to each, to be disposed of as
the Legislature might direct. In 1861, the proceeds of these lands
then to be sold were constitutued a fund for founding and sup-
porting a lunatic asylum, but no sales were made. In 1856, the
proceeds of the saline lands were appropriated to the Insane
Asylum, repealed in 1858. In 1860, the saline lands and funds
were made a part of the permanent fund of the State University.
These lands were located in Appanoose, Davis, Decatur, Lucas,
Monroe, Van Buren and Wayne Counties.

HISTOEY OF IOWA. 85

VI. THE DES MOINES RIVER GRANT.

By act of Congress, approved August 8, 1846, a grant of land
was made for the improvement of the navigation of Des Moines
River, as follows:

Be it enacted hy the Senate and House of Representatives of the- United
States of America in Congress assembled. That there be, and hereby is, grant-
ed to said Territory of Iowa, for the purpose of aiding said Territory to improve
the navigation of tlie Des Moines River from its mouth to the Raccoon Fork (so
called) in said Territory, one equal moiety, in alternate sections, of the publio
lands (remaining unsold and not otherwise disposed of, incumbered or appro-
priated), in a strip five miles in width on each side of said river, to be selected
within said Territory by an agent or agents to be appointed by the Governor
thereof, subject to the approval of the Secretary of the Treasury of the United
States.

Sec. 2. And he it further enacted, That the lands hereby granted shall not
be conveyed or disposed of by said Territory, nor by any State to be formed out
of the same, except as said improvement shall progress; that is, the said Terri-
tory or State may sell so much of said lands as shall produce the sum of thirty
thousand dollars, and then the sales shall cease until the Governor of said Ter-
ritory or State shall certify the fact to the President of the United States that
one-half of said sum has been expended upon said improvements, when the
said Territory or State may sell and convey a quantity of the residue of said
lands sufficient to replace the amount expended, and thus the sales shall pro-
gress as the proceeds thereof shall be expended, and the fact of such expendi-
ture shall be certified as aforesaid.

Sec. 8. And he it further enacted. That the said River Des Moines shall
be and forever remain a public highway for the use of the Government of
the United States, free from any toll or other charge whatever, for any proper-
ty of the United States or persons in then- service passing through or along
the same; Provided alwai/s. That it shall not be competent for the said Terri-
tory or future State of Iowa to dispose of said lands, or any of them, at a price
lower than, for the time being, shall be the minimum price of other public
lands.

Sec. 4. And he it further enacted. That whenever the Temtory of Iowa
shall be admitted into the Union as a State, the lands hereby granted for the
above purpose shall be and become the property of said State for the purpose
contemplated in this act, and for no other: Provided, the Legislature of" the
State of Iowa shall accept the said grant for the said purpose." Approved
August 8, 1846.

By joint resolution of the General Assembly of Iowa, approved
January 9^ 1847, the grant was accepted for the purpose specified.
By another act, approved February 24, 1847, entitled "An act
creating the Board of Public Works, and providing for the im-
provement of the Des Moines River," the Legislature provided for
a Board consisting of a President, Secretary and Treasurer, to be
elected by the people. This Board was elected August 2, 1847,
and was organized on the 22d of September following. The same
act defined the nature of the improvement to be made, and pro-
vided that the work should be paid for from the funds to be derived
from the sale of lands to be sold by the Board.

Agents appointed by the Governor selected the sections desig-
nated by "odd numbers" throughout the whole extent of the
grant, and this selection was approved by the Secretary of the
Treasury. But there was a conflict of opinion as to the extent of

86 HISTOEY OF IOWA.

the o^rant. It was held by some thab it extended from the mouth
of the Des Moines River only to the Raccoon Forks; others held,
as the agents to make selection evidently did, that it extended
from the mouth to the headwaters of the river. Richard M.
Young, Commissioner of the General Land Office, on the 23d of
February, 1848, construed the grant to mean that "the State is
entitled to the alternate sections within five miles of the Des
Moines River, throughout the whole extent of that river within
the limits of Iowa.'' Under this construction, the alternate sec-
tibns above the Raccoon Forks would, of course, belong to the
State; but on the 19th of June, 1848, some of these lands were,
by proclamation, thrown into market. On the 18th of September,
the Board of Public Works filed a remonstrance with the Com-
missioner of the General Land Office. The Board also sent in a
protest to the State Land Office, at which the sale was ordered to
take place. On the 8th of January, 1849, the Senators and Repre-
sentatives in Congress from Iowa also protested against the sale,
in a communication to Hon. Robert J. Walker, Secretary of the
Treasury, to which the Secretary replied, concurring in the opin-
ion that the grant extended the whole length of the Des Moines
River in Iowa.

On the 1st of June, 1849, the Commissioner of the General
Land Office directed the Register and Receiver of the Land Office
at Iowa City "to withhold from sale all lands situated in the odd
numbered sections within five miles on each side of the Des
Moines River, above the Raccoon Forks." March 13, 1850, the
Commissioner of the General Land Office submitted to the Secre-
tary of the Interior a list "showing the tracts falling within the
limits of the Des Moines River grant, above the Raccoon Forks,
etc., under the decision of the Secretary of the Treasury, of March
2, 1849," and on the 6th of April following, Mr. Ewing, then
Secretary of the Interior, reversed the decision of Secretary
Walker, but ordered the lands to be withheld from sale until Con-
gress could have an opportunity to pass an explanatory act. The
Iowa authorities appealed from this decision to the President
(Taylor), who referred the matter to the Attorney General (Mr.
Johnson). On the 19th of July, Mr. Johnson submitted as his
opinion, that by the terms of the grant itself , it extended to the
very source of the Des Moines, but before his opinion was pub-
lished President Taylor died. When Mr. Tyler's cabinet was
formed, the question was submitted to the new Attorney General
(Mr. Crittenden), who, on the 30th of June, 1851, reported that in
his opinion the grant did not extend above the Raccoon Forks. Mr.
Stewart, Secretary of the Interior, concurred with Mr. Crittenden
at first, but subsequently consented to lay the whole subject be-
fore the President and Cabinet, who decided in favor of the State.

October 29, 1851, Mr. Stewart directed the Commissioner of the
General Land Office to "submit for his approval such lists as had

HISTORY OF IOWA. 87

been prepared, and to proceed to report for like approval lists of
the alternate sections claimed by the State of Iowa above the
Raccoon Forks, as far as the surveys have progressed, or may here-
after be completed and returned." And on the following day,
three lists of these lands were prepared in the General Land Office.
The lands approved and certified to the State of Iowa under this
grant, and all lying above the Raccoon Forks, are as follows:

By Secretary Stewart, Oct. 30, 1851 81,707.93 acres.

March 10, 1852 143,908.37 "

By Secretary McLellan, Dec. 17, 1853 33,142.43 "

Dec. 30, 1853 12,813.51 "

Total 271,572.24 acres.

The Commissioners and Register of the Des Moines River Im-
provement, in their report to the Governor, November 30, 1852,
estimate the total amount of lands then available for the work,
including those in possession of the State and those to be surveyed
and approved, at nearly a million acres. The indebtedness then
standing against the fund was about $108,000, and the Commis-
sioners estimated the work to be done would cost about $1,200,000,

January 19, 1853, the Legislature authorized the Commissioners
to sell "any or all the lands which have or may hereafter be
granted, for not less than $1,300,000."

On the 24th of January, 1853, the General Assembly provided
for the election of a Commissioner by the people, and appointed
two Assistant Commissioners, with authority to make a contract,
selling the lands of the Improvement for $1,300,000. This new
Board made a contract, June 9, 1855, with the Des Moines Navi-
gation & Railroad Company, agreeing to sell all the lands donated
to the State by Act of Congress of August 8, 1846, which the
State had not sold prior to December 23, 1853, for $1,300,000, to
be expended on the improvement of the river, and in paying the
indebtedness then due. This contract was duly reported to the
Governor and General Assembly.

By an act approved January 25, 1855, the Commissioner and
Register of the Des Moines River Improvement were authorized
to negotiate with the Des Moines Navigation & Railroad Company
for the purchase of lands in Webster County, which had been sold
by the School Fund Commissioner as school lands, but which had
been certified to the State as Des Moines River lands, and had,
therefore, become the property of the Company, under the provis-
ions of its contract with the State.

March 21, 1856, the old question of the extent of the grant was
again raised, and the Commissioner of the General Land Office
decided that it was limited to the Raccoon Fork. Appeal was made
to the Secretary of the Interior, and by him the matter was re-
ferred to the Attorney General, who decided that the grant ex-

88 HISTORY OF IOWA.

tended to the northern boundary of the State; the State relin-
quished its claim to the lands lying along the river in Minnesota,
and the vexed question was supposed to be finally settled.

The land which had been certified, as well as those extending to
the northern boundary within the limits of the grant, were reserved
from pre-emption and sale by the General Land Commissioner, to
satisfy the grant of August 8, 1846, and they were treated as hav-
ing passed to the State, which from time to time sold portions of
them prior to their final transfer to the Des Moines Navigation &
Railroad Company, applying the proceeds thereof to the improve-
ment of the river in compliance with the terras of the grant.
Prior to the final sale to the Company, June 9, 1854, the State had
sold about 327,000 acres, of which amount 58,830 acres were lo-
cated above the Raccoon Fork. The last certificate of the General
Land Office bears date December 30, 1853.

After June 9th, 1854, the Des Moines Navigation & Railroad
Company carried on the work . under its contract with the State.
As the improvement progressed, the State, from time to time, by
its authorized officers, issued to the Company, in payment for said
work, certificates for lands. But the General Land Office ceased
to certify lands under the grant of 1846. The State had made no
other provision for paying for the improvements, and disagree-
ments and misunderstanding arose between the State authorities
and the Company.

March 22, 1858, a joint resolution was passed by the Legislature
submitting a proposition for final settlement to the Company,
which was accepted. The Company paid to the State |20,000 in
cash, and released and conveyed the dredge boat and materials
named in the resolution; and the State, on the 3d day of May,
1858, executed to the Des Moines Navigation & Railroad Company
fourteen deeds or patents to the lands, amounting to 256,703.64
acres. These deeds were intended to convey all the lands of this
grant certified to the State by the General Government not pre-
viously sold; but, as if for the purpose of covering any tract or
parcel that might have been omitted, the State made another deed
of conveyance on the 18th day of May, 1858. These fifteen deeds,
it is claimed, by the Compaily, convey 266,108 acres, of which
about 53,367 are below the Raccoon Fork, and the balance, 212,741
acres, are above that point.

Besides the lands deeded to the Company, the State had deeded
to individual purchasers 58,830 acres above the Raccoon Fork,
making an aggregate of 271,571 acres, deeded above the Fork, all
of which had been certified to the State by the Federal Government.

By act approved March 28, 1858, the Legislature donated the re-
mainder of the grant to the Keokuk, Fort Des Moines & Minne-
sota Railroad Company, upon condition that said Company assumed
all liabilities resulting from the Des Moines River improvement
operations, reserving 50,000 acres of the land in security for the

HISTORY OF TOWA. 89

payment thereof, and for the completion of the locks and dams at
Bentonsport, Croton, Keosauqua and Plymouth. For every three
thousand dollars' worth of work done on the locks and dams, and
for every three thousand dollars paid by the Company of the lia-
bilities above mentioned, the Register of the State Land Office was
instructed to certify to the Company 1.000 acres of the 50,000 acres
reserved for these purposes. Up to 1865, there had been presented
by the Company, under the provisions of the act of 1858, and al-
lowed, claiuis amounting to §109,579.37, about seventy-five per
cent, of which had been settled.

After the passage of the Act above noticed, the question of the
extent of the original grant was again mooted, and at the Decem-
ber Term of the Supreme Court of the United States, in 1859-60,
a decision was rendered declaring that the grant did not extend
above Raccoon Fork, and that all certificates of land above the Fork
had been issued without authority of law and were, therefore, void
(see 23 How., m).

The State of Iowa had disposed of a large amount of land with-
out authority, according to this decision, and appeal was made to
Congress for relief, which was granted on the 3d day of March,

1861, in a joint resolution relinquishing to the State all the title
which the United States then still retained in the tracts of land
along the Des Moines River above Raccoon Fork, that had been
improperly certified to the State by the Department of the Interior,
and which is now held by bona fide purchasers under the State of
Iowa.

In confirmation of this relinquishment, by act approved July 12,

1862, Congress enacted:

That the grant of lands to the then Territory of Iowa for the improvement of the
Des Moines Kiver, made by the act of August 8, 1816, is hereby extended so as
include the alternate sections (designated by odd numbers) lying within five
miles of said river, between the Raccoon Fork and the northern boundary of
said State; such lands are to be held and applied in accordance with the provis-
ions of the original grant, except that the consent of Congress is hereby given to
the application of a portion thereof to aid in the construction of the Keolcuk,
Fort Des Moines & Minnesota Railroad, in accordance with the provisions of the
act of the General Assembly of the State of Iowa approved March 22, 1858.
And if any of the said lands shall have been sold or otherwise disposed of by
the Un til States bafore the passag3 of this act, except those released by the
United States to the grantejs of the State of Iowa, under joint resolution of
March 8, 1861, the Secretary of the Interior is hereby directed to set apart an
equal amount of lands within said State to becertitied in lieu thereof; Provided,
that if the State shall have sold and conveyed any portion of the lands lying
within the limits of the grant the title of which has proved invalid, any lands
which shall be certified to said State in lieu thereof by virtue of the provisions
of this act, shall inure to and be held as a trust fund for the benefit of the per-
son, or persons, respectively, whose titles shall have failed as aforesaid.

The grant of lands by the above act of Congress was accepted by a
joint resolution of the General Assembly, Sept. 11, 1862, in extra ses-
sion. On the same day, the Goveruor was authorized to appoint one
or more Commissioners to select the lands in accordance with the

90 HISTORY OF IOWA.

grant. These Commissioners were instructed to report their selec-
tions to the Registrar of the State Land Office. The lands so se-
lected were to be held for the purposes of the grant, and were not
to be disposed of until further legislation should be had. D. W.
Kilburne, of Lee County, was appointed Commissioner, and, on the
25tli day of April, 1864, the General Land Officer authorized the
selection of 300,000 acres from the vacant public lands as a part of
the grant of July 12, 1862, and the selections were made in the
Fort Dodge and Sioux City Land Districts.

Many difficulties, controversies and conflicts, in relation to claims
and titles, grew out of this grant, and these difficulties were en-
hanced by the uncertainty of its limits until the act of Congress of
July, 1862. But the General Assembly sought, by wise and ap-
propriate legislation, to protect the integrity of titles derived from
the State. Especially was it the determination to protect the actual
settlers, who had paid their money and made improvements prior
to the final settlement of the limits of the grant by Congress.

YII. — THE DES MOINES RIVEE SCHOOL LANDS.

These lands constituted a part of the 500,000 acre grant made
by Congress in 1811; including 28,378.46 acres in Webster County,
selected by the Agent of the State under that grant, and approved
by the Commissioner of the General Land Office February 20, 1851.
They were ordered into the market June 6, 1853, by the Superin-
tendent of Public Instruction, who authorized John Tolman,
School Fund Commissioner for Webster County, to sell them as
school lands. Subsequently, when the act of 1846 was construed
to extend the Des Moines River grant above Raccoon Fork, it was
held that the odd numbered sections of these lands within five
miles of the river were appropriated by that act. and on the 30th
day of December, 1853, 12,813.51 acres were set apart and ap-
proved to the State by the Secretary of the Interior, as a part of
the Des Moines River grant. January 6, 1854, the Commissioner
of the General Land Office transmitted to the Superintendent of
Public Instruction a certified copy of the lists of these lands, in-
dorsed by the Secretary of the Interior. Prior to this action of
the Department, however, Mr. Tolman had sold to individual pur-
chasers 3,194.28 acres as school lands, and their titles were, of
course, killed. For their relief, an act, approved April 2, 1860,
provided that, upon application and proper showing, these purchas-
ers should be entitled to draw from the State Treasury the amount
they had paid, with 10 per cent, interest, on the contract to pur-
chase made with Mr. Tolman. Under this act, five applications
were made prior to 1864, and the applicants received, in the aggre-
gate, $949.53.

By an act approved April 7, 1862, the Governor was forbidden
to issue to the Dubuque & Sioux City Railroad Company any cer-
tificate of the completion of any part of said road, or any convey-

HISTORY OF IOWA. 91

auce of lauds, until the company should execute and file, in the
State Land office, a release of its claim — first to certain swamp
lands; second, to the Des Moines River Lands sold by Tolman;
third, to certain other river lands. That act provided that "the
said company shall transfer their interests in those tracts of land
in Webster and Hamilton Counties heretofore sold by John Tol-
man, School Fund Commissioner, to the Register of the State
Land Office in trust, to enable said Register to carry out and per-
form said contracts in all cases when he is called upon by the
parties interested to do so, before the 1st day of January, A. D.,
1864.

The company filed its release to the Tolman lands, in the Land
Office, February 27, 1861, at the same time entered its protest that
it had no claim upon them, never had pretended to have, and had
never sought to claim them. The Register of the State Land Of-
fice, under the advice of the Attorney Greneral, decided that pat-
ents would be issued to the Tolman purchasers in all cases where
contracts had been made prior to December 23, 1853, and remain-
ing uncancelled under the act of 1860. But before any were issued,
on the 27th of August, 1861, the Des Moines Navigation & Rail-
road Company commenced a suit in Chancery, in the District
Court of Polk County, to enjoin the issue of such patents. On
the 30th of August, an ex parte injunction was issued. In Janu-
ary, 1868, Mr. J. A. Harvey, Register of the Land Office, filed in
the court an elaborate answer to plaintifis' petition, denying that
the company had any right to or title in the lands. Mr. Harvey's
successor, Mr. C. C. Carpenter, filed a still more exhaustive answer
February 10, 1868. August 3, 1868, the District Court dissolved
the injunction. The company appealed to the Supreme Court,
where the decision of the lower court was affirmed in December,
1869.

VIII. SWAMP LAND GRANT.

An act of Congress, approved March 28, 1850, to enable Ar-
kansas and other States to reclaim swampy lands within their lim-
its, granted all the swamp and overflowed lands remaining unsold
within their respective limits to the several States. Although the
total amount claimed by Iowa under this act does not exceed
4,000,000 acres, it has, like the Des Moines River and some of the
land grants, cost the State considerable trouble and expense, and
required a deal of legislation. The State expended large sums of
money in making the selections, securing proofs, etc., but the
General Government appeared to be laboring under the impression
that Iowa was not acting in good faith; that she had selected a
large amount of lands under the swamp land grant, transferred her
interest to counties, and counties to private speculators, and the
General Land Office permitted contests as to the character of the
lands already selected by the Agents of the State as "swamp lands."

92 HISTORY OF ICWA.

Congress, by joint resolution Dec. 18, 1856, and by act March 3,
1857, saved the State from the fatal result of this ruinous policy.
Many of these lands were selected in 1854 and 1855, immediately
after several remarkably wet seasons, and it was but natural that
some portions of the selections would not appear swampy after a
few dry seasons. Some time after these first selections were made
persons desired to enter parcels of the so-called swamp lands and
offering to prove them to be dry. In such cases the General Land
Office ordered hearing before the local land officers, and if they
decided the land to be dry, it was permitted to be entered and the
claim of the State rejected. Speculators took advantage of this.
Affidavits were bought of irresponsible and reckless men, who,
for a few dollars, would confidently testify to the character of lands
they never saw. These applications multiplied until they covered
3,000,000 acres. It was necessary that Congress should confirm
all these selections to the State, that this gigantic scheme of fraud
and plunder might be stopped. The act of Congress of March 3,
1857, was designed to accomplish this purpose. I3ut the Commis-
sioner of the General Land Office held that it was only a qualified
confirmation, and under this construction sought to sustain the
action of the Department in rejecting the claim of the State, and
certifying them under act of May 15, 1856, under which the rail-
road companies claimed all swamp land in odd numbered sections
within the limits of their respective roads. This action led to
serious complications. When the railroad grant was made, it was
not intended, nor was it understood that it included any of the
swamp lands. These were already disposed of by previous grant.
Nor did the companies expect to receive any of them, but under
the decision of the Department adverse to the State the way was
opened, and they were not slow to enter their claims. March 4,
1862, the Attorney General of the State submitted to the General
Assembly an opinion that the raih'oad companies were not entitled
even to contest the right of the State to these lands, under the
swamp land grant. A letter from the Acting Commissioner of
the General Land Office expressed the same opinion, and the Gen-
eral Assembly by joint resolution, approved April 7, 1862, expressly
repudiated the acts of the railroad companies, and disclaimed any
intention to claim these lands under any other than the act of
Congress of September 28. 1850. A great deal of legislation has
been found necessary in relation to these swamp lands.

IX. THE RAILROAD GRAKT.

One of the most important grants of public lands to Iowa for
purposes of internal improvement was that known as the "Railroad
Grant," by act of Congress, approved May 15, 1856. This act
granted to the State of Iowa, for the purpose of aiding in the con-
struction of railroads from Burlington, on the Mississippi River,
to a point on the Missouri River, near the mouth of Platte River;

HISTORY OF IOWA. VO

from the city of Davenport, via Iowa City and Fort Des Moines to
Council Bluffs; from Lyons City northwesterly toapoint of inter-
section with the main line of the Iowa Central Air Line Railroad,
near Maquoketa; thence on said main line, running as near as
practicable to the Forty-second Parallel; across the said State of
Iowa to the Missouri River; from the city of Dubuque to a point
on the Missouri River near Sioux City, with a branch from
the mouth of the Tete des Morts, to the nearest point
on said road, to be completed as soon as the main road
is completed to that point, every alternate section of land,
designated by odd numbers, for six sections in width, on
each side of said roads. It was also provided that if it should
appear, when the lines of those roads were definitely fixed, that
the United States had sold, or right of pre-emption had attached
to any portion of said land, the State was authorized to select a
quantity equal thereto, in alternate sections, or parts of sections,
within fifteen miles of the lines so located. The lands remaining to the
United States within six miles on each side of said roads were not
to be sold for less than the double minimum price of the public
lands when sold, nor were any of said lands to become subject to
private entry until they had been first offered at public sale at the
increased price.

Section 4 of the act provided that the lands granted to said State
shall be disposed of by said State only in the manner following,
that is to say: "That a quantity of landnot exceeding one hundred
and twenty sections for each of said roads, and included within a
continuous length of twenty miles of each of said roads, may be
sold; and when the Governor of said State shall certify to the Sec-
retary of the Interior that any twenty continuous miles of any of
said roads is completed, then another quantity of land hereby
granted, not to exceed one hundred and twenty sections for each
of said roads having twenty continuous miles completed as afore-
said, and included within a continuous length of twenty miles of
each of such roads, may be sold; and so from time to time until said
roads are completed, and if any of said roads are not completed
within ten years, no further sale shall be made, and the lands un-
sold shall revert to the United States."

At a special session of the General Assembly of Iowa, by act ap-
proved July 14:, 1856, the grant was accepted and the lands were
granted by the State to the several railroad companies named, pro-
vided that the lines of their respective roads should be definitely
fixed and located before April 1, 1857; and provided further, that
if either of said companies should fail to have seventy-five
miles of road completed and equipped by the 1st day of December,
1859, and its entire road completed by December 1, 1865, it should
be competent for the State of Iowa to resume all riglits to lands
remaining undisposed of by the company so failing.

94 HISTOKY OF IOWA.

The railroad companies, with the single exception of the Iowa
Central Air Line, accepted the several grants in accordance with
the provisions of the above act, located their respective roads and
and selected their lands. The grant to the Iowa Central was again
granted to the Cedar Rapids and Missouri River Railroad Company,
which accepted it.

By act, approved April 7, 1862, the Dubuciue & Cioux City Rail-
road Company was required to execute a release to the State of cer-
tain swamp and school lands, included within the limits of its grant,
in compensation for an extension of the time fixed for the comple-
tion of its road.

A careful examination of the act of Congress does not reveal
any special reference to railroad companies. The lands were granted
to the State^ and the act evidently contemplated the sale of them
by the State, and the appropriation of the proceeds to aid in the
construction of certain lines of railroad within its limits. Section
4 of the act clearly defines the authority of the State in disposing
of the lands.

Lists of all the lauds embraced by the grant were made, and cer-
tified to the State by the proper authorities. Under an act of Con-
gress approved August 3, 1864, entitled, ^'' An act to vest in the
several States and Territories the title in fee of the lands which have
been or may he ccrtijied to them,'^ thcvse certified lists, the originals
of which are filed in the General Land Ofiice, conveyed to the
State " the fee simple title to all the lands embraced in such lists
that are of the character contemplated " by the terms of the act
making the grant, and '' intended to be granted thereby; but where
lands embraced in such lists are not of the character embraced by
such act of Congress, and were not intended to be granted thereby,
said lists, so far as these lands are concerned, shall be perfectly null
and void; and no right, title, claim or interest shall be conveyed
thereby." Those certified lists made under the act of May 15, 1856,
were forty-three in number, viz: For the Burlington & Missouri
River Railroad, nine; for the Mississippi & Missouri Railroad, eleven ;
for the Iowa Central Air line, thirteen; and for the Dubuque &
Sioux City Railroad^ ten. The lands thus approved to the State
were as folic ws:

Bm-lin^tun & Missomi River E R 287,095.34 acres.

Mississippi & Missouri River R R 774,674.36 "

Cedar Rapids & Missouri River R R 775.454.19 "

Dubuque & Sioux City R R 1,226,558.32 "

A portion of these had been selected as swamp lands by the
State, under the act of September 28, 1850, and these, by the terms
of the act of August 3, 1854, could not be turned over to the rail-
roads unless the claim of the State to them as swamp was first re-
jected. It was not possible to determine from the records of the
State Land Ofiicethe extent of the conflicting claims arising un-
der the two grants, as copies of the swamp land selections in some

HISTORY OF IOWA. 95

of the counties were not filed of record. The Commissioner of the
General Land Office, however, prepared lists of the lands claimed
by the State as swamp under act of September 28, 1850, and
also claimed by the railroad companies under act of May 15, 1856,
amounting to 553,293.33 acres, the claim to which as swamp had
been rejected by the Department. These were consequently cer-
tified the State as railroad lands. There was no mode other than
the act of July, 1856, prescribed for transferring the title to these
lands from the State to the companies. The courts had d-^cided
that, for the purposes of the grant, the lands belonged io the
State, and to her the companies should look for their titles. It was
generally accepted that the act of the Legislature of July, 1856,
was all that was necessary to complete the transfer of title. It was
assumed that all the rights and powers conferred upon the State by
the act of Congress of May 14, 1856, were by the act of the Gen-
eral Assembly transferred to the companies; in other words, that
it was designed to put the companies in the place of the State as
the grantees from Congress — and, therefore, that which perfected
the title thereto to the State perfected the title to the companies
by virtue of the act of July, 1856. One of the companies, how-
ever, the Burlington & Missouri River Railroad Company, was not
entirely satisfied with this construction. Its managers thought
that some further and specific action of the State authorities in ad-
dition to the act of the Legislature was necessary to complete their
title. This induced Gov. Lowe to attach to the certified lists his
official certificate, under the broad seal of the State. On the 9tli
of November, 1859, the Governor thus certified to them (commenc-
ing at the Missouri River) 187,207.41: acres, and December 27th,
43,775.70 acres, an aggregate of 231,073.14 acres. These were
the only lands under the grant that were certified by the State au-
thorities with any design of perfecting the title already vested in
the company by the act of July, 1856. The lists which were after-
ward furnished to the company were simply certified by the Gov-
ernor as being correct copies of the lists received by the State from
the United States General Land Office. These subsequent lists em-
braced lands that had been claimed by the State under the Swamp
Land Grant.

It was urged against the claim of the Companies that the efi'ect
of the act of the Legislature was simply to substitute them for the
State as parties to the grant. 1st. That the lands were granted
to the State to be held in trust for the accomplishment of a specific
purpose, and therefore the State could not part with the title until
that purpose should have been accomplished. 2d. That it was
not the intention of the act of July 14, 1856, to deprive the State
of the control of the lands, but on the contrary that she should
retain supervision of them and the right to withdraw all rights
and powers and resume the title conditionally conferred by that act
upon the companies in the event of their failure to complete their

96 HISTORY OF IOWA.

part of the contract. 3d. That the certified lists from the Gen-
eral Land Office vested the title in the State only by virtue of the
act of Congress approved August 3, 1854. The State Land Office
held that the proper construction of the act of July 14, 1856, when
accepted by the companies, was that it hecame a. conditional contract
that might ripen into a positive sale of the lands as from time to
time the Avork should progress, and as the State thereby became
authorized by the express terms of the grant to sell them.

This appears to have been the correct construction of the act,
but by a subsequent act of Congress, approved June 2, 1864,
amending the act of 1856, the terms of the grant were changed,
and numerous controversies arose between the companies and the
State.

The ostensible purpose of this additional act was to allow the
Davenport & Council Bluffs Railroad "to modify or change the
location of the uncompleted portion of its line," to run through
the town of Newton, Jasper County, or as nearly as practicable to
that point. The original grant had been made to the State to aid
in the construction of railroads within its limits, and not to the
companies, but Congress, in 1864, appears to have been utterly
ignorant of w^iat had been done under the act of 1856, or, if not,
to have utterly disregarded it. The State had accepted the origin-
al grant. The Secretary of the Interior had already certified to
the State all the lands intended to be included in the grant within
fifteen miles of the lines of the several railroads. It will be re-
membered that Section 4, of the act of May 15, 1856, specifies the
manner of sale of these lands from time to time as work on the
railroads should progress, and also provided that "if any of said
roads are not completed within ten years, no farther sale shall be
m^de, and the lands tmsoJd shall revert to the United States."
Having vested the title to these lands in trust, in the State of Iowa,
it is plain that until the expiration of the ten years there could be
no reversion, and the State, not the United States, must control
tliem until the grant should expire by limitation. The United
Stat( s authorities could not rightfully requn-e the Secretary of the
Interior to certify directly to the companies any portion of the
lands already certified to the State. And yet Congress, by its act
of June 2, 1864. provided that whenever the Davenport & Council
Bluff's Railroad Company should file in the General Land Office, at
Washington, a map definitely showing such new location, the
Secretary of the Interior should cause to be certified and con-
veyed to said Company, from time to time, as the road progressed,
out of any of the lands belonging to the United States, not sold,
reserved, or otherwise disposed of, or to which a pre-emption claim
or right of homestead had not attached, and on which a bona Jide
settlement and improvement had not been made under color of
title derived from the United States, or from the State of Iowa,
within six miles of such newly located line, an amount of land

HISTORY OF IOWA. 97

per mile equal to that originally authorized to be granted to aid in
the construction of said road by the act to which this was an
amendment.

The term '^ out of any lands heJongincj to the United States,^ not
sold, reserved or otherwise disposed of, etc.," would seem to indi-
cate that Congress did intend to grant lands already granted, but
when it declared that the Company should have an amount per
mile equal to that originally authorized to be granted, it is plain
that the fraraers of the bill were ignorant of the real terms of the
original grant, or that they designed that the United States should
resume the title it had already parted Avith two years before the
lands could revert to the United States under the original act,
which was not repealed.

A similar change was made in relation to the Cedar Rapids &
Missouri Railroad, and dictated the conveyance of lands in a
similar manner.

Like provision was made for the Dubuque & Sioux City Rail-
road, and the Company was permitted to change the location of
its line between Fort Dodge and Sicux City, so as to secure the
best route between those points; but this change of location was
not to impair the right to the land granted in the original act,
nor did it change the location of those lands.

By the same act, the Mississippi & Missouri Railroad Company
was authorized to transfer and assign all or any part of the grant
to any other company or person, '"if, in the opinion of said Com-
pany, the construction of said railroad across the State of Iowa
would be thereby sooner and more satisfactorily completed; but
such assignee should not in any case be released from the liabili-
ties and conditions accompanying this grant, nor acquire perfect
title in any other manner than the same would have been ac-
quired by the original grantee."

Still further, the Burlington & Missouri River Railroad was not
forgotten, and was, by the same act, empowered to receive an
amount of land per mile equal to that mentioned in the original
act, and if that could not be found Avithin the limits of six miles
from the line of said road, then such selection might be made
along such line within twenty miles thereof out of any public
lands belonging to the United States, not sold, reserved or other-
wise disposed of , or to which a pre-emption claim or right of
homestead had not attached.

Those acts of Congress, which evidently originated in the
"lobby," occasioned much controversy and trouble. The Depart-
ment of the Interior, however, recognizing the fact that when the
Secretary had certified the lands to the State, under the act of
1856, that act divested the United States of title, under the vest-
ing act of August, 1854, refused to review its action, a'nd also re-
fused to order any and all investigations for establishing adverse
claims (except in prf-emption cases), on the ground that the

98 HISTORY OF IOWA.

United States had parted with the title, and, therefore, could ex-
ercise no control over the land.

May 12, 186-1, before the passage of the amendatory act above
described, Congress granted to the State of Iowa, to aid in the
construction of a railroad from McGregor to Sioux City, and for
the benefit of the McGregor Western Kailroad Company, every
alternate section of land, designated by odd numbers, for ten
sections in width on each side of the proposed road, reserving the
right to substitute other lands, whenever it was found that the
grant infringed upon pre-empted lands, or on lands that had been
reserved or disposed of for any other purpose. In such cases, the
Secretary of the Interior was instructed to select, in lieu, lands
belonging to the United States lying nearest to the limits specified,

X. AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE AND FARM LAND.

An Agricultural College and Model Farm was established by act
of the General Assembly, approved March 22, 1858. By the elev-
enth section of the act, the proceeds of the five-section grant
made for the purpose of aiding in the erection of public buildings
was appropriated, subject to the approval of Congress, together
with all lands that Congress might thereafter grant to the State
for the purpose for the benifit of the institution. On the 23d of
March, by joint resolution, the Legislature asked the consent of
Congress to the proposed transfer. By act approved July 11, 1862,
Congress removed the restrictions imposed in the ''five-section
grant," and authorized the General Assembly to make such disposi-
tion of the lands as should be deemed best for the interests of the
State. By these several acts, the five sections of land in Jasper
County certified to the State to aid m the erection of public buildings
under the act of March 3, 1845, entitled: "An act supple-
mental to the act for the admission of the States of Iowa and
Florida into the Union," were fully appropriated for the ben-
efit of the Iowa Agricultural College and Farm. The institu-
tion is located in Story County. Seven hundred and twenty-one
acres in that and two hundred in Boone County were donated to
it by individuals interested in the success of the enterprise.

By act of Congress approved July 2, 1822, an appropriation was
made to each State and Territory of 30,000 acres for each Senator
and Representative in Congress, to which, by the apportionment
under the census of 1850, they were respectively entitled. This
grant was made for the purpose of endowing colleges of agricul-
ture and mechanic arts.

Iowa accepted this grant by an act passed at an extra session of
its Legislature, approved September 11, 1862, entitled "An act to
accept of the grant, and carry into execution the trust conferred upon
the State of Iowa by an act of Congress entitled 'An act granting
public lands to the several States and Territories which may pro-
vide colleges for the benefit of agriculture and the mechanic arts,'

HISTORY OF IOWA. d\)

approved July 2, 1862. ■" This act made it the duty of the Govern-
or to appoint an agent to select and locate the lands, and provided
that none should be selected that were claimed by any county as
swamp lands. The agent was required to make report of his doings
to the Governor, who was instructed to submit the list of selections
to the Board of Trustees of the Agricultural College for their ap-
proval. One thousand dollars were appropriated to carry the law
into effect. The State, having two Senators and six Representa-
tives in Congress, was entitled to 240,000 acres of land uuder this
grant, for the purpose of establishing and maintaining an Agricul-
tural College. Peter Melendy, Esq., of Black Hawk County, was
appointed to make the selections, and during August, Septem-
ber and December, 1863, located them in the Fort Dodge, Des
Moines and Sioux City Land Districts. December 8, 1861, these
selections were certified by the Commissioner of the General Land
Office, and were approved to the State by the Secretary of the In-
terior December 13, 1864. The title to these lands was vested in
the State in fee simple, and conflicted with no other claims under
other grants.

The agricultural lands were approved to the State as 240,000.96
acres; but 35,691.66 acres were located within railroad limits, which
were computed at the rate of two acres for one, the actual amount
of land approved to the State under this grant was only 204,309.30
acres, located as follows:

In Des Moines Land District 6,804.96 acres.

In 8ioux City Land District 59,025.;i7 "

In Fort Dodge Land District 138,478.97 "

By act of the General Assembly, approved March 29, 1864, en-
titled, "An act authorizing the Trustees of the Iowa State Agri-
cultural College and Farm, to sell all lands acquired, granted, do-
nated or appropriated for the benefit of said College, and to make
an investment of the proceeds thereof," all these lands were granted
to the Agricultural College and Farm, and the Trustees were au-
thorized to take possession and sell or lease them. They were then
under the control of the Trustees, lands as follows:

Under the act of July 2, 1852 304,;309.30 acres.

Of the five-section grant 3,200.00 ''

Lands donated in Story County 721.00 "

Lands donated in Boone County 200.00 "

Total 208,430.30 acres.

The Trustees opened an office at Fort Dodge, and appointed Hon.
G. W. Bassett their agent for the sale of these lands.

THE PUBLIC SCHOOLS.

The germ of the free public schcol system of Iowa, which now
ranks second to none in the United States, was planted by the first
settlers. They had migrated to the " Beautiful Land "' from other

100 HISTORY OF IOWA.

and older States, where the common school system had been tested
by many years' experience, bringing with them some knowledge of
its advantages, which they determined should be enjoyed by the
children of the land of their adoption. The system thus planted
was expanded and improved in the broad fields of the West, until
now it is justly considered one of the most complete, comprehen-
sive and liberal in the country.

Nor is this to be wondered at when it is remembered humble log
school houses were built almost as soon as the log cabin of the ear-
liest settlers were occupied by their brave builders. In the lead
mining regions of the State, the first to be occupied by the white
race, the hardy pioneers provided the means for the education of
their children even before they had comfortable dwellings for their
families. School teachers were among the first immigrants to
Iowa. Wherever a little settlement was made, the school house
was the first united public act of the settlers; and the rude, primi-
tive structures of the early time only disappeared when the com-
munities had increased in population and wealth, and were able to
replace them with more commodious and comfortable buildings.
Perhaps in no single instance has the magnificent progress of the
State of Iowa been more marked and rapid than in her common
school system and in her school houses, which, long since, super-
seded the log cabins of the first settlers. To-day, the school houses
which everywhere dot the broad and fertile prairies of Iowa are
unsurpassed by those of any other State in the great Union. More
especially is this true in all her cities and villages, where liberal
and lavish appropriations have been voted, by a generous people,
for the erection of large, commodious and elegant buildings, fur-
nished with all the modern improvements, and costing from $10,000
to $60,000 each. The people of the State have expended more
than $10,000,000 for the erection of public school buildings.

The first house erected in Iowa was a log cabin at Dubuque,
built by James L. Langworthy and a few other miners, in the
Autumn of 1833.

Mrs. Caroline Dexter commenced teaching in Dubuque in March,
1836. She was the first female teacher there, aud probably the
first in Iowa. The first tax for the support of schools at Dubuque
was levied in 1840.

Among the first buildings erected at Burlington was a commodi-
ous log school house in 1834, in which Mr. Johnson Pierson taught
the first school in the Winter of 1834-5.

The first school in Muscatine County was taught by George
Bumgardner, in the Spring of 183T, and in 1839, a log school
house was erected in Muscatine, which served for a long time for
school house, church and public hall. The first school in Daven-
port was taught in 1838. In Fairfield Miss Clarissa Sawyer,
James F. Chambers and Mrs. Reed taught school in 1839.

HISTORY OF IOWA. 101

When the site of Iowa City was selected as the capital of the
Territory of Iowa, in May, 1839, it was a perfect wilderness. The
first sale of lots took place Anpjust 18, 183'J, and before January
1, 1840, about twenty families had settled within the limits of the
town; and during the same year, Mr. Jesse Berry opened a school in
a small frame building he had erected, on what is now College street.

The first settlement in Monroe County was made in 1843, by
Mr. John R. Gray, about two miles from the present site of Eddy-
ville; and in the Summer of 1844, a log school house was built,
and the first school was opened. About a year after the first cabin
was built at Oskaloosa, a log school house was built.

At Fort Des Moines, now the Capital of the State, the first
school was taught in the Winter of 1846-7.

The first school in Pottawattamie County was opened at Council
Point, prior to 1849.

The first school in Decorah was taught in 1853. In Osceola,
the first school was opened by Mr. U. W. Scoville. The first
school at Fort Dodge was taught in 1S55, by Cyrus C. Carpenter,
since Governor of the State. In Crawford County, the first school
house was built in Mason's Grove, in 1856, and Morris McHenry
first occupied it as teacher.

During the first twenty years of the history of Iowa, the log
school houses prevailed, and in 1861, there were 893 of these
primitive structures in use for school purposes in the State. Since
that time they have been gradually disappearing. In 1865, there
were 796; in '1870, 336; and in 1875, 121.

Iowa Territory was created July 3, 1838. January 1, 1839, the
Territorial Legislature passed an act providing that ''there shall
be establisked a common school, or schools, in each of the counties
in this Territory, which shall be open and free for every class of
white citizens between the ages of five and twenty-one years."
The second section of the act provided that "the County Board
shall, from time to time, form such districts in their respective
counties whenever a petition may be presented for the purpose by
a majority of the voters resident within such contemplated dis-
trict." These districts were governed by boards of trustees,
usually of three persons; each district was required to maintain
school at least three mouths in every year; and later, laws were
enacted providing for county school taxes for the payment of
teachers, and that whatever additional sura might be required
should be assessed upon the parents sending, in proportion to the
length of time sent.

When Iowa Territory became a State, in 1846, with a popula-
tion of 100,000, and with 20,000 pupils within its limits, about
four hundred school districts had been organized. In 1850, there
were 1,200, and in 1857, the number had increased to 3,265.

In March, 1858, the Seventh General Assembly enacted that
''each civil township is declared a school district,' and provided

102 HISTORY OF IOWA.

that these should be divided into sub-districts. This law went into
force March 20, 1858, and reduced the number of school districts
from about 3,500 to less than 900.

This change of school organization resulted in a very material
reduction of the expenditures for the compensation of District
Secretaries and Treasurers. An effort was made for several years,
from 1867 to 1872, to abolish the sub-district system. The Legis-
lature of 1870, provided for the formation of independent districts
from the sub-districts of district townships. The system of
graded schools was inaugurated in 1849; and new schools, in which
more than one teacher is employed, are universally graded.

The first official mention of Teachers' Institutes in the educa-
tional records of Iowa, occurs in the annual report of Hon. Thomas
H. Benton, Jr., made December 2, 1850.

In March, 1858, an act was passed authorizing the holding of
Teachers' Institutes for periods not less than six working days,
whenever not less than thirty teachers should desire. The Super-
intendent was authorized to expend not exceeding ^100 for any one
Institute, to be paid out by the County Superintendent as the In-
stitute might direst for teachers and lecturers, and one thousand
dollars was appropriated to defray the expenses of these Institutes.

The Board of Education at its first session, commencing Decem-
ber 6, 1858, enacted a code of school laws which retained the ex-
isting provisions for Teachers' Institutes. In March, 1860, the
General Assembly amended the act of the Board by appropriating
"a sum not exceeding fifty dollars annually for one such Institute,
held as provided by law in each county."

By act approved March 19, 1874, Normal Institutes were estab-
lished in each county, to be held annually by the County Superin-
tendent, and in 1876 the Sixteenth General Assembly established
the first permanent State Normal School at Cedar Falls, Black Hawk
County, appropriating the building and property of the Soldiers'
Orphans' Home at that place for that purpose.

The public school system of Iowa is admirably organized, and if
the various officers who are entrusted with the educational interests
of the commonwealth are faithful and competent, should and will
constantly improve.

"The public schools are supported by funds arising from several
sources. The sixteenth section of every Congressional Township
was set apart by the General Government for school purposes, be-
ing one-thirty-sixth part of all the lands of the State. The mini-
mum price of these lands was fixed at one dollar and twenty-five
cents per acre. Congress also made an alditional donation to the
State of five hundred thousand acres, and an appropriation of five
per cent, on all the sales of public lands to the school fund. The
State gives to this fund the proceeds of the sales of all lands which
escheat to it; the proceeds of all fines for the violation of the
liquor and criminal laws. The money derived from these sources

inSTOEY OF IOWA. 103

constitutes the permanent school fund of the State, which cannot
be diverted to any other purpose. The penalties collected by the
courts for fines and forfeits go to the school fund in the counties
where collected. The proceeds of the sale of lauds and the five
per cent, fund go into the State Treasury, and. the State distrib-
utes these proceeds to the several counties according to their re-
quest, and the counties loan the money to individuals for long
terms at eight per cent, interest, on security of land valued at three
times the amount of the loan, exclusive of all buildings and im-
provements thereon. The interest on these loans is paid into the
State Treasury, and becomes the available school fund of the State.
The counties are responsible to the State for all money so loaned,
and the State is likewise responsible to the school fund for all
moneys transferred to the counties. The interest on these loans
is apportioned by the State Auditor semi-annually to the several
counties of the State, in proportion to the number of persons
between the ages of five and twenty-one years. The counties also
levy an annual tax for school purposes, which is apportioned to
the several district townships in the same way. A district tax
is also levied for the same purpose. The money arising from these
several sources constitutes the support of the public schools, and
is sufficient to enable every sub-district in the State to afford from
six to nine months' school each year."

The taxes levied for the support of schools are self-imposed.
Under the admirable school laws of the State, no taxes can be le-
gally assessed or collected for the erection of school houses until
they have been ordered by the election of the district at a school
meeting legally called. The scliool houses of Iowa are the pride
of the State and an honor to the people. If they have been some-
times built at a prodigal expense, the tax payers have no one to
blame but themselves. The teachers' and contingent funds are
determined by the Directors, under certain legal restrictions.
These boards are elected annually, except in the independent dis-
tricts, in which the board may be entirely changed every three
years. The only exception to this mode of levying taxes for sup-
port of schools is the county school tax, which is determined by
the County Board of Supervisors. The tax is from one to three
mills on the dollar; usually, however, but one.

In his admirable message to the General Assembly, just previous
to retiring from the Gubernatorial chair, Gov. Gear has the follow-
ing to say concerning the public schools of Iowa:

''The number of school children reported is 594,750. Of this
number 384,192 are, by approximation, between the ages of six
and sixteen years. The number of all ages enrolled m the schools is
431,513, which shows that much the greater proportion of chil-
dren of school age avail themselves of the benefits of our educa-
tional system. The average attendance is 254,088. The schools
of the State have been in session, on an average, 148 days.

104 HISTOEY OF IOWA.

"There is, doubtless, quite a percentage of children who attend
schools other than those of a public character. Yet the figures I
have quoted show clearly that very many children, through the
negligence or unwillingness of parents, do not attend school at all,
but are in a fair way to grow up in ignorance. I, therefore, earn-
estly suggest that you consider the expediency of enacting a com-
pulsory educational law, which should require attendance upon
schools of some kind, either public or private. To me it does
seem as if the State shall not have done her full duty by the chil-
dren, until she shall have completed her educational system by
some such enactment.

"The interest in the normal institutes is maintained, and, beyond
doubt, they render great aid in training the teachers who attend
them.

"The receipts for all school purposes throughout the State were
15,006,023.60, and the expenditures ^5,129,279.49; but of these re-
ceipts and expenditures about $400,000 was of money borrowed to
refund outstanding bonds at lower rates of interest.

"The amount on hand aggregated, at the end of the fiscal year,
$2,653,356.55. This sum is, in my judgment, much larger than
the necessities of the schools require, and it would be well to im-
pose some check to prevent an excessive or unnecessary levy of
taxes for school purposes."

The significance of such facts as these is unmistakable. Such
lavish expenditures can only be accounted for by the liberality
and public spirit of the people, all of whom manifest their love of
popular education and their faith in the public schools by the an-
nual dedication to their support of more than one per cent, of their
entire ttp;able property; this too, uninterruptedly through a series
of years, commencing in the midst of a war which taxed their en-
ergies and resources to the extreme, and continuing through years
of general depression in business — years of moderate yield of pro-
duce, of discouragingly low prices, and even amid the scanty sur-
roundings and privations of pioneer life. Few human enterprises
have a grander significance or give evidence of a more noble pur-
pose than the generous contributions from the scanty resources of
the pioneer for the purposes of public education.

POLITICAL RECORD.

TERRITOKIAL OFFICERS.

Governors — Robert Lucas, 1838-41; John Chambers, 1841-45;
James Clarke, 1845.

Secretaries — William B. Conway, 1838, died 1839; James Clarke,
1839; 0. H. W. Stull, 1841; Samuel J. Burr, 1843; Jesse Wil-
liams, 1845.

Auditors— ie^^Q Williams, 1840; Wm. L. Gilbert, 1843; Robert
M. Secrest, 1845.

HISTORY OF IOWA. 105

Treasurers — Thornton Bayliss, 1839; Morgan Reno, 1840.

Judf/es — Charles Mason, Chief Justice, 1838; Joseph Williams,
1838, "Thomas S. Wilson, 1838.

Presidents of Council — Jesse B, Browne, 1838-9 ; Stephen
Hempstead, 1839^0; M. Bainridge, 1840-1; Jonathan W. Parker,
1841-2; John D.Elbert, 1842-3; Thomas Cox, 1843-4; S.Clinton
Hastings, 1845; Stephen Hempstead, 1845-6.

Speakers of the i/o//s^— William H. Wallace, 1838-9; Edward
Johnston, 1839-40; Thomas Cox, 1840-1; Warner Lewis, 1841-2;
James M. Morgan, 1842-3; James P. Carleton, 1843-4; James
M. Morgan, 1845; George W. McCleary, 1845-6.

First Constitutional Convention^ 1844 — Shepherd Leffler, Presi-
dent; Geo. S. Hampton, Secretary.

Second Constitutional Convention, 1846 — Enos Lowe, President;
William Thompson, Secretary.

OFFICERS OF THE STATE GOVERNMENT.

Governors — Ansel Briggs, 1846 to 1850; Stephen Hempstead,
1850 to 1854; James W. Grimes, 1854 to 1858; Ralph P. Lowe,
1858 to 1860; Samuel J. Kirkwood, 1860 to 1864; William M.
Stone, 1864 to 1808; Samuel Morrill, lc68 to 1872; Cyrus C. Car-
penter, 1872 to 1876; Samuel J. Kirkwood, 1876 to 1877; Joshua
G. Newbold, Acting, 1877 to 1878; John H. Gear, 1878 to 1882;
Buren R. Sherman, 1882 to .

Lieutenant Governors — Office created by the new Constitution
September 3, 1857— Oran FaviUe, 1858-9; Nicholas J. Rusch,
1860-1; John R. Needhara, 1862-3; Enoch W. Eastman, 1864-5;
Benjamin F. Gue, 1866-7; John Scott, 1868-9; M. M. Walden,
1870-1; H. C. Bulls, 1872-3; Joseph Dysart, 1874-5; Joshua G.
Newbold, 1876-7; Frank T. Campbell, 1878-82; 0. H. Manning,
1882 to .

Secretaries of State — Elisha Cutler, Jr., Dec. 5, 1846. to Dec. 4,
1848; Josiah H. Bonney, Dec. 4, 1848, to Dec. 2, 1850; George W.
McCleary, Dec. 2. 1850, to Dec. 1,1856; Elijah Sells. Dec. 1, 1856.
to Jan. 5, 1863; James Wright, Jan. 5, 1863, to Jan. 7, 1867; Ed.
Wright, Jan. 7, 1867, to Jan. 6, 1873; Josiah T. Young, Jan. 6,
1873, to 1879; J. A. T. Hull, 1879 to ."

Auditors of State— .lose^h T. Fales, Dec. 5, 1846, to Dec. 2, 1850;
William Pattee, Dec. 2, 1850, to Dec. 4, 1854; Andrew J. Stevens,
Dec. 4, 1854, resigned in 1855; John Pattee, Sept. 22, 1855, to
Jan. 3, 1859; Jonathan W. Cattell, 1859, to 1865; John A. Elliot,
1865 to 1871; John Rassell, 1871 to 1875; Buren R.'Sherman,
1875 to 1881; W. V. Lucas, 1881 to .

Treasurers of State — Morgan Reno, Dec. 18, 1846, to Dec. 2,
1850: Israel Kister, Dec. 2, 1850, to Dec. 4, 1852, Martin L. Mor-
ris, Dec. 4, 1852, to Jan. 2, 1859; John W. Jones, 1859 to 1863;
William H. Holmes, 1863 to 1867; Samuel E. Rankin, 1867 to

106 IIISTOEY OF I(5\VA.

1873; William Christy, 1878 to 1877; George W. Berais, 1877 to
1881; Edwin G. Conger, 1881 to ■ -.

Superintendents of Public Instruction — Office created in 1847 —
James Harlan, June 5, 1845 (Supreme Court decided election void);
Thomas H. Benton, Jr., May 23, 1844, to June 7, 1854; James D.
Eads, 1854-7; Joseph C. Stone, March to June, 1857; Maturin L.
Fisher, 1857 to Dec. 1858, when the office was abolished and the
duties of the office devolved upon the Secretary of the Board of
Education.

Secretaries of the Board of Education — Thomas H. Benton, Jr.,
1859-1863; Oran Faville, Jan. 1, 1864. Board abolished March
23, 1864.

Superintendents of Public Instruction — Office re-created March
23, 1864— Oran Faville, March 28, 1864, resigned March 1, 1867;
D. Franklin Wells, March 4, 1867, to Jan., 1870; A. S. Kissell,
1870 to 1872; Alonzo Abernethy, 1872 to 1877; Carl W. von
Coelln, 1877 to 1882; J. W. Akers, 1882 to .

State Binders — Office created February 21, 1855 — Williajn M.
Coles, May 1, 1855, to May 1, 1859; Frank M. Mills, 1859 to 1867;
James S. Carter, 1867 to 1870; J. J. Smart, 1870 to 1874; H. A.
Perkins, 1874 to 1878; Matt Parrott, 1878 to .

Registers of the State Land Office — Anson Hart, May 5, 1855, to
Mav'l3, 1857; Theodore S. Parvin, May 13,1857, to Jan. 3, 1859;
Anios B. Miller, Jan. 3, 1859, to October, 1862; Edwin Mitchell,
Oct. 31, 1862, to Jan. 5, 1863; Josiah A. Harvey, Jan. 5, 1863, to
Jan. 7, 1867; Cyrus C. Carpenter, Jan. 7, 1867, to January, 1871;
Aaron Brown, January, 1871, to January, 1875; David Secor. Jan-
uary, 1875, to 1879; J. K. Powers, 1879 to .

State Printers — Office created Jan. 3, 1840 — Garrett D. Palmer
and George Paul, 1849; William H. Merritt, 1851 to 1853; Wil-
liam A. Hornish, 1853 (resigned Mav 16, 1853); Mahoney & Dorr,
1853 to 1855; Peter Moriarty, 1855 'to 1857; John Teesdale, 1857
to 1861; Francis W. Palmer, 1861 to 1869; Frank M. Mills, 1869
to 1870; G. W. Edwards, 1870 to 1872; R. P. Clarkson, 1872 to
1878; Frank M. Mills, 1878 to .

Adjutants General — Daniel S. Lee, 1851-5; Geo. W. McCleary,
1855-7; Elijah Sells, 1857; Jesse Bowen, 1857-61; Nathaniel Ba-
ker, 1861 to 1877; John H. Looby, 1877 to 1879; W. L. Alexan-
der, 1879 to .

Attornei/s General — -David C. Cloud, 1853-56: Samuel A. Rice,
1856-60; Charles C. Nourse, 1861-4; Isaac L. Allen, 1865 (resigned
January, 1866); Frederick E. Bissell, 1866 (died June 12, 1867);
Henry O'Connor, 1867-72; Marsena E. Cutts, 1872-6; John F.
McJunkin, 1877 to 1881; Smith McPherson, 1881 to .

Presidents of the Senate — Thomas Baker, 1846-7; Thomas
Hughes, 1848; John J . Selman, 1848-9: Enos Lowe, 1850-1; Wil-
liam E. Leffingwell, 1852-3; Maturin L. Fisher, 1854-5; William

HISTOKY OF 10 V,- A. ]07

W, Hamilton, lSo6-7. Under the Kevv Constitution, the Lieuten-
ant Governor is President of the Senate.

Sjieakers of the House — Jesse B. Brown, 1847-8; Smiley H.
Bonhan, 1849-50; George Temple, 1851-2; James Grant, 1853-4;
Reuben Noble, 1855-6; Samuel McFarland, 1856-7; Stephen B.
Sheledy, 1858-9; John Edwards. 1860-1 ; Rush Clark, 1862-8; Ja-
cob Butler, 1864-5; Ed. Wright, 1866-7; John Russell, 1868-9;
Aylett R. Cotton, 1870-1; James Wilson, 1872-3; John H. Gear,
1874-7; John Y. Stone, 1878-9; Lore Alford, 1880-1; G. R. Stru-
ble, 1882 to .

New Constitutional Convention^ 1S59 — Francis Springer, Presi-
dent; Thos. J. Saunders, Secretary.

STATE OFFICERS, 1882.

Buren R. Sherman, Governor; 0. H. Manning, Lieutenant Gov-
ernor; John A. T. Hull, Secretary of State; William V. Lucas, Au-
ditor of State; Edwin H. Conger, Treasurer of State: James K.
Powers, Register of State Land Office; W. L. Alexaudnr. Adjutant
General: Smith McPherson, Attorney General; Edward J. Holmes,
Clerk of the Supreme Court; Jno. S. Runnells, Reporter Supreme
Court; J. W. Akers, Superintendent of Public Instruction; Frank
M. Mills, State Printer; Matt. Parrott, State Binder; Prof. Nathan
R. Leonard, Superintendent of Weights and Measures; Mrs. S. B.
Maxwell, State Librarian.

THE JUDICIARY.

SUPREME COURT OF IOWA, 1882.

Chief Justice, Austin Adams, Dubuque; Associate Judges, Wil-
liam H. Seevers, Oskaloosa; James G. Dav, Sidney; James H. Roth-
rock, Tipton; Joseph M. Beck, Fort Madison.

DISTRICT COURTS, 1882.

First Judicial District, Abraham H. Stutsman, Burlington; Sec-
ond Judicial District, Edward L. Burton, Ottumwa; Third Judicial
District, R. C. Henry, Mount Ayr; Fourth Judicial District, Charles
H. Lewis, Cherokee: Fifth Judicial District, William H. McHenry,
Des Moines; Sixth Judicial District, John C. Cook, Newton; Sev-
enth Judicial District, Walter I. Hayes, Clinton; Eighth Judicial
District, John Shane, Vinton; Ninth Judicial District, Sylvester
Bagg, Waterloo; Tenth Judicial District, Ezekiel E. Cooley, De-
corah; Eleventh Judicial District. James W. McKenzie, Hampton;
Twelfth Judicial District, Geo. W. Ruddick, Waverly; Thirteenth
Judicial District, Joseph R. Reed, Council Blufls; Fourteenth Ju-
dicial District, Ed. R. Duffie, Sac City.

CIRCUIT COURTS, 1882.

First Judicial Circuit, First District, William J. Jeliries, Mt.
Pleasant; Second Judicial Circuit, First District, Charles Phelps,

108 HISTORY OF IOWA.

Burlington; Second Judicial Circuit, H. C. Traverse, Bloomfield;
Third Judicial Circuit, D. D. Gregory, Afton; Fourth Judicial
Circuit, J. R. Zuver, Sioux City; First Judicial Circuit, Fifth
District, Josiah Griven, Des Moines; Second Judicial Circuit,
Fifth District, Stephen A. Callvert, Adel; Sixth Judicial Circuit.
W. R. Lewis, Montezuma; First Judicial Circuit, Seventh District,
Charles W. Chase, Clinton; Second Judicial Circuit, Seventh Dis-
trict, DeWitt C. Richman, Muscatine; Eighth Judicial Circuit,
Christian Hedges, Marengo; Ninth Judicial Circuit, Benjamin W.
Lacy, Dubuque; Tenth Judicial Circuit, Charles T. Granger, Wau-
kon; Eleventh Judicial Circuit, D. D. Miracle, Webster City;
Twelfth Judicial Circuit, Robert G. Reineger, Charles City; Thir-
teenth Judicial Circuit, C. F'. Loofbourrow, Atlantic; Fourteenth
Judicial Circuit, John N. Weaver, Algona.

CONGRESSIONAL REPRESENTATION.

UN'ITED STATES SENATORS.

(The first General Assembly failed to elect Senators.)
George W. Jones, Dubuque, Dec. 7, 1848-1858; Augustus C.
Dodge, Burlington. Dec. 7,1848-1855; James Harlan, Mt. Pleas-
ant, Jan. 6, 1855 1865; James W. Grimes, Burlington, Jan. 26,
1858-died 1870; Samuel J. Kirk wood, Iowa City, elected Jan. 13,
1866, to fill vacancy caused by resignation of James Harlan; James
Harlan, Mt. Pleasant, March 4, 1866-1872; James B. Howell,
Keokuk, elected Jan. 20, 1870, to fill vacancy caused by the death of
J. W. Grimes — term expired March 3d; George G. Wright, Des
Moines, March 4, 1871-1877; William B. Allison, Dubuque,
March 4, 1872: Samuel J. Kirkwood, March 4, 1877; James W.
MeDill, appointed to fill vacancy caused by the resignation of S.
J. Kirkwood, in 1881, and elected Jan. 1882, to fill the unexpired
term; James F. Wilson, elected Jan. 1882, for the full term, be-
ginning March 4, 1883.

MEMBERS OF HOUSE OF REPRESE;N^TATIYES.

Tirenfi/-ninth Congress— ISiQ to 1847. — S. Clinton Hastings;
Shepherd Lefller.

Thirtieth Congress— 1S4:7 to 1849.— First District, William
Thompson; Second District, Shepherd Leffier.

Thirty-first Congress— l^id to 1851.— First District, First Ses-
sion, Wm. Thompson; unseated by the House of Representatives
on a contest, and election remanded to the people. First District,
Second Session, Daniel F. Miller. Second District, Shepherd
Leffler.

Thirtg-second Congress — 1851 to 1853, — First District, Bern-
hart Henn. Second District, Lincoln Clark.

Tlnrty-third Congress — 1853 to 1855. — First District, Bernhart
Henn. Second District, John P. Cook.

HISTORY OF IOWA. 109

Thirtif-fourth Congress— 1S55 to 1857. — First District, Augustus
Hall. Second District, James Thorington.

Thirtif-Jifth Congress — 1857 to 1859. — First District, Samuel
R. Curtis. Second District, Timothy Davis.

Thirtii-sixth Congress — 1859 to 1861. — First District, Samuel
R. Curtis. Second District, William Vandever.

Thirty-serenth Congress — 1861 to 1863. — First District, First
Session, Samuel R. Curtis.* First District, Second and Third Ses-
sions, James F. Wilson. Second District, William Vandever.

Thirty-eighth Congress — 1863 to 1865. — First District, James
F. Wilson. Second District, Hiram Price; Third District, William
B. Allison; Fourth District, Josiah B. Grinnell; Fifth District,
John A. Kasson; Sixth District, Asahel W. Hubbard.

Thirty-ninth Congress — 1865 to 1867. — First District, James
F. Wilson; Second District, Hiram Price; Third District, William
B.Allison; Fourth District, Josiah B. Grrinnell, Fifth District,
John A. Kasson; Sixth District, Asahel W. Hubbard.

Fortieth Congress— 1S67 to 1869.— First District, James F.
Wilson; Second District, Hiram Price; Third District, William B.
Allison; Fourth District, William Loughridge; Fifth District,
Grenville M. Dodge; Sixth District, Asahel W.Hubbard.

Forty-first Congress — 1869 to 1871. — First District, George W.
McCrary; Second District, William Smyth; Third District,
William B. Allison; Fourth District, William Loughridge; Fifth
District, Frank W. Palmer; Sixth District, Charles Pomeroy.

Forty-second Congress — 1871 to 1873. — First District, George
W. McCrary; Second District, Aylett R. Cotton; Third District,
W. G. Donnan; Fourth District, Madison M. Waldon; Fifth Dis-
trict, Frank W. Palmer; Sixth District, Jackson Orr.

Forty-third Congress — 1873 to 1875. — First District, George W.
McCrary; Second District, Aylett R. Cotton; Third District,
William G. Donnan; Fourth District. Henry 0. Pratt; Fifth Dis-
trict, James Wilson; Sixth District, William Loughridge; Seventh
District, John A. Kasson; Eighth District, James W. McDill;
Ninth District, Jackson Orr.

Forty-fourth Congress — 1875 to 1877. — First District, George
W. McCrary; Second District, John Q. Tufts; Third District, L.
L. Ainsworth; Fourth District, Henry 0. Pratt; Fifth District,
James Wilson; Sixth District, Ezekiel S. Sampson; Seventh Dis-
trict, John A. Kasson; Eighth District, James W. McDill; Ninth
District, Addison Oliver.

Forty-fifth Congress— 1877 to 1879.— First District, J. C.
Stone; Second District, Hiram Price; Third District, T. W. Bur-
dick; Fourth District, H. C. Deering; Fifth District, Rush Clark;
Sixth District, E. S. Sampson; Seventh District, H. J. B. Cum-
mings; Eighth District, W. F. Sapp; Ninth District, A. Oliver.

^Vacated seat by acceptance of commission as Brigadier General, and J F. Wil-on
chosen his successor.

110 HISTOKY OF IOWA.

Forty-sixth Congress. — 1879 to 1881. — First District, Moses A.
McCoid; Second District, Hiram Price; Third District, Thomas
Updegraff ; Fourth District, Nathaniel C. Deering; Firth District,
W. G. Thompson; Sixth District, James B. Weaver; Seventh Dis-
tiict, Edward H. Gillette; Eighth District, William F. Sapp;
Ninth District, Cyrus C. Carpenter,

Forty-Seventh Congress— ISSl to 1883.— First District, Moses
A. McCoid; Second District, Sewall S. Farwell; Third District,
Thomas Updegraff; Fourth District, Nathaniel C. Deering; Fifth
District, W. G. Thompson; Sixth District, Madison E. Cutts;
Seventh District, John A. Kasson; Eighth District, William P.
Hepburn; Ninth District, Cyrus C. Carpenter.

WAR RECORD.

The State of Iowa may well be proud of her record daring the
War of the Rebellion, from 1861 to 1865. The following brief
but comprehensive sketch of the history she made during that try-
ing period, is largely from the pen of Col. A. P. Wood, of Du-
buque, the author of "The History of Iowa and the War," one of
the best works of the kind yet written.

"Whether in the promptitude of her responses to the calls made
on her by the General Government, in the courage and constancy
of her soldiery in the field, or in the wisdom and efficiency with
which her civil administration was conducted during the trying
period covered by the War of the Rebellion, Iowa proved herself
the peer of any loyal State. The proclamation of her Governor,
responsive to that of the President, calling for volunteers to com-
pose her First Regiment, was issued on the fourth day after the
fall of Sumter. At the end of only a single week, men enough
were reported to be in quarters (mostly in the vicinity of their
own homes) to fill the regiment. These, however, were hardly
more than a tithe of the number who had been offered by com-
pany commanders for acceptance under the President's call. So
urgent were these offers that the Governor requested (on the 24th
of April) permission to organize an additional regiment. While
awaiting an answer to this request, he conditionally accepted a
sufficient number of companies to compose two additional regi-
ments. In a short time, he was notified that both of these would
be accepted. Soon after the completion of the Second and Third
Regiments (which was near the close of May), the Adjutant Gen-
eral of the State reported that upwards of one hundred and seventy
companies had been tendered to the Governor to serve against the
enemies of the Union.

"Much difficulty and considerable delay occurred in fitting the 5e
regiments for the field. For the First Infantry a complete outfit
(not uniform) of clothing was extemporized — principally by the
volunteered labor of loyal Jwomen in the different towns — from

HISTORY OF IOWA. Ill

material of various colors and qualities, obtained within the limits
of the State. The same was done in part for the Second Infantry.
Meantime, an extra session of the General Assembly had been
called by the Governor, to convene on the 15th of May. With
but little delay, that body authorized a loan of $800,000, to meet
the extraordinary expenses incurred, and to be incurred, by the
Executive Department, in consequence of the new emergency. A
wealthy merchant of the State (Ex-Governor Merrill, then a resi-
dent of McGregor) immediately took from the Governor a con-
tract to supply a complete outfit of clothing for the three regi-
ments organized, agreeing to receive, should the Governor so elect,
his pay therefor in State bonds at par. This contract he executed
to the letter, and a portion of the clothing (which was manufac-
tured in Boston, to his order) was delivered at Keokuk, the place
at which the troops had rendezvoused, in exactly one month from
the day on which the contract had been entered into. The re-
mainder arrived only a few days later. This clothing was deliver-
ed to the regiment, but was subsequently condemned by the Gov-
ernment, for the reason that its color was gray, and blue had been
adopted as the color to be worn by the national troops."

Other States also clothed their troops, sent forward under the
first call of President Lincoln, with gray uniforms, but it was soon
found that the Confederate forces were also clothed in gray, and
that color was at once abandoned by the Union troops. If both
armies were clothed alike, annoying if not fatal mistakes were
liable to be made.

But while engaged in these efforts to discharge her whole duty,
in common with all the other Union-loving States in the great
emergency, Iowa was compelled to make immediate and ample pro-
vision for the protection of her own borders, from threatened inva-
sion on the south by the Secessionists of Missouri, and from
incursions from the west and northwest by bands of hostile Indians,
who were freed from the usual restraint imposed upon them by
the presence of regular troops stationed at the frontier posts.
These troops were withdrawn to meet the greater and more press-
ing danger threatening the life of the nation at its very heart.

To provide for the adequate defense of her borders from the
ravages of both rebels in arms against the Government, and of
the more irresistible foes from the Western plains, the Governor
of the State was authorized to raise and equip two regiments of
infantry, a squadron of cavalry (not less than five companies) and
a battalion of artillery (not less than three companies). Only
cavalry were enlisted for home defense, however, ''but," says Col.
Wood, " in times of special danger, or when calls were made by
the Unionists of Northern Missouri for assistance against their
disloyal enemies, large numbers of militia on foot often turned out,
and remained in the field until the necessitv for their services had

112 HISTORY OF IOWA.

'^ The first order for the Iowa volunteers to move to the field
was received on the 13th of June. It was issued by Gren. Lj^on,
then commanding the United States forces in Missouri. The
First and Second Infantry immediately embarked in steamboats,
and moved to Hannibal. Some two weeks later, the Third In-
fantry was ordered to the same point. These three, together with
many other of the earlier organized Iowa regiments, rendered their
first field service in Missouri. The First Infantry formed a part
of the little army with which Gen. Lyon moved on Springfield,
and fought the bloody battle of Wilson's Creek. It received un-
qualified praise for its gallant bearing on the field. In the follow-
ing month (September), the Third Iowa, with but very slight sup-
port, fought with honor the sanguinary engagement of Blue
Mills Landing; and in November, the Seventh Iowa, as a part of
a force commanded by Gen. Grant, greatly distinguished itself in
the battle of Belmont, where it poured out its blood like water —
losing more than half of the men it took into action.

" The initial operations in which the battles referred to took
place, were followed by the more important movements led by
Gen. Grant, Gen, Curtis, of this State, and other commanders,
which resulted in defeating the armies defending the chief
strategic lines held by the Confederates in Kentucky, Tennessee,
Missouri and Arkansas, and compelling their withdrawal from
much of the territory previously controlled by them in those
States. In these and other movements, down to the grand culmin-
ating campaign by which Vicksburg was captured and the Con-
federacy permanently severed on the line of the Mississippi River,
Iowa troops took part in steadily increasing numbers. In the in-
vestment and siege of V'^icksburg, the State was represented by
thirty regiment and two batteries, in addition to which, eight
regiments and one battery were employed on the outposts of the
besieging array. The brilliancy of their exploits on the many
fields where they served, won for them the highest meed of praise,
both in military and civil circles. Multipled were the terms in
which expression was given to this sentiment, but these words of
one of the journals of a neighboring State, 'The Iowa troops have
been heroes among heroes,' embody the spirit of all.

''In the veteran re -enlistments that distinguished the closing
months of 1863, above all other periods in the history of re-enlist-
ments for the national armies, the Iowa three years' men (who
were relatively more numerous than those of any other State)
were prompt to set the example of volunteering for another term
of equal length, thereby adding many thousands to the great
army of those who gave this renewed and practical assurance that
the cause of the Union should not be left without defenders.

"In all the important movements of 1864-65, by which the
Confederacy Avas penetrated in every quarter, and its niilitary power
finally overthrown, the Iowa troops took part. Their drum-beat

HISTORY OF IOWA. 113

was heard on the bauks of every great river of the South, from
the Potomac to the Rio Grande, and everywhere they rendered
the same faithful and devoted service, maintaining on all occasions
their wonted reputation for valor in the field and endurance on the
march.

''Two Iowa three-year cavalry regiments were employed during
the whole term of service in the operations that were in progress
from 1863 to 1866 against the hostile Indians of the western
plains. A portion of these men were among the last of the vol-
unteer troops to be mustered out of service. The State also sup-
plied a considerable number of men to the navy, who took part in
most of the naval operations prosecuted against the Confederate
power on the Atlantic and Gulf coasts, and the rivers of the
West.

''The people of Iowa were early and constant workers in the san-
itary field, and by their liberal gifts and personal efforts for the
benefit of the soldiery, placed their State in froat rank of those
who became distinguished for their exhibition of patriotic benevo-
lence during the period covered by the war. Agents appointed
by the Governor were stationed at points convenient for rendering
assistance to the sick and needy soldiers of the State, while others
were employed in visiting, from time to time, hospitals, camps and
armies in the field, and doing whatever the circumstances rendered
possible for the health and comfort of such of the Iowa soldiers as
might be found there.

"Some of the benevolent people of the State early conceived the
idea of establishing a Home for such of the children of deceased
soldiers as might be left in destitute circumstances. This idea
first took form in 1863, and in the following year a Home was
opened at Farmington, Van Buren County, in a building leased
for that purpose, and which soon became filled to its utmost ca-
pacity. The institution received liberal donations from the gen-
eral public, and also from the soldiers in the field. In 1865 it be-
came necessary to provide increased accommodations for the large
number of children who were seeking the benefits of its care.
This was done by establishing a branch at Cedar Falls, in Black
Hawk County, and by securing, during the same year, for the
use of the parent Home, Camp Kinsman, near the city of Daven-
port. This property was soon afterward donated to the institu-
tion by act of Congress.

'•In 1866, in pursuance of a law enacted for that purpose, the
Soldiers' Orphans' Home (which then contained about four hun-
dred and fifty inmates) became a State institution, and thereafter
the sums necessary for its support were appi'opriated from the
State treasury. A second branch was established at Glenwood,
Mills County. Convenient tracts were secured, and valuable im-
provements made at the different points. Schools Avere also estab-
lished, and employments provided for such of the children as were

114 HISTOEY OF IOWA.

of suitable age. In all ways the provision made for these wards
of the State has been such as to challenge the approval of every
benevolent mind. The number of children who have been in-
mates of the Home from its foundation to the present time is con-
siderably more than two thousand.

''At the beginning of the war, the population of Iowa included
about one hundred and fifty thousand men, presumably liable to
render military service. The State raised, for general service,
thirty-nine regiments of infantry; nine regiments of cavalry, and
four companies of artillery, composed of three years' men; one
regiment of Infantry, composed of three months' men; and four
regiments and one battallion of infantry composed of one hundred
days' men. The original enlistments in these various organiza-
tions, including seventeen hundred and twenty-seven men raised
by draft, numbered a little more than sixty-nine thousand. The
re-enlistments, including upward of seven thousand veterans,
numbered very nearly eight thousand. The enlistments in the
regular army and navv, and organizations of other States, will, if
added, raise the total to upward of eighty thousand. The number
of men who, under special enlistments, and as militia, took part at
different times in the operations on the exposed borders of the
State, was probably as many as five thousand.

"Iowa paid no bounty on account of the men she placed in the
field. In some instances, toward the close of the war, bounty to a
comparatively small amount was paid by cities and towns. On
only one occasion — that of the call of July 18, 1861 — was a draft
made in Iowa. This did not occur on account of her proper liabil-
ity, as established by previous rulings of the War Department, to
supply men under that call, but grew out of the great necessity
that there existed for raising men. The Government insisted on
temporarily setting aside, in part, the former rule of settlements,
and enforcing a draft in all cases where sub-districts in any of the
States should be found deficient in their supply of men. In no
instance was Iowa, as a whole, found to be indebted to the General
Government for men, on a settlement of her quota accounts."

It is to be said to the honor and credit of Iowa, that while many
of the loyal States, older and larger in population and wealth, in-
curred heavy State debts for the purpose of fulfilling their obli-
gations to the General Government, Iowa, while she was foremost
in duty, while she promptly discharged all her obligations to her
sister States and the Union, found herself at the close of the war
without any material addition to her pecuniary liabilities incurred
before the war commenced. Upon final settlement after the res-
toration of peace, her claims upon the Federal Government were
found to be fully equal to the amount of her bonds issued and sold
during the war to provide the means for raising and equipping her
troops sent into the field, and to meet the inevitable demands upon
her treasury in consequence of the war.

HISTORY OF IOWA

115

STATEMENT sJiowing the number of men funiished and casualties in lowi
regiments during the War of the Rehellion.

Regiments.

1st Battery

2d Battery

3cl Battery

4th Battery

1st Cavalry

2d Cavalry

3d Cavalry

4th Cavalry

5th Cavalry

6th Cavalry

7th Cavalry

8th Cavalry

9th Cavalry

Sioux City Cavalry

Co. A, nth Penn. Cavalry. .

1st Infantry ,.

2d Infantry

3d Infantry

2d and 3d Inf. Consolidated.
4th Infantry

5th Infantry

6th Infantry

7th Infantry

8th Infantry

9th Infantiy

10th Infantry

11th Infantry

12th Infantry

13th Infantry

14th Infantry

14th Inf. Res. Batt.

15th Infantry

16th Infantry

17th Infantry

18th Infantiy

19th Infantry

20th Infantry

21st Infantry

22d Infantry

23d Infantry

24th Infantry

25th Infantry

26th Infantry

2?th Infantry

28th Infantry

29th Infantiy

30th Infantry

31st Infantry

32d Infantry

33d Infantry

34th Infantiy

116

HISTORY OF IOWA.

Statement of Nidiiher of Men, Casualties, etc. — continued.

Regiments.

34th Consolidated

35th Infantry

36th Infantiy

37th Infantiy

38th Infantry

39th Infantry

40th Infantry

41st Infantiy

44th Infantry

45th Infantry

46th Infantry

47th Infantry

48th Infantiy

let African Infantiy

Totals

984
986
914
910
933
900
294
867
912
892
884
346
903

56,-364

o

72

510

619

503

431

406

361

17

15

22

28

47

4

383

30,394

w5^

3,139

QQ

13

182

226

141

310

119

179

2

14

17

23

45

4

331

8,695

HISTORY OF IOWA. 117

ABSTRACT OF IOWA STATE LAWS.

BILLS OF EXCHANGE AND PROMISSORY NOTES.

Upon negotiable bills, and notes payable in this State, grace shall
be allowed according to the law merchant. All the above men-
tionea paper falling due on Sunday, New Year's Day, the Fourth
of July, Christmas, or any day appointed or recommended by the
President of the United States or the Governor of the State, as a
day of fast or thanksgiving, shall be deemed as due on the day pre-
vious. No defense can be made against a negotiable instrument
(assigned before due) in the hands of the assignee without notice,
except fraud was used in obtaining the same. To hold an indors-
er, due diligence must be used by suit against the maker or his rep-
resentative. Notes payable to persons named or to order, in order
to absolutely transfer title, must be indorsed by the payee. Notes
payable to bearer may be transferred by delivery, and when so pay-
able, every indorser thereon is held as a guarantor of payment, un-
less otherwise expressed.

In computing interest or discount on negotiable instruments, a
month shall be considered a calendar month or twelfth of a year, and
for less than a month, a day shall be considered a thirtieth part of
a month. Notes only bear interest when so expressed; but after
due, they draw the legal interest, even if not stated.

INTEREST.

The legal rate of^interest is six per cent. Parties may agree, in
writing, on a rate not exceeding ten per cent. If a rate of inter-
est greater than ten per cent, is contracted for, it works a forfeit-
ure of ten per cent, to the school fund, and only the principal sum
can be recovered.

DESCENT.

The personal property of the deceased (except (1) that necessary
for payment of debts and expenses of administration; (2) property
set apart, to widow, as exempt from execution; (3) allowance by
court, if necessary, of twelve month's support to widow, and to
children under fifteen years of age), including life insurance, de-
scends as does real estate.

One-third in value (absolutely) of all estates in real property,
possessed by husband at any time during marriage, which have not

118 HISTORY OF IOWA.

been sold on execution or other judicial sale, and to which the wife
has made no relinquishment of her right, shall be set apart as her
property, in fee simple, if she survive him.

The same share shall be set apart to the surviving husband of a
deceased wife.

The widow's share cannot be affected by any will of her hus-
band's, unless she consents, in writing thereto, within six months
after notice to her of provisions of the will.

The provisions of the statutes of descent apply alike to surviving
husband or surviving wife.

Subject to the above, the remaining estate of which the deced-
ent died seized, shall in absence of other arrangements by will, de-
scend;

First. To his or her children and their descendants in equal
parts; the descendants of the deceased child or grandchild taking
the share of their deceased parents in equal shares among them.

Second. Where there is no child, nor descendant of such child,
and no widow or surviving husband, then to the parents of the
deceased in equal parts; the surviving parent, if either be dead, tak-
ing the whole; and if there is no parent living, then to the broth-
ers and sisters of the intestate and their descendants,

Third. When there is a widow or surviving husband, and no
child or children, or descendants of the same, then one-half of the
estate shall descend to such widow or surviving husband, absolutely;
and the other half of the estate shall descend as in other cases
where there is no widow or surviving husband, or child or children
or descendants of the same.

Fourth. If there is no child, parent, brother or sister, or des-
cendants of either of them, then to wife of intestate, or to her heirs,
if dead, according to like rules.

Fifth. If any intestate leaves no child, parent, brother or sister
or descendant of either of them, and no widow or surviving hus-
band, and no child, parent, brother or sister (or descendant of
either of them) of such widow or surviving husband, it shall escheat
to the State.

WILLS AND ESTATES OF DECEASED PERSONS.

r No'^exact'form of words are necessary in order to make a will
good at law' Every male person of the age of twenty-one years,
and every female of the age of eighteen years, of sound mind and
memory, can make a valid will; it must be in writing, signed by
the testator, or by some one in his or her presence, and by his or
her express direction, and attested by two or more competent wit-
nesses. Care should be taken that the witnesses are not interested
in the will. Inventory to be made by the executor or adminstrator
within fifteen days from date of letters testamentary or of admin-
istration. Executors' and administrators' compensation on amount

HISTORY OF IOWA. 119

of personal estate distributed, and for proceeds of sale of real es-
tate, five per cent, for first one thousand dollars, two and one-half
per cent, on overplus up to five thousand dollars, and one per cent.
on overplus above five thousand dollars, with such additional allow-
ance as shall be reasonable for extra services.

Within ten days aftes the receipt of letters of administration,
the executor or administrator shall give such notice of appointment
as the court or clerk shall direct.

Claims (other than preferred) must be filed iv it! an oyie year there-
after^ are forever barred, unless the claim is pencUng in the District
or Supreme Court, or unless peculiar circumstances entitle the claim-
ant to equitable relief.

Claims are classed wadi payable in the following order:

1. Expenses of administration.

2. Expenses of last sickness and funeral.

3. Allowance to widow and children, if made by the court.

4. Debts preferred under laws of the United States,

5. Public rates and taxes.

6. Claim filed within six months after the first publication of
the notice given by the executors of their appointment.

7. All other debts.

8. Legacies.

The awards or property which must be set apart to the widow in
her own rights by the executor, includes all personal property which,,
in the hands of the deceased, as head of a family, would have been
exempt from execution.

TAXES.

The owners of personal property, on the first day of January of
each year, and the owners of real property on the first day of No-
vember of each year, are liable fc>r the taxes thereon.
The following property is exempt from taxation, viz.:
1. The property of the United States and of this State, includ-
ing university, agricultural college and school lands and all prop-
erty leased to the State; property of a county, toAvnship, city, in-
corporated town or school district when devoted entirely to the
public use and not held for pecuniary profit; public grounds, in-
cluding all places for the burial of the dead; fire engines and all
implements for extinguishing fires, with the grounds used exclu-
sively for their buildings and for the meetings of the fire compan-
ies; all public libraries, grounds and buildings of literary, scientific,
benevolent, agricultural and religious institutions, and societies de-
voted solely to the appropriate objects of these institutions, not ex-
ceeding 610 acres in extent, and not leased or otherwise used with
a view of pecuniary profit; and all property leased to agricultural,
charitable institutions and benevolent societies, and so devoted dur-
ing the term of such lease; ^)ror/(/^(/, that all deeds, by which such

120 HISTOEY OF IOWA.

property is held, shall be duly filed for record before the property
therein described shall be omitted from the assessment.

2. The books, papers and apparatus belonging to the above in-
stitutions; used solely for the purposes above contemplated, and the
like property of students in any such institution, used for their ed-
ucation.

3. Money and credits belonging exclusively to such institutions
and devoted solely to sustaining them, but not exceeding in amount
or income the sum prescribed by their charter.

4. Animals not hereafter specified, the wool shorn from sheep,
belonging to the person giving the list, his farm produce harvested
within one year previous to the listing; private libraries not exceed-
ing three hundred dollars in value; family pictures, kitchen furni-
ture, beds and bedding requisite for each family; all wearing ap-
parel in actual use, and all food provided for the family; but no
person from whom a compensation for board or lodging is received
or expected, is to be considered a member of the family within the
intent of this clause.

5. The polls or estates or both of persons who, by reason of age
or infirmity, may, in the opinion of the Assessor, be unable to con-
tribute to the public revenue; such opinion and the fact upon which
it is based being in all cases reported to the Board of Equalization
by the Assessor or any other person, and subject to reversal by
them.

6. The farming utensils of any person who makes his livelihood
by farming^ and the tools of any mechanic, not in either case to ex-
ceed three hundred dollars in value.

7. Government lands entered or located,or lands purchased from
this State, should not be taxed for the year in which the entry, lo-
cation or purchase is made.

There is also a suitable exemption, in amount, for planting fruit
trees or forest trees or hedges.

Where buildings are destroyed by fire, tornado, or other unavoid-
able casualty, after being assessed for the year, the Board of Super-
visors may rebate taxes for that year on the property destroyed, if
same has not been sold for taxes, and if said taxes have not been delin-
quent for thirty days at the time of destruction of property, and the
rebate shall be allowed for such loss only as is not covered by insur-
ance.

All other property is subject to taxation. Every inhabitant of
full age and sound mind shall assist the Assessor in listing all tax-
able property of which he is the owner, or which he controls or man-
ages, either as agent, guardian, father, husband, trustee, executor,
accounting ofiicer, partner, mortgagor or lessor, mortgagee or
lessee.

Road beds of railway corporations shall not be assessed to owners
of adjacent propert}^ but shall be considered the property of the
companies for purposes of taxation; nor shall real estate u.?ei as a

HISTORY OF IOWA. 121

public highway be assessed and taxed as part o£ adjacent lands
whence the same was taken for such public purpose.

The property of railway, telegraph and express conipanies shall
be listed and assessed for taxation as the property of an individual
would be listed and assessed for taxation. Collection of taxes made
as in the case of an individual.

The Township Board of Equalization shall meet first Monday in
April of each year. Appeal lies to the Circuit Court.

The County Board of Equalization (the Board of Supervisors)
meet at their regular session in June of each year. Appeal lies to
the Circuit Court.

Taxes become delinquent February 1st of each year, payable
without interest or penalty, at any time before March 1st of each
year.

Tax sale is held on first Monday in October of each year.

Redemption may be made at any time within three years after
date of sale, by paying to the County Auditor the amount of sale,
and twenty per centnm of such amount immediately added as pe7i-
altij ivith ten per cent, interest per annum on the whole amount
thus made from the day of sale, and also subsequent taxes, interest
and costs paid by purchaser after March 1st of each year, and a sim-
ilar penalty of twenty per centum added as before, with ten per
cent, interest as before.

If notice has been given, by purchaser, of the date at which the
redemption is limited, the cost of same is added to the redemption
money. Ninety days notice is required, by the statute, to be pub-
lished by the purchaser or holder of certificate, to terminate the
right of redemption.

JURISDICTION OF COURTS.

DISTRICT COURTS

have jurisdiction, general and original, both civil and criminal, ex-
cept in such cases where Circuit Courts have exclusive jurisdiction.
District Courts have exclusive supervision over courts of Justices
of the Peace and Magistrates, in criminal matters, on appeal and
writs of error.

CIRCUIT COURTS

have jurisdiction, general and original, with the District Courts,
in all civil actions and special proceedings, and exclusive jurisdic-
tion in all appeals and writs of error from inferior courts, in civil
matters. And exclusive jurisdiction in matters of estates and
general probate business.

JUSTICES OF THE PEACE

havd jurisdiction in civil matters where $100 or less is involved.
By consent of parlies, the jurisdiction [may be extended to an

122 HISTOKY OF IOWA.

amount not exceeding $300. Tney have jurisdiction to try and
determine all public offense less than felony, committed within
their respective counties, in which tlie fine^ by law, does not ex-
ceed $100 or the imprisonment thirty days.

LIMITATION OF ACTIONS.

Action for injuries to the person or reputation; for a statute
penalty, and to enforce a mechanics' lien, must be brought in two
(2) years.

Those against a public officer within three (3) years.

Those founded on unwritten contracts; for injuries to property;
for relief on the ground of fraud; and all other actions not other-
wise provided for, within five (5) years.

Those founded on written contracts; on judgments of any court
(except those provided for in next section), and for the recovery of
real property, within ten (10) years.

Those founded on judgment of any court of record in the
United States, within twenty (20) years.

All above limits, except those for penalties and forfeitures, are
extended in favor of minors and insane persons, until one year
after the disability is removed — time during which defendant is a
non-resident of the State shall not be included in computing any
of the above periods.

Actions for the recovery of real property, sold for non-payment
of taxes, must be brought within five years after the Treasurer's
Deed is executed and recorded, except where a minor or convict or
insane person is the owner, and they shall be allowed five years
after disability is removed, in which to bring action.

JURORS.

All qualified electors of tho State, of good moral character,
sound judgment, and in full possession of the senses of hearing
and seeing, are competent jurors in their respective counties.

United States officers, practicing attorneys, physicians and
clergymen, acting professors or teachers in institutions of learning
and persons disabled by bodily infirmity or over sixty-five years of
age, are exempt from liability to act as jurors.

Any person may be excused from serving on a jury when his
own interests or the public's will be materially injured by his at-
tendance, or when the state of his health, or the death, or sick-
ness of his family re'quires his absence.

CAPITAL PUNISHMENT

was restored by the Seventeenth General Assembly, making it
optional with the jury to inflict it or not.

HISTORY OF IOWj*. 123

A MARRIED WOMAN

may convey or incumber real estate, or interest therein, belonging
to her; may control the same or contract with reference thereto,
as other persons may convey, incumber, control or contract.

She may own, acquire, hold, convey and devise property, as her
husband may.

Her husband is not liable for civil injuries committed by her.

She may convey property to her husband, and he may convey
to her.

She may constitute her husband her attorney in fact.

EXEMPTIONS FROM EXECUTION.

A resident of the State and head of a family may hold the fol-
lowing property exempt from execution: All wearing apparel of
himself and family kept for actaal use and suitable to the condi-
tion, and the trunks or other receptacles necessary to contain the
same, one musket or rifle and shot-gun; all private libraries,
family Bibles, portraits, pictures, musical instruments, and paint-
ings not kept for the purpose of sale; a seat or pew occupied by
the debtor or his family in any house of public worship; an inter-
est in a public or private burying ground not exceeding one acre;
two cows and a calf; one horse, unless a horse is exempt as herein-
after provided; fifty sheep and the wool therefrom, and the ma-
terials manufactured from said wool; six stands of bees; five hogs
and all pigs under six months; the necessary food for exempted
animals for six months; all flax raised from one acre of ground,
and manufactures therefrom; one bedstead and necessary bedding
for every two in the family; all cloth manufactured by the de-
fendant not exceeding one hundred yards; household and kitchen
furniture not exceeding ^200 in value; all spinning wheels and
looms; one sewing machine and other instruments of domestic
labor kept for actual use; the necessary provisions and fuel for
the use of the family for six months; the proper tools, instru-
ments, or books of the debtor, if a farmer, mechanic, surveyor,
clergyman, lawyer, physician, teacher or professor; the horse or
the team, consisting of not more than two horses or mules, or two
yokes of cattle, and the wagon or other vehicle, with the proper
harness or tackle, by the use of which the debtor, if a physician,
public officer, farmer, teamster or other laborer, habitually earns
his living; and to the debtor, if a printer,. there shall also be ex-
empt a printing press and the types, furniture and material neces-
sary for the use of such printins: press, and a newspaper office to
the value of twelve hundred dollars: the earnings of such debtor,
or those of his family, at any time within ninety days next pre-
ceding the levy.

Persons unmarried and not the head of a family, and non-
residents, have exempt their own ordinary wearing apparel ajul
trunks to contain the same.

124 HISTORY OF IOWA.

There is also exempt, to a head of a family, a homestead, not
exceeding forty acres; or, if inside city limits, one-half acre with
improvements, value not limited. The homestead is liable for all
debts contracted prior to its acquisition as such, and is subject to
mechanics' hen for work or material furnished for the same.

An article, otherwise exempt; is liable, on execution, for the pur-
chase money thereof.

Where a debtor, if a head of a family, has started to leave the
State, he shall have exempt only the ordinary wearing apparel of
himself and family, and other property in addition, as he may se-
lect, in all not exceeding seventy-five dollars in value.

A policy of life insurance shall inure to the separate use of the
husband or wife and children, entirely independent of his or her
creditors.

ESTRAYS.

An unbroken animal shall not be taken up as an estray between
May 1st and November 1st, of each year, unless the same be found
within the lawful enclosure of a householder who alone can take
up such animal, unless some other person gives him notice of the
fact of such animal coming on his place; and if he fails, within
five days thereafter, to take up such estray, any other householder
of the township may take up such estray and proceed with it as if
taken on his own premises, provided he shall prove to the Justice
of the Peace such notice, and shall make affidavit where such estray
was taken up.

Any swine, sheep, goat, horse, neat cattle or other animal dis-
trained (for damage done to one's enclosure), when the owner is
not known, shall be treated as an estray.

Within five days after taking up an estray, notice, containing a
full description thereof, shall be posted up in three of the most
public places in the township; and in ten days, the person takiug
up such estray shall go before a Justice of the Peace in the town-
ship and make oath as to where such estray was taken up, and that
the marks or brands have not been altered, to his knowledge. The
estray shall then be appraised, by order of the Justice, and the ap-
praisment, description of the size, age, color, sex, marks and brands
of the estray shall be entered by the Justice in a book kept for that
purpose, and he shall, within ten days thereafter, send a certified
copy thereof to the County Auditor,

When the appraised value of an estray does not exceed five dol-
lars, the Justice need not proceed further than to enter the descrip-
tion of the estray on his book, and if no owner appears within six
months, the property shall vest in the finder, if he has complied
with the law and paid all costs.

Where appraised value of estray exceeds five and is less than ten
dollars, if no owner appears in nine months, the finder has the
proj^erty, if he has complied with the law and paid costs.

HISTORY OF IOWA. 125

An estray, legally taken up, may be used or worked with care
and moderation.

If any person unlawfully take up an estray, or take up an estray
and fail to comply with the law regarding estrays, or use or work
it contrary to above, or work it before having it appraised, or keep
such estray out of the county more than five days at one time, be-
fore acquiring ownership, such offender shall forfeit to the county
twenty dollars, and the owner may recover double damages with
costs.

If the owner of any estate fail to claim and prove his title for one
year after the taking up, and the finder shall have complied with
the law, a complete title vests in the finder.

But if the owner appear within eighteen months from the tak-
ing up, prove his ownership and pay all costs and expenses, the
finder shall pay him the appraised value of such estray, or may, at
his option, deliver up the estray.

WOLF SCALPS.

A bounty of one dollar is paid for wolf scalps.

MARKS AND BRANDS.

Any person may adopt his own mark or brand for his domestic
animals, and have a description thereof recorded by the Township
Clerk.

No person shall adopt the recorded mark or brand of any other
person residing in his township.

DAMAGES FROM TRESPASS.

When any person's lands are enclosed by a laivful fence, the
owner of any domestic animal injuring said lands is liable for the
damages, and the damages may be recovered by suit against the
owner, or may be made by distraining the animals doing the dam-
age; and if the party injured elects to recover by action against the
owner, no appraisement need be made by the Trustees, as in case of
distraint.

When trespassing animals are distrained, within twenty-four
hours, Sunday not included, the party injured shall notify the own-
er of said animals, if known; and if the owner fails to satisfy the
party within twenty-four hours thereafter, the party shall have the
township Trustees assess the damage, and notice shall be posted
up in three conspicuous places in the township, that the stock or part
thereof, shall, on the tenth day after jMsting the notice, between the
hours of 1 and 3 P. M., be sold to the highest bidder, to satisfy
said damages, with costs.

Appeal lies, within twenty days, from the action of the Trustees,
to the Circuit Court.

126 HISTORY OF IOWA.

Where stock is retained, by police regulation, or by law, from
running at large, any person injured in his improved or cultivated
lands by any domestic animal, may, by action against the owner
of such animal, or by distraining such animal, recover his damages,
whether the lands whereon the injury was done were inclosed by
a lawful fence or not.

FENCES.

A lawful fence is fifty-four inches high, made of rails, wire or
boards, with posts not more than ten feet apart where rails are
used, and eight feet where boards are used; substantially built and
kept in good repair; or any other fence which, in the opinion of the
Fence Viewers, shall be declared a lawful fence — provided the low-
er rail, wire or board be not more than twenty nor less than sixteen
inches from the ground.

The respective owners of lands enclosed with fences shall main-
tain partition fences between their own and next adjoining enclos-
ure so long as they improve them in equal shares, unless otherwise
agreed between them.

If any party neglect to maintain such partition fence as he should
maintain, the Fence Viewers (the township Trustees), upoj com-
plaint of aggrieved party, may, upon due notioe to both parties, ex-
amine the fence, and, if found insufficient, notify the delinquent
party, in writing, to repair or re-build the same within such time
as they judge reasonable.

If the fence be not repaired or rebuilt accordingly, the complain-
ant may do so, and the same being adjudged sufficient by the Fence
Viewers, and the value thereof, with their fees, being ascertained
and certified under their hands, the complainant may demand of
the delinquent the sum so ascertained, and if the same be not paid
in one month after demand, may recover it with one per cent a
month interest, by action.

In case of disputes, the Fence Viewers may decide as to who
shall erect or maintain partition fences, and in what time the same
shall be done; and in case any party neglect to maintain or erect
such part as may be assigned to him, the aggrieved party may erect
and maintain the same, and recover double damages.

No person, not wishing his land inclosed, and not using it oth-
erwise than in common, shall be compelled to maintain any parti-
tion fence; but when he uses or incloses his land otherwise than
in common, he shall contribute to the partition fences.

Where parties have had their lands inclosed in common, and one
of the owners desires to occupy his separate and apart from the
other, and the other refuses to divide the line or build a sufficient
fence on the line when divided, the Fence Fiewers may divide and
assign, and upon neglect of the other to build as ordered by the
Viewers, the one may build the other's part and recover as above.

HISTORY OF IOWA. 127

And when one incloses land which has lain uninclosed, he must
pay for one-half of each partition fence between himself and his
neighbors.

Where one desires to lay not less than twenty feet of his lands,
adjoining his neighbor, out to the public to be used in common, he
must give his neighbor six months' notice thereof.

Where a fence has been built on the land of another through
mistake, the owner may enter upon such premises and remove his
fence and material within six months after the division line has
been ascertained. Where the material to build such a fence has
been taken from the land on which it was built, then, before it can
be removed, the person claiming must first pay for such material to
the owner of the land from which it was taken, nor shall such a
fence be removed at a time when the removal will throw open or
expose the crops of the other party; a reasonable time must be
given beyond the six months to remove crops.

MECHANICS' LIENS.

Every mechanic, or other pei'son who shall do any labor upon,
or furnish any materials, machinery or fixtures for any building,
erection or other improvement upon land, including those engaged
in the construction or repair of any work of internal improvement,
by virtue of any contract with the owner, his agent, trustee, con-
tractor, or sub-contractor, shall have a lien, on complying with the
forms of law, upon the building or other improvement for his labor
done or materials furnished.

It would take too large a space to detail the manner in which a
sub-contractor secures his lien. He should file, within thirty days
after the last of the labor was performed, or the last of the mate-
rial shall have been furnished, with the Clerk of the District Court
a true account of the amount due him, after allowing all credits,
setting fort the time when such material was furnished or labor
performed, and when completed, and containing a correct descrip-
tion of the property sought to be charged with the lien, and the
whole verified by afiidavit.

A principal contractor must file such an afiidavit within ninety
days, as above.

Ordinarily, there are so many points to be examined in order to
secure a mechanics' lien, that it is much better, unless one is ac-
customed to managing such liens, to consult at once with an at-
torney.

Remember that the proper time to file the claim is ninety days
for a principal contractor, thirty days for a sub-contractor, as
above; and that actions to enforce these liens must be commenced
within two years, and the rest can much better better be done with
an attorn ev.

1^8 HISTORY OF IOWA.

ROADS AND BRIDGES.

Perseus meeting each other on the public highways, shall give
one-half of the same by turning to the right. All persons failing
to observe this rule shall be liable to pay all damages resulting
therefrom, together with a fine, not exceeding five dollars.

The prosecution must be instituted on the complaint of the per-
son wronged.

Any person guilty of racing horses, or driving upon the public
highway, in a manner likely to endanger the persons or the lives
of others, shall, on conviction, be fined not exceeding one hundred
dollars or imprisoned not exceeding thirty days.

It is a misdemeanor, without authority from the proper Road
Supervisor, to break upon, plow or dig within the boundary lines of
any public highway.

The money tax levied upon the property in each road district in
each township (except the general Township Fund, set apart for
purchasing tools, machinery and guide boards), whether collected
by the Road Supervisor or County Treasurer, shall be expended for
highway purposes in that district, and no part thereof shall be paid
out or expended for the benefit of another district.

The Road Supervisor of each district, is bound to keep the roads
and bridges therein, in as good condition as the funds at his dis-
posal will permit; to put guide boards at cross roads and forks of
highways in his district; and when notified in writing that any
portion of the public highway, or any bridge is unsafe, must in a
reasonable time repair the same, and for this purpose may call out
any or all the able bodied men in the district, but not more than
two days at one time, without their consent.

Also, when notified in writing, of the growth of any Canada
thistles upon vacant or non-resident lands or lots, within his dis-
trict, the owner, lessee or agent thereof being unknown, shall cause
the same to be destroyed.

Bridges when erected or maintained by the public, are parts of
the highway, and must not be less than sixteen feet wide.

A penalty is imposed upon any one who rides or drives faster
than a walk across any such bridge.

The manner of establishing, vacating or altering roads, etc., is so
well known to all township officers, that it is sujfficient here to say
that the first step is by petition, filed in the Auditor's office, ad-
dressed in substance as follows:

The Board of Supervisors of County: The undersigned

asks that a highway, commencing at and running thence

and terminating at — -, be established, vacated or al-
tered (as the case may be).

When the petition is filed, all necessary and succeeding steps will
be shown and explained to the petitioners by the Auditor.

HISTORY OF IOWA. 129

ADOPTION OF CHILDREN.

Any person competent to make a will can adopt as his own the
minor child of another. The consent of both parents, if living
and not divorced or separated, and if divorced or separated, or if
unmarried, the consent of the parent lawfully having the custody
of the child; or if either parent is dead, then the consent of the
survivor, or if both parents be dead, or the child have been and
remain abandoned by them, then the consent of the Mayor of the
city where the child is living,or if not in the city, then of the Clerk
of the Circuit Court of the county shall be given to such adoption
by an instrument in writing, signed by the party or parties consent-
ing, and stating the names of the parties, if known, the name of the
child, if known, the name of the person adopting such child, and
the residence of all, if known, and declaring the name by which
the child is hereafter to be called and known, and stating, also, that
such child is given to the person adopting, for the purpose^of
adoption as his own child.

The person adopting shall also sign said instrument, and all the
parties shall acknowledge the same in the manner that deeds con-
veying lands shall be acknowledged.

The instrument shall be recorded in the office of the County
Recorder.

SURVEYORS AND SURVEYS.

There is in every county elected a Surveyor known as County
Surveyor, who has power to appoint deputies, for whose official
acts he is responsible. It is the duty of the County Surveyor,
either by himself or his Deputy, to make all surveys that he may
be called upon to make within his county as soon as may be after
application is made. The necessary chainmen and other assistance
must be employed by the person requiring the same to be done,
and to be by him paid, unless otherwise agreed: but the chainmen
must be disinterested persons and approved by the Surveyor and
sworn by him to measure justly and impartially. Previous to any
survey, he shall furnish himself with a copy of the field notes of
the original survey of the same land, if there be any in the office
of the County Auditor, and his survey shall be made in accord-
ance therewith.

Their fees are three dollars per day. For certified copies of field
notes, twenty-five cents.

SUPPORT OF POOR.

The father, mother and children of any poor person who has
applied for aid, and who is unable to maintain himself by work,
shall, jointly or severally, maintain such poor person in such man-
ner as may be approved by the Township Trustees.

130 * HISTORY OF IOWA.

In the absence or inability of nearer relatives, the same liability
shall extend to the grandparents, if of ability without personal
labor, and to the male grandchildren who are of ability, by personal
labor or otherwise.

The Township Trustees may, upon the failure of such relative
to maintain a poor person, who has made application for relief^
apply to the Circuit. Court for an order to compel the same.

Upon ten days' notice, in writing, to the parties sought to be
charged, a hearing may be had, and an order made for entire or
partial support of the poor person.

Appeal may be taken from such judgment as from other judg-
ments of the Circuit Court.

When any person, having any estate, abandons either children,
wife or husband, leaving them chargeable^ or likely to become
chargeable, upon the public for support, upon proof of above fact,
an order may be had from the Clerk of the Circuit Court, or Judge,
authorizing the Trustees or the Sheriff to take into possession such
estate.

The Court may direct such personal estate to be sold, to be ap-
plied, as well as the rents and profits of the real estate, if any, to
the support of children; wife or husband.

If the party against whom the order is issued return and sap-
port the person abandoned, or give security for the same, the order
shall be discharged, and the property taken returned.

The mode of relief for the poor, through the action of the
Township Trustees, or the action of the Board of Supervisors, is
so well known to every township officer, and the circumstances
attending application for relief are so varied, that it need now only
be said that it is the duty of each county to provide for its poor,
no matter at what place they may be.

LANDLORD AND TENANT.

A tenant giving notice to quit demised premises at a time named,
and afterward. holding over, and a tenant or his assignee willfully
holding over the premises after the term, and after notice to quit,
shall pay double rent.

Any person in possession of real property, with the assent of
the owner, is presumed to be a tenant at will until the contrary is
shown.

Thirty days' notice, in writing, is necessary to be given by either
party before he can terminate a tenancy at will; but when, in any
case, a rent is reserved payable at intervals of less than thirty
days, the length of notice need not be greater than such interval
between the days of payment. In case of tenants occupying and
cultivating" farms, the notice must fix the termination of the
tenancy to take place on the 1st day of March, except in cases of
field tenants or croppers, whose leases shall be held to expire when

HISTORY OF IOWA. 131

the crop is harvested; provided, that in case of a crop o£ corn, it
shall not be later than the 1st day of December, unless otherwise
agreed upon. But when an express agreement is made, whether
the same has been reduced to writing or not, the tenancy shall
cease at the time agreed upon, without notice.

If such tenant cannot be found in the county, the notices above
required maybe given to any sub-tenanbor other person in posses-
sion of the premises; or, if the premises be vacant, by affixing the
notice to the principal door of the building or in some conspicuous
position on the land, if there be no building.

The landlord shall have a lien for his rent upon all the crops
growii on the premises, and upon any other personal property of
the tenant used on the premises during the term, and not exempt
from execution, for the period of one yepr after a year's rent or
the rent of a shorter period claimed falls due; but such lien shall
not continue more than six months after the expiration of the
term.

The lien may be effected by the commencement of an action,
within the period above described, for the rent alone; d
the landlord is entitled to a writ of attachment, upon filing
an affidavit that the action is commenced to recover rent accrued
within one year previous thereto upon the premises described in
the affidavit.

WEIGHTS AND MEASURES.

Whenever any of the following articles shall be contracted for,
or sold or delivered, and no special contract or agreement shall be
made to the contrary, the weight per bushel shall be as follows,
to-wit:

Apples, Peaches or Quinces 48 Sand 130

Cherries, Grapes, Currants or Goose- Sorghum Seed 30

berries 40 Broom Corn Seed 30

Strawberries, Raspberries or Black- Buckwheat 52

berries .32 Salt 50

Osage Orange Seed 32 Barley - 48

Millet Seed 45 Corn Meal 48

Stone Coal 80 Castor Beans 46

Lime 80 Timothy Seed 45

Corn in the ear 70 Hemp Seed 44

Wheat 60 Dried Peaches 33

Potatoes 60 Oats 38

Beans 60 Dried Apples 24

Clover Seed 60 Bran 20

Onions ')7 Blue Grass Seed 14

Shelled Com 56 Hungarian Grass Seed 45

Rye .56 Flax Seed 56

Sweet Potatoes 46

Penalty for giving less than above standard is treble damages
and costs and five dollars addition thereto as a fine.

132 HISTORY OF IOWA.

DEFINITION OF COMMERCIAL TERMS.

$ means dollars, being a contraction of U. S., which was for-
merly placed before any denomination of money, and meant, as it
means now. United States Currency.

£ means pounds^ English money.

@ stands for at or to; ft) ior pounds, and bbl. for barrels', ^ for
per or hij the. Thus, Butter sells at 20(a.30c ^ ft), and Flour at
|8@.$12 f bbl.

May 1. Wheat sells at Sl.20@$1.25, "seller June." Seller June
means that the person who sells the wheat has the privilege of de-
livering it at any time during the month of June.

Selling short, is contracting to deliver a certain amount of grain
or stock, at a fixed price, within a certain length of time, when the
seller has not the stock on hand. It is for the interest of the per-
son selling "short" to depress the market as much as possible, in
order that he may buy and fill his contract at a profit. Hence the
"shorts'' are termed "bears."

Buying long, is to contract to purchase a certain amount of grain
or shares of stock at a fixed price, deliverable within a stipulated
time, expecting to make a profit by the rise in prices. The "longs"
are termed "bulls," as it is for their interest to "operate" so as to
"toss" the prices upward as much as possible.

NOTES.

Form of note is legal, worded in the simplest way, so that the
amount and time of payment are mentioned:

$100. Chicago, 111., Sept. 15. 1876.

Sixty days from date I promise to pay to E. F. Brown or order,
one hundred dollars, for value received. L. D. Lowrt.

A note to be payable in anything else than money needs only
the facts substituted for money in the above form.

ORDERS.

Orders should be worded simply, thus:
Mr. F. H. Coats: Chicago, Sept. 15, 1876.

Please pay to H. Birdsall twenty-five dollars, and charge to

F. D. Silva.

RECEIPTS.

Receipts should always state when received and what for, thus:
$100. _ Chicago, Sept. 15, 1876.

Received of J. W. Davis, one hundred dollars, for ser-
vices rendered in grading his lot in Fort Madison, on account.

Thomas Brady.
If receipt is in full, it should be so stated.

HISTORY OF IOWA. 133

BILLS OF PURCHASE.

W. N. MASO>f, Salem, Illiuois, Sept. 18, 1876.

Bought of A. A. Graham.

4 Bushels of Seed Wheat at $1.50 $6 00

2 seamless Sacks " 30 60

Received payment, ${] 60

A. A. Graham.

CONFESSION OF JUDGMENT.

$ . , Iowa, , 18 — .

after date — promises to pay to the order of ,

dollars, at , for value received, with interest at ten per cent.

per annum after until paid. Interest payable , and on

interest not paid when due, interest at same rate and conditions.

A failure to pay said interest, or any part thereof, within 20 days after due,
shall cause the whole note to become due and collectible at once.

If this note is sued, or judgment is confessed hereon, $ shall ba allowed

as attorney fees.

No. — . P. 0. , .

CONFESSION OF JUDGMENT.

— vs. — . In Court of County, Iowa, , of

County, Iowa, do hereby confess that justly indebted

to , in the sum of dollars, and the further sum of

$ as attorney fees, with interest thereon at ten per cent, from

, and — hereby confess judgment against as defend-
ant in favor of said , for said sum of ^ , and $ as

attorney fees, hereby authorizing the Clerk of the Court of

said county to enter up judgment for said sum against with

costs, and interest at 10 per cent, from , the interest to be

paid .

Said debt and judgment being for ,

It is especially agreed, however. That if this judgment is paid
within twenty days after due, no attorney fees need be paid. And

hereby sell, convey and release all right of homestead we now

occupy in favor of said • so far as this judgment is concerned,

and agree that it shall be liable on execution for this judgment.

Dated , 18—.

The State of Iowa, )
County. \

being duly sworn according to law, depose and say that

the foregoing statement and Confession of Judgment was read
over to , and that — understood the contents thereof, and

134 HISTORY OF IOWA.

that the statements contained therein are true, and that the sums
therein mentioned are justly to become due said as afore-
said.

Sworn to and subscribed before me and in may presence by the

said this day of , 18—.

, Notary Public.

ARTICLES OF AGREEMENT.

An agreement is where one party promises to another to do a
certain thing in a certain time for a stipulated sum. Good busi-
ness men always reduce an agreement to writing, which nearly
always saves misunderstandings and trouble. No particular form
is necessary, but the facts must be clearly and explicitly stated,
and there must, to make it valid, be a reasonable consideration.

GENERAL FORM OF AGREEMENT.

This Agreement, made the second day of June, 1878, between
John Jones, of Keokuk, County of Lee, State of Iowa, of the first
part, and Thomas Whiteside, of the same place, of the second
part —

WITNESSETH, That the said John Jones, in consideration of the
agreement of the party of the second part, hereinafter contained,
contracts and agrees to and with the said Thomas Whiteside, that
he will deliver in good and marketable condition, at the Village
of Melrose, Iowa, during the month of November, of this year;
One Hundred Tons of Prairie Hay, in the following lots, and at
the following specified terms; namely, twenty-five tons by the
seventh of November, twenty-five tons additional by the foor-
teenth of the month, twenty-five tons more by the twenty-first,
and the entire one hundred tons to be all dehvered by the thirtieth
of November.

And the said Thomas Whiteside, in consideration of the prompt
fulfillment of this contract, on the part of the party of the first
part, contracts to and agrees with the said John Jones, to pay for
said hay five dollars per ton, for each ton as soon as delivered.

In case of failure of agreement by either of the parties hereto,
it is hereby stipulated and agreed that the party so failing shall
pay to the other One Hundred dollars, as fixed and settled damages.

In witness whereof, we have hereunto set our hands the day
and vear first above written. John Jones,

Thomas Whiteside.

agreement with clerk for services.

This Agreement, made the first day of May, one thousand
eio-ht hundred and seventy-eight, between Reuben Stone, of Du-
buque, County of Dubuque, State of Iowa, party of the first part,

HISTORY OF IOWA. 135

and Graorge Barclay, of McGregor, County of Clayton, State of
Iowa, party of the second part^

WiTJSTESSETH, that Said George Barclay agrees faithfully and
diligently to work as clerk and salesman for the said Reuben
Stone, for and during the space of one year from the date thereof,
should both live such length of time, without absenting himself
from his occupation; during which time he, the said Barclay, in
the store of said Stone, of Dubuque, will carefully and honestly
attend, doing and performing all duties as clerk and salesman
aforesaid, in accordance and in all respects as directed and desired
by the said Stone.

In consideration of which services, so to be rendered by the
said Barclay, the said Stone agrees to pay to said Barclay the
annual sum of one thousand dollars, payable in twelve "equal
monthly payments, each upon the last day of each month; pro-
vided that all dues for days of absence from business by said Bar-
clay, shall be deducted from the sum otherwise by the agreement
due and payable by the said Stone to the said Barclay.

Witness our hands. Reuben Stone.

George Barclay.

BILLS OF SALE.

A bill of sale is a written agreement to another party, for a
consideration to convey his right and interest in the personal pro-
perty. The purchaser must take actual possession of the property^
or the bill of sale must he acknowledged and recorded.

COMMOISr FORM OF BILL OF SALE.

Know all Men by this instrument, that I, Louis Clay, of
Burlington, Iowa, of the first part, for and in consideration of
Five Hundred and Ten Dollars, to me paid by John Floyd, of the
same place, of the second part, the receipt whereof is hereby
acknowledged, have sold, and by this instrument do convey unto
the said Floyd, party of the second part, his executors, adminis-
trators and assigns, my undivided half of ten acres of corn, now
growing on the farm of Thomas Tyrell, in the town above men-
tioned; one pair of horses; sixteen sheep, and five cows, belonging
to me and in my possession at the farm aforesaid; to have and to
hold the same unto the party of the second part, his executors and
assigns forever. And I do, for myself and legal representatives,
agree with the said party of the second part, and his legal repre-
sentatives, to warrant and defend the sale of the afore-mentioned
property and chattels unto the said party of the second part,
and his legal representatives, against all and every person whatso-
ever.

In witness whereof, I have hereunto affixed my hand, this tenth
day of October, one thousand eight hundred and seventy-six.

Louis Clay.

136 HISTORY OF IOWA.

NOTICE TO QUIT.

To John Wontpat:

You are hereby notified to quit the possession of the premises
you now occupy to wit:

^Insert Description.^
on or before thirty days from the date of this notice.
Dated January 1, 1878. Landlord,

[^Beverse for Notice to Landlord.^

GENERAL FORM OF WILL FOR REAL AND PERSONAL
PROPERTY.

1, Charles Mansfield, of the town of Bellevue, County of Jackson,
State of Iowa, being aware of the uncertainty of life, and in fail-
ing health, but of sound mind and memory, do make and declare
this to be my last will and testament, in manner following, to-
wit:

First. I give, devise and bequeath unto my eldest son, Sidney H.
Mansfield, the sum of Two Thousand Dollars of bank stock, now in
the Third National Bank, of Cincinnati, Ohio, and the farm owned
by myself , in the Township of Iowa, consisting of one hundred and
sixty acres, with all the houses, tenements and improvements
thereunto belonging; to have and to hold unto my said son, his
heirs and assigns, forever.

Second, I give, devise and bequeath to each of my two daugh-
ters, Anna Louise Mansfield and Ida Clara Mansfield, each Two
Thousand Dollars in bank stock in the Third National Bank of
Cincinnati, Ohio; and also, each one quarter section of land, owned
by myself, situated in the Township of Fairfield, and recorded in
my name in the Recorder's office, in the county where such land is
located. The north one hundred and sixty acres of said half sec-
tion is devised to my eldest daughter, Anna Louise.

Third. I give, devise and bequeath to my son Frank Alfred
Mansfield, five shares of railroad stock in the Baltimore & Ohio
Railroad, and my one hundred and sixty acres of land, and saw-mill
thereon, situated in Manistee, Michigan, with all the improve-
ments and appurtenances thereunto belonging, which said real es-
tate is recorded in my name, in the county where situated.

Fourth. I give to my wife, Victoria Elizabeth Mansfield, all
my household furniture, goods, chattels and personal yiroperty,
about my home, not hitherto disposed of, including Eight Thous-
and Dollars of bank stock in the Third National Bank of Cincin-
nati, Ohio, fifteen shares in the Baltimore & Ohio Railroad, and
the free and unrestricted use, possession and benefit of the home
farm so long as she may live, in lieu of dower, to which she is en-
titled by law — said farm being my present place of residence.

Fifth. I bequeath to my invalid father, Elijah H. Mansfield
the income from rents of my store building at 115 Jackson street

HISTORY OF IOWA. 137

Chicago, Illinois, during the term of his natural life. Said build-
ing and land therewith to revert to my said sons and daughters in
equal proportion, upon the demise of ray said father.

Sixth. It is also my will and desire that, at the death of my
wife, Victoria Elizabeth Mansfield, or at any time when she may
arrange to relinquish her life interest in the above mentioned
homestead, the same may revert to my above named children, or to
the lawful heirs of each.

And lastly. I nominate and appoint as the executors of this,
my last will and testament, my wife, Victoria Elizabeth Mansfield
and my eldest son, Sidney H. Mansfield.

I further direct that my debts and necessary funeral expenses
shall be paid from moneys now on deposit in the Savings Bank of
Bellevue, the residue of such moneys to revert to my wife, Vic-
toria Elizabeth Mansfield, for her use forever.
&: In witness whereof, I Charles Mansfield, to this my last will and
testament, have hereunto set my hand and seal, this fourth day of
April, eighteen hundred and seventy-two.

Charles Mansfield.
r Signed and declared by Charles Mansfield, as and for his last will
and testament, in the presence of us, who, at his request, and in
his presence, and in the presence of each other, have subscribed our
names hereunto as witness thereof.

Peter A. ScHENCK,Dubuque, Iowa.
Frank E. Dent, Bellevue, Iowa.

CODICIL.

Whereas I, Charles Mansfield, did, on the fourth day of April,
one thousand eight hundred and seventy-two, make my last will
and testament, I do now, by this writing, add this codicil to my
said will, to be taken as a part thereof.

Whereas, by the dispensation of Providence, my daughter, Anna
Louise, has deceased, Movember fifth, eighteen hundred and
seventy-three, and whereas a son has been born to me, which son
is now christened Richard Albert Mansfield, I give and bequeath
unto him my gold watch, and all right, interest and title in lands
and bank stock and chattels bequeathed to my deceased daughter,
Anna Louise, in the body of this will.

In witness whereof, I hereunto placed my hand an^. seal, this
tenth day of March, eighteen hundred and seventy-five.

Charles Mansfield.

Signed, sealed, published and declared to us by the testator,
Charles Mansfield, as and for a codicil to be annexed to "his last
will and testament. And we, at his request, and in his presence,
and in the presence of each other, have subscribed our mimes as
witnesses thereto, at the date hereof.

Frank E. Dent, Bellevue, Iowa.
John C. Shay, Bellevue, Iowa.

138 HISTORY OF IOWA.

(Form No. 1.)

SATISFACTION OF MORTGAGE.
State of Iowa,

; County, \^^'

I, , of the County of. ... , State of Iowa, do hereby ac-
knowledge that a certain Indenture of , bearing date the

.... day of . . . . , A. D. 18 . . , made and executed by and

his wife, to said on the following described Real Estate, in

the County of . . . ., and State of Iowa, to-wit: (here insert descrip-
tion) and filed for record in the office of the Recorder of the County

of , and State of Iowa, on the day of , A. D. 18 . . ,

at .... o'clock .M.; and recorded in Book of Mortgage

Records, on page . . . . , is redeemed, paid oif, satisfied and discharged

in full, [seal.]

State of Iow^a, \
. . . .County, \

Be it Remembered, That, on this. . . . day of , A. D. 18. .,

before me the undersigned, a in and for said county, per-
sonally appeared . . . . , to me personally known to be the identical
person who executed the above (satisfaction of mortgage) as grant-
or, and acknowledged .... signature thereto to be vol-
untary act and deed.

Witness my hand and seal, the day and year last

above written.

ONE FORM OF REAL ESTATE MORTGAGE.

Know all Men by these Presents: That , of

County, and State of , in consideration of dollars, in

hand paid by of .... County ,'and State of . . . . , do hereby

sell and convey unto the said the following described prem-
ises, situated in the County of , and State of . . . . , to-wit:

(here insert description) and do hereby covenant with the

said that .... lawfully seized of said premises, that they

are free from incumbrance, that have good right and lawful

authority to sell and convey the same; and .... do hereby cove-
nant to warrant and defend the same against the lawful claims of
all persons whomsoever. To be void upon condition that the said

shall pay the full amount of principal and interest at the

time therein specified, of .... certain promissory note for the
sum of .... dollars.

One note for $. . . , due , 18 . . , with interest annually at . . .

per cent.
One note for $. . . , due , 18 . . , with interest annually at . . .

per cent.
One note for | ... , due , 18 • • , with interest annually at . . .

per cent.

HISTORY OF IOWA. J 39

One note for $. . ., due , 18. ., with interest annually' at . . .

per cent.
And the said Mortgapfor agrees to pay all taxes that may be levied
upon the above described premises. It is also agreed by the Mort-
gagor that if it becomes necessary to foreclose this mortgage, a
reasonable amount shall be allowed as an attorney's fee for fore-
closing. And the said hereby relinquishes all her right of

dower and homestead in and to the above described premises.

Signed the .... day of . . . . , A. D. 18 . . .

[Acknowledge as in Form No. 1.]

SECOND FORM OF REAL ESTATE MORTGAGE.

This Indenture, made and executed .... by and between

of the county of and State of. ... , part of the first part, and

of the county of .... and State of .... party of the sec-
ond part, IVifnessef/i, that the said part of the first part, for and
in consideration of the sum of .... dollars, paid by the said party
of the second part, the receipt of which is hereby acknowledged,
have granted and sold, and do by these presents, grant, bargain,
sell, convey and confirm, unto the said party of the second part,

heirs and assigns forever, the certain tract or parcel of real

estate situated in the county of .... and State of . . . . , described
as follows, to-wit:

{Here insert description.)

The said part of the first part represent to and covenant with
the part of the second part, that Le have good right to sell and
convey said premises, that they are free from encumbrance and
that he will warrant and defend them against the lawful claims
of all persons whomsoever, and do expressly hereby release all
rights of dower in and to said premises, and relinquish and convey
all rights of homestead therein.

This Instrument is made, executed and delivered upon the fol-
lowing conditions, to-wit:

First, Said first part agree to pay said .... or order

Second. Said first part further agree as is stipulated in said
note, that if he shall fail to pay any of said interest when due,
it shall bear interest at the rate of ten per cent, per annum, from
the time the same becomes due, and this mortgage shall stand as
security for the same.

Third. Said first part further agree that he will pay all
taxes and assessments levied upon said real estate before they be-
come delinquent, and if not paid the holder of this mortgage may
declare the whole sum of money herein secured due and collectible
at once, or he may elect to pay such taxes or assessments, and be

140 HISTORY OF IOWA.

entitled to interest on the same at the rate of ten per cent, per an-
num, and this mortgage shall stand as security for the amount so
paid.

Fourth. Said first part further agree that if he fail to pay-
any of said money, either principal or interest, within .... days
after the same becomes due, or fail to conform or comply with
any of the foregoing conditions or agreements, the whole sum
herein secured shall become due and payable at once, and this
mortgage may thereupon be foreclosed immediately for the whole
of said money, interest and costs.

Fiftli. Said first part further agree thatin the event of the non-
payment of either principal, interest or taxes when due, and upon
the filing of a bill of foreclosure of this mortgage, an attorney's
fee of .... dollars shall become due and payable, and shall be by
the court taxed, and this mortgage shall stand as security therefor,
and the same shall be included in the decree of foreclosure and
shall be made by the Sheriff on general or special execution with
the other money, interest and costs, and the conti-act embodied in
this mortgage and the note described herein, shall in all respects

be governed, constructed and adjudged by the laws of , where

the same is made. The foregoing conditions being performed, this
conveyance to be void, otherwise in full force and virtue.

[Acknowledge as in form No. 1.]

FORM OF LEASE.

This Article of Agree:ment, Made and entered into on this

.... day of . . . . , A. D. 187. , bj and between , of the

county of and State of Iowa, of the first part, and

of the county of , and State of Iowa, of the second part,

witnesseth, that the said party of the first part has this day leased
unto the party of the second part the following described prem-
ises, to-wit:

Here insert Description.

for the term of from and after the . . day of . . . . , A.

D. 187. ., at the (rent) of dollars, to be paid as

follows, to-wit:

Here insert Terms.

And it is further agreed that if any rent shall be due and un-
paid, or if default be made in any of the covenants herein con-
tained, it shall then be lawful for the said party of the first part
to re-enter the said premises, or to destrain for such rent; or he
may recover possession thereof, by action of forcible entry and de-

HISTOKY OF IOWA, 141

tainer, notwithstanding the provision of Section 8,612 of the
Code of 1873; or lie may use any or all of said remedies.

And the said party of the second part agrees to pay to the party
of the first part the rent as above stated, except when said premises
are untenantable by reason of tire, or from any other cause than

the carelessness of the party of the second part, or persons

family, or in .... employ, or by superior force and inevitable ne-
cessity. And the said party of the second part covenants that
.... will use the said premises as a . . . ., and for no other purpose
whatever; and that .... especially will not use said premises, or
permit the same to be used, for any unlawful business or purpose
whatever; that .... will not sell, assign, underlet or relinquish
said premises without the written consent of the lessor, under

penalty of a forfeiture of all rights under this lease, at the

election of the party of the first part; and that .... will use all
due care and diligence in guarding said property, with the build-
ings, gates, fences, trees, vines, shrubbery, etc., from damage by
hre, and the depredations of animals; that .... will keep build-
ings, gates, fences, etc., in as good repair as they now are, or may
at any time be placed by the lessor, damages by superior force, in-
evitable necessity, or fire from any other cause than from the
carelessness of the lessee, or persons of .... family, or in ... .
employ, excepted; and that at the expiration of this lease, or upon
a breach by said lessee of any of the said covenants herein con-
tained, will, without further notice of any kind, quit and

surrender the possession and occupancy of said premises in as good
condition as reasonable use, natural wear and decay thereof will
permit, damages by fire as aforesaid, superior force, or inevitable
necessity, only excepted.

In witness whereof, the said parties have subscribed their names
on the date first above written.

In presence of

FORM OF NOTE.

$.•.. ,18v,

On or before the .. day of ...., 18.., for value received, I
promise to pay or order, dollars, with inter-
est from date until paid, at ten per cent, per annum, payable annu-
ally, at Unpaid interest shall bear interest at ten per

cent, per annum. On failure to pay interest within .... days
after due, the Avhole sum, principal and interest, shall become due
at once.

[

CHATTEL MORTGAGE.

Know all Men by these Presents: That of

County, and State of .... in consideration of .... doUars, in hand

142 HISTORY OF IOWA.

paid by , of . . . . County and State of ... . do hereby sell

and convey unto the said the following described per-
sonal property, now in the possession of in the County

.... and State of . . . . , to-wit :

Here insert Description.
And .... do hereby warrant the title of said property, and that it
is free from any incumbrance or lien. The only right or interest
retained by grantor in and to said property being the right of re-
demption as herein provided. This conveyance to be void upon
condition that the said grantor shall pay to said grantee, or his
assigns, the full amount of principal and interest at the time there-
in specified, of .... certain promissory notes of even date here-
with, for the sum of .... dollars,

One note for $ , clue , 18 . . , with interest annually at per cent.

One note for f , due , 18. . , with interest annually at per cent.

One note for $ , due , 18 . . , with interest annually at .... per cent.

One note for $ , due , 18. . , with interest annually at .... per cent.

The grantor to pay all taxes on said property, and if at any time
any part or portion of said notes should be due and unpaid, said
grantee may proceed by sale or foreclosure, to collect and pay him-
self the unpaid balance of said notes, whether due or not, the
grantor to pay all necessary expenses of such foreclosure, includ-
ing $. . . . Attorney's fees, and whatever remains after paying off
said notes and expenses, to be paid over to said grantor.

Signed the .... day of , 18 . . .

[Acknowledged as in form No. 1.]

WARRANTY DEED.

Know all Men by these Presents : That of

County, and State of . . . . , in consideration of the sum of

Dollars, in hand paid by of .... County and State of

. . . . , do hereby sell and convey unto the said .... and to ....
heirs and assigns, the following described premises, situated in the
County of . . . ., State of Iowa, to-wit:

Here insert Description.

And I do hereby covenant with the said that . . lawfully

seized in fee simple, of said premises, that they are free from in-
cumbrance; that . . ha good right and lawful authority to sell
the same, and . . do hereby covenant to warrant and defend the
said premises and appurtenances thereto belonging, against the

lawful claims of all persons whomsoever; and the said

hereby relinquishes all her right of dower and of homestead in
and to the above described premises.

Signed the .... day of , A. D. 18 . . .

IN PRESENCE OF

[Acknowledged as in Form No. 1.]

HISTORY OF IOWA. 143

QUIT CLAIM DEED.

Know all Men by these Presents: That of

County, State of . . . . , in consideration of the sura of .... dollars
to .... in hand paid by . . . . , of .... County, State of . . . . , the
receipt whereof ... do hereby acknowledge, have bargained, sold
and quit-claimed, and by these presents do bargain, sell and quit-
claim unto the said .... and to . . heirs and assigns forever, all . .
right, title, interest, estate, claim and demand, both at law and in
equity, and as well in possession as in expectancy, of, in and to the
following described premises, to wit: [here insert description] with
all and singular the hereditaments and appurtenances thereto be-
longing.

Signed this . . . day of . . . ., A. D., 18. ..

Signed in Presence of

[Acknowledged as in form No. 1.]

BOND FOR DEED.

Know all Men by these Presents: That of

County, and State of .... am lield and firmly bound unto

of .... County, and State of . . . . , in the sum of Dollars,

to be paid to the said , his executors or assigns, for which

payment well and truly to be made, I bind myself firmly by these
presents. Signed the .... day of A. D. 18. - .

The coniition of this obligition is such, that if said obligee shall
pay to said obligor, or his assigns, the full amount of principal and
interest at the time therein specified, of . . certain promissory note,
of even date herewith, for the sum of Dollars,

One note for $...., due ....... 18 .. , with interest annually at . .

per cent.
One note for $...., due , 18 . . , with interest annually at . .

per cent.
One note for $...., due , 18 • • , with interest annually at . .

per cent.

and pay all taxes accruing upon the lands herein described, then
said obligor shall convey to the said obligee, or his assigns, that
certain tract or parcel of real estate, situated in tin; County of ....
and State of Iowa, described as follows, to wit: [here insert descrip-
tion] by a Warranty Deed, with the usual covenants, duly execut-
ed and acknowledged.

If said obligee should fail to make the payments as above stipu-
lated, or any part thereof, as the same becomes due, said obligor
may at his option, by notice to the obligee terminate his liability
under the bond and resume the possession and absolute control of
said premises, time being the essence of this agreement.

144 HISTORY OF IOWA'.

On the fulfillment of the above conditions this obligation to be-
come void, otherwise to remain in full force and virtue; unless ter-
minated by the obligor as above stipulated.

[Acknowledged as in form No, 1]

CHARITABLE, SCIENTIFIC AND RELIGIOUS ASSOCIA-
TIONS.

Any three or more persons of full age, citizens of the United
States, a majority of whom shall be citizens of this State, who de-
sire to associate themselves for benevolent, charitable, scientific,
religious or missionary purposes, may make, sign and acknowledge
before any officer authorized to take acknowledgements of deeds in
this State, and have recorded in the office of the Recorder of the
county in which the business of such society is to be conducted, a
certificate in writing, in which shall be stated the name or title by
which such society shall be known, the particular business and ob-
jects of such society, the number of Trustees, Directors or Manag-
ers to conduct the same, and the names of the Trustees, Directors
or Managers of such society for the first year of its existence.

Upon filing for record the certificate, as aforesaid, the persons
who shall have signed and acknowledged such certificate, and their
associates and successors, shall, by virtue hereof, be a body politic
and corporate by the name stated in such certificate, and that they
and their successors shall and may have succession, and shall be
persons capable of suing and being sued, and may have and use a
common seal, which they may alter or change at pleasure; and
they and their successors, by their corporate name, shall be capable
of taking, receiving, purchasing and holding real and personal estate
and of making by-laws for the management of its affiiirs, not in-
consistent with law.

The society so incorporated may, annually or of tener, elect from
its members its Trustees, Directors or Managers at such time and
place, and in such manner as may be s})ecified in its by-laws, who
shall have the control and management of the afi'airs and funds of
the society, a majority of Avhom shall be a quorum for the transac-
tion of business, and whenever any vacancy shall happen among
such Trustees, Directors or Managers, by death, resignation
or neglect to serve, such vacancy shall be filled in such manner as
shall be provided by the by-laws of such society. When the body
corporate consists of the Trustees, Directors or Managers of any
benevolent, charitable, literary, scientific, religious or missionary
institution, which is or may be established in the State, and which
is or may be under the patronage, control, direction or supervision
of any synod, conference, association or other ecclesiastical body in
such State, established agreeably to the laws thereof, such eccles-
iastical body may nominate and appoint such Trustees, Directors or

HISTORY OF IOWA. 145

Managers, according to usages of the appointing body, and may
fill any vacancy which may occur amoug such Trustees, Directors
or Managers; and when any such institution may be under the pat-
ronage, control, direction or supervision of two or more of such sy-
nods, conferences, associations or other ecclesiastical bodies, such
bodies may severally nominate and appoint such proportion of such
Trustees, Directors or Managers as shall be agreed upon by those
bodies immediately concerned. And any vacancy occurring among
such appointees last named, shall be filled by the synod, confer-
ence, association or body having appointed the last incumbent.

In case any election of Trustees, Directors or Managers shall not
be made on the day designated by the by-laws, said society for that
cause shall not be dissolved, but such election may take place on
any other day selected by such by-laws.

Any corporation formed under this chapter shall be capable of
taking, holding or receiving property by virtue of any devise or be-
quest contained in any last will or testament of any person what-
soever; but no person leaving a wife, child or parent, shall devise
or bequeath to such institution or corporation more than one-fourth
of his estate after the payment of his debts, and such devise or be-
quest shall be valid only to the extent of such one-fourth.

Any corporation in this State of an academical character, the
membership of which shall consist of lay members and pastors of
churches, delegates to any synod, conference or council holding
its annual meetings alternately in this and one or more adjoining
States, may hold its annual meeting for the election of officers and
the transaction of business in any adjoining State to this, at such
place therein as the said synod, conference or council shall hold its
annual meetings; and the elections so held and business so trans-
acted shall be as legal and binding as if held and transacted at the
place of business of the corporation in this State.

I'he provisions of this chapter shall not extend or apply to any
association or individual who shall, in the certificate filed with the
Recorder, use or specify a name or style the same as that of any
previously existing incorporated society in the county.

The Trustees, Directors or stockholders of any existing benevo-
lent, charitable, scientific, missionary or religious corporation may,
by conforming to the requirements of Section 1,095 of this chap-
ter, re-incorporate themselves or continue their existing corporate
powers, and all the property and effects of such existing corpora-
tion shall vest in and belong to the corporation so re-incorporated
or continued.

INTOXICATING LIQUORS.

No intoxicating liquors (alcohol, spirituous and vinous liquors),
except wine manufactured from grapes, currants or other fruit
grown in the State, shall be manufactured or sold, except for me-

146 HISTORY OF IOWA.

chanical, medicinal, culinary or sacramental purposes; and even
such sale is limited as follows:

Any citizen of the State, except hotel keepers, keepers of saloons,
eating houses, grocery keepers and confectioners, is permitted to
buy and sell, within the county of his residence, such liquors for
such mechanical, etc., purposes only, provided he shall obtain the
consent of the Board of Supervisors. In order to get that consent
he must get a certificate from a majority of the electors of the
town or township or ward in which he desires to sell, that he is of
good moral character, and a proper person to sell such liquors.

If the Board of Supervisors grant him permission to sell such
liquors, he must give bonds, and shall not sell such liquors at a
greater profit than thirty-three per cent, on the cost of the same.
Any person having a permit to sell, shall make, on the last Satur-
day of every month, a return in writing to the Auditor of the
county, showing the kind and quantity of the liquors purchased by
him since the date of his last report, the price paid and the amount
of freights paid on the same; also the kind and quantity of liquors
sold by him since the date of his last report, to whom sold, for
what purpose and at what price, also the kind and quantity of
liquors on hand; which report shall be sworn to by the person
having the permit, and shall be kept by the Auditor, subject at all
times to the inspection of the public.

No person shall sell or give away any intoxicating liquors, in-
cluding wine or beer, to any minor, for any purpose whatever, ex-
cept upon v/ritten order of parent, guardian or family physician; or
sell the same to an intoxicated person or a person in the hal)it of
becoming intoxicated.

Any person who shall mix any intoxicating liquor with any
beer, wine or cider, by him sold, and shall sell or keep for sale, as
a beverage, such mixture, shall be punished as for sale of intoxi-
cating liquor.

But nothing in the chapter containing the laws governing the
sale, or prohibiting the sale of intoxicating liquors, shall be con-
strued to forbid the sale by the importer thereof of foreign intox-
icating liquor, imported under the authority of the laws of the
United States, regarding the importation of such liquors, and in
accordance with such laws; provided that such liquor, at the time
of the sale by the importer, remains in the original casks or pack-
ages in which it was by him imported, and in quantities not less
than the quantities in which the laws of the United States require
such liquors to be imported, and is sold by him in such original
casks or packages, and in said quantities only.

All payment or compensation for intoxicating liquor sold in vio-
lation of the laws of this State, whether such payments or com-
pensation be in money, goods, lands, labor, or anything else what-
soever, shall be held to have been received in violation of law and
equity and good conscience, and to have been received upon a

HISTORY OF IOWA. 147

valid promise and agreement of the receiver, in consideration of
the receipt thereof, to pay on demand to the person furnishing
such consideration, the amount of the money on the just value of
the goods or other things.

All sales, transfers, conveyances, mortgages, liens, attachments,
pledges and securities of every kind, which, either in whole or in
part; shall have been made on account of intoxicating liquors sold
contrary to law, shall be utterly null and void.

Negotiable paper in the hands of holders thereof, in good faith,
for valuable consideration, without notice of any illegality in its
inception or transfer, however, shall not be affected by the above
provisions. Neither shall the holder of land or other property
who may have taken the same in good faith, without notice of any
defect in the title of the person from whom the same was taken,
growing out of a violation of the liquor law, be affected by the
above provision.

Every wife, child, parent, guardian, employer, or other person,
who shall be injured in person or property or means of support,
by an intoxicated person, or in consequence of the intoxication,
has a right of action against any person Avho shall, by selling in-
toxicating liquors, cause the intoxication of such person, for all
damages actually sustained as well as exemplary damages.

For any damages recovered, the person and real property (except
homestead, as now provided) of the person against whom the dam-
ages are recovered, as well as the premises or property, personal or
real, occupied and used by him, with consent and knowledge of
owner, either for manufacturing or selling intoxicating liquors
contrary to law, shall be liable.

The only other exemption, besides the homestead, from this
sweeping liability, is that the defendant may have enough for the
support of his family for six months, to be determined by the
Township Trustee.

No ale, wine, beer or other malt or vinous liquors shall be sold
within two miles of the corporate limits of any municipal corpora-
tion, except at wholesale, for the purpose of shipment to places
outside of such corporation and such two mile limits. The power
of the corporation to prohibit or license sale of liquors not prohib-
ited by law is extended over the two miles.

No ale, wine beer or other malt or vinous liquors shall be sold
on the day on which any election is held under the laws of this
State, within two miles of the place where said election is held;
except only that any person holding a permit may sell upon the
prescription of a practicing physician.

M8 HISTORY OF IOWA.

SUGGESTIONS TO THOSE PURCHASING BOOKS BY
SUBSCRIPTION.

The business of publishinr/ hooks hy subscription, having so often
been brought into disrepnte by agents making representations and
declarations not authorised by the publisher, in order to prevent
that as much as possible, and that there may be more general
knowledge of the relation such agents bear to their principal, and
the law governing such cases, the following statement is made:

A subscription is in the nature of a contract of mutual prom-
ises, by which the subscriber agrees to 2^^fl/ <? certain sum for the
work described; ihe consideration is cowc?^rrg»^ that the publisher
shall publish the hook named, and deliver the same, for which the
subscriber is to pay the price named. The nature and character
of the icork is described by the prospectus and sample shown.
These should be carefully examined before subscribing, as they
are the basis and consideration of the promise to pay, and not the
too often exaggerated statements of the agent, who is merely employed
to solicit subscriptions, for which he is -a^woWY paid * commission
for each subscriber, and has no authority to change or alter ih.e
conditions upon which the subscriptions are authorized to be made
by the publisher. Should the agent assume to agree to make the
subscription conditional or modify or change the agreement of the
publisher, as set out by the prospectus and sample, in order to
hi ml the principal, the subscriber should see that such condition or
changes are stated oyer or iw fOWwec^/oH with his signature, so that
the publisher may have notice of the same.

All persons making contracts in reference to matters of this
kind, or any other business, should remember that the law as
written is, that they can 7iot be altered, varied or rescinded ver-
bally, but if done at all, must be done in writing. It is therefore
important that all persons contemplating subscribing should dis-
tinctly understand that all talk before or after the subscription is
made, is not admissible as evidence, and is no part of the contract.

Persons employed to solicit subscriptions are known to the trade
as canvassers. They are agents appointed to do a particular
business in a prescribed mode, and have no authority to do it in any
other way to the prejudice of their principal, nor can they bind
their principal in any other matter. They can not collect money
or agree that payment may be made in anything else but money.
They cannot extend the time of payment beyond the time of de-
livery, nor bind their principal for the payment of expenses in-
curred in their business.

It would save a great deal of trouble, and often serious loss, if
persons, before signing their names to any subscription book, or any
written instrument, would examine carefully what it is; if they
can not read themselves, call on some one disinterested who can.

HISTORY OF IOWA. 149

Practical Rules for Every Day Use,

Hovi to find the gain or loss per cent, when the cost and selling price
are given.

Rule. — Find the difference between the cost and selling price,
which will be the gain or loss.

Annex two ciphers to the gain or loss, and divide it by the cost
price; the result will be the gain or loss per cent.

How to change gold into currency.

Rule. — Multiply the given sura of gold by the price of gold.

How to change currency into gold.

Rule. — Divide the amount in currency by the price of gold.

How to find each partner s share of the gain or loss in a copartner-
ship business.

Rule. — Divide the whole gain or loss by the entire stock the
quotient Avill be the gain or loss per cent.

Multiply each partner's stock by this per cent., the result will
be each one's share of the gain or loss.

How to find gross and net weight and price of hogs.

A short and simple method for finding the net weight, or price of
hogs, when the gross weight or price is given, and vice versa.

Note.— It is genorally assumed that the gross weight of Hog-s dliiilnl««lied by 15
or 3) per cent, ot itself gives the net weight, and the net weight increased by li or 25
per cent, uf itself equals the gross weight.

To find the net weight or gross price.

Multiply the given number by .08 (tenths).

To find the gross weight or net price.

Divide the given number by .08 (tenths).

How to find the capacity of a granary, bin or wagon-bed.

Rule. — Multiply \ by short method) the number of cubic feet by
6,308, and point off one decimal place — the result will be the
correct answer in bushels and tenths of a bushel.

For only an approximate answer, multiply the cubic feet by 8,
and point off one decimal place.

How to find the contents of a corn-erib.

Rule. — Multiply the number of cubic feet by 54, short method,
or by 4^ ordinary method, and point off one decimal place — the
result will be the answer in bushels.

Note —In estimating corn in the ear, the quality and the time It lias been

cribbed must be taken into consideration, since corn will shrink considcrabl.v during
winter and spring. This rule generally holds good for corn measured at the time it is
cribbed, provided it is sound and clean.

How to find the contents of a cistern or tank.

Rule. — Multij)ly the square of the mean diameter by the depth
(all in feet) and this product by 5,681 (short method), and point off

150 HISTORY OF IOWA.

ON^E decimal place — the result will be the contents in barrels of
31^ gallons.

How to find the contents of a barrel or cask.

Rule. — Under the square of the mean diameter, write the length
(all in inches) in reversed order, so that its uxits will fall under
the tens; multiply by short method, and this product again by
430; point off one decimal place, and the result will be the answer
in wine gallons.

How to measure hoards.

Rule. — Multiply the length (in feet) by the width (in inches)
and divide the product by 12 — the result will be the contents in
square feet.

How to measure scantlings, joists, planks, sills, etc.

Rule. — Multiply the width, the thickness, and the length to-
gether (the width and thickness in inches, and the length in feet),
and divide the product by 12 — the result will be square feet.

How to find the number of acres in a body of land.

Rule. — Multiply the length by the width (in rods), and divide
the product by 160 (carrying the division to 2 decimal places if
there is a remainder); the result will be the answer in acres and
hundredths.

When the opposite sides of a piece of land are of unequal length,
add them together and take one-iialf for the mean length or width.

How to find the number of square yards in a floor or wall.

Rule. — Multiply the length by the width or height (in feet),
an 1 divide the product by 9, the result will be square yards.

How to find the number of bricks required in a building.

Rule. — Multiply the number of cubic feet by 22|.

The number of cubic feet is found by multiplying the length,
height and thickness (in feet) together.'

Bricks are usually made 8 inches long, 4 inches wide, and two
inches thick; hence, it requires 27 bricks to make a cubic foot
without mortar, but it is generally assumed that the mortar fills
1-6 of the space.

How to find the number of shingles required in a roof.

Rule. — Multiply the number of square feet in the roof by 8, if
the shingles are exposed 4^ inches, or by 7 1-5 if exposed 5 inches.

To find the number of square feet, multiply the length of the
roof by twice the length of the rafters.

To find the length of the rafters, at one-fourth pitch, multiply
the width of the building by .56 (hundredths); at one-third pitch
by .6 (tenths); at two-fifths pitch, by .64 (hundredths); at one-
half pitch, by .71 (hundredths). This gives the length of the
rafters from the apex to the end of the wall, and whatever they
are to project must be taken into consideration.

Note.— By ^i or }^ pitch is meant that the apex or comb of the roof is to be U or H
the width of the building- lilgber than the walls or base of the rafters.

HISTORY OF IOWA. 151

How to reckon the cost of hay.

Rule. — MultijDly th(3 uumber of pounds by half the price per
ton, and remove the decimal point thres places to the left.

How to measure grain.

Rule. — Level the grain, ascertain the space it occapies in cubic

feet; multiply the number of cubic feet by 8, and point off one

place to the left.

Note.— Exactness requires the ad Jiti in to every three hundred bushels of one
extra bushel.

The foregoing rule may be used for finding the number of gal-
lons, by multiplying the number of bushels by 8.

If the corn in the box is in the ear, divide the answer by 2, to
find the number of bushels of shelled corn, because it re:j[uires 2
bushels of ear corn to make 1 of shelled corn.

Rapid rules for measuring land without instruments.

In measuring land, the first thing to ascertain is the contents of
any given plot in square yards; then, given the number of yards,
find out the number of rods and acres.

The most ancient and simplest measure of distance is a step.
Now, an ordinary-sized man can train himself to cover one vard
at a stride, on the average, with sufficient accuracy for ordinary
purposes.

To make use of this means of measuring distances, it is essential
to walk in a straight line; to do this, fix the eye on two objects in
a line straight ahead, one comparatively near, the other remote,
and, in walking, keep these objects constantly in line.

Farmers and others by adopting the following simple and ingenious
contrivance, may always carry with them the scale to construct a cor-
rect yard measure.

Take a foot rule, and commencing at the base of the little finger
of the left hand, mark the quarters of the foot on the outer borders
of the left arm, pricking in the marks wath indelible ink.

To find how many rods in length will make an acre, the width being
given.

Rule. — Divide 160 by the width, and the quotient will be the
answer.

How to find the number of acres in any plot of land, the number of
rods being given.

Rule. — Divide the number of rods by 8, multiply the quotient
by 5, and remove the decimal point two places to the left.

The diameter being given, to find the circumference.

RuLE.^Multiply the diameter by 3 1-7.

To find the diameter, when the circumference is given.

Rule. — Divide the circumference by 3 1-7.

To find how many solid feet a round stick of timber of the same thick-
ness throughout will contain when squared

Rule. — Square half the diameter in inches, multiply by 2, mul-
tiply by the length in feet, and divide the product by 144.

152 HISTOKY OF IOWA.

General rule for measuring timber, to find the solid contents in feet.

Rule. — Multiply the depth in inches by the breadth in inches,
and then multiply by the length in feet, and divide by 144.

To find the number of feet of timber in trees with the bark on.

Rule. — Multiply the square of one-fifth of the circumference in
inches, by twice the length, in feet, and divide by 144. Deduct
1-10 to 1-15 according to the thickness of the bark.

Howard's new rule for computing interest.

Rule. — The reciprocal of the rate is the time for which the in-
terest on any sum of money will be shown by simply removing the
decimal point two places to the left; for ten times that time, re-
move the point one place to the left; for 1-10 of the same time,
remove the point three places to the left.

Increase or diminish the results to suit the time given.

Note —The reciprocal of the rate is found by inverting the rate; thus 3 per cent,
per nnoiith, inverted, becomes ?,i of a month, or 10 days

When the rate is expressed by one figure, always write it thus:
3-1, three ones.

Rule for converting English into American currency.

Multiply the pounds, with the shillings and pence stated in dec-
imals, by 400 plus the premium in fourths, and divide the product
by 90.

U. S. GOVERNMENT LAND MEASURE.

A township — 36 sections each a mile square.

A section — 640 acres.

A quarter section, half a mile square — 160 acres.

An eighth section, half a mile long, north and south, and a
quarter of a mile wide — 80 acres.

A sixteenth section, a cjuarter of a mile square — 40 acres.

The sections are all numbered 1 to 36, commencing at the north-
east corner.

The sections are divided into quarters, which are named by the
cardinal points. The quarters are divided in the same way. The
description of a forty-acre lot would read: The south half of the
west half of the south-west quarter of section 1 in township 24,
north of range 7 west, or as the case might be; and sometimes will
fall short and sometimes overrun the number of acres it is sup-
posed to contain.

The nautical mile is 795 4-5 feet longer than the common mile.

SURVEYORS' MEASURE.

7 92-100 inches make 1 link.

25 links •' 1 rod.

4 rods " 1 chain.

80 chains " 1 mile.

Note. — A chain is 100 links, equal to 4 rods or 66 feet,

HISTORY OF lOVVA.

153

Shoemakers formerly used a subdivision of the iuch called a bar-
leycorn; three of which made an inch.

Horses are measured directly over the fore feet, and the stand-
ard of measure is four inches — called a hand.

In Biblical and other old measurements, the term span is some-
times used, which is a length of nine inches.

The sacred cubit of the Jews was 21.02-i inches in length.

The common cubit of the Jews was 21.70i inches in length.

A pace is equal to a yard or 36 inches.

A fathom is equal to 6 feet.

A league is three miles, but its length is variable, for it is, strictly
speaking, a nautical term, and should be three geographical miles,
equal to 3.45 statute miles, but when used on land, three statute
miles are said to be a league.

In cloth measure an aune is equal to 1-^ yards, or 45 inches.

An Amsterdam ell is equal to 20.796 inches.

A Trieste ell is equal to 25.284 inches.

A Brabant ell is ecjual to 27.116 inches.

MISCELLANEOUS TABLE.

12 units, or things, 1 Dozen. 196 pounds, 1 Barrel of Flour.

12 dozen, 1 Gross. 200 pounds, 1 Barrel of Pork.

20 things, 1 Score. 56 pounds, 1 Firkin of Butter.

24 sheets of paper, 1 Quire. 20 quires paper, 1 Ream.

4 ft. wide, 4 It. high, and 8 feet long, 1 Cord Wood.

HOW TO KEEP ACCOUNTS.

Every farmer and mechanic, whether he does much or little bus-
iness, should keep a record of his transactions in a clear and sys-
tematic manner. For the benefit of those who have not had the
opportunity of acquiring a primary knowledge of the principles of
book-keeping, we here present a simple form of keeping accounts-
which is easily comprehended, and well adapted to record the busi-
ness transactions of farmers, mechanics and laborers.

1882. A. H. JACKSON. Dr. Cr,

Jan.

10

17

Feb.

4

"

4

March

8

8

•'

i:^

"

17

April

9

"

9

May

6

"

24

•July

4

To 7 bushels Wheat

By shoeing span of horses . .

To 14 bushel>^Oats

To 5 ft Butter

By new Harrow

By sharpening 2 Plows . . .

By new Double-Tree

To Cow and Calf

To half ton of Hav

By Cash \

By repairing Corn-Planter. . ,

To one Sow with Pigs

By Cash, to balance account

.at $1.25

at$ A'.
at 2:

48

_35

$88

50

154

HISTOKY OF IOWA.

1882.

CASSA MASON.

Dr. Cr.

March

21

"

21

"

28

May

1

1

June

19

"

26

July

10

"

29

Aug.

12

Sept.

1

by 3 days' labor at |1.25

To 2 Shoats at 3.00

To 18 Bushels Com at .45

By 1 month's Labor

To Cash

Ry 8 day's Mowing at $1.50

To 50 ft Flour

To 27 It, Meat at $ .10

By 9 Days Harvestuig at 2.00

By 6 days' Labor at 1 .50

To Cash

To Cash to balance account

13

$6

00

8

10

25

10

oo'

12

2

75

2

70

'I

20

00

lb

20

•167

75

$67

75

00

INTEREST TABLE.

A Simple Rule for Accurately Computikg Interest at Any Given
Per Cent for any Length of Tijie.

Multiply the2J»'*"Cijt)rt/ (amount of money at interest) by the time reduced to
days; then divide this product by {he quotient obtained bv dividing 360 (the num-
ber of days in the interest year) by the^er cent, of interest, and the q uotient thus
obtained will be the required interest.

illustration.

Require the interest of $462.50 for one month and
eighteen days at 6 per cent. An interest month is 30
days; one month and eighteen days equal 48 days.
$462.50 multiphed by .48 gives $222.0000; 360 divided
by 6 (the per cent, of interest) gives 60, and $222,0000
divided by 60 will give you the exact interest, which
is $3.70. If the rate of interest in the above example
were 12 per cent., we would divide the $222.0000 by 30
(because 360 divided by twelve gives 30); if 4 percent,
we would divide by 90; it 8 per cent., by 45; and in
like manner for any other per cent.

Solution.

$462.50

.48

370000
6)3601 185000

60 j $222.0000($3.70
180

420

430

0
AND THEIR

NAMES OF THE STATES OF THE UNION,
SIGNIFICATIONS.

Virffinia — The oldest of the States, was so called in honor of
Queen Elizabeth, the '• Virgin Queen," in whose reign Sir Walter
Raleigh made his first attempt to colonize that region.

Florida — Ponce deLeou landed on the coast of Florida on Easter
Sunday, and called the country in commemoration of the day, which
was the Pasqua Florida of the Spaniards, or "'Feast of Flowers."

Louisiana was called after Louis the Fourteenth, who at one
time owned that section of the country.

Alabama was so named by the Indians, and signifies " Here we
Rest."

Mississippi is likewise an Indian name, meaning " Long

T>* n ' » o

River.

HISTORY OF IOWA. 155

Arkansas^ from Kansas, the Indian word for '" Smoky Water."
Its prefix was really arc, the French word for '' bow."

The Carol inas were originally one tract, and were called "Caro-
lina," after Charles the Ninth of France.

Georgia owes its name to George the Second of England, who
first established a colony there in 1732.

Tennessee is the Indian name for the "River of the Bend," i. e.,
the Mississippi which forms its western boundary.

Kentuchij is the Indian name for " at the head of the river."

Ohio means " beautiful;" /o^ra, "the beautiful land;" Minnesota,
" cloudy water," and Wisconsin, " wild-rushing channel."

Illinois is derived from the Indian word iliini, men, and the
French suffix ois, together signifying " tribe of men."

Michigan was called by the name g\\ en i\\e\i\ke, fish-weir, which
was so styled from its fancied resemblance to a fish trap.

Missouri is from the Indian word " muddy," which more prop-
erly applies to the river that flows through it.

Oregon owes its Indian name to its principal river.

Cortez named California.

Massachusetts is the Indian name for " The country around the
great hills."

Connecticut, from the Indian Qaon-ch-ta-Cut, signifying "Long
River.

Maryland, after Henrietta Maria, Queen of Charles the First,
of England.

New York was named by the Duke of York.

Pennsglvania, means " Penn's Woods," and was so called after
Wm. Penn, its owner.

Delaware, after Lord De La Ware.

New Jersey, so called in honor of Sir George Carteret, who was
Governor of the Island of Jersey, in the British Channel.

Maine was called after the province of Maine in France, in com-
pliment of Queen Henrietta of England, who owned that province.

Vermont, from the French word Vert Mont, signifying Green
Mountain.

New Hampshire, from Hampshire County in England. It was
formerly called Laconia.

The little State of Rhode Island owes its name to the Island of
Rhodes in the Mediterranean, which domain it is said to greatly
resemble.

Texas is the American word for the Mexican name by which
all that section of the country was called before it was ceded to the
United States.

]56

HISTOKY OF IOWA.

POPULATION OF THE SEVERAL COUNTIES OF IOWA, 1880 CENSUS.

COUNTIES.

r3

•a
s

o

COUNTT SEAT.

Population
in 1880.

Adair .

1854
1853
1849
1846
1855
1846
1853
1849
1853
1847
1858
1854
1855
1856
1853
1836
1855

v:y6

1853
1851

1858
1838
1840
1855
1847
1814
1850
1840
1834
1857
1834
1859
1850
1854
1855
1849
1854
1856
1851
1857
1858
1853
1853
1836
1855
1857
1858
1845
1838
1846

Greenfield

11,199

Adams . ,

Comino"

11,888

Allainakpe

"Waukon

19,791

Appanoose

Centerville .

16,936

Audubon

Audubon

7,448

24,888

Waterloo

23,913

20,838

14,081

Buchanan

Independence

18,547

Bu8na Vista

Storm Lake

7,537

Butler

Butler Center

14,293

Calhoun

Rr.ckwell City

5,595

Carroll

12,351

16,943

Cedar. . ...

18,937

11,461

8,240

Chickasaw

New Hampton

14,534

Clarke

Osceola

11,512

Clay

Spencer

4,248

Elkader

28,829

Clinton . . .

36,764

Denison

Adel

12,413

Dallas

18,746

Davis

Bloomfield

16,468

Decatur

Leon

15,336

Dplnwrnrp

Delhi

17,952

33,099

1,901

42,997

1,550

Fayette

West Union

22.258

Floyd

Charles City

14,677

Franlrlin

H ampton

10,248

Sidney

17,653

12,725

12,639

14,863

Hamilton

Webster City

11,252

TTanrnrlr

Concord «

3,453

Eldora

17,808

16,649

Mt. Pleasant

20,826

10,837

Dakota

5,341

Ida

Ida Grove

4,382

Marengo

19,221

J y, ■ ■

Maquoketa

23,771

Newton

25,962

Jefferson

1838

Fairfield

17,478

HISTORY OF IOWA. 157

POPULATION OF THE SEVERAL COUNTIES OF IOWA, 1880 CENSUS.

o

COUNTY SEATS.

Johnson

Jones

Keokuk

Kossuth

Lee

Linn

Louisa

Lucas

Lyon

Madison

Mahaska ,.

Marion

Marshall

Mills

Mitchell

Monona

Monroe

Montgomery . . ,

Muscatine

O'Brien

Osceola

Page

Palo Alto

Plymouth

Pocahontas

Polk

Pottawattamie .

Poweshiek

Binggold

Sac

Scott

Shelby

Sioux

Story

Tama

Taylor

Union

Van Buren

Wapello

Warren

Washmg'tou. . .

Wayne

Webster ,

Winnebago. . . .

Winneshiek

Woodbury

Worth

AVright

Total

1848
1839
1844
1855
1837
1839
1839
1849
1872
1850
1844
1845
1850
1851
1854
1854
1851
1858
1838
1860
1872
1851
1857
1858
1859
1846
1848
1848
1855
1858
1838
1853
1860
1853
1S54
1851
1853
1837
1844
1839
1849
1851
1853
1857
1851
1853
1857
1855

Iowa City

Anamosa

Sigourney

Algona

Ft. Madison

Marion ,

Wapello

Chariton

Rock Rapids

Winterset ,

Oskaloosa

Knoxville

Marshalltown

Glen wood

Osage

Onawa

Albia

Red Oak

Muscatine

Primghar

Sibley

Clarinda

Emmetsburg

Le Mars

Pocahontas Center.

Des Moines

Coimcil Bluffs

Montezuma

Mt. Ayr

Sac City

Davenport

Harlan

Orange City

Nevada

Toledo

Bedford

Afton

Keosauqua

Ottumwa

Indianola

Washington

Corydon

f'ort Dodge

Forest City

Decorah

Sioux City

Northwood

Clarion

158

HISTORY OF IOWA.

The total footings for the State of Iowa, accordiilg to the census, are, males,
848,235; females, 776,228; native, 1,363,015; foreign, 261,418; white, 1,614,-
510; colored (including 47 Chinese and 464 Indians and half-breeds), 9,953,
total, 1,624,463.

POPULATION OF THE UNITED STATES.

The revised and corrected returns of the census bureau show the
population of the several States and Territories of the country to
be as follows:

Alabama 1,262,505

Arizona 40,440

Arkansas 802,525

Cahfomia 864,694

Colorado 194,327

Connecticut 622,700

Dakota..... 135,177

Delaware 146,608

District of Columbia 177,624

Florida 269,493

Georgia 1,542,180

Idaho 32,610

Illinois 3,077,871

Indiana 1,978,301

Iowa '. 1,624,615

Kansas 996,086

Kentucky 1,648,690

Louisiana 939,946

Maine.

Maryland

Massachusetts.

Michigan

Minnesota

Mississippi

Missouri

648,936
9:34,942
1,783,085
1,636,937
780,773
1.131,597
2,168,380

Montana

Nebraska

Nevada ,

New Hampshire.

New Jersey

New Mexico

New York

North Carolina. .

Ohio

Oregon

Pennsylvania

Rhode Island

South Carolina. .

Tennessee

Texas

Utah

Vermont

Virginia

Washington

West Virginia . .

Wisconsin

Wyoming

Grand total 50,155,783

HISTORY OF IOWA. 159

Geological and Physical Features.

Prof. J. F. Elsom.

" The science of Geology illustrates many astonishing facts."
Viewed in the light of authentic tests, the region of country over
which this work extends, presents ample study for the Geologist
and Antiquarian, for nowhere in the broad expanse of country
traversed by the writer — excepting, perhaps, some sections of the
country of mines — -is there such a fine field for the labor of the
geologist. As we stood upon the high bluffs viewing the beauti-
ful valleys below, or rowed over any of these streams — commercial
arteries of this great country — and tried to peer up the steep sides
of the overhanging bluffs, we often imagined ourself living away
amid the dim cycles of the past; again we lived in the present,
wondering what unseen agencies and gigantic forces had been em-
ployed to transform what was evidently once a vast and almost
boundless sea, into one of the finest sections of land — food pro-
ducing land — between the two great oceans. Again, as the author
examined with hammer and chisel, testing the chips by heat and
cold, acid and alkali, subjecting the fused residuum to the diaphragm
of the microscope, or the wonderful spectra of the spectroscope,
he was often amazed at the broad expanse of time that must have
elapsed to make this wonderful strata from that ungainly, shapeless
mass,which, as Sacred History teaches,was this earth's original form.
Furthermore, it seems almost incredible that little by little as these
sands accumulate, that there could have elapsed sufficient time for
these marine aggregations and changes. This, however, is merely
prefaratory, and we must hasten on to the subject matter, accorded
to this limited space, for to do the subject anything like justice, a
book much larger than this entire history would be required. The
reader will know by this why we have not gone more into detail
in our discussion of this interesting and valuable portion of the
work.

To the geologist, among the first things to attract the attention
in this section is the "VValled Lakes" of Northern Iowa, one of
them in Wright County — where we first made a survey — is about
three-eighths of a mile wide, with a wall or embankment from 2 to
10 feet high surrounding it, formerly supposed to be the work of
ancient races, a theory, however, now discountenanced, for practi-
cal tests and observation go to prove that they are the results of
natural causes, namely the periodical action of alternate heat and
cold, aided to a limited extent by the action of the waves. These
little lakes are very shallow, and during the ordinary winter freeze
nearly solid, so that little or no water remains at the bottom, Init

160 HISTOEY OF IOWA.

a little will generally be found in the middle. As a consequence
all loose substances at the bottom adhere to the ice below, and the
expansive power of water when freezing — which must be immense
in such a large body as some of these lakes — acts equally in all di-
rections from the center to the circumference, and annually what-
ever was on the bottom of the lake has by this means been carried
to the shore. This process, imperceptible, perhaps , to the casual ob-
server in a single season, has been going on from year to year,
century after century, causing these embankments, formerly a great
wonder to everyone, but perfectly simple to any and all, if the va-
rious strata of the walls be carefully examined and compared with
each other.

The entire State contains very few what may be classed as large
elevations, the highest point being but a trifle over twelve hundred
feet higher than its lowest point as shown by barometrical surveys;
there are two such points, and are nearly three hundred miles
apart; then if we think for a moment, it will be seen the entire
State is traversed by gently flowing rivers — rapids nearly unknown
— hence we have the entire State resting entirely within, compris-
ing a part of a vast plain, with no mountain or hill range within
its limits,

A further idea of the general uniformity which characterizes the
State may be gleaned from the survey from point to point, and
the following statement of the general slopes in feet per mile, in-
straight lines across:

From the NE corner to the SE corner 1 foot 1 inch per mile.
From the NE corner to Spirit Lake 5 feet 5 inches per mile.
From the NW corner to Spirit Lake 5 feet per mile.
From the NW corner to the SW corner 2 feet per mile.
From the SW corner to the highest ridge 4 feet 1 inch per mile.
From the dividing ridge to the SE corner 5 feet 7 inches per mile.
From the highest point in the State to the lowest 4 feet per mile.

This statement shows a great uniformity, and a good degree of
propriety in estimating the whole State as part of a great plain,
the lowest point showing but 144 feet above sea level. This point,
nearly at the mouth of Des Moines River, presents a geological
formation of great interest, but being t^o far removed from the
territory within the scope of the work we will not discuss it in
this connection. Taking the highest point — near Spirit Lake —
and the lowest point — near the mouth of the Des Moines — gives
but a slight elevation and depression, ana a general average of the
entire State of eight hundred feet above the level of the sea,
though from the nearest point the State is over a thousand miles
from the sea coast, a rather remarkable instance, and another proof
of being a part of a vast plain. Of course, when we consider the
slightly diversified surface of Western Iowa, the formation of small
valleys out of the general level, which have been evolved by the
action of streams, lakes, etc., during the dim cycles of the past, it

HISTORY OF IOWA, 161

may appear a trifle jejune, but will not alter the general and ac-
cepted theory aforesaid. Especially is this true with reference to
the northwestern portion, the seeming deviation being much more
apparent in the northeastern portion of the State.

It will be well enough to mention that the Missouri River,
though washing as many or more miles of Iowa's shore than the
Mississippi, drains but about one-third of its surface, going to par-
tially prove that this plain of which we speak, extends away out
in Nebraska, where we have unmistakable evidences of the Mis-
souri having once threaded its course, the other side being the
eastern border of the State, giving us once a vast ocean about one
and two-thirds broader than the State.

Thus much with reference to the surface indications. We will
now go lower and see what can be found beneath this beautiful
and somewhat phenomenal exterior.

In our tests of the soil, we will make but three general divisions,
which of themselves not only diifer in their physical character, but
are widely separated in their ultimate origin. These will be
classed as drift, bluff, and allurial, and belong respectively to the
deposits bearing the same names, the first of which occupies
over two-thirds the surface of the entire State.

Every person who has paid the least atention to any of the ana-
lytical sciences, so-called, knows that when we speak of soil, in the
general acceptation of the term, that we mean disintegrated or
powdered rock.

The drift deposit of Iowa was derived, to a considerable extent,
from the rocks of Minnesota; but the greater part of Iowa drift
was derived from its own rocks, much of which has been trans-
ported but a short distance. In general terms the constant compo-
nent element of the drift soil is that portion which was transported
from the north, while the inconstant elements are those portions
which were derived from the adjacent or underlying strata. For
example, in Western Iowa, w^ierever that cretaceous formation
known as the Nishnabotany sandstone exists, the soil contains
more sand than elsewhere. The same may be said of the soil of
some parts of the State occupied by the lower coal measures, the
sandstones and sandy shales of that formation furnishing the iraud.

We find upon examination, however, that in the section of Iowa
of which this work treats, the drift contains more sand and gravel
than any other portion of the State. There is no question in my
mind but this was derived from the cretaceous rocks that now do,
or formerly did exist, and also in part from the conglomerate and
pudding stone beds of the Sioux quartzite.

The bluff soil, then, is that which rests upon, and constitutes
part of the bluff deposit, and is found only in the western portion
along the Missouri River. (Jhemical analysis shows but one per
cent., generally less, of alumina, at the same time it contains other
constituent elements which render it little, if any, inferior for ag-

162

HISTOKY OF IOWA.

ricultural purposes; a very large portion of it is far out of reach of
the highest floods, and must be very productive.

We now come to the alluvial. This is that portion called the
flood plains of the river bottoms or valleys. That portion period-
ically flooded by the rivers, of course, is thereby rendered com-
paratively valueless for agricultural purposes for apparent reasons;
hut much of it, we might say by far the larger portion, is beyond
the reach of floods, and is very rich in those elements which enter
into plant life.

Speaking more properly of the geology of this particular sec-
tion of Iowa, we rind the rocks to range all along from the Azoic
to the Merazoic inclusive. Taking the State as a whole, the sur-
face is generally occupied by the evidences of the Palaszoic age.
The following tabular statement gives each of these formations in
the order in which they occur:

SYSTEMS.

AGES.

Cretaceous

Carboniferous .

Devonian

Upper Silurian.

Lower Silurian.
Azoic

GROUPS.

TERIODS.

i Post Tertiary

( Lo\ver Cretaceous ■

r

I Coal Measures.

1

! Subcarboniferous.

I

I

Hamilton

Niagara

Cincinnati

Trenton. (

Primordial. (
Huronian

FORMATIONS.
EPOCHS.

Drift

I)wcerai)ious bed

WoodhHn/ SdudstoHi', Shalei

Nislnialiofani/ Sandstone

Upper Coal Measures

Middle Coal Measures

Lower Coal Measures

St. Louis Limestone

Keokuk Limestone

Burlington Limestone

Kinderhook beds

Hamilton Limestone and Shalet

Niagara Limestone

Maquoketa Shales

Galena Limestone

Trenton Limestone

St. Peter's Sandstone

Lower Magnesian Limestone. .

Potsdam Sandstone

Sioux Quartzite

10to200

50

i:W

100

200

'200

200

75

90

196

175

200

350

80

250

200

80

250

300

50

We now arrive at what is known as the Azoic system. In this
section it is known and recognized by the specific name of Sioux
quartzite, and is found exposed in natural ledges, only in a few
spots away up in the extreme northwestern part of the State,
upon the banks of the Big Sioux River, which position doubtless
gave it its local name. This rock is intensely hara, disintegrates
in sort of splinters; its color varying according to locality from
nearly a yellow to a deep red. One thing connected with this rock
is its process of metamorphism, which has been so complete all
through the entire formation wherever found. Whether exposed to

HISTORY OF 10 Wa' 163

« -*

the surface or liidclen liundreJs of feet below the surface, the rock
is found to be of almost uniform texture. As far as we have been
able to examine, the dip is found to be from 4.75 to 5.20 degrees
to the northward, but the trend of the outcrop is to the eastward
and westward. In some rare cases the rock is profitably quarried,but
generally speaking, it is very difficult to secure it in dry forms,
except that into which it naturally cracks, and the tendency is
into angular places. I have found the samples sent to be absolutely
indestructible.

There are many other systems, of themselves very interesting to
the scientific reader and investigator, but our limited space stands
as an insurmountable barrier; hence we will have to pass the Lower
Silurian system in the Primordial group of the eastern part of the
State; it, however, is valueless for building purposes, and contains
few if any, fossils. Then we have the Lower Magnesian Limestone,
found but little here, containing a few crinoids and smaller fossils.
Following this in point of interest, is the St. Peter's Sandstone,
which exists in uniform thickness throughout the State where
found, which is beneath the drift. •

Of the Trenton Group of the Upper and Lower Silurian age,
but little of interest to anyone can be said, save that it contains a
great variety of fossils, and it makes very ornamental stone for
cap and window sills. In this section of the State the drift con-
tains more silex and gravel than elsewhere, as before stated, but in
those sections where fossils are found, they are new to all I have
read of science, open new fields of thought and investigation, and
are found peculiar to the Hawkeye State.

Passing again the Galena Limestone of Dubuque, and other
counties: This is always the upper formation of the Trenton
Group. It seldom extends over twelve miles in width, though
fully one hundred in length. In Dubuque County the greatest
development of this limestone is exhibited. It is found to be
merely a pure dolomite, with an occasional slight admixture of
silicious matter. It is almost worthless for dressing; its princi-
pal value consisting of its formation being the source of lead ore,
but the lead region of Iowa is confined to an area of say fifteen
miles square. The one occurs in vertical fissures, which traverse
the rock at regular intervals from east to west; some, however, is
found in those which have a north and south course. Very small
quantities of what is known as carbonate are found in it; its
principal being what assayers call sulphuret of lead.

Probably one of the most important of all the geological forma-
tions of the State is the Coal-Measure group. This is divided into
three formations, viz., the lower, middle and upper coal measures,
each having a vertical thickness of about two hundred feet.

A line drawn upon the map of Iowa as follows, will represent
the eastern and northern boundaries of the coal iields of the State:
Commencing at the southeast corner of Van Buren County, carry

164 HISTORY OF IOWA. *

the line to the northeast corner of Jefferson County by a slight
easterly curve through the western portions of Lee and Henry
Counties. Produce this line until it reaches a point six or eight
miles northward from the one last named, and then carry it
northwestward, keeping it at about the same distance to the north-
ward of Skunk River and its north branch that it had at first, un-
til it reaches the southern boundary of Marshall County, a little
west of its center. Then carry it to a point three or four miles
northeast of Eldora. Hardin County; thence westward to a
point a little north of Webster City, in Hamilton County; and
thence further westward to a point a little north of Fort Dodge,
in Webster County.

In consequence of the recedence to the southward of the borders
of the middle and upper coal measures, the lower coal measures
alone exist to the eastward and northward of Des Moines River.
They also occupy a large area westward and southward of that river,
but their southerly dip passes them below the middle coal measures
at no great distance from the river.

No other formation in the whole State possesses the economic
value of the lower coal measures. The clay that underlies almost
every bed of coal furnishes a large amount of material for potters'
use. The sandstone of these measures is usually soft and unfit,
but in some places, as near Red Rock, in Marion County, blocks of
large dimensions are obtained which make good building material,
samples of which can be seen in th-e State Arsenal at Des Moines.
On the whole, that portion of the State occupied by the lower coal
measures, is not well supplied with stone.

But few fossils have been found in any of the strata of the low-
er coal measures, but such animal remains as have been found are
without exception of marine origin.

Of fossil plants found in these measures all probably belong to
the class acrogens. Specimens of calamltes, and several species of
ferns are found in all the coal measures, but the genus lipedaden-
dron seems not to have existed later than the epoch of the middle
coal measures.

This formation within the State of Iowa occupies a narrow belt of
territory in the southern central portion of the State, embracing a
superficial area of about fourteen hundred square miles. The coun-
ties more or less underlaid by this formation are Guthrie, Dallas, Polk,
Madison, Warren, Clarke, Lucas, Monroe, Wayne and Appanoose.

This formation is composed of alternating beds of clay, sandstone
and limestone, the clays or shales constituting the bulk of the form-
ation, the limestone occurring in their bands, the lithological pe-
culiarities of which offer many contrasts to the limestones of the
upper and lower coal measures. The formation is also character-
ized by regular wave-like undulations, with a parallelism which in-
dicates a widespread disturbance, though no dislocation of the strata
has been discovered.

HISTORY OF IOWA, 165

Generally speaking, few species of fossils occur in these beds.
Some of the shales and sandstone have afforded a few imperfeetly
preserved land plants — three or four species of ferns, belonging to
the genera. Some of the carboniferous shales afford beautiful
specimens of what appear to have been sea-weeds. Radiates are
represented by corals. The mollusks are most numerously repre-
sented. Triiobites and ostracoids are the only remains known of
articulates. Vertebrates are only known by the remains of sala-
cJiians, or sharks, and ganoids.

The area occupied by this formation in Iowa is very great, com-
prising thirteen whole counties, in the southwestern part of the
State. It adjoins by its northern and eastern boundaries the area
occupied by the middle coal measures.

The prominent lithological features of this formation are its
limestones, yet it contains a considerable proportion of shales and
sandstones. Although it is known by the name of upper coal
measures, it contains but a single bed of coal, and that only about
twenty inches in maximum thickness.

The limestone exposed in this formation furnishes good material
for building as in Madison and Fremont counties. The sandstones
are quite worthless. No beds of clay for potters' use are found in
the whole formation.

The fossils in this formation are much more numerous than in
either the middle or lower coal measures. The vertebrates are rep-
resented by the fishes of the orders selachians and ganoids. The
articulates are represented by the triiobites and ostracoids. Mol-
lusks are represented bj the classes cephnlopoda^ gasteropoda^ lam-
elli, branchiata, bracliiapoda pohjzoa. Radiates are more numer-
ous than in the lower and middle coal measures. Protogoans are
represented in the greatest abundance, some layers of limestone
being almost entirely composed of tkeir small fusiform shells.

There being no rocks, in Iowa, of permian, triassic or Jurassic
age, the next strata in the geological series are of the cretaceous
age. They are found in the western half of the State, and do not
dip as do all the other formations upon which they rest, to the
southward and westward, but have a general dip of their own to
the north of westward, which, however, is very slight. Although
the actual exposures of cretaceous rocks are few in Iowa, there is
reason to believe that nearly all the western half of the State was
originally occupied by them; but being very friable, they have been
removed by drenundation, which has taken place at two separate
periods. The first period was during its elevation from the creta-
ceous sea, and during the long tertiary age that passed between the
time of that elevation and the commencement of the glacial epoch.
The second period was during the glacial epoch, when the ice pro-
duced their entire removal over considerable areas.

It is difficult to indicate the exact boundaries of these rocks; the
following Avill approximate the outlines of the area:

166 HISTORY OF IOWA.

From the northeast corner to the southwest corner of Kossuth
County; thence to the southeast corner o£ Guthrie County; thence
to the southeast corner of Cass County; thence to the middle of the
south boundary of Montgomery County; thence to the middle of
the north boundary of Pottawattamie County; thence to the mid-
dle of the south boundary of Woodbury Countv; thence to Ser-
geant's Bluffs; up the Missouri and Big Sioux Rivers to the north-
west corner of the State; eastward along the State line to the place
of beginning.

All the cretaceous rocks in Iowa are a part of the same deposits
farther up the Missouri River, and in reality fron> their eastern
boundary.

Nislinahotany Sandstone. —rThis rock has the most easterly and
southerly extent of the cretaceous deposits of Iowa, reaching the
southeastern part of Guthrie County and the southern part of
Montgomery County. To the northward, it passes beneath the
Woodbury sandstones and shales, the latter passing beneath ino-
ceramus, or chalky, beds. This sandstone is, with few exceptions,
almost valueless for economic purposes.

The only fossils found in this formation are a few fragments of
angiospermous leaves.

Woodhurij Sandstones and Shales. — These strata rest upon the
Nishnabotany sandstone, and have not been observed outside of
Woodbury County, hence their name. Their principal exposure is
at Sergeant's Bluffs, seven miles below Sioux City.

This rock has no value except for purposes of common ma-
sonry.

Fossil remains are rare. Detached scales of a lepidoginoid spe-
cies have been detected, but no other vertebrate remains. Of re-
mains of vegetation, leaves of salix meekii and sassafras cretaceum
have been occassionall}^ found.

Inoceramus beds. — These beds rest upon theWoodbury sandstones
and shales. They have not been observed in Iowa, except in the
Bluffs which border the Big Sioux River in Woodbury and Ply-
mouth Counties. They are composed almost entirely of calcareous
material, the upper portion of which is ex:tensively used for lime.
No building material is to be obtained from these beds; and the only
value they possess, except lime, are the marls, which at some time
may be useful on the soil of the adjacent region.

The only vertebrate remains found in the Cretaceous rocks are
the fishes. Those in the inoceramus beds of Iowa are two species
of squoloid selachians, or cestratront. and three genera of teliosts.
MoUuscan remains are rare.

HISTOEY or IOWA. 167

Extensive beds of peat exist in Northern Middle Iowa, Avliich, it
is estimated, contain the following areas:

Counties. Acres.

Cerro Gordo 1,500

Worth 2 000

Winnebago 2,000

Hancock 1,500

Wright 500

Kossuth 700

Dickinson 80

Several other counties contain peat beds, but the character of the
peat is inferior to that in the northern part of the State. The
character of the peat named is equal to that of Ireland. The beds
are of an average depth of four feet. It is estimated that each acre
of these beds will furnish two hundred and fifty tons of dry fuel
for each foot in depth. At present, owing to the sparseness of
the population, this peat is not utilized; but, owing to its great dis-
tance from coal fields and absence of timber, the time is coming
when their value will be realized, and the fact demonstrated that
Nature has abundantly compensated the deficiency of other fuel.

GYPSUM.

The only deposits of the sulphates of the alkaline earths of any
economic value in Iowa are those of gypsum at^ and in the vicinity
of Fort Dodge, in Webster County. All others are small and un-
important. The deposit occupies a nearly central position in
Webster County, the Des Moines River running nearly centrally
through it, along the valley sides of which the gypsum is seen in
the form of ordinary rock cliff and ledges, and also occurring abun-
dantly in similar positions along both sides of the valleys of the
smaller streams and of the numerous ravines coming into the river
valley.

The most northerly known limit of the deposit is at a point near
the mouth of Lizard Creek, a tributary of the Des Moines River,
and almost adjoining the town of Fort Dodge. The most southerly
point at which it has been found exposed is about six miles, by
way of the river, from this northerly point before mentioned. Our
knowledge of the width of the area occupied by it is limited by the
exposures seen in the valleys of the small streams and in the
ravines which come into the valley within the distance mentioned.
As one goes up these ravines and minor valleys, the gypsum be-
comes lost beneath the overlying drift. There can be no doubt
that the difi'erent parts of this deposit, now disconnected by the
valleys and ravines having been cut through it, were originally
connected as a continuous deposit, and there seems to be as little
reason to doubt that the gypsum still extends to considerable dis-
tance on each side of the valley of the river beneath the drift which
covers the region to a depth of from twenty to sixty feet.

16S HISTORY OF TOWA.

The country round about this region has the prairie surface ap-
proximating a general level which is so characteristic of the greater
part of the State, and which exists irrespective of the character or
geological age of the strata beneath, mainly because the drift is so
deep and uniformly distributed that it frequently almost alone
gives character to the surface. The valley sides of the Des
Moines River, in the vicinity of Fort Dodge, are somewhat abrupt,
having a depth there from the general level of the upland of about
one hundred and seventy feet, and consequently presents some-
what bold and interesting features in the landscape.

As one walks up and down the creeks and ravines which come
into the valley of the Des Moines River there, he sees the gypsum
exposed on either side of them, jutting out from beneath the drift
in the form of ledges and bold quarry fronts, having almost the
exact appearance of ordinary limestone exposures, so horizontal
and regular are its lines of stratification, and so similar in color is
it to some_ varieties of that rock. The principal quarries now
opened are on Two Mile Creek, a couple of miles below Fort
Dodge.

The reader will please bear in mind that the gypsum of this re-
niark.ible deposit does not occur in "heaps" or "nests" as it does
in most deposits of gypsum in the States farther eastward, but that
it exists here in the form of a regularly stratified, continuous for-
mation, as uniform in texture, color and quality throughout the
whole region, and from top to bottom of the deposit as the granite
of the Quincy c|uarries is. Its color is a uniform gray, resulting
from alternating fine horizontal lines of nearly white, with similar
lines of darker shade. The gypsum of the white lines is almost
entirely pure, the darker lines containing the impurity. This is
at intervals barely suflicient in amount to cause the separation of
the mass upon those lines into beds or layers, thus facilitating the
quarrying of it into desired shapes. These bedd,ing surfaces have
occasionally a clayey feeling to the touch, but there is nowhere
any intercalation of clay or other foreign substance in a separate
form. The deposit is known to reach a thickness of thirty feet at
the quarries referred to, but although it will probably be found to
exceed this thickness at some other points, at the natural expo-
sures, it is seldom seen to be more that from ten to tw^enty feet
thick.

Since the drift is usually seen to rest directly upon the gypsum,
with nothing intervening, except at a few points where traces ap-
pear of an overlying bed of clayey material without doubt of the
same age as the gypsum, the latter probably lost soriething of its
thickness by mechanical erosion during the glacial epoch; and it
has, doubtless, also suffered some diminution of thickness since
then by solution in the waters which constantly percolate through
the drift from the surface. The drift of this region being some-
what clayey, particularly in its lower part, it has doubtless served

HISTORY OF IOWA. 169

in some degree as a protection against the diminution of the
gypsum by solution in consequence of its partial imperviousness to
water. If the gypsum had been covered by a deposit of sand in-
stead of the drift clays, it would have no doubt disappeared by be-
ing dissolved in the water that would have constantly reached it
from the surface. Water merely resting upon it would not dis-
solve it away to any extent, but it rapidly disappears under the ac-
tion of running water. Where little rills of water at the time of
every rain run over the face of an unused quarry, from the surface
above it, deep grooves are thereby cut into it, giving it somewhat
the appearance of melting ice around a waterfall. The fact that
gypsum is now suffering a constant, but, of course, very slight,
diminution, is apparent in the fact the springs of the region con-
tain more or less of it in solution in their waters.

Besides the clayed beds that that are sometimes seen forest upon
the gypsum, there are occasionally others seen beneath them that
are also of the same age, and not of the age of the coal-measure
strata upon which they rest.

In neither the gypsum nor the associated clays has any trace of
any fossil remains been found, nor has any other indication of its
geological age been observed, except that which is afforded by its
stratigraphical relations; and the most that can be said with cer-
tainty is that it is nearer than the coal jueasures, and older than
the drift. The indications afforded by the stratigraphical relations
of the gypsum deposit of Fort Dodge are, however, of considerable
value.

As already shown, it rests in that region directly and uncon-
formably upon the lower coal measures; but going southward from
there, the whole series of coal-measure strata from the top of the
subcarboniferous group to the uppe coal measures, inclusive, can
be traced without break or unconformability. The strata of the
latter also nuiy be traced in the same manner up into the Permian
rocks of Kansas; and through this long series, there is no place or
horizon which suggests that the gypsum deposit might belong
there.

Again, no Tertiary deposits are known to exist within or near
the borders of Iowa to suggest that the gypsum might be of that
age; nor are any of the paleozoic strata newer than the subcar-
boniferous unconformable upon each other as the other gypsum is
unconformable upon the strata beneath it. It therefore seems, in
a measure, conclusive, that the gypsum is of Mesozoic age. perhaps
older than the Cretaceous.

LITHOLOGICAL ORIGIN.

As little can be said with certainty concerning the lithological
origin of this deposit as can be said concerning its geological age,
for it seems to present itself in this relation, as in the former one

170 HTSTOHY OF lO^VA.

as an isolated fact. None of the associated strata show any traces
of a double decomposition of pre-existing materials, such as some
have supposed all deposits of g3q)sum to have resulted from. No
considerable quantity of oxide of iron nor any trace of native sul-
phur have been found in connection with it; nor has any salt been
found in the waters of the region. These substances are common
in association with other gypsum deposits, and are regarded by some
persons as indicative of the method of or resulting from their origin
as such. Throughout the whole region, the Fort Dodge gypsum
has the exact appearance of a sedimentary deposit. It is arranged
in layers like the regular layers of limestone, and the whole mass,
from top to bottom, is traced with fine horizontal laminte of alter-
nating white and gray gypsum, parallel with the bedding surface
of the layers, but the whole so intimately blended as to form a solid
mass. The darker lines contain almost all the impurity there is
in the gypsum, and that impurity is evidently sedimentary in its
character. From these facts, and also from the further one that
no trace of fossil remains has been detected in the gypsum, it seems
not unreasonable to entertain the opinion that the gypsum of Fort
Dodge originated as a chemical precipitation in comparatively still
waters, which were saturated with sulphate of lime and destitute
of life; its stratification and impurities being deposited at the same
time as clayey impurities which had been held suspended in the
same waters.

Much has already been said of the physical properties or charac-
ter of this gypsum, but as it is so different in some respects from
that of other deposits, there are yet other matters worthy of men-
tion in connection with those. According to the results of a com-
plete and exhaustive analysis by Prof. Emery, the ordinary gray
gypsum contains only about eight per cent, of impurity; and it is
possible that the average impurit}^ for the whole deposit will not
exceed that proportion , so uniform in quality is it from top to bot-
tom, and from one end of the region to the other.

When it is remembered that plaster for agricultural purposes is
sometimes prepared from gypsum that contains as much as thirty
per cent, of impurity, it will be seen that ours is a very superior
article for such purposes. The impurities are also of such a char-
acter that they do not in anyway interfere with its value for use
in the arts. Although the gypsum rock has a gray color, it be-
comes quite white by grinding, and still whiter by the calcining
process necessary in the preparation of plaster of Paris. These
tests have all been practically made in the rooms of the Geological
Survey, and the quality of the plaster of Paris still further tested
by actual use and experiment. No hesitation, therefore, is felt in
stating that the Fort Dodge gypsum is of as good a quality as any
in the country, even for the finest uses.

In view of the bounteousness of the primitive fertility of our
Iowa soils, many persons forget that a time may come when Na-

HISTORY OF IOWA. 171

ture will refuse to respond so generously to our demand as she does
now, without an adequate return. Such are apt to say that this
vast deposit of gypsum is valueless to our commonwealth, except
to the small extent that it maybe used in the arts. This is un-
doubtedly a short-sighted view of the subject, for the time is even
now rapidly passing away when a man may purchase a new farm
for less money than he can re-fertilize and restore the partially
wasted primitive fertility of the one he now occupies. There are
farms even now in a large part cf the older settled portions of the
State that would be greatly benefited by the proper application of
plaster, and such eras will continue to increase until it will be
difficult to estimate the value of the deposit of gypsum at Fort
Dodge. It should be remembered, also, that the inhabitants of an
extent of country adjoining our State more than three times as great
as its cwn area, will find it more convenient to obtain their sujiplies
from Fort Dodge than from any other source.

For want of direct railroad communication between this region
and other parts of the State, the only use yet made of the gj^psum
by the inhabitants is for the purpose of ordinary building stone.
It is so compact that it is found to be comparatively unaftected by
the frost, and its ordinary situation in walls of houses is such that
it is protected from the dissolving action of water, which can at
most reach it only from occasional rains, and the effect of these is
too slight to be perceived after the lapse of several years.

One of the citizens of Fort Dodge, Hon. John F. Duncombe,
built a large, fine residence of it, in 1861, the walls of which
appear as unaffected by the exposure and as beautiful as they were
when first erected. It has been so long and successfully used for
building stone by the inhabitants that they now prefer it to the
limestone of good quality, which also exists in the immediate
vicinity. This preference is due to the cheapness of the gypsum,
as compared with the stone. The cheapness of the former is
largely due to the facility with which it is quarried and wrought.
Several other houses have been constructed of it in Fort
Dodge, including the depot building of the Dubuque & Sioux City
Railroad. The company have also constructed a large culvert of
the same material to span a creek near the town, limestone only
being used for the lower courses, which come in contact Avitli the
water. It is a fine arch, each stone of gypsum being nicely hcAvn,
and it will doubtless prove a very durable one. Many of the side-
walks in the town are made of the slabs or flags or gypsum which
occur m some of the quarries in the form of thin layers. They
are more durable than their softness would lead one to suppose.
They also possess an advantage over stone in not becoming slip-
pery when worn.

The method adopted in quarrying and dressing the blocks of
gypsum is peculiar, and quite unlike that adopted in similar treat-
ment of ordinary stone. Taking a stout auger-bit of an ordi-

172 HISTORY OF IOWA.

uary brace, such as is used by carpenters, and filing the cutting
parts of it into a peculiar form, the quarryraan bores his holes
into the gypsum quarry for blasting, in the same manner and
with as great facility as a carpenter would bore hard wood. The
pieces being loosened by blasting, they are broken up with sledges
into convenient sizes, or hewn into the desired shape by means of
hatchets or ordinary chopping axes, or cut by means by means of
ordinary wood-saws. So little grit does the gypsum contain that
these tools, made for working wood, are found to be better adapted
for working the former substance than those tools are which are
universally used for working stone.

MINCE DEPOSITS OF SULPHATE OF LIME.

Besides the great gypsum deposit of Fort Dodge, sulphate of
lime in the various forms of fibrous gypsum, selenite, and small,
amorphous masses, has also been discover'^d in various formations
in different parts of the State, including the coal-measure shales
near Fort Dodge, where it exists in small quantities quite inde-
pendently of the great gypsum deposit there. The quantity o^
gypsum in these minor deposits is always too small to be of any
practical value, and frequently minute. They usually occur in
shales and shaly clays associated with strata that contain more or less
sulphuret of iron (iron pyrites). Gypsum has thus been detected in
the coal measures, the St. Louis limestone, the cretaceous strata,
and also in the lead caves of Dubuque. In most of these cases it
is evidently the result of double decomposition of iron pyrites and
carbonate of lime, previously existing there; in which cases the
gypsum is of course not an original deposit as the great one at
Fort Dodge is supposed to be.

The existence of these comparatively minute quantities of gyp-
sum in the shales of the coal measures and the subcarboniferous
limestone which are exposed within the region of and occupy a
stratigraphical position beneath the great gypsum deposits, sug-
gest the possibility that the former may have originated as a pre-
cipitate from percolating waters, holding gypsum in solution
whicli they had derived from that deposit in passing over or
through it. Since, however, the same substance is found in simi-
lar small quantities and under similar conditions in regions where
they could have had no possible connection with that deposit, it is
believed that none of those mentioned have necessarily originated
from it, not even those that are found in close proximity to it.

The gypsum found in the leai caves is usually in the form of
efflorescent fibers, and is always in small quantity. In the lower
coal-measure shale near Fort Dodge, a small mass Avas found in the
form of an intercolated layer, which had a distinct fibrous struc-
ture, the fibers being perpendicular to the plane of the layer. The
same mass had also distinct, horizontal planes of cleavage at right
angles with the perpendicular fibers. Thus, being more or less

HISTORY OF IOWA. 173

transparent, the mass combined the characters of both fibrous
gypsum and selenite. No anhydrous sulphate of lime {anhydrite)
has been found in connection with the great gypsum deposit, nor
elsewhere in Iowa, so far as yet known.

SULPHATE OF STRONTIA.

{Celestine.)

The only locality at which this interesting mineral has yet
been found in Iowa, or, so far as is known, in the great valley of
the Mississippi, is at Fort Dodge. It occurs there in very small
quantity in both the shales of the lower coal measures and in the
clays that overlie the gypsum deposit, and which are regarded as
of the same age with it. The first is just below the city, near
Rees' coal bank, and occurs as a layer intercolated among the coal
measure shales, amounting in quantity to only a few hundred
pounds' weight. The mineral is fibrous and crystaline, the fibers
being perpendicular to the plane of the layer. Breaking also with
more or less distinct horizontal planes of cleavage, it resembles,
in physical character, the layer of fibro-crystaline gypsum before
mentioned. Its color is light blue, is transparent and shows crys-
taline facets upon both the upper and under surfaces of the layer;
those of the upper surface being smallest and most numerous. It
breaks up readily into small masses along the lines of the perpen-
dicular fibers or columns. The layer is probably not more than a rod
in extent in any direction and about three inches in maximum
thickness. Apparent lines of stratification occur in it, correspond-
ing with those of the shales which imbed it.

The other deposit was still smaller in amount, and occurred as a
mass of crystals imbedded in the clays that overlie the gypsum at
Cummins' quarry in the valley of Soldier Creek. Here the mineral
is nearly without color, and were it not for the form of the sepa-
ate crystals would closely resemble a mass of impure chloride.
These crystals are so closely aggregated that they enclose but little
impurity in the mass, but in nearly every case brought to my no-
tice their fundamental forms are obscured. The mineral of itself
is of no practical value, and its occurrence is only interesting as a
mineralogical fact.

Epsomite, or native epsom salts, having been discovered near
Burlington, we have thus recognized in Iowa all the sulphates of
the alkaline earths of natural origin; all of them, except the sul-
phate of lime, being iii very small quantity. Even if the sulphate
of magnesia were produced in nature, in large quantities, it is so
very soluble that it can accumulate only in such positions as afford
it complete shelter from the rains or running water. The epso-
mite mentioned was found beneath the overhanging clitf of Bur-
lington limestone, near Starr's mill.

17i

HISTORY OF IOWA.

It occurs in the form of efflorescent encrustations upon the surface
of stones and in similar small fragile masses among the fine debris
that has fallen down beneath the overhanging cliff. The projec-
tion of the cliff over the perpendicular face of the strata beneath
amounts to near twenty feet at the point where epsomite was
found. Consequently the rains never reach far beneath it from
any quarter. The rock upon which the epsomite accumulates is
an impure limestone, containing also some carbonate of magnesia,
together with a small proportion of iron pyrites in a finely divided
condition. It is doubtless by double decomposition of these that
the epsomite results. By experiments with this native salt in the
office of the Survey, a fine article of epsom salts was produced,
but the quantity that might be annually obtained there would
amount to only a few pounds, and of course is of no practical
value whatever, on account of its cheapness in the market.

HISTORY OF IOWA. 175

WOODBURY COUNTY,

Woodbury County is situated on the western border of the State,
in the third tier from the north line. It is twenty-four miles north
and south, by from thirty to thirty-six miles east and west, em-
bracing a superficial area of about 832 scjuare miles, or 432,480
acres. About 146,000 acres of this land is Missouri River bottom,
of great fertility, and unsurpassed for agricultural and grazing pur-
poses. This bottom is from six to ten miles in width and mostly
above high water mark in the Missouri River. Although appar-
ently nearly level, it is dry and susceptible of easy tillage. The
soil is a deep loam, with a sufficient proportion of silicious material
to render it retentive of moisture, while it seldom remains for any
length of time so wet as to prevent the farmer from giving atten-
tion to his crops. Immediately adjacent to the valleys are the
bluffs, forming a narrow belt, usually too much broken for cultiva-
tion, but a short distance back the land becomes gently rolling,
and is well adapted to farming purposes. The Missouri, one of the
great rivers of the continent, forms the western boundary of the
county as far up as the mouth of the Big Sioux River. Thence,
to the northwest corner, a distance of about five miles, the latter
stream marks the western boundary. The principal streams flow-
ing through the interior are Floyd, east and west forks of the Lit-
tle Sioux, and Maple Rivers. Perry Creek is also a stream of con-
siderable size. All these streams flow through rich and beautiful
valleys, and receive many small affluents that completely drain the
entire surface. The Little Sioux and Floyd Rivers furnish water
power for machinery. There is a deficiency of native timber in
this, as in other counties of this part of the State. There are some
groves of valuable timber, however, bordering on the Missouri and
along the Big and Little Sioux Rivers. The varieties common are
Cottonwood, hickory^ oak, walnut, elm, and maple — the first named
largely predominating along the Missouri River. It has been
found that many kinds of timber may be easily propagated, and
when planted on the prairies make a rapid growth.

The geological formation is such as to allow but few exposures
of rock in the county, or indeed, in this portion of Iowa. The en-
tire surface is covered by the peculiar formation known by the
name of "bluff deposit," extending to the depth of many feet.
The bed of the Missouri River at Sioux City is 340 feet above that
of the Mississippi at Dubucpie, in the same latitude. There are at
Sioux City, and one or two other places, exposures of a sandstone
formation of the cretaceous age, with a stratum of soft, chalky

176 HISTORY OF IOWA,

limestone overlying it. This is too soft for masonry, but is used
for making quicklime. The sandstone is quarried for ordinary
building purposes. The same formation appears on Big Sioux
River about two miles above the month, and extends, with occa-
sional exposures, to the northwest corner of the county. The sur-
face of the "bluff deposit" is used for making brick. The clays in
the cretaceous deposit furnish an excellent material for making
j3ottery. Woodbury, however, must rely chiefly on its fertile prai-
ries for its development into a prosperous and wealthy county.

On the 14th of May, 1801, Captains Lewis and Clarke, with for-
ty-two men, under the direction of the War Department of the
Cxovernment, started from their encampment at the mouth of
Wood River, in what is now the State of Illinois, to explore the
Missouri River and the unknown regions of the Northwest, After
many strange adventures, and the accomplishment of a thousand
miles of their jouriaey, on the 18th of August they landed on the
Nebraska side of the river, nearly opposite the southwest corner of
the present County of Woodbury, where they held a council with
a party of Ottoe and Missouri Indian Chiefs. On the morning of
the 26th. the Indians mounted their horses and left, having re-
ceived some presents from the whites. On the 19th, in camp at
the place where the council was held. Sergeant Charles Floyd, of
the expedition, became very sick and remained so all night. The
next morning, however, which was Monday, August 20, the party
set out on their journey up the river. Having a "fine wind and
fine weather," they made thirteen miles, and at two o'clock landed
for dinner on the Iowa side of the river. Here Sergeant Floyd
died. About one mile farther up the river, on the summit of a
high bluff, his body was buried with the honors due to a brave sol-
dier. His comrades marked the place with a cedar post, on which
were inscribed his name and the date of his death. About one
mile above, a small river flows into the Missouri, and here the party
encamped until the next day. Captains Lewis and Clarke gave
this stream the name of Floyd's River, to perpetuate the memory
of the first man who had fallen in their expedition. The next day
they set out early, passed the bluffs, now within the limits of Sioux
City, which are mentioned in the journal of Patrick Grass, a mem-
ber of the expedition, as "handsome, pale colored bluffs." Willow
Creek and Big Sioux River, the latter just above where Sioux City
now stands, are also mentioned. During a great freshet in the
Spring of 1857, the turbalent Missouri washcl away a portion of
the bluff, so as to expose the remains of Sergeant Floyd. The
citizens of Siojx City and vicinity collected the remains and re-in-
terred them some distance back from the river on the same bluff.

The title of the Indians to the land in this portion of Iowa be-
came extinct in 1847, and in the summer of 1848, forty-four years
after the burial of Sergeant Floyd, a single pioneer, named Wil-
liam Thompson, settled at Floyd's Bluff — the first white man who

HISTORY OF IOWA. 177

became a permanent settler o£ the county. In the autumn of the
same year his brother Charles and another man followed and spent
the winter there, being, at that time the only white men in the
county. Anticipating- an immense immigration, he laid out a town
here and named it in honor of himself — Thompsoutowji. Like
other western towns, this for a while was supposed to be tlie point.
To give it an air of business, and aid in its development, he erected
here his cabin, and, on the organization of the county, in 1853,
this was made the county seat. It was a sort of post for Indian
traders for some years, but the city lots were too steep for cultiva-
tion, or for building, and, unfortunately, there was no place for a
landing on the bank of the river, and the stakes are all that now
remain to mark the progress of the town.

In may, 1849, Theophile Brughier, a native of Canada, but of
French descent, settled at the mouth of the Big Sioux River, about
two miles above where Sioux City now stands. Three years before
he had visited the spot and made selection of the location. In 1835,
at the age of twenty, Brughier left Canada and went to St. Louis,
where he had an uncle who was a member of the American Fur
Company. Under the advice of his uncle he engaged in the ser-
vice of the company, but remained in their employ only a short
time, when he joined the Yankton Sioux Indians and married a
daughter of the somewhat distinguished chief, Hu-ijan-e-ka (War
Eagle). He became a prominent man in the tribe, and had acquired
great influence among them. After remaining with the Indians,
and sharing the fortunes of the tribe for some ten years, he con-
cluded to change his manner of life, and notified the tribe of his
intentions. Accordingly, with his faithful Indian wife and chil-
dren, he left the post of the American Fur Company and came
down the river and settled, as above stated, at the mouth of Big
SioQx River. War Eagle, the Indian father-in-law of Brughier,
died in his house in the fall of 1851, aged about sixty-five years.
He was a noted warrior among the Sioux, but always a friend of the
whites. He was first recognized as a Chief of the Yankton Sioux
by Major Pilcher, the Indian agent. About the year 1830 he was
for some time employed as a pilot on the Upper Mississippi. His
remains, with those of his two daughters, one of them the deceased
wife of Mr. Brughier, now repose on the summit of a lofty bluff
on the Iowa side of the Big Sioux River, just above its mouth.
Here are also the graves of several other Indians, as well as whites
— eight or ten in all. From this romantic spot may be seen for
many miles the broad winding Missouri, with its noble valley, the
far off Blackbird Hills in Nebraska, with the intervening plains,
islands and groves, and a portion of the rich bottom lands of Da-
kota, stretching as far as the eye can reach between the two rivers
toward the northwest.

In the fall of 1S19, Robert Perry, a man of somewhat eccentric
character, but of fine education, removed from Washington. I). C,

1<0 HISTORY OF IOWA.

and settled on the small creek wliichmeanders through Sioux City,
where he remained two years, and then removed elsewhere. The
creek now bears his name. The next year Paul Pacquette located
at the crossing of Big Sioux River, about two miles above the
mouth.

In the spring of 1852, Mr. Brughier sold a portion of his culti-
A'ated land, including what is now a part of Sioux City, to a French-
man named Joseph Lionais, for one thousand dollars. About this
time some difficulty occurred with the Indians at Fort Vermillion,
and a small number of French descended the river and made a tem-
porary settlement in the same vicinity. After this no further perma-
nent improvement was made until the spring of 1854, when Doctor
John K. Cook, who had a government contract for surveying, ar-
rived with his party. Being impressed with the eligibility of the
place for the location of a town, and the romantic beauty of its
surroundings, he and his party immmediately located claims.
Among those who selected and located claims at an early day in
the vicinity of Sioux City, was the brave General Lyon, who fell
at Wilson's Creek.

At the mouth of the Floyd River, Dr. Cook found encamped
the red men of the forest, with Smutty Bear, their Chief,
who ordered him to desist from his work under penalty of being
driven from the place by his wariors, whom Smutty Bear would
summon from the upper country. The belligerent Doctor boldly
replied, through the interpreter, that he would go at once, if nec-
essary, for a sufficient force to exterminate Smutty Bear and his
band. Dr. Cook plainly told him that he had come there to make
a survey, and he meant to complete his undertaking. The savages,
impressed with the determination evinced by Dr. Cook, and intim-
idated by his well-timed threatenings, struck their tepees and de-
parted, leaving him to complete his labors uninterrupted.

In the Winter of 1851-5, the town of Sioux City was laid out.
Among the settlers at that time were the following: Hiram Nel-
son, Marshall Townsley, Franklin Wixon, G. W. Chamberlain,
and Francis Chappel. About this time the Indians became trouble-
some, and began to steal horses, cattle and other property. Ex-
peditions were fitted out against them, none of which, however, were
attended with bloodshed. In the spring of 1855, Joseph Lionais
sold his land for three thousand dollars, and on this an addition to
Sioux City was laid out. It then contained two log cabins, but now
comprises the principal business portion of the city. The first
stage and mail arrived in Sioux City about the first week in Septem-
ber of this year, a postoffice having first been established. This
event was hailed by the settlers as the beginning of the era of
civilization. By Christmas Day there were seven log houses, two
of them being hotels — the "Sioux City House," and the "Western
Exchange." Two stores were opened, one of which was kept in a
tent, and the other in a log cabin. Late in the season settlers

HISTORY OF IOWA. 179

came in rapidly, and many avIio could not obtain houses were
obliged to camjD out. In the Spring of 1856 the population had
reached about 150. The land office had been opened here for pre-
emptions, October 22, 1855, but the public lands were not offered
for sale until May 4, 1857.

By an act of the Legislature the county seat had, 1853, been lo-
cated at Floyd's Bluff'. In the Spring of 1856 it was removed to
Sioux City by a vote of the citizens of the county, the majority in
favor of removal being fourte(n. The county was organized in
1853.

The first steamboat freighted for Sioux City was the ''Omaha,"
and arrived in June, 1856. Her freight consisted of ready framed
houses and provisions. In July of this yepr a steam saw mill was
erected. Mrs. S. H. Casady and Mrs. J. R. Myers were the first
women who spent a Winter in Sioux City. Both came in the
Summer of 1855. The first white child born in the place was a
daughter of S. H. Casady and wife, in 1856.

Among transcriptions from the earliest records, we find the fol-
lowing:

Sergeant's Bluffs. Woodbuky County, State of Iowa:

To the orfjanizing Sherift' of said County: We have fixed upon the southeast
quarter of section 1, township 88, rang:e4s, west of the Fifth Principal Meridian,
as the point for the seat of justice for the aforesaid county of Woodbury, and
set a stake on the avenue, coming east and west between lots 131 and 97, as
laid down in Thompson's plat of Floyd's Bluffs, in said County, and recorded
in the Recorder's Office of Pottawattamie County, Iowa, this 18th day of July,
1853. Thomas L. Griffey,

Ira Peryier,

Commissioners.

This appears to be a copy from the Pottawattamie County
records. The next entry bears date of January 2, 1854, and men-
tions.that Thomas L. Griffey is allowed for services as Locating
Commissioner f!18.50, the same being Order No. 1. It would seem
that men were scarce; for Order No. 3 is also to Thomas L. Griffey
for services as Locating Sheriff. July 16th, 1854, Ray Harvey is
allowed $2 for hauling a box of books from Council Bluffs City.
These were doubtless the first permanent records kept by the
county. By a warrant — or bond, it is called in the record, — issued
August 10, 1854, it appears that Leonard Bates had acted as Clerk
of Elections, aud that R. E. Knox acted as the first District Clerk,
probably Clerk of Election.

August 12th, 1854, is the first entry bearing date of Sergeant's
Bluffs, which appears to have been written there. This entry
mentions that L. Bates is allowed ^16.65 for services as Treasurer
and Recorder, and is signed by M. Townsley, County Judge. On
the same day. Lewis Cunningham is allowed ^10.50 for services
rendered as Assessor.

The officials mentioned appear to have been appointed to hold
until the first election: for on August 16th of the year following.

180 HISTOEY OF IOWA.

John K. Cook gives liis'bond as County Judge; Samuel H. Casady
as Treasurer; M. F. Moore, Prosecuting Attorney.

October 15tli this entry appears: "John R. Myers was this day
appointed District Clerk for this county, in place of Theophile
Brughier, suspended by the District Judge at the last term of
District Court." The proceedings, as appears by this record, are
mixed as to dates, as if some were original entries and others were
copied from an older book.

August 1, 1853, Thomas L. Griffey as Organizing Sheriff, ap-
pointed OrinB. Smith Prosecuting Attorney and Eli Lee, Coroner.
On the 30th of the same month, Hiram Nelson gives his bonds as
Treasurer and Recorder.

A petition is on record, asking Orin B. Smith, County Judge, to
call an election on the first Monday of April, 1855, to decide
whether the county seat shall not be removed from Sergeant's
Bluffs to Sergeant's Bluffs City. The petition is signed by twenty-
six persons. The first seat of justice was half way between Sioux
City and the present station of Sergeant's Bluffs. It is called on
the records indifferently. Sergeant's Bluffs, Thompsontown and
Floyd's Bluffs. ^ •

The election removed the county capital to Sergeant's Bluffs
City, now Sergeant's Bluffs Station, on the Sioux City & Pacific
road, where it remained until March 3d. Here let the record un-
der this date tell the story.

March term of County Court of Woodbury County : — Met at Sioux City, there
being no place at the county seat for holding said court, first Monday of
March.

Petition of S. P. Yeomans and G eorge Weare and others — forty-nine others —
praying for the removal of the county seat from its present location to Sioux
City.

Eemonstrance presented by F. E. Clark, J. D. M. Crockwell and others,
against the removal of the county seat.

F. Chapel, Sheritf, sworn; that the notices of the presentation of the petition
for the removal of the county seat were duly posted, according to law.

This is all that is disclosed by the records about the locating of
the county seat at Sioux City. When it is remembered that the
County Judge before whom the petition for removal came, was
John K. Cook, the founder of Sioux City, no further record is
needed to indicate what disposition was made of the petition for
removal.

April 15th, 1859, Bernhard Henn, Jesse Williams, A. C. Dodge,
and others, petition the County Judge, John K. Cook, to enter for
them the west one-half of section 28, township 89, range 47, as a
town-site in trust for the lot owners. This town-site in the petition
is called East Sioux City, now part of Sioux City east addition,
and now comprises the principal business and residence parts of
the town.

The present officers of Woodbury County are: J. R. Zuver,
Circuit Judge, Fourth Judicial District; C. H. Lewis, Districli
Judge, Fourth Judicial District; S. M. Marsh, District Attorney;

HISTORY OF IOWA. 181

Auditor, M. L. Sloan; Treasurer, John P. Allison; Clerk of Courts,
J. H. Bolton; Recorder, Phil Carlin: Sheriff, D. McDonald; Coro-
ner, Dr. W. 0. Davis; Superintendent of Schools, N. E. Palmer;
Surveyor, G. W. Oberholtzer; Attorney, G. W. Wakefield; Insane
Commissioners, J. H. Bolton, Isaac Pendleton, Dr. J. M. Knott;
Supervisors, P. C. Eberley, J. S. Horton, John Nairn, A. J.
Weeks, D. T. Gilman.

SIOUX CITY.

While other cities may owe their location to some accident, the
whim of an officer locating a military post, the ambition of a pio-
neer to have a townsite on his pre-emption, or the chance settle-
ment of a trader, Sioux City's location was a matter of foresight
and design by men worthy to be the founders of such a city.

When, in the summer of 1853, John K. Cook came into this part
of Northwestern Iowa to survey the land for the Government, he
had instructions from an association of capitalists and politicians to
choose for them a site for a city, to be the metropolis of this part
of the northwest. The principal men of the association were Gen.
G. W. Jones and A. C. Dodge, Iowa's first Senators, Bernhard
Henn, of Fairfield, also a Congressman; his partner in the banking
business, Jesse Williams; Daniel Rider, also of Fairfield, and Wm.
Montgomery, a Congressman from Pennsylvania, the author of the
famous Montgomery Compromise: John K. Cook, Avho surveyed
the land for the Government; and S. P. Yeomans, afterwards Reg-
ister of the Government Land Office at Sioux City.

This land office was secured for the infant metropolis by the in-
fluence of the men who founded the city, and this and the business
and settlement it brought, forced the town rapidly ahead of its
many competitors.

Thompsontown, once the county seat, dwindled to a single farm
house; Sergeant Bluffs, at first the most formidable rival, was soon
outstripped, and the county seat that had been moved to that vil-
lage from Thompsontown, was again moved to Sioux City.

Omadi, on the Nebraska side, once thought to be the coming
town in this part of the northwest, has been swallowed up by the
river, and the main channel is now where the main street was; of
St. John, another Nebraska city of the future, only two or three
farm houses remain on the town site, that covered one thousand
acres; Dakota City and Covington, once formidable rivals of Sioux
City, still exist, but only as villages. Sioux City has grown and
prospered from the first. The securing of the Government Land
Office was followed by the city securing the headquarters for the
government expeditions against the hostile Sioux, and afterwards
by its becoming the terminus of railroads created by land grant
bills.

182 HISTORY OF IOWA.

First its founders, and afterwards the leading men of the town,
have been tireless in their efforts to advance the interests of the
city. To this, even more than to its superior location, is the
present prosperity of the city indebted.

The population of the city has more than doubled since 1870.
According to the official figures of the federal census taken in
June, 1880, the population was 7,367. But to-day we can easily cal-
culate upon 10,000 being the correct figures, for not a single busi-
ness-house is unoccupied, and although building boomed as never
before last season, this winter sees many begging for houses to rent
or quarters of some kind in which to locate. The demand for ten-
ement houses is greater than the supply, and in many cases fami-
lies are crowded into one room, not being able to secure more avail-
able quarters.

The population of the county, according to the census, exclud-
ing Sioux City, was 7,626, the whole county exceeding the town by
259. The county is divided into twenty-two townships, and the
population of the whole county, including Sionx City, according to
census figures, is given as follows:

Sioux City— First Ward 1,707

Second Ward 2,074

Third Ward 1,786

Fourth Ward 1,800

Sioux City township 480

Arlington township 137

Concord township 340

Banner township 64

Floyd township 194

Grange township 118

Grant Township 460

Kedron township 316

Little Sioux township 876

Liberty township 721

Liston township 408

Lakeport township 436

Union township 597

Moville township 117

Willow township 242

Rock township 250

Rutland township 197

Sloan township ? 312

Wolk Creek township 418

Morgan township 63

West Fork township 286

Woodbury township 594

Total 14,993

What has been said in regard to the city's population holds
equally true of the county, outside of the city. Since the census
enumeration many families have bought farms and settled in the
county. In fact, the tide of immigration to Woodbury, which has
never been greater than during the last year, did not set in until

HISTORY OF IOWA. 183

after June, and continued until cold weather set in. It is safe,
therefore, to estimate the present population of the city and
county at 19,000, at least.

SIOUX city's railroad interests.

The founders of Sioux City had not got fairly settled on their
townsite before they began to agitate the question of secur-
ing railroads. The location of the town seemed made by na-
ture for a railroad center, supposing that nature contemplated
railroads when this section of the world was made. The great
Missouri, coming down through its wide valley, flows in a general
easterly course and here makes an abrupt bend to the south, the
first great change in course above Kansas City. The Big Sioux
comes down from the north, and at its head the Ked River starts
on its course north, the valleys of the two streams forming a nat-
ural route for a railroad from Sioux City to the British Possessions.
The Niobrara coming from the west flows straight toward Sioux
City until it joins the Missouri at the first great bend above the
city. The Floyd coming from the northeast invited a road from
the Minnesota lumber country, and alforded a route into the young
metropolis for a road across the State, while the rock bluff that
crops out above the town suggests a bridge site and lines beyond the
Missouri. All these ideas were urged by the more progressive of
the founders of the city, and, though visionary then to a common-
place mind, have been either made realities, or are in a fair Avay
to become realities.

Sioux City was fortunate in having as a member of Congress,
during the years in which land grants were being given to rail-
roads, a citizen active, far-sighted and tireless, the late Judge Hub-
bard. It was this gentleman who secured the insertion of a clause
in the original land grant bill of the Union Pacific providing for
a branch of this road to Sioux City, who secured the change of the
land grant from the bankrupt Dubuque & Missouri River road to
the Iowa Falls & Sioux City, and finally, in 1864, by the help of
the Minnesota Congressmen, procured the passage of a bill grant-
ing lands to the amount of 10 sections per mile to the Sioux City
& St. Paul road. But in spite of the tempting offers of lands, and
in the case of the Sioux City branch of the Union Pacific, of guaran-
teed government bonds as well, nothing was done toward building
these roads until late in 1867.

Sioux City cC- Pacific. — John I. Blair, even then a veteran railroad
man, in that year agreed to build the Sioux City branch of the
Union Pacific if a modification of the line could be secured.
What he wanted, and got, was permission to build from Missouri
Valley north to Sioux City, a distance of 77 miles, and to build
from Missouri Valley west, across the Missouri River to Frenu;)iit,
a distance of 37 miles. The original bill did not contemplate any
such line, but one crossing the River at Sioux City, and running

184 HISTORY OF IOWA.

southwest to a junction with the Union Pacific at Columbus, Mr,
Blair having secured the change m the route askedj proceeded to
build the road. Besides the land grant and government bonds, the
wily railroader secured from Sioux City a tract of land amounting
to about 14 acres near the business center of the town, and several
thousand acres of swamp land from the county of Woodbury,

The road, under the name of the Sioux City & Pacific, was finished
so as to allow the first passenger train to run from Missouri Val-
ley to Sioux City on March 9, 1868. The citizens were wild with
enthusiasm, and the newspapers flamed with head lines over this
connection with the railroad world. The year following the com-
pletion of the Sioux City road, the Blair cut-ofi", between Missouri
Valley, on the jSTorthwestern, and Fremont, on the Union Pacific,
was built. This gave a connection with the Union Pacific, of
which great things were expected; but the bridging of the Mis-
souri at Omaha sent most of the business that way, instead of
across the river at Blair, where a transfer boat was used. From
Blair a branch was started up the Elkhorn Valley, that has grown
from year to year, until, at the close of 1881, it rested at Long
Pine, 250 miles northwest of Blair. Surveys have been made for
an extension from Long Pine west to the Wyoming line, and the
line seems likely to become in reality, what it is name, a Sioux
City and Pacific road.

Illinois Central. — The general joy over securing the first rail-
road, took the very practical form of a move to secure other rail-
roads. In the Spring of 1869, Mr. Blair and his associates began
building from Sioux City east, and from Iowa Falls west, to secure
the land grant of the Iowa Falls & Sioux City road. That year
the west section Avas built to Cherokee, and from the east as far as
Fort Dodge. Early in the summer of 1870 the road was finished.
It was leased to the Illinois Central, a company that has since
operated it. The rental paid is 35 per cent, of the gross earnings.

Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis and Omaha. — Fast following
on this road came the Sioux City & St, Paul. As has been men-
tioned. Judge Hubbard, in 1864, when, iu Congress, procured a
land grant for this project, but no work was done until 1872,
when the franchises having passed to the St. Paul & Sioux City
company, the road was built from the Minnesota State line to Le
Mars. There connection was made with the Illinois Central, and
the right to run trains over that company's track to Sioux City
secured. The year following Sioux City voted the company ^20,-
000 in consideration of establishing repair shops in the town.
Extensive shops were built, and these have since been enlarged
until, during the past summer, over 200 men were employed there.
In the Spring of 1881, the St. Paul & Sioux City road was con-
solidated with various Wisconsin roads and now forms a part of
the Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis & Omaha railway.

HISTORY OF IOWA. 185

The necessity of developing a system of roads in Nebraska di-
verging from this city, was early apparent to the public-spirited
men who made the town the railroad center that it is. In this, as
in most other railroad enterprises of the town, the late Judge
Hubbard took a leading a part.

After much preliminary surveying and agitation, work was be-
gun on a line from Covington to Ponca in the fall of 1876. The
road, a narrow guage, was finished to Ponca early in 1877. Grad-
ing was done beyond that town into Cedar county, but the com-
pany became involved in litigation on account of the bonds issued
by the Nebraska counties in aid of the road, and the line passed
into the hands of a receiver.

At the time the Ponca line was building some little grading
was done on a line which was projected between this city and Co-
lumbus on the Union Pacific road. This project rested with the
resting of the Ponca line, and nothing more was done in the way
of work on the Nebraska lines until the St. Paul & Sioux City
acquired possession of the different interests in the Nebraska
roads in the fall of 1879.

The winter following material was crossed for extensive work on
the newly acquired road, and on the roads projected, and the next
spring business began in earnest. The twenty-six miles of narrow
gauge track between Covington, on the Nebraska shore opposite
this city, and Ponca, was widened to standard gauge, and substan-
tially rebuilt. Surveys have been made west of Ponca looking to
an extension of this branch to Niobrara. This extension will be
built in 1882, if a tax asked by the company be voted in Cedar
County, which now seems probable.

In 1880 a track was built from Coburn Junction, on the Ponca
line, to the south 52 miles, where the end of a track extending from
Oakland to Omaha was met. This track had previously been
bought by the St. Paul & Sioux City Company. This line gives a
new connection between the lumber country of Minnesota and
Wisconsin, and the Union Pacific road. In the winter of 1881-2
the 47 miles of track from Emerson Junction, on the Omaha line,
was completed to Norfolk, the railroad center of Northern Ne-
braska. A bill recently introduced in Congress during the session
of 1881-2, to revive the charter of the Sioux City branch of the
Union Pacific, indicates that this line is to be extended from Nor-
folk west to some point on the Union Pacific.

The building of these numerous lines by the company in Ne-
braska will, at an early day, make necessary a bridge at this city.
Soundings were made as early as 18G9, and bed rock suitable for
the foundation of bridge piers was found at depths ranging from
30 to 50 feet below low water mark. The range of bluffs that
comes to the river edge in the west part of the city, forms a con-
venient approach on one side, which is all that any bridge site on
the Missouri offers. The building

186 HISTOKY OF IOWA.

delayed for more than a year or two, will do much to fix the busi-
ness of Northern Nebraska at this city. During 1881, the com-
pany has, in a measure, prepared for an increase in the Nebraska
business by building nearly four miles of side track in the city,
and by the purchase of depot grounds, at an expense of $20,000
near the business center of the town. A survey has been partially
made between LeMars, where the company's track joins that of
the Illinois Central, to this city, and there is good assurance that
the company will build this track in 1882.

Right here it may be in order to speak of the company's land grant,
some 20,000 acres of which, lying in this county and in Plymouth
count}^ is in dispute, unfortunately, and so cannot be sold to set-
tlers until the question between the State and the company is
settled. The company has built 57^ miles of road in Iowa, which
fact has been duly certified by the Governor to the General Gov-
ernment, and the land at the rate often sections per mile has been
turned crver to the State in trust for the railroad company. The
State has, in turn, certified the land grant of 50 miles of road to
the company. The lands for the other 7| miles the State holds,
claiming that the road was entitled to it only as sections of ten
miles of road were completed, and the showing of trie Railroad
company was that the last section lacked 2-J- miles of being ten
miles long. The company holds that as the General Goverment
has waived the ten-mile point, and certified the lands to the State
for the use and benefit of the company the State should certify
the lands for the 7-i- miles of road built to the company. Meantime
the State holds the lands in abeyance, and settlement is kept out. It
would require only a part of the land thus held by the State to give
the company the ten sections per mile for the 71 miles built and un-
subsidized. There is also a question between the St. Paul and the
Milwaukee companies as to the ownership of about 185,000 acres of
land in the vicinity of the crossing point of the two roads. This
land is now being sold, and both companies join in giving title,
and agree that the company that wins in the courts shall have the
money for the disputed lands sold. If this dispute is settled in
favor of the Milwaukee Company, it will take all the lands in dis-
pute between the State and the St. Paul Company to make good
the land grant of that Company.

Chicago^ Milivaukee & St. Paul. — The first spike on the track
leading from Sioux City to Yankton was driven in this city Aug.
12, 1872, and the track was finished to Yankton on the 28th of
January following. This road is noticeable as the first built in this
part of the west without a land grant. The construction com-
pany. Wicker & Meckling, of Chicago, obtained a tax from Sioux
City, voted the Sioux City & Pembina road, and it was under
this name that the road was built as far as the Rig Sioux bridge.
They also obtained ^200,000 in bonds from Yankton County, and
a lesser amount from stations along the route. This was the first

HISTOKY OF IOWA. 187

track in Dakota, south of the Northern Pacific, except a few miles
built across the line near where Watertown now is, but abandoned
after the land ^nint was secured. Jt had long been a favorite
plan of the public spirited men of this city to build a road north,
up the Big Sioux Valley, and the Sioux City & Pembina was or-
ganized in 1871 for this purpose. The leading spirit, as in most
other railroad projects in these parts, was Judge Hubbard. The
year following the organization, taxes were voted in aid of the road
by Sioux City township and by the townships in the west part of
Plymouth County, and some grading was done. But the financial
crisis of 1873 coming on, work was suspended. In 1875 the
owners of the track between Sioux City and Yankton began work
at Davis Junction on a road up the Big Sioux Valley, and
that year completed sixteen miles to Portlandville. In 1878 the
road was finished to Beloit, and in December, 1879, the track was
laid into Sioux Falls. It was in the spring of this year, 1879, that
John 1. Blair reappeared on the railroad stage, after several years
absence, and bought what he supposed was a contr.lling interest
in the Yankton and Sioux Falls lines. At his suggestion the two
were consolidated into the Sioux City & Dakota Railway. In the
summer of 1880 the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railway Com-
pany bought Mr. Wicker's interest in the Sioux City & Dakota
road, and after a tedious litigation Mr. Blair sold his interest to
the same company. The addition of a third road to Chicago by
this purchase was hailed with enthusiasm by our business men.
The connection, opening up as it does to the trade of the city, the
best part of Southeastern Dakota and Northern Iowa, has been a
great advantage, Avhile as an eastern connection the new line has
done much to bring the freight rate down to a point that enabled
our wholesale dealers to compete with those of Omaha and St.
Paul. During the past year, 1881, the company has completed
its line up the Big Sioux Valley, from Sioux Falls to Flandrau,
Avhere connection is made with the company's Southern Minnesota
division, and has partly graded a line from Yankton to Scotland,
which when ironed, will give our dealers a direct line to the lower
Jim River Valley. But the work that promised to be of most ad-
vantage to the city is the line surveyed southeast, ninety miles, to
a connection with the company's new main line, that during 1881
was nearly completed between Marion and Council Bluffs. This
line when built, as it is likely to be in 1882, will not only open up
a new section to the trade of our city, but will give a shorter track
between Sioux City and Chicago. Some steps have been taken to-
ward securing shops of this company at this city, but nothing de-
finite has as yet been assured.

Railroad Frobabilities.— These are the railroad lines to which
Sioux City owes her importance as a commercial center. There
are besides several roads to get, which may be briefly mentioned:
The Iowa Railroad Land Company, the owners of the Maple Val-

188 HISTOKY OF IOWA.

ley branch of the Chicago & Northwestern, put a party of engi-
neers in the field in December, 1881, to make a survey for a line
between Sac City, the terminus of a spur of the branch mentioned,
to Sioux City. There is good assurance that a part of this line,
at least, will be built in 1882, and that the line will eventually be
extended to a connection with the company's system of roads in
Dakota. The Wabash, in the Summer of 1881, leased the Des
Moines & Northwestern, a narrow gauge road running north-
west from Des Moines. Late in the year the company secured an
old roadbed and right of way from Rockwell City to Sac City, and
there is the authority of the President of the Narrow Gauge Road
for saying that it is to be extended either to Sioux City or Sioux
Falls. The branch of the St. Paul Road that now extends down
the Rock River to Doon, it is hoped, will be extended south to
Sioux City, and an effort is being made to have the 20,000 acres of
disputed land grant mentioned diverted to the aid of this extension.
The St. Paul and the Sioux City & Pacific, together, have planned
to extend from Fremont to Lincoln, and this Nebraska line, of the
greatest usefulness to Sioux City, is likely to be built during 1882.
Most important of all the expected lines, is the Central Pacific.
Durins: 1881, this company had a preliminary survey made between
Corinne, near its eastern terminus, to the mouth of the Niobrara
River. The short and natural route for a road coming down the
Niobrara Valley, seeking a Chicago connection, is to cross the Mis-
souri River at Sioux City, A letter Avritten by Vice President
Huntington of this road to one of our citizens says, that the Cen-
tral Pacific will be extended from Corinne to some point on the
Missouri River not yet determined on. As Sioux City presents
a good bridge site, and is on the most direct route, there is a rea-
sonable certainty that she will secure this prize. With the roads
already built into this city, neither the Central Pacific, nor any
other road, can afford to come within reaching distance of Sioux
City and not send in a line.

BOATING BUSINESS.

The first steamboat came up the Missouri to Sioux City in the
Spring of 1856. The river route was then the only one open for
the bringing in of heavy freight; and the material for a number
of residences and business houses, and several stocks of goods came
in on this first boat. With the settlement of the country around
the city, came a demand from the military posts and mining camps
farther up the river, for any surplus produce marketed in the city,
and orders for goods began to be sent down to Sioux City. The
up-river business of the city grew steadily, and new boats were
added every year to the carrying trade. The opening of the rich
mines in the Black Hills greatly increased this business, and there
has been a steady increase in the amount of grain, pork and mer-
chandise sent from the city to points further up the Missouri.

HISTORY OF IOWA. 189

Sioux City is the headquarters of the Peck line of boats, which
line comprises the steamers C. K. Peck, Nellie Peck, Terry, Peui-
nah, Meade, and Far West. The Benton line, Coulson line and
Kountz line of boats also find much profitable freight at this city.
Costly experience has proved to the satisfaction of river men that
the winter harbor here is the safest on the upper river, and num-
bers of the river steamers are put on the ways at this city for re-
pair every winter.

Many of Sioux City's business men are interested in stock rais-
ing, mining, the fur trade, and other up-river enterprises, and their
connection with the "up-country" forms a bond of union of great
help to the trade of the city. Several hundred thousand bushels
of corn and oats are sent every summer to points further up the
Missouri, and more than half the immense out-put of the pork
packing establishment finds a market in the same quarter, while
the growth of the wholesale trade of our merchants in these parts
has kept steady pace with the growth of this newest portion of the
new Northwest.

Daring the winter of 1878, Congress made an appropriation for
the improvement of the river, and the protection of the levee at
Sioux City, and has, each subsequent winter, made further appro-
priations for carrying on the work. The first systematic attempt
to prevent the encroachment of the river on our levee was made
during the Summer of 1879, by Major Yonge, of the United States
Engineer Corps. The work has been carried on every season since
with results, on the whole, satisfactory. The banks on either side
now appear to be permanently fixed, and much valuable data has
been obtained that will be of use when the improvement of the en-
tire river below Sioux City is attempted, by government, as it evi-
dently will be in the near future.

THE NEWSPAPERS.

The press of Sioux City has been an important factor in the up-
building of the city, and no other single agency has contributed
more to make the city what it is. It has ever been said, that a
town may be judged by the character of its newspapers. If this
be true, Sioux City can make an excellent showing, as no city in the
State of its size has as many or as good newspapers as are published
here. To-day, it has one morning, two evening and three weekly
journals, all well supported.

The pioneer newspaper of Sioux City, as well as of Woodbury
County, was called the Sioux Cifi/ Eagle, and the first number was
issued July 4th, 1857, with S. W. Swiggett as editor and proprie-
tor. It was independent in politics, and for those days, a sprightly,
well conducted sheet. Its publication was continued for nearly
three years, when it passed out of existence.

The next newspaper venture was made by F. M. Ziebach.
The August previous, he, in conjunction Avith J. N. Cum-

190 HISTORY OF IOWA.

niings, under the firm name of Cummings & Ziebach, began the
publication of the Western Inde^jendent — independent in politics —
at Sergeant's Bluffs, eight miles south of Sioux City. It was reg-
ularly published until the following July, when Mr, Ziebach pur-
chased his partner's interest in the paper, and removed the mate-
rial to Sioux City, which, even then, gave promise of being the
metropolis of the Northwest; and on July 22d, 1858, gave to Sioux
City its second weekly newspaper, the Sioux City Register. With
the change of name also came a change in politics, the Register
being the first to champion Democracy in Northwestern Iowa.

In 1859 William Freney purchased an interest in the paper, and
the year following it was consolidated with the Eagle. The Regis-
ter was continued under the management of Ziebach & Freney un-
til 1862,when Mr. Ziebach withdrew, leaving Mr. Freney to continue
it alone, which he did until 1871, when its publication was suspended.

Shortly after the consolidation of the Register and Eagle, in
1860, Pendleton & Swiggett started the Sioux City Times — Re-
publican in politics. It survived only a few mouths.

Three years later, another attempt was made, by J. C. Stillman,
to establish a Republican paper, Tlie Sioux City Journal, but it
ceased to exist befcre the publication of a dozen numbers. August
29th, 1861:, it was resuscitated, under the editorial management of
J. V. Baugh, and its publication has been continued uninter-
ruptedly ever since, though it has passed through many trying
ordeals, with several changes in its management.

In October of the same year, S. T. Davis, then Register of the
Land Office, succeeded Mr. Baugh as editor, but only remained in
charge until the close of the Presidential campaign in 1861, when
the paper passed into the hands of Mahlon Gore, a brilliant writer
and an accomplished journalist. In 1868, B. L. Northrup' pur-
chased an interest in the paper, but retired in a short time, leaving
Mr. Gore to continue it alone, which he did until May 1st, 1869,
when he disposed of it to George D. Perkins, who has been its
editor ever since.

The following January, H. A. Perkins bought an interest in the
paper, and the firm of Perkins Brothers was formed, and con-
tinued until July, 1875, when H. A. Perkins retired; but after an
absence of nearly two years, he returned; the firm name of Per-
kins Brothers was restored, and continues to the present time.

In 1870 a morning edition was issued from the office, and has
appeared regularly ever since. The Dailij Journal has grown and
strengthened with its years, until to-day it ranks with the fore-
most papers of the State. It is a handsome, nine-column folio,
printed on a press of the latest pattern, and has a large and in-
creasing circulation. The mechanical execution is in the highest
style of the art. Its editor, George D. Perkins, is a polished, con-
scientious and able writer, and a gentleman who has a high ideal
of journalism.

HISTOEY OF IOWA. 191

The Journal building is a fine establishment, and the whole
enterprise is an illustration of what may be accomplished by
talent and energy, directed by sound financial ability and good
management. Fcav papers have achieved a more decided and per-
manent success, than The Sioux City. Journal, in the hands of its
present proprietors, and, it may be added, none are more deserving
of the grand success they have won, as they have built up an in-
stitution of which Sioux City may well feel proud.

In May, 1869, a stock company began the publication of the
Daily and Weekly Times, a journal neutral in politics, with
Charles Collins as the editor. In a short time Mr. Collins became
sole proprietor, changing the publication from a morning to an
evening paper. In 1872, the daily edition was discontinued, but
the weekly was maintained until 1874, when it was purchased by
Warner & Gore, made Democratic in politics, and the name changed
to the Sioux City Tribune, under which name it has been con-
tinued until the present time, though many changes have occurred
in its management. At the close of the Presidential campaign, in
1876, Mr. Warner retired, being succeeded by C. II. Smead, the
style of the firm becoming Gore & Smead. August, 1877, Mr.
Gore left the paper, because of ill health, Mr. Smead continuing
its publication until December 6th of the same year, when Albert
Watkins purchased an interest, and assumed editorial manage-
ment. May 1st, 1879, Mr. Watkins bought his partner's interest,
and continued the publication of the paper alone until July 1st,
1880, when he disposed of it to John C. Kelley, its present editor
and proprietor. The Tribune is a six-column quarto, well printed,
ably edited, and is on a solid financial footing, with a rapidly in-
creasing business. It is an unfaltering advocate of Democracy,
and the recognized organ of the party in the Northwest.

There is also issued from the Tribune ofiice the Anpao, a monthly
journal, in the Sioux dialect, in the interests of the Niobrara Mis-
sion. It is edited by Rev. Joseph W. Cook, and Rev. J. W. Cleve-
land, and published under the management of James R. Fraser.

The only German paper ever published here is the Sioux City
Weekly Courier, which made its first appearance in 1870, under
the management of Wetter & Danquard. After a short time, Mr.
Wetter purchased his partner's interest and continued it alone for
a few months, when he disposed of it to Dr. C. J. Krejci. Subse-
quently the paper passed into the hands of Chas. F. Schroeder,
who, however, sold it to Herman Schorning. Mr. Schorning con-
tinued it until it became the property of its present publisher, Fred-
erick Barth, in November, 1877. The Courier is Democratic in
politics, under its present management, is well conducted, the only
German paper in this section, and has a wide circulation.

The Cosmopolite, a sixteen-page monthly, was established by D.
H. Talbot July 1st, 187'J, and continued for two years. It was is-

192 HISTORY OF IOWA.

sued mainly in the interest of private enterprises, but contained
much matter of general interest.

In August, 1881, Charles Collins commenced the S/'oux City Daily
Times, an evening sheet, independent in politics. The Times is a
sprightly six-column folio, devoted to local news, and rapidly estab-
lishing itself on a firm footing. Its editor and proprietor, Mr.
Charles Collins, is a veteran journalist and a ready and forcible
writer.

Two weeks after the first issue of the Daily Times, another can-
didate for public favor made its appearance, the Sioux City Daily
Netps, published by Watkins & Jay. Like its contemporary, The
Times, it is a six-column folio, independent in politics, but with
Democratic tendencies.

The Sioux City Grocer, established in 1881, is a handsome
monthly, published by E. C. Palmer & Co., and issued in the in-
terest of the grocery trade.

In August, 1877, Alex. Macready began the publication of the
Industrial Press, a weekly newspaper, advocating the Greenback
doctrine. It was continued about a year, when it ceased to exist.

The Sioux City Gazette was commenced by R. Goldie & Son.,
December 1st, 1877, but after a few issues suspended publication.

PORK PACKING.

Pork packing was begun, in a small Avay, in Sioux City, in the
winter of 1872-3. The building occupied was a small wooden affair
on Water street above Fifth. That season H. D. Booge & Co.
killed 5,000 hogs. The experiment was a success, and the follow-
ing summer a large brick building was put up on the site of the
frame one, where the business first started. Additions to this
building were made from year to year, until its capacity was in-
creased to 500 hogs per day, and there was no room for further ex-
tensions. In the spring of 1881, work was begun on the pork
house now occupied in the east part of the city. The site is all
that could be wished. The Floyd furnishes drainage, and the
nearness to railroads allows the cars of the different lines center-
ing at the city to deliver hogs directly into the yards beside the
packmg house, and to load the manufactured product directly from
the storage rooms into the cars. There is plently of ground,
some fourteen acres of city lots having been bought. The new
building cost over $100,000, and more than a million and a half
of brick were used in its building. It is pronounced by competent
judges the most complete structure of the kind in the State. The
ice is run directly from the Flo^^d River into the great 6,000 ton
ice house. For summer packing this ice in skidded from the ice
house into the refrigerator that occupies an entire story of the
main building. A steam elevator connects the different fioors.
In the fertilizer room, the parts that Avould otherwise go to Avaste,
are worked over into an odorless powder that is in demand for

HISTORY OF IOWA. 193

enriching the worn-out fields of the east. Every part of the de-
funct porker is utilized, from the tough terminus of the snout, to
the brush of bristles that beautifies the tip of the tail. The house
has a capacity of 1,000 hogs per day, the capacity being measured
by the hanging capacity. This has been found insufficient for the
hogs offered, and the coming season an addition will be built that
Avill increase the capacity about 50 per cent.

The firm conducting the business of Jas. E. Booge & Co., consists
of Jas. E. Booge, of Sioux City, and John L. Merriam, A. H.
Wilder and Wm. R. Merriam, of St. Paul. The first named gen-
tleman has been connected with the business from the first, and
the three others for several years. As appears from the report
made to the Board of Trade, the pork house had, during the two
months ending January 1st, 1882, killed 37^000 hogs, and paid for
these 1580,000. The labor bills during this time footed up 814,000
and the pay roll showed 188 men employed.

No other business in Sioux City does so much to advertise the
name of the town. The hams made can be found on hotel tables
from Chicago to San Francisco. The side meat goes mostly to the
south, Memphis, New Orleans and Mobile being the principal
points of sale. The lard goes to Chicago and the bacon finds a
ready market all over the west, the heaviest demand coming from
the mining camps and military posts of the Upper Missouri. The
Sioux City Pork house has a practical monopoly of supplying hog
products to the military posts in the northwest, having, during
the past year, secured more than eighty per cent, of the contracts
let. The position of the town as a railroad center, in the midst of
one of the best corn growing sections of the Union, makes the
steady supply of swine certain, and the exceptional advantages for
the distribution of the product, allows prices to be paid that while
renumerative to the hog grower, leaves a fair margin of profit to
the packer.

THE CITY LIBEARY.

There is nothing perhaps that speaks higher for the culture and
enterprise of the city, than its valuable Public Library and Read-
ing Room. Both are well patronized and supported. About two
thousand well selected volumes are on the shelves, and mostly all
the popular magazines and leading newspapers of the country, re-
ligious and secular, are kept on file. The Library is a large and
pleasant room, situated in the City Hall, on one of the leading
business streets. Miss Helen Smith is at present, and has been
for some years past, the Librarian.

FOUNDRY AND MACHINE " SHOPS.

The Sioux City Foundry and Machine Shop, is the pioneer
manufacturing establishment of the city. Started in 1871, in a
small way, and doing work only of the simplest kind, it has grown

194 HISTOKY OF IOWA.

with the city, until now its buildings extend over several acres of
ground, and its manufactures embrace everything in the different
branches of the business, from the plain castings in iron and brass,
to the building of heavy machinery for steamboats, saw mills,
quartz mills, planing mills, etc. As the growth of the city and
the wants of the trade demanded, new buildings with the required
machinery, have been added, from time to time, until the works
are now undoubtedly the largest and most complete of the kind in
the West. The main building is of brick, two stories high, with
a frontage of 120 feet. There is also an extensive boiler shop, de-
tached from the main building, 70 by 80 feet. The works give
employment to 40 men, and their trade extends throughout the
Northwest, even reaching to the Black Hills. The establishment
is in every way creditable to Sioux City, as well as to the country
tributary.

Ploiv Worhs. — The broad and liberal policy of the citizens of
Sioux City towards manufacturing enterprises of merit, is in strik-
ing contrast with the narrow, selfish course of many western cities.
At all times they have been ready and willing to extend a helping
hand to any enterprise that would add to the material wealth
and advance the interests of the city, and the many manufacturing
industries that have located here of late demonstrate, beyond ques-
tion, that the policy which has been pursued is the only true one,
and one that will ultimately place Sioux City in the front rank of
the manufacturing towns of the State.

The Board of Trade, of which appropriate mention is made else-
where, has performed an important part in attracting many desir-
able manufacturers hither, and among the first brought here,
through its influence, was the Sioux City Plow Company, an insti-
tution of which the city feels justly proud. In May, 1880, a stock
company of practical mechanics was organized under the above
name, and commenced the erection of a suitable building for the
manufacture of plows, and in the following September the first
plow was turned out. The next season, their goods were placed
upon the market and immediately sprang into public favor; and
though the works have a capacity of fifty finished plows per day,
so great has become the demand that the company has not been
able to fully meet the requirements of its trade, and an increase in
the building capacity of the works has become an imperative ne-
cessity. The Sioux City Plow is made with special reference to its
adaptability to the peculiar soil of this section, and possesses many
points of superiority over those of Eastern manufacture. The
works of the company, situated in the southeastern part of the
city, are substantial, two-story brick buildings, supplied with all
the necessary machinery for the turning out of first class work.

THE GAS WORKS.

Long before Sioux City had a population of five thousand souls
her streets were lighted with gas. Through the untiring energy

HISTORY OF IOWA. 195

aud public spirit of a few of her leading citizens, in February, 1872,
the Sioux City Gas Light Company was incorporated with an
authorized capital of $100,000. D. T. Hedges was President,
George Weare, Treasurer, and John P. Allison, Secretary. A sub-
stantial brick building was soon erected, and on the evening of
March 17th, 1873, the city was illuminated by gas, the event being
duly celebrated. It was not expected by the projectors of the en-
terprise, that the works in a town like Sioux City then was, would
be self-sustaining; but they had an abiding faith in its future.
Time has demonstrated that their confidence was not misplaced.
The hazardous venture of ten years ago, is now a paying in-
vestment. The city has always lent the company a helping hand,
and encouraged and fostered it with its patronage, oftentimes when
its finances would hardly justify the outlay. The works are now
operated by private parties, under a lease from the incorporators
of the company. About three million feet of gas is made annually,
of which the city is a large consumer, all the leading thorough-
fares being lighted by gas,

SIOUX CITY BOARD OF TRADE.

During the autumn of 1872, the first Citizens' Association, for
the general advancement of the business and manufacturing in-
terests of the city was formed. The first meeting for the forma-
tion of this association was held November 21st, 1872, at the
court room, which was at that time in the Hubbard block, on
Fourth street. It was called by the Mayor, G. W. Kingsnorth.
Hon. A. W. Hubbard introduced the following resolution, which
was unanimously adopted:

''^Resolved, That this meeting' is in favor of organizing an association, the
object of which shall be to induce manufactures to come to this place."

A provisional board was appointed; also committees to draft a
constitution, by-laws, and for procuring members.

December 9th the committee reported a constitution, which was
adopted; and that they had secured 221 names for membership.
The name this association adopted was '' The Sioux City Cham-
ber of Commerce."

January i;3th, 1878, the following officers were elected for the
year: President, J. C. Flint; First Vice-President, A. W. Hub-
bard; Second Vice-President, S. T. Davis; Directors, J. H. Swan,
M. C. Bogue, J. J. Saville, L. C. Sanborn, C. E. Hedges, A. Gronin-
ger, J. P. Dennis, E. W. Skinner, A. R. Wright, H. L. Warner.
Board of Arbitration, J. C. C. Hoskins, W. L. Joy, L. Wynn, J.
E. Booge, L. McCarty; Secretary, F. C. Thompson. Treasurer,
J. M. I'inckney.

During the year the organization secured the location of Joseph
Trudell's wagon shop; entertained the St. Paul Chamber of Com-
merce on its visit to Sioux City, September 10th; published a

196 HISTOKY OF IOWA.

twenty-four page pamphlet, containing statistics and desci'iption
of the city, and did a good deal of miscellaneous work toward se-
curing railroads, Government improvement of river, etc.

In January, 1874, the following officers were elected for the
year: President, J. C. C. Hoskins; First Vice-President, J. H.
Swan; Second Vice-Presulent, L. C, Sanborn; Directors, James E.
Booge, Thomas J. Stone, William R. Smith, Joseph Schulien, L.
McCarty, James M. Bacon, E. B. Crawford, George W. Kings-
north, E. E. Lewis, C. J. Kathrens. Committee on Arbitration,
W. S. Joy, H. L. Warner, D. T. Hedges, J. C. Flint, A. W.
Hubbard. F. C. Thompson was re-elected Secretary, and J. M.
Pinckney, Treasurer.

This organization — The Chamber of Commerce — was quite ac-
tive during the year in working up the material interests of the
city; but a quorum of members did not respond to the call for the
annual meeting of 1875, and the officers previously elected held
over.

In October, 1877, the merchants of Sioux City met and formed
the Merchants Exchange, and the following officers were elected
for the year: President, J. M. Bacon; Vice President, L. C. San-
born; Secretary, E. H. Bucknam; Treasurer, A. C. Davis; Direc-
tors, H. L. Warner, H, A. Jandt, E. W. Rice, F. L. Goewey,

During the year, the subject of cheap ferriage to Covington, the
adjusting of railroad freights and the commercial interests of Sioux
City in general, had the attention of the Exchange with marked
success. They raised by voluntary subscriptions $1, 929.60 during
the year, and paid to secure cheap ferriage, ^1,500.

In October, 1878, the following officers were elected for the
year: President, J. M. Bacon; Vice President, E. C. Tompkins:
Secretary, E. W. Bucknam; Directors, H. L. Warner, H. A. Jandt,
M. W. Murphy. S. Schulein, F. L. Goewey.

In October, 1879, the following officers were elected: President,
H. A. Jandt; Vice President, M. W. Murphy, Secretary, E. G.
Burkam, Jr.; Treasurer, A. C. Davis; Directors, J. M. Bacon,
William Tackaberry, F. L. Goewey, W. H. Livingston, G. H.
Howell.

During the year, the Exchange, in addition to other important
work, raised quite a boom for the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul
Railroad towards the purchase of depot grounds.

The officers elected October, 1879, held over until July, 1881,
when the exchange was reorganized, the name changed to the
Sioux City Board of Trade, its scope extended so as to include as
eligible to membership all citizens of Sioux City and to embrace
in its work the securing of manufactories. The following officers
were elected for the balance of the year: President, H. A. Jandt;
Vice President, John Hornick; Treasurer, A. S, Garretson; Secre-
tary, E. W. Skinner; Directors, F. H. Peavev, H. A. Perkins, W.
H. Beck, F. L. Goewey,E. C. Palmer, Geo. H.Howell, J. P. Dennis.

HISTORY OF IOWA. 197

In November, 1881, the following officers were elected: Presi-
dent, F. H. Peavey; Vice President, John Hornick; Treasurer, A.
S. Garretson; Secretary, E. W. Skinner; Directors, H. A. Jaudt, F.
L. Goewey, E. C. Palmer, W. H. Livingston, W. H. Beck, H. A.
Perkins, R. S. Van Keuren.

During the first six months of the new organization, the Board
of Trade has aided in securing for the city several important ad-
ditions to its industrial and mercantile institutions, among Avhich
may be mentioned, a button factory, a chemical paint and color
works, a branch of R. G. Dun & (Jo's Commercial agency, Cum-
mings, Smith & Co.'s large wholesale boot and shoe house, a branch of
the Consolidated Oil Tank Line Company; a United States Express
Company's office, an iron pump factory, chemical works, increased
telegraph facilities, and has in prospect a paper mill, a flax, twine
and bagging mill, and several other industries.

The subject of railroad extensions, and increased rail facilities,
and the improvement of the Missouri River by the Government,
have also had consideration.

• BUSINESS TfiANSACTEr.

The folloAving extracts are taken from the JouruaVs last annual
review of the city's business acchievements:

"During the year 1881, Sioux City merchants and dealers sold
goods to the value of $0,427,626, giving employment to 412 per-
sons, who received for salaries $197,425. These figures can be ac-
cepted as being as nearly correct as it is possible to give them, and
if they err at all, it is in being too small, and that they are too
small is clearly indicated by the amount of exchange sold by our
three banks during the past year, as per figures furnished the
Board of Trade, which was $1 0, 256.12 7.U2.

'Tt may also be stated that several dealers refused to state the
amount of their business, and as no estimated figures are given, it
must be evident to all that the total of $6,427,626 falls far short
of naming the full volume of business. It would probably not be
an exaggeration to place Sioux City's merchandise sales in 1881
at fully $8,000,000.

MANUFACTURING.

''This branch of industry is yet in its infancy in Sioux City, and
yet, a very flattering showing is made, the value of manufactured
articles in 1881 reaching a value of $1,189,050, in the production
of which 555 persons found employment, and who received for
wages $237,410. In these figures are not included the business of
the St. Paul machine sliops. which give employment to hundreds
of men, and pay out many thousands of dollars for wages. Nor
do they include the immense transactions at the new pork-house,
which, during the two months it has been in operation, has killed
37,000 hogs, bought at a cost of $580,000, and which, during the

198 HISTORY OF IOWA,

time, has also paid out $36,000 for packing material, which includes
cooperage, etc., and $14,000 for wages. This establishment has
188 men now on its pay-roll. Several new manufacturing enter-
prises have been started here this fall, others are projected with a
certainty of their being put in operation, and another year Sioux
City can make a much larger showing in this direction.

THE BUILDING RECORD.

''The opening of a late spring found Sioux City almost destitute
of building material. The wrecking of the railroads by the spring
floods delayed its arrival, so that it was nearly the middle of May
before much progress was made in building. When this material
did arrive, our contractors took hold of the work with a will.

"Our building record this year, in its sum total, very largely ex-
ceeds that of any previous year since the present writer has made
his compilations. The amount expended is nearly $400,000 greater
than in 1879, and $300,000 greater than in 1880'. The number of
buildings built is 308 greater than in 1879, and 265 greater than
in 1880. ,

''In the erection of buildings for manufacturing purposes, the
showing is still more gratifying, as the increase is over six fold.
Our great pork-packing establishment, the butter and egg house,
and the button factory, are valuable additions, not only in them-
selves, but from the fact that they give employment permanently
to a great many men. and necessitate the building of many new
homes, and very largely increase our population.

"Our tables again show, that Sioux City workingmen are build-
ing their own homes, and the vast majority of them are neat, warm
and comfortable.

"The increased cost of building has not been as great as expected,
and will not average over 15 per cent, above the amounts paid for
similar work in the two previous years. This increase is not greater
than the increase in the earnings, and profits of almost any busi-
ness in the city, and ought not to deter anyone from building.

"We ought not to lose sight of the fact, that all of these new
houses are full of people, and the smaller the house, the more peo-
ple it seems to hold, and that our tables show the completion of
nine large hotels and boarding-houses, all of which have all of the
rooms that they can spare from transient guests let to permanent
boarders. There can be no reason to doubt that the population of
the school district of Sioux City, which takes in all of the town,
is now fully 11,000 people."

CITY GOVERNMENT.

Mayor, W. R. Smith; Treasurer. G. R. Gilbert; City Solicitor,
J. M. Cleland: Clerk, F. Barth: Marshal, J. R. Thompson; Dep-
uty Marshal, John Colvin; Street Commissioner, James Scollard;
Night Police, Thomas Budworth and Mike Ahern; Engineer, G.

HISTORY OF IOWA, 199

W. Oberholtzer: Engineer of Steamer, H. A. Lyon; Chief of Fire
Department, Jas. P. Wall; Health Officer, Dr. J. W. Frazey;
Weighmaster, James Shanley; Librarian, Miss Helen Smith.

Councilmen. — First Ward, D, Dineen, R. G. Grady; Second
Ward, D. A. Magee, H. S. Harmon; Third Ward, N. Tiedeman,
R. S. Van Keuren; Fourth Ward, L. Humbert^ E. C. Tompkins.

FIRE DEPARTMENT.

The fire department of the city is a volunteer organization,
composed of ninety members, fifty-five of whom are active, and
thirty-five exempt. The organization was first effected in 187i,
with E. R. Kirk, Chief of the Department. The fire apparatus
belonging to the city consists of one steamer, three hose carts,
2,500 feet of hose, and a hook and ladder truck, fully equipped.
The engine house is a substantial two-story brick building, located
in the central part of the city. The members of the company,
with the exception of the Chief andEngineer, render their services
gratuitously. James P. Wall is the present Chief, and the de-
partment is an able and efficient one.

THE TELEPHONE EXCHANGE.

The Sioux City Telephone Exchange was incorporated August
7th, 1880. and the construction of lines was soon after commenced.
December 10th, of the same year, the first telephone connection
was made, but only a few instruments were put in. The practic-
ability of this new and novel means of communication was soon
demonstrated, and the telephone rapidly grew in public favor, the
success of the Exchange being thereby assured. Lines were soon
extended all over the city, and communication established between
nearly every business house, as well as with many private resi-
dences. Over one hundred telephones are now in use' in the city,
and new ones are constantly being put in. In December, 1881, a
line was extended to Sergeant's Bluffs, eight miles distant, and as
it is found to be entirely practicable, it is more than probable that
a few years will see Sioux City connected by telephone with all the
towns within a radius of twenty-five miles, thus bringing them all
into closer commercial relations with Sioux City as the head center:

THE POSTOFFICE.

The first postoffice was located in an unostentatious log building,
the private residence of the Postmaster, Dr. John K. Cook, who,
received his commission from President Pierce, by the first mail
that arrived in the place, July 20th, 1855. The arrival of the
first mail sack was an occasion of no small consequence to the
little sturdy band of settlers who had cast their fortunes in the
great unknown West, as the contents brought them tidings of
^heir Eastern friends, and seemed to link them once more with the
civilization from which they had been so long cut off. Though

200 HISTOKY OF IOWA.

the revenue derived, by the Postmaster from the office, was but a
small sum, it is related that the Doctor discharged his onorous
duties with such scrupulous care and fidelity, that he remained in
his position; undisturbed by place-hunting politicians, until re-
lieved at his own request. The mail service, thus early established,
in 1855, though then only arriving weekly, via Council Bluffs, has
continued uninterrupted. As the place grew in size and commer-
cial importance, semi-weekly, then tri-weekly, and finally, in 1861,
daily mails were established, and the postoffice was removed to
more commodious quarters in the "corner grocery." Previous to
the removal of the office. Dr. Cook was succeeded as Postmaster
by Charles K. Smith, who retained the position until the close of
James Buchanan's administration. On Lincoln's accession to the
Presidency, A. R, Appleton, was appointed Postmaster, who, in
turn, was succeeded by J. C. C. Hoskins, who was continued in
office until March, 1878, when E. R. Kirk, the present incumbent,
was appointed. Until the appointment of Mr. Kirk, the office
Avas located according to the fancy of the official in charge, which
not infrequently resulted in great inconvenience to the public.

The growth of the city to a place of several thousand inhabi-
tants, with a dozen mails arriving and departing daily, rendered
more commodious quarters necessary, and in 1879 the office was
removed to its present central location, where a building had been
specially erected for it. It is conveniently arranged, both for the
benefit of the public and the rapid handling of the mails. The
business of the office at present requires the services of five clerks,
and is rapidly increasing.

However uninteresting statistics may be to the general reader,
they are very significant to those who wish to trace the progress,
determine the results, or estimate the future of a growing city, and
as nothing affords a better index of the business of a place than
the value of the business done at its postoffice, we append the fol-
lowing detailed exhibit of the Sioux Citv i)Ost office during the
year 1881:

GENERAL ACCOUNT.

Receipts.

Stamps sold $10,759.51

Envelopes sold 3,395.56

Postal cards sold. 1,662.57

Paper and Periodical Stamps sold 750.18

Postage due stamps sold 259.02

Box Rent 1,669.50

Total $18,446.31

Expenses.

General Expense Accomit $3,069.49

Postmaster's Salary .' 2,800.00

$5,869.49

Net income $12,576.85

HISTORY OF IOWA. 201

MONEY ORDER BUSINESS.

Receipts.

4,524 Domestic orders issued $57,570.75

Fees on same 550.65

43 Canadian orders issued 1,307.05

Fees on same 20.85

73 British orders issued 1,031.13

Fees on same. 30.45

50 (German orders issued 813.19

Fees on same 14.10

4 690 'lotal orders and fees on same $ 61,338.17

2',610 Remittances received 294,989.29

Balance on hand Jan. 1, 1881 2,082.98

Disbursements. $358,410.44

4,733 Domestic orders paid •$ 86,432.57

43 Canadian orders paid 1,620.58

39 British orders paid 824.76

61 German orders paid 2.104.05

4,876 Total money orders paid $90,981.96

31 Domestic orders repaid 373.44

Money order expense account 504 06

Remitted to Omaha 364,650.00

Balance on hand Jan. 1, 1882 1,900.98

$358,410.44

MAILING DEPARTMENT.

Letters 603,148

Postal Cards 155,220

Transient printed matter 258,232

Merchandise packages 5,512

Total 1,022,112

REGISTRY DEPA.': . WENT.

Number of Letters received 6,808

Number of Letters dispatched, originating at Sioux City 2,211

Number of packages in transit 18,394

Total 27,413

SOCIETY ORGANIZATIONS.

Masonic. — Landmark Lodge No. 103, A. F. & A. M., was char-
tered June 2d, 1857. It is iu a flourishing condition, and has a
membership, at present, of about 140. Meetings are held the sec-
ond Monday of each month.

Sioux City Chapter, R. A. M., No. 26, was organized April 9th,
1860, and has a membership of ninety-five. Meetings are held the
third Tuesday of each month.

Columbia Commandery No. 18, K. T., holds stated conclaves on
the first and third Fridays of each month. The present member-
ship is forty-three.

/. 0. O.F.— The Lulepondent Order of Odd Fellows has a hall
in Hedges' Block, corner of Fourth and Douglas streets.

14

202 HISTORY OF IOWA.

Sioux City Lodge No. 164 was organized October 22d, 1868.
Meetings are held regularly Monday night of each week. The
membership is ninety-live.

Western Star Lodge No. 282 meets every Tuesday night. It
was organized October 22d, 1874, and has a present membership
of fifty-four.

Sioux City Encampment No. 44 meets regularly the second ai^d
fourth Thursdays of eacli month. It was organized October 20th,
1869, and has how fifty-five members.

KnigJds of Pythias. — Columbia Lodge No. 13 was organized
July 10th, 1872, and has a membership of sixty-five. This society
has no hall of its own, and meetings are heh^ every Wednesday
night in Odd Fellows' hall.

Endowment Section No. 302 also meets every Wednesday night.

Ancient Order of United Workmen: membership 100; meeting
place Odd Fellows' hall. Officers: T. R. Galbraith, M. W.; Jas.
Hutchins, F.; J. T. Orr, 0.; Maris Peirce, S.; M. L. Sloan. F.;
A. F. Nash, R.: H. A. Lyon, P. M. W., and delegate to State
Lodge.

The Sioux City Medical Society was organized November 4th,
1872, and has for its object the mutual improvement of members.
Meetings are held quarterly.

The Womans' Christian Temperance Union was organized in
1875, and has a membership of sixty-five. This is a most active
organization, and has for its object the suppression of intemper-
ance. The club has inviting and pleasant rooms in Hedges' Block,
and meetings are held every Tuesday afternoon.

Tlie ^Vontan's CJiristiati Association, was organized in 1875, by
the christian ladies of the city. It has a large and increasing
membership, and regular meetings are held quarterly.

The Maennerchor is a social and musical organization with forty-
five members. Meetings are held the first Sunday in each month,
in the society's hall on Fourth street.

Society of United Irishmen. — This society was organized Septem-
ber 1st, 1880, and has forty members. Meetings are held every
Sunday afternoon.

Q. E. D. Club. — This is a gentleman's social club, organized
November 20th, 1878. The membership is limited to twenty-one.

B. Neque D. Club. — A gentleman's social club, with rooms in
Hedges' Block. It was organized September 1st, 1880, with a lim-
ited membership of twenty-five.

There are in addition several musical, literary and social organi-
zations holding meetings.

THE ST. PAUL SHOPS.

The year following the completion of the Sioux City & St. Paul
road, the city voted a tax of $20,000 to secure the location of the
company's repair shops at this city, and work was immediately be-

HISTORY OF IOWA. 203

gun on the extensive buildings now occupied by the company's
machine shops. These shops have been enlarged from time to
time, and, during the summer of 1881, had been increased to a ca-
pacity of 200 men, whose monthly pay-roll amounted to more than
$10,000. In these shops a specialty is made of repair work. All
the most improved machinery has been put in for this line. Be-
sides the repair work, a great number of new freight cars have
been built. But the point in which the shops excel, is the re-
building of passenger cars, and the best trains now run by the
company are of cars that have been practically rebuilt in the shops
at Sioux City. The increased mileage of the road has, and will,
make necessary further enlargements of the shops, and this will
keep the St. Paul Railroad Machine Shops, what they have ever
been, one of the leading industrial establishments in the West.

SIOUX CITY WATER COMPANY.

The need of an adequate sjpply of water for the city for (ire,
domestic and manufacturing purposes has long been apparent, and
various organizations have been started to give the city a water
supply; but it was not until the Spring of 1881 that anything tan-
gible was done. Then the Sioux City Water Company was organ-
ized, with David Magee as President. The plan of the company
was to secure a supply of water from an artesian well. Work on
this well was begun in October following, and by New Year's a
depth of 1,290 feet was reached, where the drill entered a rotten
sand-rock that promises, when it is curbed, to give a sufficient sup-
ply of water. The company, soon after the formation, secured a
fair franchise from the city for furnishing water for fire purposes.
Lots have been bought on Prospect Hill, a bluff rising 183 feet
above the level of the principal street, on which to build a reser-
voir, and the purpose of the company is to pump water from the
Missouri River, which flows at the foot of this bluff, to supply the
the reservoir in case the artesian well should fail to give a suffi-
cient supply.

th:e courts.

The first term of the Woodbury County Court was held at Sioux
City in March, 1855, John K. Cook acting as Judge. The first
term of District Court began September 3d, of that year, with
Samuel H. Riddle as Judge. In the early days of the city, court
was held in the now dilapidated brick building, yet standing on
lower Fourth street, near Virginia. A-fterwards, the county built
the house now called the "old jail," on Virginia street, near
Seventh. This was used as a jail, and occasionally for court. pur-
poses, until the fall of 1876, when the commodious and imposing
edifice, which had been begun the previous sjiring, was completed.
Woodbury County points with pride to this Court House. No
other county in the State has one of more architectural beauty,

204 HISTORY OF IOWA.

and few are larger and more convenient. The contractors were
Sioux City men, C. E. & D. T. Hedges, and tlie building cost (com-
plete) $100,000. The present Judiciary are: C. E. Lewis, of
Cherokee, District Judge, and J. R. Zuver, of Sioux City, Circuit
Judge. S. M. Marsh is District Attorney. A bill has been in-
troduced in Congress, which, if it becomes a law, as now seems
likely, will give Sioux City terms of the United States Court.

THE BUTTON" FACTORY.

The Sioux City Button Manufacturing Company was incorporated
October 15th, 1881, with a paid-up capital of $10,000. Its manu-
factory is located on the West Side, and is a substantial three-story
brick building, well supplied with all necessary machinery. The
works were set in operation in January, 1882, and the first finished
buttons were turned out on the 26th of the same month. The
factory, at present, is exclusively devoted to the manufacturing of
buttons from horn, and when run to its full capacity, will afford
employment for seventy operatives. The advantages enjoyed by
the company in obtaining the raw material for its products, enable
them to successfully compete with eastern manufacturejrs for
trade in the East, while the freights that the latter have to pay,
on the raw material and manufactured articles, will preclude the
possibility of their entering western markets as competitors of
this home manufactory. All grades of buttons will be made, and
it is the intention of the company to handle their goods through
jobbers only. The company is composed entirely of Sioux City
men, and the machinery, excepting the lathes and presses, are
nearly all of Sioux City make.

THE CHURCHES.

The moral and religious wants of the community are well sup-
plied in this city. The church records run back as far as 1856.
In 1857, Rev. Mr. Chessington, a Presbyterian missionary, organ-
ized a congregation of his deuoraination in the then frontier vil-
lage, and the first church edifice built was by that society, the
building being still standing on lower Fourth street, and now does
duty as a grocery store. The churches now in this city are:

First Presbyterian, — Established in 1857; membership 193;
church, corner Sixth and Nebraska streets.

Congregational, — Established 1857; membership, 184; church,
on Douglas street, between Fifth and Sixth streets.

First Methodist Episcopal. — Established in 1857; membership,
175;- church, corner of Sixth and Pierce streets.

St. TJionins Episcopal. — Established in 1859; membership,
eighty-three; church, corner of Nebraska and Seventh streets.

First Baptist. — Established in 1860; membership, 155; church,
corner Fifth and Nebraska streets.

HISTORY OF IOWA. 205

St. Mary's {Catholic). — Established ia 1856; membership, 130
families; church, corner Sixth and Pierce streets.

Germa7i Lutheran.- — Established in 1877; membership thirty-
three; church, on Jackson street, above Sixth street.

Swedish Evangelical Lutheran. — Established in 1875; member-
ship, 160; church, corner of Virginia and Fifth streets.

Norwegian Lutheran. — Established in 1875; membership, sev-
enty-three; church on Third street between Jones and Jennings
streets.

Trefoldigheclsl-irken. — Established in 1875; membership, forty-
three; church on Sixth street. West Side.

Norwegian Methodist. — Established 1880; membership, sixty-
two; church, on Court street, near Seventh street.

Swedish Baptist. — Established in 1881; membership, fifty-seven;
church, on Wall street near Sixth street.

In connection with all these churches, flourishing Sunday
Schools are maintained ; the scholars in nearly every church out-
numbering the membership. It shows a satisfactory growth in
religious matters, that during 1881, three new churches, the Bap-
tist, Swedish Baptist, and Norwegian Methodist, have been built
or begun, and that a fourth, the First Methodist, took the prelim-
inary steps for re-building and enlarging their place of worship.

WOODBURY COUNTY AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY.

The Woodbury County Agricultural Society was organized in
1870, and the present handsome fair grounds, located one and a
half miles northwest of the city, were laid out soon after. Though
the organization has met with many discouraging reverses, it has
done much to advance the interests of farming, and created a
laudable ambition to excel among the agriculturists of the county.
Exhibitions have been held annually, with the exception of one
or two seasons, when bad weather made it inexpedient to attempt
it. Within the past two years unusual interest has been taken in
the Society by the farming and stock-raising community, and the
organization has been placed in a prosperous condition and on a
solid financial footing. Men, identified with the pursuits, whose
interests are represented by an association of this kind, have as-
sumed the management, and made the Society in every way
creditable to the county. The benefits arising from these annual
exhibitions of the agricultural, mechanical, and manufacturing
products of the country, are being recognized, and the hearty co-
operation of all classes is accorded them. The grounds belonging
to the Society have recently been improved by the planting of
shade trees, and new buildings erected for the convenience of ex-
hibitors. The officers of the association are: G. W. Kingsnorth
President; Craig L. Wright, Vice-President; J. M. Cleland, Sec-
retary; G. W. Wakefield, Treasurer; R. Hall, W. B. Tredway,
R. A. Broadbent,J.M. Cleland,G. H. Wright, G. W. Wakefield,

206

HISTORY OF IOWA.

G. W. Kinojsnorth, C. L. Wright, W. P. Holman, B. P. Yeo-
mans, Directors. The fair for 1882 is to be hekl September 12th,
13th and 14th.

MISCELLANEOUS MANUFACTORIES.

Among the manufacturing interests of the city, which can only
be mentioned without giving any detailed account are: C. F. Hoyt's
Vinegar Works, employing live men; John Beck's planing mill,
fifteen men; A. J. Millard's wood working shop,* four men; Barker
& Petty, barrel and butter tub factory, fourteen men; R. Selzer's
brewery, eleven men; Franz & Go's brewery, thirteen men; City
flouring mills steam, ten men ; the Floyd flouring mills, water power,
eight men; the brick yards of J. Rocliele, Thomas Green and C.
B. Woodley, the two latter having steam power, and altogether
employing ninety men during the season; John Griffin's candy
factory, three men; and the wagon shops of Trudell Bros., Dineen
Bros., and Reeve & Trudell, and Brown Bros., together employing
forty-three men; and the cigar factories of Amsler & RadclilF,
George Mauer, and A. M. Ashley, which furnish employment to
twenty-four workmen. The following table, showing the business
of these, and numerous smaller manufactories, during 1881, will
give the reader some idea of the importance of these industries:

i

cc

>-.

■-3

P.

a

s

W

^

§

o

C3

<

Iron anrlwood articles

106
79
24
24
34

124

90

66

8

$ 44,950

$ 167,400

Eatables

37,780
10,300
21,000
13,500
46,280
18,000
41,100
4,500

457,-350

Cigars

69 000

Beer . . .

110 000

79^200

167,200

Brick

43,400

81,500

Marble

14,000

Totals

555

% 237,410

^1,189,050

This table does not include the output of the pork house, nor of
the St. Paul shops. Owing, mostly, to the active exertions of the
Board of Trade, several other manufacturing enterprises are either
assured or in prospect. Among these are chemical jvorks, for
which part of the apparatus has arrived at this writing; a pump
foundry, for which ground has been leased; clay pipe works, a.

HISTORY OF IOWA. 207

large distillery, a, flax mill, and numerous others yet too vague to
take position as historical facts.

THE SCITOOLS OF SIOUX CITY.

Rapid and substantial as we have seen the growth of Sioux City
to have been, in population and commercial importance, intellec-
tual progress has been maintained in a degree fully equal to its
material progress; and, to-day, it is the acknowledged educational
center of the great Northwest. Fortunately, from the birth of
the city to the present time, her school interests have been con-
fided to earnest, active, representative men, with broad and liberal
views of education, brought with them from their New England
homes, where the advantages of common schools had been tested
by experience, and under whose administration and fostering care
a system of graded schools has been established which affords edu-
cational advantages unsurpassed by any city in the State. Her
citizens have been liberal — even lavish — in the expenditure of
money for the erection of elegant and commodious school build-
ings, and their equipments, with all the modern improvements cal-
culated to facilitate the acquisition of a common school education.

The public schools of the city are embraced in what is known as
the Independent School District of Sionx City, Avhich was organ-
ized in July, 1869. The first Board of Directors was composed of
six members, consisting of A. M. Hunt, President; William L.
Joy, W. R. Smith, John Cleghorn, F. J. Lambert, and George
Falkenhainer. John P. Allison was Treasurer and P. M. Ziebach,
Secretary. The present Board of Directors consists of John P.
Allison. President; William L. Joy, J. C. C. Hoskins,L. McCarty, C.
R. Marks and A. Groninger, two of whom are elected every two
years for a term of three years. During the first year after the
organization of the district into an independent one, the first
school house of any now in use was built. At present there are
eleven school houses in use, of which three are rented, and the
others belong to the district. Additional buildings are in contem-
plation to meet the growing wants of the district. The schools
are all graded, as primary, secondary and intermediate, culminat-
ing in the High School, Vhich latter, though few in its number
of pupils, has attained a high degree of efficiency as a factor in the
educational system of the city. The schools are under the man-
agement of A. Armstrong, Superintendent, with a corps of thirty-
two able teachers. Instructors only of acknowledged ability and
ripe experience are employed, who are emulous of attaining the
the high standard of excellence for which Iowa, as a State, has be-
come justly renowned. Of these, three are males, at an average
salary of ^90 per month, and twenty-nine females, at an average
salary of S40 per month. The Superintendent, has general charge
of all the schools, and receives a salary of $1,250 per annum. The
last annual report of the County Superintendent gives the number

208 HISTORY OF IOWA.

of school age in the district, as 2,185, while the actual attendance
upon school, as appears by the City Superintendent's report, is
1,329. School is in session ten months of the year, and the aver-
age cost per pupil is $1.27. The value of the school buildings is
estimated at about $75,000. The grounds in most cases, are sur-
rounded by substantial fences and adorned with shade and orna-
mental trees.

A CITY OF HOMES.

To give some idea, though necessarily an inadequate one, of the
rapid growth and present prosperity of the city, the following fig-
ures are given, showing the number of new buildings and the cost
of improvements made during the past three years:

KO. COST.

1879 103 1157,445

1880 146 257,085

1881 411 558,210

While many of these buildings were substantial business blocks,
solid manufactories, and palatial residences, by far the greater
number were the modest homes of mechanics, small tradesmen,
and laborers. Sioux City is emphatically a city of homes. The
possibility of securing a home of one's own, owing to the moder-
ate price at which residence lots have been held, the prosperity of
all classes, and the assistance given by loan and building associa-
tions, has been improved, and these have combined to make the
city the Philadelphia of the West.

LAND INTERESTS.

As well as being a center of wealth and business for a large sec-
tion of country, Sioux City is the center of a large land interest
and business. The location of a government la)id office at this
city, one of the first prizes secured by the founders of the infant
metropolis, has naturally been followed by the centering of a large
landed business at the city. The fertile acres in this part of Iowa
were open to entry at $1.25 per acre for several years after being
surveyed, and during the flush of times of 1856-7 hundreds of
thousands of acres were entered by speculators in this part of the
State. Then came the era of land grants to railroads, and these
lands, as well as those of private speculators, were placed in the
hands of Sioux City agents for sale. Among the resident proprie-
tors of large landed estates may be mentioned T. J. Stone, Weare
& Allison, D. T. Gilman, G. W. W^akefield, John Pierce and N. A.
McPaul. The two latter, beside the lands which they own, are
agents for non-resident and railroad lands, the former in selling
the lands granted railroads in this part of Iowa, and the latter rep-
resenting the Burlington and Missouri grant in Nebraska. The
sales of these two firms alone amounted to several hundred thou-
sand dollars during 1881.

It would be an error to suppose from the active demand for real
estate that the country was becoming crowded. A careful study

HISTORY OF IOWA.

209

of the plats in the office of any Sioux City land dealer will show
that not more than one-sixth part of the land in Woodbury County
has yet passed into the hands of actual occupants. The county is
capable of sustaining a population equal to that now scattered out
over the entire northwest quarter of the State.

AS A DISTRIBUTING POINT.

Sioux City, situated as it is, on the convex side of the Missouri
River, on its first great bend north of Kansas City, the waters of
that great river flow toward it from an almost due westerly course
for 150 miles, when they turn southward, while smaller streams
flow toward it from the north and east. Its location thus seems
to have been designed by nature as the natural spot for the great
metropolis of the Upper Missouri, and the commerce of this rapid-
ly growing empire flows as naturally toward this point as the
waters have for ages. The natural advantages of this location
for a commercial center, were seen and fully appreciated by the en-
terprising, intelligent men who selected it for a city, and they not
not only laid it out on a grand scale for substantial business blocks
and stately residences, but they worked to bring to the aid of its
natural resources all the helps that the artificial arteries of com-
merce can command.

Its commanding geographical position, coupled with its eight
lines of railroad and mighty river, has made it the distributing
•point for Dakota and Nebraska. All the supplies for the vast ter-
ritory to the north and westward are necessarily handled by the
railroads centering here, and the business thus brought to her very
doors has contributed not a little to the upbuilding of the city, as
it necessitated the erection of warehouses and the investment of
capital in the wholesale and distributing business. The following
table, prepared by the Secretary of the Board of Trade, Avill give
some idea of the extent and character of this business during the
year 1881:

i

3
d

'S

1

s

General Merchandise

320

18
10
16
28
25

$ 148,225

15,500

6,000

5,000

12,400

30 0

$4,541,304

Grain . . .

549,322

654,000

188,000

375,000

170,000

Total

412

$ 197,425

16,477,626

210 HISTORY OF IOWA.

These figures can be accepted as being as nearly correct as it is
possible to give them, and if the yerr at all it is in being too small,
and that they are too small is clearly indicated by the amount of
exchange sold b}^ our three banks during the past year, as per
figures furnished, which was ^10,256,127.02.

Especially is this true of grain, as one firm, during the period
covered by this table, purchased 600.000 bushels of wheat alone,
and the shipments of corn and oats to the up-river military posts
amounted to 15.000,000 pounds. The general merchandise sales
of the city during the same year reached the gratifying total
of 4,500 "000 of dollars. Of this amount ^1,456,000 was
sold by the three wholesale dry goods houses, and about $100,-
000 in rouud numbers by the two wholesale grocery establish-
ments. Of the other lines of trade engaged in the distribution
business, of the magnitude of whose operations no definite figures
can be given, may be mentioned:

The Standard Oil Company has put in tanks and a warehouse,
whence illuminating and lubricating oil is distributed all over this
part of the northwest.

The firms of F. H. Peavey & Co., H. G. Wyckoff", Booge Bros.,
and Knud Sunde send out coal, lime and plaster by the ton, car-
load or single barrel.

Two wholesale grocery houses, E. C. Palmer & Co. and Tacka-
berry, Van Keuren & Floyd, represent their line. One of the firms
stated that its business in 1881 amounted to over |500,000, and^
the other refused to give figures.

The wholesale drug business is carried on by John Horuick and
F. Hansen.

Liquors are sold in job lots by John Hornick, E. Ressegieu and
Joseph Marks.

The cracker factory of Goodwin & Mosseau employs seven men,
and has a trade extending throughout the Northwest.

In the wholesale saddlery hardware line there are J. M. McCon-
nell & Co. and L. Humbert.

Dry goods and notions are wholesaled by Tootle, Livingston &
Co. and by Jandt & Tompkins.

The jobbing of hardware is conducted by Peavey Bros, and
Geowey & Co., the former firm selling only at wholesale.

Agricultural implements are sold in lots to dealers by Peavey
Bros., W. L. Wilkins and Cottrell, Bruce & Co.

The shipping of grain is the specialty of F. H. Peavey & Co.
and Davis & Wann, and is one of the lines of John H. Charles and
Jas. E. Booge & Co.

The northwestern distributing point is at Sioux City for the
Singer Sewing Machmes, for which A. P. Provost is agent; the
American Sewing Machines, represented by W. W. Griggs, and
for KimbalTs musical instruments, for which Arthur Hubbard is
general agent.

HISTORY OF IOWA. 211

During 1881, Smith & Farr, built an extensive butter and egg
packing establishment, costing ii>20,000, which the growth of the
trade in this produce impei'atively demanded.

Oberne, Hosick & Co., of Chicago, have a branch house estab-
lished here, which makes a specialty of hides and wool, and whose
operations extend to the British Possessions.

Pinckney & Co., beside their retail book and stationery business,
keep several men on the road selling their wares.

Cummings, Smith & Co. are exclusively engaged in the whole-
sale boot and shoe trade.

J. K. Prugh, in connection with his retail crockery and queen's-
ware trade, devotes some attention to the wholesale line of his
business.

Beside these, three banks, two of which are national banks, two
express offices and the postoffice handle the currency used in the
business of a wide extent of country. Numerous firms and indi-
viduals who do not figure before the public as being in the whole-
sale trade, are, by force of circumstances compelled to sell goods
in job lots to out-of-town customers. Thus a number of our cloth-
ing merchants supply surrounding country stores, grocers send out
shipments to dealers all the way between the city and Deadwood,
and lumber dealers ship small lots and entire car lots to small
dealers out of the city. By numberless channels the goods brought
in bulk to this city are distributed, and the produce of the country
collected and forwarded. Much of this business has not been cul-
tivated, but has come to the city unasked. The need of more
wholesale houses is the crying need of the city. The field is large,
and the harvest is plenteous, but the laborers comparatively few.

INDIAN" ANTIQUITIES.

When Lewis and Clark's expedition ascended the Missouri River,
they found the Sioux in possession of the country on the north
side of the river above the Big Sioux, and on both sides from the
mouth of the Niobrara up to near where Ft. Buford now is.
On the west side of the river, at the Blackbird Hills, was the
Omaha village. This tribe, whose present village is about thirty
miles southwest of Sioux City, had occupied the neighborhood of
their present village from a time to which Indian tradition fixes
no limit. Their peaceful ways had fixed the tribe not only in lo-
cality, but in numbers, and from the best acccunts attainable they
have never varied much in the the latter, from 1,200 souls. On
account of this Chinese-like fixedness, this tribe has always been
considered one of the most interesting by students. At this writ-
ing a cultured young lady of Boston, Miss A. C. Fletcher, is living
with the tribe as a member, to study their religion and traditions.
Though in the early treaties the government a|)pears to recognize
the title of the Omahas to the country about this cit}^ it was the

212 HISTORY OF IOWA.

The Sioux are, as a tribe, the opposite of the Omahas. While
the Omahas have remained stationary, the Sioux have .grown.
From the time of Lewis and Clark's expedition to the time the first
lot was staked at Sioux City, the tribe had almost annihilated the
once formidable Rees and Mandans, reduced the Poncas to a petty
band, and extended their dominion to the south as far as the Platte,
north to the Saskatchawan. Indian tradition says that the Sioux
are not an old tribe, but the descendants of a baud of young braves
from different tribes that banded themselves together to form a
new tribe, and started from somewhere near the head of the south
Saskatchawan. These Romans of the North subdued other tribes
and incorporated them with themselves, taking such wives as they
wanted from the conquered. The name used by the tribe in speak-
ing of themselves, Dacota — friends or allies — comes from this as-
sociation of young men, rather than from the subsequent proceed-
ings had.

The human bones disinterred in excavating for the foundations
of buildings in Sioux City, indicate that the Omahas, or some
other of the older tribes, occupied the country before the Sioux
came, for the Omahas bury their dead, while the Sioux expose the
bodies of their deceased friends on scaffolds. Dr. Yeomans, one
of the first settlers of Sioux City, mentions in a letter recently
written to a resident, that, when he first saw the townsite, in the
fall of 1855, the trees on the east slope of Prospect Hill were orna-
mented with scaffolds, on which were the bones of Indians. The
dead had been wrapped in their robes and blankets, and left there
to decay.

Bat before either the Omahas or the Sioux occupied the country
about Sioux City, it was the home of another and more civilized
people, of whom, unfortunately, but little can now be known.
Their principal city was on the Broken Kettle Creek, about seven
miles northwest of Sioux City. There a circular elevation,
several acres in extent, rises to the height of from six to ten feet
above the level of the bottom land. But few explorations of this
village mound have been made, and the most that is known of it
comes from observations taken of the side where the Broken Ket-
tle Creek has cut into the mound. The soil of which the mouud is
made appears to be different from that of either the neighboring
bluffs, or of the bottom land, from which it rises; nor is there any
depression near the mound to show from whence came the mater-
ials of which it is made. In places, and at some little distance be-
low the surface, are ashes and bones of some animals, as if the
mound had been built higher since it was first the site of a village.
Some human bones have been found, but scattered and broken, as
the animal bones were, and this gives rise to the horrid theory that
the villagers feasted on elk, man and buffalo flesh with equal en-
joyment. The few parts of skeletons found on the higher part of
this and neighboring mounds (for there are several mounds in the

HISTORY OF IOWA. 213

same section) are supposed to be the result of Indian interments
made lonj^ subsequent to the age when these mounds were the sites
of populous towns. The peculiar feature of the mounds, and the
one from which the creek takes its name, Broken Kettle, is the
numerous remains of pottery found. These vessels, from the
fragments found, (for no complete specimens have yet been dis-
covered) appear to have been for all kinds of domestic use. They
were made of clay found in the bluff not far off', and appear to
have been moulded by hand, not turned on a wheel, before being
baked. Some of them display considerable rude taste in ornamen-
tation and design, and much patience in their making. A mound
somewhat similar to those on the Broken Kettle, is reported to
have been found on the Little Sioux, north of Correctionville, but
with this exception the Broken Kettle mounds are unique, as is
their pottery. It is to be regretted that these interesting remains
have not been more fully explored, and it is to be hoped that at
an early day some one actuated by a pure lo^ e of knowledge will
investigate these relics of an earlier civilization.

THE INDIAN WAR.

In 1861, the beginning of the war of the Rebellion, fired the
hearts of the pioneer patriots of Sioux City to such an extent that
a company of cavalry was formed under the State law, with Capt.
Tripp in command. This organization disbanded during the
winter, and the following summer a company was enlisted under
the name of the Sioux City Cavalry, under which name it was
mustered into the government serv^ice, with A. J. Millard as Cap-
tain. During the Indian troubles following the massacres at New
Ulm and Spirit Lake, this company did much to give confidence
and courage to the frontier. It was the presence of this company
that checked the stampede of settlers that came out of Dakota in
the summer of 1862, and when Cordua and Roberts were killed
by straggling Indians in Bacon's Hollow, three miles east of this
city, the Sioux City Cavalry followed the trail of the murderers
for several days, but without overtaking them. About the same
time Sioux Fulls was burned, and several murders committed by
the Sioux in Union and Clay counties, in Dakota.

In the winter of 1862-3, General John Cook began the organ-
ization of a campaign against the Sioux, with Sioux City as a base
of operations. The Sioux City Cavalry, as a company, went into
the Seventh Iowa Cavalry, a part of which regiment, and all of
the Sixth Iowa Cavalry, composed the force of which General
Sully took command in the spring of 1863, when he relieved Gen-
eral Cook. After the campaign of that year, the expedition re-
turned to spend the winter of 1863-4 at Sioux City, and the sum-
mer following went out on the campaign, which resulted in driving
the hostile Sioux beyond the Missouri.

214 HISTORY OF IOWA.

SLOAN.

This prosperous and enterprising little place is situated on the
Sioux City & Pacific Railway, twenty-one miles below Sioux City,
and four miles from the Missouri River. It possesses no corporate
powers in itself, but is a part of Sloan Township, which was
formerly a portion of Lakeport Township, but which, in January,
1876, was organized as a separate township, the first officers of
which were: F. 0. Hunting, President; G. R. Beall, J. R. Coe,
Trustees, and Ed. Haakinson, Clerk. The present township officers
are: W. J. Wray, President; F. 0. Hunting, George W. Lee,
Trustees, and W. G. Williamson, Clerk. The connection of town-
ship affairs with those of the village has been so close that it is
scarcely possible to do justice to one without giving something of
the other's history.

This place, although older than many other towns in Western
Iowa, is still in its infancy, and though for several years it seemed to
make but little progress, it is now rapidly building up, and bids
fair to become an important point.

The date of the first permanent settlement in this section is not
definitely known, but it is believed that Rufus Beall, now deceased,
is entitled to that honor, as he first came here in 1856, and
although he did not make his home in Sloan until 1865, he was a
very large landholder in the vicinity as early as the first date given,
and made several lengthy stays. George R. Beall, a nephew of
Rufus Beall, is at present the oldest settler in the township, he
having made it his place of residence as early as 1868. Another
settler, who came the same year, was Andrew Fee.

Sloan proper was platted in 1870 by John I. Blair, at that time
President of the Sioux City & Pacific Railway Company, and all
deeds were made in his name. Blair received the land as a gift
from one of the enterprising citizens of this place. Previous to
the platting of the town, there was a store on the site which had
been erected in 1868 by J. B. Johnston. There was also a post-
office, Avhich was known as Hamlin Postoffice; but the real place
commenced, in a measure, its existence with the platting of the
town. Among the settlers who came about or just before this
time, were John Tully, now dead, R. C. Barnard, Fred. T. Evans,
Ed. Haakinson, and others.

The population of the village is variously estimated at from 200
to 225, and it is probable that the latter figure is not too great.
The nationalities represented are various, though the native Ameri-
can element is in the majority, many of the latter being from the
State of New York. On the outskirts of the village is a strong
Scandinavian representation. Taken in combination, the people
of Sloan are as good citizens as could be wished for, and they
would be Avelcomed with open arms to any locality.

HISTORY OF JOW\. 215

A movement is on foot to secure incorporation, and the desired
object will no doubt become an accomplished fact at an early day.
The prevailing sentiment at present, however, seems to be that
the population is hardly, as yet, up to the required standard, but
as that drawback is fast being remedied, it will probably not prove
an obstacle for any very extended period.

Sloan is well represented in the various lines of business neces-
sary to a properly balanced village, and all show signs of pros-
perity.

The following are the various establishments: Three general
merchandise stores, one grocery store and meat shop, a butcher
shop, saloon, drug store, hardware store, blacksmith shop, black-
smith and wagon shop, hotel, restaurant, barber shop, livery and
sale stable, furniture store, photograph gallery, lumber-yard, stock
and grain dealer. In addition to these, the learned professions are
represented by one clergyman, as elsewhere noticed, and one
physician. The bar has no representative here. The postoffice is
a money order office. The railroad shipments, which are rapidly
increasing, will average two car-loads or more per day of stock and
other products of the country.

CHURCHES, SCHOOLS AND SOCIETIES.

M. E. Chufcli Sociefi/. — The first sermon preached in Sloan,
subsequent to missionary work, was delivered by the Rev. Mr.
Crane, of Dakota, a representative pioneer preacher, who held ser-
vices with a congregation of seventeen, in a room over Beall & Ev-
ans' store. This was in October, 1870, and from that date, the
Methodist Society of Sloan began its growth. Subsequent meet-
ings were held in the school-house, Mr. Crane acting as supply
preacher, and continuing in that capacity for several years. Mr.
Crane was succeeded in his ministrations by various other itiner-
ant clergymen, prominent among whom were Kevs. Keister, Bil-
lings, Fawcett, Drake and Cuthbert. The society which started
Avith two members, now has a membership of forty, and has a reg-
ular pastor. Rev. William Thomas, who has continued in that ca-
pacity since October, 1881. The Society is no longer in need of
securing public buildings for the holding of its meetings, but has
an excellent church edifice, Avith dimensions of 85x50 feet, which
was dedicated in June, 1881, and which is a credit to the community.

Congregational Church Societij. — The Congregational Church
Society was organized in the Spring of 1879, by the Rev. A. M.
Beeman, now of Spencer, who relinquished his charge in Septem-
ber, 1881, since which time the church, which has a membership
of thirty-five, has depended upon supply preachers. The society
has no building of its own, as yet, but a subscription has been
startei for the erection of one next season, upon the completion
of which a resident pastor will l)e secured.

2L6 HISTORY OF IOWA.

Sloan Lodge, I. 0. G. T. — This is the only organization in the
nature of a secret society in Sloan, and it, though the charter is
still retained, does not hold regular meetings. It started with a
small membership a year or so ago.

The organization of a Masonic Lodge in the village has been
contemplated, but as yet nothing has been done in the way of
work to that end.

Debating Societies. — Sloan has also a debating Society, but as
yet it is small and in an embryo stage of life. The meetings are
held in the school house.

Public Schools. — The public schools of the city consist of a
primary and a higher school, the latter presided over by F. E.
Chapin, and the former by Mrs. F. E. Chapin. The number of
pupils in attendance is seventy. The school building was erected
in 1881, and is a two-story, frame structure, with dimensions of
28x4:0 feet. Its interior arrangements consist of two large class-
rooms, and a smaller recitation room. A smaller brick building
had supplied the needs of the place for several years prior to the
erection of the present school house. The School Board for this
year consists of J. B. Crawford, President; F. 0. Hunting and
W. J. Wray. The school system of the place has been almost co-
existent with itself, and reflects great credit on the community.

The people of Sloan are confident of a prosperous future, and
deliberate observation by an unprejudiced observer would seem to
confirm the belief. The country around is a grand one, and it
would seem that nothing stands in the way of an ultimately large
growth.

OTHER TOWNS IN WOODBURY COUNTY.

Smitliland. — One of the early settlements in the county was
Smithland, on the Little Sioux River, about thirty-five miles south-
east of Sioux City. At this place in January, 1857, began, between
the whites and Indians, the troubles immediately preceding the
Spirit Lake massacre. The Indians made some threats against the
whites, Avhich caused the settlers to arrest and disarm some of Ink-
pa-du-tah's band. The Indians stole other arms, and passing up
the valley of Little Sioux River into Cherokee and Clay Counties,
committed further depredations. When they arrived in Dickinson
County, they committed the outrages which form so painful a^
chapter in the history of the State.

Correctionville — Lies in a bend of the Little Sioux River, near
the line of Ida County. It Avas settled years ago, when Sioux City
was little more than an Indian camping ground, and per force of
circumstances still remains a village, though its situation and nat-
ural resources would warrant it in becoming a town. A pioneer
by the name of Shook came into what is now Kedron Township
in Section 1, in 1853. R. Candreau, C. Bacon, and M. Kellogg
came the next year. Shook sold out to Bacon, who was the first
permanent settler.

HISTORY OF IOWA. 217

Woodhurif. — This village was formerly called Sergeant's Bluff
City. The railroad station here is still called Sergeant's Bluff'. It
is situated on the Missouri bottom, six miles south of Sioux City.
It was located in 1856, by Doctor J. D. M. Crockwell and Doctor
Wright, of Independence, Iowa. In 1857-8 a newspaper was pub-
lished here, of which mention has been made. In 1862 the manu-
facture of pottery was commenced at Woodbury, and the business
has been lively and remunerative ever since.

Danbury, Salix, and Oto are other minor settlements in Wood-
bury County.

WOODBURY COUNTY BIOGRAPHIES.

SIOUX CITY.

D. D. Adams, of the firm of Devore & Adams, auctioneers and
commission merchants — who established business at Sioux City in
1869 — was born in 1818; served in the U. S. A. one and one-half
years under Colonel La Grange, in Co. B., 1st W. C. He lost a
brother at Helena, Ark., who was captain of the company. Previ-
ous to coming to this place, the subject of this sketch was engaged
in business three years in Wis.

A. Akin, of the firm of Akin & Shulson, dealers in staple and
fancy groceries, confectionery, etc., < hicago House, 4th St., Sioux
City, la., was born in Otsego countv, N. Y., March 8th, 1810.
In 1827, he moved to Penn.; removed to Belvidere, 111., in 1844;
thence to Elgin, and from there to Chicago in 1852, where he
served as justice of the peace and police magistrate for seven years,
and also practiced law. He received a commission from President
Lincoln to recruit. In 1864, he moved to Kansas, where he was
for several years register in the U. S. land office, in Augusta and
Wichita; was postmaster for several years, and prosecuting attor-
ney for Morris county. He then moved back to Chicago, and re-
mained two years, after which he came to Sioux City, in 1878, and
located permanently.

Abel Anderson, dealer in groceries and provisions, corner of 4th
and Jackson Sts., was born in Sweden in 1856; came to America
in 1874, and settled in Sioux City. He is now one of the leading
grocers of the city; his sales average ^25,000 per year.

C. M. Anderson, photographer, was born in Sweden in 1849,
came to America in 1852, and located in Chicago. "In 1871, he
moved to Rock Island, 111. While there he took charge of a gal-

218 HISTORY OF IOWA.

lery, and learned the art of photography. He came to Sioux City
in 1878; married Bertha Jorgenson, of Manitowoc, Wis. They
have two children — Emineretta and John E.

John Anderson, of the firm of Anderson & Olson, dealers in
boots, shoes, rubbers, etc., opposite High School building, was
born in Sweden in 18±3; came to America in 1869, and settled in
Sioux City; married Anna Anderson. They have four children —
Mary, Albert, Carrie and Oscar.

L. B. Atwood, liveryman, established business in 1866; was
born in Livermore, Maine; came west and settled in Sioux
Falls, Dakota, in 1858; and the same year came to Sioux City,
which makes him one of the pioneers of this place. He has been
a member of the city council, and held other minor offices. He is
one of Sioux City's representative citizens.

F. W. Anthon, of the firm of Tiedeman & Anthon, dealers in
staple and fancy groceries, cig irs, tobacco, etc., established busi-
ness in 1875. He was born in Germany in 1836; came to Ameri-
ca m 1857, and settled in Davenport, la.; removed to Sioux City
in 1870, and was for three years in charge of the Chicago Hotel.

Frank X. Babue, of the firm of Payette & Babue — shop oppo-
site High School building — was born in Montreal, Canada in 1812;
came to the U. S. in 1851, and settled in N. Y. He moved to
Mass.; thence to Connecticut; thence to Vermont, and in 1875, he
came to Sioux City. He married Medrise Delier, of Canada.
They have five sons — Albert, Frank, Willie, Alphouso and Ed-
mund.

John Beck, proprietor of the Sioux City planing mills. This
mill was established Aug. 22nd, 1871. In this year the building
was enlarged, and machinery added, by Mr. B. and partner. In
1881, Mr. B. became sole proprietor. The amount of business
transacted by the establishment, is about ^12,000 per annum. Mr.
Beck was born in Somerset county, Penn., in 1833; came west in
1857, and settled in Sioux City, and is therefore one of the oldest
settlers of Sioux City. He was engaged in contracting and build-
ing for eighteen years; has served as city alderman two years. He
married Nancy Culbertson, and has four children — Irene, Mag-
gie, Eva and William E.

M. E. Bedford, of the firm of Bedford Brother., dentists, be-
gan the practice of dentistry in Grand Rapids, Mich., in 1866; in
1872, located in Worthington, Minn., and engaged in the practice
in Sioux City in 1876, with his brother, L. N. Bedford, who, Avith
his assistant, R. F. Merrick, travels in Southern Minn., Northern
Iowa, Southeastern Dakota and Eastern Neb., in the practice of
dentistry in all its branches.

HISTORY OF TOWA. 210

A. D, Bedford, M. D., was born in Pa., in 1848; o-raduated from
Alleghany College in 1873; studied two terms at Tubingen, Ger-
many, in 1874 and 1875. He was a teacher in the military school
at Poughkeepsie, N. Y., during the year 1876; and in 1877. gradu-
ated from the Jefferson Medical College, Philadelphia. Came to
Iowa, and practiced medicine in Waterloo two years, and came to
Sioux City in 1879; was married in June, 1880, to R. McNeil, of
Waterloo.

Geo. W. Beggs, M. D., is the son of the Rev. S. R. Beggs, the
author of "Early Methodism in the West." He was born m HI.,
in 1837, graduated from Evanston College in the literary depart-
ment, and received the degree of A. M., and from the Rush Med-
ical College, Chicago, in 1862, where he received the degree of D.
D. During the late war, he was surgeon of the 105th 111. regi-
ment, and was with Gen. Sherman in his famous march to the sea.
He came to Sioux City in 1866, and was married in 1865 to Lillian
A, Sims. They have three daughters — Lizzie, Bertha and May.

A. L. Bennetts, proprietor of the New York Fruit Store — estab-
lished business in 1879 — was born in N. Y., in 1826; came west to
Wis. in 1818, and, after traveling about, finally located at Fort
Winnebago. He afterwards moved to Minnesota; from there to
Saginaw, Mich.; thence to 0.; then back to Mich.; from there to
Chicago, and then to this city. He served in the late war two
years under Gen. Burnside, in the 9th army corps. He has held
various town offices. He married Grace Brigham, of Wis. They
have three children.

Hon. J. H. Bolton, clerk of the circuit and district courts of
Woodbury county, was born in Cleveland, 0., in Jan., 1846; grad-
uated at Harvard college in 1868. In 1869, he came to Sioux City,
and engaged in the practice of law, which he continued until 1873,
when he retired from business. He was elected to the 17tli Gen-
eral Assembly, and in 1879, was elected to his present office. He
married Sarah Thornton — now deceased — who Avas the daughter of
James Thornton, the present consul to Aspinwall.

James E. Booge, of the firm of J. E. Booge & Co., pork packers,
was born in Pittsford, Rutland county, Vt.; came to Sioux City in
1858, and has been engaged in his present business since 1869.
This firm sell their hams for the north and west; mess pork to the
north, and the government; their sides for the local trade and the
south, and their lard to Chicago. Capital required in operating
the business, about 11^500,000. During the year, 1881, they erected
extensive buildings of brick and stone, five stories high, at a cost
of $100,000. The works cover an area of five acres. They have
every modern appliance, fertilizing Avorks, etc., and employ in the
busiest season, about 300 men, ami run both winter and summer
seasons, with a capacity, respectively, of 1,500 daily in winter, and

220 HISTORY OF IOWA.

500 in summer. J. E. Booge, Esq., who founded the establish-
ment, is resident partner and entire manager. , The works have
ample side-tracks connecting with every road in the city.

C. Borman, proprietor of Columbia House, on the corner of
Fourth and Water streets, established business in 1870. He
has good stabling accommodations connected with the premises.
Mr. B. was born in Germany in 1826. He was in the German
military service six years; came to America in 1854, and settled in
Alleghany City, Ta. He removed to Johnston, Pa.; thence to
Omaha; thence to Sioux City, in 1868. In 1879, he was township
trustee for this town. He married Federika Keller. They have
five children — ^Lena, Mina, Elizabeth, Charles and Oscar.

John Brennan, attorney-at-law; commercial collections, a spec-
ialty.

Napoleon Brouillette, dealer in groceries and provisions, was
born in Montreal, Canada, Aug. 15th, 1852; came to the U. S. in
1869, and settled in Sioux City. He entered the employ of H. D.
Booge & Co., where he remained three years; was then employed
in the store of Joe. Marks three years; then was with Geo. W.
Felt, and after that, with J. B. Barringer two and one-half years.
He married Jennie Irwin, of this place. They have three children
— Maud, Henry and William.

R. A. Broadbent, proprietor of livery stable, on Douglas street,
between 4th and 5th streets; established business in 1869. He
was born in 111., in 1844. He moved to Fayette county, Iowa, and
came to Sioux City in 1868. He served in the late war two years
in Co. F, 9th I. I., under Captain Guinn.

N. C. Brunk, proprietor of grocery store and restaurant, was
born in Virginia in 1852; served as postmaster in Va. four years.
In Oct., 1881, came west, and settled in Sioux City. He was sta-
tion agent for the B. & 0. R. R., for some time. He married Car-
rie Hite, of Middletown, Va..

E. H. Bucknam, of the firm of J. P. Dennis & Co., was born in
Washington Co., Maine, in 1843; moved to Toledo, 0., in 1866;
thence to Chicago, where he remained until 1868, when he came
to this place, and entered the above firm.

Phil. Carlin, County Recorder, is a native of 111.; came to Iowa
in 1860, and settled in Clinton Co.; removed to Woodbury Co., in
1871, and located at Union; was elected to his present ofiice in
1880, and removed to Sioux City the same year.

H. B. Clingan, of the firm of H. B. & C. E. Clingan, physi-
cians and surgeons, was born in 0., in 1822; is a graduate of the
Cleveland Medical College. He practiced in 0., from 1848 to 1855;

HISTORY OF IOWA. 221

then moved to Benton Co., Iowa, and practiced there until 1877,
when he came to Sioux City and opened his present office with
his son C, E, Clingan.

Willis G. Clark, attorney at law and justice of the peace, was
born in Penobscot Co., Maine, in 1853. He came to Minn., with
his parents in 1857, and settled in Dakota Co. He is a graduate
of Browns University, of Providence, R. I. He came to Sioux
City in 1878, and was elected justice of the peace in 1880. Mr.
C. has been actively engaged in local politics, and is a rising young
attorney.

M. A. Comeau, carpenter and joiner, — shop opposite High
School building — was born in the Province of Quebec, Canada;
came to the U. S., and settled in Mass., in 1863. He removed to
this place in 1879, and engaged in his present business. He mar-
ried Mary Gelines, of Canada. They have four children^ — Malvi-
nas, Edwin, Emma and Charles.

T. H. ConnifF. Jr., attorney at law and jnstice of the peace, is
a son of T. H. Conniff, of Houston, Minn., who has represented
that state in the legislature, and was district attorney for
several years. The subject of this sketch settled in Sioux City in
1869, is a graduate of the State University, and was admitted to
the bar at Des Moines.

W. H. Corrigan, proprietor of sample room, No. 26 Pearl St..
was born in Ozaukee Co., Wis., in 1850; come to this place in 1874,
and entered the employ of the proprietor of the Washington
House. He married Emma Shiable, of Sioux City. They have
one child — Willie.

A. H. Crowell, of the firm of Crowell & Martin, commission
merchants and wholesale dealers in foreign and domestic goods,
green and dried fruits, confectionery, etc., corner of 3rd and Pearl
streets, was born in Mass. in 1838; followed sailing eleven years;
has visited almost every foreign clime, and is a man of wide ex-
perience. During the late war he was on a government transport.
He located in Benton Harbor, Mich., where he engaged in the dry
goods business. In April, 1880, he came to this place, where he
embarked in his present business, under the firm name of Crowell
& Co.; afterwards, Geo. N. Martin became a partner. The firm
name was changed to its present name. This is the only exclusive
commission house in the city.

Warren H. Cottrell was born in Renssellaer Co., N. Y., in 1852;
removed to Waterloo, la.; graduated from the State University at
Iowa City in the class of '79, and came to Sioux City, Nov. loth,
1880. He is now a member of one of the leading agricultural
implement firms of this place.

222 HISTORY OF IOWA.

Jesse M. Cunningham, the leading hatter of the city, was born
in N. Y. in 1858; came to Sioux City in 1869, and engaged in
business with his father, until in April, 1881, he entered his pres-
ent business.

C. W. Cutler, M. D., was born in Winneshiek Co.,- la., in 1858;
moved with his parents in 1871 to Osage: graduated from Cedar
Valley Seminary in 1877, and from Rush Medical College, Chicago,
in 1880; practiced medicine in Osage one year, and in 1881,
located in Sionx City. Although his arrival is of comparatively
recent date, he is already in the enjoyment of a lucrative practice.

John Davelaar, of the firm of Davelaar Brothers, house, sign
and ornamental painters — shop on Douglas street, between 3rd
and 4th streets — established in 1879. He was born in Holland in
1838, came to America in 1848, and settled in Pittsburg, Pa.;
moved to Wis., and in 1875, came to Sioux City, where he was en-
gaged ill the car shops several years. He served in the Union
Army four and one-half years in the 1st Missouri L. A., was order-
ly sergeant, and has been county commissioner of Armstrong
county^ Dak. Bart Davelaar, of the above firm, was born in
Holland in 1831; came to America in 1848, and settled in Pa.;
removed to Wis., and in 1873 came to this place; was in the employ
of Dineen Bros.

George Douglass, M. D., was born in Canada in 1843; graduated
in 1868 from the Eclectic Medical College of Ohio; came to Iowa
in 1870, and settled in Iowa county. He removed to Sioux City
in 1872, where he is now in the practice of his profession. He
held the office of county ph3'^sician for several years, and in 1871,
he married Sarah Tufts, daughter of John Tufts, of Grinnell,
Iowa. They have one son — Bruce.

A. DePee, proprietor of the National House, corner of 3d and
Nebraska streets, has lately remodeled and refurnished this hotel,
and made it one of the best ^1.00 per day houses in the city; has
no bar connected with the house. He was born in lud., in June,
1836, and removed in 1856 to Wis.; came to Iowa in Ajoril, 1869,
and settled on a homestead in Woodbury county, where he farmed
six and one-half years. He served in the U. S. A. one year, in Co.
H, 46th W. V. I., under Captain Hoskins and Colonel Lovell.

Hon. S. T. Davis, attorney at law and dealer in real estate, was
born in Pa. in 1828; was educated at Alleghany College, at Mead-
ville, Pa.; came to Sioux City in 1856, and has been identified with
many leading enterprises for the benefit of his adopted city. He
was the founder of the Sioux City Journal, and with others organ-
ized the S. C. & St. P. R. R., and has taken an active interest in
the construction of other roads leading into the city. He was ap-
pointed by President Lincoln register of the U. S. land office, which
position he held eighteen months. He was elected to the state

HISTORY OF IOWA. 223

senate to fill a vacancy made by the resignation of Judge Oliver.
Mr. D. was mayor of the city in 1871, and was prosecuting attor-
ney for several years. He owns large landed property and busi-
ness property in the city.

M. B. Davis, attorney at law, was born in Grafton county, N.
H., in 1837: enlisted iii the late war in 1861 in Co. I, 1st R: I. C;
served in that regiment two years, and then enlisted in Co. I, 1st
N. H. C, and served from March, 1863, to August 1865; enlisted
as a private, and came out a commissioned officer. He was taken
prisoner at Paris, Va., and exchanged at the end of four weeks,
and again taken prisoner at Winchester," Va., and escaped and
reached the Union army at Harper's Ferry. He was again taken
prisoner by Wade Hampton's troops, and taken to Richmond, and
removed to Castle Thunder; thence to Salisbury, N. C, and was
paroled in the spring of 1865 at Wilmington, N. C. He was en-
gaged as a cavalry scout most of the time during his service. He
came to Fort Madison, la., in 1866, where he practiced law until
1875, when he came to this city and opened an office.

M. C. Davis, one of the proprietors of city mill and elevator, was
born in Pittsford, Rutland county, Vt., in 1835. He has been en-
gaged in the milling business since 1855; came to Sioux City in
1869 and erected the elevator in 1870. The elevator has a capacity
of 70,000 bushels; the mill was built in 1871, has a capacity of
125 barrels of flour per aay, and employs 15 men.

George Devore, auctioneer, was born in Bedford county, Pa., in
1834; came to Sioux City in 1869, prior to which he was in busi-
ness in 111. He was justice of the peace twelve years, and has held
other town offices; he has followed his present business since 1865.

Demiug & Hatch, dentists, are former residents of Vt. They
came to this city in Nov., 1880, and opened their present office
Their practice is extensive and remunerative.

J. P. Dennis, of the firm of Dennis & Co., was born in Somerset
county, Maine, in 1832, removed to N. Y. in 1851; thence to Du-
buque, la., in 1853, and to this city in 1867. He served his coun-
try in the late war from 1862 until 1863 in Co. G, 40th 1. I.

Thomas Dorman, baJcer a.id confectioner — No. 56. Pearl St. —
was born in England in 1841; came to America m 1863, and set-
tled in Chicago; removed to Omaha, Neb., 1867. During the late
war he served two years under Gen. Mvers. He married Amelia
Gibbons, and has two children — Aunie and Arthur.

Christ. Doss, proprietor of the Milwarkee House — located near
depot — was born in Mccklingburg, Germany, in 1836; came to
America in 1854, and settled in 0., where he learned^ carpentry.
Thence he removed to Dubuque, la.; came to this city in 1857,
and was one of its pioneers. He married Mary Sohl,of Ger!»uiny.
They have five children — one son and four daughters.

224 HISTORY OF IOWA.

L. H. Drumm, proprietor of the Washington meat market, which
is one of the finest markets in the west, with all of the appurten-
ances that would do credit to an eastern city — was born in t3avaria
in 1839; came to America in 1861 and settled in Cincinnati, 0.;
removed to Lyons, la.; thence to New Frankfort, Mo., and from
there came to Sioux City. He married Helena Bitteghaifer, and
has two children — Nellie H. and Eddie L.

J. W. Denton, of the late firm of Flinn & Denton, of the Cen-
tral meat market, was born in Keokuk, la., in 1856; moved to
Neb. in 1859, and in 1872 to Council Bluffs; came to this city in
1879.

D. Elliott, dealer in crockery, glass, wood and willow ware,
house, hotel and steamboat furnishing goods, established this busi-
ness in 1870; his establishment was destroyed by fire Dec. 5th,
1875; reopened Dec. 7th, of the same year. The building has two
stories and basement, all of which he occupies, carrying one of the
largest stocks of goods of this description west of Chicago. He
was born in Pa.; has been in la. twenty years; was formerly in
business in Iowa City. H. E. Sawyers, head salesman, for the above
firm, has been connected with this house for more than twelve
years. He was born in Davis county, la., in 1856; came to this
city with his parents in 1857, where he has made his home ever
since.

Rev. Fr. Eisenbe'ss, pastor of the First German Lutheran church,
was born in Germany in 1851; came to America in 1870, and
located at Fort Wayne, Ind., where he founded Concordia College.
He then attended St. Louis college three years. He removed to
Dixon county. Neb., by special call of the newly formed congre-
gation, to do missionary work for this denomination; came to this
city in 1878, and founded a church with fourteen members, which
was mcorporated in Jan., 1879. He married D. Steinmeyer, of St.
Louis, and has two children — Dorothy and Ludmilla.

J. D. Farr, of the firm of Smith & Farr, wholesale dealers in
butter and eggs, was born in Lewis county, N. Y., in 1843;
came west in 1876; started in business with a small capital, and
now does a business of one-half a million per annum.

S. S. Fessendeu is the proprietor of the China Hall. This busi-
ness was established in 1863; purchased 1871 by J. H. Fessenden,
and by its present owner in 1877. Mrs. F. is a native of Cincin-
nati, 0. J. H. Fessenden is a native of Concord, N. H., and is at
present extensively engaged in mining in Col.

M. L. Flinn, of the ^irm of Flinn & Lessenich, proprietors of the
Central meat market, (business was established in 1881), was born
in Woodstock, 111., in 1852; moved to Chicago, where he lived eight
years, and came to this city in 1868. He was chief clerk in the

HISTORY OF IOWA. 225

St, P. R. R. shops for nine years, and worked three years on the
S. C. & P. R. R. He married Mary M. Wilkins, and has three
children — Grace M., Frank M. and an infant.

Wm. S. Follis, dealer in real estate and insurance agent, does a
general fire and marine insurance business.

P. Follis, proprietor of the Sioux City House, was born in Ire-
land in 1817; came to America in 1843, and settled in Fall River,
Mass. He removed to Dubuque, la., Sept. loth, 1815, and from
there to this city in 18G8. He has served as school director and
in other town official capacities. He married Margaret Conway.
They have four children— William S.,Mary, Michael E. and Ellen.

J. W. Frazey, of the firm of Frazey & Bedford, physicians, was
born in Pa., in 1833; studied medicine at Cleveland, 0., and also at
Ann Harbor, Mich., and graduated from Chicago Medical College;
has been in the practice of his profession since 1853; was married
to Rebecca Shertzer in 1853, and Las one child — Ada, now the wife
of Dr. C. E. Clingan.

J. Franz & Co., brewers. The business of this firm is conducted
by Mrs. M. Franz and Mrs. Kate Hensler, the widows of the
former proprietors, both of whom died in the spring of 1881. The
brewery was built in 1868, is 150x10 ft., has a capacity of 10,000
brls. per year, and has bottling works connected with it, whose
capacity is about 250,000 bottles per year. The foreman, John
Arensdorf, is a practical brewer, having learned the business at Sedan
France, and is in every respect well fitted for the position whi 'h
he now holds. The financial affairs are under the charge of C. F.
Hoyt and J. R. White. The firm employ about fifteen men about
the establishment.

P. F. Gerard, proprietor of the sam^ile room, newly fitted up and
opened — Pearl st., between 3rd and 4th sts. — was born in 0. in
1845; came to Iowa in 1855, and settled ten miles west of Marengo;
removed to this city in 1870. He served in the late war about one
year in Co. B, 9th 111. C.

G. M. Gilbert, merchant tailor, was born in Brattleboro, Yt., in
1844, where he lived until 1862, when he enlisted in Co. B, 16th
V. V. His term of enlistment expired a few days before the battle
of Gettysburg, but his regiment took an active part in the engage-
ment, and but few returned. He came to 111. in 1864, and re-
moved to this city in 1870. Mr. Gilbert established his business
in Sioux City in 1873, and as the fruits of his proficiency and
ability to please the purchasing public, has acquired a very exten-
sive patronage of the most desirable kind, embracing, in addition
to the Iowa trade, portions of Dakota, Nebraska, Minnesota and
Missouri.

S. 0. Gibbs, proprietor of American House — Jennings St., be-
tween 3rd and 4th Sts. — nas newly refitted and refurnished his

226 HISTORY OF lOAVA.

hotel with a view to accommodating the traveling public, farmers
and boarders at reasonable rates. He was born in N. Y. in 1825;
removed to Wis., in 1869. The same year he came to this city,
where he worked at carpentering, and next opened a meat market.
He served in the U. S. A., at Leavenworth, Kan., was treasurer of
Concord township four vears. In 18S0 he visited Salt Lake City,
Utah.

P. P. Gibbs, proprietor of the St. Elmo Hotel, between 5th and
6th streets, was born in Pittsfield, Vt., in 1821; moved thence to
Brandon, where he served eighteen years as a magistrate, and held
many municipal and other offices of public trust. He was mar-
ried in 1873 to Adeliza Sargent, of Pittsford, Vt., and has one
child — Irving. In June, 1881, Mr. Gibbs located in Sioux City,
and assumed the proprietorship of the hotel above mentioned,
which he has ever since continued to conduct to the satisfaction
of an increasing public patronage.

G. W. Goodwin is of the firm of Goodwin & Mousseau, proprie-
tors of the steam bakery. They are manufactures of crackers, and
jobbers in confectionery — capacity, 60 bbls. per day — and the in-
ventors of the cracker factory machine-made bread, which they
find a ready sale for tiiroughout this western country. He was
born in Pa., in 1833; removed to 111., in 1853, and settled at Dix-
on; then removed to Vinton, la., where he Avas engaged in the
bakery business, under the name of Goodwin Bros. He served in
the U. S. A. three years in Battery F, 1st 111. L. A., under Maj. T.
Cheney. He was a corporal while in the service; came to this city
in 1877, and is one of its substantial business men.

John H. Griffin, proprietor of candy factory— Fourth street —
established business in 1871). He was born in Chicago, III., in
1857; came to this city in 1873, and was engage! as a compositor
in The Journal office five years.

B. A. Guyton, M. D., is a graduate from the University of
Maryland in the class of '69. He settled in Sioux City in 1870,
and engaged in the practice of his profession.

John Haner, dealer in hardware — -lower Fourth street — estab-
lished business in 1881. He came to Sioux City in 1861; was em-
ployed as clerk in the Groninger hardware store. He enlisted in
this city in the 14th I., under Col. Pattee, and served in the U. S.
A. all through the rebellion; was commissary sergeant most of
the time, also clerk in Jthe commissary department. He married
Julia Reinke, and has five children — Lena, Tillie, Willie, Otto and
Emma.

F. S. Hansen, blacksmith, established business in 1878; was
born in Germany in 1819, and came to America in 1869, and set-
tled in Sioux City. He removed to Missouri Valley; thence among

HISTORY OF IOWA. 227

the Indians at Fort Berthold; thence to Plymouth coimiy, la.,
and back to this city. He married Minnie F. Krouse, of this
place, and has one child — George.

Capt. James Hayden, proprietor of the Central House — cor. of
3rd and Jackson sts. — has newly opened and furnished the house.
He was born in Dublin in 1S35; followed sailing from 1816 to
1875; and was the owner of several vessels during that time. He
served in the navy during the late war, and was quartermaster
a part of the time.

J. M. Heberling, express agent, was born in Pa. in 1816; came
to Jackson county, la., in 1856, and moved to Cedar Rapids in 1878,
where he was messenger of the C, N. W. R. R. between Cedar
Rapids and Council Bluffs. He came to this city in Aug., 1881.
He married Lizzie Todd, of Milwaukee, Wis.

L. A. Heckman, dealer in groceries, confectionery, etc.- — 1th st,
— was born in Cleveland, 0, in 1857; came to this city in 1877,
and was in the employ of D. H. Talbot, in the Land Title office
until 1879, when he engaged in his present business.

H. Hilgers, dealer in staple and fancy groceries, provisions,
flour, etc. — 7th st., west side — was born in Germany in 1832,
came to America in 1852, and settled in Galena, 111.; removed to
this city and engaged in farming for thirteen years, when his
health failing him for that pursuit, he engaged in his present
business. He has served as school director.

F. C. Hills, of the firm of Hills & McKercher, successors to
Groninger, dealers in hardware, stoves, tiuAvare, Avagon stock,
barbed wire, etc., sole agents for Adams & Westlake's non-ex-
plosive coal oil stoves, also agents for rubber paint, galvanized iron
cornice work a specialty — numbers 33 and 35, Pearl st. — -was born
in England in 1843, came to America in 1849, and settled in
Oneida county, N. Y.; removed to Iowa in 1868, in the interest of
the S. C. P. R. R. Co., and located in this city in March of that
year. He was general traffic manager for the above road, and the
first railroad agent in Sioux City. He served as 2nd sergeant in
the late war in Co. E, 117th N. Y. I., under Col. Wm. R. Pease.
Mr. McKercher, of the above firm, was born in Flint, Mich., and
was for some times traveling salesman for a Chicago house. He
came to this city in the winter of 1872—3.

John Hittle, retail grocer — cor. 4th and Douglas sts — established
business in 1873, He was born in Ohio in 1835; moved to Ind.,
and in 1855 removed to Des Moines, la. He came to Sioux City
in 1856, and in the fall of that year went to Sioux Falls, where he
built a cabin for a Dubuque town company, returning to this place
before winter. He was a fur trader for some years, and then en-
tered the employ of H. D. Booge & Co., where he remained for
fifteen years.

228 HISTORY OF IOWA.

John Hopkins, proprietor of sample room — Pearl street, between
5th and 6th — was born in 1862; came to Sioux City in 1867; was
in the employ of E, J. Ressegieu for some time. He married
Jennie Pickett.

C. W. Hopkins, carriage and sign painter and grainer — cor.
Douglas and 5th sts. — was born in Pa., in 1830; moved to Wis., in
1840, and in 1850 removed to Cal.; thence to Australia; thence to
London, Eng.; thence to Canada; thence to Wis.; thence to Mis-
souri Valley Junction, la., where he had charge of the R. R. paint
shop five years, moving thence to this city.

C. F. Hoyt, proprietor of Sioux City Vinegar works, was born
in 111., in 1812; removed to Idaho in 1864, and engaged in mining
for two years; located in this city in 1869 and went into the farm
machinery business; established his present business in 1875.

B. S. Holmes, dealer in boots and shoes, clothing and gent's fur-
nishing goods, was born in Norway in 1853; came to America in
1870, and settled in (Chicago; came to this city in 1872 and en-
gaged in the mercantile business; engaged in the boot and shoe
business in 1880, and the 1st of Sept., 1881, he engaged in his
present business.

J. C. C. Hoskins was born in N. H. in 1820; graduated at Dart-
mouth college in the class of '41; was engaged in teaching
shool five years, and afterward followed his profession, that
of civil engineering. He was employed by the Cochituate
Water works, and afterAvard by the B. & 0. R. R. Co., un-
til the spring of 1857, when he came to this city. In 1863^
he was appointed postmaster of Sioux City, and served in that
capacity until June 30th, 1878. He was city engineer from 1858
to 1871; has been mayor of the city, and was justice of the peace
twelve years; has served on the school board several terms. He
was the first engineer for the S. C. & St. P. R. R., and made pre-
liminary surveys, etc. Mr. Hoskins was a director of the Sioux
City Savings bank, which was subsequently changed to the Sioux
National bank, of which he continues to be a director.

Hon. E. H. Hubbard, attorney at law, was born in Rush county,
Ind., in 1849; graduated from Yale College in the class of 1872,
and was admitted to the bar in Sioux City, in 1874. He has rep-
resented Woodbury county in the state legislature.

W. B. Humphrey, proprietor of the Central book store, dealer in
books, pictures, frames, paintings, wall paper, notions, periodicals,
etc.. No. 66,4th street; came into possession of this business Nov.
22d, 1881. He was born in Maine in 1855; removed to Minneap-
olis, Minn., in 1870; thence to Sibley, where he was engaged in
buying grain. From Siblev he came to this city. He was in the
employ of the S. C. & St. P. R. R. company ten years, part of that
time as station asent.

HISTORY OF IOWA. 229

C. P. lbs, proprietor of Eastern meat market, established busi-
ness in 1871; owns the buildings that he occupies, and in 1874 fit-
ted up his place of business with all the late improvements at a
cost of ^1,500. He was born in Germany in 1813; came to Amer-
ica in 1870, and located in this city. He learned his trade in Ger-
many, where he was employed for a number of years in a market.

S. B. Jackson, ex-sheriff of Woodbury county, was born in Pa.
in 1815; removed to Linn county, la., in 1864; thence to this city
and engaged in the real estate business. He was elected mayor in
1877, and served three terms; was elected sheriff in 1879; his term
expiring with the beginning of the present year; Mr. Jackson
served two years in the late war in Co. B, 17th Pa. I.

Hon. Wm. L. Joy, president of the Sioux national bank of Sioux
City, and member of the law firm of Joy & Wright, was born in
Townshend, Windham county, Vt.: came to this city in 1855, and
engaged in the practice of his profession with N. E. Hudson; he
entered the present partnership in 1868. Mr. Joy was elected to
the State legislature in 1864, and again in 1866.

James Junk, wholesale dealer in liquors and cigars, was born in
N. Y. city; removed to Iowa City, la., in 1861, and enlisted in Co.
A, 41st la. I., was transferred to the 7th la. C, and served in the
U. S. A. until 1866, under Gen. Sully, on the frontier. He estab-
lished his present business in 1868.

M. J. Kearney, dealer in groceries, provisions, etc. — established
business in 1877. He was born in Ireland in 1856; came to Ameri-
ca in Oct., 1875, and settled in New Haven, Conn.; removed to
this city in 1876, where he has resided ever since, except one year
spent in the Black Hills. He married Mary A. Toohey, of Sioux
City, and had one child — Alice, now deceased.

E. R. Kirk, postmaster, was born in Ottawa county, 0., in 1834;
came to Sioux City in 1856, and in the following year engaged in
the mercantile business, which business he continued until 1873;
then held the office of deputy county treasurer; was appointed
deputy collector of internal revenue in 1876, and was appointed
postmaster in 1878. Mr. Kirk was married in 1859 to Mary P.
Sawyers, and has five children — W. A., E. L., Charles, Frank and
Mamie. W. A. Kirk, is deputy P. M., and E. L. Kirk is delivery
clerk.

Frank Klepsch, proprietor of the Iowa House, (formerly owner
of the Milwaukee House), has newly furnished and opened this
hotel, and solicits patronage. He was born in Germany in 1838;
came to America in 1867, and located at La Crosse, Wis.; removed
to this city in 1869.

B. Kuhlman, proprietor of the Madison Hotel^between Pearl and
Water sts. — was born in Germany in 1829; came to America in

230 HISTORY OF IOWA.

1859, settled in Chicago, and engaged in the grocery business. In
1876 he removed to this city, and took charge of the Merchants'
Hotel. He married Barbara Masath, of Germany. Mr. K. was in
the military service in his native country during three years.

Samuel Krummann, proprietor of a fine dairy farm, (situated on
■Horse Shoe Lake, one and one-half miles from this city, and con-
tains 45 acres) has in his dairy 36 milch cows, and owns a stock
farm of 240 acres, situated four miles northeast of this city, on
which he has 37 head of fine stock cattle, and nine head of
horses. Mr. K. was born in Switzerland in 1830; came to America
in 1852, and settled in Iowa in 1856. He was married in 1858
to C. Hacker, of Germany, and has five children — John, Samuel,
Louis, Harry and Annie.

J. P. Langdon handles goods on commission and buys and sells
second-hand goods; clothing a specialty. He was born in Green
county. Mo., inl847; removed to Kansas City in 1871, and engaged
in the wall paper business; came to this city in 1876, and was en-
gaged in painting until 1880, when he established his present busi-
ness. He married Emily Jane Pierce, of Canada.

Alex. Larson, dealer in dry goods, notions and fancy goods, es-
tablished business in 1881. He was born in Sweden, in 1847;
came to America in 1869, and settled in Henry county. 111.; re-
moved to Mount Pleasant, la., in 1871; thence came to this city,
and engaged in his present business. He was married to Huld
Appelgreu, of Sweden, and has tAvo children — Gustave G., and
Fredrick E. Mr. L. is now a naturalized citizen of the U. S.

Arthur G. Lascelles was born near Chester, Chester county,
Eng., July 31st, 1855; came to America in 1880, and settled in
Sioux City. He intends soon to erect a brick livery barn on the
corner of 6th and Douglas sts. — 50x150 ft. in dimensions.

Charles Lambert, dealer in harness, saddles, whips, etc. — corner
of 4th and Nebraska sts. — was born in this city in 1858. He
learned his trade with L. Humbert of this city, and engaged in his
present business in 1879.

A. C. Larson, proprietor of the Oriental Steam laundry — cor. of
Pearl and 3rd sts., — was born in Denmark in 1857; came to
America in 1870, and settled in Iowa; came to this city in 1880.
He married LydiaOIeson.

William Lerch, proprietor of billiard hall, was born in Germa-
ny in 1841; came to America in 1864. He has built several of the
business blocks in this city, and engaged in his present business in
1870.

John Lessenich, proprietor of the Chicago House, erected in 1881
at a cost of $12,000, and newly furnished throughout— cor. 4th
and Jones sts. — was born in Prussia in 1826; came to America in

HISTORY OF IOWA. 231

1854; removed to Chicago; from there to Sioux City in 1867, and
built a hotel which burned in Feb., 1S81. He has served as alder-
man, and also as township trustee.

P. L. Lindholm, dealer in furniture, established business in 1881.
He was born in Sweden, in 1812; came to Auierica in 1857, and
settled in Boone, la.; removed to this city; thence to Yankton,
Dak., and back to Sioux City in April, 1881. He married Ellen
Ericson. of Sweden. They have five children — Annie, Albert,
Emil, Henry and Frank,

E. "W . Loft, of the firm of Corry & Loft, architects, was born in
Dubuque, la., in 1855, and came to Sioux City in 1881.

G. W. Lower, former proprietor of Depot Hotel, was born in
Onandaigua county, N. Y., in 1826; removed to Walworth count}^
AYis., in 1815; thence to Cedar Rapids, la., and to this city in 1868.

Wm. Lubert, tailor, established business in 1850. He was born
in Mecklingburg, Schmern, Germany, in 1815; came to America
in 1851, and settled in Cleveland, 0. He removed to Belief ontaine;
thence to 111.; thence to this city. He married Henrietta
Coner, and has four children — Gustavus, Jennie, Amelia and
Carrie.

B. Luce, proprietor of a fine stock farm (situated eight miles
northeast of Sioux City, in Woodbury county, and contains 240
acres), was born in Franklin county, Me., in 1838; came to this
city in 1856, and engaged in blacksmithing until moving on to his
farm. He married Louisa Meguier in 1855, and has six children
— Harry, Fred, George, Jennie, Willie and Bartlett Louis.

Walter W. Lynch is of the firm of W. W. Lynch & Co., uji-
holsterers and repairers of all kinds of furniture, manufacturers of
the self-adjusting spring bed, and agents for the American bird
call, for which articles agents are wanted. The firm are also
agents for a number of periodicals. Mr. Lynch was born in N.
Y. in 1850; came west and engaged in railroading until he came
to this city in 1881. He married Mary A. Montgomery.

H. A. Lyon, dealer in breech and muzzle loading guns, and all
kinds of sporting goods and hunter's supplies. His machine shop
is equipped with all kinds of machinery for repairing guns, and
machinery of any kind. He also makes a specialt}^ of safe
work, such as opening safes whose locks have become un-
manageable. In all, he has one of the finest gun establish-
menes in the northwest. Mr. L. was born in Mass. in 1832; re-
moved to Janesville, Wis., in 1851, and came to Sioux City in 1868;
is now engineer for the fire steamer here.

A. Macready, was born in Scotland in 1821; was raised and edu-
cated in Glasgow, where he graduated in 1842; came to America in
1846, and located at Patterson, N. J., where he took ihe numage=

232 HISTOKY OF IOWA.

ment of two spinning mills. Afterwards he was connected with
the banking house of John Thompson, now Thompson Bros. He
was then sent to Kentucky as agent of the Breckenridge coal and
coal oil companies, which made the first coal oil ever made. Mr.
M. sold the first two barrels of oil ever sold in America, in the
autumn of 1855. In 1856, became to this city, where he brought
a stock of goods, which he disposed of at Sergeant's Bluffs, where
he built the first business house erected in Woodbury county, out-
side of Sioux City. He was appointed by President Lincoln agent
of the Omaha Agency; was the first postmaster of Dakota City, and
was appointed receiver in the land office at that place. He opened
the first stage route from Fort Randall to Fort Dodge. In 1871,
he retired from business.

D. A. Magee, of the firm of Hattenbach & Magee, grocers and
wholesale dealers in cigars and tobacco, was born in Pa., in 1849;
removed in 1855 to Davenport, la., and from there to Omaha in
1856, and engaged in milling. He came to this city in 1869, and
took charge of the city mill and elevator until 1877, when he en-
gaged in his present business. He is now serving his third term
in the city council and is president of the Sioux City water works.
He married Adelia Hattenbach in 1876, and has one child — Oli-
ver G.

John Malmquist, of the firm of M.C. Carlstrom, & Co., dealers in
foreign and American marble — Douglas st., opposite Journal office —
was born in Sweden 1836; came to America in 1871, and settled
in Vt.; removed to Mich.; thence to Chicago, where he remained
four years, and came to this city in 1880. He married Julia Brown.
They have three children — Harry, Edwin and Nathaniel.

Geo. Maurer, manufacturer of cigars and dealer in pipes and all
smoking materials — 4th. st.-— was born in Austria in 1838; come to
America in 1865, and settled in Cincinnati, 0.; in the spring of
1869 he came to this city, where in 1873 he established the aljove
business. While in Austria he served in the military five years
and three months. He married Philomena Brunner, and has six
children — Theresa, George, Anna, Flora, Minna and .

Constant R. Marks, of the firm of Marks & Blood, attorneys at
law, was born in Durham, Green county, N. Y., in 1841; graduated
from the Albany law school, and in 1868 came to this city and
opened his present office; in 1879 he was elected to the twelfth
general assembly, and is at present a member of the school board.
He served three months in the late war m Co. K, 8th Mass. V.

T. S. & J. P. Martin, dealers in dry goods and notions, came to
this city from Galena, 111., m 1867, and in April, 1879, established
the above business, and have one of the best stores of the kind in
the city. T. S. Martin was in the wholesale grocery business in
the Black Hills from 1877 to 1879.

HISTOKY OF IOWA. 233

F. P. Mattocks, of the firm of Mattocks & Pape, proprietors of
the London meat market, and wholesale dealers in fish, was born
in Pa., in 1852; came west with parents and settled in northeastern
la. in 1858. He came to this city in 1809andenga£jedin farming;
has served as constable in Concord township one term. He mar-
ried Lillian Gibbs, and has two children — Samuel 0. and Walter F.

L. McCarty, dealer in groceries, provisions, produce and live
stock — corner 6th and Pearl sts — established business in 1867.
He was born in Ireland in 1838; came to America in 1857, and
settled in Dubuque, la.; removed to Manchester, where he re-
mained four years, and came to this city in 1867. In The Sioux
City Register, of 1868, Mr. M's. advertisement appears, there then
being only one other similar advertisement in that paper, from
this place. He has served as city treasurer, and was director of the
Sioux City Savings bank — now National bank — and has served ten
years as a member of the board of education. He married Eliza
Clinton, of Manchester, in 1863. They have ten children —
Thomas, Mary, Kate, Emma, Lizzie, Alice, Grace, Lawrence,
Loretta and Helen.

Daniel McDonald, sheriff of Woodbury county, was born in
Livingston county, N. Y., in 1844; removed to Wis. with his
parents in 1849, and lived there until August 15th, 1862, when he
enlisted in Co. B, 28th Wis. V.; served until 1865, and participated
in a number of noted battles, among them being Helena,
Little Rock, Pine Bluff and Spanish Fort battles. He came to
this city in 1867, and engaged in the livery business; was deputy
sheriff eight years, under John M. McDonald, and was elected
to his present ofiice in Oct., 1881.

G. R. McDougall, dealer in musical instruments, sewing ma-
chines, sheet music, music books, and all musical supplies. No. 71
Douglas street, established business in 1872. He was born in Ft.
Edwards, N. Y., in 1824; removed to this city in 1856, and is one
of the pioneers. He engaged in building, and the first year of his
residence, he with others erected about thirty buildings. He next
engaged in the furniture business. He has served as treasurer of
this place, and was the first city marshal of Sioux City; has been
an alderman and school treasurer several terms. He married Mary
Macready, of this city, and has one child — Jennie Bell.

H. J. Merrill, proprietor of the Blue Front livery barn, (keeps
first class turnouts), was born in Otsego county, N. Y., in 1838;
removed to DeKalb county, 111., in 1861, and thence to Sioux City.
He served in the U. S. A. as sergeant of his brigade in Co. C, 105th
111., under Captain Warner.

Captain A. J. Millard, undertaker, corner Dth and Douglas
streets, was born in Saratoga Springs, N. Y.; came west in 1856,
and in November of that year located in Sioux City, where he en-

234 HISTORY OF IOWA.

^aged in building operations under the firm name of McDougall &
Millard, and continued in the business twenty-two years. In 1861
he raised a company of one hundred men, by a special order of the
war department. The company was called the Sioux City cavalry,
and was engaged against the Indians. He served with that
company three years, six months of the time in an official capacity,
by appointment of Gen. Sully. In 1863, he accompanied Gen. S.
on an expedition as body-guard.

E. Morley, book-keeper in Sanborn & Follett's lumber office, was
born in Chenango county, N. Y., in 1835; was engaged in various
pursuits until 1867, when he came to this city and engaged as
book-keeper.

S. Mosher, M. D., was born in N. Y. in 1835; removed to Chi-
cago, and was engaged there in the practice of his profession. He
came to this city in 1871; his wife is also a practicing physician.
They treat all diseases, acute and chronic. Mrs. M. treats all dis-
eases peculiar to ladies and children. Dr. M. gained quite a noto-
riety at one time by being held a prisoner by the bank robbers,
Frank and Jesse James, who were escaping from Minn. Meeting
the Dr., who was on his way into the country, east of this city, to
make a professional visit, and thinking he was a detective, they
held him prisoner for several hours, and then taking his horse, re-
leased him.

F. Munchrath, dealer in fancy goods, toys, books, stationery,
etc., was born in Prussia in 1832; came to America in 1852, and
located in Chicago, 111.; removed to Sioux City in 1858, and built
the first brick building in the city. He engaged in his present
business in 1873. He married Gertrude Krudwig, and has seven
children living.

Geo. W. Oberholtzer, civil engineer and county surveyor, was
born in Chester county, Pa., in 1847; graduated at the Pennsyl-
vania Polytechnic college in 1871; came to this city in 1872. The
following year he was elected to his present office, and has been
re-elected each successive year. He has been township trustee one
term, and has, in his line of business, been connected with the
railroads of this city,

Andrew G. Oleson, of the firm of Anderson & Oleson, dealers in
boots, shoe, rubbers, etc — opposite High School building — was
born in Sweden in 18 M; came to America in 1873, and located in
Mass.; removed to this city, and was engaged in the boot and shoe
store of F. P. Dean.

Henry Page, carpenter and contractor, was born in Lancaster
county. Pa., in 1820; removed to northern 111. in 1855, and came
to this city in 1870, where he was for a time engaged in building
for Sharp & Beck,

HISTORY OF IOWA. 235

J. N. Palmer, book keeper at City Mill and elevator, was born
in Pittsford, Rutland county, Vt., in 1833. He was in the mer-
cantile business, until he came to this city in 1873, and engaojed
in his present occupation.

Rev. Ira N. Pardee was born in Kingston, N. Y., in 1810; re-
ceived his education at Armenia Seminary. He united with the
church in 1857; his first pastoral charge was at Great Barring-
ton, Mass., where he remained the full term; in 1861 he was
transferred to the Wyoming conference, and was two years on the
Ararat circuit; in 1862 he was removed to the Tallmanville, Pa.,
circuit, and in 1864, to the Newton, Pa., circuit. He was placed
in charge of the Plymouth church in Wyoming Valley. In 1869
he was appointed to Great Bend station; to the Oneonta district
in N. Y., in 1872, and in 1875 he was transferred to the Neb. con-
ference and stationed in Omaha. In 1877 he was again trans-
ferred to the Northwestern Iowa conference, and stationed . ^An-t
Dodge. He came to this city in 1880. For seven yearb 1\'^ was
prominent in Sunday School work in New York, and for the past
two years he has managed the conference, held annually at Clear
Lake, la.

J. K. Prugh, dealer in queensware, glassware, brackets, chandel-
iers, etc. — No. 57 Pearl st. — established business in April, 1881.
Before coming to this place, he was engaged in the same line of
business at Ottumwa, la. He has been in this business eighteen
years.

A. P. Provost, manager of the Singer Sewing Machine Com-
pany, is a native of N. J.; removed to 111., in 1860, and engaged in
manufacturing carriages. He enlisted in the late war in the 73rd
111., V. in 1864, and was discharged in June, 1865. He returned
to his former occupation, which he continued until he took charge
of this company's business at Council Bluffs; settled in this city in
Feb., 1880.

James Puck, proprietor of the Davenport House, which was
erected in 1881 at a cost of $5,000. This house is a brick structure,
and newly furnished; has a barn in connection — 4th. st., between
V'rginia and Court sts. Mr. Puck was born in Germany in 1835;
came to America in 1853, and settled in Davenport, la. In 1869 he
came to Sioux City and engaged in farming; then became one of
the proprietors of the Chicago House, where he remained three
years.

S. J. Quincy & W. D. Buckley, attorneys at law, were born in
Otsego county, N. Y.; located in Sioux City in 1881. S. J. Quin-
cy was admitted to the bar in N. Y., in 1879, and W. D. Buckley
in Des Moines, la., the same year. They do a general law busi-
ness.

236 HISTORY OF IOWA.

A. J. Redericb, dentist, was boru in N. Y. City in 1842; re-
moved to 111., in 1853, and came to this city in 1870; graduated
from a dental surgery college in Philadelphia in 1869, and opened
his present office in 1870. He was married in Gralena, 111., to Al-
ice Collins. They have three children — Mary, John, and Elmore.

Wm, T. Reeve, manufacturer of buggies, wagons, etc., also re-
pairer and horsesboer, established business in 1872. He was born
in Stockholm, St. Lawrence county, N. Y., in 1847; removed to
Wis., in 1858; thence to Minn., in 1871, and came to this city tlie
following year. He served in the U. S. A., two years in the 193rd
N. Y. regiment, under Col. Van Patten. He was fife-major. In
1871 he married Laura J. Damron, of Minn. They have one
child— Zenia M.

E. J. Ressegieu, wholesale dealer in liquors, 2d street, estaldished
business in 1873. He was born in N. Y. in 1849; removed to this
city in 1867. He has just completed an addition to his place of
business, 18 by 36 feet, which gives him a building 34 by 36 feet.

John Reinhart, tailor and proprietor of cleaning establishment,
3d street, between Pearl and Water streets, was born in Germany
in 1839; came to America in 1856, and settled in Cincinnati, 0.;
removed to Sioux Cily in 1870. He served in the war of the re-
bellion three years in the 28th 0. I. as sergeant, also served in the
regular army three years as corporal.

Wm. Ring, barber. Pearl street under Dorman's bakery, was
born in Germany in 1831; came to America in 1851: removed to
St. Joe, Mo.; thence to Council Bluffs, and to Sioux City in 1867.

L. M. Rogers, dealer in flour and feed, lower 4th street, was
born in 111. in 1833; removed to Hardin county, la., where he was
engaged in teaching school; thence to Cerro Gordo county; thence
to Winnebago county. In 1858 he started for Pike's Peak, and
that same year came to Sioux City. He was engaged in the rev-
enue service here from 1868 to 1874. He has been deputy mar-
shal of Woodbury county, and acted as special deputy U. S. mar-
shal under Clark and Melendy. He served in the U. S. A. three
years and four months under Capt. Millard, of this city; they were
an independent company, but were afterwards attached to the 7th
Iowa cavalry.

C. C. Rounsevell, dealer in second-hand goods, was born in 1853;
came to Sac county, la., in the spring of 1869; removed to Osceola
county in 1874; thence to this city in 1881. He married Adrienne
Cook, of St. Gilman, la.

Hon. William Remsen Smith, Mayor of Sioux City, was boru
atBarnegat, Ocean county. New Jersey, December 30th, 1828. At
sixteen, he went to New York City, whence he removed to Macon,
Mich. Returning to New York City, he studied medicine, after

HISTORY OF IOWA. 237

which he again located at Macon, where he practiced three years
in partnersliip with Dr. Joseph HowelL In 1856 Dr. Smith re-
moved to Sioux City. Here he practiced medicine for eleven years.
In the spring of 1861, he was a first lieutenant of the Sioux City
cavalry. About this time he was appointed government surgeon,
holding that position until 1863. In March, 1863, he was elected
Mayor of Sioux City. For several years after the rebellion closed,
he acted as examining surgeon for the pension bureau. He was
appointed receiver of the U. S. land office in 1865, and was one
of the incorporators of the First National Bank of Sioux City,
and of the Sioux City & St. P. and S. C. and Pembina railroads.
Dr. Smith has held a numberof minor responsible public positions.
He was one of the honorary commissioners of Iowa to the Paris
exposition of 1878, traveled extensively through Europe, and while
in England was made a member of the famous Cobden Club. He
is now a correspondent of the leading agricultural journals of
England. He was elected to his present office in 1881. In July,
1859, he was married to Rebecca Osborne, of Macon, Mich.

L. C. Sanborn, of the firm of Sanborn & Follett, proprietors of
lumber yard and sawmill, (also own one-half interest in city mill
and elevator), established business in 1856. The machinery for
the saw mill was shipped on the first boat that landed at Sioux
City. At that time there Avas but one store in this city. Mr.
Sanborn was born in Chester, N. H., April 28th, 1827. In Jan.,
1856, he came west, and in Feb. of the same year he located at this
place. He voted for the first city mayor, and was a member of the
city council many years; also has served as a member of the school
board several terms.

Wm. Schudell, gunsmith, was born in Switzerland in 1851;
came to America in 1872, and settled in N. Y., removed to this
city in 1874. He married Phoebe Hoffler, of Germany. They had
one child — William, now deceased.

Rudolph Selzer, brewer, was born in Germany in 1828; came to
America in 1853, and settled in Omaha,' Neb., where he built a
brewery; removed to this city in 1860, and built the first brewery
in Woodbury county. He Avas married in 1853 to Theresa Wasser,
and has five children — Charles, Emma, Otto, Lewis and Fritz.
Charles is foreman of the Avorks, and LcAvis is book-keeper and
clerk.

Daniel Shannon, proprietor of Shannon's meat market, estab-
lished business in 1879. He was born in Philadelphia, Pa., in
1846; removed to Ogle county. 111., in 1858; thence to Nebraska
City in 1873; thence to Chicago, 111., in 1874; and came to this
city in 1875. He has served as town clerk one term. He married
Helen V. Utley, of Syracuse, Neb.

'■Ada HISTORY OF IOWA.

Frank L. Sharp, proprietor of Criterion sample room and billiard
hall — corner 3d and Douglas sts. — was born in Ind. in 1853; re-
moved to Sioux City in 185G.

Andrew Shulson was born in Norway in 1855; came to America
in 1867, and settled in Canton, Dak., and engaged in farming,
until he moved to Sioux City, where he entered the employ of the
firm of E. C. Palmer & Co., and remained until 1881. He mar-
ried Laura Lawson, of Canton, Dak.

E. W. Skinner, land, loan, and insurance agent, was born in
Pa.; removed to Wis. in 1847, and located at Milwaukee; thence
to Madison, and engaged in the manufacture of farm machinery
and agricultural implements; also published the Wisconsin Farmer
for several years. He came to Sioux City in 1872, and is secretary
of the board of trade.

Mr. C. D. Shreeve, dealer in groceries, confectionery, dry goods,
notions, etc.^ — corner of 4th and Iowa sts. Mr. C. D. Shreeve
was born in La Porte county, Ind., in 1844; removed to Des
Moines, la., in 1867; thence to Sioux City in 1881, and is superin-
tendent of the city gas works. He served in the late Avar three
years in the 4th Ind. cavalry. In Aug., 1881, he married Marie C.
Raybuck, of Washington county, Penn. He has two children by
a former marriage — Carl C. and Ora A.

M. L. Sloan, county auditor of Woodbury county, was born in
Harrison county, 0., in 1848; removed to la. in 1866, and to Sioux
City in 1870, and was employed in the auditor's ofiice as clerk. In
1877 was elected to his present office. He was married in 1875 to
Ida M. Hill, and has two children — Isabella P. and Alice M.

F. M. Smith, of the firm of Smith & Farr, butter dealers, was
born in Otsego county, N. Y., in 1835; removed to Sioux City in
1876, and engaged in his present business.

Thomas J. Stone, founder and cashier of the First National
bank of Sioux City, was born in Niagara county, N. Y., in 1825;
lived for several years on a farm near Mt. Vernon, 0., and removed
to Marion, la., in 1851. He came to this city in 1855, and en-
gaged in banking and land business. He founded the First Na-
tional bank in 1871, and is the largest stockholder in the bank;
was elected county treasurer in 1871, and held the office until 1878.
Mr. Stone's son, E. H., is a graduate of Yale College, and at pres-
ent assistant cashier in the bank. He also has a daughter, Alice E.

Wm. Storey, proprietor of the North Star meat market, was
born in England in 1848; came to America in 1866, and settled
in Sioux City, where, for some time he was in the employ of J.
Tucker and N. L. Witcher. He married Eveline Fenton. They
have four children — Jane E., Emma M., Eveline M., and James E.

HISTORY OF IOWA. 239

James Storey, proprietor of meat market, on Pearl street, was
born in England in ISttO; came to America in 1869, and settled in
Sioux City. He is largely engaged in buying stock.

G. N. Swan, secretary and treasurer of Sioux City plow works,
was born in Sweden in 1856; came to America in 1870, and settled
in Lucas county, la.; removed to this city in 1880, and became a
partner in his present business in the spring of 1881. The plow
works were incorporated in May, 1880, with authorized capital of
$100,000. A noteworthy feature of this establishment is the fact
that the stockholders are all skilled mechanics, and all Avork in
the different departments of the establishment. The buildings are
of brick and situated within a few feet of the main track of the I.
C. R. R., and have switching conveniences to the S. C. & P., and
the C, St. P., M. & 0. R. R's. They are now making a full line
of walking plows, and will commence soon to include every variety
of plows used in the west, also cultivators, harrows, and other
agricultural implements.

Capt. J. H. Swan, attorney at law, was born in Canada in 1833;
moved to Ohio at an early age, with his parents; thence to St. Paul,
Minn., in 1851; spent some time among the Sioux Indians in west-
tern Minn.; removed to Le Sueur in 1854, and engaged in the
study of the law; was admitted to the bar in 1857, and practiced
until the beginning of the war of the rebellion, when he enlisted
in Co. I, 3rd Minn. Vol., as first lieutenant. He w-as promoted
to captain and served until 1865, and then went to Little Rock,
Ark.; thence back to Le Sueur, where he remained until 1871, when
he removed to Sioux City, and has been engaged as attorney for
the C, M., St. P, & 0. R. R. His son, C. M., is in partnership with
him. They do a general law business.

William Z. Swarts, proprietor of the Red Front auction store,
was born in Carlisle, Cumberland county, Pa., in 1840; removed to
Wooster, 0., in 1844. He enlisted in Co. I, 16th 0. regiment,
and remained in the army until Jan. 28th, 1866, when he was mus-
tered out; served in the official capacity of orderly sergeant. He
moved to Iowa City, la., in 1866; thence to Chicago in 1871,
where he was engaged v\ auctioneering; thence to Sioux City in
1873.

C. R. Tappan, of the firm of Tappan Bros., dealers in carriage
and buggy horses, (Teams matched and horses bought and sold.
They make a speciality of breaking vicious and wicked horses. Any
horse that they can not manage they agree to send bi'ck to the
owner and pay charges both ways. They also stand in readiness
to drive races, and train horses for the track.) C. R. Tappan was
born in ^. Y. in 1855; removed to Neb., in April, 1879; thence to
Sioux City in Oct.. 1881. B. M. Tappan was born in Onandaigua
county, N. Y., in 1857; in Sept,, 1881, he came to this city, and

240 HISTOKY OF IOWA.

engaged in his present business. Tliey are thorough horsemen,
and have had long experience in handling horses,

F. C. Thompson, dealer in real estate, and insurance agent, was
born in Whitby, Upper Canada; removed with his parents to Erie
county, N. Y.; thence to Ottuniwa, la., in 1867, and engaged in
the real estate and insurance business with C. C. Blake; thence to
Sioux City in 1869.

N. Tiedeman, of the firm of Tiedeman & Anthon, dealers in
staple and fancy groceries, cigars, tobacco, etc., was born in Prus-
sia in 1812; came to America in the spring of 1866, located in Dav-
enport, la., and engaged in farming; removed to Sioux City the
same year; is now an alderman of the city.

Hugh Toohey, of the firm of Bussing & Toohey, proprietors of
restaurant, corner of 6th and Pearl streets, established business in
1881. He was born in Canada in 1859; came to Sioux City in
1870, and Avas engaged for a time as clerk in St. Elmo hotel; was
also employed at the Hubbard house.

Joseph Trudell, manufacturer of carriages, buggies, etc., corner
Pearl and 2d streets, is the patentee of the famous Trudell bolster
plate, which is acknowledged to be the best thing of the kind ever
invented. He was born in Montreal, Canada, in 1820; removed to
St. Lawrence county, N. Y., in 1828; thence back to Canada,
where he married Sophia Maynavd. He next removed to Elgin,
111.; thence to Dubuque, la., where he lived twenty-five years;
thence in 1873 to Sioux City. He has five sons and one daughter.

John Tucker, proprietor of the Globe meat market, Peirce street,
Hubbard house block, established business in 1867. In 1881 he
refitted his place of business at a cost of $2,000, and has now all
the modern improvements, his establishment being a credit to the
city. He was born in England in 1838; came to America in 1858,
and settled in Va. He removed to Sioux City in 1867.

Geo. W. Wakefield, attoi-ney at law, was born in DeWitt county,
111., in 1839. He enlisted in Co. F, 41st 111. Vol., and served three
years; was wounded at Jackson, Miss., and returned to 111. He
was admitted to the bar in De Witt county in 1867; came to Sioux
City in 1868, and was elected county auditor in 1869, serving three
years, after Avhich he resumed the practice of the law.

Rev. D. R. Watson was born in Scotland in 1841; came to
America in 1852; received his early education at White Star sem-
inary, N. Y. He graduated in the nine years' course at Madison
University in 1868, and at Rochester Theological Seminary in 1871,
with the title of A. M. His first pastoral charge was at Lowville^
N. Y. He next went to Brandon, Vt.,- where he spent five years,
and then to Wyoming Ter., Avhere he remained five months. He
came to Sioux City in 1881. In 1876 he married Carlie E. Cope-
ley, and has two children — John R. and Robinson D.

HISTORY OF IOWA. 241

W. L. Wilkins, dealer in agricultural implements, came to Sioux
City in 1870, and soon afterwards engaged in business, under the
firm name of Davis & Wilkins; next as Wilkins Bros.; subse-
quently W. L. Wilkins becaine sole proprietor. He has one of the
leading establishments of the kind in the city. He handles all
first class machinery, such as McCormick's, N. C. Thompson's and
J. I. Case's various machinery, Harrison and Whitewater wagons,
Eacine wagon and carriage company's goods, windmills, barbed
wire, and is also a dealer in grain.

A. C. Woodcock, dealer in groceries, produce, flour, etc., No •
116, 4th street, was born in Westmoreland county. Pa.; removed
to West Va.; thence to 0.; thence to Keokuk, la., where he wa
employed in iron moulding; thence to this city. He served in the
U. S. A. from Aug. 11th, 1862, to July, 1865, in Co. D, W. Va.
Cav., under Gen. Custer, in the third division of Sheridan's corps;
was first lieutenant, and acted as brigade commissary. He was at
the final surrender at Appomattox. The night before the surren-
der, their division captured thirty-six pieces of artillery at Appo-
mattox depot. His company was the last company fired upon in
the war of the rebellion. He married Emma Van Kuren, of Me-
dina, N. y.

SLOAN.

R. C. Barnard, station agent and telegraph operator, was born
in the District of Columbia in 1829; removed to Neb. in 1857. He
platted the townsite of Grand Island; removed to Omaha in 1863,
where he was city engineer for several years; in 1868 removed to
Council Bluff's, and engaged in the dry goods business, and in 1870
came to Sloan and engaged in the mercantile business with Beal &
Evans. In 1873 he took charge of his present office.

Joseph Gravel, farmer and stock dealer, was born in Canada in
1843; came to the U. S. in 1850, and the next year located in Sioux
City, where he was engaged in mercantile business for three years;
then removed to Sergeant's Bluffs, and in 1870 removed to a farm
near Sloan, and was the original owner of the town site of that
place. He was appointed postmaster in 1866, and held the oifice
two years, when he resigned. He is now engaged in stock raising
on a farm of about one thousand acres.

Edwin Haakinson, shipper and dealer in live stock, was born in
Norway in 1844; came to America in 1861, and settled in Winne-
bago county. Wis. In 1862 he enlisted in Co. C, 1st AVis. Heavy
Art.; served three years, and was soon after the battle of Lookout
Mountain taken sick with the small pox, and taken to the foot of
the mt., and left to die; was there alone six days, survived and
returned to the company, and was detailed to Gen. Lester's head-
buarters as orderly, for six months; then was appointed mail car-

242 HISTORY OF IOWA.

rier between Knoxville and Greenville, Tenn. When discharged
he returned to Wis., and engaged in ship-building. In 1869 he
removed to Sloan, and engaged in mercantile business until lc78,
when he engaged in his present business. He owns 180 acres of
land near this place, and about $30,000 worth of business property
in Sioux City. He married Carrie Hansen, in 1869, and has three
children — Emil H., Carl, and Herbert W. Has lost one child by
death.

C. A. L. Olsen, dealer in general merchandise, was born in Nor-
way, Dec. 1st, 1838; came to America in 1860, and settled in Mil-
waukee, Wis.; was employed on the lakes as a sailor, seven years;
came to Iowa in 1869, and settled on a farm near Sloan, and en-
gaged in his present business in 1881. In 1867 he married Al-
vildo Resmusen, and has seven children.

W. M. Parker, proprieter of the Parker House, was born in Os-
wego county, N. Y.; in 1837 removed to Adams county, Wis.;
thence to Montana and engaged in mining; thence in 1867 went
to Sioux City; thence in 1869 to Sergeant's Bluffs and to Sloan in
1880 and engaged in hoteling. He married Silpha Ladd in 1859,
they have two children.

J. H. Scroggin, of the firm of J. H. Scroggin & Son, hardware
dealers, was born in Tenn. in 1821; removed during childhood to
111.; thence to Wis. in 1850; thence to Cass county, la. in 1872
and the next year to Sloan and bought a farm near the town and
engaged in farming until he entered his present business, in Mar.
1881. He was married in 1848, and had ten children. The part-
ner of the firm W. F., owns a farm near his father's; was married
in 1877 and has two children.

HISTOKY OF IOWA. 243

MONONA COUNTY.

This county lies on the Missouri River, and is in the fifth tier
from the northern and southern boundaries of the State. It is
twenty-four miles north and south, by an average of nearly thirty
miles east and west, in extent, and comprises sixteen full congres-
sional townships, and some four or five that are fractional, embrac-
ing in all an area of about six hundred and eighty square miles.
The Missouri River, which is the western boundary, runs in a
southeasterly direction, making the southern boundary line some
twelve miles shorter than the northern.

A considerable area of the county is of bottom, or valley lands,
upwards of one hundred and sixty-five thousand acres being in-
cluded in the great Missouri River bottom, through the western
portion of the county. The ascent of these bottoms to the north
is more rapid than that of the Missouri River, thus leaving a small
portion of these valuable lands subject to overflows in high water
seasons, and rendering them sufficiently dry and well drained for
easy and successful cultivation.

The eastern portion of the county is a high and rolling prairie,
well watered and drained by Willow Creek, Soldier and Maple Riv-
ers, and their affluents, all of which are surrounded by wide, beau-
tiful and exceedingly fertile valleys. The uplands abut abruptly
on the bottoms along the east side of the Little Sioux, presenting
the varied and peculiar features characteristic of the bluffs along
the Missouri bottoms throughout their extent in the State. These
bluffs are unusually uniform in elevation, the highest point being
not less than three hundred feet above the sea level. The uplands
in the immediate vicinity of the bluffs, are too broken and uneven
to be practically adapted to agricultural uses, and are cut up with
wooded ravines, while the valleys of the smaller streams, a few
miles inland, are bordered by gentle acclivities which ascend from
the sloping bottoms to the well rounded and gentle divides which
intervene between the water courses.

Most of the streams in the eastern part of the county are
bordered by beautiful bottom lands, varying from one-half to two
miles in width, while the streams themselves are margined by
grassy banks, with beds composed of mire and quicksand. The
Little Sioux River, with several other streams, afibrds some good
water powers for machinery, on which several mills have been
established, while numerous other eligible locations still remain-
ing will yet be properly and simiharly utilized. Wells of excel-
lent water are easily obtained in the valleys at depths varying from
ten to twenty feet, while in the uplands it is often found neces-
sary to sink through the bluff deposit to a depth of over one hun-

24i HISTORY OF IOWA.

dred feet before a permanent supply of water can be reached.
Springs are found at frequent intervals issuing from the bluffs,
and with the brooklets that are fed by them, as also with the
larger streams, afford plenty of water for stock, which find excel-
lent grazing on the uplands, while on the low-lands several varie-
ties of native grasses furnish very nutritious hay. Several lakes
of considerable size are found in the Missouri Valley, which are
clear and inhabited with a variety of excellent fisli. Some of
these lakes have the appearance of having once formed a portion
of the channel of the Missouri, which is now, however, several
miles distant, with heavy cottonwood groves intervening.

The soil in the valleys is usually a deep black mold or fine loam,
it is from six to fifteen feet in depth, and produces exceptionally
large crops of corn, and other grains, and vegetables indigenous to
the western slope. In the Missouri bottoais, low, sandy ridges are
frequently met with, which are the remains of bars formed by the
currents, when the river occupied the whole -width of the valley
from bluff to bluff on either side. The bottom deposits are quite
variable in the character of their component parts, though the
fine, dark loam constitutes by far the greater proportion of the
surface soil. This is generally underlaid by sand and gravel, and
sometimes by a deposit of clay containing large quantities of par-
tially decayed wood, and other vegetable matter, which are frequent-
ly met with in sinking wells. Most of the upland is covered with
a heavy coating of dark humus-charged loam, with subsoil of the
light mulatto-colored bluff deposit. No sterile Inad is found in
• the county, for even that which is broken in the vicinity of the
bluffs, is very fertile, and produces excellent crops of wheat, oats
and other cereals, and in its native state produces very fine pas-
turage for stock.

The largest bodies of timber are the extensive groves of cotton-
wood, which border the banks of the Missouri, while more or less
extensive groves of this and other kinds of timber are found on
the Little Sioux, and many of the deep ravines running further
back into the county are densely shaded with luxuriant forest
growths. Like most of the counties on the Missouri slope in Iowa,
Monona County has no stone or coal, while the bluff deposit fur-
nishes an abundance of material for the manufacture of brick,
which must be depended upon for the future supply of building
material. The local supply of fuel, which all comes from the for-
ests, though ample for the present wants, must become scarce in
time, unless the future demand is anticipated by the cultivation of
artificial groves.

So far as can be ascertained, the first white man to spend the
winter in Monona County was Aaron Cook, who with some asso-
ciates, passed the winter of 1851 here, engaged in herding cattle.
The first permanent settler was Isaac Ashton, who, in 1852, lo-
cated about two miles north of the present town of Onawa, where,

HISTORY OF IOWA. 245

in 1855, he laid out the town of Ashton. Philip Ashton, who was
frozen to death in the winter of 1852, was the first white person
to die in Monona County. Other settlers came in the summer of
1853, in which year Josiah Sumner located in the vicinity of On-
awa, and Aaron Cook at (Jook's Landing, on the Missouri River,
seven miles southwest of Onawa. Among others who cam-e prior
to 1855, were C. E. Whiting, Robert Lindley, Timothy Elliott, J.
E. Morrison, J. B. P. Day, and B. D. Holbrook. Several of the
early settlers came from the eastern part of Iowa, while others
were from Illinois and the Eastern States.

Among the early settlers of the county was Charles B. Thomp-
son, a Mormon leader, who, with a number of followers, located
on the Soldier River, in what is now called Spring Valley Town-
ship, about fifteen miles southwest of the present town of Onawa.

They commenced their settlement in 1854. Thompson called
the place Preparation, as he designed here to prepare his apostles
for the "good time coming." As Thompson was an important
man in the early history of Monona county, some account of him,
and of the enterprise in which he was a leader, will be of interest.
He had been a follower and disciple of Joe Smith at Nauvoo, but
went to St. Louis in 1852, and organized a church. In the sum-
mer of 1853, he sent some of his followers as commissioners to
look for and select a location for his people in Iowa. They selected
the valley of the Soldier in the south part of Monona county, all
the land at that time being vacant.

In 1854 he brought some fifty or sixty families, and pre-empted
several thousand acres of the best land to be found in the region..
Some of the land he subsecpiently entered. Thompson regulated
and controlled all the affairs of the colony, both temporal and spir-
itual, pretending that he had authority to do so under the direc-
tion of a spirit which he called Baneemy. Among other assump-
tions, he pretended that he was the veritable Ephraim of the
Scriptures, and directed his people to call him Father Ephraim. A
strict compliance with his teachings divested his followers of all
worldly care, and prepared them for the further essential doctrine
of his religion, that in order to obtain the Kingdom, they must
sacrifice all their earthly possessions. They accordingly conveyed
to him all their lands and other property, including even their
wearing apparel, and the right to their services.

Under this arrangement, ''Father Ephraim" and Baueemyism
progressed swimmingly, until the autumn of 1855, when a little
rebellion occurred under the leadership of an Elder named Hugh
Lytle, who, with some twenty of them, began a suit in the courts
for the recovery of their ])roperty; but they failed, and the matter
was subsequently compromised by the Lytle party receiving some
of their property and withdrawing from the society.

The remainder adhered to Thompson without serious difficulty
until the autumn of 1858. During the summer of that year, most

246 HISTOKY OF IOWA.

of the male adults of the society were absent in other States,
preaching the doctrines of Baneeniyism to the Gentiles. Thomp-
son, who arrogated to himself the title of "Chief Steward of the
Lord," took advantage of their absence to convey all the realty to
his wife, Catharine Thompson, and to one Guy C. Barnum, reserv-
ing only forty acres as a homestead for himself. His disciples,
hearing of this transaction, returned and immediately called on
''Father Ephraim" for restitution. Being unable to obtain a sat-
isfactory adjustment of the matter, they notified him that on a
stated day he would be expected to meet them in Preparation to
make settlement.

The " Chief Steward of the Lord,'' and "Assistant Steward of
the Lord " Barnum, had not sufficient courage to " face the
music," however, and postponed their visit to Preparation until
the day after the one appointed, doubtless thinking that the
angry crowd would have become dispersed by that time. On the
way they were met, about a mile from the village, by a young wo-
man who had not yet lost confidence in "Father Ephraim" and
Baneeniyism, and who informed them that the people were still con-
gregated at Preparation, and would hang him on sight; which in-
formation had the effect on "Father Ephraim" it Avas well calcu-
lated to have, especially as at about that moment of time, men on
horseback were observed coming from Preparation at full speed,
and heading in a!l earnestness in the direction of the Chief Steward
and Assistant. Springing from the wagon in which they were seated,
and unharnessing their horses, the two Stewards hurriedly sprang
upon the backs of the animals, and the chase, which ensued, was
of an exciting and highly interesting character. After a lively
race of fifteen miles, across prairies and over creeks and ravines,
the "Father" and the "Assistant Father," arrived safely in
Onawa. where they were given protection by the citizens.

Thompson went from Onawa to St. Louis, and Barnum remained
in Onawa until the following spring, removing thence to Nebraska,
where he, in course of time, became a prominent citizen. Thomp-
son subsequently attempted to found another similar religious
society, but was unsuccessful, and next turned his attention to
publishing a book on the "Origin of the Black and Mixed Races,"
which book he pretended to translate largely from the Hebrew
and Greek languages, which, it is said, he in reality knew nothing
about. The last heard of him by his former followers in Monona,
was to the effect that he was in Philadelphia in destitute circum-
stances. After his flight from Preparation, his family was sent
to him at Onawa, his followers (?) dividing the personal property
among themselves, each taking such of his own property as he
could identify. An action in chancery was immediately begun to
set aside the conveyances of real estate, which litigation lingered
in the courts for eight years, or until December, 1866, when the
conveyances were all declared to be fraudulent, and were set aside,

HISTORY OF IOWA. 247

the Supreme Court of Iowa holding that Thompson held the
property only as a trustee. The property was sold under an order
of the court, and the proceeds were divided among the original
contributors in ratio to the amount contributed by each. Of the
sixty families brought to Monona by Thompson — to the settle-
ment at Preparation — only three or four remain — to such an in-
glorious termination was Baneenyism destined to attain.

The proper name by which this peculiar sect sought to be known
is said to have been the ''Congregation of Jehovah's Presbytery of
Zion," which was contracted to ''Con-je-pre-zion," and hence the
members came to be known as the "Conjeprezionites." Prepara-
tion was also familiarly known as Baneemy Town.

Monona county was organized in 1854. At the time of its or-
ganization, it had a population of 222; its population in 1860 was
832; in 1865 the population was 1,056; in 1870 it had reached 3,654,
which was increased to 5,967 in 1875, and to 9,055 in 1880.
Thirty-two votes were cast for Governor in the county in 1854;
134 votes were cast in 1857, and in 1859, Samuel J. Kirkwood and
A. C. Dodge, Gubernatorial candidates, each received 105 votes in
the county.

Charles B. Thompson was appointed the first County Judge.
This was before the location of the county seat, so that the first
county business was transacted at Preparation. In the autumn of
1854, the county seat was located by the commissioners appointed
by the Legislature. They gave the place selected the name of
Bloomfield, but there being another town of that name in the
State, it was changed to Ashton. The county seat remained there
until the spring of 1858, when it was removed to Onawa by a
vote of the people. The following were the first county officers:
Charles B. Thompson, County Judge; Guy C. Barnum, Treasurer;
Hugh Lytle, Clerk; Homer C. Hoyt, Sherifi".

Monona county then embraced what is now the west range of
townships of Crawford county, but the change was made in accoixl-
ance with the votes of both counties in 1865. In 1860 a vote was
taken on the question of the removal of the county seat from
Onawa to Belvidere, and another vote was taken in 1862, on the
removal to Areola; both of which attempts, however, failed, and
the location of the Sioux City & Pacific Railroad may be said to
have, in all probability, finally settled the question.

The first newspaper was published by "Father Ephraim" Thomp-
son at Preparation, and was called Zion Harhitujer and WeeJcbj
Messenger. Thompson also published a monthly periodical. Dur-
ing the continuance of this paper, it flourished under several dif-
ferent names, such as the Weekly Neivs and Messenger and the
Democratic Messenger. This paper was started in 1854; in 1855,
Thompson published a paper called the Onawa Adventure. In
November, 1860, a paper was commenced at Onawa, by A. Dim-
mick and D. W. Butts, called the Monona Cordon. The next pa-

2iS HISTORY OF IOWA.

per, the West Iowa Gazette, was started by Mr. Butts about the be-
ginning of 1863, and was succeeded in 1865 by the Monona
Count}) Gazette, the first number of which was issued December
2d, 1865, F. M. Howdendobler and C. H. Aldridge being the pub-
lishers. The People's Press made its first appearance in Onawa
in 1870.

The first frame house erected in the county was built at Prep-
aration in the summer of 1853, of materials brought from Potta-
wattamie county. Thomas Lewis taught the first school in the
county at Preparation in the same year. In 1851: the first lumber
was sawed at Preparation. Amos Chase, at the same settlement,
was the pioneer blacksmith. John S. Blackburn began the mak-
ing of that very palatable article, corn meal, in 1857. In 1857, a
frame school house was erected at Ashton.

The first ofiicers of Ashton Township were: Lorenzo D. Driggs,
J. B. Gard, Justices of the Peace; Josiah Sumner, Isaac Ashton,
J. B. Gard, Trustees; Aaron Cook, Clerk; Lorenzo Driggs, Asses-
sor; J. Sumner, M. Owens, Constables.

The present county ofiicers of Monona county are: C. H.
Aldridge, Clerk; James Walker, Sherifi"; John K. McCasky,
Auditor; G. H. 13ryant, Treasurer; M. W. Bacon, Recorder; J. B.
P. Day, Surveyor; J. G. Iddings, Superintendent of Schools; G'.
M. Scott, E. Wilber, Fred. McClausland, Board of Supervisors.

The Sioux City & Pacific Railroad traverses the county from
north to south, along its western border. A branch of the Chicago
& Northwestern enters Monona County at the northeast corner,
and terminates at Mapleton Station. This line is, it is presumed
to be built through the county, touching Onawa, and extended
into Nebraska, crossing the Missouri at Decatur. Another line,
running from a point in the western part of Crawford county,
through Monona County, and passing on to Sioux City, is looked
forward to. This line is expected to be built by the W. & St, P.
company, and will pass about ten miles ea'^t of the county seat.

The towns of Monona County are: Whiting, situated in the '
northwestern part, on the Sioux City & Pacific; Mapleton, to the
northwest; Soldier, to the southeast, and Onawa in the western
part of the county.

ONAWA.

The prosperous and progressive town of Onawa, the county seat
of Monona County, is located near the middle line of the county,
north and south, and about eight miles east of the Missouri River,
but only about four miles from the nearest point on the river to
the southwest. The Monona Land Company laid out Onawa in
1857, including in its area about six hundred acres, with about six
hundred additional acres of out-lots. The principal streets run
cast and west, and are one hundred and fifty feet in width, the

HISTOKY OF IOWA. 249

other streets being eighty feet wide, with uUeys sixteen feet wide.
Two blocks were reserved in the northern part of the town for
public parks.

S. S. Pearse built the first house in Onawa July 2d, 1857; the
Onawa House was raised on the 4th of the same month, by J. E.
Morrison. Among the first settlers were Judge C. E. Whiting, J.
E. Morrison, Timothy Elliott, R. G. Fairchild and S. S. Pearse.

Surrounded by an excellent farming country, with plenty of
timber within two or three miles, Onawa is certain to develop into
a point of considerable importance. Since its incorporation, and
the completion of the railroad, the population of the town has
steadily increased. Onawa is thirty-seven miles from Sioux City,
about sixty-five miles from Council Bluffs, and thirty-eight miles
from Missouri Valley Junction.

Up to 1868, Onawa remained a sub-district of Franklin township
district. A petition was presented in that year, praying for a spec-
ial election to vote upon the question of the organization of an in-
dependent school district. This petition was granted, and the or-
ganization was eifected February 22d, 1808. The membei'S of the
Board, for the first year, were: Charles Atkins, President; James
Armstrong, Vice-President; F, M. Snow, Secretary; N. A. Whit-
ing, Treasurer; R. G. Fairchild, L. D. Sittle and J. E. Selleck, Di-
rectors, The first school taught in the town was taught by A. R.
Wright, now of Sioux City, in a little log school house, now on
Main street, about the year 1857. There was a brick school house —
28x50 feet in dimensions, and one-story high, erected subse-
quently, which was successfully utilized until the building of the
present edifice in 1874. The present public school building is a
fine brick structure, 48x85 feet, and three-stories high. It con-
tains six rooms. The building cost in the neighborhood of §20,-
000. The present school officers are: Board of Education — J. K.
McCaskey, President; S. B. Martin, Secretary; C. H. Holbrook,
Treasurer: N. A. Whiting, B. D. Holbrook, G. E. Warner, J. E.
Selleck, M. Vincent, members of the Board. The corps of teach-
ers as composed at this writing, is as follows: W. H. Dempster^
Principal; Belle M. Gilcrest, Assistant Principal; W. J. Maugh-
lin, Annie C. Gillette, D. E. Smith, Flora J. Maughlin, Bessie
Gray, teachers. Present enrollment, about 300. The school build-
ing is a model of architectural beauty and finish, the rooms are
large, heated by means of furnaces, ventilated in accordance with
the Ruttan system, and furnished with single and combination
desks.

The Court House at Onawa was built by the Monona Land
Company in 1858, and donated to the county. The building cost
about $7,000.

A summarized history of Monona county's newspapers has been
given hitherto. Room — or rather want of room — only suffices
here to say that the Monona Counfif Gazette was taken charge of

250 HISTOKY OF IOWA.

in 1879 by W. A. Green alone, who ran the paper until 1870,
when it subsequently passed into the ownership of the Gazette
Publishing Company, with Mr. J. D. Ains worth as the editor. In
1875, Ainsworth became sole proprietor, and has continued to hold
the fort in a most commendable way. The Gazette is an eight-
column folio, and has a circulation in excess of 800 copies.

The first railroad was completed to Onawa in November, 1867.
The town gave the company the right of way, and lots, and cash
to the amount of $8,000, besides donating twenty acres of land
for depot grounds. Onawa has a reasonable prospect for a rail-
road from Mapleton during the present year.

The date of the platting of Onawa was the year 1857. The
following persons composed the Monona Land Company: T.
Elliott, J. E. Morrison, J. L. Merritt, C. E. Whiting, E,. G. Fair-
child, S. S. Pearse, A. B. Gard, W. S. Phillips, A. Dimmick;
Judge Whiting being the President; T. Elliott, Treasurer; S. S.
Pearse, Secretary.

The first Mayor of Onawa was Dr. R. Stebbins. Present
municipal officers: H. E. Morrison, Mayor; T. P. Noble, Record-
er; J. C. Pike, D. B. Kenyon, John Cleghorn. J. R. Thurston,
T. C. Walton, Council.

The business interests of Onawa may be classiHed, with reason-
able accuracy, as follows :

General stores, four; groceries, three; drugstores, two; millinery,
ihree; harness, two; hardware, two; meat markets two; clothing,
one; Jewelry, one; agricultural implements, two; flour and feed,
one; bank, one; barber shop, one; hotels, three; blacksmith shops,
three; furniture, one; boots and shoes, two; livery, two; lumber,
one; flouring mill, one; fancy goods, one; saloons, two.

CHURCHES AND SOCIETIES.

Congregational Church Society. — The Congregational Society
was organized June 27th, 1858, by Rev. G. G. Rice, of Council
Bluffs, and Rev. Reuben Gaylord, of Omaha. The first-named
gentleman was the society's first pastor, and he was succeeded by
the Rev. George L. Woodhull, who died October 1st, 1870, aged
28 years. Mr. Woodhull's successor was the present pastor, Rev.
Charles N. Lyman, who assumed the charge January 1, 1871. The
church edifice was erected in 1870, and was dedicated in Decem-
ber of that year. The cost was ^6,000, Prior to the erection of
this building, the society held its services in the Court House. The
present membership of the society is fifty-five. A Sabbath School,
with an average attendance of seventy-five pupils, is connected
with the church. The superintendent of the school is the Rev.
Charles N. Lyman.

^Methodist Episcopal Church Society . — The Methodist Episcopal
Society was organized October 9th, 1870, by Rev. J. F. Walker,

HISTORY OF IOWA. 251

who was the first pastor. The successive pastors were: Revs. L.
H. Woodworth, A. L. Mattisoii, 0. S. Bryan,. J. B. Starkey, J.
Warner, H. W. Jones, S. W. Owen, C. E. Chase, F. A. Burdick
and A. J. Beebe, the latter being the present pastor. The edifice
now in use was built in L878, at a cost of ^2,000. The society had
previously held services in the public school house. The present
membership is forty-three. The society has a parsonage, which
was built in 1873. during Rev. Starkey's pastoral term. There is
also a Sabbath School with about seventy-five pupils, the superin-
tenaent of which is Miss D. E. Smith. The present Trustees of
the society are: M. W. Bacon, S. W. Grow, L. D. Sittle, W. C.
Marr andT. C. Walton.

Roman Catholic Church Society. — The Catholic Church Society
at Onawa may be considered to date its existence from the build-
ing of its church edifice in the latter part of 1872. Mass had been
celebrated there occasionally, as far back as 1866, and in 1867,
when Bishop Hennessy assumed charge of the w^estern part of
the State, which, during the government of his predecessor,
Bishop Smythe, had been administered by the late Bishop O'Gor-
man, of Omaha. Mass was celebrated prior to 1866, by priests
of the Diocese of Nebraska, and particularly by Father Tracy,
of old St. John's, who had charge from the Yellowstone to the
Platte. Rev. B. C. Lenehan is the present pastor.

Monona Lodge No. 880, I. 0. 0. F. — This Lodge was organ-
ized June 7th, 1878, by Grand Master A. J. Morrison. The
charter members were: E. W. Holbrook,. H. W. Cady. L. H.
Belknap, John Douglas, C. M. Ross, J. S. Baggs, D. L. Utterback,
James Carmody, R. Horning and J. K. McCaskey. The first
officers were: J. K. McCaskey, N. G.; J. Carmody, V. G.; J.
Douglas, S.; E. W. Holbrook, T. The membership of the Lodge
is twenty-eight. Present officers: P. T. Noble, N. G.; Geo. W.
Penn, V. G.; L. D. Sittle, S.; W. M. Bacon, T. The meetings
of the Lodge are held on every Saturday night of each week in
the hall of the society over the bank.

Vesjjer Lodge No. 223, A. F. and A. M. — A dispensation was
granted to this Lodge August 28th, 1867. The first officers were:

F. W. Snow, W. M.: James Butts, S. W.; Truman Pierce, J. W.;
Charles Atkins, S.; Fred McCouslan, T.; W. A. Grow, S. D.; M.
A. Treeland, J. D.; John Baggs, Tyler. Acharter was granted the
Lodge June 3d, 1868. The charter members were F. VV. Snow,
James Butts, Truman Pierce and other wortny gentlemen. The
present officers are: James Walker. AV. M.; H. Douglas, S. W.;

G. E. Warner, J. W.; J. D. Ainsworth, S.; R. Stebbins, F. S.; B. D.
Holbrook, S. D.; D. Handle, J. D.; J. D. Giddings, S. S.; 0. D.
Bishop, J. S.; F. W. Snow, Tyler. The Lodge meets every
Wednesday, on or after each full moon, in the hall over the bank.
The membership of this society is thirty-eight, and it is in a flour-
ishing condition.

252 HISTORY OF IOWA.

Monona County Agricultural Association. — This association was
organized in the spring of 1871, as a stock company. The first of-
ficial board of directors was composed of the following-named gen-
tlemen: C. E. Whiting, Fred McCausland, J. E. Morrison, M. A.
Freeland, W. G. Kennedy, A. Dimmick and E. Peak. The first
officers were: C. E. Whiting, President; M. A. Freeland, Vice-
President; James Walker, Secretary; B. D. Hoi brook. Treasurer.
The association owns thirty-five acres of land situated about one
mile north of Onawa, which land is enclosed with a good, substan-
tial fence. Inside the enclosure is Floral Hall, an excellent build-
ing, with dimensions of 20x40 feet, as well as an additional ''L," of
24x60 feet. There are also a fine Amphitheatre and good stables
and cattle-sheds. A half-mile race-track is another improvement.
All these are in good condition. The present board of directors is
composed of W. T. Boyd, A. Oliver, J. D. Woodward, J. B. P.
Day, R. G. Fairchild, C. E. Whiting and G. E. Warner. The
present officers are: A. Oliver, President; J. B. P. Day, Vice-
President; J. D. Ainsworth, Secretary; B.D. Holbrook, Treasurer.
The society is in a very prosperous condition. Its last annual
fair, the ninth, was held in September, 1881.

Monona County Old Settlers' Association. — This association
was organized in August, 1879, by C. E. Whiting, R. Stebbins,
T. R. Carratt, J. E. Morrison, Judge Oliver, F. H. Day and others.
The first officers were: F, H. Day, President; C. E. "Whiting, C.
M. Scott, W. L. Ring, Vice-Presidents; James Walker, Secretary,
R. Stebbens, T. R. Carratt, John Heisler, James Robinson, J. D.
Woodward. Executive Committee. Present Officers: W. L.
Ring, President; F. F. Roe, T. Elliott, G. M. Scott, Vice-Presi-
dents; James Walker, Secretary and Treasurer; J. B. P. Day. C.
E. Whiting, Judge Oliver, J. Cleghorn, Executive Committee.
The present membership of the association is about 275.

MAPLETON.

This growing town was platted in the autumn of 1877, by the
railroad company. The first hotel was built by A. P. Kennedy in
1877. The Maple River branch of the Chicago & Northwestern
Railroad, was completed from Maple River Junction, the first
train arriving in October, 1877. A branch of the C, M. & St. P.
R. R. from Sioux City to Mapleton is now graded, and will ere
long be placed in running order.

In September, 1877, J. Garrison built the first store in Maple-
ton. It was 10x12 feet in dimensions. The Messrs. Scott soon
afterwards built the store they now occupy.

The first settlers in the village were: J. Garrison, W. F. Scott
and brothers, W. F. McHenry and B. Whiting, who settled here
in the autumn of 1877. The town was incorporated in 1878, with
J. F. Scott as Mayor. The population is about 600.

HISTORY OF IOWA, 253

The Mapleton Bank was organized October 3d, 1878, with B.
Whiting, President; N. H. Bliss, Cashier, and with abundance of
capital. It is a flourishing and substantial institution. At pres-
ent, B. Whiting is the President, C. I. Whiting, Cashier.

The schools of Mapleton are graded, and in excellent condition.
A handsome structure was erected in 1880-81, at a cost of |3,500.
J. A. Wakefield is the Principal. About 100 pupils are enrolled.

An order of Odd Fellowship was organized Sept 11th, 1879, with
five charter members. J. Hutton was the first N. G. The Lodge
now has twenty-five members.

A Masonic order was organized in July, 1880, with ten charter
members. The present membership is fifteen. J. D. Rice Avas
the first Master of this Lodge.

The Presbyterian Church Society was organized July 31st,' 1881,
by Rev. A. K. Baird, assisted by Rev. J. C. Gilkerson, thejpresent
pastor, with a membership of seventeen. The church officers are
one Elder and thi-ee Trustees.

The M.E. Church Society of Mapleton was organized by Rev.
Thomas Cuthburt, during the year of 1880. The church edifice, a
neat and durable brick building of^the Gothic style, 32x50 feet in
dimensions, was erected during the same year, at a cost of §2,300,
and the ^following Trustees were appointed: W. E. Roberts,
President; B. Whiting, Treasurer; George Adams, Secretary; A.
W. Cobland, G. A. Smith, Trustees. The Society is small, but grow-
ing, was organized with a membership of six, and now numbers
twenty. During the year, 1881, the Society built a parsonage at a
cost of §800, the building being in every way highly creditable to
the organization. There is, in this connection a Sabbath School,
with an average attendance of eighty. W. E. Roberts is the
Superintendent. Rev. H. P. Dudley is the present pastor.

The Baptist Church Society was organized in' March, 1866, by
Rev. George Scott. Its membership is thirty-eight. Rev. W. H.
Dorward is the present pastor.

The Mapleton cornet band was organized in 1880, with ten
members. A. I. Lanterman is the leader.

Mapleton's business and professional establishments are repre-
sented as follows: Four general stores, one [newspaper — the
Mapleton Press — one bank, four hotels, two livery stables, two
hardware stores, three saloons, two blacksmiths, one boot and
shoe store, one grocery, one millinery store, one harness shop, four
physicians, two grain dealers, two lumber yards, one wagon factory,
one furiiiture store, one farm machinery establishment, two meat
markets, four dealers in live stock. -

An article with the captivating caption, "Society in' Mapleton,"
says: "Mapleton will com])are favorably with older towns east
or west as regards[ social privileges. Although a town of only
eighteen months' -growth, Ave here find manv advantages that
Avould be'prij-ed^by those seeking homes in the AVost.

254 HISTORY OF IOWA.

"Our people are mostly from the Eastern States, and are well
informed, public spirited and up with the times. As yet we are
without an organized church, hut union services and Sunday school
are regularly held in the public hall, and there is a prospect that
either a Presbyterian or Congregational society will soon be
formed. The Methodist Episcopal church contemplate building a
house of worship the coming summer.

''The 'Blue Ribbon' movement has reached Mapleton, and up-
ward of 200 have signed the pledge. It is to be hoped that efforts
that have been made in this direction will not be in vain.

"A literary society has been sustained during the past winter
with considerable interest. Lectures, readings, concerts and other
entertainments have not been wanting to afford amusement for
the winter evenings. The many demands for money incident to
carrying on the enterprise of a new town are met with cheerful-
ness and a ready response by our citizens and no laudable undertak-
ing has 3^et failed for the lack of means.

"A tax has been levied in Maple Township and partly collected
for the purpose of erecting a substantial school building, that will
be the pride of our city. A mayor, six alderman, and other effi-
cient officers manage municipal affairs; quiet and good order uni-
versally prevail in our midst.

"People looking for homes in Western Iowa should visit Maple-
ton before deciding on a permanent location."

The following is taken from editorial correspondence to the
Carroll (la.) Herald : " Western Iowa is constantly furnishing
examples of the sudden rise and rapid growth of new towns. The
wild prairie of yesterday is frequently transformed into the busy
and bustling center of trade to-day. One of the most notable of
these instances is found in the history of Mapleton, from which
place I write. Theto^vn was platted in the fall of 1877, and is
consequently less than a year and a half old. The Maple River
branch of the Northwestern road reached here about the middle
of October, 1877. At that time there was no settlement worth
mentioning. Now the town numbers five hundred inhabitants,
and is growing steadily. The railroad, which leaves the main line
sixty miles southeast, terminates at Mapleton. By virtue of this
fact, the place enjoys exceptional advantages over other towns on
the line. It is located near the beautiful Maple River in the far-
famed Maple Valley, long noted as comprising within its limits
the finest farming land in the west, but until recently not accessi-
ble by railroad. It will doubtless remain the terminal station for
years to come, and its present prosperity cannot but increase in
the future. Although Mapleton is young, it has none of the
characteristics of a mushroom town. The buildings are ex-
tremely creditable and calculated for permanency. Many of
the residences are handsome and attractive. The location of the
town is excellent. It lies on high, but nearly level ground.

HISTORY OF IOWA. 255

sloping just enonojli to afford good drainage. The residence lots
are all superior, and there is ample room for a large city. The
land surrounding it is unexcelled for agricultural purposes, nearly
every acre being tillable. The Maple River furnishes numerous
water powers, there being three grist mills within five miles of
the town."

WHITING.

Although comparatively young, in respect to many other
Western Iowa towns, Whiting has made rapid strides since its
first settlement. A complete representation of its more enter-
prising business establishments will be found among the bio-
graphical data hereunto appended.

MONONA COUNTY BIOGRAPHIES

ONAWA.

James Butts, M. D., was born in Genesee county, N. Y., in
1822; remained at home until twenty-one years of age; then began
the study of medicine. He moved to Wis. in 1856, and engaged
in the practice of medicine; was also postmaster while in that
State. He removed to Kans. in 1860, traveled extensively through
the west, settled at Onawa in 1866, and has practiced medicine
there ever since. He cpened a drug store in 1873, and after four
years, sold it. He has been twice married; the first time in 18-14,
and to Lucy L. Crawford, in 1880.

I. Cummings, dealer in groceries and provisions, was born in N.
Y. in 1844; removed to Fremont county, la., in 1855; thence to
Chicago, 111., in 1871, where he remained five years, and located in
Onawa, la., in 1877. In 1881, engaged in the present business, by
buying out J. R. Thurston.

John Douglas, jeweler and music dealer, was born in Scotland
in 1851; came to America in 1872, and settled in Neb.; moved to
Onawa in 1876, and engaged in his present business. He was
married in 1876, and has two children — Mary, and an infant
daughter.

W. J. Eva, harness manufacturer, Avas born in Wis. in 1847;
removed to Worthington, Nobles county, Minn., in 1872; thence
to Onawa, la., in 1876, and engaged in his present business in
1878. He was married in 1875 to Lucy Manning, and has three
children.

256 HISTORY OF IOWA.

B. D. & Clias. Holbrook; proprietors of the bank at Onawa, came
from Pa. to this city in 1857, and engaged in the law, loan and real
estate business, until 1865, when they opened the bank. H. E.
Morrison is cashier of the bank.

A. G. Hurst, farmer and stock dealer, was born in lud. in 1832;
removed with parents in 1836 to 111.; thence to Newton, la. In
1855 came to Ashtou, near Onawa. He enlisted in March, 1862,
in Co. K., 17th la., and] re-enlisted as a veteran in the same com-
pany. He was taken prisoner with the rest of the regiment and
confined at Anderson ville one hundred and eighty-five days; was
discharged at Davenport, la., June 16th, 1865, and returned to
Mofloua county, and engaged in farming and dealing in stock. He
was married in 1859, to Julia Brink, and has ten children.

W. H. Kelsev was born in N. Y. in 1841. He enlisted in Co. B,
64th N. Y. Vol., in 1861, was discharged in 1862; re-enlisted in the
13th N. Y. Heavy Art. as a veteran, and was again discharged in
1865. He was one of five brothers, who enlisted; two were killed
and the others disabled in the service. He came to Onawa in 1865.
He was married|in 1877.

D. B. Kenyon, miller and grain dealer, was born in N. Y. in
1845; removed to Wis. in 1856, and from thereto Onawa in 1872,
and engaged in his present business. He was married in 1869 to
N. F. Freeland. They have one son and two daughters.

C. G. Perkins, postmaster, and dealer in general merchandise,
was born in Rockingham county, N. Y., in 1830; removed to M'^is.
in 1855, and engaged in farming. He enlisted in 1862 in Co.
G, 19th Wis., and was discharged in 1865; then came to Onawa,
and engaged in farming four years. He was then elected county
recorder; resigned in 1872. He was a member of the 14th assem-
bly in 1872-3; engaged in his present business in 1873. He was
married in 1853 to R. S. Stearns, and has three children — C. W.,
Mary W. and Addie M.

P. Sawyer, proprietor of city blacksmith shop, was born in Ox-
ford county. Me., in 1846. He enlisted in 1862, in Co. D. 28th
Me. Vol.; was discharged in 1863, and went to Concord, Mass.;
thence to Onawa in 1865. He was married in 1867, to M. T. Cun-
ningham. They have four children — Edwin E., Altha M., Earl,
and Margie,

John W. Somers, druggist, was born in N. C. in 1834; removed
to Champaign county, 111., in 1843 and was clerk of the courts for
several years. He enlisted in 1862 in the 76th 111. Vol. as a pri-
vate; was promoted to commissary sergeant, then to first lieuten-
ant, and regimental quarter-master; left the army in 1865, and re-
turned to 111. He engaged in the drug business in 1867 at Urbana,
and in 1879 removed to Onawa, and again engaged in the drug
business. He was married in 1858 to Sarah J. Fitzgerald. They
have one son and one daughter.

HISTORY OF IOWA. 257

Richard Stebbins, M. D., and druggist, was born in Springfield,
Mass., in 1824. He was educated JPor a physician; removed to
Council Bluffs in 1857, and engaged in the practice of medicine;
remained there six months; removed to Onawa, and continued the
practice of his profession, and engaged in the drug business in
1864. He was married in 1859 to Mary J. Billings, and has a son
and a daughter.

J. R. Thurston, proprietor of the Onawa House, was born in
Herkimer county, N. Y., in 1833; removed to Cass county^ la., in
1856; thence to Onawa in 1860, and engaged in farming, until
1877, when he engaged in the mercantile business, Avhich he sold
in 1881, and engaged in his present businees. He was married in
1855, and has five children.

T. C. Walton, proprietor of the Walton House, was born in
Somerset county, Me., in 1829; removed to Wis., in 1854, and re-
mained two years and returned to Me. In 1864 he again removed
to Wis., settling in St. Croix county, and engaged in the drug
business. In 1869 he came to Onawa, la., and in 1871 built the
hotel he now occupies. He has been twice married, and has four
children — Lona, Ida, Geo. and William.

Maj. George E. Warner, dealer in general merchandise, was
born in Sullivan county, N. H., in 1843. He went to Boston,
Mass., at the age of twelve to learn the dry goods business. In
1862 he enlisted in the 6th Mass. battery, and at the end of six
monthi^, entered the lOtli U. S. colored corps as first lieutenant;
was promoted to Major, and discharged in that rank in 1867; came
to Onawa, la., and engaged in his present business. He was mar-
ried in 1868 to Mollie E. Morrison, of Onawa, and has one child,
a daughter.

N. A. Whiting, dealer in general hardware, was born in N. Y.,
in 1823; lived on a farm until eighteen years of age; then learned
carriage making, in which business he was engaged for fifteen
years in 0. and Ala. He came to Onawa, la., in 1857, and the
following year engaged in his present business. He was married
in 1853, and has three children — Eva, Charles and Estella. Chas.
is engaged in the banking business at Mapleton, la.

W. G. Woods, dealer in grain, enlisted in 1864 in Co. E, 4Sth
Wis., and was discharged in 1865. He was married in 1 873, to Ma-
tilda Barber, and has one son and one daughter — Arthur and Zellie.

MAPLETON.

J. Q. Adams, i)roprietor of the Mapleton dray line, was born in
Franklin county. Me., in .1837; moved to Iowa in 1854. He
moved to Onawa in 1858, and engaged in farming. He engaged
in his present business in Mapleton, Jan. 25tb. 1881.

258 HISTORY OF lOAVA.

G, H. Butler, of the firm of G. H. Butler & Co., furniture deal-
ers, was born in Ind. ; moved to la. in 1856, and engaged in mill-
ing. He moved to Monona county, la., in 1865, and engaged in
farming, and in 1878, engaged in his present business.

J. R. Cameron, dealer in general merchandise and grain, is a
native of Ohio; came to la. in 1852, and engaged in the land busi-
ness. He came to Monona county in 1878, and engaged in the
grain and land business, and, in 1880, added the mercantile busi-
ness. He was agent for the railroad company for three years.

J. R. Chapman, dealer in lumber, coal and builders' supplies, is
a native of N. Y.; moved to Ohio when young, and to Scott
county, la., in 1860. He came to Mapleton, in 1877, and engaged
in his present business.

J. Garrison, hardware dealer, was born in 111.; moved to Iowa in
1873, and located in Calhoun county, and engaged in farming. He
moved to Dunlap, and engaged in the mercantile business; thence
to Mapleton, in the autumn of 1877, and built the first store in the
place, and entered the mercantile business.

Porter Hamilton, of the firm of Hamilton Bros., dealers in farm
machinery and lumber, was born in 111.; moved to Cedar Rapids,
la., in 1872; thence to Mapleton in the autumn of 1877. and en-
gaged in his present business. During 1881, his sales of farm ma-
chinery amounted to |25,000.

Samuel Holliday, proprietor of the City billiard hall, was born
in Muscatine county, la., in 1812, and engaged in farming, until
entering his present business in 1880.

T. Martin, proprietor of blacksmith and wagon shop, is a native
of 111.; moved to la. in 1880, and engaged in his present business.

M. Morgan, of the firm of Butler & Morgan, grocers, was born
in Scott county, la., in 1816. He enlisted in May, 1861, in the
44th la. regiment, and was discharged in autumn of the same
year. He re-enlisted in Jan., 1865, in the 20th, la., Co. G; was
transferred to the 29th la. regiment, and in Sept., 1865, returned
to Iowa, and engaged in farming. He located at Mapleton in
1879, and entered his present business in Jan., 1881.

J. D. Rice, attorney at law; is a native of N. Y.; moved to
Marshall, la., in 1874; thence to Mapleton in 1878, and engaged
in the practice of the law. He is a member of the school board.

W. E. Roberts, agent for the C. & N. W. R. R., is a native of
England; came to America when quite young, with parents, and
settled in Wis.; moved to Tama county, la., in 1868. He after-
wards moved to Battle Creek, as agent for the railroad company;
thence to Mapleton in Nov., 1880.

W. F. Scott, of the firm of Scott Bros., dealers in general mer-
chandise, is a native of W. Va.; moved to Clinton county, la., in

HISTORY OF IOWA. 259

1864, and to Denison in 1871, and engaged in the mereantile busi-
ness. He came to Mapleton in 1877, erected a large store building,
and engaged in his present business. He was appointed postmaster
in Dec, 1881, and is also express agent.

B. B. Snyder, proprietor of the Stowell House, is a native of
Pa.; came to Logan, la., in 1876, and engaged in the hotel busi-
ness. He erected one of the first hotels in Mapleton, and opened
his present house in 1881, which is in charge of his son, James S.
Snyder.

WHITING.

Cassady & Whiting, dealers in general merchandise, located in
W^hiting in June, 1880. Mr. Cassady is a native of 0.; moved to
la. in 1867, and settled near this place. W. C, Whiting is a native
of Monona county, and has always resided in it.

Koon & Dimmick, dealers in general hardware, established busi-
ness in Dec, ISSl. Mr. Koon came to Mills county, la., in 1868,
from 111.; thence to Monona county in 1873. Mr. Dimmick is a
native of Pa.; moved to Ashton, la., in 1856; thence to Whiting in

1881.

D. Rust, M. D., of the firm of Rust & Morley, druggists, was
born in 111.; moved to Fremont county, la., in 1876. He estab-
lished his present business in Whiting in 1879, and in 1880 L. A.
Morley became a partner. They do a general drag business, and
deal in paints, oils, etc.

Lyman Whittier, the pioneer merchant of Whiting, was born
in Essex county, Mass.; came to la. in 1870, and located at Mis-
souri Valley and engaged in the mercantile business; removed to
Whiting in 1873, and built the first store and started his present
business. He enlisted in Oct., 1862, in the 1st battery of Mass.
heavy artillery, and served until June 1865. Mr. W. traveled ex-
tensively through Europe during the year 1879. He was appointed
postmaster of Whiting in 1873, and has held the ofiice ever since.

A. G. Wight, dealer in general merchandise, was born in Ohio;
moved to la. in 18G5, and settled in Monona county in 1867. In
1875 he moved to Whiting and engaged in the hotel and livery
business which he still continues, and in 187(3 engaged in the mer-
cantile business.

260 HISTOKY OF IOWA.

CHEROKEE COUNTY,

If there is any one class of men who deserve more than another
to have their names perpetuated in history, it is, perhaps, the hardy
pioneers who k^ft their homes of comfort and luxury in the old
Eastern States, and, voluntarily abandoning all the comforts of
home ani civilized life, plunged boldly into the unknown and lim-
itless prairies that spread out beyond the great Father of Waters,
to explore the mysteries of this mighty region, and to open up new
fields of industry for themselves and their posterity. To the his-
torian, no more delightful task presents itself, than to recount
their deeds of daring, to chronicle their persistent self-sacrificing
efl'orts, to recite their marvelous achievements, to tell of the in-
domitable pluck, energy and determination that characterized their
movements, and then to make the wonderful transformation all
this has effected in one of the grandest countries the sun ever
shown down upon. To the individual who visits this section to-
day, these recitals seem like fairy tales. He cannot comprehend,
as he sits in his elegant palace coach, and is whirled from one city
and village to another, almost with the speed -of the wind, or skims
along the iron track through waving fields of the richest grain,
that a few short years ago this section was tenanted only by wild
animals and the equally wild and savage red-man; and his wonder
is still further increased^ as he notes, on every hand, the commo-
dious and even elegant farm buildings, and sees the innumerable
herds of fine cattle grazing on the nutritious grasses. The transi-
tion has indeed been wonderful, but probably nowhere more marked
than in Cherokee. County, where, a trifle over thirty-six years ago,
no sign of civilization could meet the eye throughout its entire
length and breadth. But a country of such surpassing beauty and
unequal-led richness could not always be given over to painted sav-
ages, albeit they alone had enjoyed its fair skies and beautiful scen-
ery for so many years.

Cherokee County was formed in January, 1851, at which time
most of her sister counties were located and their boundaries de-
fined. In January, 1853, it was attached to the county of Wah-
kan^now Woodbury — for revenue, election and judicial purposes.
At this time, however, it was a county in nothing but name; for
its fertile prairies, beautiful rivers and clear, sparkling brooks had
as yet failed to attract the attention of the '^vanguard of civiliza-
tion." Finally, in the Spring of 185G, Robert Ferry, a hardy pio-
neer from the eastern part of the State, visited this section and
stopped for a short time near what is now known as the city of

HISTORY OF IOWA. 261

Cherokee. The solitude proved altogether too unattractive, and
he soon took his departure for another and more thickly settled
portion of the State.

In the early part of the same year, a number of hard-working,
intelligent men in Milford, in the old commonwealth of Massachu-
setts, became fired with a desire to visit this wonderful Eldorado,
about which they had heard so much, and if possible, to secure for
themselves homes here. Under the leadership of Dr. Russell, a
prominent citizen of Milford, a joint stock company, known as the
"Milford Emigration Society,'"" was formed, consisting of fifty-five
members, twenty-four of whom were heads of families, the design
being to find homes somewhere in Western Iowa. Just prior to
the formation of this company, Carlton Corbett and Lemuel Park-
hurst, both stalwart, daring young men, had been sent out by the
citizens of Milford to explore this portion of the country, and se-
lect a suitable location for colonists. Twenty persons, under the
auspices of the Milford Emigration Society, started on February
11th, 1856, for northwestern Iowa, intending to meet Corbett and
Parkhurst at Sioux City, that being the objective point of the col-
ony at that time.

On arriving at the mouth of the Big Sioux River, Messrs. Cor-
bett and Parkhurst discovered, much to their disappointment, that
others were in advance of them. Mr. Parkhurst remained here,
but Mr. Corbett pushed on up the country for a distance of fifty
miles above Sioux City. Not finding what he considered a desir-
able location, he again turned south with the determination of ex-
ploring Cherokee County, of which he had heard very favorable
reports from Mr. Perl-y, who was then located at Sioux City. A
thorough exploration of the county convinced Mr. Corbett that it
was altogether the finest section of country he had yet visited.
Hastening to Correctionville, he met the Milford colony, and had
but little difficulty in inducing that party to locate here. They
proceeded up tlie Little Sioux River, until they reached Cherokee
County, where all were amazed at the magnificent panorama na-
ture had spread out, seemingly for their benefit. The weary com-
pany arrived at a point on the Sioux, near the present site of Cher-
okee, on a beautiful May morning. The river danced and sparkled
in the sunlight, as it dashed along its pebbly bed; the birds sang
sweetly as they flitted from bough to bough, throiigh the thick
growth of timber that then skirted the high river banks at this
point; the view on either hand was the most enchanting mortal
eyes ever beheld, and to the weary wanderers, many hundred miles
from home, and over one hundred miles from any settlement, it
seemed that all nature was bidding them "welcome" to the peerless
county of Cherokee.

On every side were moderately high bluffs, beyond which, stretch-
ing away for miles upon miles, was the rich rolling prairie-land, of
which they had so long been in search. The entire company con

262 HISTORY OF IOWA.

sisted of twenty persons, some of whom are still living in the county.

The colonists, among whom were Gr. W. Lebourveau, Carlton
Corbett, B. W. Sawtell, Lysander Sawtell, Robert Hammond, Al-
bert Simonds, Asa Slay ton, were undaunted by the fact that there
was no friendly roof to afford them shelter, and believing that a
bright and prosperous future awaited them if only the necessary
pluck and muscle were exercised, they immediately commenced the
construction of a log house, 17 by 18 feet, near the present site of
Mill Creek Mill, and for some time this small building, the first
ever erected in Cherokee County, afforded shelter and a home to
the entire colony. The two teams belonging to the colony were
immediately put to work, and 150 acres were broken for a crop, of
which about thirty acres were planted with corn. They also raised
200 bushels of excellent potatoes and a large quantity of small
vegetables. During the season four more houses were built, one
by G. W. Lebourveau, one by the Sawtell brothers, one by L. Park-
hurst and one by William Holden, the two latter and Albert
Phipps having joined the settlers later in the season. The post-
office and the nearest trading point were sixty miles from the set-
tlement, and nearly all merchandise had to be hauled from Council
Bluffs, 130 miles distant.

During the Summer, a village was planned; 320 acres were sur-
veyed into town lots, and all the land adjoining the village plat
was made into twenty-acre lots, though a few contained as many
as sixty. The lands selected were principally west of the Little
Sioux "River, and south of Mill Creek, and located near the center
of the county. An unusually severe winter followed, the snow at
one time lying three feet deep on the level prairie, and the colo-
nists suffered not a little.

On the 18th day of June, 1856, another colony from Hardin
county, Iowa, consisting of G. W, Banister, John Banister, John
Moore, Charles Moore, Alfred Moore, Jacob Miller, T. Lane, Mar-
vin Alison and Martin Burns, arrived at this place, and immedi-
ately started a settlement seven miles below the Milford colony.
Enoch Taylor and three others met with poor success in attempt-
ing to start another settlement in the northern part of the county.
Cold weather was now coming on, and Mr. Corbett and L. Sawtell
made a trip to Council Bluffs, with ox teams, to procure winter
provisions for the colony.

Thus far the Cherokee colony had been favored with uninter-
rupted prosperity, but an Indian out-break in February, 1857,
threatened for a time to overthrow all the bright hopes of the set-
tlers. In this month a party of Sioux Indians passed down the
river, but as they appeared very friendly to the Cherokee settlers,
no uneasiness was felt. At Smithland, the whites took the arms
away from the Indians, which so enraged the latter that they
started back up the stream, vowing vengeance on all the whites
they should meet. They entered every house on their way back,

HISTORY OF IOWA. 263

appropriating evervtbing in the way of fire-arms they could lay
their hands on. With the arms thus obtained they arrived at
Cherokee, and scattered the settlers and captured their arms, pro-
visions and other articles. Cattle were stolen, provisions seized,
and the unfortunate settlers forced to cook them at the muzzle of
a gun in the hands of an Indian who seemed more anxious to shoot
than otherwise. The savages remained three days, during which
there existed a regular reign of terror. On the night of the third
day, Messrs. Lebourveau and Parkhurst returned from a trip to
Sac City, and the Indians, thinking they had come from Smith-
land, and that the armed citizens of that place would follow, left
the next morning in great haste. Hurrying to Spirit Lake, they
massacred the entire colony, men, women and children.

When the horrible tale of the Spirit Lake massacre reached the
Cherokee settlers, they became thoroughly alarmed, and by the ad-
vice of friends in other settlements, they abandoned their settle-
ment entirely in the latter part of February, some going to Ash-
land, some to Smithland and others to Onawa.

As no further outbreak took place, the fears of the settlers grad-
ually subsided, and in the following May most of the settlers re-
turned and put in their crops.

The first school was taught during the summer in the old log
house called the Cherokee House, by Mrs. Parkhurst, the funds for
its support being sent from Milford, Massachusetts. Among those
who attended that school, are Clara, George and Thomas Brown;
John, Frank and Addie Phipps, all of whom were long residents
of this county. Miss Phipps afterwards taught school herself in
this county, and was considered one of the most successful teach-
ers in the county.

Up to this time, Cherokee had remained attached to Woodbury
County for judicial, election and revenue purposes. Sergeant's
Bluffs was then the county seat of Woodbury County, and as all
business for Cherokee County had to be transacted at that place,
and as the distance was great, the inconvenience became so serious,
that, in August, 1857, the county was completely organized, and
its independent political life fully inaugurated by a special elec-
tion. Twenty-three votes were cast, and the following officers
elected: County Judge, A. P. Thayer; District Clerk, B. W. Saw-
tell; Prosecuting Attorney, C. Corbett; Recorder and Treasurer,
G. W. Lebourveau; County Sheriff, S. W. Haynes; Coroner, G.
W. Banister.

Early in 1858, the first tax was levied, amounting to twelve and
a half mills on the dollar. The total valuation of property was
$97,820. The first county warrant ever issued in Cherokee County
was drawn October 2d, 1858, for $4.30, payable to D. N. Stoddard,
on account of services as chainman on lioad No. 1, to Plymouth
County line, and is signed by A. P. Thayer, County Judge. The

26i HISTORY OF IOWA.

first bridge over the Sioux was built by Mr. Blair, he receiviug there-
for $1/300. To pay this, the people voted a seven-mill tax, four-
teen votes being east for the tax and one against it.

In the fall of 1857, a number of the colonists left, carrying with
them dismal stories of the rigorous Avinters and terrible Indians,
and from the year 1858 to the year 1863, there was but little
cheering in the history of Cherokee County.

Isolated from all the privileges, comforts and conveniences of
old communities, Cherokee County became a little world of its
own, albeit a rather gloomy one. A land grant, made in 1856,
had led the settlers to hope for an early completion of the Du-
buque & Sioux City Railroad, but as time passed on without other
prospects of the road being built, the hopes of the settlers were
extinguished, and a general feeling of despondency took possession
of all.

In the month of November, 1859, occurred the first marriage in
the county, that of Carlton Corbett, and Miss Rosabella Cummings.

For three succeeding years but little occurred in the county
worthy of record. In 1860, the population of the county was fifty-
eight, but in 1863, this had decreased to fifteen. In 1862, the In-
dian outbreaks assumed such formidable proportions that the set-
tlers were once more compelled to flee from their homes and seek
safety at other and better protected places. Mr. Corbett returned
in the fall, and he was followed by 0. S. Wight, J. A. Brown, and
Robert Perry, all of whom were accompanied by their families.

During the civil war, Cherokee County furnished more soldiers
in proportion to her population than any other county in the Un-
ion. Among those who enlisted from this county were G. W.
Lebourveau, Silas Parkhrrst, Joel Davenport, and Albert Phipps.
Eight in all entered the army for the Union, leaving but five men
in the entire county.

In 1863, a court house was built at the cost of |1,900, and this
building is yet being used by the county. In 1865, the first saw
mill was erected on the site now occupied by the Bliss mill. This
year the population of the county was but sixty-four, and the cen-
sus of 1865 returned nine residents, with a population of fifty-two,
twenty-nine males and twenty-three females. There were twenty-
one horses and ninety-eight cattle, and only eighteen acres of spring
wheat were sown, twenty-three acres of oats, seven of barley, and
thirty-eight of potatoes.

For some years, prior to 1866, the settlement had a monthly
mail, which was carried between Cherokee and Sioux City. Dur-
ing the year 1860, a weekly mail was established, which was con-
sidered a wonderful step in advance, and then for the first time the
settlers began to realize that they were really a part and parcel of
the civilized world. Early in this year, G. W. Lebourveau, G. W.
Banister and Silas Parkhurst, three of the original settlers, re-
turned to Cherokee county. The developments of the county from

HISTORY OF IOWA. 265

this time until the year 1869, was very slow, and but little worthy
of record transpired. In 1868, the population numbered 227. The
general election was held in the fall of this year, at which sixty-
four votes were polled. Hon. Eli Johnson, of Cherokee, was
elected to the State Legislature by a handsome majority. Mr.
Johnson is at present a resident of Cherokee, where he is publish-
ing a paper, the Cherol-ee Free Press. During this session of the
Legislature, the preliminary survey for the Dubuque and Sioux
City Railroad was run through Cherokee county, and the line es-
tablished. The work of building the road was immediately com-
menced, and pushed forward with all possible vigor. In the Spring
of 1869, immigration commenced to pour into the county, and it
seemed, indeed, that an era of prosperity had at last been inaugu-
rated. About this time a store was opened in the old village by a
Mr. Foskett. He was soon followed by Mr. Van Eps. A saw mill
was also erected in Pilot Township by Mr. Rodgers.

Daring the year work on the railroad progressed with great
vigor, and in May, 1870, the road was completed, so ;is to admit of
through trains, but as the road left the village of Cherokee about
a mile to the east, an effectual stop was put to its growth. As
soon as it was known exactly where the road would run, it was de-
cided to establish a new town site, and in March, of this year,
Carlton Corbett and G. W. Lebourveau laid out the new town of
Cherokee in the immediate vicinity of the site selected for the de-
pot. The citizens of the old town immediately removed their
buildings to the new site, where all was bustle, life and activity.
The spring was one of remarkable activity; immigrants flocked in
by the hundreds, and busy industry soon converted the bleak prai-
rie into a thriving, prosperous village; and, by December, there
were at least ninety new buildings in the town. In June, of this
year, there were in the county 1,244 cattle, 444 horses, thirty-six
mules, thirty-nine sheep, and seventy swine. The entire valua-
tion of all personal property was $79,979.55.

At the opening of the year 1871, the prospects for Cherokee
County were brighter than ever before in her history. The many
struggles of fifteen years to obtain a foot-hold had at last brought
forth their legitimate fruit,and from this time forward, unparalleled
prosperity has been the portion of Cherokee County.

New villages sprang into existence as if by magic, and the rich
prairie land was soon dotted over with well tilled farms and good
farm buildings. In 1870 the foundations were laid for the first
building in Hazard, and in 1871 , the first house was erected in
Marcus, and Aurelia was started in 1877.

We have thus sketched in brief the more important points iu
the history of Cherokee County; have seen it transferred from a
wild, unbroken prairie into one of the richest and most thickly
settled countries in all the great Northwest; have noted the almost
superhuman exertion necessary to accomplish this task; have

mo HISTORY OF IOWA.

chronicled the repeated failures, the renewed efforts and the final
triumph. It is now proper to describe this, one of the most fertile
and picturesque sections in all the great State of Iowa.

Cherokee County is situated in the third tier of counties south
of the Minnesota line, and the second west of the Dakota line,
lying between Plymouth and Buena Vista counties; is twenty-
four miles square, and contains 368,640 acres of rich and fertile
land. It is well watered by innumerable clear, sparkling brooks,
springs and dashing rivers, the largest river, the Little Sioux,
passing diagonally through the county, making its exit near the
southwest corner. Every township in the county has a stream
running through it, and all of these streams abound with fine fish.
The Maple has its headwaters on the northeastern border of the
county. Along the banks of the Little Sioux considerable timber
is to be found. The general surface of the country is rolling;
there are but few acres of the land too broken to be tilled,
and Cherokee ranks among the best agriultural counties in the
State. Its numerous valleys, formed by clear, running streams,
have a soil especially adapted to the cultivation of cereals. For
stock raising it is superior to most counties in the northwest, as
its numerous running streams afford an abundance of pure water,
and the nutritious grasses, which grow so luxuriantly, afford an
excellent pasturage, and stock can be kept in good condition the
entire year with but little trouble or expense. The climate is
very similar to that of other counties in Northwestern Iowa —
healthy and invigorating; extremes of heat and cold are the ex-
ception, and not the rule, mild weather generally characterizing
the entire year. The air is dry and bracing, and lung diseases are
almost unknown. The soil is a drift deposit, covered with a deep,
rich vegetable mould. Along the streams, it is alluvial, and every
where capable of producing the most luxuriant vegetation. Chero-
kee County has 1,085 acres of natural timber, and 1,275 of artificial.
The inhabitants embrace all nationalities, though the original
stock from Massachusetts and other Eastern states is largely in the
ascendancy.

In 1874, the population was estimated at 5,000, while in the same
year 80,000 acres were under crop. In this year about 1,100 cars
of wheat were shipped from the county, while the total assessa-
ble value of the property of the county footed up in round num-
bers to $1,600,000. In this year there were 1,200 farms in the
county with an average cultivation of sixty-six acres, located in all
the townships in the county. During the same year there were
sixty-four schools in the county, the total value of the school
houses being $32,241. Though statistics are unquestionably rather
dry reading, in this case, at least, they show conclusively the rapid
strides Cherokee County is making towards supremacy.

If the figures given above afford occasion for congratulation,
those for 1881 are still more satisfactory. The taxable real estate

HISTORY OF IOWA. 287

of this county this year amounts in round numbers to $1,800,000;
personal property, $375,000, based as near as possible on one-third
their actual values. The bonded indebtedness of the county is^iS,-
300.

The educational interests, the criterion of a county's pros-
perity, are in a very flattering condition. There are ninety-two
frame school buildings in the county, valued at about $50,000,
while the value of the school apparatus is in round numbers $3,-
000. One hundred and sixty-nine teachers are employed, and 3,-
200 children are enrolled, the averaged attendance being 2,110. Of
the general funds on hand, the last report has the following:
School house fund, $4,500; contingent fund, $5,500; teachers'
fund, nearly $12,000.

The present officials of the county are: Hon. H. C. Lewis, Dis-
trict Judge; Hon. J. R. Zuver, of Sioux City, Circuit Judge; R.L.
Robie, Auditor; Eli Eshleman, Treasurer; E. Miller, Recorder: W.
C. Bundy, Clerk of Courts; R. J. Smythe, Sheriff; Miss Ella M.
Slater, Superintendent of Public Schools, and J. H. Davenport,
Surveyor,

With all the advantages we have cited, land can be purchased in
this county at from $5 to $15 per acre, according to location. As
a general rule, the farmers of the county are devoting unusual at-
tention to stock raising, not because grain cannot be grown suc-
cessfully, but because stock pays better.

CHEROKEE.

The county seat of Cherokee county, much of whose history ne-
cessarily appears in the above detailed county history, is in every
respect a handsome, substantial and growing city. It is located
nearly midway between Fort Dodge and Sioux City, in the midst
of a prosperous and fertile county. . As a writer in a former simi-
lar work expresses it, "Cherokee has a surprisingly beautiful site,
skirted on all sides by gentle bluffs, that swell just enough to
shield it from the blasts of winter, yet not to impair the beauty of
the landscape. Through the vale and to the south of the village
the Sioux River winds its devious way in search of the great Mis-
souri, where her crystalline waters are swallowed up in the current
of mud. The banks of the Sioux are lined with timber, the first
of any consequence that greets the eye of the traveler after leaving
Fort Dodge. This greatly adds to the picturesqueness of the
scene, and preposseses the traveler in its favor.

Cherokee was located in August, 1870, a small number of build-
ings having been erected prior to that date, however, but of a
character which admitted of their being moved to the future coun-
ty seat. The facts as to the settlement upon the permanent loca-
tion of the town appear elsewhere. The residence of E. Cowles
is stated to be the first building moved from the "old town," in

268 HISTORY OF IOWA.

March, 1870, and was the first dwelling in the new village; but
the farm residence of G. W. Lebourveau, adjoining the village,
was erected prior to that date. The growth of Cherokee has been
rapid and healthy, and to-day it is deservedly ranked among the
most substantially prosperous of Iowa's many prosperous villages.

The following as to the natural features of Cherokee and vicinity
will prove of interest :

"Cherokee county lies wholly in one large valley, the highest
point on its eastern border being 908 feet, and on its western bor-
der 877 feet; the city of Cherokee being the center of the depres-
sion is' only 565 feet. Through the center of this valley from
northeast to southwest floAvs the Little Sioux. This peculiarity,
nowhere else found in the west, gives the surface of the country a
slightly rolling appearance, and with gentle slopes to the riverbed
underlying the prairie proper about 100 feet. The valleys formed
by the river being particularly rich, are very desirable. The soil
is very loose and mellow, and never 'bakes,' and is much easier
cultivated than the soil of the eastern states. -It is what is parti-
cularly known as the 'bluff deposit,' varying in depth from two to
three feet. Being slightly tinctured with sand, it matures crops
rapidly. Read what eminent geologists say of it. Prof. Owen, in
his Geological Survey, says: 'It is a silicious marl closely resemb-
ling the 'loess' deposit in the valley of the Rhine, famous the
world over for its richness.' As far as known this deposit covers
an area of nearly two hundred miles drained by the Missouri.
Prof. White, in his Geological Survey of the State, says: 'The
fortunate admixture of soil materials gives a warmth and mellow-
ness to the soil, which is so favorable to the growth of crops that
thev are usually matured as early as they are upon more clayey
soils of the southern part of the state, although the latter are more
than 200 miles to the southward.' Impassable roads are never
known. A few hours of sunshine after the most severe storm,
make a road dry and passable for loads. The drainage is so good
that 'muddy' roads are impossible. The county has a most perfect
water system. Through the center of the county flows the Little
Sioux; on the west Rock Creek and Willow Creek; on the north
Mill Creek and Gray Creek, and on the east the Maple, while on
the south is Silver Creek. All of these having more or less tribu-
taries, give bountiful supplies of water for stock-raising and other
purposes. In fact there is hardly a section of land but what there
exists upon it flowing streams or living springs. Pure, healthy
water is obtained everywhere at a depth of fifteen to thirty feet."

Not the least of the attractions which Cherokee aff"ords, is her
famous

MAGNETIC SPRING,

one of the most remarkable curiosities in nature, the essential par-
ticulars concerning which are as follows:

HISTOKY OF IOWA. 269

This spring was discovered in 1879, while prospecting for coal;
when the depth of 200 feet was reached, a stream of crystalline
water two inches in diameter flowed to the surface with a force
that projected it several feet above the level of the ground.

The stream was so great that the prospector had to abandon his
work. Unaware that he had tapped a spring superior in curative
properties to any other in America, he felt disappointed and dis-
pirited. Several weeks afterwards, in fastening an iron rod a
quarter of an inch thick and ten feet long to a cord, with the in-
tention of sinking the rod to the bottom in order to raise the sedi-
ment which had accumulated in the tube, to his astonishment the
rod fastened itself to the iron piping, and so far from sinking it re-
quired considerable strength to detach it and bring it up.

This accidental discovery paved the way for future experiments,
which resulted in demonstrating that the water of this spring was
heavily charged with magnetism, so much so that by immersing a
steel instrument in the waters it shortly becomes a perfect magnet,
capable of suspending needles, nails, watch keys and iron sub-
stances of greater weight.

The sceptical at first said the magnetism was in the iron tubing,
and that it had been charged artificially, but as the pipes were
those purchased to conduct water by. a hydraulic ram and re-pur-
chased from a neighbor who knew nothing about the spring, the
doubters had to give that theory up. It was next charged that
any iron tube sunk in the earth to a great depth becomes charged
with magnetism; that the magnetism was not in the water. This
was disproven by scientific tests, viz: taking the water from the
spring and immersing in it steel bars, tested by a galvanometer
and pronounced free from electricity; after a short interval of time
these were found charged with magnetism, capable of suspending
other bodies of iron. The mechanical action of the water
upon the iron, is too obvious to be denied, and so manifest
that the most illiterate can readily see it. It requires no theoretic
demonstration to convince the observer that it must have an
effect upon living tissue which is well known to be an electrical
€onductor.

Invalids began drinking the water, and the results were at once
of a highly favorable character. Dyspeptics were greatly benefited
by their use, they afforded relief to every form of constipation, and
their derated qualities proved an antidote to acidity and distention
of the stomach. A demand for bathing facilities was made on the
proprietors, and the fame of these wonderful healing waters spread
to every State of the Union. Letters of inquiry poured in, and
the water became a standard article of export to hundreds of towns
and cities.

Thus far the well had, by its inherent virtues, forced itself on
the public, and the public in return, by their urgent demands, in
a manner compelled the proprietors to fit up a bathing establish-

270 HISTORY OF IOWA.

ment, which they have added to from time to time, until it now
has a sufficient capacity to meet all ordinary demands, while the
surroundings have been improved and beautified so as to make it a
really interesting spot.

Like most other institutions, it had to encounter opposition.
This mainly sprang from the jealousy of the profession, since the
many remarkable cures, and general improvement of chronic
sufferers, wholly due to a continued use of these waters, seemed a
rebuke to the ordinary methods of treatment, but opposition was
silenced by the voices of the many who drank health from this
magnetic fountain. Physicians found the waters had intrinsic,
health-giving qualities, and soon learned to recognize them among
the potent agencies in the cure of a long train of diseases.

For a considerable time the proprietors were reluctant to make a
heavy outlay for the benefit of invalids and health-seekers, as such
a course was entirely foreign to their original purpose — that of
finding coal — but the representations of the public were so con-
tinued and earnest, that all objections on this score were waived,
and the large investments made have been warmly seconded by an
appreciative public, whose liberal patronage is the safest guarantee
that the outlay has been wisely made.

The Bathing House is a commodious and well finished structure,
one story and a half high, with waiting rooms and ladies' parlor.
The bath rooms are neat and comfortable, and the baths are con-
structed on the most recent and approved plan, and heated by steam.
The ladies' rooms are reserved exclusively for their use, and are in
charge of polite and attentive female waiters. The ladies' and
gentlemen's bathing departments are separated by a suite of rooms
insuring the most perfect guarantee that nothing need offend the
instincts of the most delicate.

The flow of Avater from the Spring is so great that an artificial
lake of over six acres in extent has been made, the waters of
which average four feet deep, and are almost transparent as the
air above them. One side of this lake Avashes the southern porch
of the bath house, and flocks of wild ducks have, for the past
year, been continually about the lake in their season; they have
become so tame that persons may approach them within a few
feet.

The grounds surrounding the Spring comprise sixty acres, have
been laid out by a skilled arborist and gardner, with a view to pro-
ducing the best aesthetic effect, and have been planted with native
and ornamental trees and shrubbery, the lake being skirted by
choice varieties. Time alone is required to make this park one of
the handsomest and most interesting in the western states.

Another, and not the least interesting feature of this charming
spot, is a one-half mile race course, sixty feet wide, and as level as
a lake, one side bounded by the river bank, the other by the lake.
A better race-course or a prettier is not easily found. The pro-

HISTORY OF IOWA. 271

prietors have sp.ared no expense to improve and beautify the
grounds, which have already earned the reputation of being the
most inviting known at any western watering place. In addition
to the new park, the proprietors have purchased an island in the
Sioux river of about one hundred acres in extent, heavily wooded
Avith timber of large and small growth. A little work could make
this as romantic a retreat as river and forest can afford.

The waters of the Spring are so pure and free from inorganic
matter that they keep perfectly sweet and pure for two or three
weeks after being drawn. Those who have had them shipped for
hundreds of miles have been astonished to find that even after
being kept for a month, no sign of putrefaction was discernible,
and that to the taste they were as pleasant as when drawn. This
quality is of incalculable advantage for shipping purposes. Those
who, from weakness, or any other cause, are unable to come to the
Spring, can have the water shipped to them at reasonable rates,
with the assurance that it will remain sweet and pure for a
long time.

The boarding facilities at Cherokee are quite equal to those of
any other city of sixteen hundred inhabitants. There are four
good hotels, and several good boarding houses in the city. Fruits
and every delicacy in its season may be had here abundantly. No
one need have any hesitancy in coming to Cherokee on the ground
of insufficient accommodation. The city has two excellent livery
stables, with horses and vehicles in abundance, so that with driv-
ing, shooting and fishing the most pleasing and invigorating
recreation may be had at all times and seasons. In fact the city
of Cherokee is sufficiently metropolitan to afford an ample variety
of sports, I'omforts and recreations.

There are in Cherokee Congregational, Presbyterian, Catholic,
Methodist, Baptist, Advent, Episcopalian and Universalist church
organizations. The first six have houses of worship. The church
property of the county is in valuation perhaps not less than $20,-
000. The officers of the Congregational church are: Pastor, J.
B. Chase; Deacons, J. W. Coombs, J. P. Dickey, H. C, Kellogg;
Clerk, W. C. Bundy; Treasurer, J. P. Dickey; Trustees, J. A. Ris-
ley, F. E. Whitmore, Richard Opie; Ushers, Richard Opie, E. F.
Coombs; Sexton, Fred Boddy.

The Presbyterian church society was organized in 1870. Rev.
Alexander M. Darley was the first pastor. The Union Sabbath
School of Cherokee has a flourishing membership of more than
sixty members. The Children of Zion church organization was
perfected in the summer of 1880 by Bishop D. D. Patterson, of
Grand Rapids, and hold regular services, with a flourishing Sun-
day School. The Baptist society dates its organization from the
autumn of 1870. Services were first held in the old brick school
house. Rev. A. W. Hilton was the first pjistor. The church
building was erected in 1873, and is 30x40 feet in dimensions.

272

HISTOEY OF IOWA.

Among the pastors at different times have been Revs, E. N.
Jencks, W. H. Irwin, J. P. Cuffman, John Edminister, George H.
Brown. An addition, 14x22, was made to the church edifice in
1881. The first sermon preached in Cherokee was delivered by
Rev. Alexander Darley. of the Presbyterian denomination, in the
store of H. A. Fife, in 1870.

On the 14th day of November in the same year, the first mar-
riage license in the county was granted to C. Corbett and Rosabella
Cummings. A school was taught during the summer in the old
school house, by Mrs. Parkhurst, the funds to defray the necessary
expenses being sent from Massachusetts.

For a young city, having by the recent census only 1,522 popu-
lation; Cherokee has a large local trade, and does an extensive
shipping business in grain and stock. Its magnitude may be in-
ferred from the following:

BUSINESS SUMMARY.

Abstracts 3

Agrl. Implements 4

Attorneys (firms) 7

Bakeries 3

Banks 3

Barbers 2

Blacksmiths 6

Books and stationery 3

Boots and shoes (excl.) 3

Boot and shoemakers 4

Brickyards 1

Carriages 2

Clothing, etc., (excl.) 2

Contractors and builders 4

Creameries 1

Coal and wood 5

Dentists 1

Drugs 3

Dry goods 1

Elevators 4

Feed mills 1

Flouring mills 1

Fumitiire 1

General merchandise 0

Grain 4

Cherokee Lodge No. 322, I. 0. Gr. T., was organized November
17th, 1879, with seventeen charter members. Its first officers were:
W. E. Hitchcock. W. C; A. C. Hobart, W. V. C; Rev. R. C. Glass,
Chaplain; H. H. Henry, Secretary; W. H. Hall, F. S.; J. Boles,
Treasurer; David Lynn, M.; W. Stebbins, L G.; E. N. Corbett, 0.
G.;C. P. Hobart, P. W.C. T.

The Masonic Lodge of Cherokee was instituted in 1871. Cher-
okee Lodge No. 188, I. 0. 0. F., was organized in February, 1870,
with five charter members. Its present membership is forty-four.
Its first officers were: C. E. Schofield, N. G.; G. W. McCoun, V.
G.; J. C. Hubbard, Secretary; Z. P. Herrick, Treasurer. The fol-
lowing are the present officers: Thomas McCulla, N. G.; R. H.
i, V. G.; D. W. Ben way, Secretary; R. J. Smyth, Treasurer.

Groceries 6

Hardware 3

Harness makers 2

Hotels 4

Insurance agencies 15

Jewelers 2

Livery stables 3

Lumber 4

Manuf . carrg's, wgn's, etc 1

Manuf. of sash, doors, blinds, etc... 1

Meat markets 2

Merchant tailors 1

Music 1

Milliners 2

News depots 2

Newspapers 3

Ph()t(.!,M-a]iliers 1

Physicians 6

Printers (jdb) 2

Produce 1

Eeal estate and loans 7

Kestaurants 3

Hewing machines 3

Stock 6

HISTORY OF IOWA. 273

The Advent Church Society was organized in 1873, in Aftou
Township, with a membership of ten, and was moved to the town
in the following year: In the summer of 1875, a very successful
series of revival meetings was held, and the membership steadily
increased, until the Society numbers nearly fifty. A church was
provided in the autumn of 1875, and Elder J. Ridley was secured
as regular pastor.

T. S. Steele & Son, bankers, of Cherokee, organized their busi-
ness in 1874, starting in a small wooden building. Their present
building was erected in 1879, is 24x40 feet, and two stories high.
T. H. Steele is cashier, and is ably assisted by D. T. Steele.

Scribner, Burroughs & Co.'s bank was organized in 1871, under
the firm name of Fulton & Scribner. Mr. Burroughs became in-
terested June 12th, 1872, the business having been started in a
small and unpretentious building. The present building was
erected in 1875, The bank's surplus capital is now ^100,000, its
business having increased proportionately to its capital. Mr.
Burroughs came to Cherokee from Adrian, Mich., locating per-
manently m Cherokee, after having successively lived at Salt
Lake and other sections of the western country. Mr. Scribner is
a native of Plattsburg, N. Y., and came to Cherokee in 1871.
Mr. B. has a stock farm of 660 acres adjoining town, and keeps
an average of about seven hundred cattle on his lands.

In 1874, Mr. Satterlee began the sinking of a coal shaft, and in
the Spring of 1879, on Mr. Burrough's land, a depth of one hun-
dred feet was reached, when, on penetrating a rocky stratum, flow-
ing water, strongly impregnated with sulphur, was reached. At a
further depth of fifty feet, another stratum containing magnesia
was found, and at two hundred feet the magnetic Avater, which is
fully described above was discovered. It is impossible to over-
state the importance of this discovery to Cherokee.

March 22d, 1879, Kellogg & Herrick organized the Cherokee
Butter and Cheese manufacturing Company. The building is
24x50 feet in dimensions, with an addition twenty feet square.
The firm buys cream from about 1,000 cows. This industry bids
fair to become a very important one.

The Cherokee Times was established October 21st, 1870, and is
consequently now in its twelfth year. It is in every sense a highly
creditable publication. Robert Buchanan is the editor and pro-
prietor.

The Iowa Free Press, like the Times, is an eight-column folio,
Robert Johnson and Will P. Goldie, editors and projirietors; both
papers are well sustained, of good typographical appearance, and
newsy.

The population of Cherokee may be set down as very nearly, if
not quite, two thousand. Its educational advantages are excep-
tionally good. The public schools are on an unusually good foot-

27J: HISTOKY OF IOWA.

ing, aucl a college is in contemplation, the opportunities for such
an institution in Cherokee being apparent.

The future prospects of Cherokee as to railroads are good. Al-
ready two different companies are surveying through the southern
part of the county, and strong talk of a road running northeast
and southwest, following the Little Sioux river, connecting Omaha
with St. Paul and Minneapolis by a more direct route, and giving
the vast lumber regions a new and more direct outlet to the South-
west; also a new railroad is ^^rojected through Cherokee from Des
Moines to the wheat fields of Dakota. These roads secured will
make Cherokee a town of 10,000 inhabitants, and an excellent
manufacturing point.

MARCUS.

The town of Marcus is a substantial place, whose personal inter-
ests will be found to be well represented in the biographies here-
unto attached. The first building was erected in 1871. I. M.
Jackson and A. H. Dwight were the first settlers. The first school
was begun in 1873, and the first sermon in Marcus was preached
in 1875, by Rev. W. F. Rose, Congregational minister. The
church societies are well represented by the Catholic, Lutheran and
Methodist denominations.

The Independent Order of Odd Fellows, which has a flourishing
lodge in Marcus, had for its charter members L Cask, S. W. Wea-
ver, W. H. Skinner, M. I. Ames and R. W. Heath. Its active
members are eleven. The lodge meets at S. W. Weaver's. A
Masonic lodge is also one of the prominent features in this con-
nection.

The Good Templars' Society has fifty-nine members, and holds
its meetings in the school house. C. P. Kilbnrn is W. C; Mrs. J.
H. Sheldon, \V. V. C; T. W. P. Clough, P. W.C; J. H. Sheldon,
S.;MissN. Cleglow, F. S.

The Presbyterian Church Society was organized during the past
season, by Rev. George Knox, of Cherokee.

The population of Marcus is about 450, and is composed of a
sturdy mixture of nationalities, German, English, Swedish, Scotch,
etc.

The depot was built in the winter of 1869-70, and is 30x79 feet
in dimensions. A grist mill with three run of stone, two elevators,
warehouses and two hotels are among the important acquisitions
to the town. The first white man to settle in the township is
stated to have been H. Bowman, a native of Vermont. Mrs. Bow-
man is still living in Marcus. The first female settler was Mrs.
W. E. Rose, who came in 1871. The first house was erected on
section. 36, by Mr. Bow^mau, in 1869, the first soil in the township
being broken that year.

In 1874, the first regular election occurred, the depot building
being used as a voting place. Fourteen votes were cast, that being

HISTORY OF IOWA. 275

the entire vote of tlie township. The first officers elected were as
follows: R. Wilmot, J. M. Sheldon, E. Prunty, Trustees; W. E.
Kose, Clerk; I. Bowman, Supervisor; A. H. Dwight, Eliou Prunty,
Justices of the Peace; E. Gearon, Constable; I. M. Jackson, As-
sessor. The first assessment was made in 1875, the number of
families being fourteen; population forty-four; number pf houses,
nineteen; cattle, fifty; hogs, thirty-nine; acres improved, 620. The
first person to locate in business in Marcus was I. M. Jackson.
C. Parkin built his grain house in 1873. A store was opened by
J. Hyndman in September, 1873. R. Wilmot opened the first
hotel in July, 1874. The school house was built in the same year.
The first car of stock was received by J. Clarkson in February,
1877.

Clarkson & Metcalf have a warehouse with a capacity of 15,000
bushels; L. Gund, of a capacity of 10,000 bushels.

The village of Marcus has doubled in population in the past
year. The receipts at the depot for the twelve months just prior
to this writing were $3(3,400. Five hundred and fifty-six cars
were sent out from the town during the same time.

A public hall 22x50 feet, with ceiling twelve feet high, adds
greatly to the convenience and advancement of the community.
There is also a half-mile circular track in excellent condition. The
population of the county is closely estimated at 10,000.

Among the noteworthy farms of this section is that of Theo.
Groff, about a mile northeast of Marcus. Mr. Groff came to this
part of the country about four years ago.

The first school in Marcus was taught in 1873-4, Miss Nina Shel-
don being the teacher. Nine pupils were enrolled.

The first birth was that of Elsie Bowman in April, 1874; the
first death, a brother of John Bird, Sr., in 1875; the first marriage,
George Paactier and Miss Nina Sheldon, in 1878; the first grain
brought to market, by I. Gorner in September, 1873; the first car
of grain shipped, was in. September, 1873, by C, Parkin.

There are more than one hundred pupils enrolled in the public
schools of Marcus. There are three lumber yards in the town,
each one of which is doing a thriving business. H. D, Dwightis
the postmaster, and the office is very satisfactorily and systemati-
cally conducted. The business of the office has doubled within
the last year.

276 HISTORY OF IOWA.

CHEROKEE COUNTY BIOGRAPHIES,

CHEROKEE.

James Archer, dealer in lumber, grain and coal, established
business July 12th, 1869; was born in Scotland in 1828; came to
America in 1842, and located in Rockford, 111.; from there he re-
moved to Fayette county, Iowa; thence to Waverly, Iowa, where
he was engaged in the lumber business three years. In 1869, he
removed to Cherokee, and engaged in business as above. He has
been a member of the town council, and has served several terms
on the school board.

S. B. Allen, proprietor City Hotel, was born in Washington
county, New York, in 1832; came west in 1868, and located in
Buchanan county, Iowa, where he remained until the spring of
1881, when he removed to Cherokee and engaged in business as
above.

C. Allison, senior member of the firm of Allison Brothers, dealers
in dry goods, notions, boots and shoes, was born in Wisconsin in
1846; received his education at Madison, Wisconsin. He went to
Nevada; where he was foreman of the Opher mine for several
years; thence came back to Eldora, la., and in 1873 he came to
Cherokee and established his present business.

H. Allison, junior member of the above firm, was born in W is.
in 1857. In 1869 he went to California, where he remained until
he came to Cherokee. These gentlemen intend to erect a brick
building, 30x100 feet, the coming spring.

N. T. Burroughs, of the firm of Scribner, Burroughs & Co.,
bankers, was born in Michigan in 1840; moved to la. in 1869, and
engaged in the real estate business. In 1872 he entered business
as above; is also extensively engaged in the raising of fine stock.
Married Addie H. Phipps in 1873.

Thomas S. Brown, blacksmith, was born in Massachusetts in
1852; when he was four years of age he came to Cherokee, where
he has since resided.

E. S. Block, dealer in clothing, hats, caps, and gent's furnishing
goods, trunks, valises, etc., etc., was born in Bohemia in 1848;
came to America, and engaged in the clothing business in New
York City; from there he went to Arkansas; thence to Nebraska
City, and after traveling throughout the west, he, in 1876, located
in Cherokee, and eu gaged in business as above.

HISTORY OF IOWA. 277

D. W. Benway, dealer in furniture of all kinds, established busi-
ness in June, 1881. He was born in Massachusetts in 1849; from
there he removed to Wisconsin; thence to Independence, Iowa.
In 1877 he came to Cherokee, and for a time was proprietor of the
City Hotel. In June, 1881, he engaged in business as above.

Charles Blaesser, barber, also dealer in tobacco and cigars, was
born in Germany in 1845; came to America in 1866, and located at
Milwaukee, Wis. In 1874 he removed to Cherokee and engaged
in business as above. He married Regina Schmidt, of Wis. They
have two children — Walter A. and Charles H.

Carlton Corbett, of the firm of Corbett & Whitmore, dealers in
real estate, was born in Massachusetts, August 12th, 1831. In
January, 1856, he came west and located in Cherokee; has held
the office of county recorder and treasurer, and is one of the pio-
neers of Cherokee county.

John Collins, of the firm of Collins & Minor, was born in Ken-
tucky in 1852; came to Clayton county, Iowa, when quite young,
where he lived until 1875, when he came to Cherokee, and for a
time was engaged in farming. He married Fannie F. Pearson.
They have three daughters.

W. B. Chick, dealer in groceries, fruits and provisions, estab-
lished business in 1872; was born in Maine in 1848; came to Mich-
igan in 1868, and two years later he came to Cherokee. He enlist-
ed in the first Maine light artillery, and served two years and three
months. He has been three terms county auditor of Cherokee
county.

J. H. Davenport, county surveyor of Cherokee county, was born
in New York in 1838; came to Michigan in 1856, thence to this
state, and in 1860 located at Cherokee. He was elected to his pre-
sent office in 1866, and has held the ofiice almost continuously
since; has also been superintendent of schools of this county and
served three years in the U. S. army in the Indian department.

Eli Eshleman, county treasurer of Cherokee county, was born
in Pa. in 1829; came west in 1856, and settled, in Ills., where he
lived seventeen years; in 1872 he came to Cherokee and engaged
in farming; Avas elected to his present position in 1879 and re-
elected in the autumn of 1881. He married Amanda Fry, of Lan-
caster county, Pa. They have ten children — five sons and five
daughters.

0. C. Ford, wholesale and retail grocer, and dealer in queens-
ware, established business in 187G; was born in New York in 1841;
came to Wisconsin in 1849, and in 1871 removed to Cherokee; for
a time engaged in the insurance business, and was then employed
as clerk in a hardware store, which he continued until he engaged
in his present business.

278 HISTORY OF IOWA.

J. S. Green, dealer in grain, groceries, queensware, fruits, etc.,
establislied business in 1879. Was born in St. Louis, Mo., ia 1847,
for fourteen years he traveled for Chicago and St. Louis wholesale
houses. In 1879 he settled at Cherokee and engaged in business
as above.

Robert Gick, dealer in stoves, hardware and farming tools of all
kinds, 'established business in 1880. Was born on the Isle of Man,
in 1845; came to America in 1870, and settled in Warren, county,
111, ; thence to Jasper county, Iowa, and in 1872 removed to Cherokee,
where he has since resided.

W. S. Heymer, of the firm of Heymer Brothers, liverymen, was
born in Essex county. New York, in 1847. He came west in 1878,
and settled in Cherokee, and entered the employ of F. D. Yaw, in
the livery business. He married Julia Canfield of this State.
They have one son^ — Frank.

Thomas Heymer, of the firm of Heymer Bros., was born in N.
Y. in 1846; his first location was in Dubuque county, la.; thence
to Jackson county; thence to Cherokee. He served three years in
the army in Co. I, Iowa volunteers.

George W. Hodgins, liveryman, established business in 1870.
Was born in Vermont in 1826, his first location in Iowa was in
Hardin county, thence to Marshalltown; thence to Bedford, and
in 1870 he came to Cherokee and engaged in business as above.
His son, Eugene D. Hodgins, was born in Missouri in 1859, and is
now a partner in the above business.

Edwin Hughes, harness maker, established business October,
1881. Was born in Wales in 1852; came to America in 1870, and
his first location was at Portland, Maine. From there he went to
New York; thence to Ohio, and after making a trip to the Black
Hills, returned to Cherokee and engaged in business as above. He
married Sarah Mills, a native of England. They have one son
and two daughters.

Robert Hall, of the firm of Robert Hall & Son, dealers in farm
machinery and grain, was born in N. Y. in 1822; came to Ills, in
1857, and in 1871 he removed to Cherokee and engaged in busi-
ness as above.

Jas. Henderson, dealer in real estate, established business in 1871;
was born in Scotland in 1818, came to America in 1848 and settled in
Clayton county, Iowa, and was engaged in farming. In 1868 he
removed to Cherokee. He has been twice elected to the position
of county treasurer; has also been a member of the city council.

C. E.P. Hobart, of the firm of Hobart & Snyder, dealers in grain
and coal, was born in Vermont in 1819; from Vermont he went to
Oshkosh, Wis.; and in 1870 he came to Cherokee and engaged in
the lumber business. The following year he engaged in business
as above.

HISTORY OF IOWA. 279

William Jones, merchant tailor and dealer in ready-made cloth-
ing and gents' furnishing goods, was born in Wales in 181J:; came-
to America in March, 1870, and located in Cherokee and engaged
in business as above. Mr. Jones makes a specialty of making suits
to order; he employs none but experienced workmen, and he has a
reputation second to none in western Iowa.

George A. Johnson, dealer in general merchaj^lise, established
business in March, 1874; was born in Canada in 1812; he came to
Michigan in 1861. In 1867 he returned to Canada, and in 1871
he came to Cherokee, la., and was employed as clerk until 1871,
when he engaged in business as above. He married Eliza Head,
of Canada. They have four children.

H. Kennedy, of the firm of H. Kennedy & Co., dealers in gen-
eral merchandise, established business in 1875; also have a branch
store in Peterson, Clay count3^ He was born in Ohio in 1850;
came to Iowa with his parents in 1855. He next moved to Chero-
kee and engaged in business as above.

A. B. Knox, of the firm of Knox & Nicholson, proprietors of
the N. Y. store, established in 1872, was born in Pa. in 1855; came
to Cherokee, la., in 1879, and engaged in business. He married
Lizzie Goheen, a native of Pa.

George W. Lebourveau was born in New Hampshire in 1828.
In 1857 he came to Cherokee, and is one of the pioneers of this
county; was the first treasurer and first recorder of this county,
was also the first mayor of Cherokee, which position he held two
terms. He is one of the original town proprietors. He enlisted
in Co. I, 7th la. cavalry, and served three and a half years.

David Lynn, of the firm of Lynn & Bryant, proprietors of meat
market, established business in 1881. He was born in Ohio in
1844; came to Jasper county, Iowa, in 1859; thence to Winne-
shiek county; thence to Jackson county. Ills.; thence to Cherokee.
He served m Co. A, 2nd regiment, U. S. A., three years; married
Annie E. Underbill. They have one daughter — Mary F.

E. R. Little, jeweler (repairing a specialty), established business
in 1880. He was born in Ohio, November 4th, 1858, and received
his education in Ohio, where he also learned the jewelry business.
He moved to Grand Rapids, Mich., in 1879, and the following
year removed to Cherokee and engaged in business as above.

George L. Moore, manufacturer and dealer in harness and saddles,
established business in 1881; was born in Aurora, 111., in 1857.
He came to Cherokee in 1872, and engaged in the same business.

Arthur Molyneux, of the firm of Molyneux Bros., law and
collecting agents, was born in Sullivan county, Penn., in 1856;
graduated at Iowa City law school in the class of '81, and soon
after located in Cherokee, and engaged in business as above.

2S0 HISTORY OF IOWA.

R. D. Minor, of the firm o£ Collins & Minor, was born in
Waukesha county, AVis,, in 1853; came to Cherokee in 1871^ and
engaged in farming until he engaged in his present business.

E. Miller, county recorder, was born in Pa. in 1850; removed to
Cedar county, la., in 1852, and to Cherokee in 1872, and engaged
in farming; was elected to his present office in November, 1880;
has served as town clerk, also assessor. He married Belle Stone,
of Ohio. They have two children — Gretas and Orville.

Thomas McCulla, attorney at law, was born in Hamilton,
Canada, in 1856; came to the United States when quite young,
and located in N. Y.; afterwards moved to Muscatine, la., and
there attended school; then entered the Baptist Institute at Wilton,
after which he entered the university at Iowa City, graduating
from the law department in the class of '79; came to Cherokee
and opened office; makes a specialty of collections.

Chas, Nicholson, of the firm of Knox & Nicholson, was born in
Sweden in 1855; came to America in 1871; settled in Mich.; then
moved to Hampton, la.; thence to Cherokee, and became a part-
ner in the above business, which was established in 1872, and is
one of the largest mercantile houses in the city.

L. W. Newell, dealer in boots and shoes, was born in 111. in
1855, and when seven years of age moved to Muscatine, la. He
traveled for a Cincinnati house for two and one-half years, and in
June, 1881, moved to Cherokee, and established his present busi-
ness in Aug. of same year.

H. A. Olmsted, stat'on agent for the I. C. R'y. company, was
born in Mass: in 1818. He was appointed to his present office in
1871. He married Cornelia Jones, of Neb. They have three
children.

E. L. Olmsted, was born in Mass. in 1851; came to Delaware
county, la., in 1858. He was for *ive years in the employ of the
C, & N. W. R. R. Co., as station agent and operator.

0. R. Olmstead & Son, are dealers in boots^ shoes, overshoes,
gaiters, etc. R. S. Olmstead, was bornin Wayne county. Pa., in
1854, and the same year moved with his parents to Wis. He en-
tered the employ of J, P. Dickey & Co., in 1876. He married
Frances Brown, of Woodman, Wis.

Dr. W. H. Palmer, dentist, was born in N. Y. in 1855; was en-
gaged in dentistry in Syracuse, N. Y., and in 1881 moved to
Cherokee, la., and opened office the same year. He married Fran-
ces Campbell, of N. Y., in 1880.

T. Patton, of the firm of Robertson & Patton, dealers in lumber,
grain, sash, doors, blinds, etc., was born in Ireland in 1844; came
to America in 1864, and settled in Dubuque county, la.; thence

HISTORY OF IOWA. 281

to Delaware county, and in the autumn of 1870 came to Cherokee,
and was one of the first settlers; was for some time in the employ
of the railroad company; established his present business in 1876.

Joseph Reed, proprietor of the bakery and restaurant, was born
in Pa. in 1829; removed to 111. in 1864; thence to la. in 1875; lo-
cated at Cherokee in 1881. He married Mary Tallmau, a native of
Pa. They have three sons and two daughters.

J. G. Reigel, blacksmith^ repairer and manufacturer, was born
in Germany in 1849; came to America in 1854, and located in But-
ler county. Pa.; removed to Hardin county, la.; thence to Mis-
souri, and in 1876 came to Cherokee, la., and established his pres-
ent business. He married Ellen L. Kenyon, and has one child —
Effie M.

James Robertson, of the firm of Robertson & Patton, was born
in Scotland in 1833; came to America in 1856. and settled in Can-
ada; removed to Cedar county, la., in 1868; thence in the follow-
ing year to Cherokee, and engaged in buying grain. His present
business was established in 1876. He married Catherine Comrie, a
native of Scotland, and, has two sons and three daughters.

R. L. Robie, county auditor, was born in Vt. in 1850; removed
to Tama county, la., in 1868; thence to Cherokee, and engaged in
farming. He taught the grammar department of the public schools
here one term; was appointed county superintendent of schools,
and served during 1876, and was then appointed deputy clerk
and treasurer. He was elected to his present office in 1881.
He married Ella-L. Fairfield, of Fond du Lac, Wis.

A. B. Ross, dealer in staple and fancy groceries, tobacco, cigars,
crockery, glassware, queensware, etc.^ was born in Nova Scotia in
1843. He came to Cherokee, la., in 1.870, and engaged in the
above business in 1874.

S. F. Russell, manager of the Fountain House, was born in Ve-
nango county. Pa., in 1839; removed to Story county, la., in 1867,
and two years later came to Cherokee and engaged in farming. In
1878 he took charge of a hotel at Meriden, where he continued
two years; then engaged in his present position. He served in
the army four and one-half years in Co. A, 10th 111. Cav.; was
promoted step by step until he reached first lieutenancy; received
his discharge at San Antonio, Tex.

W. A. Sanford, cashier of Scribner, Burroughs & Co.'s bank,
born in Norwich, N. Y., in 1854; removed with parents in 1860 to
Decorah, la.; thence to Cherokee in 1875, and engaged in business
as above.

Dr. Sherman, of the firm of Butler & Sherman, physicians and
surgeons, was born in Pa. in 1846; moved west in 1862; graduated
from the Keokuk medical college in the class of '73, and began the

282 HISTOEY OF IOWA,

practice of medicine in Cherokee the same year. He is also sur-
geon for the 111. C. Ry. He married Nellie Terry, and has one
■ child — Annie.

E. B. Smith, of the firm of E. B. Smith & Co.^, furniture dealers
and undertakers, was born in Canada in 1851; came to the U. S.
in 1871, and located in Cherokee, la.; was engaged in various oc-
cupations for a time; then engaged in the above business, which
was established in 1870. He married Ida Brown, of Syracuse, N.
Y., and has two children — Homer and Frank.

A. H. Smith, jeweler and dealer in fine watches and jewelry,
(business established in 1872), was born in Canada in 1849; re-
moved to 111. in 1859, and located in DeKalb county; thence moved
to Callaoun county, la., and in June, 1869, moved to Marcus, and
the following year to Cherokee. He engaged in business in part-
nership with G. S. Brown, and afterwards became sole proprietor.

R. M. Smith, of the firm of H. Assman & Co., dealers in staple
and fancy groceries, was born in Pa. in 1838; removed to Sioux
City, la., in 1868; thence to Cherokee in 1872, and engaged in
farming until engaging in above business, which was established
in 1870. He served in the army in the 78th Pa. Inft.; was pro-
moted to captain, major and the lieutenant colonel; received his
discharge at Nashville, Tenn. He married Maggie Stephens, of
Pa., and has four children — Leota, Leona, Roy and Meda.

M. Wakefield, attorney at law, will practice in all courts in the
state. He was born in 111. in 1842; moved to Sioux City, la., in
1870, and the following year located in Cherokee; received his edu-
cation at the 111. State Normal University, from which he gradu-
ated in 1865; read law at Bloomington, 111., and was admitted to
practice by the supreme court, Jan. 18th, 1869. He is mayor of
Cherokee, and has held minor offices in the city.

Walbridge & Moore, attorneys at law, land, loan and real|estate
office. They have fifty thousand acres of wild land for sale, rang-'
ing in price from three to ten dollars per acre; also improved farms
for sale. Business was establiehed in 1879.

Z. A. Wellman, postmaster, was born in N. Y. in 1826; studied
law and was admitted to the bar in 1849; came to Delaware county,
la., and engaged in the practice of his profession, which he con-
tinued for twenty years. Duiing President Fillmore's adminis-
tration, he was appointed postmaster, but his health failing him,
he engaged in farming, and in 1870 removed to Cherokee from
Benton county, and engaged in the drug business. In 1872 he
was appointed postmaster of this city, and has held the office ever
since.

L. M. White, of the firm of White Bros., proprietors of restau-
rant and bakery, and dealers in staple and fancy groceries, was born

HISTORY OF IOWA. 283

in Bloomsburgh, Columbia county, Pa., in 1859; received his eau-
cation at the State Normal School, at Bloomsburgh; removed to
^Cherokee in 1881, and established the above business in June of
the same year.

J. C. Wilson, photographer, (copying and enlarging a specialty),
was born in Ottawa, Canada, in 1848; moved to Ogdensburg, N.
Y., in 18G2, and came to Cherokee, la., in 1870, being one oi its
earliest settlers; has served as a member of the city council two
years. He married Carrie L. Bates, of Durand, 111., and has one
child— Bessie M.

Ed. Williams, dealer in all kinds of grain, took charge of this
business in 1879; was born in 0.,in 1847; moved to Cedar Falls,
la., in 1854, and engaged in buying grain near that place. He
married Carrie Maxwell, of la.

F. D. Yaw, liveryman, was born in N. Y. in 1836; removed to
Delaware county, la., in 1861, and to Cherokee in 1870, and estab-
lished his present business; has a large barn and can furnish good
rigs at reasonable rates; also buys and sells horses on commission.

Geo. W. Young, of the firm of Geo. W. Young & Co., proprie-
tors of the Washington House, was born in N. H.^ and was for-
merly connected with the Gulf City House, at Mobile, Ala. He
perfectly understands the hotel business, keeps a house that is first-
class in every particular, and will spare no pains to make it pleas-
ant and comfortable for the ti-aveling public. 'Bus to and from
trains. The house is going to be remodeled soon, another story
added, and also an addition 30x50 feet, and all modern improve-
ments, bath rooms, etc.

MARCUS.

Joseph Beck, dealer in general hardware, established business
in 1877. He was born in Germany in 1838; came to America in
1864, and engaged in wagon making and the hardware business in
Jackson county, la., in 1872; removed to Marcus in 1877. He at;
present is town trustee of that place. He married Margaret Smith
of Germany, in 1867. They have five children — Joseph, Kate,
Bennie, Laura and George.

C. F. Collier, of the firm of C. F. Collier & Son, deiders in dry
goods, groceries, clothing and furniture, (business established in
1876), was born in Mass. in 1830; moved to Vt. in 1839; thence to
Illinois in 1853; thence to Dubuque, la., in 1862, and engaged in
railroading. He married Lydia Dow in 1854, and has two children
— Fred F. and Luther D. F. F. C. was bcrn in 111., in 1856; moved
to Marcus in 1876, and engaged in the above business. He was
elected city marshal in 1880.

John Ernster, of the firm of Erneter & Oleson, dealers in boots,
hoes, clocks, jewelry and sewing machines, was born in Germany

284 • HISTORY OF IOWA.

in 1851; came to America in 1861. He engaged in the boot and
shoe business in Marcus in 1875, and in his present business and
partnership in 1881.

J. H. Grey, of the firm of J. H. Grey & Co., real estate, loan and
insurance office, dealers in lands in Cherokee, Plymouth, O'Brien
and Sioux counties. Business was established in May, 1881. He
was born in Darlington, Wis., in 1853; was engaged for a time in
the real estate business in Neb.; removed to Iowa in 1881.

Louis Gund, president of the Marcus Bank, established business
in 1881, with a cash capital of $15,000. He is also proprietor of a
large grain elevator in Marcus. He was born in Germany in 1843;
came to iVmerica in 1847 and settled in HI.; moved to la. in 1867
and for a time was engaged in the hotel business; then engaged in
the agricultural business at Blairtown, and came to this city in
1876. He married Margaret Schall, of la., in 1869, and has three
children — Minnie C, Cora, and Wm. Louis.

P. J. Hiltgen, cashier of tlie Marcus Bank, was born in Germany
in 1849; came to America in 1861 and settled in Minu.: moved to
la. in 1877, and engaged in the mercantile business; was elected
town clerk in 1878 and justice of the peace in 1879. He married
Therisa Barud of N. Y., in 1874, and has one child — Lucy.

John Hyndman, dealer in dry goods, groceries, notions, boots,
shoes and coal, is the pioneer merchant of Marcus; established
business in 1873. He was born in Ireland in 1838; came to Amer-
ica and settled in Canada in 1853; began teaching school the same
year, and continued in that occupation for more than ten years.
He came to Iowa, and was elected secretary of the school board of
Marcus, which office he held for two years.

J. Jungers, proprietor of the Marcus Hotel, was born in Belgium
in 1832; came to America in 1853, and settled in Marcus in 1856,
and engaged in the hotel business. He married Annie Pool, of
Belgium. They have nine children — John, Lucy, Josephus, Bar-
bara, Mary, Kate, Frank, Lena and Jeiuie.

John Metcalf, of the firm of Clarkson & Metcalf, land agents
and dealers in grain and live stoek, established business in 1875;
was formerly engag'^d in the live stock business in Eldora; then
in the millinery and live stock business in Alden; then came to
Marcus. Mr. Clarkson is from Aurelia, where he was engaged in
the mercantile business.

C. B. Oldfield, of the firm of J. H. Gray & Co., real estate deal-
ers, was born in Worcestershire, Eng., in 1859; came to America
in 1881, and located at Marcus.

Ole Oleson, of the firm of Ernester & Oleson, dealers in boots,
shoes, clocks, jewelry and sewing machines, established business ill
1881. He was born in Norway in 1856; came to America in 1877,
and settled in Iowa county, Wis.; came to Iowa in 1880.

HISTORY OF IOWA. 285

HARRISON COUNTY,

This county is one of the most populous, popular, and, at the
same time, conservative counties of Iowa. It is rich, without
being aggressive; secure, without being assertive; in other words,
a iine body of land, owned by a fine class of people, Harrison
county has a right to be proud of herself.

Lying on the Missouri River, in the fourth tier from the south-
ern boundary, Harrison is one of the western border counties of
the state; is twenty-four miles north and south by an average of
about twenty-seven east and west, and contains a superficial area
of nearly six hundred and sixty square miles.

Like most of the counties in Iowa bordering the Missouri River,
Harrison county presents a greater variety of surface configuration
than is found in the inland counties to the eastward. A number
of streams, that are more or less fully described in the histories of
adjoining counties, gain the Missouri bottoms within the limits of
this county, issuing from the uplands through the bluffs, causing
them to assume those strikingly picturesque and peculiar shapes
characteristic of the scenery of the valley of the middle Missouri.
Nearly every portion of the county is well watered and drained by
clear, sparkling streams and brooklets, which flow diagonally across
its territory in a general southwest direction. The principal of
these water-courses are the Boyer, Soldier and Little Sioux Rivers,
and Wilson, Pigeon and Mosquito Creeks, several of which are of
considerable size, and afford along their course in this county a
number of excellent mill sites, only a portion of which have been
improved. The valley of the Boyer is a beautiful tract of alluvial
land, from one-half to two miles in width, bounded on either hand
by gently ascending slopes until it nears the Missouri bottoms,
where the surroundings become more abrupt and bold. The course
of the Little Sioux in this county is mostly through the bottoms,
though where it merges from the uplands it is marked by bluffs of
peculiar interest, whose tops are conical peaks, flanked by sharp-
crested, spur-like ridges. One of the most beautiful valleys of
this slope is that of the Soldier River, which is bordered by bluffs
which are unrivaled in the variety and picturesque beauty of their
scenery. The bottoms slope gently from the foot of the bluffs to-
ward the river, and form well-defined terraces, which afford beau-
tiful rural situations. The valleys of Pigeon and Mosquito Creeks,
in the southeast, are margined by high sloping upland, and their
beds occupied by tracts of rich alhivial lands, which are unsur-
passed for beauty and fertility. The current of the Missouri
River, which bounds this county on the west, is very rapid, with a
deep; constantly changing channel, often cutting ott' whole sections

286 HISTORY OF IOWA.

of land in one season. These bottoms are vast level plains, vary-
ing in width from four to ten miles, and are bordered on the east
by beautiful rounded bluffs, rising from one to three hundred feet
above the river level. They are traversed by low benches or un-
dulations, which, running more or less parallel to the river, are in-
tervened by low grounds that afford natural drainage channels,
that receive and confine within bounds much of the surplus waters
of the Missouri in seasons of freshets, which would otherwise flood
extensive tracts of the best land for agricultural purposes in the
West. A belt of cottonwood timber extends through the county
up and down the river, from one-half to six miles in width, inter-
spersed with elm, mulberry, walnut, willow, ash, etc. The cotton-
wood grows very large and tall. In passing over the bottoms
through the timber, a person will observe a streak of very heavy
cottonwood timber, and then of tall willow trees from a foot to,
three and four feet each in circumference. The willow follows
the old bed of the river, and as soon as the channel changes and
leaves the bed dry it springs up rapidly, and when the bed of the
river is raised to a certain height, then cottonwood crowds in, and a
dense forest is soon made. The soil in the bottom is very rich and
deep, producing every kind of grain and vegetables in the greatest
abundance. Corn grows very large. The grass is said to be so
rich and luxuriant that cattle will keep fat on it even in winter
Avithout cutting or curing. Many farmers in mild winters have
let their cattle range in the bottoms without any feed, pasturing
them on the grass and keeping them in good order. Water un-
derlies the soil of the bottoms at the depth of fourteen feet, and
wherever you find water there you find quicksand. It is supposed
that the whole bottom, from the bluffs of the Nebraska side to the
bluffs in Iowa, has been one vast lake, and the Missouri River
running through it has filled it up and formed the bottom lands.
There is every indication of it. Every few rods along the bottoms
you will see evidence of where once lias flowed the channel of the
river. The settlers on the bottoms say they are getting drier every
year, and less subject to inundation. The agent who located
swamp lands in 1857 relates that he rode for miles through water
where there is now fine, high and dry farming lands. The low
places along the bottoms are fast filling up, and where once were
ponds and marshes is now dry land with good farms upon them.
The Missouri bottoms will be at no distant day covered with the
finest farms in the Union.

There are quite a chain of lakelets commencing near the mouth
of the Little Sioux River and continuing along the bottoms. Some
of them are near the bluffis, others out in the bottoms and near the
river, while all have at one day been in the channel of the river or
are the old bed of the Missouri. Many of these little lakes have
fish in them; and are beautiful and nice little sheets of water. The
channels of the streams in the bottoms are, or have been, chang-

HISTOKY OF IOWA. 287

ing. The month of the Soldier River is one mile from where it
was twelve years ago, and the Missouri also, at this point, is over a
mile from where it was in 1855. The land in the old channel is
as high as that of the surrounding country; no more subject to in-
undations, and is covered with a heavy growth of cotton wood. The
lakelets, it is said, are fast filling up, andperhaps when the country
becomes settled and cultivated will entirely dissapear. Persons
digging wells frequently find logs, driftwood, bark, etc., several
feet below the surface. A farmer digging a well recently, near
what is known as Soldier's Lake, found a large pocket knife four-
teen feet below the surface.

The soil in the uplands consist of the light colored deposits of
the bluff" formation, which does not differ materially from that in
the bottoms, except that the silicious material of which it is largely
composed is more finely comminuted, and has a less amount of
vegetable matter or humus. As the soil of the uplands and bot-
toms was derived from the same source, it only difters in degree,
that in the former reaching a depth of sixty or one hundred feet
below the surface. It is said that dirt taken out of wells sixty feet
deep seems to produce as well as that on the surface. The soil is
easily cultivated, and produces all the grains and vegetables common
to this latitude in great abundance. It does not cave; wells do not
have to be walled, except for a few feet down from tbe top and at
the waters' edge. The soil never bakes, but can be plowed with-
out injury in wet weather. It stands both wet and dry weather
remarkably. A failure of crops has never been knov/n. The soil
in the bottoms is more of a clay nature, and in wet weather is very
sticky.

Harrison contains more timber than any other county on the
Missouri slope, yet it is limited in extent, its distribution being
governed by circumstances favorable to its preservation, and is
consequently found in the deep shaded ravines that crowd up into
the bluffs, and along the small streams which are confined to nar-
row valleys hemmed in by steep bluff ascents. But, as observation
has repeatedly shown in all parts of the state, forests are not neces-
sarily confined to the valleys and moister localities, and thrive
as well in one location as anothet, when the devastation of the
prairie fires are checked for a period of sufficient duration to allow
the young trees a few years of unretarded growth. Hundreds of
acres of prairie have been overgrown with thrifty groves of vig-
orous young timber within the memory of early settlers, which
period extends back scarce a score of years. These tracts of young
forests add a pleasing feature to the landscape in these beautiful
undulating divides, as that near Magnolia, and Harris' grove south
of Logan, attests. Fine groves are met with in the valleys of the
Soldier and Little Sioux Rivers, while the banks of the Mis>ouri
throughout its course in this county are lined with a belt of fine
forest growth.

288 HISTOKY OF IOWA.

Numerous orchards have been set out in the county, and apples,
pears, quinces and grapes grow in abundance, and of excellent
quality. Some peaches have been raised, while in the bottom
lands the finest quality of wild grapes are found in great profusion.
In 1867 over five hundred barrels of wine were made from these
grapes and shipped to Chicago, besides large quantities which was
used at home.

Limestone is found, the best and most extensive quarries being
found near Logan, from which a considerable amount is annually
shipped to Council Bluifs and other points. There are also two
or three other quarries which have been worked to some extent in
other parts of tlie county.

As a stock-raising and producing county, Harrison has had quite
a reputation, the native grasses being very nutritious and affording
excellent pasturage at nearly all seasons of the year. Fat cattle
from this county have for years been famous in Chicago markets
and command the highest prices.

Daniel Brown was the first white man who settled in the county,
locating where the village of Calhoun now is, April 3, 18i8. His
nearest neighbor was twelve miles distant, his nearest mill twenty-
two miles, and nearest post office Council Bluffs, twenty-five miles.
He had to go to St. Joseph, Missouri, one hundred and fifty miles
for provisions that season, and while he was gone the Indians came
and robbed his family of provisions and all the necessary articles
of comfort. When he returned he found his family destitute of
food and clothing. Soon after his return the Indians stole all his
horses, and all those of the other settlers in the county. He and
his son followed them for several miles, trying to recapture them,
but were unsuccessful. They fired a number of shots at the Indi-
ans. The Indians frequently killed his cattle and annoyed him a
great deal during the first few years of his residence in the county.
The following were also among the first settlers, Silas Condit, two
brothers by the name of Chase, Charles Lepenta, James Hardy,
Dr. Robert McGovern, Andrew Allen and Jacob Patee.

The county was organized in 1853, when Stephen King
elected County Judge; P. G. Cooper, District Court Clerk; Ches-
ter Hamilton, Sheriff; William Cooper, Treasurer and Recorder;
George White, Surveyor; and Jacob Huffman, Coroner. The first
county court was held August 5, 1853, by Stephen King, Judge.
First road petition presented was for the establishment of a road,
commencing at the south line of the county, running thence to
the residence of Daniel Brown, and thence to Magnolia. The first
mortgage on record was made by Samuel Jack to James Jack, ac-
knowledged by Frank Street, County Judge of Pottawattamie
County. First deed on record was made by Ezra and Catharine
Vincent, to Walter Barrenger, conveying the northeast of the
southeast of section 8. township 79, range 48. The first wedding-
was celebrated June 9, 1853, Stephen King, County Judge, uniting

HISTOKY OF IOWA. 280

ill the holy bonds of wedlock, John Jones and Miss Elizabeth
Outhouse. The second occurred on the 16th of the following
August, when the same judge united Samuel McGaven and Miss
Mary M. Harden. The total number of marriages since the or-
ganization up to January 1, 1868, was four hundred and ninety.

The first district court was held by Honorable S. H. Riddle in
May, 1855, at which time the first cause on the docket was Wil-
liam Kennedy vs. D. Pate, Avhile the total number were four civil
and one criminal. The first grand jury were: Creed Saunders,
James Garnett, John Conger, Chester Staley, H. Locklin, T, Mea-
dus, P. R. Sharp, Thomas Sellers, S. A. Seaman, Solomon Barnett,
John Deal, I. H. Holton, D, E. Brainard, Silas Rue and Solomon
Garnett. D. E. Brainard was appointed foreman. John Jeffary
was the first person naturalized, and Thomas Thompson the sec-
ond. The number of cases since the organization of the county
up to November 25, 1867, were, civil, 749, and ninety-one criminal.

In the Fall of 1853 a party of Indians camped on Willow Creek.
The settlers were afraid that they would commit some depreda-
tions, organized a company and went to drive them off. Among
the number was a gentleman from Virginia, who had been a
captain in the Virginia militia, and had brought his broad sword
and regimentals with him, and was "decked out" in full dress,
and took command. He boasted of his bravery and would show
the bloody red skins a I rick or two." The company set out on
horseback, marching in gallant style, led by their brave and daring
officer — in his own imagination. The bloody spvages were to be
exterminated, a brilliant victory to be obtained, and the troopers
were to return home covered all over with glory. While march-
ing along to the scene of conflict, they discovered the Indian en-
campment about a mile ahead across Willow Creek. They halted,
commenced firing, and continued it for some time. The Indians
hearing it, some half a dozen warriors got on their ponies and
rode towards the troopers to see what was the matter. The latter
seeing the warriors approaching, suddenly imagined that they
would be surrounded, overpowered, slaughtered, and scalped, broke
for their homes as fast as their horses could carry them. Many of
the troopers were so badly scared that they did not know their
own houses, but went on past them. The warriors seeing the
fleeing troopers, raised a big laugh, and rode back to their en-
campment in safety.

For several years the Indians annoyed the settlers a great deal
by stealing or begging. Companies were frequently organized to
drive them off, and some times there would be some shooting, but
no one was ever hurt. Mr. Brown states that in .185;3 there Avas
a large party of Indians encamped on the Boyer; he with twenty-
six others went out to drive them off. They came near the en-
campment and formed in battle line. The chief and a half-breed
got on their ponies and rode out to them. The chief proposed to

290 niSTOKY OF IOWA.

make a treaty with the whites, and it was made with the condi-
tion that the Indians should leave the county. There were 120
warriors with their women and children. The Indians left the
county. ""

In the Fall of 1853 quite a large party of Ottoe Indians were
encamped within eight miles of Magnolia. One evening the
settlers informed them that they had better leave or the Sioux
would attack them before morning. In the night a firing was
heard by the settlers. They went upon a high bluff to see what
was the matter, and sure enough the Sioux were pouring a heavy
fire into the encampment of the Ottoes. The latter were scream-
ing and yelling with all vengeance, and fled into the Missouri
bottoms. The next day the settlers attacked them and drove
them across the Missouri River. They swam the river on their
ponies. Harrison County seemed to have been a hunting ground
for the Indians, as no tribe resided in the county.

On Willow Creek, about six miles from Magnolia, there are old
ruins of some kind of a house that has the appearance of having
been built out of burnt brick.

MONDAMIN.

Mondamin, one of the heavy shipping points of the Lower Mis-
souri Valley, is situated thirty-eight miles north of Council Bluffs
on the Sioux City & Pacific Railway. The oldest settlers on the
town-site is Capt. John Noyes, who with Clarke Ruffcorn, his son-
in-law, came'here from the east and settled in the township in the
fall of 1856. The township at that time was a fraction of Raglan
township. It was subsequently named Morgan, which name it
still bears. Although Capt. Noyes is the oldest settler in Monda-
min, he preceded Mr. E. J. Hagerman, the present postmaster,
but a few weeks. The former gentleman arrived by boat, while
Mr. Hagerman came by team. Both started from the same place
together and, but the difference in the time required for the jour-
ney intervened between their arrivals. Previous to the arrival of
Messrs. Noyes and Ruffcorn, there were but four settlers in the
township. Mr. David W. Fletcher, although there was no thought
of a town being located in the vicinity at that time, had just pre-
vious to the advent of the gentleman named established a general
merchandise store, and shortly after the arrival of Mr. Hagerman,
the two formed a partnership. With one exception, no other busi-
ness house was erected in the place prior to its platting, in the
winter of 1867-8, when the railway was first laid through the town.
The exception noted was a general store erected by Capt. John
Noyes, some months after.

The postoffice was established in Mondamin in the summer of
the year 1868, and the D. W. Fletcher before-mentioned was
commissioned as postmaster. Mr. Fletcher held the position less

HISTORY OF IOWA. 291

than a year, when he was succeeded by the present postmaster, Mr.
Hagerraan. As the salary attached to the office amounted to but
twelve dollars per year there was not a great deal of wrangling
over the appointment. The office at present, though having con-
siderable business, is not a money-order office.

The town was platted in the winter of 1867-8 by John I. Blair
and others of the Iowa Land Company. At first, when the rail-
road was built, no town was plaited, the calculation being to lo-
cate the town some distance north of the present site. Measures
to this end were actually taken, on account of the unwillingness
of settlers to part with the required land. iSome of the settlers,
however, reconsidered matters, and the town was eventually lo-
cated where it now stands. The site comprises 160 acres, though
it is not all platted. Eighty acres of this land was sold to the
owners of the town-site by Capt. Koyes, and the remainder by
Messrs. Fletcher and George Morgareidge, in the fall and winter
of 1868. Previous to the building of the railroad, no thought of
a town in this particular locality was had.

The oldest building now on the town-site is the residence of Dr.
T. H. Allison. This structure was erected in the fall of 1868.

Although the vicinity of Mondamin is not, strictly speaking,
a wheat country, it has other resources of magnitude, and its trade
in corn is not second to that of any town on the line of the Sioux
City & Pacific railway, north of Missouri Valley Junction. This
promises to continue, as a twenty-five-year resident of the county
gave the assurance that in the time specified, there had never been
a failure, and but few small crops. Mondamin has cribbing capac-
ity for 100,000 bushels of this grain, and the number of bushels
handled by dealers during the year closed was 200,000. The com-
ing year promises an increase.

In addition to corn, cattle, hogs, Avood and other country pro-
ducts, are exported in large quantities. One dealer of Mondamin
paid nearly fifty thousand dollars last year for hogs alone.

Mondamin having reach about two hundred population, her en-
terprising citizens took measures at the October, 1881, term of the
Circuit Court to file articles of incorporation, with a view of
securing a village charter. In sequence thereto, an election to
secure ratification by the citizens was had, and a mayor, clerk and
five trustees were elected. Subsequently it was discovered that in
accordance with the revised statutes, a sixth trustee would be neces-
sary to give legality to the incorporation, and another election was
held. The second election resulted in the re-election of the officers
firstchosen, and F.M. Dupray as an additional trustee. The full
board was: E. J. Hagerman, Mayor; A. Spooner, Clerk; Byron
Strode, Thomas Reagan, Z. T. Noyes, E. Jones, P. C. Spooner, F. M.
Dupray, trustees. The first meeting of the board was held Novem-
ber 26th, 1881.

292 HISTORY OF IOWA.

One of the most potential influences in the incorporation of the
place, was The Mondamin Independent, a neat little six-column
folio newspaper published weekly, the first number of which was
issued August 13th. 1881, by W. H. Wonder, who, a year before,
had established in Mondamin The Musical Banner, a four-page
musical journal. Besides conducting these journals, the publisher
practices his profession of teaching and publishing music, organ-
izing musical conventions, etc. The results of the incorporation
are beginning to make themselves apparent in the shape of new
sidewalks, etc.

The general business of Mondamin, classified, is as follows:
Three dry goods and grocery stores, two grocery and notion stores,
one drug store, jewelry store, hotel, restaurant, two hardware and
tin-shops, furniture store, blacksmith shop, wagon shop, two
livery stables, shoe shop, stock shipper, three grain dealers, meat
market, billiard hall and saloon, agricultural implement dealer,
lumber yard, harness shop, carpenter shop, dealer in music books
and sheet music. There is also a notary public and insurance
agent. The bar has one representative here, and medicine three.

CHURCHES, SCHOOLS AND SOCIETIES.

Mondamin Congregational Church Society.- — This society was
organized with about thirty members, in the early part of 1876,
by Rev. C. N. Lyman, of Onawa. Mr. Lyman still ministers to
the spiritual wants of the congregation, and holds services in the
school house once in two weeks. Although somewhat at a dis-
advantage for the present regarding a place of meeting, arrange"
ments have been made for the erection of a suitable house of wor-
ship the coming spring, and over $700 have already been sub-
scribed for the purpose. The society, owing to the departure
from the vicinity of a number of its original members, is now not
quite as large as it was at the outset, and at present has but about
twenty-five members. The society has also a Sabbath school in
connection therewith, of which P. C. Spooner is superintendent.
The average attendance is about forty-five, and services are held
every Sunday morning in the school house.

Methodist. — Although there is no organized Methodist society,
of any branch, in Mondamin, there are a number of adherents
to the doctrines of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and for their
benefit services are held in the school house once in two weeks by
Rev. H. J. Smith, of Little Sioux,

Other Religions Sects. — Although there are numerous representa-
tives of other religious sects in this vicinity, particularly Univer-
salists, there is no other organized society beyond the one men-
tioned. The sect particularized has occasionally been preached to
by various itinerant brethren of their belief.

Mondamin Public Schools. — Although the town is incorporated,
Mondamin, as yet, has not been made an independent school dis-

HISTORY OF TOWA. 293

trict, but the limits within the jurisdiction of the town school is
known as Sub-District No. 1 of Morgan Township. It is believed,
however, by those in a position to know, that the sub-district has
sufficient population to warrant its admission as an independent
district, and that this consummation will soon be attained. There
are 100 pupils in the sub-district. The sub-district erected a one-
room building, 30x40 feet in dimensions, in the fall of 1871, when
the sub-district was first organized, but the increased attendance
has necessitated the renting of another room. This difficulty,
however, is soon to be met by a larger public edifice. The first
sub-director was E. M. Harvey. The present one is E. J. Hager-
man.

Mondamin Lodge No. 392, I. 0. 0. F. — This lodge was organ-
ized May 22d, 1879, with charter members as follows: F. M. Du-
pray, N. G.; E. Jones, V. G.; J. A. Yost, S.; A. W. Garrison, P.
S.; F. W. Brooks, C. M. Gilmore, Byron Strode, Thomas Byers,
B. J. Faylor, members. Six other members were also initiated the
same evening, and of these several were immediately placed in
officers' vacant chairs. The lodge was organized by D. G. M.
J. C Miliman, of Logan. The lodge at present contains thirty-
four members, with the following oiiicers: B. J. Faylor, N. G.;
Benjamin Morrow, V. G.; J. A. Yost, S.; R. B. Hall," T.; F. M.
Dupray,W.;B. Strode, C; T. Morrow, R. S. N. G.; T. C. F.
Brenneman, L. S. N. G.; C. Gilmore, 0. G.; William Griffith, I.
G.; A. Forrester, R. S. V. G.; E. Jones, L. S. V. G.; Anton Uhrig,
R. S. S.; Z. T. Noyes, L. S. S. The lodge which is in a flourish-
ing condition; meets in Noyes' hall every Saturday evening.

Mo)idamiH Lyceum. — This society has just been organized with
thirty members, and its history is yet to be made. The object is
intellectual and social development. B. Strode is the President,
and the Society holds its meetings in the schoolhouse on Friday
night of each week.

Mondamin Chorus Choir. — Thi=! society consists of about fifteen
members, and it is non-sectarian in character. The object is musi-
cal cultivation . The choir meets every w^eek in the schoolhouse.

RIVER SIOUX.

This thriving place is located on the Sioux City & Pacific Rail-
way, at or very near the junction of the Missouri and Little Sioux
Rivers, on the south side of the latter stream. It contains a pop-
ulation of 225. The town, although unincorporated and small, is
delightfully situated in the midst of heavy timber, of various kinds,
and is one of the most progressive business places in the county.
The town owes its origin to the advent of the Sioux City & Pacific
Railroad, the authorities of which platted it in October, 1868.
The original town site was a few hundred yards north of the pres-
ent one, on the north side of the Little Sioux River. This loca-
tion, however, was found to be too low for a town site, as it was

294 HISTOKY OF IOWA.

subject to inundation, and the town was accordingly removed to
its present location. This transfer was made in the summer of
1876. The ^lew location showed the wisdom of those who chose
it, as it is the highest point of land on the railway south of Ser-
geant's Bluffs. On the original town site there were but three
settlers, Reuben Newton, depot agent, S. Chase, who lived there
prior to the advent of the railroad, and E. J. Davis.

The land to which the town site was finally transferred was
owned by Henry Herring, E. J. Davis and James Crabb and the
undivided half of eighty acres, was by them given to the railway
company with the understanding that the town should be removed
thereto.

As before stated, the business of Little Sioux, in proportion to
population and number of establishments, is quite large. The fol-
lowing are the various kinds of business, ennumerated : Two gen-
eral merchandise stores, drug and grocery store, drug store, hard-
ware store, three saloons, hotel, lumber yard, two saw-mills, black-
smith and wagon shop, grain and stock dealer, butcher shop.

The professions are represented in River Sioux by two physi-
cians, two lawyers and one civil engineer.

As River Sioux is situated in the midst of a productive country,
which is rapi-lly increasing in population, the stiipments of ^arious
kinds of produce are necessarily quite large, and they are rapidly
increasing in amount and value. At present they will aggregate
from two to three car loads per day. The business of the station
is ably handled by the agent, R. Newton, who is at present the
oldest settler on the town site, he having removed thereto with the
transfer of the town site. Although River Sioux cannot properly
be described as a port of call for Missouri River steamers, vessels
of this description have in previous years come up the Sioux as far
as the town, and it is thought that a systematic course of dredging
and widening of the channel would make it possible for this de-
scription of craft to come up at all stages of water. In justice to
dissenting opinion, however, it must be stated that there are those
who regard such a scheme as chimerical to the highest degree.

CHUKCHES, SCHOOLS AND SOCIETIES.

Methodist Episcopal Church Society.- — This society has no church
building, but is composed of about thirty members. The congrega-
tion meets in the town hall. The society has been in existence
only since the organization of the Little Sioux Circuit in 1876, and
has no resident pastor, and it is now one of the appointments
of the Little Sioux Circuit, of which Rev. H. J. Smith, of Lit-
tle Sioux, is the minister. The erection of a church at no distant
future is being discussed. Outside of the members of the society,
there is a good attendance of non-members, and there is more than
a probability that the society will soon see a church of its own. Be-

HTSTORT OF IOWA. 295

sides this society, there is no other organized religious body in River
Sioux, although occasional services have been held in the place by
the clergymen of other denominations.

Odd FeUoivH. — There is a lodge of Odd Fellows at River Sioux.
The lodge contains twenty-three members, and was organized in
January, 1879. The following is the list of elective officers first
installed: N. G., J. Simmons; V. G., J. Bowie; S., C. A. Demun;
T., S. Demmon. The present elective officers are; John Whiting,
N. G.; Henry Herring, V. G.; James Harmon, S.; John Henry, W.

Good Templars. — Although there is no temperance organization
in River Sioux, an effort is making looking towards the organiza-
tion of a subordinate lodge of the Independent Order of Good
Templars.

Public Schools. — The school district, of which Sub-District No-
6 (River Sioux) is a part, is Little Sioux Township District, which
was organized in April, 1857. Sub-District No. 6 was organized
September 21, 1874, and Charles McEvers was elected the following
spring as sub-director. The present officers of the school town-
ship are: Samuel Ellis, President; Samuel Dewell, Secretary;
Charles Smith, Gilbert Smith, S. A. Page, Samuel Taylor and
George W. Rock. Sub-District No. 6, has at present a neat little
school-house 26x40 feet in dimensions, but as there are ninety
children of school age in the Sub-District, the space is inadequate
to its wants, and the coming season a larger structure will be
erected at a'cost of $3,000. The school is under the supervision
of E. A. Baldwin, of Little Sioux, and is in a flourishing condition.
Although containing but one room, two departments have been
maintained until recently, but lack of space necessitated the dis-
continuance of one department. This state of afl'airs is to be
remedied hereafter. tJpon the completion of the new school-
house, the District will be made Independent.

WOODBINE.

The first permanent settler in the vicinity of Woodbine was
Richard Musgrave, who arrived in 1852, from Council Bluff's. Mr.
Musgrave settled in the Twelve-mile Grove, two miles south of
town, where he still resides, engaged in farming. Mr. Musgrave
was one of a number of monogamous Mormons who came to west-
ern Iowa and located at the time of the migration of the original
church from Illinois and Missouri.

L. D. Butler was the second permanent settler in the vicinity.
He has never resided in the town proper, but has been in business
there most of the time since his arrival. Mr. Butler came to
Council Bluffs in 1849. At that jime, this portion of Harrison
County was a wilderness, inhabited only by wild deer, elk, wolves,
etc. The only settlements that had been made anywhere near
were by the Mormons aforesaid, of whom Mr. Butler was one at

296 HISTORY OF IOWA.

the time. In a stray excursion northward, Mr. Butler was struck
by the beauty and fertility of the land in the neighborhood of
what is now Woodbine, and in 1853 he came here and located near
the town-site, occupying one of a number of abandoned Mormon
dwellings until he could erect a suitable building. The building
he put up was situated about one and one-half miles east of the
present town. He then commenced farming. Mr. Butler built a
grist and saw-mill at the point mentioned in the year 1855, This
was the first mill erected in Harrison County.

Among other old settlers are Jacob Harshbarger, David Selleck,
Dr. Cole, Henry Hushaw, G. W. Pugsley, John Jeffries, Matthew
Hall and others whose names could not be reaaily obtained. These
came between the years 1853-5.

The town was platted in the fall of 1866, by the Blair Town Lot
and Land Company. This was the year of the completion of the
Chicago and Northwestern Railway to this point. The Land
Company purchased 1,200 acres of land for the use of the town,
though but a comparatwely small portion of it has been platted.
The parties selling this tract to the Land Company were Matthew
Winters, David E. Barnum, Hiram Wisener, W. F. Clark, Gr. M.
Brown, I. McAfee, John Johnson and M. Kiger.

The town was incorporated in the latter part of 1877, and the
first meeting of the town council was held on December 7th, 1877.
The following was the composition of the first council: A. W.
Curtiss, Mayor; C. C. Matter, Recorder; Joseph Clizbe, J. W.
Vinacke, G.'H. Kibler, C. W. Jeffries, C. D. Stevens, Trustees.
The present officers are: J. V. Mallery, Mayor; Frank Folts, Re-
corder; Frank A. Butler, T. L, Canfield, J. C. McLain, H. B.
Kling, S. L. Winter, 0. D. Smith Trustees.

The money-order postoffice at Woodbine is a legitimate successor
of an office established in 1858, eight years before the town was
platted. The original office was located at the grist-mill of Mr.
Butler, previously mentioned, some distance from the town-site.
The intention of the settlers was to name the office Harrison City
Postoffice; but the department at Washington did not care to is-
sue papers with that name as there were already several Harrisons
in Iowa, and it was tnought an additional one would lead to confu-
sion. The name Woodbine was finally suggested by Mrs. Butler,
and it was accepted. The name was taken from the cottage in
which Mrs. Butler resided, as a girl, in England. The first post-
master was Mr. Butler, who held the office for about ten years and
for some time after its removal to its present site. The present
postmaster is Lysander Crane, who has been in office about a year.
The postoffice name was applied to the town by the platters of the
same.

The first building erected on the town-site was Gallagher & Bros.
saloon, which was built just before the railroad was graded to this
point. The first residence was put up in 1866, by William A. Jones.

HISTORY OF IOWA. 297

The next building erected was in 186Gbv J. P. Moore, The house,
the Woodbine House, is still standing, with additions, and was the
first hotel in the place. Among other buildings erected about
this time, were the residence and the hardware store of A. Cad-
well, Sleight & Williams' agricultural implement warehouse, CD.
Stevens' grocery store, L. D. Battler's general merchandise store,
(the first in the place), McAtee's grocery store, Dr. Cole's drug
store and several other smaller concerns.

Woodbine Lodge, No. 405, I. 0. 0. F., was instituted in April,
1880. Charter members: F. J. Porter, S. L.. Winter, W. J.
Callender, A. P. Lathrop, W. C. Sampson, George Musgrave, and
others. First officers: F. J. Porter, N. G.: S. L. Winter, V. G.;
W. J. Callender, Secretary; W. C. Sampson, Treasurer. Present
officers: A. P. Lithrop, N. G.; George Musgrave, V. G.; H. B.
Kling, R. S.; J. V. Mallory, P. S.; S. L. Winters, Treasurer. The
Lodge has about forty members. Meetings are held in Odd Fel-
lows' Hall Wednesday evenings of each week. The Lodge is in
excellent working condition, and its membership is of as equally
excellent a standard.

The LVlasonic fraternity is as well represented by men of stand-
ing and thorough-going qualities. Charter Oak Lodge, No. 401,
A. P. & A. M., was instituted in 1880. Its charter members were:
R. Yeislev, H. C. Harshbarger, F. J. Porter. J. R. Burkholder, C.
D. Stevens, W. H. DeCou, Lvsander Crane, P. A. DeCou, R.
J.icobson, L. D. Butler, L A. DeCou, J. S.Hall,G. Smith Stanton.
First officers: Reuben Yeisley, W. M.; H. C. Harshbarger, S.
W.; F.J. Porter, J. W.; G. Smith Stanton, Secretary. C. D.
Stevens, Treasurer. Present Officers: Reuben Yeisley, W. M.;
F. J. Porter, S. W.; H. H. Rathbun, J. W.; H. C. Harshbarger,
Secretary; C. D. Stevens, Treasurer; J. R. Burkholder, S. D.; C.
W. Mendenhall, J. D.; N. E. Cowles, Tyler. The membersliip is
twenty-five. Meetings are held Saturday evenings on or before the
foil moon.

Woodbine has a circulating library of about 800 volumes. This
library is owned and conducted by Geo. Musgrave, proprietor of
the Tiviner, at his office.

There are three church buildings, the Presbyterian, Methodist,
Episcopal and Baptist. The religious interests of Woodbine are
zealously cared for.

There is every advantage offered in an educational way. The
school building is a handsome and roomv structure of four depart-
ments. C. C. Matter is the principal; Miss Hester Hillas teaches
the Intermediate Department; Miss Etta Boies, the Second Prim-
ary; Miss Harriet Elkins, the First Primary. One hundred and
fifty pupils are enrolled. The building was built in 1880, is of
brick, two stories in hight, and cost about $5,000.

298 HISTORY OF IOWA.

MODALE.

The location of this place is on the Sioux City & Pacific Rail-
way, sixty-five miles south of Sioux City, and a li.tle less than
thirty-two miles north of Council Bluffs. Modale contains about
200 inhabitants, most of whom are native Americans. The village
is not incorporated.

Modale was laid off by Benjamin Martin in 1ST2, under the
the name of Martinsville, which is still the legal name of the
place, in all deeds of town property it being thus designated. The
name Modale, however, is the older name, and seems to be prefer-
red by the citizens. The name had a somewhat singular origin.
In the year 1858, the few settlers then living in the vicinity were
desirous of securing a postoffice, and a petition was drawn up and
sent to Washington asking that one be established. T. A. Den-
nis, who forwarded the document, also sent recommendations as
to name and location. The name suggested was ''Missouri Dale;"
but the writing being somewhat illegible and the word "Missouii"
being abbreviated to ''Mo.." the postoffice authorities could make
nothing of it but "Modale" and with that name the papers were
filled out. This postoffice was located two miles and a half north-
west of the present town. The postmaster was Stephen Hester.
The office was shifted according to population several times before
it reached its present location. The last move was in 1873. C. J.
Cutler, the present postmaster, the oldest living settler on the
town-site was the first postmaster. Tiie name Modale was further
fixed by the building of an addition called "Modale addition" after
the town was platted, and by the railway company's giving the
station the name of Modale.

At the time of the building of the railway through here, in the
fall of 1868, the intention of the company was to make no regular
station, but simply a station. This idea was carried out, and it
was a number of years after before any but flagged trains stopped
at Modale. But in course of time, as population and products in-
creased, a station was found necessary and one was made, the en-
terprise of Mr. Martin and others providing the town site. The
original plat, as laid out by Mr. Martin, contained but ten acres,
but a year afterward thirty acres more were platted by that gen-
tleman. About the same time Alonzo Beebe platted the Modale
addition of six acres, which made the total number of acres in
the town site forty-six. No more additions have been made since.

The oldest building on the town site is the old school house,
which though still standing, is deserted and dilapidated. This
building, size 26x30 feet, was the second school house in the dis-
trict, and was erected in 1866. The first building erected after the
town site was platted was the residence of A. M. Snyder, which
was erected in 1874, and in which Mr. Snyder still lives. A num-
ber of other small residences were erected shortly afterward.

HISTORY OF IOWA. 299

Among the early settlers of Module are C. J. Cutler, before
mentioned; B. F. Martin, son of the founder of the town, and A.
M. iSnyder, also previously mentioned. These all came about the
time tiie town was platted. There were others, some of whom are
dead, who were also early settlers of the immediate vicinity.
Among the extreme old settlers of the vicinity, though not a resi-
dent of the town proper, is J. J. Anderson. He, however, is sepa-
rated from the town by but a narrow lane. His house had been
built for many years prior to the platting of the town. Mr. An-
derson came to the township some time in the early '50's. Other
old settlers in the township are Joseph Haskins and Joseph Bross,
who both came to Taylor Township nearly thirty years ago. The
priority of settlement was not ascertained.

The business of Modale, though not varied, is large in propor-
tion to its population, and is constantly improving. The exports
consist principally of corn, hogs, cattle and wood. The latter,
regarding which no exact figures could be obtained, is shipped
across the river into Nebraska. Modale has a large corn-cribbing
capacity — at least 100,000 bushels, but double that amount of this
cereal was shipped during 18"!. Besides, a large quantity was
purchased for home consumption. The shipments of cattle and
hogs amounted to several hundred car loads of each, but as the
cars in which the animals were shipped were sometimes partially
filled at towns above before reaching Modale, it is not possible to
give the exact number.

The situation of Modale is a beautiful one, and it was high
enough to escape the heavy overflow of the Missouri in 1881.
There is heavy timber near the town, and a number of citizens
find profitable employment in clearing it. The people, like most
of the people on the valley, are wholesouled and generous, and the
vicinity presents many advantages to prospective settlers. The
merchants carry stocks of goods far heavier than the town would
at first sight seem to warrant, yet all seem to be thriving and do-
ing good business.

Modale is not yet incorporated, though the subject of incorpora-
has received considerable attention.

The business of Modale, classified, is as follows: Two general
merchandise stores, grocery store, hardware store, furniture store,
millinery store, drug store, saloon, two hotels, butcher shop, two
blacksmith shops, carpenter and wagon shop, weigh scales, two
stock dealers, lumber and agricultural implement dealer, wood
yard, lumber yard, harness and shoe-maker, and livery stable.
Two physicians comprise the practicing professional men of the
place.

CHURCHES, SCHOOLS AND SOCIETIES.

With these Modale is but moderately well supplied — in fact, of
secret societies she has none, though there are a number of members
of various orders in the vicinity. She has no -church building be-

100 HISTORY OF IOWA.

yond a Union church, built by a stock compan}^ at five dollars per
share, and in this the societies which exist in Modale hold their servi-
ces. It is open to all denominations. Tnis church was built in 1875
and it is 28x46 feet in dimensions. The cost was $1,200. Below
are given the church and other societies of Modale:

Methodist Church Society. — This society was organized in 1866,
by Rev. A. J. Andres, the society at that time containing but six
or eight members. The first services were held in the school
house. The society now numbers nearly fifty members, and the
services are held every other week in the ifnion Church. The
pastor is Rev. H. J. Smith, of the Little Sioux Circuit. This church
has a Sabbath School of sixty members, of which W. W. Morton is
the Superintendent. The school was established in 1876.

Christian Church. Societfj. — This society has had a number of
ups and downs. It was first organized in 1861 by Rev. D. R, Dun
can, with twelve or fifteen members; but since then it has several
times fallen into a condition of decay, and has as many times been
reorganized. It now has between thirty and forty members and
seems to be in a flourishing condition. The services are held in
the Union Church. The present pastor is Rev. D. Gr, Mullis.

Modale Public School. — This school is not independent, but is
the school of Sub-District No. 3, Taylor Township. As elsewhere
announced, it was organized twenty y* ars ago, when there (vere
but four families in the district. The first sub-director was
James Mackintosh. The growing demands of the community
have caused larger buildings to be erected twice, and the present
building is the third one erected by the Sub-District. The present
building was erected in the summer of 1881. It is a two-story
frame structure, 30x50 feet, and has two rooms, each of which
constitutes a department. The higher department is taught by
J. A. Bradley, and the lower by Miss Clara Vanderhoof. There
are 104 pupils in the Sub-District. Several unsuccessful moves
have been made in the direction of rendering the Sub-District in-
dependent.

Modale Band of Hope. — This is an independent body, which
was organized November 6th, 1881. Arrangements are now in
progress to secure for it a charter from the State Band of Hope^
thereby making it a subordinate band of that institution. The of-
ficers are: J. A. Bradley, Superintendent; W. VV. Morton, Assis-
tant Superintendent; Eva Martin, Secretary; Bessie Silsby, Treas-
urer; Eva Martin, Chorister; Pamelia Taylor, Organist. The band
meets every Sunday at 3 p. m. There are seventy members.

Modale Literary Society.— This society has just been organized
with J. A. Bradley as President, Meetings are to be held weekly
in the school-house. There are but a few members as yet.

HISTORY OF IOWA. 301

DUNLAP.

The settlement of Dunlap began in the summer of 1867, the
prior settlement, which was virtually its beginning, however, be-
ing the town of Ohnstead, to which reference has been made
hitherto. The Olmstead settlement was known as the Yankee
settlement, as its founders and population — if the latter word is
not too comprehensive for so small a town — were from New Eng-
land.

Of this Olmstead settlement it may be said that Henry Olmstead,
H. B. Lyman, Edward Brace, and Calvin Nay, came together in
the autumn of 1855 from Connecticut; J. L. Roberts came in
November of the same year. The same autumn witnessed the
arrival of James Welch, who settled on what is known as the Sam,
Ettinger farm, about thirteen miles south of Dunlap. During the
same autumn E. P. Brown bjilt a log house about one-half mile
west of Galland's Grove, in Harrison Township. A man named
Riley, a native of Connecticut, came the same autumn in search of
health.

About the last of November, 1855, Olmstead, Riley and Roberts
assembled on the townsite of Olmstead, and voted a township
organization. Olmstead was Chairman of the meeting, Riley was
the Clerk, an I Roberts sustained the important role of "voter."
Both Riley and Olmstead are now dead. Riley died in Connecticut;
Olmstead was killed by a runaway team. The latter was the first
County Supervisor for Harrison Township, L. Kellogg, the next,
and was succeeded by Roberts, whose term of office included the
year during which the settlement of Dunlap was begun.

Like the ''paper towns" in Iowa and elsewhere, Olmstead was
not doomed to anything but a transitory existence. The establish-
ment of the line of the C. & N. W. Railroad elsewhere than had
been expected terminated the existence of a number of towns, and
Olmstead was among the number,

Dunlap is located on section 3, township 81, range 41, and was
platted by the Cedar Rapids Land Company in 18(37. The town
was incorporated in the spring of 1871. Its first officers were: L,
G,Tubbs, Mayor; Frank Griffin, Recorder; S. M. Williams, W, C,
Chapman, B,'F. Carpenter, W, P, Webster, J. R. Wheeler, Trus-
tees; Samuel Baird, Marshal; S.J. Patterson, Treasurer; William
Magden, Solicitor; William Sears, Street Commissioner; H. W.
Cotton, Assessor.

The following are the present town officers: F. W. Olmstead,
Mayor; D. T. Stubbs, Recorder; 0. P. Simmons, G. W. Chamber-
lin, John Noonan, Charles Gager, G. P. Moorhead, E. R. Cadwell,
Couju-il; E. K. Burch, Solicitor; ,1. B. Patterson, Treasurer; W.
Van Slyke, Marshal. Board of Education: S. J. Patterson, Pres-
ident; R. R. Bahard, Secretary; J, A, Nay, M, Barrett, M, Rob-
erts, H, W. Gleason, W. C. Chapman, J. Van Scoy.

302 HISTORY OF IOWA.

Dimlap Bank, a prosperous and substantial institution, was or-
ganized in 1871, the firm at first being Clark, Kellogg & Thomp-
son, and afterwards Kellogg, Morehead & Thompson. The present
firm are Kellogg, Morehead, Satterlee & Patterson. L. Kellogg is
president, S. L. Amsden Ciifshier, David Stubbs Assistant Cashier.
The bank building, a handsome brick structure, was erected in 1879.

The town was named by the Railroad Company in honor of one
of its officials. Its population, according to the census of 1880, is
1,418; its present population is fully 1,500.

Among the leading industries may be mentioned I. Scholfi eld's
flouring mill, wdiich was erected in the summer of 1871. This
mill is about five-eighths of a mile west of Dunlap, is 32xG6 feet in
dimensions, and three stories high, has four run of stones, and a
capacity of sixty barrels per day. This mill has all the machinery
for making the patent flour; but is mainly employed in doing cus-
tom work, a very large amount of which comes to it. Mr. Schol-
field also owns a grain elevator at Denison.

His mill office and residence are connected by telephone. Mr.
S. has a farm of three hundred acres connected with the mill, and
is exte.isively engaged in hog raising. He is also the owner and
editor of the Dunlap Reporter. This paper was started in 1871 by
Geo. R. Brainerd, who was succeeded by G. W. Thompson. Mr.
Thompson ran the paper about two years, part of the time in con-
nection with James Ainsworth. Thompson sold to L. F. Cook,
who ran it until May, 1880, when Mr. Scholfield purchased a half-
interest. In May, 1881, Mr. Scholfield purchased Cook's interesb
and assumed entire control. He has changed the paper from an
eight-column folio to a five-column quarto, and greatly enlarged
its scope, paying very particular att-^ntion to the wants of the
farming community, as well as to those of the home circle and the
fireside. In this undertaking he is meeting with success. L.
Ballon is the local editor.

There are three brickyards, of which James Van Scoy, Aaron
Van Scoy, and Joseph Wood are proprietors. These yards fur-
nish brick of the first quality at very low prices.

The business of' the town in general may be classified as follows:
Hotels, 3; general merchandise, 4; groceries, 5; hardware and farm
implements, 3; bakery, 1; drug and bookstores, 3; livery stables,
2; clothing, 1; furniture. 2; jewelers, 2; wagon and blacksmith
shops, 2; blacksmith, 2; harness, 2; boot and shoe store, 1; meat
markets. 2; confectioners, 3; barber shops, 2; grain elevators, 2;
lumber yards, 2, agricultural implements and machinery, 1; art
gallery, 1; cigar factory, 1; billiard rooms, 2; attorneys, 5; physi-
cians, G.

The Railway Eating House and Hotel, leased and conducted by
Chapman & Castle, is liberally patronized by the traveling public.
The building is large and roomy, and the accommodations ^excel-
lent in every respect.

HISTORY OF IOWA. 303

The postoffice of Duiilap was established in 1867, a Mr. Willard
being the first postmaster. He was succeeded by B. F. Carpenter,
and he in turn by Dr. D. Satterlee. The office was made a money
order office July 17th, 1S72. Dr. Satterlee is the proprietor (in con-
nection with his office) of a well conducted and arranged book and
drug establishment.

All in all. Dunlap is not only a thriving town^ but, to the un-
prejudiced observer, a town destined to grow steadily in import-
ance. It has, moreover, a substantial and beautiful appearance,
situated as it is, on a " bench " overlooking the rich and fertile
Boyer Valley, and ecjuipped, as it is, with many handsome and sub-
stantial buildings.

CHURCHES, SCHOOLS AND SOCIETIES.

The Baptist Church Soeieti/. — Organized in August, 1872, by
Rev. E. Gr. 0. Groat. F. W. Foster was the pastor' in April, 1880,
and was succeeded by Eev. A. G. Delano, the present pastor, in
Deceniber, 1881. The church building was erected in 1878, and
cost 81,800. The membership is twenty-five. Wm. H. Garrett is the
Sabbath School Superintendent. Present officers: G. W.
Chamberliu, J. N. Chapman, Deacons; J. M. Baber, Clerk; J.N.
Chapman, W. H. Garrett, Col. Brown, Trustees.

The Catholic Society of Dunlap. — First held services in 1871, un-
der the charge of Rev. Father McMahon, of Council Bluffs. The
building of the church was begun in 1872, and completed in 1878.
The edifice is of brick and about 46 feet by 70 feet in dimensions.
There is also a brick parsonage attached, which latter was inished
in 1881, Rev. Father Lynch is the present pastor, and took
charge of the society in 1876. There are between 200 and 300
communicants. The parish includes Missouri Valley, Magnolia,
Logan and Woodbine. The church was dedicated in 1880, and is
called St. Patrick's Church.

Congregational Society. — Rev. H. S. Mills is the present pastor
of this flourishing society. Among the first members who par-
ticipated in the organization are L. Kellogg and wife, Theodore
Kellogg and wife, H. B. Lyman and wife, and J. L. Roberts and
wife. A church building Avas erected in 1876, in which services
are at present held. Previous to that time services were held for a
number of years in an old building, on what is known as "Gospel
Hill.'' The present church edifice was erected at an expense of
$4,000, and is among the finest in the city. There is a parsonage
near the church building. The present membership is over 100.
M, P. Brace is Superintendent of the Sabbath School, which has
an attendance of 100 pupils.

M. E. Church Society. — Rev. Fletcher Brown is the present
pastor. The society was organized in 1869, and has now a mem-
bership of about 100. The church edifice was erected at an ex-

304 HISTORY OF IOWA,

nense of $5,000. Z. T. Dunham is President of the Board of
Trustees, and M. S. Bowman, Secretary and Treasurer. R. N.
Blair is Superintendent of the Sabbath School, Avhich is in a flour-
ishing condition, and has an attendance of 115 pupils.

Da Ilia p Lodge, loira Legon of Honor, No. 117. — Meetings are
held on the first and third Wednesday evenings of each month.
This Lodge was instituted in August, 18S1, with fifteen charter
members. Its first officers were Charles Reiher, President pro
tern; Dr. A. H. Hazlette, V. P.; L. A. Sherman, T. S.; Dr. S. J.
Patterson, Treasurer; L. Ballou, Secretary. The present officers tre
T. B. Beach, President; T. E. Miller, V. P.; the remaining officers
same as above. The present membership is about twenty-five^
and meetings are held in Odd Fellows Hall.

Hospitable Lodge No. 244, A. F. and A. M. — Instituted under
dispensation in August, 1868. Charter members and first officers:
Dr. D. Satterlee, W. M.; Daniel Smith, S. W.; A. N. Warren, J.
W.— E. VV, Davis, Charles M, Robins, Thomas Rue and C, H.
Wing. Present officers: Dr. D. Satterlee, W. M.; J. A. May, S.
W.; 0, Colburn, J. W.; A, D, Jones, Treasurer; W, J, Williams,
Secretary; A, M, Warren. S. D.; I. Colborn, J. D. The present
membership is about fifty. Meetings are held in Masonic Hall,
Tuesday evenings on or before the full moon of each month.

Golden Ihde No. 178 J. 0. 0. i^^— Instituted Sept. 4th, 1869.
Charter members: G. W. Thompson, W, W. Granville, P. Soules,
E. W. Holbrook and Fred Kemp. First officers: G. VV. Thompson,
N. G.; P. Soules, V. G.: H. W. CoUon, Secretary; W. W. Gran-
ville, Treasurer. Present officers: J.H. Read, N. G,; P, W, Tyler,
V. G,: W, T. Howard, R. S.; S. R. Lindsey, P. S.; Z. W, Pease,
Treasurer. Membership eighty-five. Meetings are held in Odd
Fellows Hall in Commercial block Thursday evenings of each
week.

The Band of Hope. — Organized in 1877. Present officers: Mrs.
L, A, Nay, President; L, G, Tyler, Secretary; Miss Edith Pike,
Treasurer; Miss Eva Waitley, Assistant Secretary. This organiza-
tion is an anti-tobacco, profanity ana liquor association, and has a
membership of about seventy-five. Meetings are held the first
Tuesday evenings of each month. Entertainments are given
weekly, and consist of music, speaking, etc. Every third Sunday
in each month regular exercises are held. They are non-sectarion
in their character, and are held Fridays in the Congregational
Church alternating on Sunday between the M. E. and Baptist
Churches. This Society is in a flourishing condition.

Tlie Ladies' Christian Temperance Union, is also one of the
effective means for the promotion of its object in Dunlap.

The Young Peoples' Lihrarg Association. — This society was or-
ganized in 1879 and began with five or six members. It has now
about seventy members. The present afficers are: Frank Miers,
President; Mrs. H. M. Mills, V. P.; Charles Strong. Secretary;

HISTORY OF IOWA. 305

Chcas. Waitley, Librarian. Tlie prayer room of the Congregational
church is used for library purposes. There are already about 200
well selected volumes in the library. The membership fee is fifty
cents, with ten cents dues per month thereafter. No one can be-
come a member of this organization but those between the ages of
16 and 30 years.

Gidding Star Encampmetit No. 68,1. 0.0. F. — Instituted Feb'y
26th, 1874. Charter members: C. H. Tyler, G. W. Chamberlain,
H. W. Colton, L. G. Tubbs. Hugh Ballard, Wm. Spendlove, A. K.
Grow, R. B. Hillas, Z. W. Pease, G. W. Thompson. First officers:
G. W. Thompson, C. P.; C. H. Tyler, H. P.; G. W. Chamberlain,
S. W.; A. K. Grow, J. W.; Wm. Spendlove, S.: Z. W. Pease,
Treasurer. Present officers: W. T. Hall, C. P.; Wm. Spendlove,
H. P.: Samuel Ballard, Sec; L. R. Lindsey, J. W.; J. Reed, S.;
Z. H. Pease, Treasurer. Membership, about fifty. Meetings are
held in Odd Fellows' Hall on the second and fourth Mondays of
each month.

Knights of^Pijtltias. — An order of this society is being organized
with encouraging prospects for success.

A. 0. H.., Division Xo. i, was organized in September 1880.
Charter members: J. T. Noonpn, M. J. Duggan, Ed. Lehan, Will.
H. Page, W. Cavanagh, Peter Wall, James Malone, John Doherty,
Richard Doherty. First officers: M. J. Duggan, County Dele-
gate; J. T. Noonan, President; John Doherty, V. P.; W. Cavan-
agh, R. S.; W. H. Page, F. S.; Peter Wall, S. at A.; Thomas
Noonan, Marshal. Present officers: S. T. Noonan, County Dele-
gate; John Doherty, President; Jno. Brady, V. P.; W. Cavanagh,
R. S.; Richard Doherty, F. S.; Michael Duggan, S. at A.; Thos.
Noonan, Marshal. Membership, thirty-two. Meetings are held
in Lahman's Hall on the first Sunday of each month.

Dunlap Cornet Band. — ^Organized in 1879, and has 10 mem-
bers. A. S. Read is President, Henry Holden Secretary, H. W.
Gleason Treasurer and Leader. The organization is a highly cred-
itable one.

The Fire Department of the city was organized in the winter of
1879 and 1880, and has a chemical engine. There are about thirty
active members, composing a most effective organization. J. A.
Phillips is Chief, and B. W. Philbrook, Foreman.

ScJiools. — The first school taught was in 1857, by Louisa Cole,
in an old building at the Olmstead settlement. There were but
three pupils in attendance during the first term. The first school
taught in the new Dunlap settlement was in 1868, in a buildini?
now occupied by J. L. Roberts as a residence. Mr. and Mrs. J. A.
Ostrom were the teachers. Mrs. Ostroniis still living, and is yet a
resident of Dunlap. Harris McKenney, of Harris' Grove, was the
next teacher, and he, in turn, was again succeeded by Mr. Ostrom,
who conducted the school, which was a private one, for several
years. The first public school was taught by Mr. McKenney in

306 HISTORY OF IOWA.

1868. The first school house was erected in 1870. It is a two
story frame, and cost between $2,000 and |3,000. The present
structure, an ele^^ant and commodious brick building, was erected
in 1880, at a cost of $13,000. It has six departments, presided over
by the following corps of teachers: I. A. Sabin, Principal; J. G.
Thompson, Higher Intermediate; Miss Jennie Barrett, Interme-
diate; Mrs. Sarah Kebler, Lower Intermediate; Miss R. M. Childs,
First Primary; Miss Stella Bang, Second Primary.

LITTLE SIOUX.

This town, which has as handsome a location as any on the
Missouri River bottom, or, in fact, in the State, is situated on the
south side of the Little Sioux River, about one mile east of River
Sioux and the Sioux City & Pacific Railway. The town dates back
to the year 1855, when forty acres of the present site were laid off
by S. W. Condit and T. B. Neeley. A short time afterward,
Messrs. Condit and Martin laid off fortv acres more. Another
forty-acre tract was again platted in the year 1857. The parties
making the last addition were Joseph Jenks and Jasper Bonnly.
D. M. Garnet, merchant of Little Sioux, now the oldest settler on
the town site, — recorded the first plat. Mr. Gamet was at that
time Treasurer and Recorder at Magnolia, then the county seat;
but he shortly afterwards moved to Little Sioux, where he has
since remained. Mr. Gamet established the first general mer-
chandise store in Little Sioux in 1857. He was also engaged in
the hotel business, his hotel being headquarters for the stages be-
longing to the line between Sioux City and Council Bluffs.
Although Mr. Gamet is at present the oldest settler on the town
site proper, and settled in Western Iowa in 1816, there were others
who made Little Sioux their place of residence prior to his advent.
Among these latter may be mentioned the Messrs. S. W. Condit,
T. B. Neeley, and Gabriel Cotton, the first and the last of whom
are deceased, and J. L. Perkins, whose reputation is international
in connection Avith the propagation of potatoes. Mr. Perkins,
who was born a pioneer, came here in the year 1853. He resides
at present but a few yards beyond the town limits. Moses Ger-
man, now living outside the town limits, came in 1854. The S.
W. Condit. before mentioned, came in 1849. Jasper Bonnly came
here in 1856, and still farms near town. Avery Barber, now of
Nebraska, also came here about the same time. There are also
other old settlers residing in the neighborhood who came but a
short time subsecpiently. At the time Messrs. Condit, Neeley and
Cotton settled within the limits of what is now Little Sioux Town-
ship, Harrison County, though named, was not organized.

Though Little Sioux has been established for a long time, it
made no mark d growth till within the past half-dozen years, and
most of the buildings are of recent erection. Notwithstanding

HISTORY OF IOWA. 307

this fact, it would be difficult to find a handsomer or more enter-
prising town ot the same size in any portion of Iowa. This in
spite of the fact that through a misapprehension in regard to mat-
ters, the Sioux City & Pacific Railway left the town a mile distant
from its track, and makes it dependent upon the station of River
Sioux for its transportation facilities. Nevertlieless, the citizens
of Little Sioux are hopeful of a direct east and west line's running
through the town at no far distant day. In case this hope should
be realized, the 400 population of Little Sioux will be doubled
within a very short time thereafter. The citizens are enterprising
in the abstract, and though they missed one chance in securing a rail-
road, they have in everything else been up to the times. One
mark of this trait of character is the erection of a large iron bridge
across the Little Sioux River at this point. This bridge was built
ten or twelve years ago at an expenditure of about three thousand
five hundred dollars. The bridge is 200 feet in length and consists
of three spans.

The various business lines of Little Sioux, classified, are as fol-
lows: Three general merchandise stores, two grocery stores^ jew-
elry and miscellaneous store, grocery and stationery store, shoema-
ker shop, drug and grocery store, drug store, barber shop, hotel,
two restaurants, livery stable, boot and shoe store, two furniture
stores, meat market, blacksmith shop, blacksmith and wagon shop,
grain and stock dealer, lumber and hardware dealer, agricultural
implements, warehouse, saw and grist mill and milliner shop.

The professional men are two clergymen, one lawyer, and three
physicians. The postotfice, which was established in the early his-
tory of the place, is presided over by T. J. Lanyon. It is like that of
River Sioux, not a money-order office. In addition to the branches
of business already given, several insurance companies are repre-
sented by local agents.

The exact shipments of grain and other ])roduce from this point,
cannot well be definitely ascertained, but they are quite considera-
ble, and are constantly increasing.

The stocks of goods carried by the merchants of Little Sioux
are quite large, and in several cases would be creditable to a town
of 1,500 inhabitants.

CHURCHES, SCHOOLS AND SOCIETIES.

Reorganized Chureh of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints. — This
sect, monagamous Mormons, is in point of numbers, better repre-
sented than any other church in Little Sioux, and many of the
leading business men of the place are connected therewith. This
congregation represents a section of that portion of the Mormon
Church which separated from the original Mormon Society under
the leadership of Brigham Young. Joseph Smith, Jr., son of the
founder of the Mormon Churches, is at the head of the reorganized
branch, which numbers some 15,000 adherents. The headquarters

808 HISTORY OF IOWA.

of this branch are at Lamoni, Decatur county. The society has
had an existence in Little iSioux for twenty years, and the congre-
gation at jiresent numbers about 140. The society has a church
which was erected in 187G, at a cost of several thousand dollars.
The size of the structure is 24x50 feet. The presiding Elder for
this branch is D. M. Garnet, who holds services every habbath.

Romnn CatJio/ic Church Sociefij. — The Catholics of the neigh-
borhood have hitherto been without either church building or
church society, and have been compelled to go elsewhere to enjoy
the benefits of their form of worship. Although still lacking a
society, the Catholics of the neighborhood have just finished a
church building 26x40 feet in dimensions, and a society is in pro-
cess of formation. The only Catholic service, as far as is known,
ever held in Little Sioux proper, was on the Sunday preceding the
opening of the church, January 29, 1882. This service was held
in the house of M. Murray, and conducted by Rev. Father
Michtel Lynch, Avho will preside over the new church in addition
to the previous charges of Dunlap, Missouri Valley, and Magnolia.
The congregation of the new church consists of about twenty fami-
lies, or 100 people, and services will be held once in four weeks.

Methodist Episcopal ChurcJt Societi/. — The first sermon preach-
ed in Harrison County under the auspices of this society, perhaps
of any society, was in June, 1852, at Harris' Grove, by Rev.
William Simpson; but the first sermon preached in the immediate
vicinity of Little Sioux, was in 1865, by Rev. J. M. Rusk, who,
when the county was divided into two circuits in 1857, assumed
charge of the Western Circuit, and continued as its pastor for two
years. The first class formed in Little Sioux was in March, 1864,
from which time the society began its growth. The first regular
preacher, who officiated at Little Sioux, was Rev. J. W. Adair.
The Little Sioux Circuit was detached from the Magnolia Circuit
in 1876, and as it now stands it consists of Little Sioux, Soldier
Valley, River Sioux and Mondamin. The present pastor, who
resides in Little Sioux, is Rev. H. J. Smith. The Little Sioux
Society owns a building about thirty feet in dimensions. There
are twenty-four members, and a good attendance of non-members.
Services are held once in two weeks.

Universalist Church Societi/. — This society was organized in
the latter part of 1870, by Rev. E. Vedder, of Dunlap. Mr.
Vedder held the position of pastor but a short time, when he was
forced to resign on account of ill-health. He was succeded by
Rev. James Hoyt, of Belle Plaine, who continues to hold services
once in four weeks. The society has no church buildings, and its
meetings are held in the public hall. A movement has been in-
augurated, however, for the erection of a church edifice. The
membership is from thirty to thirty-five.

Union Sabbath School. — Although there is no denominational
Sabbath School in Little Sioux, there was organized some time ago

HISTORY OF IOWA. 309

a Union Sabbath School with an attendance of thirty-five. R. C.
West is the present Superintendent.

Liiile Sioux Lodqe.A. F.d- A. Ji.-This bodv was organized in 1878
with the foliowino- officers: H. M. Huff", W. M.; F. B. Terry, S.
W.; A. Gleason, J. W.; B. F. Croasdule, S.; S. J. Smith, Tr."'; G.
F. Straight, S. D.; E. A. Baklwin, J. D.; N. F. Hillard, T. The
present officers are: N. F. HiUard, W. M.; F. C. Scofield, S. W.;
C. Ellis, J. W.; B. F. Croasdale. S.; S. J. Smith, Tr.; W. L.
Woodward, S. D.; Isaac Hunt. J. D.; T. J. Lanyon, T.

Public School. — The public school of Little Sioux is a graded
one, and comprises three departments, grammar, intermediate and
primary. The Principal, Thomas Macfarlane, has charge of the
first named department; the Intermediate is under the care of Miss
Alice Smith, and Mrs. C. Donaldson is teacher of the Lower depart-
ment. The school district is the Independent District of Little
Sioux. It was organized from Township District No. 1, July 31st,
1879. The first school officers for the district were Michael Mur-
ray, President; L. S. G. Sillsbee, Secretary; A.M. Ellis, Treasurer.
The present officers are: Michael Murray, President; I. W. Bas-
sett. Secretary; (J. E. Cobb, Treasurer. There are 175 pupils in
the district. The school house is a two-story structure, 30x65 feet,
with four rooms, though but three of the rooms are in use. An-
other teacher, however, is to be engaged the coming year.

Little SioH.r Home Literary Society. — This society is devoted to
intellectual and social improvement. It has been in existence but
a short time, and as yet is not very firmly established. The soci-
ety meets every other Friday, in the public hall.

MISSOURI VALLEY.

Missouri Valley, as do others of Harrison County's more im-
portant towns, dates its beginning from the first appearance of the
iron horse. The town is located at the junction of the Boyer
Valley with the Missouri Valley in the southern part of Harrison
county, at the base of the high bluffs on the north, and on the
margin of the Boyer Valley on the south, extending some two
miles, and of the Missouri bottoms on the west, some seven miles
wide, to the Missouri river, thus giving a large and extended plain
on the south, which, for beauty and fertility, is unsurpassed by
any part of Iowa. The town was located by the Chicago & North-
western R. R. Co. January 16th, 1868, an election was held to
determine whether Missouri Valley should, or should not be in-
corporated. This important question was this time decided in the
negative by an adverse vote of 21. Missouri Valley is the junc-
tion of the Chicago & Northwestern, Sioux City & Pacific, and the
Nebraska Division of the Sioux City & Pacific railroads. The
shops and general offices of the latter company are located here,
and the officers of the company, who have their offices in this city
are as follows:

310 HISTOKY OF IOWA.

J. S. Wattles, Superintendent; C. F. McCoy, Assistant Super-
intendent; J. E. Ainsworth. Chief Engineer; K. C. Morehouse,
General Freight Agent; J. R. Buchanan, General Passenger Agent;
P. E. Robinson, Assistant Passenger Agent; P. C. Hills, Traffic
Auditor; A. T. Potter, Train Master; B. F'. Hageman, Train
Dispatcher; T. B. Seeley, Train Dispatcher; Chas. Foster, Master
Mechanic; Wm. Wells, jr., General Agent; F. M. Marsh, Road-
Master; P. W. Brown, Store Keeper.

There are also located here the general repair shops, locorootive,
car, paint and boiler shops of this road. The repair shops were
started in 1868, and now give employment to about one hundred
men. The general office building was erected in 1878 and affords
room for all the above named offices. It is two stories high and
is 32 ft. by 68 ft. in dimensions. The Sioux City & Pacific and
Chicago & Northwestern companies, have, in connection with each
other a freight house 24 ft. by 60 ft. in dimensions.

There is also an eating house, owned jointly by the two compa-
nies, which is leased and operated by John F. Cheney & Co., of
Sioux City. All the offices of the S. C. & P. are connected by tel-
ephone and speaking tubes and furnished with elevators.

The town takes its name from the fact that it is the point of inter-
section of the Boyer and Missouri river valleys, the valleys of which
at this point expand into a broad plain, several miles in width, and
which comprises one of the finest agricultural districts in Western
Iowa. It is one of the most important towns in Harrison county,
and is provided with direct communication with Omaha and Coun-
cil Bluffs on the west, Sioux City on the north, St. Louis and Kan-
sas City on the south, and with the east by the great railways termin-
ating on the Missouri River. The general character of the country
surrounding this enterprising and progressive town is undulating
or rolling, but not to so great a degree as to impair its utility for
agricultural purposes. The soil is rich and fertile and produces an
abundance of cereals. The raising of live stock is a very impor-
tant feature of this township's industries.

Missouri Valley claims a population of 2,000, but it is also said
that the census of 1880 was inadequately taken, and that the pop-
ulation given by that census 1,407, was much below the mark.
The town is located at the base of the bluffs that skirt the valley
of the Missouri River, from the summits of which a grand land-
scape is presented to the view. The dark bluffs dwarfed by dis-
tance that form the margin of the Nebraska shore can be seen for
miles up and down, and compose a scene Avorthy of the contempla-
tion of an artist's eye, and, with the added picture of the prosper-
ous town in the distance, forms a spectacle, which, not only pleases
the senses, but delights the practical eye.

Missouri Valley was finally incorporated in 1869, and is located
upon Section 15, Township 78, Range 44. The Chicago & North-
western Railroad was built to the present site of the town in the

HISTORY OF IOWA. 311

autumn of 1867, and the building of the town was commenced al-
most immediately afterwards, the town-site being platted by the
railroad company during the winter of 1807-8. Among the first
settlers may be mentioned Henry Warner, and Smith & Cogswell,
who opened a business establishment during that winter, W. C.
Ellis, who came during the spring of 1868 and started a general
merchandise store.

The old town of St. Johns, two miles south of Missouri Valley
on the other side of the Boyer river, was abandoned in consequence
of the location of the latter place, and nearly all the residents of
St. John removed to the new town that winter and the following
spring, among them, John B. Lahman, who established a harness
shop, Harris & McGavren, who established a hardware store and
Ellis &Bro. who engaged in general merchandising. The American
House, now the well known Commercial Hotel, was built in the
spring and summer of 1868. The old town of St. Johns
dates its settlement from the year 1857, when the town was
laid out and platted by Geo. H. Cotton. The company which
planned the town was composed of Dr. McMahon, J. C. Purple,
C. Vorhees, Dr. Robt. McGavren, G. H, McGavren, John Deal
and E. W. Bennett. There were several good business establish-
ments, hotels, etc., and the town of St. Johns was prosperous up
to the establishment of Missouri Valley. Dr. G. H. McGavren
moved from St. Johns to the Valley in the summer of 1869. By
that time St. Johns was nearly deserted, and Missouri Valley, its
successor, was just entering upon a vigorous and substantial
growth. Shortly after Dr. McGavren's removal to the new town,
he opened a drug store.

Several newspaper experiments have been essayed in the Vallev
from time to time, with variable success, and ultimate failure,
save in the case of the JSlissouri Vallei/ Tiuies^ formely the Har-
risonian, and founded by Judge D. M. Harris, who, with his son,
Robert H., continues to publish this prosperous and excellent paper;

The business houses of Missouri Valley, briefly classified, are as
follows:

Physicians, 3; newspaper office, 1; drug stores, 2; bakery, 1;
harness and saddlery store, 2; boots and shoes, 2; tailors, 2; gro ser-
ies, 5; hardware, 2; saloons, 5; cigar stores, 1; gun store, 1; gen-
eral merchandise, 6; hotels, 3; barber shops, 2; livery barns, 3; bil-
liard parlors, 1; furniture, 1; bank, 1; wagon factory, 1: carpenter
shops, 3; grain offices, 2; attorneys, 3.

CHURCHES, SCHOOLS AND SOCIETIES.

Missouri Valley has five church societies and three church edi-
fices. An alditional church edifice will be erected during the com-
ing spring. These, with her excellent schools and other societies
calculated to advance her interests, combine to make a co:nmun-
ity affording exceptional religious, intellectual and social advantages.

312 HISTORY OF IOWA.

The Methodist Episcopal Church building was erected in 1869.
The membership is hirge and increasing, and the society in a con-
dition of encouraging prosperity. These remarks apply equally to
the other church organizations of the Valley. Kev. W. W. Car-
hart is the pastor of the Methodist Episcopal Society. The
Presbyterian Society erected their building in 1868. Rev. 0. C.
Weller is the pastor. Rev. Father Lynch is pastor of the Catholic
Society, whose place of worship was erected in 1869. At the date
of present writing, the liaptist Society is not supplied by a regular
pastor. This society, however, has suitable grounds already pur-
chased, upon which an appropriate editice will be erected during
the approaching spring. Rev. Mr. Hoyt is in charge of the Uni-
versalist Society, whose services are held in the Town Hall. C.
W. Harris is Superintendent of the Methodist Sunday school;
W. H. Campbell, Superintendent of the Presbyterian Sunday

A short distance up the bluffs, overlooking the town, stands the
Public School building, an imposing brick structure, in the
modern style of architecture, provided with all the improvements
which the later spirit of educational progress can suggest, and
affording unusual advantages. This costly structure is, indeed, a
gieat credit to the community, and is, in itself, a sufficient com-
mentary upon the enlightened liberality of Missouri Valley's en-
terprising citizens. The corner stone was laid, with appropriate
public ceremonies, on the 17th day of August, 1871. Nearly four
hundred pupils are enrolled. There are six departments, the fol-
lowing being the efficient corps of teachers: E. N. Coleman,
Principal; Miss L. A. Ferguson, Assistant; W. R. Kirkham,
Grammar School; Miss Annie Legan, Intermediate; Miss Hattie
N. Legan, First Primary ; Miss Estella Mattox, Second Primary.
The members the Board of Education are: F. M. Marsh, A.
Edgecomb, W. W. Hume, W. H. Ramsyer, Joseph Harker. D.
M. Harris is President of the Board, F. M. Dance, Secretary,
and M. Holbrook, Treasurer.

YoUini Lodge No. 232, A. F. d- A. il/.— Instituted in 1868.
First officers: Robert McGavren, W. M.; W. C. Ellis, S. W.; P.
D. Mickel, J. W. The Lodge has about ninety members. Meet-
ings were first held in the second story of Fatchman's restaurant,
and after several changes, the Lodge permanently located in the
second story of Bump & Smith's brick building, corner of Fifth
and Erie streets, in a handsomely furnished hall, w^hich is also
used as a place of meeting by the other lodges of the town. Val-
ley Lodge is in a prosperous and flourishing condition, a statement
which may as appropriately be made with reference to the other
lodges of Missouri Valley. The following are the present officers:
F. M. Dance, W. M.; C. J. Carlisle, S. W.; G. H. Carleton, J. W.;
Thomas Weston, S. D.; George Barnes, J. D.; C. S. Hoar, Secre-
tary; J. H. Crowder, Treasurer.

HISTORY OF IOWA. 313

Valley Chajjfer Ko. 20, 0. E. 6'.- -Instituted July 8th, 1878.
Charter members: Mary E. Boies, M. M. Harris, Annie Davis,
Ella Davis, Carrie Todd, Jennie Manchester, Mary M. Chapman,
Belle Ransom, J. J. Legan, Louisa Miller, Laura A. Mann, Annie
Schultz, Martha Pelan, Effie Mickel, Mollie Mathews, Viola Pal-
mer, Annie Janes, Hattie N. Legan, Lizzie Butler, First officers:
E. J. Chapman, W. P.; Mary E. Boies, W. M.; C. C. Lahman, A.
M. Present officers: Mrs. C. C. Lahman, W. M.; D. M. Harris,
W. P.; Mrs. Carrie Todd, Treasurer; Mrs. D. Burgess, Secretary;
Mrs. J. W. Axtell, W. A. M. The membership is forty-six.

Triune Chajjfer No. 81, 11. A. M. — This Chapter was organized
under dispensation granted March 27th, 1876; its charter was
granted October 4th, 1876. The petitioners for the charter were:
William Pelan, H. P.; Robert McGavren, K.; E. J. Chapman, S.;
C. W. Turton, Secretary; Theodore Mann, C. H.; T. W. Merritt
P. S.; J. T. Sharp, R. A. C.

Missouri Valleij Lodge No. 170, I. 0. 0. F. — Instituted October
21st, 1869. First officers: D. M. Harris, N. G.; William Comp-
ton, V. G.; T. E. Dubois, Secretary; James Laughery, Treasurer.
Present officers: G. W. Burbank, N. G.; A. Edgecomb, V. G.;
G. T. Hopkins, Secretary: D. M. Harris, P. S.; James Laughery,
Treasurer. The membership is fifty-two.

Lilian Lodge No. 20, Daughters of Rehekah. — Instituted October
20th, 1875. Charter members: Robert McGavren, J. K. McGav-
ren, F. M. Dance, William Compton, John S. Goss, James Laugh-
ery, James Ferrill, Reuben Palmer, D. M. Harris, G. W. McGav-
ren, A. M, Cross, E. A. Boies, E. R. McGavren, Mary E. Boies,
Martha Compton, Mary S. Goss, Rhoda Ferrill, Lizzie Laughery,
Martha M. Harris, Ellen Cross. Present officers: G. W. Bur-
bank, N. G.; Mary Ilk Boies, V. G.; G. T. Hopkins, Secretary;
Mrs. William Compton, Treasurer.

Anchor Lodqe No. 66, K. of P. — Instituted December 19th,
1881, by A. E.'Menuez, D. D. G. C. Charter members: D. J.
Adlum, M. I. Bailev, F. Carlisle, W. M. Carlisle, T. 0. Carlisle,
E. N. Coleman, E. C. Connors, W. W. Cook, N. S. Dahl, F. Dod-
son, W. H. Fensler, 0. B. Fredericks, W. M. Harmon, G. F. Hop-
kins, F. Johnson, A. S.B. King, C. W. McGavren, Neil McLeod,
J. E. Marsh, T. P. Oden, AV. R. O'Neal, W. H. Ramsyer, W. H.
Ransom. L. Shauble, H. N. Warren. First and present officers:
C. W. McGavren, P. C; L. Shauble, C. C; A. S. B. King, V. C;
G. T. Hopkins, P.; J. £. Marsh, K. of R. & S.; E. N. Coleman, M.
of F.; W. H. Ramsyer, M. of E.; H. N. Warren, M. at A.; N. S.
Dahl, I. G.; T. B. Oden, 0. G. W. R. O'Neal, T. 0. Carlisle and
W. M. Harmon are Trustees.

Missouri Valley Lodge, No. 175, L O. G. T. — Instituted in
1869. This Lodge has had a somewhat varied existence, liaving
been re-organized at several different times. There are at present
about fiftv members. Meetings are held in the Town Hall. The

314 HISTORY OF rowA.

present officers are: Mrs. Annie Schultz, W. C. T.; Miss Jennie
Gump, R. H. S.; Miss Emma E. Harris, L. H. S.; Miss Estella
Mattox, W . V. T.; Chas. B. Wilson, K. S.; C. S. Hoar, F. S.; Miss
L. A. Ferguson, W. T.; Miss Donna Goltrj, W. C; Harry
Stonesifpr, W. M.; Miss Tennie Harris, W. D. M.; John Kane. W.
I.G.; AVid Lucas. W. 0. G.; Miss Kittie E. Clark, Organist.

lVomen''s Christian Temperance Union. — Organized in 1880.
Present officers: Mrs. S. C. Hileman, President; Mrs. E. J.
Ferguson, Mrs. H. C. Warner, Mrs. S. L. Berkley, Mrs. S. A.
Rogers, Mrs. D. Fenner, Vice-Presidents; Mrs. G. E. Wilson,
Treasurer; Mrs. E. A. Livingston, Secretary.

Piihlic Lihrary. — The Missouri Valley Public Library Associa-
tion was organized in September, 1881, and has established already
a library of about one thousand volumes, which number is con-
stantly increasing. The library is located on the corner of Erie
and Sixth streets. Mrs. Anna Schultz is the President; Mrs. C.
H. Foster, Treasurer; D. M. Harris and M. Holbrook, Finance
(,'ommittee.

Building and Loan Association. — The Missouri Valley Build-
ing and Loan Association was organized in October, 18S0. About
^5,000 of capital was loaned the first year. D. M. Harris, is Presi-
dent: G. H. Carleton, Vice President; W. H. Bradley, Secretary;
M. Holbrook, Treasurer.

Harrison County Agricultural Society. — Organized in 1858, and
held their twenty-third annual fair at Missouri Valley, October
-Ith, 5th, and 6th, 1881. The present officers of the Society are:
Phineas Cadwell, President; H. B. Cox, Vice President; J. K.
McGavren, Secretary; F. M. Dance, Treasurer. The fair grounds
are located about one-half mile west of town, and contain forty
acres finely set out in growing trees. There is a good one-mile
track and substantial buildings have been erected; the grounds are
fenced in, and advantageously situated, with reference to stock and
other shipments, immediately on the line of the railroads, and also
upon the bank of Willow Creek, thus insuring a good water sup-
ply. Six thousand pepole are estimated to have visited the fair of
1881 in a single day.

LOGAN.

The county seat of Harrison County, is in every respect creditable
to the popular will which elected it to that position of official dis-
tinction and importance • Loga.i is located on the east bank of
the Boyer River, and occupies about one hundred and sixty acres
of land on a '' bench,'' about seventy-five feet above the bed of the
Boyer. After leaving the "bench," the elevated land is timbered
for from one-quarter to one-half a mile, and gradually opens to a
section of prairie country of beautiful aspect, and dotted with im-
proved and well cultivated farms . There is also a good and well
improved section of farming country to the east.

HISTORY OF IOWA, 315

The town, as did Missouri Valley, Woodbine and Dimlap, ^rew
out of the location of the line of the Chicago & Northwestern
Railroad, and began its existence in the summer of 18G7. It is
located on section 19, township 79, range 42, and section 24, town-
ship 79, range 43. The Court House is upon, or very nearly upon,
the division line of these two ranges .

A Avord here is in order as to the original town proprietor,
Henry Keel, or "Uncle Henry Reel," as he is termed by his fellow
townsmen. Mr. Reel was born in Montgomery County, Va., in
1803 . Although stricken in years, he still retains considerable vital-
ity, and is mentally as keen as in his younger days . From Vir-
ginia he moved to Ohio, and about the year 1824, he again moved
to Putnam County, Indiana, where for forty years he resided. In
1853, he came to Harrison County, to where Logan now stands .
At one time he had more than 1,040 acres of land in a body, in
and around the present town-site of Logan . The coming of the
railroad was what caused the location of Logan . It was the only
available station between Missouri Valley and Woodbine, and al-
though Mr. Reel was at first opposed to the location of a town
upon his premises, he finally yielded to the march of events, and,
with an engineer in the employ of the railroad company, laid out
the future county seat. Subsequently a company bought an ad-
dition, and laid out the remainder of the town. The members of

this company were: T. M. C Logan, P. J. Rudasill, ■ Mc-

Curley, A . L . Harvey aud G . S . Bacon . John Reed and Cutler
Williamson are largely interested in town property.

Among the earliest settlers were: Judge Davis, George White,

C. C. Cole, P. J. Rudasill, and A. W. Clyde, who came in 1867.
There were others, whose names the writer did not obtain.

C. C. Cole established the first dr}'- goods store, and was followed
next in the mercantile business by P. J. Rudasill. George White
built the hrst hotel. G. F. Waterman established the first drug store.

Logan was incorporated in 1876. The first town officers were:
John V. Evans, Mayor and Treasurer; E. R. Cadwell, Recorder;
George Musgrave, Marshal; J. A. Lusk, N. Palmer, Simon Mills,
A. J. Norman, Lewis Walters, Councilmen. The present officers
of Logan are: William Cadwell, Mayor; D. M. Hardy, Recorder;

D. Kerkendall, Marshal; G. B. See'kel, J. W. Stocker, George
Guilford, J. W. Reed, G. B. Cadwell, Fred, Kimpel, Councilmen,

The Logan Postoffice was established in December, 1867. John
Reel was the first Postmaster. He was succeeded by C. C. Cole.
William Giddings, the present Postmaster, was appointed May
12th, 1875. The office was made a money-order office July 1st, 1877.

The Huron Countij Flag, the first paper published in Harnson
County, was published at Calhoun, Isaac Parrish being the editor
— in 1858. Within less than a year it was taken to Magnolia, and
Capt. William M. Hill became the editor. The Flag was subse-
quently removed to Missouri.

316 HISTORY OF IOWA.

The Magnolia BepuhJican was started in 1858, Geo. R. Brai-
nard being the editor and proprietor. Brainard was succeeded by
Henry Ford, and the latter by W. F. Benjamin. The Repuhlican
was continued until 1865, when it was changed to the Western
Star by Hon. Joe H. Smith. The Star continued until 1871, the
various editors being Hon. Joe. H. Smith, H. C. Cutler, Musgrave
& Cook, G. F. Waterman, George Musgrave. The paper was then
removed to Logan, where it was published for more than two
years, when it was moved to Harlan.

The Huron County Courier was moved to Magnolia in 1875,
from Canton, 111., by Alpheus Davison, and from Magnolia to Lo-
gan in 1876. In August, 1880, Henry Reel purchased the Co?«-/er.
A. J. Hard was the editor and manager for one year, when D. S.
P. Michael succeeded him. Mr. Michael is both manager and
editor, Mr. Reel still being the proprietor. The Courier is a hand-
somely printed eight-column folio, and well deserves the favor
which is bestowed upon it by tne public.

One of the valuable features of Logan is the stone quarry be-
longing to Mr . James McCoid, and located just across the Boyer
River from town . This quarry was discovered about nine years
ago. The upper stratum is about nine feet and eight inches be-
low the surface. The stone is limestope, and is of excellent
quality for building purposes. Beneath this are eighteen inches
of yellow clay; then eighteen inches of black slate. Under that
is large, blue rock, eighteen inches in thickness, which has been
used as material for foundations, but which, however, Mr. McCoid
states, is not durable. Beneath this are eighteen inches of yellow
clay, under which there is layer after layer of a rock which very
closely resembles granite, and is from six to eighteen inches thick-
Numerous shipments of rock are made from this quarry to other
points . It is stated to be the only paying quarry in Harrison
county.

There is a public square of from three to four acres, planted in
trees, and located between Fourth and Fifth Avenues and Sixth
and Seventh streets .

A Driving Park Association is about to be organized, the grounds
to be located on the farm of A . Whyte, adjoining town.

J. A. Lusk built a portion of the Lusk House in 1869. Addi-
tions have been made, until now it is one of the most commodious,
as well best managed hotels in Western Iowa.

The town is well supplied with lawyers and physicians, has two
banks — the Harrison County Bank and P . Cadwell & Go's . ^a
flouring mill, two hotels, and quite a number of first-class business
establishments.

Brick-making is carried on quite extensively at Logan . Large
shipments are made to other points, the brick being of the best
quality.

HISTORY OF TOWA, 317

The population of Logan is perhaps about 1,000, and is steadily-
increasing. The town has a durable appearance, is neat and at-
tractive, and is keeping in every respect even pace with the rapid
strides that are being made by her sister towns of Western Iowa.

CHURCHES, SCHOOLS AND SOCIETIES.

Lo(j((n Baptist Church Socictij. — Organized in 1868, by Rev.
George Scott, of New York, at that time living at Denison. The
pastors in order have been: Rev. George Scott, J. E. Rockwood,
E. G. 0. Groat, B. F. Goldsby, J. E. Rockwood, Geo. Scott, J. E.
Saunders, E. G. 0. Groat, which latter is the present pastor. The
membership is seventy-five. The church building was erected in
1809 at a cost of about ^2,000, and has a seating capacity of two
hundred. The parsonage was erected in 1876. There is a good
Sabbath school, with about fifty pupils. J. E. Massy is the Super-
intendent. From this church soil other similar societies have
grown. This was the first Baptist Society organized in Harrison
County, holding meetings at Magnolia, Woodbine and Logan al-
ternately. Meetings at Logan were first held over Rudasill, Wood
& Low's store. P. J. Rudasill was a prime mover in the organi-
zation of the Baptist Society, and was indefatigable in promoting
its interests. Rev. Mr. Groat has charge of the society at Magno-
lia, which has sixteen members.

First Presbijterian Sociefij. — Organized August 29th, 1809, by
Rev. George K. Carroll, of Council Bluffs, Synodical Missionary.
The first pastor was Rev. T. K. Hedges, who was succeeded by Rev.
J. B. Welty. Rev. Carroll is the present pastor. The erection of
the church building was begun in the autumn of 1877, and the
building was completed in the summer of 1878, at a total cost of
$4,000. It will seat three hundred people, and is a very handsome
structure. Rev. T. H. Cleland, of Council Bluffs, preached the
dedicatory sermon, and was assisted by Rev. T. K. Hedges. The
membership is about seventy. There is also a Sabbath School with
an attendance of seventy. C. N. Cad well is the Superintendent,

There is a Universalist Society presided over by Rev. J. M.
Hoyt, of Belle Plaine. Services are held once in every two weeks
in the church building owned by Henry Reel's.

The Adventists also have a society, the particulars concerning
which are at this writing inaccessible.

Henry Reel erected a church building in 1878, in which services
are held by the Old Regular — or as this sect is commonly known,
the "Hardshell" — Baptists. Services are held regularly once a
month. There is no regular pastor and no organized society.

The members of the Board of Education are: John V. Evans,
G. B. Seekel, President; J. W. Barnhart, D. S. P. Michel, James
Sorrey, A. K. Grow. George W. Wilson is the Secretary, and J.
W. Reed, Treasurer. The school building, which was erected sev-
eral years ago, is a very handsome and costly brick structure, and

318 HISTORY OF IOWA.

contains five departments. Prof. S. G. Rogers is the Principal;
Sarah Grallagber, Grammar Department; Belle Wood, Intermedi-
ate; Clara Hedges, First Primary; Clara M. Evans, Second Prim-
ary. The enrollment is about three hundred pupils.

Boiier Valleij Lodge No. 149, A. 0. U. W. — Instituted Janu-
ary 31st. 1878. Charter members: John V. Evans, A. L. Har-
vey, J. B. McArthur, Fred. Kimpel, C. N. Hull, E. R. Cadwell,
John H. Smith, C. L. Hyde, J. N. Young, S. I. King, W. W.
Smith, A. J. Miller, E. P. Cadwell, W. H. Moore. First officers:
Jno. V. Evans, P. M. W.; C. N. Hull, M. W.; Fred. Kimpel,
Foreman; E. R. Cadwell, Overseer; J. B. McArthur, Recorder; C.
L. Hyde, Financier; A. L. Harvey, Receiver; J. N. Young,
Guide; John H. Smith, I. W.;E. R. Cadwell, 0. W. ; John Y.
Evans, J. W- Rudd, E- R. Cadwell. Trustees. Present officers:
R. G. Brown, P. M. W.; D. Stewart, M. W.; James Ervin,
Foreman; William Burnett, Overseer; George Kelly, Recorder;
Fred. Kimpel. Financier; D. M. Harvey, Receiver: C L. Hyde,
Guide; J. B. McArthur, I. W.; John V. Evans, 0. W. J. B.
McArthur is Representative to the Grand Codge for 1882; John
V. Evans, D. D. G. M. W. for the Fourth Judicial District o£
Iowa, and has held the office ever since the organization of the
Lodge. The Lodge's condition is a prosperous one. It was the
first Lodge of A . 0 . U . W . organized in the Fourth Judicial Dis-
trict of Iowa. Meetings are held every Tuesday evening in Odd
Fellows' Hall.

Logan Lodge No. 219, I. 0. G. T. — Instituted November
14th, 1877, with thirty-five charter members. First Officers:
Frank Rugg, W. C. T.; Mary E. Wilson, W. V. T.; Belle Cleven-
ger, C: J. H. Giddings, S.; Adelia Fuller, A. S.; L. Harrington, F. S.;
James Harrington, Treasurer; A. B. Rosrers, W. M.; James Cope-
land, D. M.; Nancy M. Wilson, I. G.; 0. J. McKenney, 0. G.;
Wells R. Wheeler, R. H. S.; Lottie Noyes, L. H. S.; Isaac P. Hill,
P.W. C. T. Present officers: Frank Stearns. W. C. T.; Mrs.
K. Berry, W. V. T.; Lottie Cadwell. S.; Ben Wade Stearns, A. S.;
C. A. Harvey, F. S. ; Myra Grow, W. T. ; Mrs. W. C Cadwell,
W. C.;F. 11. Laporte, W. M.; Fannie Barnhart, I. G.; Willis
Clevenger, 0 . G . ; W . C . Cadwell, P . W . C . T. ; Tillie Grow, Lodge
Deputy. The membership is about fifty. Meetings are held
every Wednesday evening in the hall over Stockwell's grocery.

There is also a Woman's Christian Temperance Union .

Chrysolite Lodge, A. F. d' A. M. — Working under dispensa-
tion. Organized November 30th, 1881. Its officers are:
Stephen King, W^ M.; A. W^ Ford, S. W. ; A. L. Harvey, J.
W.;J. W. Barnhart, Secretary; William Giddings, Treasurer;
S. I. King, S. D.; J. V. Evans, J. D.; J. W. Stocker, S. S.;
A. B. Milliman, J. S.; J. W. Stewart. Tyler. The member-
ship is about twenty-five .

HISTORY OF IOWA, 319

Logan Lod<je No. 355, I. 0.0. F. — Instituted in June, 1876,
Charter members: T. M. C Logan, J. C. Milliman, Fred.
Kimpel, J. N- Young, W. H. Eaton, J. E. Townsend. First
officers: J. C Milliman, N. G.; Fred. Kimpel, V. G.; W. H.
Eaton, Secretary; T. M. C Logan, Treasurer. Present officers:
W. C. Cadwell, N. G.; J. V. Evans, V. G.; C. L. Hyde, Sec-
retary; J. E. Massey, p. S.;T. J. Roberts, Treasurer. Mem-
bership, twenty-two.

Coliniibia Encampment No. 101, I. 0. 0. F. — Instituted in
1880. Charter members: T. M. C. Logan, A. K. Grow, J.
C. Milliman, Almor Stern, L. D. Parker, G. W. Smith, J. V.
Evans, J.N. Young, Fred. Kimpel, C L. Hyde. First officers:
A. K. Grow, C. P.;T. M. C. Logan,H. P.'; J. Y. Evans, S.
W.;J. C. Milliman, J. W. ; Almor Stern, Scribe; C L. Hyde,
Treasurer. Present officers: J. V. Evans, C P. ; A. Stern, H.
P.; J. W. Barnhart, S. W.; C L. Hyde, J. W.; W. C Cad-
well, Scribe; J. N. Y^oung, Treasurer. Membership, about
thirty .

MISCELLANEOUS COUNTY DETAILS.

There was a considerable settlement in 1855, which was largely
added to in 1857, and still more largely in 1860, Amos Chase
came in 1851, as did also S. W. Condit, both of whom are now
deceased. These, with H. M. Huff and C. W. Oden, were among
the earliest settlers near Little Sioux. A pioneer settler in the
same locality was also T. B. Neeley (the first representative to the
State Legislature). Mr. Neely was a well-informed man of sterl-
ing and peculiar qualities, and, it is said, walked to Iowa City, at
that time the State Capitol, carrying his shoes slung over a staff
upon his shoulder.

Of Jacob Pate, who settled near Sandy Point, on the Missouri
bottoms, on the western side, it is related that his particular char-
acteristic was a steady determination to ''keep ahead of the keers."
He said he always had kept ahead of the cars, and he always
meant to do so. But railroads finally came in upon Jacob from
both the East and the West, and the Old man had to succumb to
the inevitable. He died a few years ago.

In Harris Grove and vicinity there were the McKinneys (Michael
and John). Michael died about the year 1860, and John in the
winter of 1880, the latter at Logan. Both had large families and
considerable property. William Dakan came to Harris Grove at a
very early day. He settled first near St. Johns, and soon after-
wards moved to Harris Grove, where he is still living. Pearson
Vore came to Harris Grove in 1856, and has been a continuous res-
ident of that locality ever since. He is now about 81 years of age,
and has had the misfortune in the later years of his useful life to
lose his sight. James B. McCurley came to Harris Grove about
the year 1853, moved to Logan about the time the town was organ-

330 HISTORY OF IOWA.

ized, and is still living there. Judge Dow and family, who came
in 1853, moved subsequently from Harris Grove to about eight
miles below Denison, to what is now called in honor of the Judge,
Dow City, John Rogers, with his family, came to Harris Grove
in 1856. His grandson. Prof. S. G. Rogers, is now Principal of
the Logan Public Schools. J. T. Stern, a venerable and sagacious
settler, whom it was the historian's misfortune to be unable to see,
settled at Harris Grove in 1857. He has residtd on the same farm
from that date continuously to the present time, and is 67 years of
age. Almor Stern, son of J. T. Stern, came to Logan in 1878, and
was elected Auditor of Harrison County in that year, to fill the
vacancy caused by the death of W. H. Eaton, who had been Aud-
itor for eight years prior to that time, and who was the first per-
son elected to that office in the county.

There are thirty and thirty-three one-hundredths miles of the
Chicago & Northwestern Railroad in Harrison County; thirty-two
and forty-eight hundreths of the Sioux City & Pacific, and about
one-half mile of the Milwaukee road in the southeast corner. The C.
& N. W. came down the Boyer Valley in 1860; the Sioux City &
Pacific was built about the same time, and commenced running in
1807. From that time forward there was a steady growth. The
population at that time was 7,000; now it is nearly, if not quite
20,000. The census of 1870 gave only about 8,000, the population
having nearly tripled within the past ten years.

Among the pioneers of Union Grove are: Samuel Wood, who
came in about the year 1852, and has lived there ever since; Sam-
uel Dibbles who first came about twenty-four years ago; Father
Smith, now Postmaster of Union Grove, who came nearly twenty
years ago; Jason Whitinger, William Cox, and the Smith family,
who have lived there for twenty-five years. The Dobson family
were also old settlers, but subsequently moved to Crawford County.

A full list of the first county officers, with the exception of the
Board of Supervisors, is as follows: D. M. Gamet, Recorder; W.
V. Cooper, Clerk of the Courts; Stephen King, County Judge; H.
C. Harshbarger, Auditor (appointed in 1868); J. Z. Hunt, Surveyor;
J. H. Smith, County Superintendent; C. M. Hamilton, Sheriff.

The present county officers are; L P. Hill, Treasurer; A. K.
Grow, Recorder; C. L. Hyde, Clerk of the Courts; Wiley Middle-
ton, Sheriff'; J. D. Hornby, County Superintendent; A. J. Miller,
County Superintendent elect; Logan Crawford, Surveyor; Almor
Stern, Auditor; J. K. McGavren, Thomas Morrow, Allen Stoker,
Board of Supervisors.

The settlement at Twelve-Mile Grove had for its pioneers
Richard Musgrave, who came in 1852; the Meftbrds, in 1851.
Robert Meffbrd was the head of the Mefford family. Matthew
Hall and L. D. Butler are also old settlers. The latter now lives
at Woodbine.

HISTORY OF IOWA. 321

Col. Asher Service, a man of native force of character, and who
was at one time a political power in the county, settled at Six-Mile
Grove about the year 1850; Owen Thorp in 1852. James McCoid
ran a store there twenty-two years ago.

The Avell known Olmstead settlement in Harrison Township
will be found to be treated of in that part of the county's history
devoted more particularly to the town of Dunlap. By many,
Harrison Township is considered the banner township of the
county, in respect to the surface of the land, which is there more
level. Mill Creek enters the Hoyer in that township, giving it an
exceptional "lay of land.'" There is, indeed, a fine southern
view from Dunlap down through that section of country.

A grist mill was built on Allen's Creek west of Magnolia in
1853 or '5-t. It was never operated, but was afterwards moved
away. The first mill on the Willow Creek, about one mile east of
Magnolia, was built in 1854 by a Mr. Chatburn. Jacob Huffman
also built a mill on the Willow about two miles below Chatburn's.
E. T. Hardin built a saw mill at Calhoun on the Willow, about
two miles below the Huifman mill. The first flouring mill in the
county was built by Henry Reel on the Boyer in sight of the
present town of Logan — in July, 1855. This mill began opera-
tions October 1st, 1850. The next mill was started at Wood-
bine by L. D. Butler, and in 1858, Butler and Grow put up their
flouring mill. All these pioneer mills were run by water power.
A. K. Grow built a mill in 1807 on section 31, in Harrison town-
ship, about half-way between Woodbine and Dunlap. This mill
was very rudely constructed, its exterior being anything but hand-
some in appearance, but the excellent Cjuality of its flour was un-
doubted, and built up for its owner quite a reputation. This mill
was subsequently washed away.

The mills in the county now are: I. Schofield's flouring mill
at Dunlap; Dalley & Noyes' mill at Woodbine; Alfred Longman's
mill at Logan; a steam mill at Missouri Valley; also one at Magno-
lia; one at Calhoun, at the place where Hardin put up his saw
mill; one on the Soldier River, by Theodore Mahoney, and Scho-
field's at Little Sioux.

About six miles northwest of Logan, in Magnolia Township, is
the town of Magnolia, on the southeast quarter of section 32,
township 80, range -iS. The county seat of Harrison County was
located at Magnolia by A. D. Jones and A. Fletcher, on the l-4th
of March, 1853. G. H. White was the Surveyor. The report of
the Commissioners and Surveyor was approved by P. G. Cooper,
County Judge, December 13, 1853, his acknowledgment being
taken before E. Todd, Justice of the Peace. The election which
resulted in changing the county seat from Magnolia to Logan,
was held in the autumn of 1875. The tussle for the prize was pe-
culiarly interesting, protracted and exciting, but provoked so

322 HISTOEY OF IOWA.

many animosities, that, it -would hardly be possible for the matter to
be treated of at length here in what all would admit to be a strictly
impartial manner.

Lots were first sold in Magnolia in November, 1853. Ex-Judge
P. (j. Cooper is still living, in Blair, Nebraska. Among other
early settlers of Magnolia township were Judges Hardy and Brain-
ard. The removing of the county seat has had a depressing effect
upon Magnolia, which has since that time, to say the least, failed
to make encouraging headway.

It will be noted that Harrison County, like many other Western
communities, has had her full share of "paper towns."

Upon the removal of the county records to Logan, the old Logan
House was rented, in which to keep them. As an inducement to
•secure the county seat, the citizens of Logan contributed |6,000,
depositing this sum in bank before the election. The election was
carried, however, by a very small majority. The Court House was
built in Logan in 1876, aiid cost about Sil,000.

The following is a list of Representatives to the State Legisla-
ture from Harrison County. The Representative for 1863 resided
without the present limits of the county. The years of their elec-
tion are given:

T. B. Neely, 1855; D. M. Harris, 1857; W. W. Fuller, 18G1;

, 1863; L. R. Bolter, 1865; Jos. H. Smith, 1867; Stephen

King, 1869; Geo. H. McGavren, 1871; P. Cadwell, 1873; L. R.
Bolter, 1875; H. B. Lyman. 1877; Geo. Ritchison, 1879; L. R.
Bolter, 1881.

HARRISON COUNTY BIOGRAPHIES,

MISSOURI VALLEY.

S. Altshuler, dealer in dry goods and clothing", came to la. in
1864, and located at Council Bluffs; established his present busi-
ness in Missouri Valley in 1867. He has a fine store on the cor-
ner of Fourth and Erie streets, and carries a large stock of goods.

M.I. Bailey, attorney at law, established business in 1875. He
was born in Delaware county, N. Y., in 1847; removed to Missouri
Valley, la., in 1875, and engaged in the practice of law. He
married C. L. Ames, a native of N. Y. Mr. B. is the present
mayor of this city.

J. H. Ball, proprietor of billiard parlor — cor. 6th and Huron
sts — is a native of Ind.; moved to Knoxville, Marion county, la.,
with parents in 1851. In 1862 he engaged in freighting in com-

HISTORY OF IOWA. 323

J. T. Baldwin, foreman of the boiler shops at Missouri Valley,
was born in Md. He was employed in the navy yards at Wash-
ington, D. C, until 1808, when he moved to Omaha. Neb., and
Avas in the employ of theU. P. R. R.; came to this city in 1870,
and assumed his present position.

pany with J. B. Beard, which he continued until 1805. He then
traveled through the territories until he settled in Council Bluffs
in 1869; moved to Missouri Valley in 1878, and engaged in his
present business.

C. H. Barber, proprietor of the Palace billiard parlor, is a native
of N. Y.; removed to Clinton, la., in 1878, and was in the em-
ploy of the Union Iron Works; thence to Missouri Valley in 1879,
and was in the employ of the railroad companies until 1881, when he
established his present business.

J. M. Berry, proprietor of the city livery, is a native of Ind,;
came with parents to Harrison county, la., in 1855, was engaged in
farming until 1879, when he came to Missouri Valley and engaged
in his present business.

T. N. Berry, of the firm of Morgan & Berry, grocers, was born in
Pcttawattamie county, la., in 1855; moved with his parents to
Harrison county in 1850. He located in Missouri Valley in 1879,
and was engaged in the livery business until 1881, when he entered
the above firm.

.7.L. Berkley, of the firm of Grigsby & Berkley, dealers in gen-
eral merchandise, is a native of Va.; moved to Magnolia, Harrison
county, la., in 1872; thence to Missouri Valley in 1876, and en-
gaged in milling until Oct., 1881, when he engaged in his present
business, with W. E. Grigsby, a wealthy farmer of Harrison
county.

E. A. Boies, dealer in general hardware, is a native of 0.; moved
to Magnolia, Harrison county, la., in 1867, and to Missouri Valley
in 1869 and was employed as salesman and journeyman tinner in
the hardware business. He engaged in the business for himself in
1877, sold out after two vears, and resumed business again in May,
1881.

Mrs. A. E. Bresee, dealer in millinery and fancy goods, located
in Crawford county, la. in 1877, and moved to Missouri Valley in
1879, and engaged in present business; carries a large and complete
stock of goods, and does all branches of milliner}^ work.

W. H. Bradley, jr., of the firm of Walker & Bradley, dealers in
general merchandise, is a native of Canada; came to the U. S. in
1869, and located at Missouri Valley, la. He was employed as
salesman in the mercantile business, until he entered his present

business in 1878.

324 HISTOEY OF IOWA.

L. Brown, attorney at law, was born in Jackson county, 0., in
1845; removed to Appanoose county, la., where he lived until he
moved to Missouri Valley. He is a graduate of the Iowa State
University. He married Fanny G. Manning, a native of Iowa.

W. P. Bump, of the firm of Bump & Smith, dealers in general
merchandise, was born in Addison county, Vt., in 1811; moved to
western N. Y. in 1831, and in 1836 he engaged in the mercantile
business; continued there until 1856, when he removed to Rochelle,
111.; thence to Missouri Valley in 1869, and engaged in his present
business.

D. Burgess, proprietor of billiard parlor, was born in Courtland
county, N. Y. He was employed for several years as conductor on
the S. B. & N. Y.Ry., also was telegraph operator for same road.
He moved to Neb. in 1875, and engaged in the stock business; re-
moved to Missouri Valley in 1877 and engaged in his present
business, on the corner of Fifth and Erie sts.

C. J., T. C. & W. M. Carlisle, of the firm of Carlisle Bros.,
wholesale and retail dealers in hardware, wagon stocks, pumps,
agricultural implements, and sewing machines, are natives of 0.;
came to Missouri Valley, la., in 1872, and engaged in their present
business.

W. M. Chenoweth, manufacturer of cigars, is a native of Pa.;
came to Missouri Valley in 1879, and engaged in his present busi-
ness. He employs five men in the busy season.

J. C. Caley, dealer in boots and shoes, was born in Cleveland,
Ohio. He enlisted in Co. I, 29th 0. Vol., served one year, and in
the spring of 1863 went to Montana; returned to Ohio in 1864,
and two years later came to Missouri Valley, and built the first
building in the town, excepting a few R. R. buildings. He is the
pioneer boot and shoe dealer of the city.

Wm, Conner, engineer for the S. C. & P. transfer company, was
born in Va. in 1842; moved to 111. in 1849, and in 1859 engaged
in steamboating on the Mississippi river. In J 866 he went to
Quincy, 111., and took charge of the machine shops for two years;
then came to Missouri Valley and was employed in liis present posi-
tion. He has been absent one year since coming to this city,
traveling on the Pacific coast.

Maj. J. F. Cheney, senior proprietor of the Merchants and Depot
Hotels at Sioux City, la., also of a Hotel at Blair, Neb., and the
Union Hotel at Missouri Valley, was born in Grafton county, N.
H. In 1861 he enlisted in the 1st 111. Light Art. as a private, was
soon promoted to first lieutenant, then to captain, then to major
and when discharged at the close of the war was lieutenant colonel.
He then opened the Nachusa house at Dixon, 111., also a summer
resort at Spring Lake, Mich., called the Spring Lake house. He

HISTORY OF IOWA. . 325

moved to Sioux City and opened the Merchants Hotel, in 1880,
and his other hotel soon after. Major C. is one of the oldest hotel
men in the country, and all of his hotels will be found to be first
class.

G. W. Coit, M. D., was born in N. J., in 1837; was assistant
surgeon during the latter part of the war of the rebellion. . He
graduated from the Bellevue Hospital, M. Y. in March 1866, and
came to Harrison county in Nov. of the same year, and located at
St. Johns; the following February, removed to Missouri Valley.
He has been government examining surgeon for Western Iowa
ten years.

J. H. Crowder, postmaster, also dealer in books, jewelry and fan-
cy goods, is a native of Ind.; removed to Harrison county in 1866.
He enlisted in the Avar of the reLellion, in the 18th la. Reg.; was
a member of the band. He was appointed postmaster in 1871,
which office he has since held.

N. S. Dahl, jeweler, is a native of Denmark; came to America
in 1873, and settled in Chicago. He engaged in the jewelry busi-
ness in various parts of the west, until 1879, when he located in
Missouri Valley and opened his present business.

F. L. Davis, insurance agent, was born in Western N. Y. He
enlisted in 1801 in Co. E, 5th N. Y. Cav., was discharged in 1862
and returned to N. Y., and soon after was appointed deputy sherifT
of Cattaraugus county. He came to Iowa in 1870 and located at
River Sioux; in 1872 moved to Missouri Valley and engaged in
the livery business; was also deputy sheriff for several years. In
1878 he engaged in his present business.

C. H. Davis, was born in Penobscot county. Me., in 1839; moved
to Mass. in 1852 and went to sea as a cabin boy. At the breaking
out of the war in 1861 he enlisted in the navy in Com. Farragut's
fleet; was transferred to Com. Dahlgren's fleet in 1864. He left
the navy at the close of the war and in 1866 moved to Council
Bluffs, la., and was engaged as engineer on the Missouri river, un-
til coming to Missouri Valley; is here employed by the S. C. & P.
R. R. company.

F. M. Dance, attorney at law, was born in Wis. in 1838; moved
to Missouri Valley, la., in 1868 and engaged in general law and
real estate business. He graduated from the law department of
the Ann Arbor University, in 1867.

C. H. Deur, lumber dealer, was born in N. Y.; moved with his
parents in 1860 to Pottawattamie county, la.; thence to Missouri
Valley in 1877 and engaged in his present business. He has al-
ways a good supply of hard and soft coal, builders' supplies, lime,
hair, cement, etc.

M. S. Frick, of the firm of Frick & Snyder, dealers in general
merchandise, is a native of Pa.; moved to la. in 1865 and to Harri-

326 ■ HISTORY OF IOWA,

son county in 1868, was engaged in contracting and building, then
dealing in furniture, previous to engaging in his present business
in the spring of 1881.

Geo. S. Green, of the firm of G. !S. Green & Co., proprietors of
the Commercial House, is a native of N. Y.; moved to Vinton, la.
in 1860; thence to Missouri Valley in 1875 and was engaged in vari-
ous business houses, also in thepostoffice, until Nov., 1881, when he
purchased the hotel and engaged in his present business.

L. Harker, dealer in stock, is one of the pioneers of Harrison
county, la., came to this county in 1807 and located at St. Johns,
and engaged in the grocery business. He moved to Missouri Val-
ley the same year and continued the grocery business; is now buy-
ing and selling stock.

J. J. Hancock, tobacco dealer, was born in England in 1830;
came to America in 1851, and located at London, Canada; removed
to Buffalo, N. Y., in 1853, and engaged in the boot and shoe busi-
ness. He removed to Dubuque, la., in 1858; thence to Sioux Falls,
Dak., in 1871, where he resumed the boot and shoe business. In

1878 he was in the employ of the American Express Compan}^ In

1879 he located in Missouri Valley.

Hon. D.M. Harris, senior member of the firm of Harris & Son,
editors and proprietors of the Missouri Valley Times, was born in
Dayton, Montgomery county, 0., in 1821, and moved with parents
to Ind. in 1821; thence to Maury county, Tenn. In 1851, he came
to Audubon county, la., and engaged in farming and the real
estate business, and there served three terms as county judge. He
represented the 26th Iowa district during two sessions of the leg-
islature. He next removed to Panora, Guthrie county, and en-
gaged in the practice of law, also editing and publishing the
Guthrie County Ledger. In 1868 he first came to Missouri Valley
and established the Harrisonian, which he sold in 1872, the name
of the paper being changed to the Missouri Valley Times. In the
the same year he moved to Independence, Kas., and published the
Kansas Democrat, returned to Missouri Valley in 1873, engaging
in the mercantile business. His establishment was shortly after-
wards destroyed by fire, and he located at Exira, which town he
had previously '"laid out," and began the publication of the
Audubon County Defender. Soon afterwards he published the
Cap-Sheaf, at Atlantic, Cass county, which he conducted until
1876, when he resumed the publication of the Times at Missouri
Valley. He was married in 1812 to Martha M. White, of Tenn.;
has six sons and four daughters. Mr. Harris was the democratic
candidate for lieutenant governor of la., in 1866, and was twice a
candidate for county representative from Harrison county. He
has held a number of minor offices, hobert H. Harris is a son of
Judge Harris, and junior member of the firm. He was born in
Tenn., in 1851, and in 1874 was married to Frances Chapman, of
Exira, la. Thev have two sons.

HISTORY OF IOWA. 327

E. F. James, dealer in agricultural implements, pumps, wind-
mills, etc., is a native of Pa., lived during 3^outh in 111.; moved to
Missouri Valley, la., in 1868. He engaged in railroading, until
1873, Avhen he engaged in his present business; is also proprietor
of the James line of drays and express wagons.

J. B. Lucas, attorney at law. was born in Lucas county, la., in
1858; removed to Missouri Valley in 1875. He was admitted to
the bar in Harrison count}", and established office in Oct., 1881.

F. L. Mandevill, druggist, was born near Rochester, N. Y., in
1835; moved to Milwaukee, Wis., in 1812; thence to Missouri
Valley in 1871 and engaged in his present business; carries a com-
plete stock in the drug line.

Hon. G. H. McGavren, M. D., is a native of Pa.; came to Har-
rison county in 1851 and first located at St. Johns; removed to
Missouri Valley in 1868. He was elected to the legislature in 1870,
and is engaged in the practice of medicine with his son, Charles,
who is a graduate of the Rush Medical College, at Chicago, 111.

S. H. Morgan, of the firm of Morgan & Berry, grocei-s, was born
in Ind.; moved to Lucas county, Iowa, in 1859. He enlisted in
1861, in Co. C, 13fch la. Vol.; served until Sept., 18(32; then returned
to Lucas county and engaged in farming; removed to Harrison
county in 1801 and settled in St. Johns and engaged in the drug
business; removed to Missouri in 1868, and came back to Harrison
county in 1877 and located at Missoari Valley and engaged in his
present business.

Hans Newman was born in Sweden; came to America in 1870
and was in the employ of the S. C. & P. L'y., at Sioux City, until
1879 when he was appointed passenger conductor on the Nebraska
division.

W. H. Ramseyer, superintendent of the car shops at Missouri
Valley, was born in N. Y.; moved to Neb. in 1867 and engaged in
the furniture business, and in 1869 came to this city and was em-
ployed by the S. C. & P. R. R. company as pattern maker. He
was appointed superintendent in 1871.

A. H. Rockwell, contractor and builder, was born in Otsego
county, N.^ Y.; moved to Missouri Valley, la., in May 1873. He
has built most of the brick blocks and fine residences in the place.

L. Shaubel, foreman of the S. C. & P. R. R. company's paint
shop, at Missouri Valley, was born in Pa.; moved to Chicago, 111.,
in 1851 with parents, and Avas employed in the C. & N. W. R. R.
paint shops, until, coming to this city in 1877 and accepting
his present position.

S. B. Shields, dealer in general merchandise, was born in N. J.
He came west in 1870, settled in Missouri Valley in 1872, and
present business.

32S HISTORY OF IOWA.

S. B. Smith, proprietor of the City barber shop, is a native of
Ark.; removed to Polk county, la., in 1862 and to Harrison county
in 1881, and established his present business at Missouri Valley.

A. L. Tamisiea, harness maker and dealer, was born in Dubuque,
la., in 1855; removed with parents in 1850 to Harrison county, la.
He came to Missouri Valley in 1875, and engaged in the confec-
tionery business. He engaged in his present business in 1879.

J. D. Tamisiea, dealer in groceries and provisions, is a native of
N. Y.; moved to Dubuque, la., in 1853; thence to Harrison county
in 185(3; moved to Missouri Valley in 1877, and engaged in his
present business.

S. A. Teal, manager of the railroad machine shops, at Missouri
Valley, la., was born in Albany county, N. Y., in 1831. He was
for a time engaged in the iron business at Zanesville, 0.; moved
to Chicago in 1853 and Avas employed as engineer for the C, B. &
Q. R. R.; remained there four years; then came to Cass county, la.;
thence to Council Blufi's, in 18(31, and was engaged as manager of
the iron works at that place; thence to this city in 187(3 and en-
gaged as manager of machine shops.

C. Williams, of the firm of Williams & Blenkiron, proprietors of
meat market, was born in England in 1855; came to America
in 1861 and settled with his parents in Cherokee, la.; removed to
Missouri Valley in 187(3 and engaged in his present business.

Horace N. W^arren, dentist, was born in Council Bluffs, la.,
Aug. 24th, 1858; he studied dentistry with Dr. H. N. Urnuy.
He located permanently in Missouri Valley in 1880; makes profes-
sional visits to Logan every two months, and three times a year at
Little Sioux and Magnolia. Although comparatively a newcomer,
he has by his careful and skillful practice, established a very lucra-
tive business.

LOGAN.

B. C. Adams, of the firm of Adams Bros., stock raisers and deal-
ers, (farms in Jefferson township, three miles north of Logan), was
born in Asthabula county, 0.; moved to 111.; thence to Wis., and
in 1854 came to Harrison county, la. He was in the government
service during the late war, as deputy provost marshal and enroll-
ing officer. Was married in Denison, la., in 1858, to Almira P.
Carrico, and has five children — three sons and two daughters,

John W. Barnhart, attorney at law, was born in Northumber-
land county. Pa.. Nov. 30th, 1837; moved to Mich, in 1849. He
graduated from Michigan University, at Ann Arbor, in 1864; read
law with H. T. Severns, and was admitted to the bar in 1865;
came to Iowa and located at Boonsboro, Boone count}^ and opened an
office. He was mayor of that place three terms. In Feb., 1878,

HISTORY OF IOWA. 329

he removed to Logan; has been mayor of this city one term. He
was married in Mich, to Susan M. Hicks, of Saratoga, N. Y., July
nth, 1865. They have four children — two sons and two daughters.

John A. Berry, attorney at law, was born in Md. He was a stu-
dent of the Agricultural College in the senior class of '71; came
west in 1S74, aud after spending some time in Montana, located at
Logan. He engaged in teaching school and in various pursuits,
until 1880, when he was admitted to the bar, and engaged in the
practice of the law. Hie ofUce is known as the Harrison County
Collection Agency. He married Martha Burnett, of Mount Ver-
noii, la., Nov. 7th, 1880, and has one child, a daughter.

Hon. L. R. Bolter represents Harrison county in the state leg-
islature. He was born in 0. in 1835; moved to Logan in 1863,
and engaged in the practice of the law. He was elected to the
legislature in 1865, '73, '75 and '81 on the democratic ticket. He
was temporary speaker of the house in 1874, In 1855 he married
Caroline J. Rhinehart, of Cass county, Mich. They have two sons
and one daughter.

T. J, Buchanan; furniture dealer and undertaker, was born in
Boone county. 111., March 10th, 1856; removed to Rockford; thence
to Harrison county, la., and engaged in farming three years in
Union township. In Feb., 1881, he bought his present i)usiness
of Rudd & Soper, and carries an elegant stock of goods. He mar-
ried Alice A. t3rownell, at Rockford, 111., April 14th, 1876, and has
one child, a daughter.

S. A. Broadwell,land and loan office, was born in Cincinnati, 0.,
March 21st, 1848. In 1862, he joined the 34th 0. Zouaves; was
afterwards courier and messenger, a id in 1864 returned to Cincin-
nati. He was employed by Tyler, Davidson & Co. until 1866, when
he was appointed sutler of Jefferson Barracks, Mo., where he re-
mained two years; then wenb to New Orleans, and ran a trading
boat for about a year, and then engaged in the wholesale boot and
shoe business in Nev,' Orleans. He then removed to Mobile, Ala.,
and engaged in the same business, and through sickness was
obliged to discontinue and travel for a time. He next engaged in
the land and loan brsiness in Champaign, 111., remaining there five
years; removed thence to Logan, and opened his present office.
He is a very popular man, and does an extensive business, owning
and controlling four thousand acres and more of well i3'jj)roved
lands, besides a large amount of stock. He is one of the leading
members of the Masonic order in la., being Grand \A'arden of the
Crand Commandery of the State of Iowa.

Hon. Phineas^Cadwell, president of the Cadwell bank, was born
in Madison county, N. Y., April 17th, 1824; moved to Racine,
Wis., and engaged in farming; thence to Harrison county, la., in
Aug., 1854; engaged in farming, until 1875, when he established

330 HISTOKY OF IOWA.

his present business. He also deals in real estate, loans, and insu-
rance. He was elected to the legislature in 1871, on the republi-
can ticket. He has been president of the county agricultural
society twenty years, and on the state agricultural board as one of
its directors eighteen years, and served four years as trustee of the
state agricultural college at Ames, la. He married Harriet N.
Fisk, Oct. 7th, 1845, and has three sons and two daughters.

E. P. Cad well, of the firm of King & Cadwell, attorneys at law,
land, loan and insurance office, was born in Racine, Wis., Dec.
21st, 1854; moved with his parents to Independence, la. Entered
the Ames Agricultural College in 1871, graduated in 1875, was
admitted to the bar in 1877, under Judge Bradley, of Marshall-
town, la., and soon after opened an office in Logan. In the
fall of 1877 he formed a partnership with Mr. Barnhart, and in
Nov., 1881, with Mr. King. He owns a fine stock farm in Jeffer-
son township, of 840 acres, well fitted with buildings and im-
provements, where he keeps about 400 head of cattle, besides horses
hogs, etc., and has 440 acres of pasture land in Monona county.
He married Hannah P. Lyman, of Messapotamia, 0., in the
autumn of 1877. They have one child, a daughter.

S. H. Cochran, attorney at law, was born in Carmine, Ills., in
1852; in 1874 he graduated at the Iowa State Law School, and
engaged in the practice of law at Missouri Valley; removed to
Logan in the fall of 1881; attends exclusively to trial business.
In 1880 he was engaged in the prosecution of the Western Millers'
Association cases, involving the constitutionality of the "Iowa
Fish Way Laws," in which a decree was obtained, holding them
void, and he was also successful in obtaining a decree annulling
section 3,058 of the code as unconstitutional. In 1880 he was
appointed one of the committee of examiners cf the law class at
Iowa City; was the youngest lawyer on the committee. In 1877
he was married to Mary E. Shimmins, a native of Wis., although
of English parentage.

Oscar Coffey, of the firm of Cofiey & George, proprietors of
bakery, restaurant and grocery, was born in Pottawattamie county,
la.; was engaged in farming until locating here in Aug., 1881,
when he established present thriving business.

A. W. Clyde, of the firm of Smith & Clyde, attorneys at law,
was born in Otsego county, N. Y.; moved to Mitchell county, la.,
in 1855, and was proprietor of the Mitchell County News, for five
years. He then moved to Logan, and engaged in the practice of
the law. He was married at Madison, Wis., in 1877, to Bessie
Johnson, and has one child, a son.

Logan Crawford, county surveyor, was born Jan. 13th, 1822, in
Union, Conn.; moved to Mayville, Wis., in the spring of 1847, and
was employed on the Fond du Lac & Watertown R. R. He sur-

HISTORY OF IOWA. 331

veyed in 1851, and in the summer of 1852 was again em-
ployed by the Railroad Company as surveyor, under J.
B. Sewell, engineer. Mr. S. was transferred to the C. & N.
W. K. K. on the 111. division, and sent for Mr. C. to assist.
In 1854 he settled in Harrison county, and bought land near
Calhoun; has suffered large losses from prairie fire. He enlisted
in lb61 in the 5th la. Infantry; enlisted as a private: was pro-
moted in 1863 to lieutenant; was engaged in the battle of Pitts-
burg Landing; was wounded at Corinth, Oct. Cth, 1863, and again
at Atlanta, Ga.; was severely wounded by musket shot through
the chest, and reported dead; was taken prisoner in that condition,
and put in the hospital at Macon, Ga.; was transferred to Charles-
town, S. C, and exchanged in December in 1864. He was elected
surveyor in 1879, on the republican ticket, and re-elected in 1881;
has been justice of the peace of Calhoun township two terms. He
married Helen M. Rising, at Maysville, Wis. They have four
children living.

Dr. P. li. Crosswait, of the firm of P. R. Crosswait & Co., deal-
ers in dry goods, clothing, groceries and general merchandise, was
born in Fulton county. 111., July 12th, 1853; removed to Cass
county, la., in 185G, and engaged in school teaching until the be-
ginning of the late war, when he enlisted in the 1st la. Cav.; served
three years west of the Missouri river; was in the battle of Prairie
Grove and the taking of Little Rock, Ark. In Sept., 1864, he was
mustered out of the service, and went to Rush Medical College,
Chicago, and in 1865 settled in Harrison county, where he practiced
twelve years; then went to Miami College, at Cincinnati, and
graduated in the spring of 1877; then returned to this county and
practiced two years in Logan, when he engaged in his present
business. He is a member of the I. 0. 0. F. lodge and encamp-
ment, also of the A. 0. U. W. lodge. He married Mary Murphy,
of Magnolia, la.

William Elliott, farmer, La Grange township, owns 305 acres of
land all fenced and a well improved stock farm. He was born in
Durham, Eng.; came to America in 1846 and located in Pa.; re-
moved to la. in 1862 and located on his present farm and has a fine
herd of cattle. He married Anna Phillips, in Pa., in 1853. They
have seven children. He is a member of the I. 0. 0. F.

John V. Evans, attorney at law, was born in Genesee county, N.
Y., Jan. 8th, 1847; removed to Clinton county, la., in 1863;
studied law with Geo. B. Young of De Witt, and was admitted to
the bar in Clinton, Dec. 7th, 1870. He removed to Magnolia, Harri-
son county; thence to Logan at the time it became the county
seat. He was county attorrey two years and mayor of Logan the
first two terms; is a member of the 1. 0. 0. F. lodge and encnmp-
ment and a blue lodge mason. He married Clara M. King, June
16th, 1875. They have one child, a son.

332 HISTORY OF IOWA.

Wm. Giddings, P. M. and druggist, also dealer in stationery,
toys, etc., was born in McHenry county. 111., Aug. 26th, 1845; re-
moved to Council Bluffs in 1868 and was with DeHaven & Giddings,
druggists. In 1869, came to Magnolia, Harrison county, and in
1872 came to Logan and engaged in his present business. In June,
1875, was appointed postmaster of Logan. He married Helen N.
Nelson in Beloit, Wis. They have one child, a son.

W. B. Goodenough, shoemaker, was born in Lewis county, N.
Y., May 17th, 1862; moved with parents in Nov., 1867, to Logan,
la., and is engaged in the above business, with his father M. H.
Goodenough, who was born in Lewis County, N. Y., and was en-
gaged in shoe making, until he came to Logan, wJiere he resumed
same business. He served from 1863 to the close of the war, in 20th
N. Y. Cav. He married Aug. 17th, 1856, to Emeline Dodge. They
have three sons and two daughters.

A. K. Grow, county recorder, was born in Courtlandt county,
N. Y., in 1862; removed to Washington county. Neb., in 1857;
thence to Harrison county, la., in Nov., 1858, and settled in Boyer
township and engaged in milling for three years; then built a mill
which he ran until 1875, and sold to John & Wilson Williams. Was
elected to his present office in 1876 on republican ticket. He mar-
ried Eliza J. Baskin, a native of Pa. They have one son and six
daughters.

G. W. Guilford, proprietor of meat market, was born in Orleans
county, Vt.. 1843; moved to Tama county, la., in 1860. He en-
listed in 1861 in the 10th la. Vol. Inft., and served four years
and two mouths; was in twenty-seven engagements; was wounded
at the battle of Champion Hill, Miss.; was at the seige of Corinth
and New Madrid, at the battle of Missouri Ridge and wounded
twice. Was with Sherman in the march to the sea; discharged
in 1865. Came to Harrison county in 1867; resided in Dunlap
thirteen years; while there, was a member of the city council four
years. Has lived in Logan two years; is now a member of tlie city
council of that place. He married Mrs. Campbell, of Harlan, la.
They have two sons and three daughters. He is a member of the
G. A. R. post at this place.

A. L. Harvey, of the firm of Harvey & Ford, proprietors of the
Harrison County Bank, was born in Madison county, N. Y., in
July, 1826; removed to Rockland county in 1853; thence to Jas-
per county, la., in 1856, and the following year located at Mag-
nolia, Harrison county. In 1860 he was elected county treasurer
and recorder, the two offices being consolidated; was re-elected in
1862. He opened a land and loan office in 1864, and when Logan
became the county seat removed there; in 1876 established the
bank with J. C. Milliman, who sold his share in 1878 to Mr.
Ford. Mr. H. was the first land agent and first notary public in

HISTORY OF IOWA. 333

the county, has sold about 25,000 acres of land during the last
year (1881), owns a fine farm of 436 acres, four and one-half miles
from Woodbine, besides about 200 acres in other parts of the
county. Has been internal revenue assessor three vears. Is a
member of the A. F. and A. M. lodge, also of the I. 0. 0. F.

D. M. Hardy, deputy treasurer, was born in Glenwood, la., in
IS,")!; removed with his parents to Harrison county, is son of
Judge Hardy, one of the oldest settlers of this county and the first
county judge. He is an extensive farmer, and one of the pro-
prietors of VVillow mill, the oldest mill in the county. Mr. Hardy
is a member of the A. 0. U. W. lodge, also of the 1. 0.
0. F. He 2narried MissSeverins, of Wis., in 1872. They have
two sons and two daughters.

C. L. Hyde, clerk of the courts, was born in Otsego county, N.
Y., in 1813; came to la. inlSoG, and first located at Little Sioux,
Harrison county; has been a resident of the county ever since. He
was elected to his present office in 1876 on the republican ticket.
He enlisted in 1862 in the 20th Wis. Inft.; was discharged after
seven months, and then joined the 41st Wis. Inft. He married
Mary Russell, and has three sons.

G. T. Kelley, attorney at law, was born in Johnson county, HI.,
in 1846; moved to Mills* county, la., in 1854, and to Harrison coun-
ty in 1867. He graduated and was admitted to the bar at the
Iowa State University, June 10th, 1876, and soon after opened
a law office at Logan. He married Maria Allen, in Harrison coun-
ty, in 1870, and has two children, a son and daughter.

Fred Kimpel, jeweler and barber, was born Mar. 16th, 1847, in
Bavaria, Ger.; came to America in Sept., 1864; learned the barber
trade in N. Y. In 1866 he removed to Scranton, Pa., and engaged
in the barber business; removed to Dunlap, la., in 1869; thence in
1876, to Logan, and engaged in his present business; owns con-
siderable real estate in this city. He is a member of the A. 0. U.
W., L 0. 0. F., and A. F. & A. M. lodges. He married Mary
Fisher, in Scranton, Pa. They have one sou and three daughters.

S. I. King, of the firm of King & Cadwell, attorneys at law, was
born Sept. 8th, 1848, in Saratoga county, N. Y.; came to Harrison
county with his ])arents in 1852 and located at Six Mile Grove.
He is the son of Judge S. King,who was one of the first settlers of
this county and one of the commissioners who located the county
seat at Magnolia, in 1854. Mr. King removed to Boyer Valley,
and was engaged in teaching most of the time, from the age of
fifteen until 1S67, when he attended the State University, of Iowa
City. He left in graduating year on account of serious illness.
Again engaged in teaching school; in 1870 taught the high school
of Magnolia. Then traveled for the wholesale dry goods house of
Smith & Crittenden, Council Blufis. He attended the Law School

334 HISTORY OF IOWA.

at Des Moines in 1875, graduated and was admitted to the bar in
1876, and opened an oflBce in Logan; at the end of two months he
removed to Magnolia and opened an oifice there; came back to
Logan in 1879 and formed a partnership with E. P. Cadwell in
Nov., 1881. He is a member of the A. F. & A. M., and A. 0. TI. W.
lodges. He is also chairman of the republican central committee.
He was married in 1871: to Abbie M. Mark, of Fredonia, N. Y.

Hon. Thomas M. C. Logan, senator elect of 31th district, was
born iu Rush county, Ind., Feb. 13th, 1830; moved to Richland
county, 111., in April 1857; thence to Cedar Rapids, Linn county;
and from there to Harrison county. He has been engaged most of
his life in farming and dealing in stock. He resides on his fine
farm adjoining Logan. He was married Feb. 17th, 1851, to Char-
lotte Snodgrass, in La Forte, Ind., who died in Jan. 1867, leaving a
son and daughter. He afterwards married at Cedar Rapids, Har-
riet Herbert. They have four sons and three daughters.

A. Longman, Jr., proprietor of the Logan Flouring Mills, was
born in Derby, Eng., in 1818; came to America with his parents in
1851 and located in Holt county, Mo.; removed to Harris Grove,
Harrison county, la., in 1852. The subject of this sketch grad-
uated from Oskaloosa Cc liege in 1874. The mill was built in the
winter of 1855-6 by Henry Reel, who sold it to Mr. McCoid, of
whom Mr. L. purchased it in Sept., 1880, and has established an
extensive business. He M^as married in Wis., to Miss Whitcomb,
in 1877, who died leaving one child, a daughter.

James A. Lusk, proprietor of the Lusk House and livery and feed
stable, established business in 1869. He was born in Morris county,
N. Y., in 1824; removed to Mills county, la., in 1855; thence to
Harrison county in 1863; was engaged in farming until he engaged
in the hotel business. He married Minerva Roberts (deceased) in
1846, and afterwards Lydia B. Kelsey. They have four sons and one
daughter.

Horace C. McCleary, M. D., was born in Warren county, la., in
July 1859; received his education at the Simpson Centenary Col-
lege, at Indianola, la., studied medicine in the medi al department
of the State University, at Iowa City, and graduated in 1881 from
Rush Medical College, Chicago. He located in Logan. July 20th,
1881, succeeding Dr. Giddings. Although a new-comer he is al-
ready in the possession of a lucrative and increasing practice. He
is a member of the I. 0. 0. F. Lodge.

Allen Middleton, deputy sheriff, was born in Washington coun-
ty, la., in 1855; came to Harrison county in 1867.

Wiley Middleton, sheriff, was born in 0.; removed to Washing-
ton county, la.; thence to Harrison county in 1867. He was
elected to his present office in 1879. He married Julia A. Lock-
ling, and has three sons and one daughter.

HISTORY OF IOWA. 335

Wm. Palmer, farmer, was born in London, Ontario, Canada, in
Oct., 1833; came to Whiteside county, 111., with his parents in
1851, where he remained two years; then removed to Walworth
county, Wis., where he remained seven years; then came to Har-
rison county. He has been married three times; his present wife
was Sarah Streeter; were married in 1880. He has three sons and
three daughters.

J. W. Reed, dealer in general merchandise, was born in Va. in
1847; moved to Harrison county, la., in 186$, and engaged in pres-
ent business with P. J. Rudisell in 1875; became sole proprietor
in 1877. He has been a member of the town council several years.
During the war of the rebellion he served in the 43rd West Va.
Bat., Mosby's command. He was married in 1874 to Miss Low, of
Atchinson county. Mo., who died in 1876, leaving one child, a
daughter. He was again married in 1878 to Miss Williams, of
Boone county, la. They have two children, daughters.

H. H. Roadifer, of the firm of Evans & Roadifer, attorneys at
law, was admitted to the bar in La Salle county. 111., June 4th,
1875, before the supreme court. He came to Logan in 1878, and
engaged in the practice of law with Mr. Evans; has been Mayor of
this city one term.

J. W. Rudd, farmer in Union tp., was born in 1838, in Ya.;
moved to Harrison county in 1870 with his father, Wm. T. Rudd,
and located at Logan, where they engaged in furniture and
undertaking business, which they continued eleven years; then sold
to T. J. Buchanan. He was city councilman three years, and is a
member of the A. 0. U. W., L 0. 0. F., and A. F. & A. M. lodges.
He married Sarah C. Sprinkel. of Amsterdam, Va., and has two
son?; and two daughters.

Geo. B. Seekel, dealer in lumber, grain and agricultural imple-
ments, was born in Taunton, Mass., in Sept., 1823; the most of
his younger days were spent in Providence, li. I. In 1856 he
moved to Madison, Wis., and engaged in the grain business; went
south in 18()4 and remained two years, after which he engaged in
the lumber trade in Chicago; after two years he went to St. Paul,
Minn., having the management and general agency of the Singer
sewing machine. In 1871 removed to Logan and engaged in his
present business; has been a member of the city council, and
president of the school board several years. He is a member of
the I. 0. O. F. and A. F. & A. M. lodges. He was married in Dec,
1847, to Martha M. Williams, of N. Y., and has one daughter.

Geo. Soper, dealer in hardware, was born in Rome, N. Y., July
I4th, 1853; moved with parents to Clinton, Lx., in 1857, and came
to Logan in July, 1878, and engaged in present business. He is a
member of the I. 0. 0. F. lodge. He was married Aug. 26th,
1878, to Lena Dodson, of Stanwood. Ta. They have one child, a son.

336 HISTORY OF IOWA.

Hon. Joseph H. Smith, of the firm of Smitli & Clyde, attorneys
at law, was born in Beaver Cv^unty, Pa.; moved to Harrison county,
la. in 1857, and engaged in the practice of law; formed a partner-
ship with A. W. Clyde in 1879. He enlisted in 1862 in Co. C. 29th
la. Inft.; was second lieutenant. He was elected a member of the
legislature one term. He married Julia A. Warrick, a native of
Pa., and has five sons and one daughter.

Daniel Stewart, wagon maker, was born in Little Falls, Hei'ki-
mer county, N. Y., Oct. 31st, 1833; moved to Logan in 1872 and
engaged m his present business. He served during the rebellion
in tlie 121st IS. Y. Vol.; was in a number of important battles;
was wounded Oct. 19th, 1861, and in hospital at Balti-
more; was discharged May. 16th, 1865. He is a member of the A.
0. Q. W. and Gr". A. R. orders. He married Margaret M. Clarke, of
Herkimer county, N. Y., in July, 1861, and has one child a son.

John W. Stocker, grocer and dealer in corn and stock, was born
in Caledonia county, Vt., June 2nd, 1835; moved with parents to
Lowell, Mass., in 1843; thence to McHenry county. 111., in 1854
and engaged in farming; thence to Henry county, la., and en-
gaged in setting up woolen mills; thence to Buchanan county in
1857 and engaged in farming one year; then moved to Little Sioux.
He enlisted in Co. C, 29th la. Inft.; was in a number of important
battles; was regimental quartermaster and commanded his com
paay the last year and a half of his service; was some time in Rio
Grande, Tex., and returned home Sept. 2nd, 1865; moved to Wood-
bine and bought an interest in the woolen mill there; after six
months sold out and removed to Magnolia, then the county seat,
and was elected clerk of the courts in 1806 and re-elected in 1868.
In 187G he located in Logan and engaged in the stock and grain
buying business and added the grocery business in 1879. He is a
member of the Masonic, I. 0. 0. F, and I. 0. G. T. orders. He
married Susan B. Bonney, in 1862. They have three daughters.

J. T. Stern, farmer, was born in Chester county. Pa., in 1814;
moved to la. in 1857 and settled on his present farm, in La Grange
township, Harrison county, of 200 acres of well improved land,
forty acres of it good timber. He was reporter for the Govern-
ment Signal Service, Washington, D. C, for twenty years. He
married Millicent B. Fletcher, of Lincolnshire, Eng., and has two
sons and one daughter. His son Aim or is county auditor.

Almor Stern, county auditor, was born in Chester county, Pa.,
in 1854; came to Harrison with his parents in 1857; was employed
in farming, until he engaged as clerk in auditor's office; was elected
to his present office in 1878. He married Laura Mann, of Harri-
son county in 1880. They have one child, a son.

Thomas TurnbuU, dealer in grain and farm machinery, was born
in Greene county, ()., June 20th, 1841, was engaged in farming and

HISTOEY OF IOWA. 337

stock raising there until 1874, when he came to Des Moines, la.,
and engaged in pork packing and curing with Fayette Meek; re-
moved to Harrison county in Nov., 1876, and engaged in his pres-
ent business. He owns a well improved farm in Jefferson twp., of
120 acres. He was married June 25th, 1865, to Susan B. Thomp-
son, in Greene county, 0. They have four sons and three daughters.

E. G. Tyler, land, loan and abstract office, was born in Chitten-
den county, Vt., Feb. 15th, 1856; in 1866 moved to Hastings,
Minn.; thence to Dunlap, la., in 1867. He graduated in 1878
from the Iowa Agricultural College, at Ames, la. In 1879 he
opened the office in Logan. He is a member of the I. 0. 0. F.

J. L. Witt, M. D., wa? born March 4th, 1855, in Galesburg, Knox
county. 111. He graduated from the medical department of the
State LTniversity, at Iowa City in 1878, and located in Logan the
same year and engaged in the practice of his profession. He was
married in Logan Nov. 30th, 1881, to Millie Vanderhoof.

John Williams was born in Fayette county, 0., in 1827; moved
with his parents to Noble county, Ind.; thence to Mason county,
111.; thence to Jefferson twp., Harrison county, la., where he now
resides. He owns a well improved farm of 650 acres. He makes
a specialty of raising fine stock. He has some very fine horses and
one thorough-bred stallion Avhich was imported from France at a
cost of ^2,500. In fact we may say that Mr. Williams has one of
the finest stock farms in Western Iowa. He was married in 1849
to Sarah Anderson, of Noble county, Ind. They have three sons
and five daughters.

MONDAMIN.

Thomas H. Allison, M. D., was born in Fa.; began the practice
of medicine in 1849; removed to Missouri in 1857; thence to Mills
county, Iowa; thence to Florence, Neb., and in 1864 located at
Council Bluffs, Ta. In 1881 he came to Moudamin, and openedan
office.

Charles Burrows, agent for the S. C. & P. R. li. at Mondamin,
is a native of Cincinnati, 0. At the age of nineteen vears, he re-
moved to Danville, 111. In 1862 he enlisted in Co. C, 124th 111.
Vol.; served until Sept.. 1865, then returned to 111. and engaged
in telegraphy at Springfield; has been in the employ of several of
the principal railroad companies in the states of 111., Mo., Neb. and
la. He was appointed agent at Mondamin in Dec, 1880; is also
express agent and attorney at law.

John T. Coffman, farmer, was born in Greene county, Tenn., in
1828; removed with parents to Johnson county. Mo.; thence to
that part of Lee count3\ la., then known as the Spanish land grant;
thence located in the edge of Putnam county, Mo., which in 1888

338 HISTORY OF IOWA.

became Appanoose county, la. He removed to Lewis, Cass county,
in 1863, and in the spring of the year following went to Virginia
City, Montana; returned in the autumn, and in the spring of 1865
moved to his present farm in Raglan toAvnship, Harrison county.
He owns one thousand acres of land, and pays especial attention to
stock raising. He is a member of the A. F. & A. M, lodge. In
1852 he was married to Matilda J. Croft, who died in 1851, leaving
two children. In 1856 he married Susan Croft, and has seven
children.

Frederick M. Dupray, proprietor of hotel and blacksmith shop,
was born in Ohio in 1831; moved to Mich, in 1843, and the next
year to Jackson county, la. In 1852 he removed to Minn., and
resided at St. Peter until 1857, when he returned to la. He located
at Mondamin in 1876, and engaged in his present business. He
was elected justice of the peace in 1879.

Charles Gilmore, farmer, is a native of 0.; came to Harrison
county, la., in 1850; his family followed the next year. He owns
a farm of 1,200 acres, near Mondamin. He is one of the oldest
settlers of this county.

B. Johnston, M. D., came from 0. to Harrison county, la., in
1855; returned to 0. in 1861, and enlisted in Co. G, 53rd 0. Vol.
as assistant surgeon; was discharged in 1862, for physical disabil-
ity; returned to 0., where he remained until 1869, when he re-
turned to Harrison county, la., and engaged in the practice of
medicine at Mondamin.

L. Maunhart, harness maker, was born in Algiers, Germany, in
1853; came to America in 1873, and located at Joliet, 111. He
came to Mondamin, la., in 1878, and engaged in his present busi-
ness; deals in all kinds of harness, saddles, and horse furnishings
found in first-class shops.

L. H. Noyes, grain dealer, is a native of 0., moved to Harrison
county, la., in 1867, and engaged in farming. In 1875 he en-
gaged in his present business.

James Noyes, grocer, a native of 0. ; settled in Harrison county,
la., in 1866, and engaged in his present business at Mondamin in
Dec, 1881, on the corner of Maple and Main streets.

Z. T. Noyes, dealer in general merchandise, was born in 0. in
1849; moved to Harrison county in 1856, with his parents, and
settled near the present site of Mondamin; moved into the town
in 1869, and was for four years employed in his father's store,
previous to engaging in his present business.

Thomas Regan, dealer in general merchandise, was horn in Cork
county, Ireland; came to America in 1854, and settled in Conn.;
removed to Chicago, III., in 1865. In 1868 he removed to Jones
county, la.; thence to Mondamin, Harrison county, in 1870, and

HISTORY OF IOWA. 339

engaged in wagon making, which be followed until 1879, and then
engaged in his present business. His wife is the pioneer milliner
of Mondamin, having established business in 1870. Theirdaugh-
ter Mary, was the first child born in the place.

L. Snyder, hardware deah r, was born in Strausberg, Germany,
in 1838; came to America iu 1871, and located at Joliet, 111.;
moved to Mondamin, la., in 1880, and engaged in his present
business.

P. G. Spooner, hardware dealer, was born in Vt.; moved to N.
Y. at an early age and engaged in milling. In 1871 he came to
Mondamin, la., and engaged in the grain and hardware business,
A. Spooner, manager of the above house, came to Mondamin in
1871, from Omaha, Neb., and is township clerk and city recorder.

James D. Stuart, druggi=it, was born in Council Bluffs, la., in
1860. He graduated from the State Pharmacy in 1880, and in
April of the same year engaged in his present business at Mon-
damin .

Byron Strode, jeweler, was born in 0. in 1850; moved to Jones
county, la., in 1875, and the following year came to Mondamin,
Harrison county, and engaged in his present business.

MODALE.

E. Brandriff, farmer, is a native of N. Y.; moved to la. in 1859
and located near Council Bluffs, and was engaged in freighting to
Denver, Col., until 1864, when he moved to Harrison county, and
engaged in farming near Modale.

W. W. Broadhead, proprietor of billiard hall, is a native of 0.;
moved to Modale, la., in 1877 and engaged in farming. In 1881
he engaged in his present business.

Levi Crouch, dealer in groceries, is a native of Mo.; moved to
Mills county, Li., in 1851; thence to Harrison county in 1867. He
engaged in his present business in 1878.

R. Christian, M. D., was born in N. Y.; moved to Jefferson,
Greene county, la., in 1807; graduated from the Hahnaman Med-
ical College, of Chicago, III., in 1S74, located at Modale in 1879
and engaged in the practice of medicine.

C. J. Cutler, merchant and postmaster, is a native of Pa.; moved
to Neb., in 1856. He enlisted in 1862, in. Co. H, 2d Neb. Cav.,
and was with Gen. Sully fourteen months, on the plains: returned
to Neb. and engaged in freighting. In 1866 he removed to Coun-
cil liluffs, la., and engaged in the grocery business. The same
year he came to Modale, and in 1874: established his present busi-
ness; was appointed postmaster the following year.

340 HISTOKY OF IOWA.

J. W. Huff, M. D. and druggist, Aras born in Harrison county,
in 1857; graduated from the Rush Medical College, of Chicago,
111., in 1881. He located at Modale, and engaged in his present
business in April, 1880.

F. H. Ludwig, farmer, is a native of Pa.; moved to 0. in 1855;
thence to Modale, la., in 1869. He built the first grain house at
that place.

Job Ross, stock and grain dealer, was bom in 111., in 1831;
moved to Harrison count3\ la., in 1854, and engaged in farming.
In 1876 he moved to Modale and established the first hardware
store in the place. In 1880 he engaged in his present business.

W. A. Sharpnack, dealer in general merchandise, is a native of
W. Va., and a son of Henry Sharpnack, who was one of the first
settlers of Harrison county. He came to this county in 1857 and
engaged in farming, until 1878, when he engaged in his present
business. He also deals in grain.

W. M. Sharpnack, dealer in hardware, is a native of Va.; came
with his father, John Sharpnack, to Washington county, la., in
1850, and four years later came to Harrison county, and engaged
in farming until 1880, when he moved to Modale and engaged in
his present business.

LITTLE SIOUX.

J. W. Alton, dealer in general groceries, is a native of 111.; came
to Iowa in 1875 and engaged in farming near Little Sioux, and in
1877 he engaged in his present business. He enlisted in the war
of the rebellion in 1862 in Co. A, 118th 111. Vol., and was dis-
charged at the close of the war.

H. H. Bonney, proprietor of hotel and livery stable at Little
Sioux, is a native of Pa.; removed to this place in 1865, and en-
gaged in the grocery business. He erected the hotel in 1878,
which is a first class house in all its appointments.

Colonel A. Cochran, was born in Va.; located at Little Sioux in
1854; went to Denver and Central City, Col., in 1861, and engaged
in mining and mercantile business, and after four years engaged
in the land business at Council Bluffs, la. He owns large landed
property near Little Sioux, Harrison county.

C. E. Cobb, dealer in hardware and lumber, is a native of N. Y.;
moved to Iowa in 1856 and engaged in farming, near Little Sioux,
Harrison county. In 1874 he engaged in his present business.

B. F. Croasdale, dealer in general merchandise, was born in Pa.
in 1839; moved to Council Bluffs, Iowa, in 1864, and was employed
as salesman in a mercantile house until 1866, when he came to
Little Sioux and engaged in his present business.

HISTORY OF lOAVA. 341

C. David, dealer in furniture, was born near Montreal, Canada,
in 1856; came to Little Sioux, Iowa, in 1879 with but ten cents,
to start with; is now doing a good business, and is the owner of
considerable fine real estate.

Clark Ellis, druggist, was born in Ohio, in 1843, and with his
widowed mother, moved to Harrison county, Iowa, in 1853. He
enlisted in 1862, in Co. C, 29th la. Lift.; returned to this county
at the close of the war, and engaged for a time in farming, after
which he established his present business. He graduated from the
Iowa State Pharmacy in 1880, A. M. Ellis, an older brother, now
engaged in the stock business at this place, is also an old settler
of this county. He enlisted in Co, H, 15th la,

D, M. Gamet, dealer in general merchandise, was born in Otsego
county, N, Y., in 1811; moved to 111. in 1837; thence in 1846 to
Council Bluffs: remained there two years, and then removed to
Glenwood, Mills county, of which place he was one of the pro-
prietors. In 1852 he settled at Magnolia, Harrison county, and
was the first recorder and treasurer of the county. Five years
later he removed to Little Sioux and engaged in his present busi-
ness.

Geo, T. Hope, of the firm of Hope Bros,, photographers and
dealers in drugs and furniture, is a native of Green county, N. Y.;
moved to 111, in 1851, and with his brother Wm, H., engaged in
farming. In 1870 they moved to Little Sioux, la., and engaged in
the mercantile business. They established their present business
in 1879,

M, Johnson, wine and liquor dealer, is a native of Pottawattamie
county, la.; moved to Harrison county in 1854 and engaged in
farming. In 1874 he went to Idaho and Montana, where he spent
four years; returned and engaged in his present business at Little
Sioux.

Thomas J, Lanyon, postmaster at Little Sioux, was born in Pq,
in 1848; moved with his parents to Monona county, la., in 1858;
thence to this place in 1865. In 1870 he was appointed postmaster,
and about the same time engaged in the fancy grocery business,

Mrs, S. J. Long, milliner, was born in Ohio, moved to 111,, and
in 1864 to Salt Lake City, where she remained two years, and then
settled in Little Sioux, Her husband, P, R, Long, is a native of
N, Y,, and is engaged in bridge and house building at this place.

M, Murray, banker, stock raiser and dealer in general merchan-
dise, was born in Scotland in 1840; came to America at the age of
seventeen years, located at Little Sioux, and was in the employ of
the mail service at fifteen dollars per month until 18(52, when he
removed to Denver, Col,, and engaged in tlie stock and freight
business. Six years later he returnad to this place and engaged in

342 HISTOKY OF IOWA.

his present business. He owns a fine stock farm of several hun-
dred acres near town, on which still stands the little old log house
that he arrived at in 1857, a penniless Scotch lad. It was the
first building used for a store in Harrison county.

C. W. Oden, manager of the banking and mercantile business of
M. Murray, was born in Ross county, 0., in 1831; moved to la. in
1858, and platted the town of Harlan, Shelby county; remained
there until 1862, when he enlisted in Co. C, 29th la. Vol. He
was promoted quarter-master, which office he held until the close
of the war. In 1866 he located at Little Sioux and engaged in
farming; was secretary of the Harrison Co. Agricultural society
for fourteen years; accepted his present position in 1876.

J. L. Perkins, farmer, was born inC, in 1834; moved to Jack-
son county, la., in 1844; thence to Harrison county in 1850, and
three years later located at Little Sioux. He devotes his special at-
tention to the raising of fine varieties of potatoes. He raised over
three hundred kinds in 1876. Bliss Si Sons, of N. Y., offered a
premium of one hundred dollars to the one raising the most pota-
toes from one pound of seed. Mr. P. raised 1,6G6| lbs. from
one lb., winning the first and also the second premiums. As the
offer was open to the world, therefore Mr. Perkins is universally
pronounced the Potato King. One hundred of his potatoes aver-
aged two pounds apiece .

Jeff. Smith, harness maker, was born in HI.; moved to la. in
1868, and located at Sioux City. In 1874 he removed to Little
Sioux and engaged in his present business. He deals in all kinds
of single and double harness, saddles, robes, whips, etc

J. A. Stockwell, blacksmith, is a native of Ind. ; moved to la.
in 1855, and settled in Harrison county; was one of the original
proprietors of California Junction . He moved to Little Sioux in
1877, and engaged in his present business •

Reuben Wallace, M. D., was born in Mass. in 1812. He be-
gan the practice of medicine in 1845, at North Adams, Mass. In
1849 removed to St . Lawrence county, N . Y . , where he remained
until 1857, when he came west. At the close of the war he
settled in Harrison county, and engaged in the practice of his
profession .

J . S . Whiting, proprietor of billiard parlor, is a native of Mass . ;
moved to W^is. in 1854; thence in 1859 to Colorado, where he en-
gaged in mining; from there he went back to Oregon and Idaho,
and then back to Mass. , where he remained one year, and in 1866
came to la. In 1875 he removed to Salt Lake City, Utah., and
engaged in the bottling business . A year later he settled at Little
Sioux, and engaged in his present business .

HISTORY OF IOWA. 3i3

WOODBINE.

L. D. Butler, lumber dealer and fanner, was born in Ky. in
1826; removed to Clay county. Mo,, in 1837 with par,;nts. In
1846 was sent to England as a Mormon missionary, was gone two
years, and in 1849 located at Council Bluffs; removed to Harrison
county in 1853 and engaged in farming. He built the first grist
mill in the county, Avhich he sold to Dally & Clark. He engaged
in the mercantile business in 1856, near the mill; moved the busi-
ness to Woodbine in 1807 and was burned out the same year. He en-
gaged in the lumber business in the spring of 1881. He owns a
fiirm in Lincoln township of 880 acres, 100 acres in Douglas town-
ship and 200 acres in Boyer township. He has been Postmaster
in Harrison county twenty years. He severed connection with
the Mormon church twenty-five years ago. He was married in
1849 at Birmingham, Eng., to Anna Binnall, and has ten child-
ren.

Orrin DeWitt Cole, druggist, was born near Woodbine in 1859.
His parents came to this county in 1850, and engaged in farming.
The business was established in 1870, under firm name of J. S.
Cole & Son, his father since retiring from the business.

N. L. Cole, furniture dealer and undertaker, was born in Indian-
apolis, Ind., in 1841; came to Harrison county with parents. He
enlisted in the 0th la. Cav.; was engaged against the Indians in
Neb. and Dak.; was injured while building a fort at Sioux Falls,
Dak., Aug. 13th, 1865, and discharged in Oct. of the same year.
He was married in Sept. 1807, to Libbie Irne. He was engaged
in farming until May, 1881; bought furniture stock and building
of W. Cantield. John S. Cole, father of the subject of this sketch
was one of the first settlers of this county. He was a practicing
physician. He was also a member of the county board five terms.
Died Aug. 2nd, 1881.

L.H. Crane, deputy postmaster and grocer, was born in Roches-
ter, Minn., in April, 1860; removed with parents to Jeddo, Har-
rison county, la., in 1862; the next year they moved to a farm two
miles from Woodbine. He is a graduate of Miller's Mercantile
College, of Keokuk, la. In 1879 he moved to Woodbine and
engaged in business with his father, who was appointed postmaster
in March, 1881.

W . D . Cromie, dealer in general merchandise, clothing and
grain; was born June 29th, 1851, in Cecil county, Md.; moved
with parents to Harrison county, la., in 1867. He graduated
from Bailey's Commercial College, at Keokuk, la., in Feb., 1874.
In 1875 located at Woodbine; held the ofl&ce of postmaster for
six years. He was married in 1877 to Florence Daly, and has one
child, a son.

344 HISTORY OF IOWA.

Joseph W . Dally, of the firm of Dally & Noyes, proprietors of
the Woodbine flouring mills, was born in 0. in 1829. He went
toCal. in 1852, and in 1855 settled in Hara'lton county, la. He
removed to Harrison county in 1859, and engaged in rriercantile
business at Magnolia. He built the Woodbine woolen mills near
this place, which he ran six years, and in 1871 built the flouring
mills. He is a member of the I. 0. 0. F., and A. F. & A. M. orders.
In 1855 he was married to Miss Goodrich, of Indianapolis, Ind.,
who died in 1865. He afterwards married Nancy La Ferre, in
Harrison county, and has four sons and six daughters.

J. H. Farnsworth, farmer, was born in 0. in 1834; moved to
Council Bluffs, la., in 1854; thence to Harrison county the same
year and engaged in farming, near Woodbine. In 18(34 he estab-
lished the Woodbine nursery, which he recently sold to Pugsley
Bros. He was married in 1855 to Olive A. Howorth. They have
seven children.

George Garner, proprietor of Woodbine barber shop and tem-
perance billiard hall, was born near Council Bluff's, la., in April,
1855. In 1861 removed with parents to Raglan Tp., Harrison
county, and in Dec, 1881, he bought out the fixtures of 0. Elkins,
and keeps a strictly temperance hall, with lunch bar in connection.

H. C. Harshbarger, dealer in groceries, was born in Spencer
county, Ind., in 1840; removed with parents to Mahaska county,
la., in 1848, and to Harrison county in 1856, locating near pres-
ent town of Woodbine, In 1861 he enlisted in Co. I, Neb. Inft.;
was in several prominent battles, and in 1865 was discharged and
returned to Flarrison county. In 1865, he was elected county
auditor, and county recorder in 1866, and in 1870 engaged in the
mercantile business, which he continued for three years; then
engaged in farming for six years, and in 1881 sold his farm and
engaged in his present business. He still owns 240 acres of good
farming land in the county. He was postmaster of this city
three and one-half years, is a member of A. F. & A. M. order. He
was married to Emily Mui:dy, in 1865, who died in 1870, and in
1872 he was married to Nettie Edgerton.

Svlvester B. Kibler, senior member of the firm of Kibler Bros.
& Winter, dealers in general merchandise, was born in Portage
county. 0., in 1846; moved to Harrison county, la., with parents
in 1853. He engaged in present business with his brother G. H.
and in Aug., 1880, they took into the firm Mr. Winter. They have
one of the finest buildings in the county, built in 1878. and carry
a very large and complete stock of goods; are also agents for the
Mason & Hamlin organs and the American sewing machine. S.
B. Kibler was married in 1873, to Caroline Ellison.

A. P. Lathrop, harnessmaker, was born in Hastings, Ontario,
Canada, in 1849; removed to 111. in 1856 and learned his trade at

I

HISTORY OF IOWA. 3J:5

Morrison. He was in business in S3'racuse, Otto county, Neb.,
tAYO years; moved to Dunlap, la. in 1874, and was engaged in busi-
ness \vith Mr. Howard of that place, four years, and removed to
AVoodbine in 1878. He was marshal of Dunlap two years; is mem-
ber of encampment, I. 0. 0. F., and A. F. & A. M. orders. He was
married in Shelby county, to Flora McGarvey, and has one child.
Charles F. Luce, land, loan, and collecting agent, was
born in Wis. in 1860. He graduated from the Morgan Park Mili-
tary Academy, in 1877; came to Harrison county, la., in same year
locating at Woodbine engaging in lumber and grain business
which he continued two years, and then engaged in stock business,
which he still carries on in connection with the agency, which he
established in 1881. Office in the new Boyer Bank building. He
is a member of the I. 0. 0. F., order. In"^1879 and 1880 he was
deputy sheriff and jailor of Woodbine.

Capt. Wm. M. Magden, attorney at law, was born in Genesee
county, N. Y., in 1818; he removed to Wayne county, Mich., and
engaged in the manufacture of agricultural implements; after-
wards studied law in the office of Morgan & Joslin, at Elgin, 111.,
and with Gen. Baker, at Clinton, la., two years, and admitted to
the bar in Clinton county, in Dec, 1859, Judge Dillon presid-
ing. He practiced in that county until 1862 and enlisted in the
20th la. Inft., served three years, and was promoted to captain.
He Avas in a number of prominent battles and was wounded in the
right arm by a ball, in the right side by a bursting shell, and lost
the ends of two fingers of the left hand. He was discharged in
1864, and returned to Clinton county; removed to Dunlap, Harri-
son county, in 1870, and soon after opened an office at Woodbine.
He is a member of the A. F. & A. M. order. In 1855, he was mar-
ried to Elizabeth Gates, at Elgin, 111., and has ten children.

Geo. A. Mathews, of the firm of Mathews & Kling, dealers in
lumber, grain and machinery, was born in Troy, Walworth county,
Wis., in 1843. He was for twelve years engaged in the manufac-
ture of brooms, at Stoughton, Wis. In 1877 became to Woodbine,
la., and engaged in present business, with L. M. Kellogg and Mr.
Kling. The former sold his interest in the fall of 1881. Mr. M.
was married in Troy, Wis., in 1867, to Mary E. Kling. They have
tAvo sons and one daughter.

John Mann, Jr., farmer, OAvns 240 acres in Allen township.
He Avas born in Glasgow, Scotland, in 1853; came with parents to
Woodbine, la., in 1871. His farm is well improved, and he makes
stock raising his main object, and AA^e may aacU say, has one of the
finest stock farms in the county. He is a member of the I. 0. 0.
F. lodge. He Avas married in April, 1881, to Candace L. Imley, of
Magnolia, la.

E. P. Mendenhall, land, loan, tax-paying and insurance agent,
Avas born in Guilford connty, N. C, Oct. 28th, 1826; moAed with

346 HISTORY OF IOWA.

parents to Miami county, Ind., and in May, 1856, came to Harri-
son county, la., and engaged in farming on two hundred acres,
one mile from the present town of Woodbine. He opened pres-
ent land office in 1879. He was married in Miami county, Ind.,
to Mrs. Elizabeth Hunt, daughter of Captain Rector. They have
two children.

Geo. Musgrave, publisher of the Woodbine Twiner, the county
official paper, was born in Kendall, Westmoreland county,
Eng., in 1837; came to America with parents in 1848; and settled
in Harrison county, la., in 1851. He first began the printing
business in St. Louis, afterwards at Council Bluffs, and then en-
gaged in publishing the Western Star, at Magnolia, it being
Harrison county's first paper; was republican in politics. In 1878
he moved his office to Logan, where he remained three years; and
then sold to Geo. Ross, of Harlan, Shelby county, to which place
the office was removed. Mr. Musgrave's next venture was at
Tekamah, Neb., where he published the Nebraska Advocate;
finally sold out and located at Woodbine and established the
Twiner, which has a subscription list of about nine hundred, and
an office fitted in first-class manner.

W. C. Samson, M. D., was born in Batemantown, Knox county,
0.; removed with parents to Licking county, 0. In 1863 he en-
listed in the 76th 0. Vet. Vol., was through Gen. Sherman's cam-
paign, march to the sea, etc., and a large number of the promi-
nent battles; was discharged in July, 1865; returned to "Ohio, and
after visiting home, came to la., again returning to 0. to attend
the Medical College, at Cincinnati, from which he graduated in
1875. He then came to Cedar Rapids, la., and engaged in the
practice of medicine with Dr. Yarnell, of that city. In the spring
of 1876, removed to Woodbine and is now recognized as one of the
leading physicians in the county. He was married April 4th,
1878, to Laura A. Pugsley, at Woodbine. They have one child.
Dr. S. has been a member of the city council several years; is a
charter member of the I. 0. 0. F. lodge.

Comstock Willey, farmer, was born in Asthabula count}^ 0., in
1821; removed to Harrison county, la., in 1867, and located on
present farm, in Boyer township; owns 170 acres of good farming
land, Avell improved, with bearing vineyard of two hundred vines,
and good young orchard. He lias been justice of the peace five
years; is a member of the A. F. & A. M. order. He was married in
Asthabula county, 0., to RosannaBell, and has four children.

Irving C. Wood, M. D., was born in 1857, in Franklin county,
N. Y., attended the Delaware Institute, at Franklin, graduating in
the literary course in 1875. He attended the Medical Department,
of University, at N. Y. City, also Jefferson Medical College, at
Philadelphia. Pa., where he received degree in 1880; the following

HISTORY OF IOWA . ?47

sprin<^ took a practical course in operative surgery at the Philadel-
phia School of Anatomy, and was assistant surgeon at the Pa. hos-
pital in out-patient surgical department one year. In July, ISSl,
he located at Woodbine, la.: office at Mr. Giddings' drug store.
Dr. Wood, is already enjoying a lucrative practice. He is a mem-
ber of the A. F. & A. M. order.

M. M. Vining, proprietor of Temperance billiard hall, was born
in 1800, in Harrison county, la. He is a son of Richard Vining,
one of the oldest settlers of the county. He established business
in Dec, 1881; keeps for sale confectionery and cigars, but no in-
toxicants of any kind.

Reuben Yeisley, architect, contractor, and builder, was born in
Pa. in 1836; located in Harrison county in 1858, settled at Little
Sioux and worked at his trade; in 1862 was elected drainage com-
missioner, and in the fall of 1803, was elected recorder and treas-
urer of county, and at the expiration of the term, was employed
by the railroad company buying rights of way and land for the
company. In 1807 he engaged in mercantile business, at Magno-
lia, and sold out in 1870, and engaged in manufacturing Avoolen
goods, and milling, near Woodbine; sold to Noyes & Adams in
1874, and engaged in his present business. He is a member of the
A. F. & A. M. order. He was married in 1801, at Little Sioux to
Effie H. Schoefield, and has one son and three daughters.

DTINLAP.

Samuel Baird, proprietor of Baird's livery stable, established in
1809, was born in 1847; removed with parents to Pa.; thence to
Cumberland, Md., and in 1861 to Galesburg, 111., when he engaged
with his father and brother in the coal business. In 1803 he en-
listed in the 139th 111. Inft., and afterwards enlisted in the 8th
111. Cav.; was discharged in 1865, and returned to Galesburg, and
was employed in the flouring mills until 1869, when he moved to
Dunlap and engaged in his present business. He was elected jus-
tice of the peace in 1877, which office he still holds; was mayor of
Dunlap in 1877, and the first marshal of the city; is at present
district deputy grand marshal of the Odd Fellows lodge. He was
married in 1805, at Henderson, 111., to Miss Sears, and has one son
and two daughters.

Geo. D. Bryan, stock dealer and shipper, was born in Howard
county, la., in 1857; moved with parents to Burritt, 111.; thence in
186U to Dunlap, la. In 1875 he was employed in Jackson's hard-
ware store; in 1877 engaged in the stock business with his brother,
T. J., as partner. They bought and shipped from Col. and Wy-
oming, as also in this vicinity. They also raised thoroughbred
a ttle. In Dec, 1880, they shippea a car load to Chicago which
cveraged 2,080 lbs. Geo. 1). B. is now sole proprietor of the busi-
ess at Dunlap. He is a member of the L 0. 0. F. order.

348 HISTORY OF IOWA.

E. K. Burcli, attorney at law, was born in 1852, in Steuben
county, Ind. ; removed with his parents to Hillsdale, Mich., where
he attended the Hillsdale Baptist College for five years; graduated
from the law department of the Union University of Albany. N.
Y., in 1876, and the same year was admitted to the bar, at the gen-
eral term of the supreme court. He commenced practice in Dnn-
lap, la., in Jan., 1879. He was admitted to the circuit court in
the fall of 1878. He is a member of the I. 0. 0. F. order. He
was married in Sept., 1880, at Deuison, to M. S. Knhn.

W. H. Bush, of the firm of Lowell & Bush, harness makers and
dealers in all kinds of horse furnishings, was born in 1819, in Morris
county, N. J.; moved to Des Moines, la., in 1869; there learned
the mason's trade with Morris & Naphey, and moved to Denison,
la., in 1873; worked at the trade until 1881, when he formed his
present partnership. They keep two men employed, and in the
spring of 1882 will move business to larger building.

G. W. Chamberlain, of the firm of Chamberlain & Lyman, deal-
ers in groceries and queensware, was born in Feb., 1838, at Grand
Detour, 111. He enlisted in the 75th 111. Inft., and was discharged
in 1863, on account of lung disease; returned to 111., and in 1868
came to Dunlap, la., and opened a restaurant, which he sold in
1874; remained out of business two years: then engaged in his
present business with Geo. Baker, who sold to H. Gleason, and he
to Mr. Lyman in 1881. He was town recorder two years, and mem-
ber of the city council. He was married in Sterling, 111., to Mary
Ellmaker, who engaged in the millinery business in 1869, which
she still continues, carrying a large and complete stock of goods,
at her location on Upper la. avenue.

Thomas M. Clements, grain dealer, was born in Sheffield, 111.,
June 6th, 1865; moved with parents to Geneseo, 111.; thence to
Greenwood. He attended the High school at Chicago two years;
came to Dunlap, la., in 1879, and formed a partnership with F.E.
Pike in the grain and agricultural implement business; sold his
interest in agricultural implement business to Mr. Pike in Feb.,
1881; bought Mr. P.'s interest in the elevator in Dec, 1881, and
now occupies what is known as the old Grange elevator.

E. J. Croukleton, of the firm of Cronkleton & Warren, con-
tractors and builders, was born in Delaware county, 0., in 1835;
learned his trade at Columbus, and in 1856 moved to Lyons, la.,
and the next year moved to Davenport. In 1861 he enlisted in
the 2nd la. Cav. He was in a number of important battles, and
was taken prisoner at Ripley, Miss., in July, 1861, and imprisoned
at Cahaba. Ala.; was released at the close of the war and discharged
in 1865, at Davenport. In the spring of 1866 he went to Mon-
tana; returned in the fall, and located at Fort Dodge; in the sum-
mer of 1867 came to Dunlap and established his present business.
He married Julia O'Hare at Boone, la., and has four children.

HISTORY OF IOWA. 349

M. C. Dally, of the firm of Patterson, Dally c^ Co., dealers in
jreneral merchandise, was born in Hamilton connty, la., in 1857;
came to Harrison connty with parents in 1859. He was book-
keeper for Mitchell & Lanb, for three and one-half years previous
to engaging in his present business.

Frank P. Eaton, painter and auctioneer, was born in Concord,
N. H., in 184:4:-, removed with his parents to Cass county, Mich.
In 1862 enlisted in Co. I, 4th Mich. Cav.; was in several important
battles: was discharged in Sept., 1864, on account of injuries re-
ceived from being thrown from a horse; returned to Mich, and be-
came a member of the firm of Eaton Bros. & Co., carriage and
Avagon manufacturers, at Dowagiac. In 1867, he engaged in
traveling for a Chicago house, which he continued until 1871;
then settled at Dunlap, la., and engaged in farming in Harrison
township for three years, and in 1874 was appointed deputy sheriff,
under J. J. Peck; was also constable, marshal and street commis-
sioner of Dunlap. He is a member of J. G. Shattuck's detective
association of Dubuque, la. He was married Dec. 17th, 1868, to
Florence Thomas, at DoAvagiac, Mich. He is a member of the
I. 0. 0. F. lodge.

D. B. Erisman, Avholesale dealer and manufacturer of cigars
and tobacco, factory No. 220; was born in Lancaster, Penn., in
1844. He learned his trade there, and then established business in
Lincoln. Neb., which he continued four and one-half years, and in
July, 1881, established his present business in Dunlap, la. Keeps
three men employed, and has a fine trade.

S. D. Fox, of the firm of Fox & Dabelstein, dealers in an 1 manu-
facturers of boots and shoes, was born in Manchester, Eng., in
1847; learned his trade, and in 1869 came to America; located at
Sylvania, O., where he engaged in boot and shoe making. In
1874 he removed to Bolton City, Col., and engaged in business;
the next year came to Dunlap, la., and engaged in his present
business and partnership. In 1875 he Avas married at Grand
Rapids, Mich.; to Miss Dabelstein, and has three children.

A. H. Hazlett, M. D., Avas born in Richland county, 0.,in 1837;
attended the Hayesville Academy, and in 1857 removed to Toledo,
la., Avhere he studied medicine with Dr. Baldy. In 1801 he en-
listed in the 14th la. Inft.; Avas in a number of important battles;
Avas promoted to first lieutenant, and discharged in 1865; returned
tola, and located in Johnson count3^ He resumed the study of
medicine, and engaged in teaching school until 1872, when he went
to loAva City and attended the medical department of the Iowa
University, and the next year attended the Eclectic Medical In-
stitute at Cincinnati, 0., from Avhich he graduated in 1874. He
engaged in the practice of his profession at Grand Junction, la.,
until, 1878, Avhen he moved to Dunlap, where he has established
a large practice. In Sept., 18G6, he Avas married to Miss Kibler.
of Johnson countv. Iowa.

350 HISTORY OF IOWA.

R. B. Hillas, dealer in general merchandise, was born in Vt. in
1836: moved to Detroit, Mich., at an early age. He enlisted in
the 19th 111. Inft.; was with the Army of the Cumberland, under
Gens. Sherman and Thomas; was discharged in 1865; went to Chi-
cago and was engaged in the house of J. V. Farwell & Co.; in 1876
removed to Dunlap, la., and engaged in his present business, which
was the first business house established in the town. The estab-
lishment was destroyed by fire in 1873. His present store build-
ing was erected in 1878, is filled with a fine stock of goods, and
has merchant tailoring in connection. He has been a member of
the city council several years.

W. T. Howard, saddler and harnessmaker, was born in Mercer
county. Pa., in 1816; moved to Fayette county. la., locating near
West Union, in 1855, with his parents, Avho engaged in farming. In
1867 he removed to Kossuth county, and two years later to Deni-
son, Crawford county; engaged for a time in teaching school at
Dow City, and in 1870 removed to Dunlap, and engaged in his
present business. He keeps three men employed, and does an ex-
tensive business. He has been mayor of the city, and is a member
of the I. 0. 0. F. lodge and encampment. He was married in
1870, at Denison, to Mary E. Eaton, and has one child.

Walter Kavanaugh, proprietor of billiard hall and saloon, in
basement of Lehan's Opera Block; established in 1879; entrance
on first street, dealer in wines, beer, and cigars, and has two fine
Brunswick & Balke tables.

E. W. Lyman, of the firm of Chamberlain & Lyman, dealers in
groceries and queensware, was born in N. Y. in 1850; engaged in
milling until 1870, when he removed to Dunlap, [a., and was in
the employ of the C. and N. W. Ry. until 1881. when he engaged
in his present business. He is a member of the I. 0, 0. F. order.
In 1871 he was married in Dunlap to Miss Lowry. They have
three children.

Chas. Mackenzie, attorney at law, was born in N. Y. City in
1845; removed with his parents to Dubuque, la., in 1849; gradu-
ated from Beloit College, Wis., in 1862, and the same year enlist-
ed in the 9th la. Vol. Inft.; was in several important battles, and
was discharged in 1875. He was secretary of a government com-
mission in New Mexico one year; returned to Dubuque and was
engaged as principal of the public schools of that city for one and
one-half years, and was associate editor of the Dubuque Times one
year; studied law and was admitted to the bar in 1868; engaged in
the practice of law, and in 1871 removed to Eldora; thence to
Mason City, and in the spring of 1875 located at Sioux City and
engaged in the practice of law with M. B. Davis, where he remained
until Jan., 1881, when he removed to Dunlap.

C. D. Mitchell, of the firm of Mitchell & Thompson, dealers in
general merchandise, was born in Athens, 0., in 1842. In 1862

HISTORY OF IOWA. 351

he enlisted in the 7th 0. Cav.; was in a number of important en-
gagements, and was promoted to captain and assistant, adjutant
general; was discharged July 4th, 1865. and returned to 0., and
in May, 186G, came to Harrison county and engaged in stock
raising; in July, 1867, established his present business with H. C.
Laub, of Denison; afterwards, Mr. L. retiring, he carried on the
business alone, until forming his present partnership in Sept.,
1879. They carry a large stock, occupying the three floors of
their large store building. Mr. M. is a member of the A. F. & A.
M. order.

J. T. Noonau, proprietor of the Dunlap meat market, was born
in Va. in 1851; removed to Tenn. with parents, and in 1861 to
Ky.; thence to Gal way, Ireland; remained seven years; returned to
America; lived in IS. Y., N. J., and Tenn., and finally, in 1872,
settled at Dunlap, la., and for two years engaged in farming; then
was employed in the meat market of Dunham & Guilford, and in
1879 established his present business. He is a member of the city
council; also the fire department; is president of the Ancient Order
of Hibernians; was county delegate of that order in 1881, and is
vice-president of the Dunlap land league.

J. B. Patterson, of the firm of Patterson, Dally & Co., was born
in Highland county, 0., in 1817; moved to Harrison county, la.,
1867; was engaged in clerking for R. B. Hillas two years, then for
Mitchell & Laub eight and one-half years, and June 26th, 1879,
formed his present partnership. He enlisted in the late rebellion
in 1863, in the 18th 0. Inft.; was in several battles, and was dis-
charged in the autumn of 1865. He was married in Oct., 1871, to
Maggie Farren, and has three children.

H. E. Pease, proprietor of Sheltered Twin livery barn, was born
in Mich, in 1815: went to Chicago in 1860, and was employed as
newsboy on the C. and N. W. Ky. for about eighteen months;
then as brakeman in Tenn. during the war; then promoted to con-
ductor, and at the close of the war, located at Jefferson, Green
county, Ta., and was engaged in running dray, express, mail and
delivery wagons until 1868, when he removed to Dunlap and en-
gaged in his present business. He has been deputy sheriff two
terms; also constable, street commissioner, and marshal of this
city. He is a member of the Legion of Honor beneficiary insur-
ance society. He was married in Dunlap in 1871 to Julia Ford,
and has one child.

Z. W. Pease, blacksmith and wagonmaker, was born in Bliss-
field, Mich., in 1842; learned his trade at Adrian, and in 1870
moved to Dunlap, la., and rented a shop and engaged in his present
business, which has increased so that he bought the building
in 1873, and in 1N81 moved it back and erected in front a large
two story shop with three forges; keeps three men constantly em-

352 HISIOKY OF IOWA.

ployed. He is a member of the I. 0. 0. F. lodge and encampment.
In 1868 he married Lizzie Francisco, at Blissfield, Mich. They
have one son and two daughters.

Dr. B. F. Philbrook, one of the oldest established dentists in the
county, was born in Camden, Me., in 1853; removed with his
parents to 0., and received his education at the Ohio Weslyan
University, at Delaware; moved to la., and engaged in the practice
of dentistry with T. E. Weeks, of Council Bluffs; remained eigh-
teen months, and in April, 1879; located at Dunlap. He has one
of the best fitted offices in the west, with Johnson's dental engine,
extension instrument, bracket, surgeon's case of liquid nitrous
oxide gas, for the painless extraction of teeth, the pedal lever chair,
with which any position can be obtained for the ease of the patient
and operator. He fills appointments at Logan the first Tuesday in
each month, and remains three clays, and also goes to Woodbine
one day each month. He is foreman of the fire department of
Dunlap, and a member of the Royal Arcanum, beneficiary order.
In Nov., 1879, he was married at Omaha, Neb., to Lucy Hartry.

Frank E. Pike, dealer in agricultural implements, was born in
Erie county, N. Y., in 1851; moved with parents to Sterling, 111.,
in 1856; thence removed to Boone, la., and was employed as
brakeman on the C. & N. W. Ry., for nine months; then was
promoted to conductor, in which position he continued until 1879,
when he came to Dunlap and engaged in the grain and agricultural
implement business in partnership with T. M. Clements. In Dec,
1880, he purchased Mr. C's. interest in the machinery business,
and a year later sold his interest in the grain business to Mr. C.
Mr. Pike handles the best goods in his line that are made, and
keeps constantly on hand a large stock. He is a member of the
beneficiary insurance society. He Avas married at Carroll, la., Jan.
1st, 1879, to Emma S. Town.

J. H. Read, of the firm of J. H. Read & Co., bakers, grocers and
confectioners, was born in Kendall county. 111., in May, 1855; re-
moved with parents to Bureau county, and in 1868, came to la.,
and located in Cerro Gordo county; removed to Dunlap in 1878,
and established his present business; has oyster and ice cream
parlors in connection; has Vernon's patent steam coffee and pea-
nut roaster, and keeps constantly on hand new-made candies. He
is a member of the I. 0. 0. F., and A. F. & A. M. lodges. He was
married at Dunlap in Aug., 1879, to Miss Zimmerman.

Issacher Scholfield, miller and proprietor of the Dunlap mills,
was born in Delaware county, 0., in 1833; moved with parents to
Wis., and located near Milwaukee, where his father engaged in
milling, mercantile business and farming, and he in attending the
Quaker Acadamy in Belmont county, 0.; and in 1853 engaged in
land speculating in Marshall county, la., which he continued for
three years; then entered into partnership with his brother, and

HISTORY OF TOWA. 353

built a mill one autl one-Iialf miles north o£ Le Grand on the Iowa
river; this he sold in 1866, and built a mill on Timber Creek in
Marshall county, which he sold in 1809, and came to Harrison
county, locating permanently in 1871, and commenced building
his present mill on the Boycr river. He has a fine stock farm, ad-
joining the mill, of two thousand acres, and one of the finest conser-
vatories in the west. He is also proprietor of the Dunlap Reporter.
He was married May 7th, 1857, at La Grange, la., to Mary H.
Hanks, who is a cousin of Piesident Abraham Lincoln. She is edi-
tress of that portion of the paper devoted to home decoration, by
"Aunt Mary.''

C. H. Sears, proprietor of meat market, was born Jan. 6th,
1852, in Knox county. 111.; removed to Dunlap in 1869; was in the
employ of S. M. William's, and afterwards with Mitchell & Laub;
then engaged in farming for six years, and m Dec, 1881, purchased
his present market of B. J. Moore. In 1875, he was married in
111. to Ida C. Hickman. They have three children.

L. A. Sherman, dealer in groceries, queensware, boots and shoes,
was born in Fairfield, Vt., in 1854; moved with his parents to
Texas in 1860, and in 1870 they came to Dunlap, and his father,
J. H. Sherman, established the present business; in 187G he be-
came a partner with his father, and two years later bought him
out; has been town treasurer one term, and is a member of the
Iowa land league. In 1877, he was married at Elk Horn, Wis., to
Fannie Sabine, and has one child, a daughter.

D. P. Simmons, of the firm of Simmons & Co., dealers in hard-
ware and agricultural implements, was born in Courtlandt county,
N. Y., in 1849; removed with parents to Beloit, Wis., in 1854,
where he attended the Beloit College; then traveled for Northwest-
ern Paper Co., of Chicago; then for Booth & Hinman, of Beloit,
and in 1873 engaged in the boot and shoe business. In 1879, he
removed to Dunlap, la., and bought out the stock of Mr. Jackson,
and with T. S. Simmons, engaged in his present business. They
handle goods from the leading manufactories, and employ a first-
class tinner. He is a member of tlie Morning Star lodge, number
ten; also the A. F. & A, M. order. He is a member of the city
council. In 1876 he was married at Rockford, 111., to Alice Early,
and has one child.

Geo. W. Thompson, of the firm of Mitchell & Thompson, was
born Mar. 26th, 1842, in Whiteside county. 111. He enlisted in
Aug., 1862, in the 8th 111. Cav.; was in several important battles,
and in Dec, 1863, was transferred to the command of Co. C, U. S.
colored troops; was discharged in Dec, 1865, and returned to Mor-
rison, 111., and engaged in the study of law; was admitted to the
bar in Nov., 1866, and practiced there until the spring of 1869,
when he came to Dunlap, la., where he continued the practice of
law. until the organization of the Dunlap bank in 1871, of which

354 HISTOKY OF IOWA.

he was a stockholder and cashier; remained in the banking busi-
ness until kSept., 1879, when he formed his present partnership.
He has been chairman of the county republican central committee,
and a delegate to state conventions, and is well known as one of
the county's leading republican politicians. He is a member of the
A. F. & A'. M., I. 0. 0. F., K. of P., and G. A. R. orders. Dec. 21st,
1865, he was married to Susan Forrer, and has five sous.

J. R. Wheeler, dealer in lumber and coal, was born in N. Y. in
1884; removed to Eau Claire, Wis., in 1854, and engaged in the
lumber business. In 1861 he enlisted in the 16th Wis. Inft.; was
wounded in the face by a bullet at Shiloh; carries two gun-shot
wounds in his legs, and received injuries at Atlanta; was discharged
in April, 1865; returned to Wis. and engaged in shipping lumber,
and in Nov., 1866, established lumber yards at Denison and Wood-
bine, and the next year established a yard at Dunlap. He sold the
first lumber sold in Crawford and Harrison counties. He estab-
lished a yard at Blair, Neb., in 1868. He has been a member of
the city council of Dunlap for several years. In 1875 he was mar-
ried in Fremont county, la., to N. E. Tyler, and has one child, a
son.

John Weed, contractor and builder, was born in 0. in 1825;
learned his trade at Orrville, and moved to Mich. In 1850, went
to Cal., and in 1853 returned to Allegan county, Mich., and worked
at his trade five years; then moved to Kane county, 111.; engaged
in farming until 1S61, when he enlisted in the 8th 111. Cav.; was
in numerous engagements, and July 20th, 1865, was discharged,
and returned to 111., and worked at his trade until 1866, when he
moved to Dunlap, la., there being at the time only one house
where the city now stands. He was married in May, 1870, at
Woodbme, to Martha Willey, and has three children.

Tilton & Weeks, proprietors of livery, feed and sale barn, have
stable room for thirty horses; board private rigs, and keep fine rigs
for hire. They cauie to Dunlap from Ogle county. 111., in 1878,
and engaged in farming until entering their present business in
the spring of 1881.

MAGNOLIA.

Capt. George S. Bacon, farmer, was born in Cayuga county, N-
Y., in Sept., 1825. He moved to Washington, I). C, where he
attended the Columbia College; graduated in the regular course in
1849, and afterwards taught in the College. He moved to Fair-
mont, W . Va. ; thence in 1856 to Harrison county, la. , and located
on the farm of one hundred and forty acres, where he now resides.
On this farm is an extensive orchard of fifteen hundred bearing
apple trees. He enlisted in 1862. was first lieutenant of Co . C . , 29th
la. Inft., until the death of Capt. Fuller, when he was appointed

HISTORY OF IOWA. 355

Capt. He was in a number of important battles, and was wounded at
Jenkins' Ferry, Ark., left on the field for dead, captured and held
in prison thirteen months. He was exchanged in May, 1865, and
returned with the last lot of prisoners. He was discharged in
August of the same year. He has been treasurer of Harrison
county two terms. In 1850 he married Mrs. Caroline Murphy,
at Magnolia. They have two daughters .

RIVER SIOUX.

B. F. Bonney, dealer in groceries, is a native of Pa.; moved
to la., in 1857; settled in Harrison county, and engaged in farming.
.He engaged in his present business in River Sioux in 1877.

James Bowie, dealer in drugs and groceries, was born in Ire-
land in 1821; came to America in 1810, and located in 0. He re-
moved to Little Sioux, la., in 1865, and in 1879 engaged in his
present business at River Sioux .

Henry Herring, dealer in general merchandise, was born in
Adams county, Pa. ; moved to la. in 1857, and engaged in farming.
In 1878 he engaged in his present business at River Sioux. He
is also a dealer in hardware and lumber.

R. Newton, agent for the S. C & P. Ry. at River Sioux, is a
native of N. Y. ; moved to Boone county, la.; in 1864; thence to
Green county, and in 1868 settled in Harrison county. He was
the first agent for this road, and billed the first freight on the road.

356 HISTORY OF IOWA.

O'BRIEN COUNTY,

O'Brien Count}^ is the second from the west line and the second
from the north line of the State, is twenty-four miles square, con-
taining a superficial area of 57(3 square miles, and is divided
into sixteen townships.

The largest stream is the Little Sioux River, which crosses the
southeast corner. Henry Creek rises in the northeastern part of
the county, draining several townships, Avhile Waterman and Mill
Creeks flow through the central and southern townships, and are
all branches of the Little Sioux. Floyd River rises in several
branches in the northwestern part of thf county, affording drain-
age to several townships. The supply of timber is very limited,
being mostly confined to groves on the Little Sioux, in the south-
eastern corner of the county, and is chiefly oak, hickory, maple,
elm and cotton wood. When protected from the fires timber
grows rapidly, and many of the settlers have promising groves of
planted trees. The soil of this region is exceedingly productive,
and in its wild state produces luxuriant crops of native grass.
which is excellent for pasturage or hay. The bottom or table lands
along the streams, are composed of a deep, rich vegetable mold, on
a sub-soil resembling clay mixed with gravel. The soil of the up-
land prairies is the highly productive bluff deposit of this part of the
State, with a vegetable coating, and produces in great perfection
all kinds of grain and vegetables. The surface is generally undu-
lating, and susceptible of easy cultivation. There are no exposures
of rocks '"in place," or in quarries, in the county, the only stone
being the boulders that are found scattered over the surface, and
are mostly granite, red-quartzite, with a few magnesian limestone.
The material of the bluff' formation is manufactured into very good
bricks, and this, of course, is abundant. Excellent pure Avater is
easily obtained in all places at a few feet below the surface. The
great abundance of excellent wild grass and pure water renders this
a fine region for stock-raising, especially where provision is made
for winter shelter. In this, as well as other counties in this part
of the State, settlers must plant trees to insure a future supply of
fuel, and thus may soon obviate the necessity of depending upon
coal shipped from other parts of the state.

The first white settlers in O'Brien County were H. H. Water-
man and family, who on the 11th day of July, 1856, located on
the northeast quarter of section 26, township 91, range 39. They
removed here from Bremer County, Iowa, but were formerly from
the State of New York.

HISTORY OF IOWA. 357

Tlie couuty was organized in 1860, the first election being held
at the house of H. H. Waterman, where the following first county
officers were chosen: J. C. Furber. County Judge; H. H. Water-
man, Treasurer and Recorder; Archibald Murray, Clerk and County
Surveyor. The first county seat was at a place called O'Brien, in
the southeast corner of the county, where the principal settlement
was made prior to the construction of the Sioux City & St. Paul
Railroad. The first district court was held by Judge Henry Ford.
The first religious meeting held in the county assembled at the
home of pioneer Waterman, while Mrs. Waterman taught the first
school at O'Brien. The first newspaper was the O'Brien Pioneer,
commenced by B. F. McCormack and J. R. Pumphrey.

At the general election of 1872 a vote was taken on the question
of the permanent location of the county seat, which resulted in
favor of the geographical center of the county. Accordingly a
town was laid out at that point, to which the name of Primghar
was given. At the time the surveyors were engaged in the work
of laying off the town plat, the persons present were Messrs. Pum-
phrey, Roberts, Ininan, McCormack, Green, Hays, Albright and
Rerick. The initials of these names in the order given form the
word Primghar, and hence it was agreed that this should be the
name of the new town. The first house on the town site was
erected by J. R. Pumphrey for county purposes. The next was a
house of public entertainment, erected by C. F. Albright.

Present County officers are: T. J. Alexander, Treasurer; J. L.
E. Peck, Auditor; W. N. Strong, Clerk; H. Sprague, Recorder; D.
Algyr, County Superintendent; W. C. Green, Sheriff; J. H. Smith,
Surveyor; C. Longshore, Coroner.

Population of O'Brien County according to the census of 1880
was 4,156. Its population is now estimated at about 5,500. The
towns in the County are: Primghar. situated in the center of the
county; Sheldon, in the northwest corner; Sanborn, seven miles
east of Sheldon, in the northern part of the county; Hartley, in
the northeast part of the county, ^and O'Brien, in the southeast
part of the county.

The Sioux City & St. Paul Railroad passes through the north-
eastern edge of the county, forming a junction at Sheldon with
the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. Paul Railroad, Avhich traverses the
county east and west, passing through Sheldon, Sanborn and
Hartley.

PRIMGHAR.

Primghar's closest railroad station is six miles, north, on the
line of the C, M. & St. P., and its next nearest established station
is Hosper, on the S. C. & St. P. R. R., some fourteen miles west.

Primghar has been the county seat since 1872. It is located at
the center of the county on a high and well drained prairie, twenty-
five miles from Cherokee, twenty-eight from Spencer, and twenty-

358 HISTOEY OF IOWA.

eight from Sibley. The place is laid out with a public park, which
has been planted with forest trees, and as it is surrounded by a re-
gion of great fertility, will doubtless continue a steady and a healthy
growth. The town is in Summit Township.

The following humorous acrostic, descriptive of the origin of
the name of the town, has been published heretofore:

P iimphrey, the Treasurer, drives the first nail —

R oberts, the donor, is quick on his trail,

I nnian dips slily his first letter in,

M cCormack adds M which makes the full Prim;

G reen, thinking of groceries, gives them a CI,

H ayes drops them an H, without asking a fee,

A Ibright, the joker, with his jokes all at par,

R erick brings up the rear, and crowns all Pkimghar.

W. C. Green built the first store in Primghar in 1872. The
first dwelling was built by A. H. Willets. The population is
about 200.

The present township officers are: J. Harris, T. G. Stewart, J.
L. Rerick, Trustees; D. Algyr, Clerk; A. H. Willets, R. C. Tifft,
Justices of the Peace; W. H. Willets, G. W. Ginger, Constables.

Summit Township's first teacher was Clara Healy, who taught
school in a building erected in Highland, and used as a store and
postoffice by Mr. Paine. This building was moved to Primghar
and used for a Court House. Afterwards it was used for a drug
store; then as a printing office. This building has since been
moved to Sanborn by A. H. Willets.

The first paper printed in the county was conducted by L. B.
Raymond & Co.

A|school house was built in 1874, size 10x00 feet; two stories high,
with two departments. It is a handsome and substantial building.

The members of the first Board of Education were: A. J. Ed-
wards, President; J. T. Stearns, A, H. Willets. Present Board:
W. W. Johnson, President: J. A. Smith, W. N. Strong, D. .AV
Inman, Treasurer; W. H. Willets, Secretary.

The cost of the school building was ^3,200. S. Harris is the prin-
cipal. Miss Ive Inman, Assistant. The total enrollment is 59 pupils.

The Court House was (juilt in 1875, is 30x40 feet in dimensions
with an addition, 10x14 feet; is two stories high, the upper part
being used for the court room, and the first floor for offices. The
cost was 15,000. The court yard is enclosed with a nice board
fence, and the yard planted with a nice growth of soft maple trees.

The Primghar Times is a weekly paper, Schee & Achorn, pro-
prietors. The first issue was January 12th, 1882. It is a seven-
column folio. Republican in politics, and has a circulation of 600.
Mr. Bundy is the editor.

There are in Primghar, a general store, hardware store, agricul-
tural implement store, bank, meat market, lumberyard, newspaper,
hotel, furniture store, drug store, blacksmith shop, grocery and
saloon.

HISTORY OF IOWA. 359

At the Methodist Episcopal Conference in Sioux City, held
October, 1871, the Rock Rapids Mission was organized. This
Mission took in the counties of Lyon, Sioux, Osceola and O'Brien.
Rev. Ira Brashears was put in charge of this' mission. At that
time there were two societies in O'Brien County, Avith a member-
ship of about twenty people. The M. E. Society in Priraghar was
organized in 1873. C. W. Clifton organized the first society in
O'Brien County in 1871. Present officers of Primghar Society:
T. J.Alexander, D. Bysom, Mr. Robinson, Trustees. Membership,
twenty-four. The Sabbath School averages an attendance of sixty
pupils. D. Bysom is the Superintendent. The church was built
in 1880 at a cost of $1,300, is 26x50 feet in dimensions. There is
also a parsonage.

Ahiif Lodge No. 347, A. F. (C- A. M., was instituted in 1874.
The charter was granted in 1875, Charter members: H. Day,
A. H. Willets, Geo. W. Schee, D. H. Wheeler, E. C. Poskett, J.
T. Stearns, J. C. Doling, W. Pursel, C. W. Inman, W. H. Brown,
M. Dimon, A. B. Husted, S. J. Jordan. First officers: H. Day,
W. M.; A. H. Willets, S. W.; G. W. Schee, J. W.; D. H. Wheel-
er, Treasurer; E. C. Foskett, Secretary; J. T. Stearns, S. D.; J. C.
Doling, J . D . Present officers: A. H. Willets, W. M.; S. Harris,
S. W.; D. Algyr, J. W.; E. C. Foskett, Secretary; T. J. Alexander,
Treasurer. Membership, twenty. Meetings are held every Sat-
urday on or before the full moon, in the (Jourt House.

SHELDON.

This town was named after Israel Sheldon, who was a large
stockholder in the Sioux City & St. Paul Railroad. Sheldon is
240 miles from St. Paul and fifty-eight miles from Sioux City.
The country around Sheldon was settled several years before the
town started. The railroad reached Sheldon July 3d, 1872. The
first building was erected by S. C. Highly, for a saloon, in July,
1872; the second, by H. A, Fife, in the same year, and was used
for a store. B, F. J3ushnell and D. A. W. Perkins erected build-
ings the same year.

There have been two additions to the town, namely: Islinville
and Hicksville. The population of the town is 1,200.

Sheldon is located at the crossing of the Iowa and Dakota Divi-
sion of the C.,M. & St. Paul Railway and the Sioux City and St.
Paul Railway, and in the northwest part of O'Brien county, fifteen
miles northwest of Primghar. The Main street runs east and west.
This street slopes both east and west from the center of the town.

The depot was completed August 4th, 1872. The first dwelling
was built by B. Jones in September, 1872; J. Wykott' followed in
October of the same year. The first newspaper was the S/ieldoii
Mail, by Raymond, January 1st, 1873. He was followed by Vcy-
kins, who was succeeded by J. F. Glover, the paper finally passing
into the hands of its present editor and proprietor, F. T. Piper.

360 HISTORY OF lOAVA.

The first school was taught bj Cohimbia Robiuson in L S
Bradley's lumber office. This building was also used for church
purposes. The first general store was opened by B. E. Bushnell-
the -irst marriage was that of Mr. and Mrs. Thomas DeLono- in
January, 1873, at the Sheldon Hotel, H. C. Lane, Justice of'the
Peace, officiatmg; the first birth was a child born to Mrs James
Wykoff; the first death, a child of Patrick Walsh; the first post-
master was A. J. Buck; the first school house was built in 1873
and was taught by J. M. Webb. '

Sheldon was laid out and platted by the Railroad Company in
1872, The town was incorporated in 187G. First officers- HB
Wyman, Mayor; L. F. Bennett, Recorder; J. M. Stephenson S
W. Harrington, C. Allen, Geo. Boutelle, James Wykoff", Trustees-
Geo. Hill, Marshal; E. F. Parkhurst, Assessor; H. C. Lane Treas-
urer; R. Dodge, E. M. Brady, T. Holmes, G. Haskman. J. L. Ken-
ney. Supervisors.

Present officers: James Wykoff", Mayor; F. H. Nash, Recorder-
W. L. Ayres, Treasurer; F. W. Houck, Assessor; D. McKay'
Marshal; Geo. Hills, Street Commissioner; J. A Brown S c'
Nash, J. Shinski, D. S. White, Jr., H. S. Islin, F. Frisbee, Coun-
cilmen.

The Sheldon Mail, previously mentioned, is a seven-column
quarto; Republican; circulation, 960 copies. The Sheldon Neivs is
a weekly paper, started in June, 1879, with B. F. McCormack as
editor and proprietor; it then changed to the hands of A C
Satterlee & F. M. McCormack; then to A. W. Sleeper & Bro. Sub-
sequently it was purchased by J. F. Ford, its present editor and
proprietor. The Neirs is a seven-column quarto; Republican;
circulation, 700. While run by B. F. McCormack, the paper was
independent m politics; under Satterlee it was Democratic, and
under F. M. McCormack it was a Greenback organ.

The Sheldon Flouring Mill was built in 1879, is a frame struc-
ture, 60x iO feet, three stories high, and cost about $35,000; has
SIX run of stone and four set of rollers; capacity. 200 barrels per
day. The mill is furnished with the most modern machinery for
manufacturing patent flour, and was built by J. H. Islin & Co. It
is at present m the hands of Sleeper Bros.

There are in Sheldon, three general stores, two hardware stores,
two drugstores, two boot and shoe stores, one grocery,one clothino-
store, two agricultural implement establishments, three black^
smith shops, two banks, three hotels, two meat markets, two
saloons, two millinery stores, three grain elevators, one flouring
mill three restaurants, one barber shop, one merchant tailor, one
jewelry store, two furniture stores, two newspapers, three lumber
yards, two harness shops, two livery barns, two flour and feed
stores, and two dray lines.

HISTORY OF IOWA. 361

CHURCHES, SCHOOLS AXD SOCIETIES.

Episcopal Soci'efi/. — Organized in 1880 by J. H. and H. S. Islin
and R. B. Arden. The first pastor was Rev. Hale Townsend. of
Emmettsburg. First officers: D. C. Bothwell, H. S. Islin. and
R. B. Arden. R. B. Arden is lay-leader. Services are held once
each month. Lay-services are held three times each month, nnder
charge of Bishop W. S. Perry, of Davenport. E, N. Toncey is
Warden. There is a Ladies' Aid Society connected with this mis-
sion. This society has a building in course of erection, which will
be completed during the coming spring. The building will be 46x
26 feet, and will have a steeple sixty feet high. The seating
capacity will be ninety. The cost will be $2,000. This church is
situated in Islinsville, one of the additions to the town. The lot
was donated by the C, St. P., M. & 0. Railroad in 1881 . The member-
ship is twenty. Services are at present held in the Congregational
church. The present pastor is Rev. S. H. Johnston who came
from England twenty-five years ago, and settled in Tennessee;
then came to Sheldon, and took pastoral charge in 1881. Here-
sides at Spencer, where he is in charge of ''The Church in the
House." The subscriptions for building were furnished principally
by Eastern parties, Sheldon giving generously according to her
ability.

Congregational Society. — Organized in 1874, by Rev. Mr. Covey.
The first pastor was Rev. Mr. Wiard, who was followed by Rev.
J. A. Palmer. The present pastor is Rev. E. Southworth, who
took charge in April, 1878. Membership, about forty. There is
a Sabbath School also, with an attendance of about forty pupils.
0. F. Young is the Superintendent. The chur -h edifice was erect-
ed in 1874, size 30x50 feet; seating capacitv, 160: plain frame
building, cost over |2,000. First officers: H. P. Holyoke, M. G.
McClellan, W. C. Butterfield, Trustees. Services were held in the
school house previous to the building of the church. Present offi-
cers: W. L. Ayres, M. J. McClellan, A. W. Husted. Trustees; 0.
F. Young, Clerk; A. B. Nash, Treasurer.

Methodist Episcopal Society. — Organized in 1874; first pastor,
Rev. J. B, Starkey; then in order following, Revs. W. B.Hastings,
C. W. Bryan, W. M. Edgar. Present pastor, Rev. J. W. Lothian.
Membership, about forty-two. There is a Sabbath School with an
attendance of sixty pupils. F. H. Zander is the Superintendent.
The church edifice was built in 1881, and dedicated September
4th, 1881. It is a very fine building, 40x00 feet, with a seating
capacity of 275, and cost $4,500. The society held meetings in
Husted's Hall previous to the erection of this building. Present
officers: J. A. Brown, D. A. Elder. C, Hook, G. M. Grahnm,
Trustees. There is a j)arsonage in connection. The Stewards are:
F. Brown, D. W. Wellman, F. Potter.

362 HISTORY OF IOWA.

Caiholic Society. — Organized in the spring of 1880, byD. O'Don-
nell, P. Gainther, Rev. J. Smith and J. Shinski. Rev. Father
Lenehan, of Sioux City, first had charge of this Society; then Rev.
Father P. Lynch. Rev. John Riley is the present pastor. F'irst
officers: D. O'Dounell, P. Gninther, J. Shinski, Trustees. These
Trustees procured a donation of three lots from the Sioux City &
St. Paul Railroad Company in 1880. A building was erected in
the winter of 1880 and 1881, 37x60 feet in dimensions. It is a
frame building, seating 600 people. It has a gallery twenty feet
wide extending across the south end of the building. The cost
was $2,500. The society previously held services in the school
house, also in the town hall. Membership, about sixty families.
Present officers: W. Gavin, J. Shinski. P. Guinther, Trnstees.

Independent School District. — Organized in 1876. It has a fine
frame building, containing four departments, which cost $5,300.
First Board of Education: C. Allen, J. C. Elliott, A. B. Nash, J.
A. Brown. The first term of school in the independent district
was held in 1877. The first teacher was G. S. Mann; Kate O'Don-
nell. Assistant. The building is furnished with the latest improved
seats and apparatus. J^resent Board of Education: J. Wykofi",
President; S. H. Ladd, E. A. Ward, Mrs. A. Morton. Mrs.'O. E.
Waggoner, Mrs. Geo. H. Boutelle, Directors; E. C. Brown, Treas-
urer; F. E. Wyman, Secretary. The present teachers are: W. S.
Wilson, Principal; Sarah Clark, Assistant; Mrs. F. C. Marcussen,
Mrs. A. C. Green. The present school building was erected in 1879
at a cost of building and furniture, of $5,300, is 40x00 feet in
dimensions, two stories high, and has four rooms. The average
attendance is 117.

Northwestern Agricultural Association. — Organized in February,
1880. First officers: Henry Hollenbeck. of Sioux County, Presi-
dent; R. F. Andrews, of Osceola County, Vice President; H. Cook,
of Lyon County, Secretary; J. I. Hartendower, of O'Brien County,
Treasurer. This society extends over the four above aamed coun-
ties. The first fair was held in September, 1880, at Sheldon. The
fair grounds are located here. Present officers: J. S. Kenney, of
O'Brien County, President; J. R. Cook, of Lyon County, Vice Pres-
ident; C. F. Wyatt, of Osceola County, Secretary; H. Hollenbeck,
of O'Brien County, Treasurer; D. S. White, of O'Brien County,
Deputy Treasurer. A fair is held once each year. Forty acres of
land have been leased for ten years, and are enclosed with a good
board fence eight feet high. There are a half-mile track, floral
hall, sheds, etc., etc.

Mistletoe Lodge No 370, A. F. c(' A. il/.— Instituted June 26th,
1876. Charter members: H. B. Wyman, E. M. Winslow, J. C.
Elliot, J. A. Brown, S. W. Harrington, J. D. Bunce, E. A. Ward,
J. A. Waggoner, R. Sturgeon, A. E. Frear, 0. A. Borden, C. J.
Dunham, W. J. Newell, W. N. Strong.

HISTORY OF IOWA. 363

First officers: H. B. Wyman, W. M.; E. M. Winslow, S. W.;
J. C. Elliot, J. W.; J. A. 'Brown, Treasurer; J. H. Greattrax,
Secretary. Membership, thirty-three. Present officers: E. C.
Brown, "W. M.; E. F. Parkhiirst, S. W.; E. M. Winslow, J. W.;
B. Jones, Treasurer; A. M. Dougall, Secretary.

Meetings are held once each month on the Saturday on or before
the full moon, in Husted's Hail. The Society is in a flourishing
condition.

Locust Lodge No. 367, I. 0. 0. F. — Charter members: C. H.
Cottell, J. Wykoff, W. C. Butterfield, D. Barmore, H. B. Wyman,
0. E. Waggoner, Geo. Taylor, J. Morris, C. W. Green, G. Schee,
J. H. Pumphrey, E. M. Brady. First officers: C. H. Cottell, N.
G.; J. Wykofl", V. G.; H. Humphrey, U. S.; D. R. Barmore,
Treasurer; W. C. Butterfield, P. S. Present officers: Geo. Berry,
N. G.; L. S. Hackett, V. G.; James Wykoff. Treasurer; N. F.
West, R. S.; W. C. Butterfield, P. S. Membership, thirty.
Meetings are held Tuesday evenings of each week in Husted's
Hall. The Lodge is in a prosperous condition.

Sheldon Comet Band — Organized in 1876. F. C. Marcussen is
the leader.

SANBORN.

The town of Sanborn was laid out and platted by the C, M. &
St. P. Railway Company in 1878. The toAvn has made a very
rapid growth, being now a town of 800 inhabitants. Quite a
number of the settlers of Sanborn are former residents of Prim-
ghar. The end of the division of the railroad is located here. Lo-
cated here also are some of the best stock yards east of Milwaukee,
as well as the railroad company's machine shops, employing quite
a large number of men. There is also at Sanborn a large round
house, with a vast amount of appurtenances. Thanksgiving Day
of 1878, the workmen arrived, and commenced work on the depot,
a building which is quite a credit to the town.

The first house was built by Frank Teabout, and was used as a
grain warehouse; the first store was opened by S. W. Clark in
February, 1879; Teabout & Valleau opened a store about the same
time.

The postoffice was established in December, 1878, and was in
operation early in January, 1870. The first and present Post-
master is Ira Brashears.

The town was incorporated in April, 1880. The first school
house was built in May, 1879— size, 26x40 feet; cost, $800. The
(irst teacher was Mrs. L. Crossan. The first Board of Education
was: Ira Brashears, President; W. M. Woolworth, Thomas Burns,
Directors; I. W. Daggett, Treasurer; J. H. Woods; Clerk. The
present school house was built in 1881 — size, 40x60 feet, two
stories high, and has four departments. It was built at a cost of

?61: HISTOKY OF IOWA.

$4,000, and is seated with the improved desks, &c. Sanborn be-
came an independent district in 1881 . The present Board of Edu-
cation is: M. D. Comes, D. L. Crowley, Wm. Barker. The
present teachers are: Prof. C. E. Foote, Principal; Jennie
Mayne and Miss G- Davis, Assistants.

The M. E. Church was organized March 28th, 1879, by Rev. W.
H. Drake, who was succeeded by Rev. J. A. Beebe, he by the pres-
ent pastor. Rev. S. C. Bascom. During the year 1879, the build-
ing was erected and was dedicated June 20th, 1880. First officers :
I. W. Daggett, T. J. Alexander, C. Tiift, Ira Brashears and Daniel
Bryson, Board of Trustees. The cost of the church was $1,400.
Present membership, fifteen. The Sabbath School has an average
attendance of fifty-five. J. H. Wolf is the Superintendent. The
size of the building is 28x48 feet. The seating capacity is 200.
The present officers are the same as given above.

The Preshyterian Sociefi/ was organized January 30th, 1881, by
Rev. W. S. Peterson, of Dakota. First officers: t). Miller, Elder;
J. S. Grear, Trustee. The first pastor was Rev. J. M. McComb,
who is also the present pastor. The membership is twenty. Pres-
ent officers: D. Miller, R. E.; C. E. Foote, D. Miller, L. D.
Thomas, Trustees; H. Day, Treasurer, and Mrs. C. E. Foote, Sec-
retary. Services are held in the new school house. The present
pastor took charge May 1st, 1881. The Sabbath School has an
average attendance of forty. C. J. Everhard is the Superintendent.
There is a parsonage in connection, which was built in November,

1881. r . . '

Onyx Lodge, U. D., was instituted October 22d, 1881. First
officers: Harley Day, W. M.; J. H. Douglas, S. W.; J. T. Parker,
J. W.; A. G. Mittels, Secretarv. Charter members: D. R.
Phelps, T.D. White, P. Miller, J." A. Stocum, C. E. Foote, E. M.
Bradv, A. G. Willets, C. Broadstreet, W. H. Skinner, H. D.
Chapln, Ira Brashears, J. E. Drake, C. P. Veilie, F. Teabout, N.
L. F. Peck, A. E. Bates, J. Morrell. Membership, twenty-five.
Meetings are held every Wednesday evening on or before the full
moon. The Masons have a fine hall, which is also used by the I.
0. 0. F. The internal arrangement of the hall is as fine as can
be found anywhere in the West. The hall is furnished in modern
style, carpeted and hung with emblematic tapestry, and supplied
with furniture that would adorn a wealthy lodge of that order.

IVie Order of the Eastern Star was instituted in January, 1882,
Mrs. H. D. Perry is Worthy Matron, and Mrs. A. G. Willets, Sec-
retary. The membership is about thirty.

Sanborn LodgeNo.434, I. O. 0. F. — Instituted November, 29th,
1881, by Hon. S. P. Leland, D. D. G. M., and a large delegation of
the order from Sibley and Sheldon. First officers: H. D. Chapin,
N. G.; W. C. Green, V. G.; E. R. Wood, Recording Secretary; J.
R. Pumphrey, Permanent Secretary; W. H. Skinner, Treasurer.
Charter members: H. D. Chapin, William Roberts, E. R. Wood,

HISTORY OF IOWA. 365

J. R. Pumphrev, W. H. Skinner, C. Tifft, H. Alo-yer, C. Green, R.
Boyd, L.D. Thomas, T.White, A. H. Roden, J. Ckncy, F. A.
Turner and Mr. Powell. The Lodge meets every Saturday even-
ing in Masonic Hall. Membership, about thirty.

Tlie Sanhoni Cornet Band was organized in the spring of 1881.
Ed. Drake is the leader; has made various changes since its organ-
ization.

Tlte O'Brien Pioneer WeeMy^ was established in December, 1871,
by L. B. Raymond & Co.; was afterwards run by A. H. Willets; then
Willets & Inman: then in the order named: Willets & Pumphrey,
A.H. Willets & Son, A. G. Willets, Walker & Willets— its present
proprietors being Willets & Perkins. It has always been Repub-
lican in politics. It is a six-column quarto; circulation, 750 copies.
It is printed on a large steam power press in a good, commodious
building.

Sanborn can boast of having the best town hall in the county.
It was erected by Messrs. Roden & Linden, at the corner of Main
and First streets, in 1881. It is a frame structure, 32x70 feet,
with a flat roof. The lower rooms are occupied by Henry Roden,
as a restaurant and billiard hall. The hall up-stairs is arranged
with a ticket-office at the entrance, and has a commodious and well
adapted stage. The building and appurtenances cost about $6,000

The Main street in Sanborn runs north and south, and is located
on level ground. Sanborn is a good shipping point. The town
has telephonic communication with Primghar. The business may
be thus classified: General stores, 3; printing offices, 1; hardware,
2; saloons, 3; groceries, 2; agricultural implements, 2; furniture,
1; lumber, 3; jewelry, 1; blacksmiths, 2; drugs, 2; carpenters 4;
bank, 1; land, loan and law, 4: flour and feed, 2; restaurant, 1;
boot and shoe, 1; meat markets, 2; barbershop, 1; livery, 2; hotels, 3

HARTLEY.

Hartley is situated in the eastern part of O'Brien County, on
the C, M. & St. Paul Railroad, eight miles from Sanborn and
eighteen from Spencer. It was laid out and platted by J. S. Fin-
ister in October, 1880. The first house in the toAvn was built by
the Railroad Company, in 1879. The first store was built by J. S.
Finister & W. S. Fuller in April, 1879. It was also used as adwel-
ing. Then came A. H. Miller. J. K. McAndrew, M. G. Silver-
thorn, and W. H. Eaton, all of whom built in the year 1879. H.
E. Hoagland built in 1880. Hartley is a thriving town, and has a
population of 185.

The first school was held in Finister's store in 1879 and 1880.
The first teacher was 0. M. Shonkwiler; first Board of Education:
W. S. Fuller, W. H. Eaton, C. A. Feitkaw. The present school
building was erected in the spring of 1880, is 26x36 in dimensions,
and cost $1,200. The first teacher was Allen Crossan; first Board,

366 HISTORY OF IOWA.

the same as above. Present Board: C. A. Feitkaw, George Bowes.
Present teacher: E. A. Thomas. Number of pupils enrolled, sixty-
seven.

The Baptist Societi/ was organized in December, 1880, by D. F.
Johnson. Membership, about ten. This society is not sujDplied
with any regular pastor, and has no building, but holds it prayer
meetings in the school building occasionally.

Metliodist Episcopal Church, Society Avas organized in 1881 by
A. S. R. Groom, who was the first pastor. The first and present
officers are: Allen Crossan, Class Leader and Steward; Mr. Whit-
man and Mr. Dice, Trustees. R. Crosby is also at present a Trus-
tee. Membership, about seventy-five. They have no church build-
ing, but meet in the school building. This society built a parson-
age in 1881, under the directions of Rev. Groom, at a cost of $300.

Hartley Lodge, I. 0. G. T., was organized December 28th, 1881,
by F. E. Anderson, of Algona. Charter members: J. K. McAn-
drew, D. P. Johnston, Allen Crossan, D. M. Gano, E. A. Thomas,
H. E. Finister, James Johnston, George Bowes, W. Bowes, T.
Shoemaker. First officers: D. S. Johnston, W. C. T.; E. A. Thomas,
W. V. T.; E. Finister, W. M.; Allen Crossan, Recording Secretary;

D. M. Gano, Financial Secretary; Will. Bowes, Treasurer; Geo.
Bowes, Chaplain. Present officers: E. A. Thomas, W. C. T.; M.

E. Silverthorn, W. V. T.; J. Jones, R. S.; R. Makins, F. S.; D. M.
Gano, Treasurer; Allen Crossan, Chaplain; W. Bcwes, W. M.;
Mrs. D. F. Johnson. I. G.;Ed. Williams, 0. G. Membership, about
thirty. Meetings are held Thursday evening of each week in the
school building.

The business houses of Hartley are classified as follows: Gen-
eral stores, two; hardware, one; hotels, three; blacksmith shops,
two; wagon shops, one; meat markets, two; lumber dealers, two;
saloons, one; agricultural implement dealers, one; livery barns, one.

O'BRIEN COUNTY BIOGRAPHIES.

SHELDON.

D. M. Baker, proprietor of the Leland House, was born in 0. in
1849; moved with his parents to Iowa in 1850. He came to Shel-
don in 1881 and to^k charge of the above named house. In 1870'
he was married to Rachel M. Gilman, and has six children — Tena,
Etta, Minnie, Arthur, Linda and Frank.

J. A. Brown, proprietor, of the Sheldon House, was born in Or-
ange county, Vt.; moved to Iowa in 1860. He enlisted in 1862 in
Co. M, 3d 0. Cav., and was discharged at the close of the war. He

HISTORY OF IOWA. 367

then located in 111. and remained until 1867, when he Avent South
and remained one year. He afterwards engaged in business in va-
rious parts of Iowa, and in 1871 settled in O'Brien. He moved to
Sheldon in 1873, and engaged as above.

C. H. Bullis, of the firm of Barrett & Bullis, attorneys at law,
was born near Rochester, N. Y., in 1817. He graduated from
Yale CoHege, in the class of '69, and from the Columbia Law
School in 1872. In 1873 he moved to Iowa, and located at Shel-
don, in the autumn of 1881.

Frank and Fred Frisbee, of. the firm of Frisbee Bros., proprie-
tors of the livery stable, are natives of Wisconsin; came to Iowa
in 1871, and settled in O'Brien county. They located at Sheldon
in 1876 and engaged in the livery and express business.

G. M. Graham, lumber dealer, came to Iowa in 1856. He en-
listed in 1862 in Co. B, 28th la. Vol., and served until the clo^eof
the war, after which ho went to Mich., and engaged in the lumber
business. He returned to Iowa in the autumn of 1877, and lo-
cated at Sheldon.

A. W. Husted, hardware dealer, came to Sheldon in 1873, and
was a member of the firm of Husted & Son, dealers in general
merchandise, until 1871), when he engaged in his present business,
with G. H. Boutelle.

S. J. Hutchinson, boot and shoe dealer, was born in N. J. in
1835. He enlisted in 1862 in Co. D, 100th 0. Vol.; was in sev-
eral of the principal engagements, and was discharged in 1865.
He came to Iowa and settled in Cedar county; thence to O'Brien
county in 1871, where he engaged in farming until Oct., 1881, at
which time he engaged as above.

Jones, Parkhurst & Co., proprietors of the Sheldon Bank, which
was established in 1872 by Messrs. Jones and Parkhurst. Mr.
Brown became a partner in 187V). They are also dealers in all
kinds of farm machinery.

Henry Mandersheid, (saloon), was born in Germany in 1815;
came to America when young, and settled in Jackson county, la.
In 1872 he moved to LeMars; thence to Dakota. He returned to
LeMars, where he lived until 1879. when he came to Sheldon and
engaged in business as above. Mr. M. has been twice married.
He was married to his second wife in Sept., 1881. She was Jennie
Gusher. He has three children — Annie, Henry and John.

D. McKay, farmer and marshal of Sheldon, is a native of Cana-
da; moved to Cherokee, la., in 1870; thence to Sheldon in 1872.

A. McDougall, freight and express agent, was born in Canadain
1848; moved to Wis. in 1866; thence to la. in 1868. He has been
in the employ of the C, M. & St. P. R.R. Co., for twelve years.
He deals at wholesale in hard and soft coal.

368 HISTORY OF IOWA.

D. O'Doiinell was born in Ireland in 1831; came to America in
1847 and settled in N. Y. He moved to Canada; thence to Wis.,
and in 1875 came to Iowa. Mr. O'D. started from Sheldon with
an ox team for the Black Hills in 1877, and made the trip in forty-
four days. He was married in 1850, and has nine children — John
C, Kate, Maggie, Mary, Julia, Nellie, Edward, Annie and George.

John C. O'Donnell, deputy sheriff of O'Brien county. He is
engaged in blacksmithing. He was married in 1871 and has two
children — Alice and Margaret.

James Parden, proprietor of sample room and billiard hall, was
born near Rochester, N. Y., in 18;i7; moved to Sheldon, la., in
1875, He occupies for his business the first building erected in
Sheldon.

L. 0. Peterman, agent for the American Express Co., was born
in Ind. in 1853; moved to Winona county, Minn.; thence to Shel-
non in 1881.

Joseph Shinski, dealer in general merchandise, was born in N.
Y. in 1842. He is the pioneer merchant of Sheldon, having es-
tablished business in 1873. He was married in 1875 to Ellen M.
Kelley, of Sioux City. They have two daughters — Maud and
Maggie.

Henry Schultz, liquor dealer and proprietor of billiard hall, was
born in Hanover, Ger., in 1846; came to America in 1866 and set-
tled in Wis. He came to Iowa in 1870 and to Sheldon in 1876.
He was married in 1876 to Katie Berbrein.

Rev. E. South worth, pastor of the Congregational church, was
born in Mich, in 1834. He attended the Hamilton College, N. Y.,
and the University of Mich., at Ann Arbor. In 1866 he graduat-
ed from the Theological College, of N. Y., and the same year en-
tered the ministry. In 1871 he moved to la., then back to Wis.,
where he remained four years, and in 1878 came to Sheldon, la.,
and took charge of the church as above. He married Sarah H.
Humphrey, and has three children — Mary E., Edward P. and C.
DeForest.

W. H. Sleeper, banker, insurance and land agent, was born in
N. J. in 1853. He was for a time engaged in the mercantile busi-
ness at Mount Holley, in Philadelphia. In 1877 he came to
Sheldon, la., and engaged in his present business, with his brother,
A. W. Sleeper.

Charles Stinson. of the firm of J. M. Comstock & Co., dealers in
general merchandise, was born in N. Y.; moved to Algona, la.,
in 1871, and there engaged in the mercantile business with Mr.
Comstock. They established business as above in Aug., 1880.

S. M. Wagers, proprietor of the Citv restaurant, was born in 0.
in 1838; moved to Wis. in 1856. He" enlisted in 1862 in Co. H,

HISTOKY OF IOWA. 369

7th Wis. Vol., and was discharged the same year, on account of
physical disability. He came to la. in October. 1880. In 1863 he
married Adelia Hayerman, and has two children — Edward and
Mary.

E. B. Wheeler, blacksmith, was born in Orleans county, Vt.;
in 1868; moved to Cerro Gordo county, la.; in 1868. He was one
of the first settlers of Clear Lake. He came to Sheldon in 1880.
and engaged in business as above.

D. S. White, Jr., dealer in general merchandise, was l)orn in N.
J., in 1853; removed to Omaha, Neb., in 1871, and was employed
under the SuperintendcDt of Indian affairs in Nebraska. In 1877
he came to Sheldon, la., and engaged as above. He was elected a
member of the city council in 1880.

F. E. Wyman, proprietor of restaurant and dealer in fancy gro-
ceries, is a native of Mass.; moved to Wabasha county, Minn., in
1858. He enlisted in 1864 in Co. D, 140 111. Reg., and was dis-
charged soon after. He came to Iowa in 1872.

James WykofF, the pioneer lumber dealer of Sheldon, was born
in Ontario county, N. Y., in 1843. He enlisted in Dec, 1863, in
the 50th N. Y. Vol., and served until June, 1865. He moved to
Minn, in 1866; thence to la. in 1868. He came to Sheldon in
1872, and engaged in business as above. His daughter, Inez, was
the first child born in the city.

F. H. Zander, proprietor of the Chicago Clothing Store, came
to Sheldon in Oct., 1880, from Chicago, where he had previously
been engaged in business . This is the only exclusive clothing
house in the city .

PRIMGHAR.

C. E. Achorn, of the firm of Schee & Achorn, bankers and land
agents, was born in Me. in 1861; removed to Boston, Mass., with
his parents in 1869; thence to Wis. in 1878, and the following
year located at Primghar. He engaged in the above business with
Geo. W. Schee, in 1881. He married Ada Alexander in Jan.,
1882.

Charles F. Albright, farmer, was born in Pa. in 1839; removed
to Muscatine county, la., in 1858; two years lattr he moved to
Cedar county. He enlisted in the war of the rebellion, and served
three years. He came to O'Brien county in 1871, and settled on
homestead in the center of the county, adjoining what is now the
town of Primghar. He erected the first hotel here in 1873. He
was married in 1865, to Adah C Mackelvvain, and has two
children .

T.J. Alexander, treasurer of O'Brien count}-, was born in Ind.
in 1845; moved with parents to Wis. the same year, and to Warren
county, la., in 1859. He came to O'Brien county in 1S69. and

370 HISTOEY OF IOWA.

settled on a homestead in Liberty township. He was elected to
his present office in 1878, and moved to Primghar; has been re-
elected each term since. He was married in 1867, to Martha
Brown, and has three children.

David Algyer, county superintendent of schools, was born in
Montgomery county, N. Y., in 1819: came to Clay county, la., in
1871, and settled on a homestead. In 1873 moved to O'Brien
county, and located at Primghar in 1880. He was elected to his
present office in 1881. He married Marie S. Gowen in 1871. They
have three children.

Milt. H. Allen, attorney at law, was born in Winneshiek county,
la., in 1859; removed with parents to Clay county in 1871. He
came to O'Brien county in 1873, and engaged in the practice of
law with 0. M. Barrett, in 1879. He opened an office in Primghar
in 1881.

J. Gr. Chrysler, of the firm of Pumphrey & Chrysler, dealers in
general merchandise, was born in Canada in 1858; removed with
parents to Jackson county, la., in 1866; thence to O'Brien county
in 1871. He located at Primghar in 1875, and engaged in his
present business in 1878. He married Ida Thomas in 1879, and
has one child.

J. B. Dunn, attorney at law, was born in Ind. March 5th, 1814;
moved to Greene county, Wis., with his parents in 1816. He en-
listed in Sept., 1861, in the war of the rebellion, and served three
years and nine months; then located in Warren county, Iowa; re-
moved to Primghar in 1880, and engaged in the practice of the
law. He married Maria Hiett, in Nov., 1865. They have seven
children.

Stephen Harris, teacher, was born in Brunswick, Me., in 1812;
moved with parents to Boston, Mass., in 1815. He Avent to sea
in 1860, and iu 1863 enlisted in the army, and served two years.
He came to Iowa, in 1869, and settled on a homestead. He was
elected superintendent in 1870, and county clerk in 1871. He
moved to Primghar in 1871; was deputy treasurer for four years,
and also engaged in the land business.

D. W. Inman, proprietor of the hotel at l^imghar, was born in
N. Y. in 1835: removed to 111. in 1837; thence to Butler county,
Iowa, in 1858. He enlisted in 1861 in the 9th Vol. Inft., and
served until the close of the war, when he returned to Iowa, and
settled in O'Brien county in 1866. In 1879 he went to Primghar
and engaged in his present business.

W. W. Johnson, lumber dealer, was born in England in 1814.
and the same year came to America with his parents, who settled
in N. Y. In 1859 he moved to Cedar count3^ Iowa; thence to
O'Brien county in 1871, and engaged in farming in Highland town-
ship. He moved to Primghar in 1881, and engaged in his present
business.

HISTORY OF IOWA. 371

Thomas Murray, farmer, was born in Iowa in 1861; came to
O'Brien county with his parents in 1871, and settled on a home-
stead in Center township. He moved to Primghar in 1881.

J. L. E. Peck, county auditor, was born in London, Canada,
Aug. ]Sth, 1852; moved with his parents to Page county, Iowa,
where he resided until graduating from the Iowa State University
in 1874, when he moved to Winneshiek county. He came to
Primghar in 1877, and engr.ged in the practice of law. He was
elected to his present office iu 1879, and re-elected in 1881.

Geo. W. Schee, of the firm of Schee & Achorn, was born in
Clark county, Mo., in fSlO; moved to Oskaloosa, la., in 1861 with
his parents. Ln 1871 he came to O'Brien county and engaged in
farming in Carroll township. He moved to Primghar in 1876,
and Avas elected county auditor, in which capacity he served two
terms; then opened a land and law office, and became a member
of the above firm in 1881. He married Lizzie Dunning, in 1877.
They have two children.

J. A. Smith, county surveyor, was born in Pa. in Oct., 1847; re-
moved to Iowa county, la., in 1869, and the following year came to
O'Brien county and settled on a homestead in Center township.
He moved to Primghar in 1881. He married Mary E. Foust, in
1870, and has five children.

Hubert Sprague, county recorder, was born in 111., Jan. 1st, 1858;
removed to Madison county^ la., with parents in 1808; thence to
O'Brien county, and engaged in farming. He served as deputy
recorder two years, and was elected recorder in 1881. He was
married in April, 1881, to Callie Green, of Clay county, la.

H. A. Thayer, of the firm of Thayer & Co., dealers in hardware,
was born in N. Y., April 29th, 1855. He went to Neb. in 1874,
and remained six months; then located in Blackhawk county, la.;
came to Primghar in 1878; was engaged in clerking until entering
his present business in 1881.

F. M. Tifft, proprietor of livery and sale stable, was born in
Wis., Oct. nth, 1857; removed with parents to O'Brien county,
la., in 1870, settling on a homestead in Center township. He
moved to Primghar in 1876, and in 1880 engaged in business as
above. He was married to Ellen Bobbins, Jan. 23rd, 1881, They
have one child, a son.

Frank A. Turner, clerk, with Schee & Achorn, was born in 111.,
Oct. 13th, 1850; moved with parents to Butler county, la., in
1859. He attended the college at Mt. Vernon from 1874 to 1876.
Came to Primghar in 1880, and was employed in the Primghar
Exchange Bank, where he still remains.

372 HISTORY OF IOWA.

HARTLEY.

A. B. Chrysler, of the firm of Pumphrey & Chrysler, dealers in
general merchandise, Avas born in Canada in 18i8; removed to
Jackson county, Iowa, in 1865; thence to O'Brien county in 1870,
and engaged in farming in Liberty township. He came to Hartley
in 1880, and engaged in business as above. He was married in
1875, and has three children.

Allen Crossan, of the firm of Crossan & Gano, hardware dealers,
was born in Scotland in Jan., 1848; came to America with his pa-
rents in 1852, and settled in Ohio; moved to Hardin count3^ Iowa,
in 1865, and in 1870, settled on a homestead in O'Brien county.
He graduated from the Normal School at Albion, la., in 1877, and
in 1880 engaged in his present business.

W. S. Fuller, of the firm of Shonkwiler & Co., dealers in lumber
and stock, was born in 111. in 1814; moved with his parents to
Wis. in 184(3; thence back to III. in 1857. where he remained until
1867; then removed to Grundy county, la., and in 1871 came to
O'Brien county, settling on a homestead. He moved to Hartley in
1879, and engaged in merchandising until entering the above firm.
He was married in 18(31) to Nancy Wilson, and has two children.

H. E. Finster, proprietor of the City Hotel, was born in Chicago,
111., in 1848; removed to Mich, with his parents in 1854; remained
there until 1864, and after traveling for some time, located at In-
dependence, la., and engaged in marble cutting. He came to
Hartley in 1880, and engaged in business as above. He was mar-
ried in 1870, and has three children.

David M. Gano, of the firm of Crossan & Gano, was born in Ohio
in 1840; removed with his parents to Ind. in 1846; thence to Wis.
the following year. In 1870, he came to O'Brien county and set-
tled on a homestead, and engaged in farming until 1880, when he
moved to Hartley and built the second house in the town. He
was married in 1865, to S. Chamberlain, and has two sons and five
daughters.

H. E. Hoagland, lumber dealer, was born in Mich, in 1844; re-
moved to O'Brien county, la., in 1870, and settled on a homestead
in Liberty township. In 1878 he came to Hartley, and engaged in
the lumber business with 0. M. Shonkwiler. He was married in
1864, and has two children.

D. F. Johnston, contractor, was born in New Brunswick, in
1832; removed with his parents to Canada, and in 1855 came to
Delaware county, la. He moved to Buena Vista county in 1873;
thence to Hartley in the summer of 1881, and is in the employ of
the railroad company. He was married in March, 1856, to Hep-
zebah Joyce. They have seven children.

F. E. Matott, proprietor of billiard hall, was born in Vt., in
1848, and the following year his parents moved to Ind., where he

HISTORY OF IOWA. • 373

resided until 1871; then came to O'Brien county, and engaged in
farming in Center township. He came to Hartley in 1S81, and en-
gaged in business as above. He married Emma L. Kiefer, in 1870.
They have one daughter.

J. K, McAndrew, proprietor of Our House, was born in Mil-
waukee, Wis., in 1850; removed to Clayton couuty, la., with pa-
rents, where he remained until 1870, when he came to O'Brien
and settled on a homestead in Grant township. In 1879, he moved
to Hartley, and engaged in the stock and grain business, and ship-
ped the first car-load from the town. He married Mary E, Biggs,
in 1875, and has one child, a daughter.

0. M. Shonkwiler, lumber and stock dealer, was born in HI.
Dec. 31st, 1853; moved to O'Brien county, in May, 187G, and en-
gaged in farming in Center township. He moved to Hartley in
1881, and engaged in the lumber business with Messrs. Hoagland
& Fuller. He married Delia Griffith, in Oct., 1877, and has two
children.

E. A. Thomas, principal of the Hartley schools, was born in Jo
Daviess county, 111.; moved with parents to Mt. Carroll, in 1866,
where he remained until 1875. He came to Hartley in Oct., 1881,
and engaged in teaching.

E. D. Williams, butcher, was born in Wales in 1831; came to
America in 1850 and located in Mich.; two years later moved to
Wis.; thence to Hartley, la,, in 1880, and engaged in his present
business. He was married in 1857, and has nine children.

SANBORN.

E. F. Bacon, of the firm of Bacon & Son, dealers in general mer-
chandise, was born in Wis.; removed with his parents in 186-4 to
Waverly, la., and came to Sanborn in 1880 and established busi-
ness as above,

Wm. W. Barnes, proprietor of the Sanborn House, came to la,
in 1869, and engaged in farming in Grant township, O'Brien coun-
ty; removed to Primghar in 1876, and engaged in the hotel busi-
ness; thence to Sanborn in 1878 and opened his present hotel,

E. M. Brady, the pioneer hardware merchant of Sanborn, is a
native of Ohio; came to Iowa in 1874, and engaged in the mercan-
tile business; removed to Sanborn in 1879 and established his pres-
ent business.

Cal. liroadstroet, of the firm of Broadstreet & Boies, attorneys at
law, was born in Ulster county, N. Y., in 1851; removed to Bu-
chanan county, la., in 1857. He graduated from the loAva State
University in 1878. He began the practice of law in Sanborn in
Oct., 1879. W. B. Boies, of the above law firm, was born in

374 . HISTORY OF IOWA.

Boone county, 111., in 1873. He graduated from the Iowa Law
School in 1880, located in Sanborn in Dec, 1881, and began the
practice of his profession.

A. W. Creed, dealer in flour and feed, came from Ohio to Iowa
in 1869, and engaged in the mercantile business; thence to San-
born in 1880, and engaged in the hotel business; sold out in the
fall of 1881, and engaged in his present business.

Harley Day, attorney at law, was born in St. Lawrence county,
N. Y., Mar. 27th, 1841. He served in the 106th Reg. N. Y. Vol.,
as lieutenant of Co. K, for three years. Part of that time was
spent in rebel prisons. After the war he came to Iowa and located
in Butler county; removed to Buchanan county; thence to O'Brien
county in 1871, and settled on a homestead. He was admitted to
the bar in that county in 1876, and engaged in the law and land
business at Primghar. In 1880 he removed to Sanborn. He mar-
ried Margaret Braden, in 1867. They have one child.

I. W. Dagett, banker, was born in Franklin county, Maine, in
1851; removed to Franklin county, la., in 1865, and engaged in
teaching school; thence to Primghar in 1875, and engaged in the
practice of law, and in 1877 entered the banking and real estate
business, and removed to Sanborn in 1879, and engaged as above.

Robert Elliott, merchant tailor, Sanborn, Iowa.

C. J. Everhard, dealer in furniture, was born- in 0.; removed to
Sanbor.i in June, 1881, and engaged in his present business. He
is the inventor of the patent barrel painting machine, which is
now extensively used by the Standard Oil company.

r Richard Finlay, M. D., is a native of Canada; moved to Cincin-
nati, 0., in 1863; graduated from the Ohio Medical College in the
class of '80. He came to Sanborn in July, 1881, and began t^e
practice of medicine.

p W, C. Green, Sheriff of O'Brien county, Avas born in Jackson
county, Ind., in 1842; removed to Carroll county. 111., in 1849;
thence to Whiteside county, and engaged in the dry goods busi-
ness. He moved to O'Brien county in 1869, and engaged in the
mercantile business in the town of O'Brien. He platted the town
of Primghar, in 1872, and moved there in 1873, and in 1879 re-
moved to Sanborn.

J. L. Green, of the firm of Harkner & Green, bankers, was born
in 0.; moved to Wis. in 1847. In 1865 he moved to Marshall
county, la., and engaged in the mercantile business. He established
the Maple Valley Bank in 1878, and hi 1880 came to Sanborn.

J. Grant, proprietor of the City restaurant, is a native of Scot-
land; came to America in 1879, and located in Sanborn Oct. 1st,
1881.

HISTORY OF IOWA. 375

L. C. Green, of the firm of Green & Patch, proprietors of the
livery barn, was born in 111. in 1850; came to O'Brien county, la.,
in 1869, and engaged in the mercantile business with his brother,
W. C. Green. He moved to Primghar; thence to Ponca, Neb.,
where he engaged in the livery business. He came to Sanborn in
1878, and engaged as above.

W. H. Gunsul, farmer and dealer in blooded horses, was born in
New York, lived a number of years in 111., and came to Sanborn
in 1881.

W. J. Hovey, attorney at law, was born in Boston, Mass., in
1857; removed with parents to Buchanan county, la., in 1865. He
removed to Sanborn in 1881, and began the practice of law.

Frank D. Jenkins, proprietor of the Jenkins House, located in
Sanborn in 1880. The Hotel is opposite the depot, is convenient
for the traveling public, and they will receive first-class entertain-
ment.

W. T. Jones, the pioneer merchant of Sanborn, was born in
Missouri in 1853; moved to Allamakee county, la., in 1855, and
engaged in farming. In 1879 he removed to this place.

J. Limback, proprietor of the Key City restaurant, was born in
N. Y,; came to Sanborn in Dec, 1881.

Charles H. Perry, druggist, was born in N. Y. in 1857; removed'
to Bremer county, la., with his parents in 1858, and to Sanborn in
1880, and engaged in his present business. He is about to remove
his stock to his large new building, next to the Pioneer office.

J. R. Pnmphrey, dealer in general merchandise, and one of the
proprietors of the Sanborn Tribune, was born in (3hio in 1815.
He enlisted in the 1st W. Va. L, Artillery; was quarter master's
sergeant. He served three years, and was taken prisoner at New
Creek by Gen. Rosser, held five months at Libby prison, and ex-
changed at the close of the war. He came to Sioux City in 1867,
and was engaged in the county treasurer's and auditor's offices;
removed to O'Brien county, and was elected county treasurer in
1871; also founded the O'Brien Pioneer, which he published three
years. In 1873 he removed to Primghar, and engaged in the bank-
ing and mercantile business; thence to Sanborn in 1881, and en-
gaged in his present business. His father located in Richmond,
Va., in 1860; was paymaster in the U. S. A. during the late war,
and was lost from a steamer between St. Louis and Island Num-
ber Ten in 1864, while on his way south to pay Gen. Grant's army
at Vicksburg.

V. H. Roden, restaurateur, was born in Germany in 1838; came
to America in 18()1, and enlisted in Co. B, 37th 0. regiment, and
served until 1863. He engaged in the cooper business in Apple-
ton, Wis.; removed to Cherokee, la., in 1869, and engaged in farm-
ing; thence to Sanborn in the spring of 1881.

376 HISTORY OF IOWA.

J. P. Selig, proprietor of the Star restaurant, was born in West
Va. in 1856; moved to Iowa in 1871, and settled near Sheldon; re-
moved to Sheldon in 1879, and established the City restaurant;
came to Sanborn in 1881, and engaged in his present business.

Charles Smith, M. D., was born in Middlesex county, Mass. In
1861 he enlisted as bugler in Gen. Sickles' brigade, and served until
1863. After the war he located at Washington, D. C, and was
employed in the treasury department as messenger to Secretary
McCuilough. He graduated from the National Medical College in
1876, and engaged in the practice of medicine in Washington, D.
C; remained eighteen months, and then removed to Sanborn.

G. D. Williams, manager for the Oshkosh lumber company at
Sanborn; established in 1881; dealers in all kinds of builders' sup-
plies and fencing material. The only first-class lumber yard in
town.

HISTORY OF IOWA.

OSCEOLA COUNTY.

Orfceola County is in the northern tier, and second from the
western boundary of the State, and contains 392 square miles, or
250,880 acres. It is watered and drained by the east fork of Rock
River, Ocheydan, Otter and several smaller creeks. These streams
meander through valleys of great fertility, producing luxuriant
crops of excellent grass. The soil is generally a dark loam, with
a slight mixture of clay on the table lands, and a small quantity of
sand and vegetable mould in the valleys. Osceola is emphatically a
prairie county, composed of a gently undulating surface, suffic-
iently rolling to break the monotonous sameness of the level plain,
with a rich inexhaustible soil, yielding an abundance of crops.
There is but little timber in the county, though it is sufficiently
plenty for fuel. Stock raising here, as in adjoining counties, is
an imporant and lucrative industry. Though one of the younger
counties, it is fast taking rank with the larger and more populous
ones in the northwest quarter of the State. The schools in the
county are in a flourishing condition, every township and sub-dis-
trict having a school house. There are at present forty-five frame
school houses in the county, and during the year 1881, according
to the report of the State Superintendent, 111,300 were expended
for school purposes, and according to the census taken duriijg the
same year by the secretaries of the various sub-districts, there were
740 children of school age, of whom 602 were enrolled as atten-
dants upon the public schools. Schools are in session, on an aver-
age, six months in the vear.

Capt. E. Huff was the first white man who settled in the count}"-,
coming in the fall of 1870, and locating on Otter Creek, in the
southwestern part of the county. He did not remain over winter,
but returned to his claim the following spring, 1871. He was
accompanied by C. M. Brooks, D. L. McCausland. W. W. Webb,
F. Stiles, M. J. Campbell and A. M. Culver, all of whom located
claims. All the vacant hinds were soon taken up, either by
homesteading or pre-empting. The county was organized in 1871,
having been previously attached to Woodbury County for revenue
and judicial purposes, the latter connection being still maintained.
The first election for county officers was held October 10th, at
the house of A. M. Culver, when the following officers were
elected: F. M. Robinson, Auditor; A. M. Culver, Treasurer: C.
M. Brooks. Clerk of Courts, D. L. McCausland, Recorder: Frank
Stiles, Sheriff; Delila Stiles, Superintendent of Schools; John
Beaumont, Drainage Commissioner, and J. II. Winsherr, George
Spaulding and H. Iv. Fenton, Board of Supervisors.

37S HISTORY OF IOWA.

The present officers are: R. S. Hall, Treasurer; W. M. Moore,
Auditor; H. N. Moore, Deputy Auditor; Alice C. Hill, Recorder;
J. S. Davissoii, Clerk of Courts; H. N. Moore, Deputy Clerk of
Courts; J. R. Elliott, County Superintendent; J. B. Lent. Sheriff;
M, J. Campbell, Surveyor; W*. H. Burkhuff, Coroner; G. S. Down-
end, Robert Stamm, H. C. Allen, Wni. Mowthorpe, W. Boor,
Board of Supervisors.

The population of the county, as given by the census of 1880,
was 2,219, but as there has been an uninterrupted tide of immi-
gration to the county since, its present population is fully 3,000.

The Sioux City & St. Paul Railroad enters the county near the
center of section 9, in township 100, range 41, about Si miles west
of the center of the north line of the county, and takes a diagonal
course across the county, leaving it near the center of the south
line of section 33, township 98, range 42, about 9|- miles west of
the center of the south line of the county. The road-bed was
graded through the county during the summer of 1871. The track
was laid early in the summer of 1872, being completed through to
LeMars in July, 1872. at which time the trains commenced run-
ning regularly.

SIBLEY.

Sibley, the most important as well as the oldest town in the
county, was laid out and platted by the Sioux City & St. Paul
Railroad Company in October, 1872, though several houses had
been built on the town-site previous to its being platted, as early
as 1871, the first belonging to F. M. Robinson, one of the pioneer
settlers. The first business house was erected in the fall of 1871,
by H. R. Rogers, who put in a stock of general merchandise.

The town was incorporated in 1876, and its first officers Avere:
D. L. Riley, Mayor; C. E. Brown, H. S. Brown, H. S. Emmelt, D.
Cramer, G. S. Murphy, Trustees. The present city government is
composed of D. L. Riley, Mayor; D. D. McCallum, Recorder; L.
Shell, Treasurer; J. B. Lent, Assessor; W. P. Rhodes, Street Com-
missioner; C. M. Richards. Marshal; L. Shell, M. J. Campbell, H.
C. Hungerford, E. Huff, N. Neill, H. S. Brown, Trustees.

The county seat was located at Sibley in 1872 by the following
Commissioners appointed from adjoining counties, to-wit: Carson
Rice, of Dickinson; C. W. Inman, ol: O'Brien; and J. S. Howell,
of Lyon. The principal streets run east and west, most of the busi-
ness houses being located thereon. Sibley's business establish-
ments, briefly classified, are as fellows:

Drug and groceries, 2; general stores, 3; millinery, 2; harness, 2;
agricultural implements, 3; blacksmith shops, 3; wagon shops, 1;
lumberyards, 3; meat markets, 2; shoe shops, 1; hotels, 3; billiard
hall, 1; printing offices, 2; banks,2; abstract and loan, l;in3urance,
6; barber shop. 1; grocery store, 1; hardware, 3; jewelry, 1; livery

HISTORY OF IOWA. 379

stable, 1; butter, wood and bide depot, 1; restaurant, 1; stationer,
1; furniture, 1; grist mill, 1; photograph galleries, 2; book store, 1;
elevators, 2; law firms, 3; physicians, 2; dentist, 1.

The population of Sibley is now estimated at from 500 to GOO,
including East Sibley.

The Sihleij Gazette^ the first, and until 1881, the only newspaper
published in the county, was established by L. A. Barker, and the
first paper was issued in July, 1872. In May, 1873, it passed into
the hands of Riley & Brown, Avho continued it for about three
months, when they disposed of it to Craig & Glover. In July,
1874, Mr. Craig retired, the firm becoming Glover & Hauxhurst,
they continuing it until the fall of 1875, when W. B- Reed pur-
chased the interest of Mr. Glover, and they published it until
March, 1876; when Hauxhurst retired, and Ira C. Edward assumed
the management of the paper. Later in the year, the paper got
back into the hands of its former proprietors, Messrs. Reed &
Glover, but the partnership continued only a few months. Reed
retiring. Glover remained as proprietor until the fall of 1877,
when he sold out to George Carew, who conducted it until Octo-
ber, 1879, and then disposed of it to D. A. W. Perkins. Six
months later, 0. M. Foster purchased a half-interest in it, and the
following April, he became sole proprietor. During the same
month, however, he disposed of it to George Carew, who has con-
tinued its publication ever since. Notwithstanding the many
changes in its proprietorship, usually so fatal to newspapers, it has
been enlarged several times, and is now a seven-column cjuarto.
The Gazette is Republican in politics, carefully edited, and a jour-
nal in every way creditable to the county. It has a circulation of
about 400 copies.

September 29th, 1881, the Sihleij Tribune made its appearance,
with Charles E. Crosby as editor and proprietor. It is an eight-
column folio, Republican in politics, ably edited, and devoted to
local interests of Osceola county. It has a circulation of 400.

CHURCHES, SCHOOLS AND SOCIETIES.

T/ie Congregational Church Society. — Organized in 1872, by
Rev. B. A. Dean. He was succeeded by Rev. D. J. Baldwin, who
continued in charge until 1881, when he in turn was succeeded by
Rev. Thomas Pell, the present pastor. The church has a mem-
bership of forty. There is also a Sabbath School with an average
attendance of forty pupils. (J. M. Bailey is Superintendent. Rev.
Mr. Pell also has charge of two societies in the country. The
church building is located on two lots donated by the railroad
company in 1874, and was erected in the fall of the same year at a
cost of §1,800. It is a frame building, of semi-gothic style, 32
feet by 40 feet in dimensions, with a seating capacit}^ of 200. It is
nicelv furnished and has a good organ. At the time of the dedica-

380 HISTORY OF IOWA.

tion, November 29th, 1874, the buildinoj was entirely free of debt.
There is also in connection with the church a comfortable parson-
age. The present officers of the society are: 0. Dunton, Clerk;
Samuel Herbert. B. Wood and J. F. Glover, Trustees.

Baptist Church Society. — This society was partially organized
in March, 1873, by Rev. W. Wood, of Cedar Falls, with a mem-
bership of twelve persons. A permanent organization was effected in
February, 1876. The first officers were: T. 0. Wilbern, A.
Churchill, A. W. Mitchell, Deacons. The first pastor was Rev. T.
H. Judson, followed by E. M. Heyburu, the present pastor, who
took charge in 1880. Membership, forty. This society has no
building of its own, but holds its services in the school house. The
Sabbath School has an average attendance of twenty-five: T. 0. Wil-
bern is the Superintendent; C. D. Wilbern, Secretary and Treasurer.
Church officers: T. 0. Wilbern, Deacon; C. D. Wilbern, Secretary,
J. F. Glover, Trustee.

Methodist Episcopal Society. — Organized in April, 1872, at the
house of A. M. Culver. The first quarterly conference of the Sib-
ley Mission was held October 5th, 1872, by Rev. Aldrich. Rev.
John Webb Avas appointed the first pastor, and was succeeded by
Rev. Ira Brashears, September 20th, 1873. The church was served
successfully, by Revs. W. W. Mallory, J. W. Rigby, J. W.
Lothian and S. P. Marsh, the present pastor, who took charge in
September, 1880. Membership, 120, including a class in the
country. The first officers of the first class were: R. Stamm,
Class Leader; L. Shell, William Thomas, E. Morrison, D. L. Riley,
L. C. Chamberlain and S. C. Vanhorn, Stewards; J. P. Hauxhurst
and B. Davis, local pastors; J. L. Robinson, M. J. Campbell, A. M.
Culver, R. Stamm, L. Shell, D. L. Riley, H. K. Rogers, Trustees.
Present officers: J. P. Hauxhurst, Class Leader; D. L. Riley, L.
Shell, W. M. Moore, E. Huff and S. A. Wright, Stewards; D. L.
Riley, R. Stamm, Levi Shell, S. A. Wright, W. M. Moore, Trus-
tees; B. Davis, Local Deacon. The society has a flourishing Sab-
bath School with an attendance of seventy pupils; number of
teachers, fifteen; S. P. Marsh, Superintendent. There is also a
commodious parsonage in connection with the church. The M. E.
church building is located on two lots just west of, and fronting
eastward towards, the Court House Square. These lots were do-
nated by the S. C. & St. P. Railroad Company, in the spring of

1873. The building is 32x50 feet. The building was commenced
in the spring of 1873, but was not completed until September,

1874, when it was dedicated. It cost $2,200, and is well furnished.
Catholic Society. — Celebrated Mass in Sibley as early as 1873, Rev.

Father B. C. Lenehan, of Sioux City, officiating. The society now
comprises some sixty families, and services are regularly held every
two weeks in the Court House. The society is now in charge of
Father Thomas Riley, of Sheldon, who contemplates the erection
of a substantial and commodious church building at an early day.

HISTORY OF IOWA. " 381

The Public School btdldiuf/ is located on two lots fronting west-
ward towards the Court House square, donated by the railroad
company. The building is 22x36 feet, and was erected in May,

1872, at a cost of ^3,500, and has a seating capacity of one hun-
dred. W. A. Armine, assisted by Miss Flora Reeves, now has
charge of the school, which has an average attendance of ninety
nupils. The present Board of Education is composed of D. L. Ri-
ley, Levi Shell and T. 0. Wilbern. The first school taught in the
county was taught by Delila Stiles, who was also the first Super-
intendent of Schools^ in ISTl. Sibley remained a sub-district of
Holman Township until 1878, when it became an independent dis-
trict. The first School Board of the new district, was composed
of C. M. Bailey, Levi Shell and A. W. Mitchell.

Broken Column Lodge No. 331, A. F. & A. M. — Instituted June
3d, 1874, with a membership of ten. The following are the char-
ter members, and also first officers: R. J. Chase, W. M.; J. M.
Jenkins, S. W.; J. Griffith, J. W.; D. G. Shell, Treasurer; G. S.
Murphy, Secretary; J. C. Miller, S. D.; C. N. Sawyer, J. D.; W.
H. Cooper, Tyler: B. F. Tabler, S. S.: S. H. Wescott, J. S. Pres-
ent ofiicers: J. B. Lent, W. M.; W. B. Humphrey, S. W.; W. H.
Chambers, Treasurer; B. F. Tabler, Secretarv; H. Littlechild, S.
D.; Cline Bull, J. D.; W. Mead, Jr., Tyler; G. A. Pitman, S. S.;
J. Q. Miller, J. S. The present membership, about forty. Meet-
ings are held once each month in the Hall of the society over Wil-
bern's store. The society is in a flourishing condition, and has
recently purchased a lot, upon which they contemplate erecting a
new Hall at an early day.

Ochei/dnn Lodge No. 251, L. 0. 0. i^.^Instituted in October,

1873. First officers: D. L. Riley, N. G.; F. M. Robinson, V. G.;
C. M. Bailey, R. S.; C. H. Call, P. S.; W. M. Cram, Treasurer.
Present officers: Cline Bull, N, G.; C. W. Jenkins, V. G.; J. S.
Davisson, R. S.: D. I). McCallum, P. S.; A. W. Mitchell, Treas-
urer. Membership, fifty. Meetings are held every Monday even-
ing in the hall over Wilbern 's store. This society is in a prosper-
ous condition, and will soon commence the erection of commodious
quarters of their own.

Pioneer Agricidtural Society. — Organized in 1872. The first
officers were: L. G. Ireland, President; C. Dunton, Vice-President;
E. Hogin, Secretary; F. M. Robinson, Treasurer; H. Jordan, J. F.
Van Emburg and E. Huff*, Directors. The society was incor-
porated and adopted constitution and by-laws in July, 1872. The
first fair was held October lOth and 11th, 1872, in Court House
Square. The present officers are: P. L. Piesley, President; J.
W. Carson, Vice-President; S. A. Wright, Secretary; W. J.
Miller, Treasurer; P. Proper, J. Cronk, G. S. Downend, J.
Streit and H. Peters, Directors. The society is free of debt, with
money in the treasury, and owns a tract of twenty-five acres one-

382 ' HISTORY OF IOWA.

half mile northwest o£ Sibley, enclosed by a substantial fence.
On the grounds ai'e a commodious floral hall, and a fine half-mile
track. Fairs are held annually, and are largely attended.

Sihleij Cornet Band. — Organized in 1873, and is a creditable or-
ganization . C . Armbright is the Leader .

The Court House is located on the most elevated portion of the
townsite, and was erected in the fall of 1872, at a cost of about
$5,000 . The building is 36 feet by 36 feet, 20 feet high, and affords
comfortable and commodious quarters for the county officials.
The block on which the building is situated was the gift of the
railroad company, who also generously set aside an additional
block, centrally located, for a public park. The railroad depot at
Sibley is 24 feet by 48 feet in dimensions, and is substantially built^
as are all the buildings along the line of the Chicago, St. Paul,
Minneapolis & Omaha Railroad. The company has acted most
generously with the town of Sibley, and has, by its liberal dona-
tions of lots for school, church and court house purposes, done
much towards the upbuilding of the town.

ASHTON.

Ashton, until recently called St. Gilman, is situated seven miles
southwest of Sibley, on the line of the C, St. P., M. & 0. Rail-
road. It is surrounded by an excellent agricultural district, and
gives promise of becoming an important shipping town . It now
has several general stores, a public school, two or three church
societies^ a good depot building and a grain warehouse.

OSCEOLA COUNTY. BIOGRAPHIES.

SIBLEY.

Chas. A. Armbright, barber, was born in Germany; came to
America in 1856; located in N. Y., and the same year enlisted in
the 5th U. S. cavalry of the regular army. He was on duty in
Texas, until the war of the rebellion, when he was ordered to Pa.
for active service. He re-enlisted in 1863 as a veteran, aud served
until the close of the war. He came to Sibley in 1872, and en-
gaged in his present business.

C. E. Brown and W. H. Chambers, of the firm of Brown & Cham-
bers, dealers in general merchandise, are natives of Wis. They
came to Sibley, in 1874, and engaged in their present business with
a small capital; are now one of the leading firms in the county, and
carry a complete stock of about $15,000.

HISTORY OF IOWA. 383

J. Brooks, came from Ind. to Butler county, la., in 1852. He
enlisted in 1862 in Co. H, la. Vol.; was in the service three
years, fourteen months of which time he was a prisoner of war at
Tyler, Texas. He was wounded at Fort Pillow, Tenn. At the
close of the war he returned to la. In 1872 he located in Osceola
county, and in Sibley two years later, and engaged in the nursery
business. He has now retired from business.

J. S. Davisson, clerk of the courts, was born in Vt. in 1845. He
came to Iowa and enlisted in Co. I, 9th la. Cav. in 1863; served
\intil 1866; then returned to Iowa and settled in Washington
county; removed to Osceola county in 1872, and to Hibley in 1880,
and entered into business as a contractor and builder.

John H. Douglass, sheriff of Osceola county, was born in Scot-
land; came to America with his parents, and settled in 111.; re-
moved to Allamakee county, la., in 1856. He enlisted in 1862 in
the U. S. regular army as drummer, and afterwards in the 1st la.
Cav.; and served until the close of the war; then returned to la.
He was engaged in various kinds of business, until 1872, when he
was elected to his present office; is also engaged with the Iowa
land company as superintendent of outside business, renting and
looking after the interests of the firm in Osceola county. Mr. D,
has the reputation of being one of the best criminal officers in the
state.

J. F. Glover, attorney at law and land agent, was born in Union
county. Pa., in 1845; moved with parents to Stephenson county,
111., in 1846. In 1868 he enlisted in the 38th Wis. Vol. Lift.;
was promoted to orderly sergeant^ and commissioned second lieu-
tenant. He graduated in the classical course, at the University of
Wis., in 1871, and soon after located in Osceola county. In 1872
he was elected clerk of the courts, and in 1875 was elected to the
state legislature, for the counties of Clay, Dickinson, Osceola and
O'Brien. He was admitted to the bar in 1878. During his resi-
dence in Sbiley he was for several years engaged in editing the Sib-
ley Gazette.

F. F. & H. S. Grant, of the firm of Grant Bros., dealers in gen-
eral hardware, are natives of Wis.; came to Sibley, la., in Feb.,
1881, and engaged in their present business. H. S. is business
manager of the store at Sibley, and F. F. is the northwestern
traveling agent for Grey, Burt & Kingman, of Chicago, 111.

J. C. Hanon, proprietor of the Sibley House, is a native of Vt.;
removed at an early age to Cincinnati, 0. He followed railroading
for a time; removed to la. in 1871, and in 1873 came to Sibley. He
engaged in the hotel business in 1867, and has a first-class house
and accommodations.

C. I. Hill, (deceased), late banker of Sibley, was bom in O. in
1843; removed to Sioux City, la., in 1870; thence to Sibley in
1872, and engaged in the real estate and law business. He en-

3S4 HISTORY OF. IOWA.

gaged in the banking business in 1876 which he continued two
years. He retired from business on account of ill-health, and died
in March, 1881, leaving a wife and one child — Eva. Mrs. Hill is
a daughter of D. M. Sturges, of Vermillion, Dak.

Capt. E. Huff, land agent, came to Fremont county, la., from
Ind. in 1856. He enlisted in 1861, in Co. A, 4th la. Cav., and
served until the close of the war. He was taken prisoner in Dec,
1864, and confined in Andersonville prison for three months. Af-
ter the war he returned to la., and in 1870 settled in O'Brien
county; was the first settler of the county. He moved to Sibley
in 1876, and was elected county recorder; served until 1880; then
engaged in his present business.

H. C. Hungerford, county treasurer and lumber dealer, was born
in N. Y. in 1846; came to Sibley, in 1874, and engaged in the lum-
ber business. He was elected to his present office in 1876, and re-
elected in 1878.

C. W. Jenkins, proprietor of the restaurant and news depot;
came to Sibley in the spring of 1871, and engaged in his present
business in the spring of 1876.

H. Jordan, attorney at law, was born in 0. in 1843; came to
Benton county, la. , in 1855. He enlisted in 1862, in Co. H, 18th
la. Inft., and served until the close of the war; then returned to
Vinton, Benton county, la., and began the study of law. He
began practicing law in 1868, and moved to Sibley in 1872; is the
pioneer lawyer of Osceola county.

W. R. Lawrence, M. D., was born in Essex county, N- Y.;
removed to Wis. in 1851. He enlisted in Co. C, 1st Wis. Vol.,
and served three years; was wounded at Perry ville, Ky. After
the war he went to Freeborn county, Minn . , and engaged in
teaching school. He graduated from the Normal School at
Winona in 1860; came to Sibley in 1872, and engaged in the drug
business. He graduated from the Northwestern Medical College,
at Chicago, in 1878. He was elected county superintendent of
schools in Osceola county in 1879, which office he still holds.

D. D. McCallum, attorney at law, was born in Canada in 1847;
came to Clayton county, la., in 1859. He enlisted Feb. 1st, 1864,
in Co. I, 27th la. Vol. ; was afterwards transferred to the Twelfth
la., and was on duty in Ala. during the reconstruction of that
state under President Johnson's administration. He came to
Sibley in the spring of 1872; was admitted to the bar in 1879,
and engaged in the practice of the law.

A. W. Mitchell, of the firm of Mitchell & Walton, furniture
dealers, was born in N. Y.; removed to Hudson, Wis., in 1855.
He enlisted in 1861 in Co. G, 4th Wis. Inft. ; served two years,
and was discharged on account of ill health. He moved to Iowa

HISTORY OF IOWA. 385

Falls, la., iu 1S65, and engaged in the furniture business; thence
to Steamboat Rock, and in 1872 to Sibley; in 1873 he engaged in
his present business.

W. M. Moore, county auditor, was born in Pa. in 18-11; en-
listed in 1861 in Co. E, Pa. Bucktail regiment; was taken prisoner
in June, 1862, and held until Aug. of that year. He was wounded
several times, and lost his right arm at Weldon R. R. terminus,
in Aug., 1864, from a gun shot. He served through the war, and
then returned to Pa. He came to Sibley in 1872, and was elected
to his present office in 1873, which he has held ever since.

W. H. Morrison, jeweler, was born in Pa. in 1833; came tola,
in 1855, settled in Allamakee county, and engaged in the jewelry
business. He enlisted in 1862 in Co. E, 27th la. Vol., and served
until the close of the war. He came to Osceola county in 1871,
and settled four miles north of Sibley; moved into the city in
1881, and engaged in the jewelry business.

Hiram Xeill, M . D . , is a native of Canada; came with parents to
Minn . in 1855, and settled in Hennepin county . He enlisted in
1863 in Co. A. 1th Minn. Vol. Inft.; served until 1865, and then
returned to Minn., and began the study of medicine with Dr.
Maddox, of St. Paul. He graduated from the Michigan Univer-
sity in 1871, and from the Belle vue Hospital of N . Y . City in 1879 .
He practiced medicine for a time in Minneapolis, Minn . , and came
to Sibley in 1875, where he has a very extensive practice .

W. L. Parker, druggist, is a native of Wis.; removed to Minn.
in 1868; located at St. James in 1869, and engaged in the drug
business. He removed to Sibley in 1873, and carries a very fine
stock of drugs, paints, oils, fancy groceries, etc.

H. W. Phillips, farmer, is a native of N. Y.; came to Delaware
county, la., in 1858, settled in Osceola county in 1872, and on
his present farm on section 32, range 41, in 1879. He was the
first man to try to raise sheep in the county, and is largely engaged
in the tree and fruit culture.

Capt. D. L. Riley, mayor of Sibley, was born in St. Lawrence
county, N. Y., in 1837; removed to Wis. in 1854. He enlisted in
1861 in Co. C, 2nd Wis. Cav., under Col. C. C. Washburne. He
enlisted as a private, and came out captain of the company
at the close of the war. He returned to Wis. and remained
there until 1871, when he came to Osceola county and settled
near where Sibley is now located. Mr. R. has held several town
offices, and has been engaged in the lumber, coal and grain busi-
ness since his residence in this place, which business he intends to
resume at Spirit Lake in the spring of 1882.

H. K. Rogers, the pioneer merchant of Sibley, was born in 0.
in 1847; removed in 1870 to Salt Lake City, Utah, and engaged in
the mercantile business, and in the autumn of 1871 came to Sible}'',

386 HISTOKY OF IOWA.

la., and built the first building in the town for a store and dwel-
ling, on lots eight and nine. Ninth street. He was afterwards
burned out there, and moved to his present place of business on
Third avenue and Eighth streets. Mr. R. carries a large and com-
plete stock of merchandise.

L. Shelj, lumber dealer, was born in Wis. in 1838; removed to
Worthington, Minn., in 1872; thence to Sibley in the spring of
1873, and engaged in his present business, dealing in all kinds of
builders' supplies and grain. He enlisted in Aug., 1862, in Co. K.
23rd Wis. Vol., and on account of wounds received at the battle of
Vicksburg, May 22nd, 1803, was discharged in Dec, of the same
year.

H. Walters, proprietor of the Pioneer House, was born in N.
Y. in 1826; came to Iowa in 1856, and settled in Chickasaw county;
removed to Osceola county in 1871, and entered a homestead on
section 10, township 79, range 41. He engaged in the hotel
business in 1871. it being the first hotel in Sibley. He enlisted in
1863 in the 4th la. Cav., and served until the close of the war; was
wounded at Memphis, Tenn., by being thrown from his horse
while on duty.

C. D. & T. 0. Wilbern. dealers in general merchandise, came to
Cherokee county, la., in 1868 and engaged in farming; removed
to Sibley in 1873 and engaged in their present business. They
were burned out in November of the same year, started again, and
have continued ever since. T. 0. enlisted in 1864 in Co. C., 153rd
111. Vol., and was discharged in 1865.

S. A. Wright, deputy treasurer, was born in N. Y. in 1842. He
enlisted in 1862 in Co. C, 112th N. Y. Inft. In 1868 he came to
Iowa and engaged in the mercantile business; came to Sibley in
1872, and followed various business pursuits, until 1874, when he
was elected county treasurer, which office he held until 1876,
when he was succeeded by Mr. Hungerford.

HISTOKY OF IOWA. 387

PLYMOUTH COUNTY.

The thriving and fertile county of Plymouth is on the western
boundary of the State, in the third tier from the north line. Its
average length east and west is about thirty-five miles, and its
width north and south twenty-four miles. It contains an area of
about 840 square miles, or 5)57,000 acres. The principal streams are
Floyd River, West Fork of Little Sioux River, West Branch of
Floyd River, and Broken Kettle, Perry and Willow Creeks. Floyd
River, the largest stream, crosses the county diagonally from north-
east to southwest. It has many important tributaries, affording
fine stock water and drainage to a large portion of the county. It
also affords some water-power for mills. The West Fork of Little
Sioux River crosses the southeast corner, draining and watering
two or three townships. The entire county has a thorough system
of natural drainage through small streams which course their way
through all parts of it. The streams are clear, and never fail to
furnish a supply of living water, as most of them are supplied by
springs. There are no swamps or marshes.

The general character of the surface is rolling prairie, with some
broken land in the western part of the county. The soil is the
productive bluff deposit peculiar to the western part of the state.
The valleys along the streams are not excelled in fertility of soil,
and are adapted to all kinds of grain and vegetable crops. The
uplands are not so well adapted to corn as the valleys, but produce
fine crops of wheat and oats. The valleys of Big Sioux and Floyd
Rivers present splendid belts of rich farming lands. The county
is well adapted to grazing purposes, as there is a never-failing sup-
ply of pure, living water for stock, with an abundance of excellent
pasturage.

The supply of native timber is quite limited, the principal groves
being along the Big Sioux River, and a few small groves on Floyd
and the West Fork of Little Sioux. Some of the early settlers
have fine groves of planted trees, which will soon attain suflicient
growth to furnish fuel for their owners. Some stone has been
quarried in this county, but it is of little use as a building material.
Some of it is burned into a fair article of lime. Material for brick
is obtained in sufficient quantity.

The first settlements by whites in the county were made in the
Summer of 1856, and were in the valleys of Big Sioux and Floyd
Rivers. The following persons that year located in the valley of
Big Sioux River: .1. B. Pinckney, liavid Mills, Isaac T. Martin,
Bratton Vidito, J. McGill, -lohii Hipkins, James Dormichy and a

388 HISTORY OF IOWA.

Mr. Guilliaras. The settlement on Big Sioux River was com-
menced by Martin, Vidito, McGill and Hipkins, the last named
having a family. They erected two houses, one for Hipkins and
his family, and the other for the young men. In July they laid
out a town, calling it Westfield. This was the first town laid out
in the county, and its proprietors regarded it as the future metrop-
olis of the Big Sioux Valley.

In 1806, A. C. Sheets, James B. Cuiry, E. S. Hungerford, Cory-
don Hall and' Joel Phillips located in the valley of the Floyd River.
The county was orgaiiized October 12th, 1858, by William Van-
O'Linda as organizing sheriff. The election was held at the house
of John Hipkins, on the Big Sioux River, and at the house of A.
C Sheets, on Floyd River. The following persons were elected
county officers: William Van O'Linda, County Judge; Isaac T.
Martin, Treasurer and Recorder; A. C. Sheets, Clerk of the Dis-
trict Court; David Mills, Sheriff; and A. E. Rea, County Superin-
tendent of Schools. The same Fall a township election was held
at Westfield, on the Big Sioux, when Isaac T. Martin was elected
Township Clerk. There were sixteen votes cast at this election.
The county judge held his office on Floyd River, in the middle of
the eastern part of the county, while the treasurer and sheriff held
theirs in the Big Sioux Valley.

The first place recognized as the county seat was called Mel-
bourne, and was more a scattered settlement than a village, in the
Floyd Valley. Here the business of the county court was trans-
acted, and here the first district court was held by Judge A. W.
Hubbard. Here also the first religious meetings were held by the
German Methodists, and the first school taught by William Van
O'Linda. Westfield, the rival of Melbourne for the honors of the
county seat, was abandoned in the Spring of 1860, on account of
large selections or entries of land made in that vicinity by half-
breed Indians, which greatly retarded the settlement. The entries
of laud were made with half-breed script.

LE MARS.

Throughout all of Western Iowa the name of "Le Mars'' is in-
dissolubly connected with the idea of thrift, prosperity and en-
terprise. It is a growing little city, a prosperous one, and a pleas-
ant one in which to live, as witness the unanimous opinion of all
who have had occasion for knowledge in the premises. By a vote
of 476 to 111, at a general election of 1872, Le Mars was made the
county seat of Plymouth County. Its location is at the junction
of the Illinois Central and the Sioux City & St. Paul Railroads,
twenty-five miles northeast of Sioux City. The land upon which
the city is located, originally belonged to Jerry Ladd, B. F. Bets-
worth and Mr. Marion. The location of the town-site was accom-
plished in the summer of 18(39. The facts in connection with the

HISTORY OF IOWA. 389

selection of a name for the future city, are thus narrated: "^'Soon
after its location the place was visited by John I. Blair and other
railroad officers, accompanied by a party of ladies. Upon the lat-
ter Mr. Blair conferred the privilege of selecting a name for the
prospective city. The initial letters of the Christian names of the
ladies were combined so as to form the name Le Mars, and it was
agreed that this should be the name of the new town."

The first business firm established in Le Mars was that of Blod-
gett & P"'oster, who were very closely followed by J. W. Young,
John Gordon, Orson Bennett and C. H. Bennett. The first news-
paper in the county, the Le Mars Sentinel., was started by J. C.
Buchanan February 3d, 1871. Le Mai's is surrounded by an ex-
tensive farming region, and is a shipping point of unusual impor-
tance.

The City Council of Le Mars for 1881, was composed of the fol-
lowing gentlemen: George E. Pew, Frank Miller, Arthur Brown,
P. F. Dalton, John Perkee, A. Aldrich. C. P. Woodward was the
Mayor; G. W. Argo, City Solicitor.

All branches of business are largely represented, and in no lo-
cality in Western Iowa will there be found greater inducements in
the way of pecuniary, domestic or educational attractions than in
the growing little city of Le Mars. An unusually creditable
showing of LeMars' business and professional interests appears
in the addenda of a biographical nature which are hereunto ap-
pended.

Among the important industries of Le Mars, may be mentioned
the pork packing establishment of Roberts, Frost & Heaphy. The
building, which is located in the northeastern part of the city, was
erected in the latter part of 1881. It is a frame building, 20x60
feet in dimensions, and has a capacity of disposing of three hun-
dred hogs per day. This building was erected at a cost of nearly
$4,000. It is fitted up with the most approved apparatus, and is
doing a thrivin;^ business.

Le Mars is also supplied with two large flouring mills. The mill
owned by Burns, Treat & Co., was erected in the spring of 1876,
is 36x80 feet in dimensions, three and a half stories high, with a
basement. It was fitted up with good machinery, had a run of
eight buhrs, and a capacity of one hundred barrels of flour per day.
This building was remodeled in 1881, and refitted with the most
modern improvements, having all the latest patterns of purifiers
and smut-machines. It now has a run of six buhrs and ten rollers,
with a capacity of two hundred barrels of flour per day. This mill
ranks with the great Minneapolis flouring mills in regard to qual-
ity of patent and fancy flour, graham flour, and all kinds of feed,
and their flour may be found in Kew York, Boston and Chicago.

The City JVIills, opei'ated by Gehlen Bros., were erected in 1870,
by Peter Gehlen, at a cost of §50,000. This mill is a fine frame
building, 50x100 feet, with four run of buhrs, and has a capacity

390 HISTORY OF IOWA.

of fifty barrels per day. It has all the modern improvements, and
is turning out a first-class quality of flour. One hundred and fifty
thousand bushels of wheat are handled by this mill each year.

CHURCHES, SCHOOLS AND SOCIETIES.

Congregational Societtj. — This Society was organized in 1870,
under the supervision of M. II. Amsden and John Blodgett. The
first minister was Rev. R. M. Sawyer, who was succeeded by Rev.
D. D. Frost, and he by Rev. A. E. Arnold, the present pastor.
The Society built a church in 1873, which is 24 by (iO feet in di-
mensions and cost ^2,500. The Deacons at the present writing
are, J. H. Springer, A. W. Gilbert and John Blodgett.

First German Evangelical Church. — Organized in 1878 by Rev.
J. Heinsuieller, who officiated as the first pastor. Following him,
was Rev, V. Griese. The following named persons participated in
the organization: George Brendtstaedter, A. Kehrberg, Mr. Schaef-
fer, Mr. Mueller. This society held services in the Court House
previous to the building of the church, which was erected in 1881.
It is a frame building, 20 by 40 feet, will seat from 300 to 400
people, and cost $1,800. The church was dedicated December 25th,
1873. The members of this society now number about twenty-
five. It has in connection a Sabbath School numbering thirty pu-
pils, with J. G. Koenig as Superintendent. The present Trustees
are, L. S. Staebler, G. M. Smith, Jacob Merrynian, Albert Kehr-
berg, J. G. Koenig. Rev. F. Loehle is the present pastor.

German Methodist Episcopal Society. — Organized in October,
1873, by Rev. E. W. Henke, who was the first pastor. The suc-
ceeding pastors were: Revs. John Hank, S. Koener, C. Stellner,
A. Biebichaiser, T. H. Wellimeyer, the latter being the present
pastor. They have a large Sunday School in connection with the
church, Prof. Wernli acting as Superintendent. The church
building was formerly used as a public school building, was pur-
chased by this society in 1875, and fitted for church purposes, the
basement being used as a parsonage. In 1880 the building was
enlarged, and is now 24 by 52 feet in dimensions. The total cost
of this building was $2,450. The present Trustees are: Prof. J.
Wernli, A. Trader, D. W. Held, H. Kluckhohn, F. Remer. The
church membership is about 110 persons, and there is a large
attendance upon the Sabbath School.

Parish of , Grace Episcopal Societg. — The first steps towards
forming this Parish, were taken in the year 1872. A Mission was
then constituted by Bishop Lee, then Bishop of Iowa. In 1873
Rev. R. Trewartha accepted a call to the Mission. In the following
year the Mission was incorporated into the Diocese as a Parish.
Some success was at first met with, and a small building was pur-
chased and used a? a church. After a time, however, Mr. Tre-
wartha left, and the Parish fell out of the Diocesan records. In
1881, Rev. H. P. Marriett-Dodington, M. A., of Trinity Col-

HISTORY OF IOWA. 391

lege, Cambridge, England, came to Le Mars and set himself dili-
gently to work to revive the thurch. By this time the town had
largely increased. A large influx of Episcopalians had an-ived
from England. Services were fii'st held at the house of Messrs.
Close, Benson & Co., and were afterwards transferred to the Van
Sickel Plall. A. sufficient sum was raised to warrant the com-
mencement of the building of a large church on the south side of
town, at the cost of about -^4,000. About June, 1881, Mr. Dod-
ington returned to England, having first reconstituted the Parish.
He was succeeded by the Rev. H. N. Cunningham, M. A., of
Brasenose College, Buford, England. Under his direction the
funds required for the church were raised, and the church was
begun and finished. The society hope shortly to build a good
parsonage close to the church, on one of the handsomest sites in
the town. The Rector, Rev. H. N. Cunningham, who took clas-
sical honors at Buford, is founding a school, principally for
boarders; terms, $30 to $50 per month. It is hoped that a per-
manent endowment may be raised in course of time, and that an
assistant clergyman may be provided. When the Aveather is
favorable, monthly services are held in Quorn and Portlandville,
and an opening is sought in other towns in the neighborhood.

German Lutheran Society. — Organized in July, 1881, Rev, F.
Bunger being the first and present pastor. The church building was
erected in the same year, is 2-1x40 feet in dimensions, and cost
$800. The membership is from thirty to forty persons. H. Dethlow
and John Deuschle are the Trustees.

Methodist Episcopal Society. — Organized in 1870, by Rev. J. T.
Walker. The church edifice was erected in 1872, by R. W. Thum-
burcy.

St. JosepJi's Catholic Parish. — Organized in 1872, by Messrs.
Peter Gehien, C. D. Hoffman and B. F. Manahan. The pulpit of
this church was at first su])plied by clergymen from Sioux City.
Father Meis was the first stationed pastor, and was appointed in
1875. He is still in charge of the Parish. The membership in-
cludes about 300 families, about one-fourth of Avhom are English.
The chui'ch edifice was erected in 1872. The main building was '
40x35 feet in dimensions. In 1876, the l)uilding was remodeled
and enlarged to 90x35 feet, with a wing 40x30 feet. The building
is three stories in hight. The wing is used as a residence for the
Sisters of Charity, of whom there are six, and for school purposes.
A Parochial school was organized in connection with this Parish
in 1878, with about fifty pupils, under the tutorship of Rev. Father
Meis. In May, 1879, the Sisters of Charity took charge of this
school, and it now has an attendance of 150 pupils. A rectory
was built in 1879, which is 20x34 feet in dimensions. These build-
ings were erected at a total expense of $7,000. There are nineteen
acres of land belonging to this Parish, eleven acres on which the
buildings are located, and which are within the corporate limits

392 HISTORY OF IOWA,

of Le Mars; and eioht acres, set apart for a cemetery, lying east of
the former, and adjacent to the city limits. These grounds are en-
closed by good fences, are beautifully located, and set out in ever-
greens, with other trees and shrubbery. They are tastefully laid
out and pleasantly situated. Tlie cemetery grounds were procured
from Peter Gehlen for a consideration of $75; the church grounds,
from the Cedar Rapids Railroad Company for a consideration of
$90. Rev. Father Meis, the present Rector, also has charge of
Prairie Creek, Hosper's and East Orange societies.

The Puhlic Schools. — Le Mars has a fine three-story brick school
building. Ten rooms are occupied by as many teachers, and there
is an average regular attendance of 350 pupils. The school enum-
eration shows 771 pupils in the district. The High School pre-
pares its pupils for the Freshman year in the best colleges of the
East, apd requires as many years for completion as the course of
the State Normal School at Cedar Falls. Three years of German
and an equal amount of Latin are thoroughly taught. The classes
in mathematics are taken as far as Trigonometr3^ The usual
quota of sciences, and a more than common literary discipline are
among the advantages of the course here. Mr. A. N. Pillows,
the Principal, is a graduate of the State University at Iowa City,
and was previously connected with the schools of Morning Sun and
Knoxville, in this State.

The first school of the independent district was organized in
1874. the first school house having been built in 1870. The pres-
ent High School building was erected in 1876, is 58x62 feet in
dimensions, with three stories and a basement. The first corps of
teachers was: W. H. Stone, Principal; Ella H. Earl, Mary
Gallagher, Etta M. Stebbens. The first Board of Education con-
sisted of: A. W. Bennett, A. H. Lawrence, L. Greer, E. H. Bets-
worth, T. H. Tracy, M. B. Fritz; John Herron, Treasurer; F. W.
Guernsev, Secretary. The present Board of Education is as fol-
lows: P. F. Dalton, President; C. P. Woodard, W. H. Dent, J.
Long, C. D. Hoffman, George Pew.

The following are the names of the present teachers: A.N.
Fellows, Principal; Mary Lynn. Hannah Gallagher, Carrie Byrne,
Bertha Alline, Emma Wernli, Jennie Buchanan, Susie Sawyer,
Mrs. F. W. Guernsey, Nellie Sweetland.

Plymouth Lodge No. 332, I. 0. G. T. — Lastituted in June,
1880. Charter members: William Wernli, William Wynet, Mrs.
William Wynet, Mr. and Mrs. L. M. Garner, T. H. Dodson, J. G.
Koenig, J. H. March, H. Thompson, George Smith, John Jones,
Fannie Van Sickel, William Boyd, Mr. and Mrs. Samuel S. Wil-
liams, Thomas Griffin, Annie Wallace, Mrs. William Wernli,
George Claypool. First officers: William AVernli, W. C. T.;
Annie Wallace, W. V. T.; Thomas Griffin, C; J. C. Jones, R.
S.; Mrs. William Wynet, F. S.; J. G. Koenig, Treasurer; L. M.
Garner, W. M.; C. C. Leidy, L G.; T. H. Dodson, 0. G. Present

HISTORY OF IOWA 393

officers: T. H. Dodson, W. C. T.; Mary ('arraiiie, W. V. T.; J.
H. March, R. S.; Liza Morris, F. S.: Ernest (jauss, Treasurer; W,
H. Briggs, C; C. Thompson, M.; Mary Norris, I. Gr.; William
Nipper, 0. G. This Lodge now has fifty-six members in good
standing. Meetings are held Friday evening of each week in Odd
Fellows' Hall. New members are oeing continuously added.

Le Mars Lodge No. 255, I. 0. 0. i'.— Instituted March 26th,
1873, by G. M. C. G. Kretchmer. Charter members: A. Black,
S. S. Ambrose, J. C. Morris, J. W. Earl W. W. Spalding. J. F.
Fairfax, Charles Blind, R. M. Click, H. C. Curtis, R. M. Thorn-
burg, J. C. Buchanan, S. V. Burg. First officers: J. W. Earl. N. G.;
R. W. Click, V. G.;H. C.Curtis, R.S.;W.W. Spalding, P. S.;
T. M. Porter, Treasurer. Present officers: J. S. Dunscduib, N.
G.; H. B. Perry, V. G.; E. J. Pauley, Treasurer; J. F. Fairfax, R.
S.; George Stanley, C. This Lodge now has a membership of
seventy-six, and meets every Wednesday evening in its room over
the Plymouth County Bank.

Juno Lodge No. 390, /. 0. 0. i^.— This is a, German Lodge, the
work being done in that language. It was instituted February
20th, 1879, by D. D. G. M. T. J. Kinkaid, of Sioux City. Charter
members: Gustave Haerling, John P. Nith, M. Krudwig. Charles
Striegel, Charles Zink, J. C. Buchanan, John Kleeman, Augnst
Forner, George Hodara. Charles Reichert, A. B. Stein^r. P^irst
officers: A. B. Steiner, N. G.; Matthew Krudwig, V. G.: J. P.
Nith, Secretary; Gus Haerling, Treasurer. Present officers: C.
G. Nobis, N. G.; Aug. Ihle, V. G.; Gustave Haerling, Secre-
tary; J. D. Szetnick, Treasurer. Meetings are held every
Thursday evening at Odd Fellows' Hall. The Lodge is n guhnly
incorporated under the laws of the State of Iowa, and h;is ;ii the
present writing, twenty-six active menihers.

Giblem Lodge No. 322, A. F. ((A. J/.— Instituted Dicouher
26th, 1872. Charter members: William Rymers. D. \\ . Chik,
S. Reeves. E.W. Burdick,W. S. Welliver. J. H. Moi E. H.
Shaw, W. H. Wood, T. K. Bowman. David Gibbs, G. W. A\ . Hon,
I. Struble, H. W. VanSickel, C R. Smith, James C n N.
Redmon. First officers: David Gibbs. W. M. ; D. W. * =.k.
S . W . ; William Rymers, J . W . ; W . S . Welliver, Seer. ll .

H. Shaw, Treasurer. Present officers: W. S- W^elliver, ' . ]\1 . ;
C Adamson, S . W . ; N . L . Greer, J . W . ; N . Redmon, Ir ■ • ' v ;
George Powers, Treasurer . The Lodge hasamembershi] nt

sixty, and is in a flourishing condition. Meetings are n

Tuesday evening in each month on or before the full i i.

Masonic Hall, in Flint's Block, Main street-

rUjmonth Lodge, loiai Legion of Honor. — Instituted i
ber, 1880. Charter members: A. \V. Durley, J. M. E
H. Euseninger, F. W. Mvers, J. F. N. Snydensticker, W.
J. C. Hebenstreit, D. W\ Townstnd, C. P. Woodard
Lawrence, C. B. Smith. J. A. Jone.--. J. G. K'oenig, W.

394 HISTORY OF IOWA.

Henry March, N. Richards, I. S. Struble, H. C. Curtis, G. W.
Powers, A. C. Stebbens, A. W. Monlton, F. J. Jenness. First
officers: A. W. Durley, President; H. C. Curtis, Vice-President;
D. W. Townsend, F. S.; W. H. Perry, R. S. Present officers:
D." W. Townsend, President; H. C. Curtis, Vice-President; J. M.
Emery, F. S.; W. H. Perry, R. S. The Trustees are, W. H. Dent,
Henry March and C. B. Smith. This Lodge has a membership of
twenty-four, and meets twice in each month over Steiner's book-
store. The whole number of members of this order in the State
is put down at 4,800. It is an incorporated life insurance society,
each member being insured to the amount of r^2,000. The average
assessment is only forty cents to each member in case of death of
any one of the members of the order.

Plymouth County Agricultural Association. — Organized in 1872
by William Barrett, Andrew Black, A. E. Ilea, B. F. Betsworth,
M. Hilbert, and others. The first officers were: A. E. Rea, Presi-
dent, and M. Hilbert, Secretary. The present officers are: C. P.
Woodard, President; Hon. R. Moreton, Vice-President; G. C.
Maclagan, Treasurer; M. Hilbert, Secretary. This society holds
two annual meetings, viz: the June racing meeting and the annual
agricultural fair in September of each year. The society has forty
acres of land_ adjoining the town plat, and within the corporate
limits of Le Mars. These grounds are enclosed partly with a fence,
and partly with a thick hedge. A fine amphitheater has 1 een built
within the past year. There are also an excellent half-mile track
and a floral hall 40x60 feet in dimensions. Over $1,000 are annu-
ally paid in premiums by the Association, and in 1881 the citizens
of Le Mars paid $1,000 additional. Much interest is taken in
these annual exhibitions.

LeMars High School Lyceum. — Organized in October, 1881, with
Prof. A. N. Fellows as President; Lizzie Sawyer, Vice-President;
C. A. Spring. Jr., Secretary; Clara Rounds, Treasurer; Carrie Gil-
bert, Organist. The officers at the present writing are: J. H.
March, President; Carrie Gilbert, Vice-President; Allen Campbell,
Secretary; Prof. A. N. Fellows, Treasurer. The membership is
about thirty, and meetings are held every Monday evening in the
LeMars High School building, the order of exercises consisting of
vocal and ins
debates, etc.

LeMars Public Library Association. — Organized in 1876, by
Mrs. Wilkins and Miss Burroughs. Its first officers were: Mrs.
P. F. Dalton, President; Mrs. Wilkins, Secretary. Mrs. Wilkins
removing from LeMars, Mrs. C. P. Woodard was appointed Secre-
tary in her place. The present officers are: Mrs. Dalton, Presi-
dent; Mrs. C. P. Woodard, Secretary; A. Aldrich, Librarian.
This Association had in its library, up to December 1st, 1881, 440
volumes. There was at that time in the treasury $150. The first
Librarian was David Gibbs, Jr., avIio was succeeded by W^. F. Al-

HISTORY OF IOWA. 395

lenson, and in order, T. H, Dodson and A, B, Steiner, who was
followed by Mr. Aldrich, in whose store the library is at present
kept. These gratifying results are due to the labors of the ladies
of LeMars.

LeMars Fire Couipany^ Bescue No. 1. — This Company was or-
ganized in August, 1881, with A. Rich man as President; D. D.
Hoffman, Treasurer; T. D. Hoffman, Foreman, and D. Padmore,
Secretary. The Company now has a membership of fifty-two, and
has at present one small engine. A 400-pound bell has been do-
nated to the Company by R. W. Harrison.

PLYMOUTH COUNTY BIOGRAPHIES.

LE MARS.

Frank Amos, attorney at law, was born in W. Va. in 1840;
moved to la. in 1853, and settled in Jackson county; thence in
1869 to Le Mars. He was mustered into the service in 1862, in
the 31st la., acting as first lieutenant; was wounded at Atlanta,
Ga., in 1864, and discharged in 1865; was admitted to the bar the
same year. He was married to Martha Brown, of 0., and has two
children— B. F. and Talitha C.

J. E. Areudt, dealer in millinery, fancy dry goods and ladies'
furnishing goods, was born in Dubuque, la., in 1858. He was en-
gaged in clerking from 1869 to 1878, when he established his pres-
ent business at Le Mars.

Rev. A. E. Arnold was born in Adams, Mass., in 1838: remoA^ed
to HI. in 1856. He graduated from the Chicago Theological Semi-
nary in 1867, and was engaged in the ministry in 111. until Feb.
1st, 1876, when he came to Le Mars and took charge of the Con-
gregational Church, of that city. In 1869 he married Emma F.
Bourne, of Mass.

Fred Barrow, proprietor of the House of Lords, in connection
with the international club room, was born in England in 1840;
came to America in 1864, and settled in Dyersville, la.; then moved
to Dakota in 1874; located at LeMars in 1880, He was married
in 1867 to Sarah Ham, of Eng., and has four children — William,
Alice, John and Jessie.

Hon. William Barrett came to Plymouth county, la., from
Wis. in 1857, locating in Hungerford township. He was elected
county judge and served in 1861 and 1862. At the expiration of
two terms, was elected chairman of the first board of supervisors

396 HISTORY OF IOWA.

for the county, and served until 1878, when he was chosen repre-
sentative for the 70th district, and is again chairman of the board
of supervisors. He has a fine large farm in Lincoln township,
where he lives in the enjoyment of the luxuries of a farmers' life.
He has the reputation of being not only a successful farmer, but
also of being well versed in county politics, and it is a saying that
when " Uncle Billy " figures in the election of a certain candidate,
"He'll be elected."

Hon. G. P. Bennett, M. D., was born in Duchess county, N. Y.,
in 1834; moved to la. in 1861. Enlisted in 1862 in the 27th la.
Vol., Co. K, as sergeant; was discharged in 1865. He moved to
Dak. in 1866, was elected to the legislature in 1868, and served
two years. He was appointed collector of internal revenue in
1869, and chief deputy collector in 1874, and served four years.
He began the practice of medicine in 1877, and graduated from
the Hahnemann Medical College, of Chicago, in 1881. He mar-
ried Alma A. Wolcott, of Steuben county, N. Y., who is also a
graduate from Hahnemann Medical College, of Chicago, in the
class of '81, and is practicing medicine in connection with her hus-
band, at LeMars. They have seven children — Frank L., Mary C,
Alma L., Marian W., Addie D. E., Gilbert C, and Ernest B.

Blodgett & Hilbert,real estate and insurance agents; loans nego-
tiated, collections made, lands sold, taxes paid and a general real
estate business done; have abstracts of all lands and town lots in
Plymouth county, made by Mr. Hilbert during an official term of
six years as county recorder. They established their present busi-
ness in 1876.

T. L. Bowman, of the firm of Guthrie & Bowman, dealers in
real estate, established business at Carroll City, Carroll county, la.,
in 1871, and in LeMars, in 1877. They are also agents for the la.
Railroad land company.

W. H. Briggs, of the firm of Gilbert & Briggs, dealers in har-
ness, saddles, whips, etc. (successors to J. N. Lambert) was born in
Canada in 1851; moved to Iowa in 1871, and engaged in his pres-
ent business. This firm was established in 1881. He was married
in 1874 to Miss Goldie, and has four children^ — Blanche, Harry,
Beulah, and .

Paul L. Brick, M. D., was born in Prussia in 1846; came to
America in 1864, and settled in Auburn, N. Y.; moved to Pa.;
thence to Wis. and III; to Burlington, la., in 1871, and to LeMars
in 1879. He graduated from the Louisenstadt Medical College, of
Berlin, Ger., in 1864. He was married in 1871 to Ida Holdzkom;
and in 1877, was married to E. Suiffs, and has two children — Louis
and Paul.

Dr. E. D. Brower, dentist, was born in Carroll county, 0., Jan.
15th, 1858; moved to la. in 1872. He is a graduate from the
dental department of the University of Michigan, class of '81.

HISTORY OF IOWA. 397

M. Burg, of the firm of Burg & Hentges, dealers in general
merchandise, was born in Germany in 1839; came to America in
1846, and settled in Caledonia, Minn. He established business in
Le Mars in 1874. In 1880 he was married to Lizzie Dondlinger, a
native of Germany. They have one child, Gregor.

Alexander Clark, dealer in dry goods and notions, was born in
Ireland in 1844; came to America in 1864. Engaged in the linen
business in 1876, and in 1881 engaged in the mercantile business
in Le Mars. He was married in 1870 to Cassandra Lee, a native of
Eng., and has three children — John A., Mary E. and James M.

Rev. Herbert Noel Cunningham was born in Hampshire, Eng.,
in 1851; passed through Haileyburg, then Brazenose, Oxford Col-
lege, Eng., in 1871. He took his degree of D. A. in 1876 in classi-
cal honors, and the degree of M. A. in 1878. He then went to Ha-
ven as master; then to Oxford Military College in 1876, and the
next year to Oxford Ministry College. In 1877 he took orders in
the church of England. Held services in Staflfordshire, Oxford-
shire, Portsmouth and Hampshire. In 1880 was incumbent of St.
George's, Tilihurst, near Reading. In 1881, he came to America
and took charge of the Episcopal church, of Le Mars.

P. F. Dalton, president of the Plymouth County Bank, was born
in Ireland in 1838; came to America in 1849, and settled in Liv-
ingston county, N. Y.; removed to Sandusky county, 0., in 1854.
In 1862 he enlisted in Co. G, 0. Inft.; was appointed lieutenant,
and served until the close of the war. In 1866 he located in Bu-
chanan county, la., and in 1872 moved to Le Mars. The bank was
established in 1874, with Joseph Wilson as president, and G. B.
Van Saun as cashier. Mr. D. was married to Mary Few, a native
of 0., and has two sons.

W. H. Dent is president of the Le Mars Bank, which was es-
tablished in 1872, by Rymer & Kent. In 1873 the firm was Proc-
tor, Kent & Co.; in 1874, Wm. Rymer, and m 1875, W. H. Dent.
He was born in Putnam county. 111., in 1843, and moved west in
1875. He was elected a member of the school board of Le Mars
in 1878. In 1871, he was married to Cora Cheiver, of 111. They
have two children — Hattie C. and Edith C.

J. G. Dietrich, proprietor of meat market, was born in Milwau-
kee, Wis., in 1850; engaged in the butcher business in 1864;
moved to Fort Dodge, la., in 1871; thence the next year to Ne-
braska City, and in 1877 came to Le Mars and established his pres-
ent business. He was married in 1871 to Miss Hodam, of Sioux
City, and has four children — Minnie, Frank, Albert and Kate.

H. F. Dow, of the U. S. Clothing Co., dealers in clothing, hats,
caps, boots, shoes, and gents' furnishing goods, was born in Syca-
more, 111., in 1852; was engaged in the clothing business at Col-

dyo HISTOKY OF IOWA.

orado Springs, from 1878 to 1881, when he came to Le Mars, and
established his present business. He married Mary McMorris, of
Colorado, in 1881.

T. H. Dodson, dealer in groceries,queensware, notions, and gents'
furnishing goods, was born in Sept., 1861, in Wis.; moved to Le
Mars and engaged in the mercantile business in 1873.

A. M. Duus, county auditor of Plymouth county, was born in
Germany in 1849; came to America in 1870 and engaged in the in-
surance business in Le Mars. He was elected town clerk and
assessor in 1878, and to his present office in 1879. In 1873 he was
married to Wynea Grade, of la. They have two children, Marcus
and William.

J. M. Emerv. postmaster, was born in Fairfield, Me., Jan. 1st,.
1845; moved to Pa. in 1852. He enlisted in 1862 in the 3rd Pa.
heavy artillery; was taken prisoner Feb. 1st, 1864, at Smithfield,
Va., and confined in Andersonville fifty-three weeks, and was dis-
charged June 1st, 1865, as paroled prisoner. He then engaged in
the lumber business in Pa. In 1875 he settled at Le Mars and en-
gaged in editing the Iowa Liberal, which was at that time a re-
publican paper. In 1869 he was appointed postmaster. He was
instrumental in organizing the Northwestern Iowa S. S. associa-
tion, of which he was the president, in 1879. lu 1865 he married
Luella Clark, of Pa., and has two children — Mary L. and Clark.

W. H. Ensminger, M. D., was born in Lancaster, Pa., in 1842;
moved to 0. in 1864; thence to 111. the next year, and in 1879 he
came to Le Mars and engaged in the practice of his profession.
He graduated from Jefferson Medical College, at Philadelphia, Pa.,
in 1871. In 1862 he enlisted in the 135th Pa. Vol., Co. E, and
served one year. He married Sarah E. Patten, of 111., in 1871.
They have two children — Blanclie and Gracie.

G. E. Eva, dealer in harness, saddles, whips, collars, etc.; also
dealer in hides; was born in Dodgeville, Wis., in 1853; moved to
Le Mars and established his present business in 1880. He mar-
ried Clarissa Bastian, of Mineral Pt., Wis., in June, 1881.

N. C. Evans, of the firm of N. C. Evans & Co., dealers in dry
goods, notions, and carpets, was born in Bellevue, la., in 1852;
moved to Wis.; thence to Waverly, la., and to Le Mars, in Sept.,
1878, and engaged in his present business. He married Lizzie
Kegler, of la., in 1878. They have one child — Charley.

J. F. Fairfax, general house and carriage painter, established
business in 1871. He was born in Boston, Mass., in 1848; moved
to Wis. in 1866, and to la. in 1871. He was married in 1875 to-
Mary Merrick, of 111., and has two children — Nellie and Frank.

G. G. Gosting, photographer, was born in England in 1847;
came to America while quite young, and settled in Cleveland, 0.;.
moved to Delaware county, la., in 1858; thence to leMars in 1876,,

HISTORY OF IOWA. 399

and established his present business. He served in the 3d Ta. Inft.
and was wounded at the battle of Shiloh; enlisted in 1861, and
was discharged in 1864.

C. Gottschalk, attorney at law, office corner of Sixth and Main
streets, LeMars, la.; will practice in all courts in this and adjoin-
ing counties.

Harder & Kemper, proprietors of the LeMars marble works, es-
tablished business in 1881. Mr. Kemper was born in la. in 1853,
and moved to LeMars, in 1881. Mr. Harder was born in N. Y. in
1842, and moved to Iowa in 1876.

J. F. Heeb, proprietor of restaurant and sample rooms, also
dealer in ice and grain, was born in St. Louis in 1840; moved to
Dubuque, la., in 184(3; thence to LeMars in 1877, and established
his present business. He was with Gen. Price in his last raid
through Kan., in 1865, also in the battle at Westpcrt, Mo. In
1867 he was married to Susan Steermer, of Potosi, Wis. They
have six children — Francis A., Joseph P.. Eugene E., Mary, Es-
tella E., and Arthur B.

John Herron. county treasurer of Plymouth county, w\as born
in Ireland in 1834; came to America in 1850, and located at Mad-
ison, Wis., and engaged in the printing business. He removed to
Mineral Pt.; thence in 1869 to Sioux City, la., and the same year
to LeMars. He was elected to his present office in 1873. In 1874
he was married to Susan Gehlen, of la.

J. W. Hines, M. D., was born in Va. in 1838. He graduated
from Emery and Henry College, Va., in 1857, and from the Uni-
versity of Va. in 1861, and engaged in the practice of medicine in
1865. He located at LeMars in 1880.

James Hopkins, sheriff of Plymouth county, was born in 1846
in Canada; moved to N. J. in 1852; thence to la. in 1856. He
located at LeMars in 1873, and was elected to his present office in
1875. In 1871 he was married to Mary E. Murphy, and has four
children — Thomas, James, Mary and Vivian.

I. M. Irmen, practical watchmaker, engraver, and manufactur-
ing jeweler, also dealer in watches, clocks, silver plated ware, jew-
elry, etc.; fine watch repairing a specialty; established business in
Oct., 1881, corner of Main and Sixth streets. He was born in
Germany in 1855; came with his parents to America in 1857, and
settled in Grant county, Wis.; moved to LeMars in 1881.

M. B. Kelley, county attorney, was born in Berkshire county,
Mass., in 1859; moved to Mich, in 1871, and engaged in teaching
school; afterwards studied law, and was admitted to the bar in
1880.

J. C. Kelley, attorney at law, was born in Canada in 1843;
nioved to Wis. in 1849; thence to Lyons, la., in June, 1860. In
1861 he enlisted in the 16th la. Vol.; lost his right arm in the

400 HISTORY OF IOWA.

battle of Pittsburg Landing, April 6th, 1862, and was discharged
on the 25th ol: the following Aug. He attended the Notre Dame
University, of Ind., from 1863 to 1865, and then went to Wash-
ington and graduated from Columbia College, as B. B. L. In 1870
he moved to Carroll county, la.; thence to Le Mars. In 1879 he
married Ella C. Rilea, of la., and has two children — Maud and
Jessie.

N. B. Kiser, dealer in boots and shoes, was born in Luxemburg,
Germany, in 1833; came to America in 1851, and settled in Jack-
son county, la., in 1857. In 1875 he removed to Le Mars. He
married Annie Kefel, a native of Germany, in 1856, and has seven
children — Katie, Mary, Maggie, Tinnie, Lizzie, John and Peter.

J. G. Koenig, barber, was born in Germany in 1810; came to
America in 1858, and engaged in the barber business in Baltimore;
moved to Plymouth county, la., in 1871, and to Le Mars in
1879. In 1865 he married Mary E. Merryman, of Baltimore.
They have six children — Carrie V., Jacob M., Theresa E., Ida C,
Florence E., Herbert D. and J. G.

G. C Maclagan, of the firm of Maclagan, Warren & Watson,
proprietors of the Floyd meat market, was born in Scotland, in the
city of Edinburgh, in 1852; came to America in 1880. Mr. Warren
is a native of Ireland, and Mr. Watson, a native of Scotland. They
are also proprietors of the Floyd feed and sale yard; stock sold at
auction; established business in 1881.

Rev. Father Meis, of St. Joseph's Catholic parish, Le Mars, la.,
was born in Prussia, in 1835; came to America in 1867. He
graduated from St. Francis Seminary, at Milwaukee, Wis., in
1875, and was ordained the same year.

C. A, Meyer, of the firm of McManus & Meyer, proprietors of
the South Side meat market, was born in Germany in 1819; came
to America in 1851, and located at Fond du Lac, Wis. ; removed
to la. in 1871, where he engaged in undertaking and carpentery,
until he established the above business in Oct., 1881.

S. B. Mickley, proprietor of the Mickley House, was born in
Pa., March 22nd, 1818; removed to N. Y. in 1835; thence to la. in
1866; settled in Bremer county, and engaged in the butcher busi-
ness; thence to Le Mars. In 1812 he married Sarah Frantz, of N.
Y. They have four children — Henry, Hudson, Emma and Cora.

Frank Miller, of the firm of Frank Miller & Co., dealers in gro-
ceries, fruits, queensware, willow Avare, and notions, Avas born in
Luxemburg, Ger., in 1812; came to America and settled in Du-
buque, la., in 1865. He engaged in the mercantile business in Le
Mars in 1876. He is a member of the city council. In 1871 he
married Anna Beach, of Bavaria, Ger., and has five children — Arg-
eline, Frank, Joseph, Louis and Nicholas.

HISTOEY OF IOWA. 401

J. W. Myers, cashier of the Plymouth County Bank, was born
in Warren, Trumbull county, 0., m 1832; moved to St. Paul, Minn,
in 1854, where he resided eleven years; then removed to Independ-
ence, la., and came to Le Mars in 1878. He married Mary L.
Kemberly, a native of Mich.

H. S. Payn, of the firm of Smith & Payn, real estate, law and in-
surance agents, was formerly engaged in farming in Plymouth
county, la., and still owns a fine stock farm, situated two and one-
half miles north of Le Mars.

J. F. Patterson, gun and locksmith, also dealer in rifles, shot
guns, revolvers and all kinds of sporting supplies; was born in
1853, in 0., was engaged formerly in telegraphing and merchan-
dising; established his present business in 1878. In 1879 he mar-
ried Abbie Noland, of Hazel Green, Wis., and has one child^
Charley F.

W. H. Perry, dealer in coal, lime and cement, established busi-
ness in 1880. He was born in 111. in 1847; moved to la. in 1854.
He enlisted in 18(35 in the 44th la. Vol., under Col. Henderson,
and was discharged the same year. In 1873, he married Leone
Bond, of Buchanan county, la. They have two children — Maud
and Bessie.

G. E. Pew, of the firm of Pew & La Rue, dealers in general
hardware, also farm machinery, pumps, wagons, paints, and oils;
was born in Wis. in 1850; moved to Le Mars in 1875, and engaged
in the hardware business; is a member of the city council. He
married Belle Burrows, of Dubuque, and has one child — George.

A. Reichman, dealer in dry goods, notions, ready-made clothing,
gents' furnishing goods, hats, caps, groceries, crockery, glas'sware,
etc.; was born in Germany in 1840; came to America in 1845,
locating in Buffalo, N. Y.; moved to Dubuque, la., in 1864, and
engaged in the grocery, flour and feed business. In 1877 he estab-
lished his present business at Le Mars.

Geo. E. Richardson, real estate, loan, collection and insurance
agent; makes improved farms and non-resident lands a specialty;
taxes paid and abstracts furnished in Plymouth and Sioux counties.
He was born in Springfield, Mass., in 1850; moved to 111. in 1855;
thence to la. in 1868, and was engaged in the produce business at
Iowa Falls and Durango. He established his present business in
1879.

C. B. Smith, of the firm of Smith & Payn, real estate and col-
lection agents, was born in N. Y. in 1847; moved tola, in 1873,
and engaged in farming. In 1879 he engaged in his present busi-
ness at LeMars .

H. S. Roberts, attorney at law, was born in 1859, in Joe
Daviess county, 111.; moved to Winfield, Kas., in 1879, and was

402 HISTOEY OF IOWA.

admitted to the bar in 1881. He is also engaged in the real estate
and loan business. Sept. 14th, 1880, he married Sarah Pooley, of
Illinois .

F. A. Seaman & Co., dealers in musical instruments; special
attention given to tuning and repairing organs and pianos.
Although this firm was established as late as 1881, Mr. L. is an
old and experienced hand at the business; having served an appren-
ticeship in tuning and repairing, and was connected with the busi-
ness as early as 1860, in Dubuque, la., his former place of resi-
dence . He is therefore fully competent to distinguish between
good and poor instruments, and will give his patrons a number one
instrument at the lowest possible price .

J. H. Struble, attorney and collecting agent, was born in New-
ton, N. J. , 1838; moved to Va. ; thence to 0. ; was county treas-
urer of Tama county, la., from 1866 to 1870. He came to Le Mars
1872, and engaged in the law, loan and insurance business, in the
firm of Struble Bros., and in 1880 retired from the firm and en-
gaged in the law, loan, and collection business. He married
Elizabeth C. Koehler, of N. J. They have two children — Louis
W . and Florence E .

C. W. Trottnow, watchmaker and jeweler, was born in Prussia
in 1849; came to America in 1856, and settled in Lee county, 111. ;
moved to Neb. in 1868, came to Le Mars in 1879, and engaged in
his present business. In 1873 he married Caroline Kalkman, a
native of Switzerland, and has five children — Louis A., Mamie,
Charles F . , and

W. S- Welliver, clerk of the courts, was born in Greenwood,
Pa., in 1847; moved to 111. in 185(3; thence to Le Mars, June 30tn,
1872. He was elected clerk of the courts in Jan., 1879. In 1872
he married Isabel De Witt, of Wis., and has one child, Kalph L.

Prof. J. Wernli, superintendent of schools for Plymouth
county, was elected to the ofiice in 1880. He was formerly en-
gaged as assistant principal of the Normal School at Plattville,
Wis. He granted sixty first-grade and fifty-six second-grade
certificates to teachers in this county during the past year.

L. A. Williams, baker and confectioner, was born in St. Paul,
Minn., in 1857; moved to la. in 1878, and engaged in the bakery
business at Storm Lake; came to Le Mars in 1880. He married
Jennie Cummings, of Storm Lake, in 1880.

C. p. Woodard, mayor of Le Mars, and dealer in agricultural
implements and real estate, Avas born in N. Y. in 1817; moved to
Le Mars in 1873, andjsucceeded ^Blodgett & Flint in the agricul-
tural implement business. He was elected president of the
Plymouth county agricultural society in Jan., 1881, and mayor of
the city in June of the same year. In 1873 he married C . T .
Sheldon. They have one child, J. Sheldon.

HISTORY OF IOWA. 403

SHELBY COUNTY.

The location of Shelby County is in the fourth tier from the
southern boundary line of the State, and in the second east from
the Missouri River. Shelby County is twenty-four miles square,
and contains about 576 square miles. The general surface of the
county is rolling, with deeply excavated valleys along the larger
streams, while in some portions of the county it is quite rough and
broken, with steep, precipitous hills and deeply cut valleys. The
universall}'^ conceived idea of a prairie country is not wholly re-
alized in Shelby Couiity. A writer some years ago ventured the
following imaginative bit of description, which for want of a bet-
ter illustration, we here insert: 'Tf the imagination of the reader
Avill enable him to conceive what a tract of land would be, that
had been in a liquid state, and had been so violently agitated that
high waves ran from east to west, and these had suddenly received
a transverse motion and solidified while the breakers were dashing
in ponderous masses towards the skies, he will have a tolerably
correct idea of the appearance of a large portion of the prairie in
the northwestern portion of this county." Nevertheless, this is a
very valuable agricultural section, the hillsides having an excellent
soil, peculiarly ada])ted to the cultivation of fruit of all kinds,
many considering it a decided advantage rather than a detriment
to Shelby County.

The bottom lands usually slope towards the streams, and along
the West Nishanabotany, which is one of the finest ana most beau-
tiful valleys in the State, average more than one mile in width,
and are lined by narrow clumps of timber. All of the valleys in
the county possess a soil of unsurpassed fertility, which, like most
other portions of the county, is composed of a fine material known
as the bluff" deposit. The soil of the whole Northwestern Slope differs
from that of the eastern and central portions of the State in that
it has not the heavy sub-soil and under-stratum of clay. In Shelby
County this peculiarity is quite noticeable, since, after a heavy
shower or series of rain storms, plowing may be immediately re-
sumed, the water which falls being soon absorbed by the earth,
sinking rapidly away on account of the absence of clay to stop or
impede its progress. The soil here is a rich, silicious loam, well
adapted to the production of the usual western crops, with the
single exception of the tame grasses. Corn, for Avhich there is no
better or more favorable soil than is found in these valleys, is
probably the staple, while wheat, oats and other kinds of grains, as
well as the different grasses and v( g.^tables, grow to great perfection.

404: HISTORY OF IOWA.

The county is thoroughly well watered, the West Nishnabotany
River, which flows southward nearly through the middle of the
county, receiving from the east the waters of the Middle Nishna-
botany, Whitt's and Indian Creeks, while the western part of
the county is drained by the affiuents of the Missouri and Boyer
Rivers, the most important of which are Silver, Mosquito, Pigeon
and Picayune Creeks. Mill Creek is a small stream in the north-
west, which flows into the Boyer in Harrison County, and on which
is Garland's Grove, a fine body of native timber embracing nearly
one thousand acres. Besides this, there are several fine groves
bordering some of the other streams, which embrace the varieties
commonly found throughout this section of the State, such as burr
and red oak, white and red elm, butternut, hackberry, black wal-
nut, ash, linn and iron wood; while there is often found a heavy
growth of sumac, hazel, thornapple, blackberry, gooseberry and
grape. Where now may be observed a little outlaying thicket of
hazel and sumac — the pioneers of forest increase — a few years
hence, unless arested by the devastating fires, groves of thrifty
saplings will have sprung up, and thus, within a comparatively short
time, by the repetition of this process, the beautiful prairie slopes
will be converted into forest-clad ridges and sombre thicket-dells,
as wild and uninviting to the agriculturist as the native forests of
the middle States. The apparent scarcity of timber in this county
is ill reality no serious drawback to its rapid settlement, as build-
ing lumber can be easily obtained from the pineries of the north,
and as these vast meadows of unbounded fertility hold out induce-
ments to the settler such as no forest-clad region can boast.

The entire county is supposed to be underlaid by the upper coal
measure, as the strata is known to exist in counties to the south
and west, but is here concealed under the post teritary deposit not
less than 250 feet beneath the surface. The supply of building
material is limited, yet a fair quality of brick is made of the mate-
rial of the bluft' deposit. The only stone obtained for building are
the boulders of the drift formation found scattered in various places.

Previous to any permanent settlements in the county, it was
frequently visited by trappers and hunters, two men named Bow-
man and Berry being among the number. The county was organ-
ized in 1853. the following being the first county officers: James
M. Butler, County Judge; V. Perkins, Clerk of the District Court;
Andrew Foutz. Sheriff. The counties of Crawford and Carroll
were at that time attached to Shelby for political, judicial and rev-
enue purposes. Judge Samuel H. Riddle held the first session of
the District Court for the three counties in the grocery of Solomon
Hancock, at Galland's Grove. At this session the following attor-
neys were present: H. P. Bennett, of Glenwood; L. M. Cline, A.
C. Ford and David Price, of Council Bluffs. At the election which
made choice of the first county officers, only thirteen votes were
polled.

HISTORY OF IOWA. 405

About the time of the organization of the county, a town was
laid out in the northwest corner township, to which the name of
Shelbyville was given, and in 1854 this place was designated as the
county seat, but the County Judge, being opposed to it, procured
Hancock's grocery for holding the first court. The next term of
the District Court was held, however, at Shelbyville. This, was
the first town laid out in the county, but is now known only in
history, as the houses have all been removed to Harlan, and to the
neighboring farms. Shelby County sent forty-seven soldiers into
the war of the rebellion, though it had no organized company, the
volunteers all joining organizations in the neighboring counties.
Harlan, of which a lengthy description is given below, is the
county seat, other settlements — more or less inconsiderable — in
the county being Monteno, Mallory, Defiance, Westphalia, Kirk-
man, Shelby and Elk Horn.

HARLAN.

This thriving city, one of the best located and most prosperous
on the western slope of lowa^ is situated in Harlan Township,
Shelby County, and is the county seat. It is somewhat south of
the geographical center of the county, but nevertheless, as a county
seat, it is well placed. The exact location is just below the con-
fluence of the middle and west branches of the "Nishnabotany River,
on the west side of the latter branch. The railway facilities of
the place are furnished by the Harlan & Northern Branch of the
Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad. This branch is thirteen
miles in length, and runs from Avoca, on the main line, to Har-
lan. This line runs two mixed trains each way per day, and a
large amount of produce is carried over the line. In addition to
the railroad already existing, nearly the entire right of way for
the building of an extension by the Chicago & Northwestern Rail-
way Company from Kirkman to Harlan, seven miles, has been se-
cured. The building of the line, however, seems to be surrounded
by minor difficulties. The Iowa & Southwestern Railway, one
of the Northwestern branch lines, now runs into Kirkman, and it
is from this branch the proposed extension will, if present plans
are carried out, be built. In addition to this, several other rail-
way companies, among them the C, M. & St. P., give indications
of probable future building in the same direction. In any event,
the day appears not far distant when Harlan will have connection
with eastern markets by one or two other routes than the branch
line previously mentioned.

Harlan is a handsome place and handsomely situated on rising-
ground on the west side of the river. Tiiere are several slopes
from the business portion of town, and the country is delightfully
rolling for miles; therefore the drainage and Avater are excellent,
and malarial complaints are almost unknown in the vicinity.

406 HISTOKY OF IOWA.

The city is laid out in a different manner from most northern cities,
and but for its hfe and enterprise, which are apparent at
first glance, would give one the impression of a Spanish or
Mexican town. Though the city has numerous streets and
considerable traffic in all directions, yet the main business por-
tion of the place faces the center of the square of about
one block in size, in the extreme center of which is enclosed
the court-house. The arrangement throws the heavier portion
of the trade of the place around a common center, and makes
easy of access any business house. The buildings centering around
the square are remarkably good for a new city, a]id many of them
are large brick structures that would be a credit to a place three
times the size of Harlan. The merchants all seem to be thriving,
and heavy and well-selected stocks of goods are the rule. That
the business men are well patronized is evidenced by the hundreds
of teams that may be seen in the public square on any fine day
during the busy season.

The business houses of Harlan may be summed up as follows:
Eight general merchandise stores, four drug stores, three banks,
representing an aggregate capital of ^150,000 or more, boot and
shoe store, book and news store, three grocery and crockery stores,
two merchant tailor shops, two clothing and hat and cap stores,
three hardware stores, two furniture and undertaking establish-
ments, three milliners, three dress makers, four agricultural im-
plement dealers, three lumber yards, four coal dealers, two jewelers,
five land and loan agents, two brokers, five grain dealers, four
stock dealers, three newspapers, tAvo photographers, three barbers,
three hotels, six restaurants, billiard hall and saloon, billiard hall,
four saloons, two livery stables, four blacksmith shops, two black-
smith and wagon shops, five paint shops, ten contractors and build-
ers of various descriptions, three harness makers, four boot and
shoe makers, two bakers, two brickyards, each employing quite a
number of men, two grist mills, one run hj steam and the other
by water, creamery, fence factory, three meat markets, nursery,
two butter and egg dealers, house-mover, thirteen insurance agents.
One of the blacksmith shops mentioned does considerable machine
work. The professions are represented by eighteen attorneys,"
eleven physicians, two surveyors, dentist and three music teachers.

Harlan has also become metropolitan enough to maintain a tele-
phone exchange. This has thirty-three subscribers, and good use
is made of it. This institution was established about a year ago,
with twenty or more subscribers, and the list, through good man-
agement, has been gradually increasing.

The population of Harlan, by the census of 1880, was 1,303, but
the growth of the city has been very rapid since, and the number
of residents now variously estimated at from 1,600 to 2,000. The
latter figure has been estimated on the vote of last fall, and is
probably not far from the correct one. The town is still growing

HISTORY OF IOWA. 407

at a good rate, and numerous improvements are being made.
Among the most worthy of note of these is the brick opera house
being erected by J. M. Long, one of Shelby County's okl citizens
and HarLan's enterprising men. The building will be a two-story
brick structure, 44x120 feet in dimensions. The lower story will
be divided into stores, and the upper story will be the opera
house proper. The cost will be something over $25,000. The
work of excavation for the foundation has been nearly completed,
and the opening of spring will see building commence. The
appointments of the structure will be first-class.

Harlan was named after Iowa's ex-senator of that name.

The survey of the original plat of Harlan was begun April 14th,
1858, by N. M. Kinney, surveyor. The plat comprised eighty
acres, and Avas surveyed for Dr. A. F. Ault. This original plat is
now known as '^Old Harlan." Previous to this. Dr. Ault and oth-
ers had platted a town on the opposite side of the Nishnabotany,
which tow;n rejoiced in the euphonious name of "Simoda. ' Dis-
sensions occurred in the ranks of the proprietors of the site, and it
was this which led to the laying out of Harlan by Dr. Ault. On
July 15th, 1859, James M. Long platted an addition to Harlan of
160 acres. This addition now comprises the central portion of the
city. Mr. Long platted a second addition of eighty acres on Sep-
tember lOth, 1879. On January 15th, 1880, D. M. Wyland plat-
ted the portion of the town known as McDonald's addition. This
addition was bought by Wyland after McDonald had platted the
land and made' arrangements for its recording; hence the reten-
tion of the name. On September 7th, 1880, Samuel L. Ganser and
D. Z. Ganser platted a small addition of fifteen lots. August 10th,
1881, another small addition known as Davis' addition, was plat-
ted by J. W. Davis. Wyland's addition of about sixty acres was
recorded by C. J. and D. M. Wyland on September 8th, 1881.
These numerous additions now give a space to the town plat of
about a section.

The first settler on the town site of Harlan was Isaac Plum, who
came about the time the town was laid out. Of the old settlers
living here at present, the second in length of residence is H. C.
Holeomb, Clerk of Courts. David Randall is another old settler,
as is also Peter Barnett. There were other settlers who came
prior to the advent of these gentlemen, but they have moved away.
Those named all came in the spring of 1858, as did Dr. Ault who
platted the town.

Harlan made no particular growth after the first two years until
the railroad was built* In fact, it is stated on good authority that
there were more people in the place in 1860 than there were in 1868.
The breaking out of the civil war took away a large number Avho
never returned, and various other causes also induced a heavy emi-
gration. Since the advent of the railroad, however, the growth of the
city has been rapid and uniform, especially during the last two years.

408 HISTORY OF IOWA.

The buildings of Harlan are mainly of recent construction; but
there are one or two that date back almost to the time the orig-
inal town' plat was made. Among these is E. Bergstresser's dwell-
ing house, which was the second dwelling erected in Harlan. This
building was originally erected as a store in the spring of 1858.
It has since been enlarged and remodeled. The next oldest build-
ing standing is William Errett's dwelling, erected by Isaac Plum
in 1859. The Court House, though it had two predecessors, one of
which was burned and the other turned into a ttnement house, is
also an old building. The last named structure, it must be stated,
is a frame building of very indifferent character, and does not do
an enterprising city like Harlan any great amount of credit.
There is, however, a probability that a better building will be
erected. This is greatly needed and will be hailed with gratitude
by the majority of the people in Shelby County.

Harlan was incorporated in May, 1879, as a city of the second
class. The first officers of the city were: Wni. Wyland, Mayor;
Cyrus Beard, Recorder. The Trustees were, J. M. Long, Thomas
Ledwich, D. M. Wyland, Peter Brazie, John Coenen, J. B. Stuts-
man. G. S. Rainbow was the first Marshal, and G. S. Gibbs the
first City Treasurer. The present officers are: Thomas Ledwich,
Mayor; Cyrus Beard, Recorder; D. M. Wyland, G. S. Gibbs, T. J.
Robinson, John Coenen, J. B. Stutsman, E. J. Trowbridge, Trus-
tees. L. D. Frost is City Treasurer; G. W. Watkins, Marshal; H. •
M. McGinnis, Street Commissioner.

The first postoffice established in the vicinity of Harlan was at
the original town site, Simoda, in the summer of 1858. Samuel
Dewell, at present postmaster at River Sioux, Harrison County,
Avas the first appointed to the office. After some squabbling, the
county seat was removed to Harlan in 1859, and the postoffice fol-
lowed a few days after. The first postmaster, after the removal of
the office to Harlan, was A. L. Harvey. iMr. Harvey was succeeded
by D. H. Randall, still a resident of Harlan. At that time official
red tape was not interwoven in the postoffice so closely as at pres-
ent, and the mail, which was extremely small, was kept in a nail-
keg or candle-box and stowed away in a corner. As occasion re-
quired, the box or keg was emptied out on the floor and the "boys"'
told to pitch in and sort the letters for themselves. The business
of the office is now very large, and the candle-box system cannot
well be continued. The present postmaster is B. I. Kinsey, who
has held the office about fourteen years. The office was made a
money order office July 1st, 1877.

The first mercantile business in Harlan was carried on by Dr.
Ault, the founder of the town, who, about the time the town was
platted, put in a small stock of general merchandise. The greater
portion of the goods was carried in his arms by the Doctor from
some neighboring town. This, though the first store in Harlan^
did not pay well, and it was soon closed out.

HISTORY OF IOWA. 409

The newspapers of Harlan are three in number and all are payino
property. The date of the establishment of the first newspaper in
Harlan or Shelby County is somewhat obscured by the dust of an-

tiquity, but the "oldest inhabitant"' sets down a paper known as
the Courier, published at Shelby, as the first paper issued in the
county. The publisher's name is not given. Several papers were
started in Harlan before either of the present ones, but none of
them "came to stay." In regard to those now in Harlan, we quote
the following from a local writer:

The Harlan HeraJd was established in December, 1874, by Geo,
Musgrave as a Republican journal, and has continued steadily on
in that line to date. In J&75 George D. Ross purchased the office,
and in 1876 he also bought the Shelby County Record, merged it
into the HeraJd, continuing its publication until July IGth, 1877,
when he sold the office and real estate to R. W. Robins. January
17th. 1880, C. R. Pratt, of Essex, Connecticut, bought a half-in-
terest, sold out in December, 1880, to E. R. Parmelee, and March 1st,
1881, bought R. W. Robins' half interest. E. R. Parmelee came to
Harlan in October, 1880. An interest in the office was recently pur-
chased by a brother of Mr. Pratt, the firm now being Pratt Brothers.

Up to 1880 the paper was a seven -column quarto, when it was
enlarged to nine columns, and served to a complete new dress, and
an excellent cylinder power press adled to the office. It is the
largest paper ever published in the county, and has a large circula-
tion, [t is issued weekly, on Thursdays.

The Harlan Tribune, the first Democratic newspaper in Harlan,
was established in June 1880, by U. S. Brown and A. D. Tinsley.

U. S. Brown commenced the newspaper business about thirteen
years ago as editor of the Moberly Da id/, at Moberly, Mo. From
there he went to Lawrence, Kansas, as city editor of the Kansas
JJaihj Tribune. About eight years ago became to Iowa— first to
Burlington as city editor of the Gazette; from there to Indian ola,
Warren county, as local editor of the Indianola Tribune. In Jan-
uary, 1879, he came to Harlan and engaged with George D. Ross
as editor of the Herald, continuing about four months. In the
latter part of May he commenced canvassing for the establishment
of the Tribune, and succeeded in working up for it a liberal
patronage. In March, 1881, he was elected city assessor.

The Tribune is now published by A. D, Tinsley.

The Harlan Huh was established in December, 1880, by Webb
M. Oungst, who commenced the newspaper business about twelve
years ago, at the case, in Grand Junction. He was afterwards em-
ployed by Mills & Co., of Des Moines, and with State Printer G.
W. Edwards, and still later as foreman and local editor of the (-res-
ton Gazette, owning a half-interest therein. He came to Harlan,
June Gth, 1870, and was foreman about two months in the Trib-
une office, and thereafter foreman in the llerald office, until he es-
tablished the Hub. The Hub, like its contemporaries, is flourishing.

410 HISTORY OF IOWA.

The stage facilities of Harlan are very adequate. Daily trips
are made between Harlan and Kirkman, semi-weekly between
Harlan and Denison, and tri-weekly between Harlan and Dunlap
and intermediate points, Aveekly between Harlan and Logan. There
is no trouble in obtaining transportation to almost any neighbor-
ing point on either of the railroads in this section of Iowa.

CHURCHES, SCHOOLS AND SOCIETIES.

Methodist Church Society. — This was the first religious society
established in Harlan, and was organized in 1859 with one member,
Aaron Bergstresser. The church was organized by Rev. J. J.
Stewart, Presiding Elder. Harlan was formerly called Harlan
Mission of the Council Bluffs District, Iowa Annual Conference.
The records of the church are not in a very complete condition,
but from them it is learned, that the first preacher to introduce
worship in Shelby County, under the auspices of the M. E. church
was Rev. H. A. Tarkington, not long before the establishment of
the Harlan society. The first regular Methodist pastor appointed
for Harlan was Rev. Kirtland Card, who came in the early part of
1859. The present pastor is Rev. D. C. Franklin, who is now
serving his third year. The church edifice was erected in 1872. It
is in s^ze 30x50 feet, but a contract has been signed for enlarging
the building. The church has in connection a flourishing Sabbath
School of about 100 members. The school started shortly after
the establishment of t,ie church. The present Superintendent is
J. M. True.

The Christian Church. — This society was organized February
18th, 1876, by Rev. C. W. Sherwood. The first regular pastor was
Elder T. V. Berry, who was installed some time during the organ-
ization year. The society was organized wnth thirty-one members,
but thirty-two names were sent in during the organization meet-
ing, which made a total of sixty-three. The highest membership
attained by the society was 122. The present membership, though
over 100, is not quite up to this point. The church has a Sabbath
School in connection, with an average attendance of about seventy.
The school was started the same year, 'ihe present Superinten-
dent is Mrs. M. Nance. The church building was erected in the
early part of 1880. Previous meetings were held in the Court
House and elsewhere. The size of the building is 34x56 feet.
Prayer meetings are held on every Wednesday evening. The
present pastor is Elder J. P. Lucas, who came in October, 1881.

Congregational Cliurch Society . — A Congregational Society was
organized in Harlan in July, 1871. There were seven members at
the outset, but six more names were eventually added, making
thirteen in all. This society, which had at no time a regular pas-
tor, fell into decay. A small Presbyterian Society, which had also
been organized in Harlan, was likewise in a poor condition, and in
October, 1878, the society held a joint meeting with a view to re-

HISTORY OF IOWA. 411

organizing both societies as one. The result of the meeting was
the disbanding of both societies, and the formation of a new one.
A vote was taken as to the question of denominational precedence,
and the result was a Congregational Society, which was organized
November 10th, 1878. This society had twenty-three members.
Prayer meetings were held on and after February 26th, 1879. The
society was dependent on supplies for its preaching till July 1st,
1879, when Rev. J. G. Sabin was appointed regular pastor. The
church is at present served by Rev. E. L. Sherman, who has been
in charge since August, 1881. Meetings are at present held in the
Court House, but a frame church, 32x50 feet, is in course of con-
struction, and will be completed within a few weeks. There is
also a Sabbath School of about 125 members, of which M. K.
Campbell is Superintendent. This school has been in existence
since July 6th, 1879. The church has at present sixty-two mem-
bers, and is in a healthy condition.

Beorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints. —
The Harlan branch of this society was organized during the year
1872. The first regular pastor in Harlan was Elder Frank Rey-
nolds, who came in 1872. The society was organized with fifteen
members. Meetings have been usually held in the Court House,
but now school houses in the suburbs are considerably used. The
present pastor is Elder John Hardman. The present membership
is forty-eight. It is still growing. The ladies of the society have
organized for the purpose of raising a fund to be devoted to the
erection of a church building, and a considerable sum of money
has already been secured. It is expected that work will be com-
menced on a building the coming summer. The church has no
Sabbath School, though one is being organized.

Baptist Church Society. — This society was organized in the year
1868. Rev. James Lambert was the first pastor. The first meet-
ings of the society were held in the school house, but in the sum-
mer of 1870 a frame church 25x50 feet in ^limensions, was erected.
The present membership of the society is about 125, and it is in a
prosperous condition. Rev. A. Jacobs is the minister.

Independent School District of Harlan. — This district was or-
ganized as an independent district in March, 1875. Previous to
this it was a sub-district of Harlan township. The first School Di-
rectors were: H. C. Holcomb, J. W. Chatburn, F. A. Bayer. Since
then the law has been changed so as to require six Directors. The
Secretary and Treasurer are also independent of the Board. The
following are the present members of the Board: N. W. Macy,
President; C. J. Wyland, E. B. Moore, M. M. Bechtel. W. A.
Gray, G. W. Cullison. F. A. Bayer is Secretary and 0. P. Wy-
land Treasurer. The present school building is a four-room frame
structure, built in 1875. Two other roouis are rented. Six teach-
ers are employed. The Principal is A. K. Lind, and the surbordin-
ates W. K. Colburn, Mrs. M. E. McArthur, Miss A. George, Mrs.

412 HISTOKY OF IOWA.

M. E. Downe}' and Mrs. L. E. Waite. The present school facili-
tiesbeing inaclequate, it Avas voted in March, 1881, to bond the
district for ^18,000 and build a brick school house. This building
is now in course of construction. It will be three stories high
and contain nine rooms, furnished with all modern conveniences.
The building will be heated by steam. The number of pupils in
the district is now considerably over 400.

Parian Lodge No. ?>21, A. F. ct A. M.—A dispensation was
granted this Lodge November 30th. 1872. The charter is dated
June 4th, 1873. The first elective officers were: John Fritz, W.
M.; W. J. Davis, S. W.; J. H. Louis, J. W.; H. S. Burke, T.;
Wm. Wyland, S. There w-ere but twelve members when the Lodge
was started. The present elective officers are: P. B. Hunt, W.
M.; J. W. Chatbnru, S. W.; W. W. Girton, J. W.; D. M. Wy-
land, T.; S. A. Burke, S. The membership at present is fifty, a
gain of seven since the annual report. The Lodge meets on the
Saturday on or before the full moon in e;ich month. The place of
meeting is Masonic Hall, owned by the Lodge. The hall is 22x68
feet in dimensions and is well furnished.

Harlan Lodge No. 261, 1. 0. 0. F. — This Lodge was instituted
February 26th, 1873, by D. D. G. M. Ben Newman, of Council
Bluffs. There were eleven charter members. The first elective
officers were: Samuel Potter, N. G.; N. Booth, V. G.; D. M.
Wyland, S.; W. S. Stutsman, T. The present officers are: W.
M. Oungst, N. G.; S. K. Pratt, V. G.; Wm. Bowlin, R. S.; 0. F.
Graves, T.; A. K. Riley, P. S. The Lodge now has fifty-seven
members,and hps of late received numerous accessions. The meet-
ings are held on every Friday night in Odd Fellows' Hall, Long's
Block. The Lodge Room is well fitted up, and one of the things
worthy of note in this connection is a handsome emblematic car-
pet. Application has been made for a charter for an Encampment.

V. A. S. Fraternity. — The Harlan section of this society, which
has for its object mutual insurance, was organized June 7th, 1880.
The first officers w^re: 0. F. Graves, Rector; Riley Cass. Vice-
Rector; J. W. Beems, Scribe; G. W. Bumphrey, Usher; D. W.
Chase, Questor; S. F. Hurless, A. B. King, J. W. Cartlich, Cura-
tors; R. E. Floyd, Speculator, There were nineteen charter mem-
bers. The present officers are: James McArthur, Rector; A. B.
King, Vice-Rector; C. Will Fisher, Scribe; J. S- Ferguson,
Questor; E.G. Colburn, Usher; J. W. Beems, Speculator.

Harlan Lodge, Iowa Legion of Honor. — This Lodge was or-
ganized July 26th, 1881. There were twenty-six charter mem-
bers. The'first officers were: J. W. Harrod, W. P.;G.W.
Cullison, V. P.;Thoma^, H. Smith, R. S. ; W. H. Frazey, F. S. ;
S. K. Pratt, T.; Rev. D. C. Franklin, C; J. F. Huntzinger,
U . ; E . R . Steinhilber, D . ; S . W . Matters, M . ; J . Dunlavy, W .
H. Axline, M. E's.; W. H. Carl, E. S. Burgin, C. A.
Mentzer, Trustees, The present officers are: G. W, Cullison, W.

HISTORY OF IOWA. 413

P.; E. R. Steinhilber, V. P.; C. A. Mentzer, R. S.; T. J. Jones,
F. S.; S. K. Pratt, T.; Thos. H. Smith, C; J. F. Huntzinger, U. ;
Daniel Chase, D.; L. B. Tameseia, S.; Jas, McConnel, W. Carl, E.
S. Burgin, Trustees.

Harlan Lochje No. 193, A. 0. U. W. — This Lodge was organ-
ized June 12th; 1879, by J. J. Stuckly, of Des Moines. Meetings
are held every Friday evening. The first officers were: W. W.
Girton, M. W.; U. S. Brown, P. M. W.; B. I. Kinsev, F.; T. J.
Robinson, 0.; 0. P. Wyland, F. R.; John R. Lehman, Fin.; E. B.
Moore, Recr.; J. R. Wyerly, G.; J. F. Wyland, I. W.; C. Happe,
0. W.; E.J. Trowbridge, E. S. Burgin, J. H. Waite, Trustees.
There were twenty-eight charter members. The present officers
are: 0. S. Reynolds, P. M. W.; George E. Bennett, M. W.; S.
H. Watters, R.; W. W. Girton, F.; L. P. Christianson, 0.; 0. P.
Wyland, Rec; C. Happe, G.; H. F. Locke, W.; T. J. Robinson,
Trustee: E. A. Cobb, M.D., Med. Ex. The present membership
of the Lodge is twenty-one.

Shelby Counttj Agricultural Societij. — This society was started
about seven years ago by a few citizens, but it did not assume any
particular prominence until within the past three or four years,
and it was not a paying institution. The society started with but
ten acres of land, whereas now it has forty. The fair grounds
join the northeast portion of the town-site. The last two exhibi-
tions have not only been well attended, but have more than paid
expenses. Greater things are hoped for in the future. The grounds
are provided with a good floral hall, an amphitheatre capable of
holding 1,000 people, stabling for forty horses, good judges' stand,
and one of the finest half-mile race-tracks in the State, all of which
are enclosed by a tight board fence. Li 18S0, the society paid out
$1,400 in premiums, and in 1881, $1,500. The present officers are
T. Ledwich, President; C. C. Redfield, Secretary.

Utile DuJce Club. — This club which has been organized but a
few weeks, has about thirty-five members. Its objects are physi-
cal and social improvement, D. M. AVyland is President. Meet-
ings are lield in Long's Hall every night in the week.

414 HISTORY OF IOWA.

• SHELBY COUNTY BIOGRAPHIES,

HARLAN

W. E. Armstrong, barber, formerly of Humboldt, Humboldt
county, la. (where he was engaged in business two years) came to
Harlan in Dec, 1880, and established his present business on the
west side of square; moved to his present room, which adjoins
the City Hotel ofltice, in Oct., 1881. He runs two chairs, keeping
one man to assist.

William Baughn, farmer and stock dealer, was born in Wash-
ington, Fayette county, 0., in Nov., 1857; moved with parents to
Harrison county, la.; thence in 186G to Council Bluffs, and to
Shelby county in 1869, and engaged in farming until 1875, then
engaged in the livery business at Harlan, which he continued about
a year, sold to Elias Monroe, and returned to farming. In 1878
he engaged in the stock business. His office is in the Stock and
Grain Exchange, on the southeast corner of the square.

Hiram Baughn. farmer, stock raiser and dealer, is one of the
oldest settlers of Shelby county, la., and has a fine stock farm of
140 acres.

Merrills Barton, farmer, was born in Genesee county, N. Y., in
1823, and at four years of age moved with parents to Chautauqua
county. In 1852 he moved to Waupaca county, Wis., where he
engaged in farming until 1870, when he moved to Mitchell county,
la., and the following year came to Shelby county, locating two
miles east of Harlan. He owns a farm of 131 acres, where he re-
sides, and another of 600 acres in Douglas township. They are
both well improved stock farms. He was elected a member of the
Board of Supervisors.

F. A. Bayer, M. D., was born in Dansville, N. Y., in 1840. In
1862 he enlisted in the 130th N. Y. Vol., was in several of the
most important battles; was wounded at Opequan Creek, near
Winchester, Va., and was discharged in 1864. He returned to N.
Y.; afterwards entered the Medical College at Cincinnati, 0.; from
which he graduated in 1867, and moved to Benton county, la.,
and there engaged in the practice of medicine for four years. In
1872 he came to Harlan and opened his present office.

N. Booth, dealer in agricultural implements, wagons, carriages,
etc.; came to Shelby county, la., in 1871, from Cal. He engaged
in farming until 1881; then bought an interest in business of E.
J. Trowbridge; afterwards purchased the entire business and
premises on Upper Second street. He handles Deering's twine bind-

HISTORY OF IOWA. 4 15

ers, N. C. Thompson's goods, of Rockford, 111.; Moline Plow Co.'s
goods, Norwegian Plow Co/s goods, Davenport Co.'s goods. Court-
land Wagon Co.'s goods, and is special agent for J. I. Case's ma-
chinery and Aultman & Taylor's threshing machines.

J. V. Brazie, stock raiser and farmer, was born in Schoharie
county, N. Y., in April, 1853; in 1863 he moved with parents to
Albany; thence the same year to Lapeer county, Mich. In 186i
he removed to Rochester, N. Y., and the year following to Butler
county, la., and to Harlan in the spring of 1806. In 181:7 he at-
tended the University at Des Moines; engaged in teaching several
terms, and in 1875 engaged in farming. In 187G, he purchased
the livery stock of E. Monroe; conducted business until May, 1881;
then sold to E. C. Swain, and continues farming, paying special
attention to the raising of pure Berkshire and Poland China hogs.

M. M. Bechtell, grain dealer, was born in Hagerstown, Me., in
1822; remained there until 1843; then studied for the ministry at
Pennsylvania College, from which he graduated in 187'1; then took
a course in the theological seminary at Gettysburg, Pa.; was
licensed as a preacher in the Lutheran church, and ordained in
1853; moved to Somerset county the following year; continued
preaching, and also engaged in the lumber business. In 1858 he mov-
ed to Cumberland county. Me., and continued the lumber trade; in
1865 was engaged in the oil trade in Pa., and the following year
removed to Victor, la., and engaged in farming; thence to Mitch-
cUville in 1873, and engaged in the grain business; the next year
to Lennox, Taylor county, where he built a mill and remained four
years; removed to Essex, Page county, and engaged in the mercan-
tile business; thence to Harlan in 1879, and engaged in the hard-
ware business, which he sold to Mr. Snively; then built elevator
number two, and engaged in his present business.

Irving W. Beeras, justice of the peace and insurance agent, was
born in Muskingum county, 0., in 1847; removed with parents to
Jasper county, la., in 1856; was in the employ of the C. & K. I.
railroad company several years, and in April, 1875, moved to
Shelby county, and engaged in farming in Jackson township, un-
til Sept., 1878, when he moved to Harlan, and engaged in the in-
surance business; is special agent for the Underwriters, of N. Y.;
Gemania, of N. Y.; Westchester, of N. Y.; N. Y. City Fire Ins. Co.;
American, of Philadelphia; Springfield Fire and Marine Ins. Co.;
Iowa State, of Keokuk; and Hawkeye, of Des Moines. Office on
the north side of public square. He was elected justice of the
peace in 1881, on the republican ticket. He was married in 1868, in
Jasper county, to Sarah E. Plummer, and has four children.

Charles Bergstresser, harness maker, wasbjrn in Snyder county,
Pa., in 1847; moved with parents to Harlan in 1865. His father
established the first harness shop in the county; he Avorked
for his father two years: was employed by P. Louchur in Nov.,

416 HISTORY OF IOWA.

1875; remained Avith him three years, and then purc-hased the busi-
ness; keeps two men employed, and carries a full stock of every-
thing in his line.

Henry S. Burk, justice of the peace and collecting agent, was
born in Southeastern Ky., Sept. 23rd, 1816; moved to Decatur
county, Ind., in 1827, where he resided until coming to Shelby
county, la., in 1869; engaged in farming and gardening. In 1877
he was elected justice of the peace, which office he still holds.

S. A. Burk, attorney at law, was born in Decatur county, Ind.,
in 1853; came to la. with parents in 1869; received his education,
at Moore's Hill College, Ind.; read law with Hon. Piatt Wick, was
admitted to practice in Mar., 1878, and became a partner with Mr.
W., which partnership was dissolved in 1880, when Mr. Burk
opened his present office in Harlan.

W. H. Carl, of the firm of Carl & Graves, dealers in furniture,
and undertakers; was born in AVapello county, la., in 1849,
learned carpentering, and in 1872 located at Harlan,and engaged in
contracting and building in partnership with W. H. Griffith; in
1876 they bought out the furniture business of William Stanley.
In Mar., .1880, Mr. Griffith sold his interest in the business to Mr.
Graves. They have a fine business house, carry a large and com-
plete stock of everything in their line, and in connection own a
handsome hearse that cost |800. Mr. Carl is a member of the I.
0. 0. F. In May, 1880, he was married at Harlan to Miss
A. C. Bergstresser.

Riley Cass, proprietor of the Harlan steam carriage and wagon
factory and blacksmith shop, was born in Chautauqua county, N.
Y., in 1831; there learned his trade, and in 1853 moved to Van
Buren county, la.; thence to Harlan in 1874, and established his
present business in 1877, with a very small capital, in what is now
his wood-work shop; added a blacksmith shop in 1879, and later in
the same year added an engine room and polishing room; has a
twelve-horse power, horizontal engine, also machinery for plow-
work and sawing. He employs in his paint shop R. W. Straley,
who is a painter and finisher of long experience. This factory
has gained an extensive repatation for its fine work, having none
but competent workmen employed. Mr. C. was married in 1856
to Sarah Brown, and has five children.

Hon. J. W. Chatburn, proprietor of the Harlan and the Shelby
Mills, was born at Sabden, England, in 1821; served an apprentice-
ship there as millwright, and in 1845 came to America; was en-
gaged in milling at Philadelphia, Pa., five years; removed in 1850
to Kanesville — now Council Bluffs — la.; remained two years; re-
moved to Harrison county and took a claim near the present town
of Magnolia; built a mill in 1853, which Avas the first mill north
of the Boyer river; remained there until 18()9; then moved to near

HISTORY OF IOWA. 417

the present town of Woodbine, and built what Avas afterwards
known as Dunraire's mill. In 1807 he built the Harlan mill,
which he still owns, and in connection has a flour, exchange, sale
and feed store in Harlan, which is managed by J. Hersey. In
1878, Mr. Chatburn erected the Shelby steam mills, at Shelby,
which are run by Thomas Chatburn. Mr. J. W. Chatburn was
elected county judge of Harrison county for two years, and is a
member of the county board.

Warren Closson, of the firm of Closson & Hardie, wholesale deal-
ers and shippers of butter, eggs, etc., was born in Delaware county,
0., in 1834. He served in the Avar of the rebellion, and at its
close located in Ind., and in 18(39 removed to Pella, la.; thence to
Harlan in 1871; has been justice of the peace eight years; is a
member of the I. 0. 0. F. and A. F. & A. M. orders; was mayor of
this city in 1880, and in Nov., 1881, engaged in his present busi-
ness with Mr. Hardie. He was married in 1862 at Fort Wayne,
Ind., to Fannie Hardie, and has six children.

L. C. Cooper, barber, purchased his business in April, 1881, of Geo.
Jackson, Avho established it in Jan., 1881. His shop is on the
west side of square. It is well furnished. He has two chairs, and
employs one man. Mr. C. was formerly in business at Avoca, la.

John Coenen, of the firm of Coenen & Luecke, proprietors of
the one-price clothing store; dealers in clothing, hats, caps, gents
furnishing soods, boots, shoes, etc., also have merchant tailoring
in connection. He came from Marion county, la., to Harlan in
1878, and established a lumber yard; in 1880, built the corner
block, also the brick store building occupied by the clothing store,
and two business houses adjoining. He sold the lumber business
to John Keid & Co. Mr. C. is vice-president of and a stock-holder
in the Shelby county bank. H. Luecke came from Carroll county
to Harlan in Dec, 1880; formed his present partnership in 1881.

Mr. CuUison, of the firm of Smith & CuUison, attorneys at law,
graduated from the State Normal School, of Kirksville, Mo., in
1870; was conductor and principal of the Troy Normal School,
from 1871 to 1875. He studied law with A. A. J. AUerton, of
Kirksville, and was admitted to the bar in 1876; was associate
principal of the Southern Iowa scientific institute, and superin-
tendent of the city schools of Allerton, Wayne 'ounty, la.; thence
came to Harlan and formed his present partnership in Jan., 1881.

J. W. DeSilva, attorney at law, was born in Gilboa, Schoharie
county, N. Y., in 1834; attended the Gilboa Seminary, and in
1854 graduated from the Charlottevillo Seminary; then began the
study of law in the ofiice of Hon. Lyman Tremaine, and was ad-
mitted to tue bar in 1859; practiced for one year at Sullivan, and
in 1869 came to Shelby county, la., locating at Old Harlan. His
office is on Court street, o})posite city building.

418 HISTORY OF IOWA.

F. B. Eshelnian, dentist, was born in Foreston, Ogle county, 111.;
began the study of dentistry wjth Dr. C. W. Chamberlain, of
Lanark, Carroll county, la., in 18()2; remained there until 1880;
then located at Harlan, and formed a partnership with Dr. Frazey,
whom he bought out in Oct., 1881. He has a fine, well furnished
office, on the second floor of Long's block, of three rooms — recep-
tion room, operating room and labratory.

C. Will. Fisher, photographer, was born in 1849; came
to Harlan in 1876, and established his present business,
which was the first in the county. His close application
to business, and the fine work produced, has gained him a reputa-
tion as an artist. Gallery on East Second street, one door south
of Herald office. He is a member of the V. A. S., beneficiary
society. In 1875 he was married at Andalusia, 111., to Rachel M.
Parker. They have three children.

Dr. L. D. Frost, druggist, was born in Morrow county, 0., in
Aug., 1834; removed to Guthrie county, la., in the fall of 1854;
engaged in running the hotel and stage station at the old town of
Morrisburg, and devoted much time to the study of medicine.
The following year he removed to his present location, on the
south side of the square, where he has a fine stock of drugs, gro-
ceries, confectionery, etc. He has an elegant private office, and
fine library in connection. This was the first drug store in Shelby
county. He was elected city treasurer in 1881. In 1854 Ke was
married in Morrow county, 0., to Lydia Babcock. He has an
orchard of ten acres adjoining town, with one thousand bearing
apple trees, and quantities of small fruit. This is the largest
orchard in the county.

E. Gish, proprietor of the Central House, formerly known as
the Swain House; was born in Va. in 1837; moved with parents to
Green county, 0., in 1847; thence, in 1856, to Jasper county, la.,
and engaged in farming, until 1804; then moved to Shelby county,
bought two hundred acres of well improved land in Harlan town-
ship, and there engaged in farming until Apr., 1881, when he
moved to Harlan and engaged in the hotel business. He has been
engaged in this business before, and keeps a first-class house. He
was married in 1867, at Bowman's Grove, la., to Marrietta Poling,
and has two children.

G. S. Gibbs, dealer in general merchandise, was born in Ypsilan-
ti[City, Mich., in 1848; removed to Harlan. la., in 1869, and was
in the employ of J. W. & E. W. Davis. They had at that time
the only business house in the town. He remained with them five
years, and was employed by J. B. Stutsman until 1876; and in
partnership with J. Jackson established his present business July
1st, 1879. He purchased Mr. Jackson's interest, and now carries
on the business alone; has a very fine stock, and does a lively busi-

HISTORY OF IOWA. 419

ness. Has a branch business at Irwin, which is conducted by W.
W. Gibbs, under the firm name of W. W. Gibbs & Co. Mr. G. S.
Gibbs has just completed a very fine brick residence in Harlan at
a cost of S7,000. He was the first city treasurer of this place, and
is at present a member of the council, also of the board of super-
visors. Is a member of the A. F. & A. M. and I. 0. 0. F. lodges.
He was married Jan., 1875, at Council Bluffs, to Delia Baughn,
daughter of Hon. Chas. Baughn. They have one son and one
daughter.

J. T. Graham, of the firm of Graham & Munger, hardware deal-
ers, came to Harlan, la., in Dec, 1880 from Sharon, Mahaska
county, where he was engaged in business three years. Jan. 1st,
1881, he bought a half-interest in the hardware store of E. J.
Trowbridge, who sold the remainder to Mr. Munger June 18th,
1881. They have a full stock of everything in their line; keep
two men employed, and a first-class tinner; have telephone con-
nections.

0. F. Graves, of the firm of Carl & Graves, was born in Water-
town, Jefferson county, N. Y.,in 1848; there learned carpenter and
joiner's trade; was for seven years engineer on the R. W. & 0.
Ry.; four years on the N. Y. & 0. M. Ry., and one year on the U.
P. Ry. In 1875 he opened the sash, blind, and door factory of
Graves & Van Doren, at Watertown, and in March, 1880, came to
Harlan, la., and formed his present partnership. He is a member
of the I. 0. 0. F. and V. A. S. orders.

S. W. Harmon, of the firm of Seeland & Harmon, proprietors of
the temperance billiard hall, on East Market street. This firm
has three Brunswick & Balke Co.'s billiard tables, and two
pool tables. The room is fitted up in first-class style; keeps for
sale cigars, cider and soda water.

Lucieu Herbert, proprietor of saloon on west side of square. Avas
born in Luxemburg, Ger.; is a graduate from the Luxemburg Uni-
versity, which he attended six years, graduating in 1878; came to
the U. S. in 1879, and located at Wesphalia, Shelby county, la.;
moved to Harlan in May, 1881.

J. A. Hardie, of the firm of Closson & Hardie, was born in Rock-
port, N. Y., in 1858; moved to Pella, la., in 1869; was for four
years foreman for R.'P. Brown, at Grand Junction; has had nine
years experience in present business. Their place of business is in
the basement of Coenen's block.

Harry Howell, boot and shoe-maker, was born in Somerset,
England, in 1848; came to America in 1868, first locating at N.
Y. City; worked at trade there for six years; removed to Haidan,
la., in ihe autumn of 1875; was in the employ of P. Louchor, har-
ness, boot and slice-maker, three years; then purchased the boot
and shoe busine&s; continued in the same place one year, and built

420 HISTORY OF IOWA.

his present place of hnsiness in 1879 in partnership witb Charles
Bergstresser. He is now doing a good business; keeps two men
employed.

H. C. Holcomb, clerk of the courts, was born in 1823,
in Essex county, N. Y.; moved to Kanesville, la., in 1853; was en-
gaged in teaching school in Mills and Pottawattamie counties un-
til 1858; then came to Harlan, which was just laid out, and erected
the first house in the town, and engaged in carpentry, until 1859,
when he was elected clerk of the courts; was re-elected in 1860, 1862
and 1864; was defeated in 1866, and re-elected in 1868 and 1870;
was not a candidate for the next term, but was re-elected in 1878
and 1880. He was married in 1802 to Elizabeth A. McCoy, and
has one son.

D. S. Irwin, attorney at law, came to Washington county, la.,
in 1805, from Pa. In the spring of 1870 he removed to Shelby
county, and engaged in farming for several years, teaching school
during the winters; was admitted to the bar at circuit court, at
Harlan, in Mar., 1881, Judge Loofborow presiding; then engaged
in the practice of law at Irwin, a new town on the Iowa Southern
liy. It was named after Mr. Irwin, having been laid out on his
land. His office is in the postoffice building.

Hon. Thomas Ledwich, of the firm of Ledwich, Hunt & Long,
dealers in lumber, coal, lime and cement; Avas born in Canada in
1841; came to the U. S. with parents, and located in N. Y. In the
spring of 18G1 he enlisted in the 2nd N. Y. Cav.; was wounded at
the second battle of Bull Run. He was at the battle of Fredricks-
burg, the fall of Mobile, and several other important battles,
and was discharged in 1865; remained in Ky. two years; then re-
moved to Avoca, la., and in June, 1869, shipped the first car-load
of lumber into that place that was ever received there, and opened
a lumber yard. In 1871 he started the first newspaper of the place,
called the Avoca Delta, which he sold after two years. He re-
moved to Harlan in 1879, and formed his present partnership.
Their office is on Market street; adjoining it is the door and sash
room, and in connection they manufacture Fry's patent combina-
tion wood and wire fence, having the right for Shelby county.
They keep four men employed, make sixty rods per day. Their
large and well stocked lumber yard fronts Market and Court streets.
Mr. Hunt was in business with Mr. L. at Avoca previous to com-
ing to this place, and was the builder of the first steam mill there.
Mx-. Ledwich is president of the Shelby county fair association; has
been president of the 'Botna Valley District Agricultural Society,
he is mayor of the city, and has been a member of the council
several years.

James M. Long, of the firm of Ledwich, Hunt & Long, came to
Shelby county, la., in the spring of 1856, and located within three-
fourths of a mile of the present town of Harlan; bought eight

HISTORY OF IOWA. 421

hundred acres of land in this and Harrison counties, and enc^ao-ed
in farming; two years later, the^ old town of Harlan was locat^'ed,
and m 1859 Mr. L. laid out the present town, which joins the old
town on the south, and was called Long's addition. The same year
the county seat was moved here from Shelbyville, and the vear
followmg he built the old court house; in 1870 he erected.the
Harlan House; six years later, the first brick business block in the
town, on the north side of the scjuarc; in 1878, he built another
business block on the southwest corner of the square, and the City
Hotel, and a brick building in rear of the hotel used as a saloon;
and now has in course of erection the new opera house, which is
to be a first class opera house with all of the latest improvements.
It will have three store-rooms on the ground floor, two in front
and one m the rear. Besides these buildings, he owns a fine resi-
dence, livery barn, and other town and country property. In 18G0
he was married at Jeddo, Harrison county, to^Hattie McCoid.

Cyrus Mentzer. dealer in groceries and queensware, came to
Harlan m the spring of 1880, from Marion, Linn county, Ia.,where
he was m business for eight years. He engaged in his present
business with J. Jackson, and in the spring of 1881 bought Mr.
J s. interest. He now employs three clerks, runs a delivery wao-on
for city trade, and carries one of the largest stocks of goods m\k
line m the city; store in Coenen's block, on the northeast corner
of the square.

James E. Miller, harness maker, was born in Ky. in 1851; moved
with parents to Mexico, thence to Audrian county, Mo., where he
learned his trade; then came to Ottumwa, Li., and worked with J
Taylor; afterwards to Des Moines, and was with F. Butler In
18 < 5 he came to Harlan, and was in the employ of E. E Swain
for two years, and after taking a trip to the Black Hills, took
charge of the business for G. H. Walker, who sold to E. B. Gard
in Sept., 1879. He continued in the business for Mr. G. until
April 7th, 1880, when he purchased the business. He now keeps
four men employed, and keeps constantly on hand a large and
complete stock of harness, saddles, whips, etc.; also has a branch
establishment at Irwin. He is a meinber of the A. 0 U W or-
der Sept. 12th, 1878, he was married at Harlan to Hattie Brazie
and has two children. '

Myerly, Sheller & Harrod, attorneys at law, land, loan, insur-
ance and abstract office. The business was established in 1879 by
R. E. Carruthei^. Messrs. J. B. Myerly & Co. purchased the office
Jan. 1st, 1880, D. B. bheller joining in March of the same year
and Mr Harrod m Jan., 1881, thus forming the present partner-
ship Mr. Myerly came to Harlan from Des Moines, and is a
graduate from the Iowa City University; attends to the law prac-
tice of the firm. Mr. Sheller came from Dallas Center, where he
was for several years in the Dallas Center hank; Mr. Harrod is

422 HISTORY OF IOWA.

from Shelby, this county. Mr. H. was elected county treasurer in
the fall of 1879, and at the expiration of the term became a part-
ner in the present firm. They have an extensive and growing
business, are agents for the Hamburg American Packet Company,
Red Star Line, and American Steamship Company, for the sale of
emigrant tickets, and have a complete set of abstract books of this
county.

J. S. Murray, of the firm of J. S. Murray & Co., proprietors of
elevator No. 1, on the west side of the track of the Harlan branch
of the C, R. I. & P. Ry.; was born in Canada in 1837; came to the
U. S. in 1875, located at Avoca, la., and engaged in the grain
business; was proprietor of the Avoca elevator. He came to Har-
lan in 1878, built the elevator, and engaged in his present busi-
ness. He has a branch business at Defiance, on a branch of the
C, M. & St. P. Ry., which is conducted by Miles & Miles. The
Avoca business was conducted by P. F. Murray until Sept., 1880,
when he came to Harlan, and became a member of the above firm.
They also handle Des Moines and Oskaloosa hard and soft coal.

J. W. Newby, dealer in agricultural implements, sewing ma-
chines, organs, etc., was born in N. C, in 1849; moved with his
parents to Carroll county. Ind.; thence to Mills county, la., in
1867, and to Shelby county the following year, locating one and
one-half miles east of Harlan, on what was known as the Baughn
farm. In 1875 he moved to Harlan, and established his present
business, which is now located on West Market street. He is
agent for the White, Domestic, and Household sewing machines,
and for Furst & Bradley's, Walter A. Wood's AVier Co.'s., and
Aultman, Miller & Co.'s goods, and for other leading manufac-
tories. He has a branch establishment at Irwin.

Dallas F. Paul, county auditor, was born in Saratoga, N. Y., in
1846; moved to Mills county, la., in 1806, and engaged in farming
for ten years; then moved to Shelby county, and located in Cass
township, where he owns 728 acres of land, well improved for
stock purposes. He was elected to his present office in 1881.

Andrew Peterson, merchant tailor, w^as born in Denmark, in
1830, learned his trade and was engaged in business there; came
to America in Sept., 1873, and located at Troy, N. Y.; moved to
Schenectady, and was in the employ of Holtzman & Fritzmaurice,
as foreman in their tailoring department for two and one-half
years. In the fall of 1876 he came to Harlan and established his
present business.

R. M. Pomeroy, county treasurer, was born in Franklin county,
Pa., in 1849; moved to Louisa county, la., in 1872; was engaged in
business at Morning Sun, and three years later moved to Shelby,
Shelby county, and engaged in the mercantile business, which he
still owns. He is mayor of Shelby. He was elected county treas-
urer in 1881.

HISTORY OF IOWA, 423

W. R. Parker, proprietor of billiard parlor and sample rooms, in
rear of City Hotel, (formerly of Missouri Valley) established his
present business in Nov., 1880. Has two Brunswick, Balke & Co.'s
billiard tables, and one pool table.

H. C. & E. D. Potter, of the firm of Potter Bros., proprietors
of the steam wa^^on, blacksmith and machine shop, on West Market
street; came to Harlan, la., in Nov., 1878, from Whiteside county.
Ill, and established his present business. They have a four-horse
engine, and employ three blacksmiths and one wood woi-ker. They
make a specialty of building fine light buggies and track sulkies to
order.

C. R. Pratt, of the firm of Pratt Bros., proprietors of the
Harlan Herald, edits and conducts the paper. It was established
in 1875 by Geo. Musgrave, is republican, and the official paper of
the county, is thoroughly fitted for jobbing purposes; has a fine
Campbell power press.

J. H. & E. W. Reynolds, of the firm of Reynolds Bros., con-
tractors and builders, located at Harlan in 1879, shop on East
Market street, where they employ two men, do wagon work in con-
nection. They are from Keokuk, la., are thorough workmen, and
capable of handling large contracts.

John Reed & Co., dealers in lumber, lime, cement, coal, and
pamts, were formerly of Rock Island, HI., where they were en-
gaged in the lumber business; came to Harlan in Dec, 1880, and
purchased the business of Coenen & Fairchild, on Upper Third
street. Mr. John Reed conducts the business at Harlan ; they have
a branch establishment at Kirkman.

Ramsey Bros., dealers in clothing, boots, shoes, and gents' fur-
nishnig goods; came to Harlan from Prairie City, Jasper county,
la. The business was established in the spring of 1879, by Hol-
defer & Ramsey; the former sold his interest in Jan., 1882, to J.
H. & J, W. Ramsey, who with their brother W. H. constitute the
present firm. They carry an immense stock of goods, and do a
flourishing business; store on north side of square. They have a
branch house at Irwin, under the charge of J. W. Ramsey.

Frank and Albert Reynolds, of the firm of Reynolds & Co., photog-
raphers, formerly of Keokuk county, la.; learned their trade at
Des Moines, and came to Harlan in the spring of 1879; established
business in Sept., 1880. They occupy four rooms in Coenen's
block, on the second floor. They make a specialty of copying and
enlarging.

Alden K. Riley, attorney at law, loan and abstract office; was
born in Schoharie county, N. Y., in 1852; began attendance at the
lort Edwards Institute, N. Y., in 1808, and graduated in 1872;
then entered Princeton College, N. J., obtained a degree in 1876,
and entered the law firm of Krum & Grant, at Schoharie; removed

424 HISTORY OF IOWA.

in the following year to Jefferson, Greene county, la.; there en-
tered the law firm of Russel & Toliver, and was also professor of
mathematics at the Jefferson Academy. In April, 1878, he came
to Harlan, and opened an office. . He is one of the stockholders
and directors of the Shelby county bank, also attorney for the
bank; office in Coenen's block, front room up-stairs. He is a
member of the I. 0. 0. F. August 27th, 1S78, he was married at
Harlan to Betta M. Hard, and has one child, Alden K.

Geo. D. Ross, farmer and stock raiser, was born in Jefferson
county, N. Y., in Dec, 1842. He enlisted at the commencement
of the war in Co. G, 21st Wis. Inft.; was in a number of impor-
tant battles; was wounded at Atlanta, Ga., necessitating the am-
putation of his right arm; was discharged in 18G5. In May, 1872,
he came to Harlan, purchased property and engaged in teaching
school. In the fall of the same year he was elected clerk of the
courts, and re-elected twice on the republican ticket. He estab-
lished the first livery in the town, in the spring of 1873, which he
sold after two years. He had the mail route between Harlan and
Dunlap, and carried mail and express between Harlan and Avoca,
for several years. In Aug., 1875, he bought the Herald printing
office, of Geo. Musgrave, and in Feb., 1876, bought the Record
printing office, combined them, and published the Herald until
1879; then bought farms joining town, one of eighty acres on the
west, and 160 acres, one mile northeast of town. He also owns
valuable town property.

John Rogers & Son, proprietors of restaurant and bakery, deal
in staple and fancy groceries, confectionery, etc. They came to
Harlan, in Dec, 1881, and purchased the stock and business of
Lew Tamesiea on the east side of the square. They employ a first
class baker and confectioner, keep day boarders and furnish lunches,
ice cream, oysters, soda water, etc.

J. S. Snively, hardware dealer, came from Carroll county, 111.,
where he had been engaged in teaching school, to Harlan, la., Oct.
1st, 1880, and established his present business, on the north side
of the square. He carries a full stock of everything in his line;
keeps three men employed; is the sole agent in the town for the
Glidden barb wire.

Samuel Smith was born in Guernsey county, 0., in 1836; re-
moved to Guthrie county, la., in 1857, and engaged in farming.
He engaged in freighting to Denver, Col., in 1861 and 1862;
then returned to Guthrie county, where he remained until 1869;
then came to Shelby county; engaged in teaching several years,
and previous to the coming of the railroad to Harlan, ran freight-
ing teams between there and Avoca.

Mr. Smith, of firm of Smith & Cullison, came to Harlan from
Bloomfield, Davis county, la., where he studied law with M. H.
Jones, was admitted to the bar in the spring of 1878, and came to

HISTORY OF IOWA. 425

this city the same year, and formed a partnership with P. C. Tru-
man, which continued three years. Mr. T. then sold his interest
to Mr. Cullison, in Jan., 1881, thus forming the above firm.

Joseph Stiles, attorney at law, and land loan and insurance
agent, was born in 0., in 1846; removed to Benton county, la., in
1853; thence to Western, Linn county, in 1856; there attended
college, and in 1867 moved to Jefferson, Green county, where he
engaged in teaching school. In 1873 he began the study of law,
with Henderson & Howard. The following year he was admitted to
the bar, in the district court. Judge Keed presiding. He was asso-
ciated in practice with Judge Potter, of that place, one year; re-
moved to Harlan in the autumn of 1875, and opened an office; was
elected justice of the peace in 1877, which office he held two terms.

Steinhilber & Schnuettgen, dealers in furniture, and undertakers;
established business April 1st, 1880. They command and occupy
for the retail business the store building on Market street, having
sales-room, work-shop and ware-room below, and on the second
floor the finishing and undertaking rooms, in which they employ
two men, a wood worker and Mnisher. Their factory on Third
street employs from twenty to thirty men. They do a large whole-
sale business. E. R. Steinhilber was formerly engaged in the stock
business in Davenport. Mr. Schnuettgoi is by trade a fresco painter;
worked several years in Philadelphia, Pa., and Milwaukee, Wis. He
was employed on the Centennial buildings in Philadelphia.

E, C. Swain, proprietor of Swain's livery stables, was born in
Ind. in 181:8; removed to la. in 1857, locating in Guthrie county; the
following year moved to Shelby county, and to Harlan in 1869. He
engaged in the harness business for six years, and in 1878, bought
an interest in the livery business of J. V. Brazie. The present
barn was built by this firm in 1879, and in 1881, Mr. S. became sole
proprietor; keeps sixteen horses and eight carriages for livery
purposes.

J. B. Swain was born at Randolph, Ind., in 1825; moved to Dal-
las county, Ind., in 1854, and engaged in farming for two years;
then moved to Denison, Crawford county, being one of the first to
locate there; remained until the spring of 1859; then came to
Shelby, and built a mill in Grove township, Avhich he sold to Mil-
ton Lynch, in 1861. He again engaged in farming, until his re-
moval to Dunlap, when it was first laid out, in 1867, and the fol-
lowing year opened a harness shop, which business he sold to his
son, E. C. Swain. He purchased the Harlan House of J. M. Long,
conducted it for five years, and in the s]tring of 1879 erected the
Swain House, which he conducted until April, 1881, when he
leased to E. Gish, and retired from active; business. He was mar-
ried in Wayne county, Ind., in 1846, to Irena Whitenger, and has
three sons and five daughters.

428 HISTORY OF IOWA.

D. 0. Stuart, attorney at law, was born in Pa. in 1848; moved
with parents to Va. in 1851; took a preparatory literary course at
the university at Morgantown. He served one year as scout dur-
ing the rebellion, and at the close of the war, removed to Warren
county, la.; attended Simpson's Centenary College, at Indianola;
graduated in 1872, obtaining the degree ol: B. A. He commenced
reading law while at college, with Col. P. Gad Bryan, and was
admitted at the Nov. term of the district court at Newton, Jasper
county, in 1872; was admitted to practice in the supreme court in
June, 1874, and to the U. S. circuit court in Oct., of the same
year, at Des Moines. In the spring of 1877, he moved to Des
Moines, and to Harlan in Aug., 1880. His office is in Long's block
on the north side of the public square.

A. D. Tinsley, editor of the Harlan Tribune (established in 1879),
was born in Wapello county, la., in 1854; removed to Harlan in
1875, engaged in joiner work with Kiley Cass, and taught school
during the winter of 1875-6. In 1877 was assistant county treas-
urer under Thomas McDonald; in the fall of the same year, en-
gaged in business with his brother Prior Tinsley, and in 1879, still
retaining his interest in the store, he opened the Tribune office.
He has since been chairman of the county democratic central com-
mittee. He has always been an active participant in the cam-
paigns, and is recognized as one of the party leaders in the county.
The Tribune has been a county official paper since its establish-
ment, and a city official paper for some time; office on north side
of the square. Nov. 10th, 1881, Mr. Tinsley was married to Cicily
Chatburn, daughter of the Hon. J. W. Chatburn of Harlan.

G. W. Todd, M. D., was born at Bellevue, Huron county, 0., in
1838; attended college at Granville three years, then the Cleveland
Medical College, graduating in 1861, and obtaining a degree. He
enlisted in the 55th 0. Inft., Co. A, and was discharged in 1865; then
came to Tabor, Fremont county, la., and engaged in the drug busi-
ness; remained eight years, then moved to Montgomery county, la.,
and engaged in the practice of medicine at Milford. In the spring
of 1878 he moved to Shelby, Shelby county, la., and to Harlan in
1881; where he formed a partnership with JDr. Cartlich, who located
herein 1880.

Geo. H. Walker, was born in W. Va., in 1814; moved to Northern
Ind., in 1834, and engaged in farming; was also engaged in the mer-
cantile business at Benton, Elkhart county. In 1854 removed to
Linn county, la., and engaged in farming until 1860, when he en-
gaged in business at Mt. Vernon. In 1876 he moved to Harlan,
and in June of that year established a mercantile house; retired
from business in the autumn of 1881, still owning the property, be-
sides other town property, and 420 acres of land in Thayer county.
Neb. He was married in Lid., in 1842, to Celina Smith, and has
four children.

HISTORY OF IOWA. 427

A. G. Waynick, of the firm of Waynick & Hunter, grocers; was
born in Monroe county, la., in 1852; moved witli parents to Chari-
ton, Lucas county, in 1854. In 1870 he went to Golden, Col., and
two years later to Chicago, 111. ; thence, in 1874, to Burlington, la. ;
and two years later to Corning, where he engaged in the clothing
business, until 1879, when he came to Harlan and established his
present business, which he carried on alone until the spring of 1880.
Mr. Hunter, of Corning, then bought an interest, but remains at
Corning, Mr. W. conducting the business, which is in Long's block
on the southeast corner of the square.

J. E. Weaver, attorney at law, was born in Henry county, Ind.,
in June, 1849; moved with his parents to Powsheik county, la., in
1859; entered the Iowa College, at Grinnell, la., in 1866, and in 1870
commenced the study of law with Emery & Lewis, of Montezuma;
Avas admitted to the bar in 1873 by the district court; Judge E. S.
Sampson presiding. In 1874 moved to Pella, where he practiced one
year, and then came to Harlan, establishing his present business;
office on the north side of square. He is a member of the A. F.
& A. M. order.

Thomas R. Westrope, farmer, stock raiser and dealer, was born
in Morgan county, 111., in 1825; moved to La Fayette county, Wis.,
in 1850; thence to Montgomery county, la., where he owns six-
teen hundred acres of well improved farming land, two hundred
and fifty head of graded cattle and fifty head of pedigreed short-
horns. He came to Shelby county in the spring of 1881, and here
owns 440 acres of land and 150 head of cattle; has 300 acres of
well improved farm in Audubon county, and 260 acres in La Fay-
ette county. Wis. He carries on all of these farms himself, keep-
ing sixteen men constantly employed, besides extra help in crop-
ping seasons. He is one of the most extensive farmers in western
la. In 1848, he was married, in La Fayette county. Wis., to Sarah
A. Huntsman, They have eight sons and two daughters.

D. M, Wyland, of the firm of J, C, & D," M. Wyland, was born
in Elkhart county, Ind., in 1846; came to Shelby county. la., in
1861; in 1804 took charge of the treasurer's office under William
Wyland, and the year following attended the university at Iowa
City, remaining four years; returned to Harlan and was appointed
clerk of the courts in 1869, which position he resigned in the
spring of 1870, to accept one offered by the Council Bluffs savings
bank; remained there until 1872; then formed a partnership with
his present partner. He is a member of the city council, and of
the A. F. & A. M. and I. 0. 0. F. orders. In Sept., 1878, he was
married at South Bend, Ind., to Belle Keasey.

C. J. Wyland, of the firm of C. J, & D, M, Wyland, bankers,
real estate, loan and insurance agents, was born in Ind. in 183();
came to Shelby county, la., in 1861, and engaged in farming in
Harlan township; was elected treasurer of the county in 1871, on

428 HISTORY OF IOWA.

the democratic ticket, and re-elected iu 1873. In 1875, he, with
with D. M. Wyland, with whom he had previously been engaged
in the real estate, loan and insurance business, established the bank.
They occupied a frame building until 1880, when they erected the
present two-story building, of brick with stone front. The first
floor is used for the real estate, loan and insurance office and tele-
phone exchange, of which J. C. has charge, and the second floor
by the bank, in charge of D. M. In 1864:, the subject of this
sketch was married to Amanda H. Dunnington, at Harlan. They
have five children.

Hon. William Wyland, farmer, was born in 0. in 1830; removed
to northern Ind. in 1832, with his parents, where he remained un-
til 1856; then came to Shelby county, la., which at that time was
very sparsely settled, the inhabitants having to go to Kanesville —
now Council Blufls — for mail and to do trading. He entered land,
and engaged in farming until 1850; was elected county treasurer
in 1857, and county judge in 185\); returned to farming in 1861,
and in 1873 engaged in the mercantile business in partnership with
Thos. Wood; closed out business in 1877, and returned to farming
in North Harlan.

Hon. Pratt Wicks, attorney at law and representative for the
74th district, was born in Manchester, Ind., in 1832; was admitted
to the bar in 1853. at a term of the circuit court at Shelbyville,
Ind., Hon. R. D. Logan presiding. The following year he began
the practice of law at Greenburg; was elected to the ofiice of dis-
trict attorney in 1856, and re-elected in 1858; was elected prose-
cuting attorney of the 4th judicial circuit in 1866; held the otiice
until 1869, and then resigned, on the division of the circuit, and
came to Harlan, la.; was elected to the 18th general assembly in
the autumn of 1879, and re-elected to the 19th general assembly
in 1881, on the republican ticket.

D. A. Williams, proprietor of the City Hotel, was born in Pitts-
burg, Pa., in 1846; removed with parents to Marshalltown, la., in
1857. He enlisted in 1863 in the 9th la. Cav.; was discharged in
1865, and assisted his father in the stock business; traveled through
the west in 1868, handling stock; was engaged in freighting to the
Winnebago Agency several years, and was in the stock business at
Missouri Valley, la., some time; also at St. Paul, Minn., Denver,
Col., and Texas. In 1875 he established a drug store in Council
Blufls, la., which he sold in the summer of 1881 to Shephard Bros,
and then moved to Harlan Oct. 11th, 1881; he opened the City
Hotel, built and owned by J. M. Long, which is a fine building, well
furnished, has one of the finest sample rooms in the west for the
accomodation of commercial travelers, and has omnibus in connec-
tion.

J. J. Zimmerman, proprietor of livery, feed and sale bams, on
the west side of square, was born in Pa. in 1840; moved to Jones

HISTORY OF IOWA.

429

county, la., in 1856, and engaged in farming; removed to Shelby
county in 187G and engaged in farming until March, 1880, when
he engaged in the livery 'business at Old Harlan House barn. In
Oct., 1881, he purchased Hurless' barn and stock, and now runs
both barns; keeps eighteen horses for livery purposes, and nine
carriages, has telephone connections.

430 HISTOEY OF IOWA.

CLAY COUNTY.

The county of Clay is twenty-four miles square, containing an
area of 368,640 acres. It is located in the second tier from the
third county from the west boundary of the State. The little
Sioux River and its tributaries afford water and drainage in nearly
all portions of the county. The stream, with its serpentine wind-
ings, has a length of not less than seventy miles within the limits
of Clay County, and furnishes quite a number of good water pow-
ers. Its largest tributary is Ocheyedan Creek, which rises in Os-
ceola County and, flowing in a southeasterly direction^, empties into
Little Sioux River near Spencer. Both these have broad, rich and
beautiful valleys. Among other smaller streams are Willow,
Prairie, Henry and Muddy Creeks. The eastern portion of the
county has several small lakes^ the most important of which are
Lost island Lake, Swan Lake, Pickerel Lake, Virgin Lake and Mud
Lake. Fish abound in some of them.

The county has a very limited supply of native timber, but more
than some of the other counties in this part of the state. The
surface is undulating prairie, with scarcely any waste land, and
the soil is exceedingly fertile. The staple productions are wheat,
oats, corn, grass and the various root crops. The county is well
adapted to grazing, on account of the abundance of nutritious wild
grass and pure water.

The first settlement of whites in the county Avas made in July,
1856, by Ambrose S. Mead and Christian Kirchner with their fami-
lies. The former built his cabin on section 34, township 94, range
38, and the latter on section 32 of the same township and range.
John J. Bicknell had the honor of holding the plow that broke
the first sod in the county, while Ambrose S. Mead was honored by
driving the oxen. In the fall of 1856 there were several more
families came in, to-wit: James Bicknell, Ezra Wilcox and two
men named Gillett.

' In the latter part of February, 1857, the Indians, on their way
to Spirit Lake before the massacre, visited the infant settlement
in this county, killed four head of cattle belonging to Mr. Kirch-
ner, and drove away ten horses and five or six head of cattle be-
longing to Mr. Mead. Passing on to what is known as Gillett's
Grove, they drove away forty head of cattle, four horses, and de-
stroyed most of the personal property of the Gilletts. The five
or six families in the county, in consequence of this raid, fled and
were away several months. The first marriage was that of John
A. Kirchner and Mary J. Bicknell, daughter of James Bicknell.

HISTORY OF IOWA. 431

The first birth was that of Ella, a daughter of these parties. The
first death was that of Clay Crego, infant son of Y. B. Crego. A
barn erected by C. Kirchner was the first frame building in
the county.

Clay County waS; previous to its organization, a part of Wood-
Ijurj County. In accordance with a petition of the majority of
the legal toters of Clay County, presented to the Honorable Coun-
ty Court of Woodbury County, Judge John L. Campbell presiding,
an election was ordered to be held by the said county on the 12th
day of October, 1858, and the voters of Clay County were author-
ized to meet at the house of Ambrose S. Mead, for the purpose of
perfecting an organization of Clay County, and voting for district,
county and township officevs, thus severing the ties between the
independent county of Woodbury, and the independent county of
Clay. James Bicknell, E. M. Wilcox, and Ambrose S. Mead were
appointed to act as Judges of Election, and to make returns accord-
ing to law; consequently, on the 28th of September, 1858, Am-
brose S. Mead was qualified as one of the Judges of Election, with
power to qualify the o'her Judges and Clerk of the same. There
were eighteen ballots cast at this election. The first county
officers were: F. M. Foreman, Treasurer and Becorder; E. M.
Wilcox, Clerk; C. Kirchner, Sr., Coroner; J. Kindelspeyer, Dram-
age Commissioner; Ambrose S. Mead, County Superintendent; C.
C, Smeltzer, County Judge. Present County officers: H. B.
Wood, Auditor; H. Chamberlain, Clerk; P. E. liandall, Treasurer;
S. W. Dubois. Recorder; P. W. Madden, Sheriff; M.'M. Gilchrist,
Superintendent of Schools; E. N. Jtncks, County Surveyor; T.
P. Bender, J. Goodwin, Reuben Somers, J. Dodge and H. Watts,
being the Board of Supervisors, with T. 1'. Bender, Chaiiman.
The population of the County, according the census of 1880, was
4,248; the present population maybe safely estimated at 0,000.

At the time of the organization nearly all the settlers were in
the southM'est corner of the county, and Peterson was made the
county seat. There was at this place a considerable body of tim-
ber and a good water power on the Little Sioux, on which John
A. Kirchner erected a grist and sawmill.

SPENCER.

This is the county seat of Clay County. Spencer was platted by
J. B. Edmunds, J. H. Hale and J. Calkins, in 1871. The second
house in Spencer was erected by W. R. Lamberton, the first house
being a log house which was built by J. W. Mastin upon the site
where Spencer now stands, in 1866. B. P. Hough built a house
in 1860; J. W. Mastin opened a stock of goods in his log house
in 1809, this being the first store in Spencer. Pe^so & Bergin,
and Tuttle & Smith, each opened a store in 1870. Horace Smith
and Field Bros, also opened stores in 1871.

432 HISTORY OF IOWA.

Spencer was incorporated in the spring of 1880. Its first offi-
cers were: W. C. Gilbraith, Mayor; Charles Penfiekl, Recorder;
J. Rood, CM. Squire, T. P. Bender, M. P. W. Albee, M. E. Grffin,
E. E. Snow, City Council. Present officers: J. B. Edmunds,
Mayor; J. E. Steele, Recorder; I. F. Constant, Assessor; E, A.
Maker, Marshal ; C. McKay, Treasurer; J. Rood, W. L. Bender,
J. C. McCoy, M. S. Green, A. C. Perine, J. P. Evans, City Council.

The Spencer WeeJdy Beporter was first started in 1877, by J. F.
Ford, who was follo-v\ed by A. T. McCargar; the Barnard Bros,
purchased it of McCargar January 1st, 1882. Its politics is Re-
publican; it is a nine-column folio, and has a circulation of 1,250
copies, and is all printed at their office in Spencer. They have
a finely fitted office, situated on Main street, have a steam power
press, etc.

The Clay County Neirs, C. M. Whitman, editor and proprietor,
was established at Peterson in 1870, but was removed to Spencer
in 1871, under the management of J. F. Ford, now of the Sheldon
Neivs. Ford sold to McCargar, who ran the paper some time,
subsequently trausferring it to C. M. Gilbreath, who, in turn, dis-
posed of it to C. M. Whitman, who took possession in 1880, and
has since continued in the management of the paper. It is a
seven-column quarto, having been enlarged by Whitman since he
took charge. It is the oldest paper in county.

The Old, a monthly paper, conducted by J. B. Edmunds, is
devoted to the land and immigration interests of Northwestern
Iowa. It was first issued in 1879, is a five-column folio, and is
gratitutiously circulated through many of the Eastern States.

CHUKCHES, SCHOOLS AND SOCIETIES.

First Congregational Society — Organized March 14th, 1872, under
the charge of W. L. Coleman. First officers: E. Perine, P. M.
Moore, H. B. Coryell, Trustees; L. C. Bergin and P. M. Moore,
Deacons; A. W^. Miller, Treasurer; L. C. Bergin, Clerk. The
church was organized with the following members: L. C. Bergin,
E. Perine, H. B. Coryell, C. Van Eps, C. Snyder, A. W. Miller, I.
Laughten, P. D. Graves, Helen Graves, P. M. Moore, Mary S.
Moore. Present membership, fifty-six. Rev. J. M. Cnmings is
the present pastor. The church building was dedicated in Febru-
ary, 1875; size, 20x36 feet; is supplied with a church bell, the first
in the town, which was placed there by the church society under
the pastorate of Rev. J. M. Cummings in 1869. The cost of the
church was |2,754. A parsonage was built in 1880; size, 16x24
feet; cost,^435. There is a Sabbath School with ninety-three pupils;
Dr. McAllister, Superintendent; Clark Skinner, Treasurer. The
present officers of the church are: L. C. Bergin, P. M. Moore,
Deacons; Dr, McAllister. P. M. Moore, A. W. Miller, Trustees.

HISTOKT OF IOWA. 433

Methodist Church. — Spencer Circuit -vras formed in September,

1871, with Rev. Charles B. Winter as the first pastor. The first
Board of* Trustees were: John Hood, President; M. M. Peeso,
Secretary; J. H. Hale, Treasurer; A. M. Calkins, VV. W. Scott,
R. Hough, H. B. Wood. The church was built in 1872, and dedi-
cated June 18th, 1873, by Rev. J. W. Clinton, with a debt of |1,-
714, which was paid off by subscription. The first pastor was Rev.
C. B. Winters, who was followed by F. M. Cooley, he by W. H.
Drake; then in order by J. W. Lothian, Seymour Snyder, and E.
C. Warren. The present pastor is Rev. P. H. Eighmy. The mem-
bership when first organized was 46, present membership, 115.
The first church was destroyed by fire, and left the society in debt
$600. It was rebuilt in 1880, during the pastorate of E. C. War-
ren, at a cost of $2,000, and the society is now free from debt. A
parsonage was built in 1881 at fi cost of $700; size, 10x24 feet.
The Sunday School has seventy-five pupils; P. H. Eighmy, Super-
intendent; M. M. Peeso, Tretisurer; Millie Hagrath, Secretary.

Baptist Church. — Organized January 7th. 1874, with David
Skinner, Catherine Skinner, J. A. Bowman, W. H.Davis, S. Hayes,
L. Chapin, J. J. Ayres and L. W. Miller, as members. First offi-
cers: D. Skinner, Deacon; L. F. Miller, Clerk; J. A. Bowman,
Treasurer; D. Skinner, J. A. Bowman and W. H. Davis, Trustees.
Present officers: D. Skinner, Deacon and Treasurer; G. C. Farr,
Clerk; D. Skinner, W. M. Davis and William Desbrow, Trustees.
First pastor, T. H. Judson, who was followed by A. V. Bloodgood.
This society has no building of their own, and at present are not
supplied with any pastor. There is a Sabbath School with forty-
five pupils; G. C. Farr, Superintendent. This society has purchased
two lots, upon which they propose soon to erect a church and par-
sonage.

Evening Shade Lodge No. 312, A. F. d' A . M — Instituted January
24th, 1872. Charter granted, June 8th, 1872. Charter members: S.
Lacore, S. F. McDonald, A. Wright, J. W. Crist, S. B. Crist, E. J.
Marvine, A. H. Wilber, William Harvey. A dispensation was
granted by 0. P. Waters, Grand Master. First officers, under dis-
pensation: W. Harvey, W. M.: E. J. Marvine, S. W.; H. H.
Wilber, J. W., who were also the first officers under the charter,
with the addition of J. H. Hale, Treasurer; S. B. Crist, Secretary;
J. W. Crist, S. D.; J. F. Ford, J. D.; J. H. Fend, Tylei. Present
officers: W. C. Gilbreath, W. M.; M. P. W. Albee, S. W.; H. C.
Brown, J. W.: J. F. Constant, Secretary; W. M. Davis, Treasurer;
J. C. McCoy, S. D.; A. R. Claxtion, J. D.; S. B. Taylor, Tyler.
Membership about thirty. Meetings are held every Monday even-
ing in each month, on or before the full moon. The Lodge has no
hall of its own, but is in a very flourishing condition.

Spencer Lodge No. 247, I. 0. 0. F. — Instituted October 17th,

1872. Charter members: H. Smith, A. B. Kline, J. F. Ford, A.
G.Hardin, W. 1. Rood. First officers: A. S. Kline, N. G.; H.

434 HISTORY OF IOWA.

Smith, V. G.; W. I. Rood, R. S. Present officers: A. F. Mas-
terman, N. G.; P. E. Randall, V. G.; A. Hubbard, R. S.; H.Smith,
Treasurer. Membership, fifty. Meetings are held Tuesday even-
ing of each week in Mason's Hall, The Lodge is in a flourishing
condition.

Spencer TempJe of Honor No. 13. — Organized December 5th,
1881, by Grand W. C. T. Smith. Charter members: P. E. Ran-
dall, C. W. Whitman, M. Tuttle, P. Hodge, J. I. Garret, W. B.
Davidson, Will Hodge, E. D. Sandei-s, M. C. Brainard, D. R. Hub-
bard, D. C. Skinner, and others. First and present officers: C.
M. Whitman, W. C. T.; D. R. Hubbard, W. V. T.; P. E. Ran-
dall, F. R.; W.B.Davidson, Treasurer; M. C. Brainard, R. S.;
P. Hodge, Usher; C. Skinner, Chaplain; membership, twenty;
meet once each week (Monday evening), in the Court House. This
is a temperance organization, and is doing effective work for the
cause.

Spencer Lodge No. 201, A. 0. U. W. — Instituted in August,
1879. First officers: A. T. McCarger, M. W.; W. C. Gilbreath,
P. M. W.; C. P. Buckey, Rec; I. F. Constant, Financier; W. L.
Bender, Receiver; E. Pickering, 0. S. W.; J. M. Haggarty, I. S.
W\; J. P. Evans, Guide; M. P. W. Albee, Foreman; T. P. Bender,
M. S. Green, M. E. Griffin, Trustees. Present officers: J. W.
Andrew, M. W.; N. Tuttle, Receiver; M. E. Griffin, Recorder; I.
F. Constant, Financier; P. E. Randall, Foreman; W. C. Gilbreath,
0. W.; A. T. McCarger, I. W. Meetings are held once in two
weeks.

Clay County Agricultural Board. — Organized in 1879.. First
officers: T. P. Bender, President; M. E. Griffin, Treasurer; W.
C. Gilbreath, Secretary; Dr. C. McAllister, J. B. Edmunds, A.T.
McCarger, James Godwin, Directors. Present officers: T. P.
Bender, President; J. B. Edmunds, Treasurer; W. C. Gilbreath,
Secretary; C. McAllister, A. T. McCarger, J. P. Evans, M. Hackett,
R. Jackson, Directors. This society owns thirty acres of land,
situated one-quarter of a mile northwest of town, and enclosed
with a close board fence seven feet high. There is a nice amphi-
theater, which seats 400 people; a floral hall 24x36 feet; also sheds,
stalls, pens, etc.; a Judge's stand, etc., and a good one-half
mile track. Fairs are held, once each year. The society is nearly
free from debt. The total cost of the grounds and improvements
was $3,000.

The first school-house in the town was built in 1869; C. Carver
was the first teacher. Spencer became an independent district in
1874. Previous to this it was a part of Spencer Township District.
The first Board of Education was: H. B. Wood, Secretary; H.
Smith, Treasurer; M. Hines, President. The first teachers of the
independent district were: Geo. Mann, Principal; Augusta Smith
Assistant. The present school building was erected in the fall of
1879, at a cost of 84,000; cost of furnishing, $800; size, 48x58 feet.

HISTORY OF IOWA. 435

The present Board is composed of the following gentlemen: T.
P. Bender, President; A. W. Miller, J. C. McCoy, Ackley Hubbard.
Present teachers: J. T. Lemar, Principal; MissL. Parker, Miss E.
Bean, Miss Cowan and Miss Olive Woodruff, The present en-
rollment of pupils is about 300.

The Court House was built by the citizens of Spencer in 1871.
the county being given the use of it for three years. The county
afterwards bought it. Its dimensions are 20x10 feet; cost $1,000.
There is a prospect of a new Court House being soon erected.

The C, M. & St. P. Railroad was built to Spencer in 1878.
There is a narrow gauge in course of construction to meet the Wa-
bash, St. Louis & Pacific, from Des Moines through Spencer, and
thence north through Dickinson County. The grading for this
road is at present completed through the county of Clay.

The Chicago,Milwaukee & St. Paul Company have in course of con-
struction a road from Spencer to Spirit Lake, most of the grading
on which is completed. This road is expected to be completed
through Clay County during the present year.

Spencer boasts of a creamery, which was established in 1878, by
McPherson & Allen. They have a large building and steam power.
This creamery is run on the cream-gathering plan, and uses cream
from nearly every section of the county. It was operated in 1881
by Penfieki, Allen & Co. The building is 20x50 feet in dimensions,
two stories high, and cost about f^3,()00.

Spencer also has a plow factory, which does business on a small
scale,- but which it expects to largely increase in the near future.

The business establishments of Spencer may be thus classified:
drugstores, two; harness, two; agricultural implements, three;
billiard halls, three; hardware, three; shoe stores, two; saloons,
two; bookstores, one; furniture, three; banks, three; general mer-
chandise, ten; elevators, three; barber shops, two; merchant tailor,
one; butter and egg packers, two: music dealers, one; livery, three;
groceries, seven; lumber, four; hotels, three; restaurants, three;
jewelry, one; meat markets, two; fruit store, one.

436 HISTORY OF IOWA.

CLAY COUNTY BIOGRAPHIES.

SPENCER.

John B. Annett, shoemaker, was born in England; spent most
of his younger days in Mass.; then moved to 111., and in 1869 set-
tled on a homestead in Spencer township, Clay county, la. He
opened a shoemaker's shop on his farm in 1870, and in company
with G. C. Farr, started a general store. He returned to Mass. in
1871, and again came to Spencer in 1877, and was employed by S.
S. Birkson, with whom he still continues.

H. C. Brown, contractor and builder, was born in Indiana in
1818. He moved with his parents to Keokuk, la., where he re-
mained until 1870; then came to Spencer and engaged as above.
The first building he occupied in Spencer was a sod building.

H. Chamberlain, county clerk, was born in Vt. in 1849; moved
with his parents to 111. when six years of age; thence to la. in
1871. He was elected to the above named office in 1876, and is
now serving his third term. He married Mary Ellis in 1875. They
have two children.

William Carleton came to Iowa from Me. in 1851, and located
in Marion county. . He moved to Clay county in 1871; located at
Spencer, and opened the first grocer}^ store in the town. There
were only four business houses in the town, and he, with his wife,
lived for some time in a tent. He has been engaged in the gro-
cery business since coming to the place until the first of the pres-
ent year, 1882. Mr. Carleton spent several years as a sailor, and
has visited various countries.

F. G. Daniels, proprietor of ths Gregory House, was born in
Herkimer county, N. Y., in 1838; moved to Chautauqua county in
1851. He was engaged as traveling salesman and collecting agent
for a New York house for some years, and in 1862 engaged in
business at Oil Creek, Pa. In 1871 he came to Iowa; was engaged
in the patent right business for several years, and located at Spen-
cer, in 1881. He married Mary E. Bennett, in 1871, and has one
son.

J. B. Edmunds, banker and real estate dealer, was born in
Mich, in 1845, removed with parents in 1850 to 0.; thence to
Minn, in 1851. He came to Spencer in 1870, and engaged in his
present business. He was one of the original proprietors of the
town. When he came here there was onlv one log house where
the town now stands, and he has probably done more to build up
the place than any other man. Mr. Edmunds published The Oivl^
a real estate paper devoted to the land interests of Clay county.

HISTOKY OF IOWA. 437

Thomas Eagan, proprietor of the City Hotel, was born in 111. in
1854; removed with his parents during the same year to Wis.,
where he remained until 1881, when he came to Spencer, and en-
gaged in his present business. He was married in 1874 to Cather-
ine Reardon, and has four children.

Henry Green, railroad contractor, came to Iowa from N. Y. in
1852, and located in Allamakee county; thence to Clay county in
1871, and settled on a homestead. He moved to Spencer in 1880,
and purchased the Spencer House, which he ran until Dee., 1881,
then rented the hotel, and engaged in business as above.

S. H. Geddes, of the firm of Geddes & Goble, contractors and
builders, came to Spencer from Bremer county, la., in 1878, and
engaged in business as above. He conducted business alone until
1881, at which time J. J. Goble came to Spencer from Palo Alto
county, and became a partner in the business.

Ackley Hubbard, attorney at law, came to Spencer, la., from N.
Y. in 1809. He settled on a homestead and engaged in farming.
In 1872, he was elected clerk, which office he held two terms. He
was admitted to the bar in 1876, and has been engaged in the
practice of the law ever since. He is also a member of the firm
of Woodruff & Hubbard, furniture dealers. He has added to the
city by putting into the market forty acres on the west side, which
are now covered with some of the finest residences in the place.

T. B. Horton and S. T. Cruver, of the firm of Horton & Cruver,
dealers in general merchandise, established business in Nov., 1880.
They came to Spencer from Lake county. 111., where they had
been engaged in the same business. The business averages about
$40,000 per annum.

E. E. Harris, painter, came to Spencer in 1874, from 111. and en-
gaged in the hotel business at the Metropolitan, now called Com-
mercial. He afterwards opened the Central house now called the
Gregory, after three years he rented the hotel and began working
at his trade, that of painter. He worked at painting one year in
the Black Hills. He is also agent for the Cedar Rapids Ins. Co.

D. R. Hubbard, special agent for the Cedar Rapids insurance
company, was born in Floyd county, la., in 1858; moved with his
parents to Clay county in 18G9, when he settled on a homestead.
He engaged in teaching school until 1878, when he engaged in his
present business at Spencer, He married Rosa H. Feed in 1880.

W. C. Hubbard, agent for the Kimball organ, was born in Floyd
county, la., in 1861; moved with parents to Clay county and set-
tled on a homestead. He came to Sj)encer in 1880, and engaged
in his present business with Arthur Hubbard. He now continues
business alone.

438 HISTORY OF IOWA.

W. S. Lloyd, proprietor of the eating house near the depot; came
to Spencer in 1878, from Cedar Falls, la., and engaged in his pres-
ent business. He furnishes warm meals at all hours, also rooms
for travelers.

P. W. Madden, sheriff, was born in Pa. in IStto; moved with pa-
rents to Mahaska county, la., in 1852. He came to Clay county
in 1871, and settled on a homestead in Lincoln township. He was
elected to his office as above in the autumn of 1881.

E. A. Maker, dental surgeon, was born in Cincinnati, 0., in
1842; moved to Lid. in 1860; there learned dentistry, and in 1865
moved to Grant county, Wis, In 1878, he came to Spencer, and
opened the first dental office in the city. Dr. Maker is at present
marshal of Spencer.

J. D. Powers, hardware dealer, came to Spencer in 1878 from
Butler county, la., and engaged in his present business. He car-
ries a stock worth from ten to twelve thousand dollars, and his
sales average about 825,000 per annum. This is one of the finest
hardware stores in Western Iowa.

P. E. Randall, county treasurer, was born in Lockport, N. Y., in
1843; moved with parents to Canada, where he remained five years,
then moved to Wis. He came to Clay county in 1870, engaged in
farming; after two years, came to Spencer and engaged as sales-
man. He was elected to his office as above in 1879, and re-elected
in 1881. He was postmaster six years.

H. Smith, dealer in general merchandise, came to Spencer from
W^is. in 1871, and engaged in his present business. There were
only about fifty persons in the town when he came, and he was
the third man to put in a stock of general merchandise. He started
in the same building which he now occupies, which at that time
was 30x20 feet, but which by reason of additions, is now eighty-
two feet in length. He carries a stock worth from ten to twelve
thousand dollars.

The Spencer Reporter was established in 1877 by J. F. Ford,
and purchased by A. T, McCarger, in 1881, who sold it to the Bar-
nard Bros, in Dec, 1881. It is a republican paper, all printed at
home. They have the only steam-power press in the northwest,
outside of Sioux City. They are prepared to do job work in all
styles.

G. Thorine, business manager for the Eureka Furniture Com-
pany, established the business in 1878, as the Spencer Furniture
Co. 1881, he sold to J. C. Lewis, who changed the name as above.
Mr. Thorine was retained as manager.

H. H. Wade, contractor and builder, came to Clay county in
1869, and located on a homestead in Summit township, where he
lived three years; then went to 0. He returned to Clay county in

HISTORY OF IOWA.

439

1880, and purchased a farm of the raih-oad company where he has
since lived; engaged in business in Spencer as above. He has built
some of the finest buildings in the city. He was married in 1876,
and has two children.

C. M. Whitman, proprietor of the Clay County News, was born
in Racine county. Wis., in 1852, learned his trade at Burlington,
Wis.; came to Spencer, la., in 1880, and engaged in his present
business. The News was the first paper in the county, having
been established at Peterson in 1870 by J. F. Ford, who moved it
to Spencer in 1871, It was purchased by Mr. McCarger, who sold
it to W. C. Gilbreath, and was then purchased by its present
owner. This paper is republican, and an advocate of temperance.
Mr. Whitman was married in 1875; his wife died since coming to
Iowa.

4.4:0 HISTOKY OF IOWA,

BUENA VISTA COUNTY,

Buena Vista County is the third from the west and the third
from the north line of the State. It is twenty-four miles square,
containing 368,640 acres. The Little Sioux River meanders
through the northern portion of the county, watering three town-
ships, and furnishing some valuable bodies of timber. It receives
a tributary from the south, which waters two or three additional
townships. Several other small streams pass through different
parts, affording good water for stock, and surface drainage. In
the southern part of the county is situated Storm Lake, a beau-
tiful body of clear water, with steep banks, with tine undulating
prairie farming lands stretching away in all directions, except on
the north side, where the thriving town bearing the name of the
lake is now located. There are other smaller lakes in the county.
• The surface of the county is generally rolling, with a soil as fer-
tile as could be desired. It is adapted to all the cereals and root
crops. In this part of the State generally, the supply of tim-
ber is limited. There are no stone quarries developed, but granite
and limestone boulders are found on the prairies, along the streams,
and about the borders of the lakes. Good brick are manufactured
from clays found in the county, and from the ''bluff deposit"
which is characteristic of this part of the state. Many kinds of
fish are found in the lakes and streams.

The government surveys were made in this county in 1855.
The first permanent settlement was made in May, 1856, by Abner
Bell, from New Jersey, at that time a bachelor, his brother-in-law,
William R. Weaver and family, and John W. Tucker. They set-
tled in the north part of the county at Sioux Rapids. Among the
early settlers were Arthur T. Reeves, Moses Van Kirk, James H.
Gleason, Lewis, Lindsey, and Metcalf. In March, 1857, occurred
what is known in the annals of Iowa as Ink-pah-du-tah Raid,
which culminated in the bloody massacre at Spirit Lake. Before
reaching the lake the Indians passed up the Little Sioux River,
driving away the stock and destroying the property of the settlers'.
The little colony at Sioux Rapids did not escape. The men Avere
captured and guarded, and some of the women led away to the In-
dian camp, but the Indians committed no murders here. A few
days after, the news of the terrible butchery at Spirit Lake came
down the river, and Mr. Bell with a companion made his way
across the prairie through the deep snow to Fort Dodge, to notify
the people there of the massacre. This affair had the effect to
check the settlement of this part of the state for several years.

HISTORY OF IOWA. 441

Late in 1858, or early in 1850, a count}- organization was effected,
the following being the county officers: Arthur T. Reeves, County
Judge; William R. Weaver, Treasurer and Recorder; John W.
Tucker. Clerk; and Abner Bell, Sheriff.

In 1860 the county seat Avas first located, by a commission ap-
pointed by Judge Hubbard, composed of D. C. Early, John Kin-
dlespeyer and Sartel, on a tract known as the ''Fuller Claim." At
that time the place Atas occupied by William S. Lee, who executed
to the county a bond for a deed to the northwest quarter of the
northeast quarter of section 18, township 93, range 36. The tract
was long known as ''Prairieville, the County Seat of Buena Vista
County," but no county buildings were ever erected upon it. Up
to 18G6 there were but few settlers in the county, and its affairs
seem to have been badly managed. The early records of the
county are very imperfect, and many of them are missing from
the county, tip to this time the officials entered into large con-
tracts for bridges and other improvements which were never made,
although county warrants were issued in payment amounting to
many thousands of dollars.

The county seat was removed from "Prairieville" to Sioux Rap-
ids at an early date, 1869, Avhen a Court House was erected.
When the more southern part of the county became settled, the
people of that part of the county continually agitated the question
of removing the county seat from Sioux Rapids to Newell, a small
town on the Illinois Central Railroad. In 1876, the Court House
was burned at Sioux Rapids. This gave the people from the south-
ern part of the county more grounds for having the county seat
removed, and the people of Newell fought to have it there. The
citizens of Storm Lake, as a matter of course, were opposed to this
and with the combined efforts of Sioux Rapids, and their OAvn,
they kept the county seat from being located at Newell.

At an election held Oct. 5th, 1878, the people of Buena Vista
County decided by a large majority to move the county seat from
Sioux Rapids to Storm Lake. After eight years' effort this result
was accomplished. At a meeting of the board, held January^
1878, the question was submitted between Storm Lake and Sioux
Rapids, and the former gained the day. In the latter part of Aug-
ust, the citizens of Storm Lake decided to erect a building suita-
ble for Court House purposes and donated the use of it to the
county for a term of ten years, on condition that the county
should use the same for Court House purposes. A company was
formed for the erection of the building under the name of the
Storm Lake Building Association. The building erected is 30x36
feet, two stories high, and rests upon a foundation of solid granite
masonry. The first story is divided into four rooms Avhich are used
for county offices, the second story being occupied for a court room.

The present county officers are: Edgar E. Mack, Clerk of Courts;
J. W. Warren, Auditor; Giorge Espe, Treasurer; Daniel Smith,

4i2 HISTOKY OF IOWA.

Recorder; E. F. Farnsworth, Sheriff; Robert DeLoss, Surveyor;
Thomas Whiteley, Coroner; Ira C. Harlan, Superintendent of
Schools; L. E. Hay. S. Sal e. -son, A. W. Seymore, Alden Pratt,
James N. Hoskins, Board of Supervisors. The population of the
county in 1880 was 7,557. It may now safely be estimated at over
8,000.

The soil in the northeastern diagonal half is a heavy, dark loam;
and the southwest diagonal half is bluff deposit, or silicious marl;
both kinds of soil being rich and productive, the eastern being
more especially adapted to stock-raising arrd dairy products, and
more level in its topography, while the west is more rolling and
undulating, but none of it too much so for desirable tillage.

The Little Sioux River enters in 93 deg. 36 min., courses west-
ward ten miles or over and back into Clay county, affording sites
for two busy flouring mills in this county.

Coon River heads in Grass Lake, in 93 deg. 86 min., flow^ south
and out into Sac County, through 90 deg. 36 min. Maple and
Brook Creeks, and possibly one or two other streamlets additional,
afford water for stock and channels for surface drainage.

The timber is limited, and yet sufficient, with its continuous
growth, to supply domestic fuel; it is found along the banks and
valley of the Little Sioux, and in artificial groves scattered over
the countv, representing the oaks, hard and soft maple, butternut,
walnut, and a few other varieties.

The tide immigration into this part of Northwestern Iowa last
year exceeded the aggregate of several preceding years, and was
mainly of the more thrifty class, and many a broad acre was sold
and broken up.

One of the most important features in farming in this north-
western couutrv is flax culture upon new breaking, giving a liberal
return, and aiding in subduing the land the first year.

STORM LAKE.

The first house in Storm Lake was moved into town and occu-
pied by Barton & Hobbs as a law and real estate office. W. W.
Sweetzer l)uilt the first dwelling house. T. L. Selkirk erected the
first hotel.

There seems to be quite a difference of opinion as to how Storm
Lake received its name. It is supposed to have been given it by an
old trapper Avho trapped, upon its banks, on account of a very se-
vere storm which occurred upon the lake. The town derived its
name from the lake.

The first load of wheat bought in Storm Lake was purchased by
Mr. Eddy, Oct. 20th, 1870. The amount was 100 bushels and the
price paid was 75 cents per bushel. The grain was raised by D. B.
Harrison.

The first child born in Storm Lake was that of Mrs. Wirrick
August 11th, 1870.

HISTORY OF IOWA. 443

The town was incorporated in April, 1873, under the code, S.
W .Hobbs bein^ the first Mayor, and T. S. Smith, W. H. McCune,
J. M. Russell, J. A. Campbell and S. C. Hi^hley Trustees; E. C.
Cowles, Recorder. The following are the present town ofiicers:
Mayor, Chas. Isbell; Recorder, Geo. H. Eastman; Attorneys, Rob-
inson & Milchrist; Treasurer, L. E. Hay; Marshal, Street Commis-
sioner and Sealer of Weights and Measures, Wm. Backer; Deputy
Marshal and Night Watchman, J. E. Hall; Trustees, W. Bru-
bacher, S. D. Eadie, J. B. Ames, W. C, Wilson, Jas. Harker and
M. M. Cogswell. The regular meetings of the Council are held on
the evening of the first Monday in each month.

The population of the town is now estimated to be about 1,500.

The Storm Lake Pilot, a weekly Republican paper, was establish-
ed in 1870, the first issue being on October 26th. It was started
by Vestal & Young. Young sold to E. I. Sutfin in 1881. The
paper is a seven-column cjuarto, and has a circulation of 1,000
copies. The paper, still conducted by Vestal & Sutfin, is a first-
class paper. The publishers have a first-class job office, and the
paper is one of the best weekly papers in the NortliAvest.

The Storm Lake Tribune began its career March 24th, 1880,
published by G. Rose, who sold it in October, 1881, to P. D. Mc-
Andrew, who is the present proprietor. It is Republican in poli-
tics,' is a six-column quarto, and has a circulation of 720 copies.
Mr. Andrews also runs a nicely fitted job ofiice.

Storm Lake has seen fit to protect itself against the ravages of
fire by having a regularily organized fire company, with about
seventy members, these equally divided between the engine com-
pany and the hook and ladder company. They are in possession
of a fine engine and apparatus, and are regularly organized and
uniformed. The department was organized in 1880, The citizens
have built a large engine house, with a hall, in the second story,
and have a large fire-bell and plenty of good wells through the
town, so they are well protected from fire.

Storm Lake boasts of as nice a postofifice as ^n be found in any
town of its size in the west. In the year 1870 the postoffice of the
town paid the postmaster the sum §12.50 per year, and now it pays
a salary of $1,800. It has been a money-order office for several
j^ears, and is now rated third-class. The office occupies an entire
room, is provided with all the modern conveniences, uses 670
boxes, of which 150 are the improved Yale lock. Col. W. L.
Vestal, the present postmaster, has held the position of post-
master ever since the office was established with the exception of
one year.

The Buena Vista Creamery is situated three-quarters of a mile
north of Storm Lake, and was erected in the spriug of 1881.
Commenced operations June 1st, 1881, and ceased for the season
November 1st, 1881. During the first five months were manu-
factured about 120,000 pounds of fine butter, all of which was

44J: HISTORY OF IOWA.

sold on the New York market, and quality pronounced equal to
the finest make of Elgin butter. The building is 66x70 feet, and
is arranged in the most complete and improved manner. The
motive power is a ten-horse power engine, and the capacity is
6,000 pounds of butter per day. All who have visited the cream-
ery pronounce the plan of operations perfect. The creamery is
managed entirely on the "cream gathering" plan, and the success
of this system is practically assured. The interior arrangements
consist of receiving room, cream room, churning room, packing,
refrigerator room and ice-house 22x40 feet in dimensions, with a
capacity for 500 tons. W. B. Cromwell is manager.

The railroad was completed to Storm Lake in June, 1870.

Buena Vista County also has a branch of the Wabash Railroad
running through the northern part of the county. This county
also looks forward to a branch of the Chicago & Northwestern
Railway from Davenport to Sioux Falls, striking the county, as
the survey through is now in progress.

Storm Lake has a number of fine brick buildings. Two banks
are fine brick structures, and several of the mercantile houses are
built of brick. The streets are being graded, and the citizens
take great pride in keeping their city as clean and neat as possible.

The business houses may be classified as follows: General
stores, seven; clothing, one; groceries, one; boots and shoes, two;
banks, three; bakeries and restaurants, five; meat markets, three;
hotels, four; elevators, three; lumber and coal, three; millinery,
four; furniture, two; hardware, two; drugs, four; livery stables,
four; harness, two; cigar factory, one; jewelry, two; steam plow
factory; saloons, two; agricultural implements, five; photograph
gallery, one; barber shops, two; music and books, one; steam flour-
ing mills; the usual number of blacksmith and wagon shops and
professional men

CHURCHES, SCHOOLS AND SOCIETIES •

Baptist Church Society. — The Baptist Church was organized
March 8th, 1871, with the following members: Mrs. V. Miller,
Mrs. Harrison, Mrs. Robinson and two daughters, J. K. Barns and
wife. Elder Norman Parks was the first pastor. He was suc-
ceeded by Wilcox, who in turn gave place to the present pastor,
Jesse Boswell. First officers: C. H. Yates, Deacon; Mrs. V.
Miller, Clerk. Present ofiicers: C. C. Angier, Deacon; J. B.
Miller, Deacon; and C. L. Angier, Clerk. The present member-
ship is thirty-nine resident members. They have in connection a
Sabbath School of about forty pupils, with W. C, Wilson as
Superintendent. The church building was begun in 1873, but was
not dedicated until January 17th, 1875. It is a neat frame build-
ing 32x46 feet, and was erected at a cost of 12.000.

Methodist Episcopal Church Society. — This Society was organ-
ized in 1870 by Rev. Thomas Whiteley. This gentleman had

HISTORY OF IOWA. 445

charge of a number of societies in this region of the country at
that time and it was from his flock that the societies now of Storm
Lake, Alta, Newell, and many other points sprang and became inde-
pendent societies. The first pastor of the society in this place
was Rev. Mr. Oswell. He was followed ])y Rev. Mr. Fry, who
remained a short time and was succeeded by Thomas Whiterey,and
the latter in turn by W. Whitfield, who was succeeded by C, Win-
ters, he by Thomas Barr. Then came in succession Revs. Sey-
mour Snyder, J. C. R. Leytou, T. M. Williams and the present
pastor, VV. F. Grleason, who took charge in 1881. The present
officers of the church are M. Tolle, J. R. Lemon, W. L. Smith, D.
Smith, J. G. McGregor, J. W. Berthards, E. L. Carrington, Thomas
Whiteley, Trustees. This society has a membership of 120. It
has a Sabbath School with an average attendance of 125 pupils,
with J. R. Lemon as Superintendent. This church society was
organized in a house that was moved into town and which is now
occupied by A. Eadie. The church building was erected and dedi-
cated in 1876. The dedication took place in October. It is a neat
frame building 32x50 feet, and has a seating capacity of 300. It
is nicely furnished and the building was lately supplied with a new
bell. This building was erected at a cost of 83,500. The society
has a neat parsonage in connection with the church.

German Methodist Episcopal Church Society. — This Society was
organized December. 18th, 1875, by E. E. Schuette and G. Haef-
ner. The first officers wei^: F. Petersmier, J. Buehler, R. C.
Riekelfs, A. Hartman, C. Schaefer, Trustees. The first pastor
was G. Haefner, who was followed by A. W. Henke, and he by
the present pastor, C. F. Tramm. Present officers: R. C. Riekelfs,
Geo. Witter, Jacob Brecher, Trustees. Present membership,
ninety-eight. The. society has a Sabbath School with an average
attendance of twenty-five pupils. A fine frame building was
erected in 1880 and was dedicated in January,. 1881. The building
is 22x14 feet, has a steeple, and cost 82,000. This society also has
a neat little parsonage, built in 1881, which is 18x24 feet, one-and-
a-half stories high, with a wing 18x18 feet. This building was
erected at a cost of 81,200.

Congregational Church Society. — For several years it had been
known that a considerable number of the members of the Congrega-
tional denomination had been making their homes in Storm Lake.
But because a Presbyterian church had been previously established
in the place, a large degree of hesitation was felt as to the expe-
diency of organizing a Congregational church, and various at-
tempts at union Avith the Presbyterians were projected. None of
these, however, resulted satisfactorily, and in the summer of 1S80
the conviction deepened that the interests of Evangelical Christian
work demanded the organization of a Congregational church. The
matter M'as canvassed somewhat during the early summer by Rev.
Asa Countryman, of Newell, and farther during the autumn by

446 HISTOKY OF IOWA.

Rev. J. B. Chase of Cherokee. October 24th, at a called meeting,
a paper was presented containing the names of twenty-six persons
not connected with any religious organization in the town, who
pledged themselves, if it were thought best, to enter into the or-
ganization of a Congregational church. On this pledge as a basis,
knowing that several other persons in the community were favor-
able to the step, it was decided to organize, and the accompanying
articles of faith and convenant were adopted, and a council consist-
ing of the Sioux Association was called to review proceedings and
if deemed best recognize the church. The council convened No-
vember 4th, according to invitation, reviewed the situation, en-
dorsed the action of the church and formally extended the right
hand of fellowship. Temporary arrangements were made for a
house of worship, a Sabbath School and prayer-meeting were or-
ganized, and Rev. .J. B. Chase, of Cherokee, consented to give as
much of his time to the new enterprise as could be consistently
spared from his other work. This society now has a membership
of forty-two, and holds services in the Court House. It has a
Sabbath School with an average attendance of 100 pupils. H. H.
Smith is Superintendent. The first and present officers of this
society are: G. Stetson, J. L. Dickerson and H. H. Smith, Dea-
cons; E. E. Mack, Clerk and Treasurer; G. Stetson, H. C. Cutts
and E. E. Mack, Trustees. Rev. A. S. Newcomb is the present
pastor.

Cafholi^ Church Society. — -This society was organized in 1871,
and was the first church organization in Storm Lake. It was or-
ganized by Rev. Father Malloy. The present pastor, Father Gaff-
ney. the first aud only resident pastor, took charge in November,
1878. The church building was erected in 1871 at a cost of $1,-
300. There are about sixty-five families connected with the
church at this place. There is also a Sabbath School in connection.

Universcdisrf Church Societij. — This society was organized March
27th, 1874. First officers; G. S. Robinson, W. L. Vestal and S.
W. Hobbs, Trustees. First pastor, I. A. Everhart, he being suc-
ceeded by J. A. Hoyt, he by Karl Gerner, he by B. F. Snook. H.
Whitney is the present incumbent. Present officers: S. W. Hobbs,
William Guilford, J. A. Dean, Trustees. This society now has a
membership of thirty-six, and a Sabbath School Avith an average
attendance of fifty-four pupils. The school has a fine library con-
taining 200 volumes. H. Whitney is the Superintendent. This
society first held services in the Baptist Church. Up to this time
the Baptist Society had a debt of about $600 upon the church
building, and agreed to give the Universalist Society tlie use of the
church for one-half of the time, the latter society to pay off one-
half the standing debt. This lease was for five years. The Uni-
versalist Society erected a building in 1881. This is a frame
structure, 30x50 feet, and cost about §4,0 -")0. This church is not
only the largest but is the best furnished church in the city.

HISTORY OF TUWA. 447

Presbyterian Church Society. — Organized December, 1870, with
seven members, Rev. G. R. Carroll, missionary of the Presbyterian
Board of Home Missions, officiating, S. D. Eadie, W. H. McCune,
Elders. This Society has a nice frame building. Joshua Cooke
is the present pastor.

Storm Lake Schools. — The first school taught in Storm Lake
was taught in the house of S. D. Eadie, by Alma L. Gates. It
was opened November 21st, 1870, with fifteen pupils in attend-
ance. Storm Lake became an independent district in 1872. First
school officers: J. L Wirrick, President; G. W. Hobbs, Ed.
Wirrick, J. 0. S'>rong, Directors; E. L Sutfin, Treasurer.

The first school house built in the town Avas erected in 1874,
the first teacher being Maggie Ross. This building becoming
too small to accommodate all the pupils, the town built a small
frame building in 1875, Avhich was used for primary purposes.
These buildings becoming too small to accommodate the pupils,
the town built an addition to the first building, which was of
brick. This building was completed in 1880, and Storm Lake can
now boast of one of the finest school buildings in the western part
of the State. Present Board of Education: E. E. Mack, Presi-
dent; E. F. O'Neill, Secretary; Rev. J. Cooke, E. W. Benson, E.
M. Fuller, W. H. Shoop, and S. W. Perrine, Directors. The pres-
ent teachers are: Prof. A. A. Crary, Principal; Mrs. A. A. Crary,
Miss S. A. Childs, Mrs. L. C. Lauder, and Miss L. Drips, assistants.
The present enrollment of pupils is 318.

Storm Lake Lodge No. 221, A. 0. U. ir.— Instituted De-
cember 7th, 1880. First officers: J. A. Dean, P. M. W.; F. E.
Cashman, M. W.;W. L. Vestal, Foreman; T. A. Strong, Over-
seer; C. W. Eccleston, Guide; E. E. Mack, Recorder; J. B. Ames,
Financier; T. J. McCall, Receiver; T. A. Corbitt, I. W.; F. B.
Brown, 0. W.; W. Miller, S. B. Steiner and J. W. Gilbert, Trus-
tees; J. N. Warren and W. H. Kerr, Medical Examiners. Pres-
ent officers: H. C. Johnson, P. W. M.; E. E. Mack^M. W.; C.
W. Seidel. Foreman; W. C. Wilson, Overseer; E. S. Donaho,
Guide; C. W. Eccleston, Financier; J. T. McCall, Receiver; T. A.
Corbett, I. W.; R. A. Benn, 0. W.; Peter Schmitz, Wm. Miller,
J. W. Gilbert, Trustees. Medical Examiners same as at first.
This Lodge now has a membership of thirty-seven, and holds
meetings once in two weeks. It is in a flourishing condition.

Storm Lake Lodge No. 221, I. 0. 0. i^\— Instituted May
10th, 1871, byT. J. Kinkaid, of Sioux City, D. D. G. M. First
officers: J. C. Spooner, N. G.; T. S. Smith, V. G.; J. L. W^ilson,
Secretary; L. J. Barton, Treasurer. Present officers: C. E.
Cameron, N. G.; A. R. McCartney, V. G.; L. G. Malborne, Secre-
tary; Wm. Miller, Treasurer. The present membership is about
sixty. The Lodge holds meetings every Saturday night in Masonic
Hall. There is also an encampment of this order, in a flourish-
ing condition in connection with the Lodge.

448 HISTORY OF IOWA.

Jewel Lodge No. 309, A. F. d- A. i¥.— Instituted October 26th,
1871. Charter granted June, 1872, First officers under dispen-
sation: J. E. Wirrick, W. M.; E. I. Sutfin, S. W.; E. Wirrick,
J. W.;, P. Schaller, Secretary; W. L. Vestal. Treasurer; D. B.
Harrison, S. D.; E. S. Fanning, J. D. ; N. Parks, Chaplain; E. W.
Benson, Tyler. (The above named persons were the Charter
Members.) Present officers: 0. D. Pettel, AV. M.;T. D.
Higgs, S. W.; J. A. Dean, J. W.; S. W. Hobbs, Secretary;
M. Tolle, Treas*urer;B. F. Langdon, S- D.; Frank Webb, J.
D. ; M. Tolle, Chaplain; R.J. Fowler, Tyler. This Lodge now
has a membership of forty-six, and meet the Thursday evening
on or before each full moon in their hall, over the First National
Bank . This Lodge is in a growing condition .

SIOUX RAPIDS.

Sioux Rapids was platted by D. C Thomas and David Evans in
1869. The county seat of Buena Vista county was removed
from Prairieville to this place in 1869, and, as was stated in Storm
Lake items, was removed to Storm Lake in 1878. The Court
House was burned at this place in 1876.

Tyford, Blake, Gilbert, and Hollinger are among the earliest
settlers in this phxce . This town is not at this date incorporated,
but steps have been taken to have it incorporated this spring.
The town now has a population of about 400, and from the fact
that the railroad is now completed to this point, it will rapidly in-
crease in population, and incorporation will become a necessity.

The Sioux Rapids Press, a neat weekly, eight-column folio,
made its first appearance May 25th, 1881. It now has a circula-
tion of 740 copies. Is Republican in politics. W. S. Wescott is
proprietor. It bids fair soon to rank with the leading newspapers
of the county.

CHURCHES, SCHOOLS AND S0CIETi.ES.

Methodist Episcopal Church Society. — This was the first Metho-
dist Society organized within the bounds of the charge known as
the Spirit Lake Circuit. It was organized by Rev. Seymour Sny-
der with 0. C. Potts as leader, in 1865. This society was organ-
ized about three miles from the present town of Sioux Rapids. In
1874 Rev. C. W. Wiley organized the first society in the present
town. This society erected a church building, the first church in
town, in 1877. This is a neat frame building, size 30x40 feet.
The cost was $1,700. Rev. Seymour Snyder was the first pastor
on this circuit, he being followed by Rev. Hawks, he by C. W.
Clifton. Then followed Revs. Whiteley, Pitts, Ziegler, Fancher,
C. W. Wiley, L. B. Keeling, Seymour Snyder, R. Fancher, 0. H.
P. Fauss and then the present incumbent, Rev. S. Snyder. First
officers: D. C. Thomas, Lot Thomas, W. L. Pratt, M. Clemens,

HISTORY OF IOWA. 449

Mrs. A. Tyers, J. M. Hoskins, Peter Dubois, Sr., E. Sands, J. R.
Noel, Trustees; Mrs. A. Tyers, Mrs. C. M. Clemens, J. R. Noel,
Stewards. Present officers: J. Frankenberojer, S. Dubois. 0. G.
Taber, C. C. Awvell, A. E. Taber, L. Carter. Stewards; 0. G. Braiu-
ard, P. Dubois, Sr., 0. G. Taber and M. Hoskins, Trustees. This
society has a membership of seventy-seven. There is a Sabbath
School in connection, with an attendance of fifty pupils. Mrs.
0. G. Brainard is Superintendent. This society has now in pro-
cess of construction a parsonage 18x24 feet in dimensions, which
will cost $400.

Baptist Church Societi/. — Was organized in 1881, by D. D.
Proper. The first pastor was Rev. A. V. Bloodgood, he also be-
ing the present incumbent. First officers: W. A. Wilson, Clerk;
P . W . Goodrich, 'Deacon . This society has a membership of eight,
and holds services in the Congregational Church . There is also a
Sabbath School with an average attendance of thirty pupils . W .
A. Wilson is Superintendent.

Co)ir/ref/atiotial Churcli Society. — Organized November 4th, 1875,
its first officers being Henry Gleason and S. Warner, Deacons; H.
S. Newcomb, Clerk; first pastor, Rev. J. W, Smith. The society
has a memljership of fourteen with A. M. Beamau as the present
pastor. The society built a church in 1881, size 20x36 feet. This
building was erected at a cost of $700. Present officers: Henry
Gleason, S. S. Warner, Deacons, and H. S. Newcomb, Clerk.

Lutheran Church Societies. — There are two organizations of
Lutherans in Sioux Rapids which were both organized in 1870,
Rev. A. Johnson and Rev. G. Gulbrenson being the present pastors.

Sioux Bapids Public School. — Sioux Rapids became an independ-
ent school district in 1878, the first school being taught in 1869.
The present school building was erected in 1870, The present
teachers are Prof. J. S. McSparran and wife. The present enroll-
ment of pupils is 100. The present School Board consists of S. S.
Warner, Henry Jacobson and J. M. Hoskins.

Enterprise Lodge No. 332, A. F. d- A. J/.— Instituted 1874.
The charter members were W. L. Pratt, D. C. Thomas. Lot
Thomas, 0. G. Brainard, Gus. Gilbert, T. M. Watts, E. Bailey,
0. P. Warner. W. L. Pratt being the first W. M. Present offi-
cers: J. M. Hoskins, W. M.; C. L. Ward, S. W.; C. A. Ander-
son, J. W.; S. E. Harris, Treasurer; W. A: Jones, Secretary.
This society now has a membership of twenty, and is in a flourish-
ing condition.

Sioux Rapids' flouring mills are located on the Big Sioux River,
Avhich aftorcls an immense water power. The mill was built in
1871, and has two run of stone, and one feed buhr. The mill has
a capacity of fifty barrels per day. Wilson & Smith, the present
proprietors, are making preparations to enlarge their mill for the
manufacture of patent flour.

450 HISTORY OF IOWA.

The business houses of Sioux Rapids may be classified as fol-
lows: General stores, three; hardware, two; drug store,
jewelry store; harness, two; blacksmith shops, two; restaurants,
three; hotels, two; lumber dealer; livery, two; furniture store;
barber shop; postoffice, printing office, saloons, three: millinery;
shoe shops, two; meat market, bank, and the usual quota of
lawyers, doctors and land agents.

ALT A.

Alta was platted in 1872 by the Iowa Falls & Sioux City Land
Company. It is situated on the Illinois Central Railroad, in the
western part of Buena Vista County. The first house built in the
town was erected by Mr. Tibbets, in 1870, and was occupied as a
store. J. Morrisey and S . Furlong each built a dwelling about
the same time. The town was incorporated under Code in 1879.
First officers were: A. W. Seymour, Mayor; L. Wheelock, Jr.,
Recorder; A. Leander. Treasurer; C T. Steever, Assessor; J. W.
Slutz, P. M. Jencks. H. C. Kelso, A. F. S. Rokkan, Dr. R. B.
Dando, F, 0. Wiss, Trustees. Present officers: C T. Steever,
Mayor; W. H. Pierce, Recorder; A. Leander, Treasurer; R. B.
Dando, A. F. A. Rokkan, D. Burke, H. C Kelso, J. W. Slutz,
Ct. Gerner, Councilmen; City Attorney, F.J. Stock well.

The population of Alta is now estimated to be about 700. It
has grown very rapidly, and being situated in an extremely fertile
country, it is destined at no far distant future, to become an import-
ant point. It already does an immense business in shipments of
grain and live stock .

The Alta Advertiser was started in September, 1876, as a monthly
paper, but was changed to a weekly in June, 1877, It is independ-
ent in politics^ and has a circulation of 660 copies. Its editor
and proprietor is C T. Steever, he having started the paper.

The business of Alta comprises: Three general stores, two drug
stores; two grocery stores, boot and shoe store, two hardware
stores, meat market, two lumber dealers, two agriculture imple-
ment dealers, bank, two furniture stores, clothing store, barber
shop, two saloons, music store, two jewelry stores, restaurant,
four blacksmiths, two elevators, grist mill.

CHURCHES, SCHOOLS AND SOCIETIES.

Methodist Episcopal Church Society. — Organized in 1870. The
church building was erected in 1876 and was dedicated in Novem-
ber of that year. Rev. Henry Brown being the first pastor. He
was succeeded by Rev. W. W. Brown and he by Rev. C. M. Bryan,
and the latter by Rev. D. M. Beams. Rev. C. B. Winter, who
took charge in September, 1881, is the present incumbent. First
officers: H. Bennett, C. Schell. G. H. Richmond, J. L. Wilson, J.
L. Bennett, Geo. G. Espe and W. S. Van Buskirk, Trustees. The

HISTOEY OF IOWA. 451

present Board is the same as the first with the exception of S. Par-
ker, instead of G. G. Espe. The society has eighty members, also
a Sabbath School with an average attendance of eighty pupils. G.
W. Wheat is Superintendent. The church building is a iine
frame structure, 32x50 feet, with a seating capacity of 300 persons,
and was erected at a cost of §2,500.

Swedish Lutheran Church Society. — This society was organized
in 1875. It has never had any regular pastor up to this date. The
present officers are: A. Banckson, Chas. Johnson, Geo. Johnson,
A. Johnson, A. W. Johnson and L. Ljengqvist. H. Jacobson is
acting as pastor for the church at present. The church has 160
members. There is a Sabbath School in connection, of which H.
Jacobson is Superintendent. The church building was erected in
1881. It is a large frame structure. 32x60 feet, and 125 feet high,
including steeple. It is nicely fitted up on the inside, and has a
gallery extending across the north end of the room. This build-
ing was erected at a cost of §i,000.

Alta Public School. — The first school in Alta was taugkt by
Mrs. E. P. Gilliam, in 1874, in A. Rokkan's house. Alta be'came
an independent district in 1881. The first school building was
built in 1876. The first School Board un-^er the independent dis-
trict was as follows: R. J. Macdonald, G. Gerner, R. H. Brown,
T. 0. Wiss, H. J. Poulson and S. B. Birdsall. S. Furlong was
Treasurer, J. D. Adams, Secretary. This is also the present Board.
G. VV. Wheat has charge of the school at present, assisted by S.
F. Keith and Miss A. Salisbury. They have a very comfortable
buildiug and a large enrollment of pupils,

Alta Lodge No. 388, L 0. 0. i^.— Instituted December 18th,
1878. The charter members were: A. W. Seymour, P. M. Jencks,
J. I. Burkholder, H. C. Kelso, C. T. Steever, L. Wheelock and N.
Anderson. First officers: A. W. Seymour, N. G.; P. M. Jencks,
V. G.; L. Wheelock, Secretary; J. I. Burkholder, Treasurer.
Present officers: L. Wheelock, N. G.; J. W. Bard, V. G.; W. H.
Cox, Secretary; Geo. Steever, Treasurer. This Lodge has a mem-
bership of fifty-six and is in a very prosperous condition. It meets
every Wednesday evening. The members have a room rented and
fitted up in company with the Masonic order. The room is nicely
carpeted and is well furnished.

Pomegranate Lodge No. 408, A. F. & A. M. — Dispensation
was granted this Lodge November 30th, 1880, and a charter was
received June 9th, 1881 . The charter members were: C T. Stee-
ver, R.J. Macdonald, G. Gerner, G. S. Kendall, S. G. Stout, J.
H. Wadsworth, J. W. Slutz, B. S. Benson, Jr., G. W. Mathews,
and S. B. Birdsall. The first officers were: C. T. Steevers, AV.
M. ; R . J . Macdonald, S . W . ; G . Gerner, J . W . Present ofiicers:
R. J. Macdonald, W. M.; G. Gerner, S. W.; S. B. Birdsall, J.
W.; S. Furlong, Treasurer; W. H. Pierce, Secretarv; AV. Mel-
ville, S . D . ; L . B . Collins, J . D . ; J . Mathews, Tiler. This so-

452 HISTORY OF IOWA.

ciety meets once each mouth iu the same hall with the Odd Fel-
lows . There are twenty-four members . The Lodge is in a flourish-
ing condition .

Summit Lodge No. 103, Iowa Ler/ion of Honor. — This society
was organized March 2Gth, 1881. Its first officers were: C. M.
Beam, President; L. B. Collins, Secretary; J. S. Piatt, Treasurer.
Present officers: P. M, Jencks, President; T. E. Sprague, Secretary;
C. M. Beam, Treasurer. The present membership is twenty, the
organization having suffered the loss of two of its members.

NEWELL.

This town is situated on the Illinois Central Railroad, ninety-
two miles from Sioux City and 234 miles from Dubuque. The
town was laid out by the railroad company in July, 1870, bnt no
lots were off'ered for sale until Nov., 1870. The first settlement
was made in the town by E. G. Chandler, in 1869. The first
house built in the town was that of W. R. Batton, in June, 1870.
This was used as a boarding house. G. B. Sargent built the first
store, the building being 22x42 feet, two stories high. The second
story was used for church purposes and as a town hall. The first
drug store was erected by E. W. Foy in 1870. G. W. Stevens
erected a hotel the same year. Swezey & Stetson started the first
lumber yard. G. B. Sargent was the first Postmaster.

The town was incorporated in 1878. The first officers were: L.
H. Gordon, Mayor; Will White, Recorder; W. A. Waterman, As-
sessor; L. T. Swezey, 0. H. Hazard, S. A. Parker, E. G. Chandler
and W. A. Welch, Trustees. Present officers: Mayor, W. M.
Borman; Recorder, L. S. Bunker; Marshal, William Couley; Treas-
urer, H. E. Harris; Street Commisioner, E. W. Stetson; Assessor,
C. F. Chipman. Trustees: H. M. Redfield, Will Riddle, F. P.
Mack, J.T. Redfield, L. F. Holbrook, Theo. Smith.

The Newell Times made its first issue August 24th, 1871 . This
was the first paper started in Newell, and was published by J. L.
Long. It ceased to exist November 2d, 1872.

The next paper started at Newell was the Neivell Beporter . This
was established December 27th, 1872, with G. B. Sargent as pro-
prietor, and H. R. Colman as editor. This paper sent out its last
issue April 18th, 1873.

The Buena Vista County Star was the next journalistic venture
in this place. It was started August 21st, 1873, with F. E.
Raber as proprietor, and W . L . Raber as editor . This paper
flourished for a short time, and then died.

The Newell Mirror then took up the line of march and made its
first issue January loth, 1875, with Will. White as editor and
proprietor. This paper first started as a five-column folio, was
enlarged to a four-column quarto, afterwards to a seven-column
quarto. White sold it to B. C Hill, who in turn sold it to James
Miller. In March, 1880, Miller disposed of it to C. F- Overacker.

HISTORY OF IOWA. 453

In December, 1880, Miller again took charge and rented it to C.
Everett Lee, the latter purchasing the paper in July, 1881 . It is
now an eight-column folio. Republican in politics, and has an
actual circulation of 480.

The Newell Creamery began operations in May, 1881 . The
proprietors have a building 20x30 feet, with two wings, one 10x20
feet and one 12x12 feet. The edifice is one story high. The
creamery is supplied with a four and one-half-horse-power engine
and all the modern appliances . It is run on the cream-gathering
plan, by Norton & Welch, proprietors.

The Newell grist mill, L. F. Holbrook proprietor, is a steam mill
with four run of stone, and manufactures four grades of flour —
Superfine, Family, XXX, XXXX.

The business of Newell comprises: Four general stores, three
drug stores, grocery store, two hotels, meat market, two restaur-
ants, two millinery stores, harness shop, two lumber dealers, flour
and feed store, four elevators, two agricultural implement dealers,
three coal dealers, bank, news depot, furniture store, two jewelry
stores, two barber shops, two shoe shops, two blacksmith shops,
wagon shop, tailor shop, saloon.

The population of Newell is about 700.

CHURCHES, SCHOOLS AND SOCIETIES.

Methodist Episcopal Church Society. — This society was organ-
ized in 1872, by Rev. Woodford. The church building was erected
in 1878. It is a frame building, 20x45 feet, and cost .^2,400. The
parsonage was built in 1875, at a cost of ^500. This society has
sixty-four members, with Rev. R. Fancher as pastor. There is a
Sabbath School in connection, with an average attendance of
seventy pupils. G. L. Dobson is Superintendent.

Congregational Church Society. — Organized in 1871, the first
pastor being Rev. Griffin. The first officers were: E. W. Foy,
H. A. Cushman, L. Gordon, J. L. Redfield and L. T. Swezey,
Trustees. The present Trustees are: J. T. Redfield, S. A. Parker,
E. Herrick, Mrs. J. T. Redfield. Rev. A. C. Countryman is the
present pastor. This society has at present sixty members, with
a Sabbath School in connection, with an average attendance of
eighty pupils. D. C. Miller is Superintendent. The church edi-
fice was erected in 1870. It is a large frame building. 28x44 feet,
and was erected at a cost of ^^2,400. It is calculated to seat 200
persons.

Xeirell Puhlic School. — Julia Lamreaux taught the first school
in this place, in a school house situated one-fourth mile from the
present town. Newell became an independent district March 2Stli,
1874. The first teachers under the inde])endent district were: J.
Davis and G. A. Childs. The first School Board was: A. D. Wil-
son, F. M. Cox, T. W. Lebo. Present Roard: S. A. Parker, G.
L. Dobson, H. M. Redfield; L. II. Gordon, Treasurer, and W. A.

454 HISTORY OF IOWA.

Waterman, Secretary. The present teachers are: C. E. Rice,
principal; Miss Nellie Dunphy, assistant. The school building,
built in 1876, is a two-story brick structure, 28x38 feet, and
was erected at a cost of ^2,700. It contains two rooms.

Caynpaign Lodge No. 42^ I. 0. G. T. — Instituted January,
1882, by C. T. Griffith, of Maple Valley. Charter members: S.
A. Parker, F. M. Maps and wife, L. H. Gordon and wife, Mrs. S.
D. Driver, and others. First officers: L. H. Gordon, W. C. T.;
Mrs. L. H. Gordon, W. V. T.; L. D. Winn, P. W. C. T.; Mr.
Campton, W. C; S. A. Parker, W. F.; Mrs. W. H. Scott. W. T.:
O.A.Cate,W.S.; Mrs.O. A.Cate, A. S.; U. Metcalf, W. M.; Mrs.
Metcalf, W. D. M. Present officers: L. H. Gordon, W. C. T.;
Miss Nellie Dunphy, W.V. T.; 0. A.Cate, P. W. C. T.; Mr.
Campton, W.C; J. Prayer, W. S.; Miss Welch, A. S.; Mrs. W.
H. Stott, W. T.; U. Metcalf, W. M.; Mrs. Metcalf, W. D. M.
This society meets Wednesday night in each week, in I. 0. 0. F.
Hall. It has a membership of fifty, and is progressing finely.

Key Lodge No. 102, Iowa Legion of Honor. — Instituted March,
1881. It has a membership of twenty-two, with the following
officers: L. H. Gordon, President; C. Dillon, Vice-President; F.
P. Mack, Financial Secretary; H. M. Redfield, Recording Secre-
tary; H. E. Harris, Treasurer; L. Longnecker, Usher.

Jewell Lodge No. 232, L 0. 0. i^.— Present officers: John
Evans, N. G.; C.Everett Lee, V. G.; Wm. Borman, S.; L. T.
Swezey, T. The Lodge now numbers twenty members. They
meet every Saturday night in Swezey's Hall, which is a large room
25x60 feet, is carpeted and nicely furnished with all the furniture
peculiar to the order.

The order of Free Masons are making preparations to perfect an
organization of a lodge at this place.

BUENA VISTA COUNTY BIOGRAPHIES.

STORM LAKE.

E. W. Benson, of the firm of Benson & Son, dealers in all kinds
of grain, flax, wool, seeds, live stock, etc., was born in 0. in 1834;
came west in 1854, located at Storm Lake, la., 1869, and engaged
for a time in farming; then in grain buying. He served one
year in the war of the rebellion in the 49th Wis. Vol. as corporal.

B. F. Benson, of the firm of Benson & Son, was born in Wis.
in 1863; received his education in Storm Lake and Chicago, 111.,
and Nov. 15th, 1881, associated himself with his father in the
above firm.

HISTORY OF lOW^. 455

D. D. Brown, of the firm of Brown & Morey, druggists, was
born in Mass. in 1830; removed to Minn, in 1858; thence to Storm
Lake in 1872, and is now engaged in the above business, which was
established in 1876, by Cameron & Wagoner.

C. F. Barber, of the firm of Barber Boys, wholesale and retail
.dealers in carriages, buggies, spring wagons, etc.; also run a first-
class livery barn in connection, the size of which is sixty by one
hundred and twenty feet. C. F. B. was born in Freeport. 111., in
1850; moved to Newell, la., in 1877; thence to Storm Lake in
1878, and engaged in business as above. He married May Ewing,
of Freeport. They have two daughters — Mary and Ethel.

Robert Cummings, landlord of the City Hotel, was born in N.
Y. in 1830; moved to Clinton county, la., in 1852. In 1872 he
came to Storm Lake and engaged in farming. He served two
terms as auditor of Buena Vista county, and is one of the repre-
sentative men of the county. He engaged in the hotel business,
Sept. 1st, 1881, and keeps a first-class house and polite attendants.

T. A. Corbett, manager for the Singer manufacturing company,
for Buena Vista, Cherokee, Ida and Sac counties, was born in 111.
in 1819; moved to Cedar Rapids, la., in 1868. In 1880 he moved
to Storm Lake, and engaged in business as above. He married
Alice M. Demuth, of Cedar Rapids, and has one daughter — Aline.

E. Cameron, proprietor of the livery, feed and sale stable, was
born in Buchanan county, la.; moved to Storm Lake in April,
1881, and engaged in the above business. He married Amelia C.
Sanders, of Buchanan county, and has one child — Ada.

F. E. Cushman, dealer in staple and fancy groceries, fruits, con-
fectionery, etc., was born in Niagara county, N. Y., in 1850; re-
moved to Monroe, Wis., in 1855; thence to Eldora,Ia., and in 1880
to Storm Lake, and established his present business in May of the
same year. He married Mary J. Metcalf, a native of Wis. They
have one son and one daughter.

E. S. Donoho, carpenter and builder, was born in Delaware in
1819; moved to Troy, 111., in 1870. In 1876 he came to Storm
Lake, and engaged in business as above. He married Nancy C.
Willoughby, of 111., and has one daughter — Edna A.

James De Land, of the firm of W^itt & De Land, proprietors of
the Chicago bakery and restaurant, and dealers in confectionery,
tobacco, cigars, etc., was born in Ohio in 1859; moved to 111. with
his parents in 1860. He moved to Storm Lake in 1877, and en-
gaged in the above business in 1881.

J. 0. Douglass, baker and dealer in confectionery, tobacco, cigars,
staple and fancy groceries, etc., was born in Vermillion county,
111., in 1852; moved to Decatur county, la., in 1855; thence to
Vermillion, Dak.; came to Storm Lake in 1880, and engaged in
business as above. He married Abbie Rhodes, and has one son,
George G.

456 HISTOEY OF IOWA.

A. A. DeGraff, dealer in live stoL^k, was born in Schenectady
county, N. Y., in 1827; removed to 111. in 1852; thence to Storm
Lake in 1875 and enejaged in his present business. He owns a fine
farm near town. He married Caroline Rainbow, of Troy, N. Y.,
who died Feb. 22nd, 1880.

Ct. E. Ford, of the firm of Ford & Bro., dealers in general mer-
chandise, was born in Vt. in 1850; moved to N. Y. City, and in
1871- to Waterloo, la.; two years later, he came to Storm Lake and
established his present business, which occupies a fine store build-
ing, two stories high; employs five clerks, the sales averaging
fifty thousand dollars per annum. He married Carrie Pettit, of
Des Moines, Li., and has one son and one daughter.

C. H. Fisk, proprietor of billiard hall and bowling alley; also
deals in cigars, tobacco and confectionery. He was born in N. Y.
in 1819; moved to Wis. in 185G; thence to Minn. In 1868 became
to Storm Lake and engaged in farming. He now owns 160 acres
of land eight miles from this city, also property at Sioux Rapids.
He has served in various town offices. He married Mary J. Alex-
ander, of Ohio, and has one son — Ernest.

J. W. Gilbert, of the firm of Gilbert & Thomason, dealers in
general merchandise, was born in la. in 1851; received his educa-
tion in Clayton county, and in 1875 moved to Storm Lake, and
was employed in clerking, until 1880, when he engaged in his pres-
ent business, which occupies a fine brick store building of two
stories and a basement. He married Katie King, of Sac county.
They have one child, a son.

A. Grier, proprietor of the Farmers' hotel and restaurant, was
born in Clinton, Fa., in 1851; removed to Freeport, 111., in 1865,
and in 1876 came to Storm Lake and engaged in farming, until
1880, when he established the above business, where can be had
Avarm meals and lunches at all hours, and choice confectionery,
oysters, etc. He married Jennie Nesbit, of Harrisburg, Pa., and
has two children — Lizzie and Edith.

Hobbs & Sutfin, real estate and investment agents; agents for the
Iowa railroad land company, the Iowa Falls & Sioux City railroad
company, and the Iowa Fails & Sioux City town lot and land com-
pany. They have 200,000 acres of improved lands, with perfect
titles, in Buena Vista county, la., which they offer to bona fide
settlers on easy terms. Correspondence solicited.

Charles Isbell, dealer in grain, live stock, etc., was born in 111.
in 1816; was in the employ of the I. C. R. R. company as operator
and agent for a number of years, then came to Storm Lake and en-
gaged in his present business; was formerly in partnership with
Mr. Benson. He served in the army during the late war four years ,
in Co. K, 52nd 111. Inft. He is the present major of this city.

HISTORY OF IOWA. 457

William J. Johnson, of the firm of Riekelfs & Co., plow manu-
facturers, was born in Delaware county, la., in 1861; came to
Storm Lake in 1872. In Dec, 1881, he became a member of the
above firm. He married Frederica Riekelfs, of Storm Lake.

L. C.Jones, of the firm of Jones & Fawkes, proprietors of the
meat market and provision store, was born in Mass. in 1835; moved
to Ogle county, 111., in 1856. He came to Storm Lake in 1878,
and engaged in farming, six miles from town. In Aug., 1881, he
engaged in the butcher business, and since has added a complete
line of groceries. He married Jane Wadsworth, of 111. They
have six children — Lettie J., Herbert R., Mittie V., Willie F.,
Charles C. and Grace E.

H. E. Kingsley, house, sign, carriage and ornamental painter,
was born in Conn, in 1841; moved to 111. in 1857; thence to Storm
Lake in 1875; was engaged in farming for six years, after which he
established business as above. Has held various public offices. He
married Adella Tolman, of 111. They have four children, Edgar
W., George N.,Fred L.,and Maria A.

John R. Lemon, of the Buena Vista County Bank, w.is born in
Ohio in 1836; moved to Freeport, 111., and in 1874 came to Storm
Lake. He established the above banking house in September of
the same year, which is the oldest bank in the city. They do a
general banking business, negotiate loans, etc. Correspondence:
First National Bank, of Chicago; First National Bank, of Dubuque;
First National Bank, of N. Y., and Preston, Kean & Co., of Chi-
cago. Mr. Lemon has had a wide experience in the insurance busi-
ness, having during his earlier life served as president and secre-
tary of insurance companies.

William Miller, dealer in fancy groceries, tobacco, pipes, etc.,
was born in Germany in 1843; came to America in 1864 and set-
tled in Clayton county, la. In 1872 he came to Storm Lake, and
engaged in blacksmithing for three years. He then opened a res-
taurant and eating house, which he continued until engaged as
above. He married Rosa Wise, of Germany, and has four chil-
dren, Julia, AVillie, Lottie and Eva.

R. R. Mann, of the firm of Warren & Mann, blacksmiths, was
born in Platt\ille, Wis., in 1855; moved to Storm Lake in 1878,
and engaged in the above business.

P. D. McAndrew is the editor and proprietor of the Storm Lake
Tribune, a six-column quarto, with a circulation of thirty quires.
The Tribune is republican in politics, and was established in Mar.,
1880.

J. P. Morey, of the firm of Brown & Morey, was born in N. Y.
in 1850; removed to 111. in 1864; thence to La Fayette county,
Wis.; came to Storm Lake in 1878, and became a partner in the
above firm.

^^^ HISTORY OF IOWA.

,-n W ■ ,!'h P^'^P"^^,^^ ?f the bakery near the depot, was born
mWis^in 1853 came to Sioux City, la., in 1870, and located at
Storm Lake m 1876; married Cornelia Dutcher, of Wis., and has
five children. He is the inventor of O'Neil's Jelf-playing or^Ln
fts nt'n' '•'" ;"7^^^^^^Jl^'^t ^"^ attracting general attentio^n. %
Its use the simplest as well as the most difficult music can be per-
formed with absolute correctness. It can be attached to any key-
board instrument m an instant, and as quickly removed. The ne-
cessity of condensation in a work of this character alone prevents
an extended description of this valuable invention. Mr O'Neil
was for severa years city recorder of Storm Lake, and is a well-
known and valuable citizen.

R. C. Riekelfs, of the firm of Riekelfs & Co., plow manufac-
turers and b acksmiths, was born in Germany in 1824; came to
America m 1850, and settled in 111., where he was employed as
foreman m a large plow factory. He moved to Buena Yista county,
la., and engaged m farmmg, until establishing the above named
business in March, 1878. He married Tina M?ints, of Ger They
have seven children. ^

W. S. Russell, of the firm of Langdon & Russell, dealers in geu-

isir 't iS-r1' '^^'^'''^ ''^ ^^^'- ^^^^^^ ^« Fort Dodge, la , in
1866. In 18^5 he came to Storm Lake, and in January 1882
■associated himself with B. F. Langdon, in the above business '

Ill'^;^fiS«■^'''^/'K'"o-^/'^^'^°'^^"^^^^ "^ 18*5; removed to
111. in 1856, and m 18,8 he came to Storm Lake, and engaged in
his present business He married Julia Murphy, a native ?f Mass.

Jnd Altrt '''' ' ''"' '^' ^^''^' ^^^""''''''^ ^'""^'' E^S^^^

^ J. Sampson, vice-president of the Iowa land and loan company
is connected with the Buena Vista county creamery, which began
operations June 2 1881, and has the capacity for making into
butter the cream from five to ten thousand cows. From th? time
ot commencing operations to Oct. 31st, of the same year, 113 290
pounds of butter were made. They have adopted the method of
gathering the cream only, thus leaving the farmers the skim-milk
buying the cream by the inch, basing the prices on Chicago quota-
tions. I he churning is done by steam power, and the butter
worked bv a new power butter worker, therefore not necessitating
the use of the hands many stage of the manufacture. Any one
wishing further information will receive it by addressing J.
Sampson, Storm Lake, la. '^

John Scheler, proprietor of City meat market, was born in Gei-
many in 1846; caine to America in 1866, and located at Madison
Wis ;^ removed to Storm Lake and engaged in his present business
1878 H^^^arried Mina Biggin, a native of Ger., in Sept.,

HISTORY OF IOWA. 459

Dr. J. H. Sherman, dentist, was born in Ind.,in 1832. In 1862
he recruited Co. A, 85th Ind. Inft., of which he was captain, and
served until the close of the war. In 1805 he located at Chilli-
€othe, Mo., and engaged in the practice of dentistry; removed to
Storm Lake in 1878. He was the first dentist to locate perma-
nently in this city.

J. y. Skeels, blacksmith, was born in England in 1856; came to
America in 1860, and located in Woodford county, 111.; removed
to LaSalle county; thence to Storm Lake in 1880, and established
his present business in May of the same year. He married Libbie
M, Evans, a native of 111., and has one child, Arthur E.

C. H. Springer, boot and shoe maker, was born in Me. in 1833;
removed to Buena Vista county, la., in 1873, and engaged in farm-
ing, and in 1877 established his present business in Storm Lake.
He still owns a farm of 240 acres in this vicinity; has been town-
ship trustee and school director several years. He married Octavia
A. Currier, a native of Me. They have three children, Frank E.,
C. Percy and Ernest E.

T. S. Smith was born in N. Y. in 1814; removed to Ogle county,
111., in 1847; moved to Buena Vista county, la., in 1869. He,
with his sons, entered land, and then engaged in merchandising at
the old town of Storm Lake; also engaged in the hotel business.
He is the owner of the City Hotel property, which he built at the
time he moved to this place; was a member of the city council
during its first and second terms. He married Mary Caldwell, of
N. Y. They have eight children, James S., Augustus, Mary C,
Sarah, George B., Alfred J., Hattie D. and Libbie C.

A. L. Stetson, of the firm of A. L. Stetson & Co., dealers in gen-
eral merchandise, was born in Farmington, 111., in 1855; received
his education at Boston and Lake Forest, and in 1878 came to
Storm Lake, and engaged in the above business, which was estab-
lished in March, 1879, and occupies a fine brick store building, of
two stories and a basement.

Geo. Stetson, of the firm of A. L, Stetson & Co., was born in N.
Y. in 1829; removed to 111. in 1851, and engaged in merchandising
and banking; came to Storm Lake in May, 1878, and is a member
of the above firm; also operates 5,000 acres of land in this vicinity.

J. R. Sovereign, manager of W. C. Hockett's Keystone Marble
Works, was born in Cassville, Wis., in 1854; moved to Cresco, la.,
in 1871; thence to Eldora; thence to Muscatine, and in 1880 to
Storm Lake. HemarriedAddie C. Saucer, and has three children,
Stella, Clark and Plummer.

M. ToUe, dealer in general merchandise, was born in Columbus.
0., in 1823. In 1850 he moved to California, and in the autum of
1854 located in McLean county. 111., where he residel until 1872,

460 HISTORY OF IOWA.

when he came to Storm Lake, and engaged in the grocery busi-
ness, which he has since changed to the above. He married Helen
Westervelt, of i^Ohio.

H. 0. Thomason. of the firm of Gilbert & Thomason, was born
in LaSalle county. 111., in 1859; came to Storm Lake in 1879, and
was in the employ of Geo. E. Ford & Bro., until he engaged in his
present business with J. W. Gilbert.

Vestal & Sutfin are the editors and proprietors of the Storm
Lake Pilot, which was established in 1870, is a seven-column folio,
republican in politics, has a circulation of eight hundred copies,
and has never missed an issue since it was established. Terms,
12.00 per annum.

T. N Warren, of the firm of Warren & Mann, was born in De
Witt, la., in 1850; moved to Storm Lake in 1881, and became a
partner in the above firm.

C. Wilcox, M. D., was born in N. Y. in 1838; removed to White-
side county. 111., in 1855; thence to Jackson county, la., and after
several changes of location, settled at Storm Lake in 1877. He
was formerly connected in the ministry with the Baptist church;
engaged in the practice of medicine in 1876. He married Amelia
A.Ingham, of York, 111., and has three children, Lucy J., Lizzie
E. and Charles E.

George Witter, dealer in furniture and undertaking materials,
occupies a two-story building twenty-one by seventy feet, and also
owns the adjoining building, size 32x40 feet. He was born in Du-
buque county, la., in 1851, and learned his trade at Dubuque and
Galena, 111. In 1878 he came to Storm Lake, and engaged in busi-
ness as above. In 1878 he mamed Kate Bauman, of Dubuque
county. They have lost, by death, one child, named Lora.

A. H. Witt, of the firm of Witt & DeLand, was born in Clark
county, la. He moved to Madison county, and in 1879 came to
Storm Lake. In 1881 he became a member of the above firm.

ALTA.

C. M. Bean, manager of the Alta lumber yard, was born in
Penobscot county, Me.; moved to la. in 1871, and settled in
Mitchell county. In 1880 he came to Alta, and engaged in busi-
ness as above. He carries a large and complete stock of lumber
and builders' supplies.

D. Burke, of the firm of D. Burke & Co., millers, is a native of
Mass.; moved to Dubuque, la., in 1836. He came to Alta in 1879,
and established his present business. They have recently put in
the patent rollers, and the mill has now a capacity of sixty barrels
per day.

HISTORY OF IOWA. 461

R. B. Dando, M. D., and furniture dealer, is a native of N. Y.;
moved to Dubuque count}^ la., in 1838; thence to Alta in 1873,
and engaged in the practice of medicine. The Doctor is the owner
of some valuable patents. He engaged in the furniture business
in 1881.

G. Gerner, dealer in general hardware, is a native of Pa.; came
to Iowa in 1877, and engaged in farming near Alta. In 1880 he
moved into the town, and engaged in business as above.

L. J. Harvey, M. D., is a native of Ohio. He began the practice
of medicine is 18()6; moved to Iowa in 1870, and opened office in
Storm Lake. He came to Alta in Feb., 1882, and is already en-
joying a lucrative practice.

Chester Hunt, dealer in sewing machines and musical merchan-
dise, is a native of Pa.; moved to Story county, la., in 1861; thence
to Buena Vista county in 1868. He built the first house in
Nokomus township. In 1881 he came to Alta and engaged in
business as above.

Dr. W. Kamp, jeweler, was one of the first to locate at Alta.
He began the practice of medicine, and has since engaged in the
jewelry business.

G. S. Kendall, proprietor of billiard hall, was born in 111.; moved
to Hamilton county, la., in ]855. In 1857 he came to Alta, and
engaged in his present business.

R. J. Macdonald, of the firm of Macdonald & Prue, dealers in
general merchandise, was born in Washington, D. C; moved to
Ind. in 1815; thence to 111. in 1857; thence to Iowa. He soon
after returned to Indiana, and was for several years employed by
the Wood's Reaper Co., as traveling agent. In 1880 he came to
Alta, and engaged in business as above.

William M. Reeder, furniture dealer, is a native of Ohio; in 1855
he settled in Johnson county, la., and engaged in contracting and
building. In 1870 he moved to Storm Lake. His wife — now
deceased — was the first white woman to locate there. He came to
Alta in 1879, and engaged in business as above.

T. 0. & C. J. Wiss, dealers in clothing, boots and shoes, also
grain and stock, are natives of Sweden; came to America in 1869,
and settled in Chicago, 111.. They moved to Iowa in 1875, and en-
gaged in the hardware business. In Aug., 1881, they engaged in
business as above.

NEWELL.

H. 0. Austin, manager of J. H. James' harness shop at Xewell.
The firm carries a complete line of harness, saddles, whips, robes,
blankets, etc. This is a branch of Mr. .lames' large establish-
ment at Sac City, and was established iu March, ISSO, with Mr,
Austin as manager.

462

HISTOKY OF IOWA.

Ball & Brooks, physicians and druggists, established drug business
Jan. 1st, 1882. They occupy and own a brick building, two stories
high, and carry a large stock of drugs, fancy and toilet articles
stationery, cigars, etc. They employ W. J. Kilingbeck, who is a
registered pharmacist. Dr. J. H. Ball graduated from the Keokuk
Medical College in 1880, and engaged in the practice of medicine at
Newell. Dr. J. M. Brooks, also of Keokuk, commenced the prac-
tice of medicine in March, 1881. His office is over the store.

W. H. Borman, of the firm of Swezey & Borraan, dealers in
lumber, lime, paint, etc., was born in Franklin county, 0., in 1850.
In 1869 he came with his parents to Sac county, la., and the fol-
lowing year he pre-empted land in Buena Vista county, six miles
north of Newell. In 1876 he entered the employ of L. T. Swezey,
and in Jan., 1880, became a partner. Mr. B. conducts the above
business, which is situated near the depot. He was elected mayor
in 1881. Mr. Swezey is proprietor of an extensive hardware
establishment.

0. A. Gate, dealer in general merchandise, formerly of Sher-
brook, Quebec, Canada, came to Newell and engaged in his present
business in partnership with his brother, C. W. In Feb., 1882, he
became sole proprietor. His store is in Harris & Parker's block' on
Fulton street. He employs two salesmen.

William Conley, of the firm of Conley & Watt, proprietors of
the Newell livery, feed and sale barn, canie to Newell in 1877 from
Sac county, where he had been engaged in farming for ten years.
He formed a partnership with L. S. Watt, and engaged in his pres-
ent business. They occupy a barn on First street; have accommo-
dations for sixty horses; keep for livery purposes eight teams and
nine buggies and carriages. They are proprietors of the hack line
between Newell and Sac City, and make daily trips, carrying the
mails. Mr. C. was appointed city marshal in March, 1881. Mr.
Watt came to Sac county in 1860 from Ohio. He was engaged in
farming until Aug., 1881.

C. Dillon, dealer in general hardware, came to Buena Vista coun-
ty, la., in 1877, from Delaware county. He engaged in farming
for four years; then moved to Newell, and purchased the busines?
of L. T. Swezey. He owns the building he occupies on Fulton
St.; carries a complete stock of hardware, tinware, stoves, etc., and
employs one tinner.

Ellis Bros., proprietors of restaurant, confectionery, billiard par-
lor and barber shop; established business in Oct., 1881. They
came to Newell in May, 1874, from Green county, Wis., and en-
gaged in farming, alo contracting and building, previous to estab-
lishing their present business.

Hon. L. H. Gordon, dealer in lumber and coal, came to Newell,
la., from Dubuque where he had been engaged in manufacturing
doors, sash and blinds. He Avas burned out in August, 1870. and,

HISTORY OF IOWA.

463

the same year came to this city, and engaged in business as above.
He represented this district in the ITth general assembly, session
of 1877 and 1878. He was the first mayor of Newell, and served
two years.

Harris & I'arker, bankers, brokers and dealers in real estate.
The business was established in 1871, under the firm name of Con-
dron & Harris. In 1873, S, A. Parker purchased Mr. Condron's
interest, thus forming the present firm. They own and occupy a
brick building, thoroughly fitted with fire proof vault, etc. They
own valuable town property, and about 3,500 acres of real estate
throughout the county. H. E. Harris came to Newell from N . H.
in 1871, Mr. Parker moved from Quebec, Canada, to Newport,
Vt., thence to this city.

L. F. Holbrook, proprietor of the Northwestern flouring mills,
of Newell, la., was formerly of Vt. He engaged in his present
business in 1878. The mills were built by J. B. Thomas in 1871,
and were purchased by L. H. Gordon & Co., who sold to the pres-
ent owner. The mills have a forty,five horse power engine, and
a capacity of fifty barrels per day.

C. Everett Lee, proprietor of the Newell Mirror, which was es-
tablished June 15th, 1875, by W. White, who sold it to B. C.
Hull in Dec, 1878. It was afterwards purchased by J. N. Miller,
editor of the Sac Sm, who sold it to the present owner in July,
1881. The Mirror is the county official paper, republican in poli-
tics, is an eight-column folio, and has a circulation of about five
hundred. Mr. Lee was born in Schoharie county, N. Y., in 1846;
moved to Sac county, la., in 1862. He served during the war of
the rebellion in the 10th la. Vol. Inft. In 1876 he came to New-
ell, Buena Vista county.

Thomas Mankey, wagon-maker and blacksmith, came to Newell
from Mineral Pt., Wis., in Aug., 1879, and established business as
above. He owns and occupies a building on Second st., and em-
ploys two men. ^

F. P. Mack, postmaster and dealer in stationery and news, came
to Newell in 1870 from Alden, Hardin county. His wife is a
milliner, and carries a large and well selected stock of goods;
occupies same store-room with the postoffice.

Norton & Welch, dealers in general merchandise and grain, are
also proprietors of the Newell creamery. J. T. Norton and John
R. Welch comprise the firm, Avhich was established in 1878. Their
mercantile business is in Union Block, and occupies a room twenty-
four by one hundred feet, which is well filled with general mer-
chandise, and necessitates the employment of three salesmen. The
creamery was established in 1881, and has a capacity for making
two thousand pounds of butter per day.

*^^ HISTOKY OF IOWA.

H. M. & J. T liedfield, of the firm of Redfield Bros., dealers in
grain, live stock, agricultural implements and coal, came from
Oswego N. Y., to Newell in 1872, and the following year estab-
lished their present business. They own two elevators, with a
combined capacity of ten thousand bushels; office and warehouse,
on i^irst St. They handle all the leading manufacturers' goods.

W. E. & G H. Hidden, of the firm of Riddell Bros., dealers in
general merchandise, established business in Aug., 1879 in the
bwezey block, corner of Fulton and Second sts. They have a but-
ter and egg packing department in the basement, and there em-
ploy one man. W. E. Bidden was formerly engaged in business
at Manchester; G. H. was formerly with Field, Leiter & Co., of
Chicago. '

PuTi^' ?^°^i; P^^t;'^^'"'' ""^ ^^^^ ^'^y "^ea* market, was born in
Philadelphia, Pa. He moved to Fairfax, Va.; remained one year;
theii returned to Pa., where he resided until 1868, when he moved
to Iowa and located near Fonda, Calhoun county. In 1871 he
came to Newell and engaged, in business as above; has also been
engaged m the livery business here. He keeps a first-class mar-
ket, and employs two men. Mr. S. has been marshal of Newell
two years, and a member of the city council. During the war of
the rebellion he served in the 110th Inft., and was twice wounded.
William Wart, of the firm of W. Wart & Son, dealers in gen-
eral merchandise, came to Buena Vista county, la., in 1869, from
iN. Y. He purchased land, and has been actively engaged in farm-
ing ever since. He owns 440 acres of land, four miles east of
Newell which is well improved and stocked. He has been a mem-
ber ot the board of supervisors for several vears. The store is in
Union block on the corner of Fulton & Second sts. They carry a
arge and well selected stock of goods. The business is conducted
oy i. A. VYart, the junior member of the firm.

HISTORY OF IOWA. 465

CRAWFORD COUNTY,

The county of Crawford is twenty-four miles north and south by
thirty east and west. It contains twenty Congressional townships,
or a superficial area of 720 square miles, and lies on the Western
Slope, the second county east from the Missouri River, in the fifth
tier from the northern and southern boundaries of the State, It is
well watered by running streams, the largest of which is the Boyer
River, which traverses the county diagonally from northeast to
southwest, entering live miles west of the northeast corner, and
passing out three miles east of the southeast corner. East Boyer
River, its most important tributary, enters Crawford from Carroll
County, flows in a southwesterly direction, and unites with the
main stream at Denison, a little southeast of the center of the
county. Other important tributaries of the Boyer are Dunham's,
Walnut, Ernst, Buss, Welsh, Paradise, Buffalo, Otter, Boone,
Coon and Buck Creeks. The Nishnabotany River and Williams
Creek, with their several branches, water the southeastern portion
of the county. Soldier River, which crosses the northwestern cor-
ner, receives a large number of tributaries, among which may be
mentioned Beaver Creek. A branch called East Soldier also passes
thro jgh the northwestern part of the county, with a by no means
inconsiderable tributary called Spillman Creek. Willow River
waters a considerable portion of one township in the southwestern
part of the county. All of the above streams are small, with the
exception of the Boyer River, but all afford an abundance of wa-
ter for stock throughout every season of the year. In a number of
places fine springs are found, and good well water is obtained at
moderate depths. The water of the running streams is excellent
for drinking and domestic uses, and is usually clear and cold.

The finest groves of timber are on the fioyer and East Boyer
Rivers, a number of groves being scattered along some of the
smaller streams, however. The largest body of timber in the
county is Mason's Grove, beginning about five miles northeast of
Denison. This grove includes about 2,000 acres along the east
side of the Boyer River. Dunham's Grove, on the East Boyer,
six miles east of Denison, contains about 300 acres of timber,
among which is a quantity of black walnut. In other parts of the
county are groves of good timber, principally on or near the Boyer
River. The timber lands of the county aggregate about sixteen
sections, or 10,240 acres — al)Out one acre of timber to each forty-
five feet of prairie. The following varieties are included: l^hack
oak, burr oak, black walnut, black and white hickory, linn, hack-

HISTORY OF IOWA.

berry, soft maple, ash, elm, cottonwoocl, cherry, etc. The shrub-
beries are principally ash, sumac, hazel, pith-alder, etc., which gen-
erally grow in the valleys, or about the edges of the timber. There
is an abundance of walnuts, hickorynuts and hazelnuts. Wild
fruits grow in abundance; there are plums, grapes, raspberries,
strawberries, gooseberries, cherries, crab apples, wild currants, and
occasionally blackberries. In consequence of the scarcity of native
timber, many of the farmers have planted groves of silverleaf ma-
ple, Cottonwood, black walnut and box elder, all of which have
grown with astonishing rapidity; so much so that the former bound-
less expanse of prairie has within a few years become dotted with
beautiful groves, which ere long will re-arrange the nature of the
country, as they have already diversified and improved the land-
scape, affording, moreover, as great additions to the principle of
utility as they have already made in the direction of ornamentation.

The surface configuration of the county is rolling, the divides
separating the streams being bulky masses of earth which sweep
down into the valleys over beautiful declivities from the undulating
plains above. Near the headwaters of the streams the surface is
more rolling and broken than on the main divides, in a few places
being too uneven and precipitous for successful cultivation. The
soil is almost uniformly composed of the light colored, fine,
silicious material of the bluff deposit peculiar to the Missouri
Slope, is of great fertility, and is in places largely mixed with
sand. The Boyer Valley is probably unsurpassed in Iowa, is capable
of a cultivation which is being rapidly brought about, and which
when brought to the condition assured in the near future, will
present one of the most attractive farming portions of the State.
Compared with the size of the stream, the valley is wide, and has
a deep, rich soil, well adapted to the production of the finest crops
of corn, wheat, oats and other kinds of grain. Extending, as it
does, some thirty miles through the county, it embraces a large
area of land of unsurpassed fertility. It must not, however, be
understood that the upland prairies are sterile, as the greater por-
tion of them is but little inferior to the bottom lands. The best
upland prairies are in the east, north and northwest portions. In
the smaller valleys and ravines extensive accumulations of black
soil or vegetable mould are often found, which probably came from
the washing of the ravines from the adjacent slopes, which bear
evidence of having been thus denuded of their coating of dark
humus. The enthusiastic lover of nature can scarcely picture a
more pleasing landscape than that. aflForded by the valleys of the
Boyer Rivers, viewed from the upland ridges at almost any point
along their courses, overlooking miles of their park-like valleys,
embellished with clumps of trees, well improved farms, orchards,
rural homes, and tasty villages.

Stone suitable for building purposes is not abundant, the only
quarry worked in the county being situated about four miles

HISTORY OF IOWA. 467

southwest of Denison on a branch of Buck Creek. It is a
species of limestone that answers for ordinary purposes. There
are indications of the same formation in Spring Grove, Burnt
Woods, and at other points in the county. Clay and sand suitable
for the manufacture of brick, are sufficiently plenty, and a num-
ber of handsome brick structures have been erected in Denison
and other localities. No veins of coal have been found as yet in
this county, and it is probable that, if the productive or lower
formation of the coal measure underlies the area embraced in Craw-
ford County, it is at so great a depth beneath the surface as to
render its development for the present impracticable .

The soil and climate are well adapted to the production of
wheat, oats, rye, barley, corn, beans, peas, potatoes and other vege-
tables and grains indigenous to the Temperate Zone. The yield of
spring wheat, wl.ich is the variety principally raised, has been
from fifteen to forty-five bushels to the acre, with a probable
average of about twenty-five busnels. Comparatively few farmers
have engaged in the cultivation of tame grasses, but it has been
fully demonstrated that timothy and blue grass will succeed well,
while clover also does reasonably well, so far as it has been tried.
There is a number of orchards in the county, which have been
yielding for a number of years, and which give promise of assured
success in the future. Much attention is being paid to fruit cul-
ture, which is destined to become one of the important industries
of this section. Cherries, vines aud all small fruit do well, grow-
ing luxuriantly and producing excellent varieties of fruit.

The Chicago & Northwestern Railroad enters Crawford County
a little north of the center of the eastern boundary line, and run-
ning southwest down the valley of the Boyer, a distance of over
thirty-one miles, makes its exit near the southwest corner, afford-
ing good communication with the eastern and western markets.

In May, 1S49, Cornelius Dunham, of Jackson county, Iowa,
brought Franklin Prentice and his wife to the county, and left
them at the place known as Dunham's Grove, on East Boyer River,
about six miles east of the present town of Denison. Mr. Prentice
built a cabin for Dunham, who came with his family in the autumn
of the same year, accompanied also by a man named Reuben Blake.
This was the first settlement in Crawford County. The same year,
Prentice took a claim at the mouth of Otter Creek, on Boyer River,
near Mason's Grove. The next settlers were Jesse Mason and
family, and George J. and Noah V. Johnson, all of Avhom came
in June, 1850, and settled at Mason's Grove. In the autumn of
this year, Levi Skinner and Calvin Horr settled at the same place.
The nt'xt settler was Thomas Dobson, in the spring of 1851, who
also settled in the vicinity of Mason's Grove. In the autumn of
1853, Edward Howorth, with his sons, Edward and Daniel, located
at a place called Three Bee Tree Grove, in the southwest part of the
county, not far from the present thriving town of Dunlap. In

468 HISTORY OF IOWA.

1854, the settlement at Mason's Grove received the following addi-
tionnl members: Benjamin Dobson, A. R. Hunt, D. J. Fowler,
Clark Winans, B. F. Wicks and E. W. Fowler.

During the same year Benjamin Dobson erected the first saw
mill at this place, and the following persons located in other parts
of the county: John Gilbreath, John R. Bassett, and Moses and
Daniel Riddle, at Coon Grove, four miles south of the present town
of Denison; Mathias Didra, at Buck Grove, in the southern part of
the county: Charles Kennedy and Robert D. Butterworth, at
Three Bee Tree Grove, and William H. Jordan, at Lost Grove,
near the present town of Crawford, on the Chicago & North-
western Railroad. John A. Dunham and Rufus Richardson came
the same year. Those mentioned were all the settlers in the
county up to 1855, during the spring of which year the following
came: Reuben and John Vore, S. C. Dow, S. J. Comfort, Cyrus
B. Whitmore, John Poordy, Isaac B. Goodrich, S. B. Greek, S. S.
Sisley, John Sisley, Edward Van Vleet, James Slater and H. C.
Laub. The last named settled at Mason's Grove, and the others in
various places in the county. In 1856, there were but few addi-
tions to the settlers, the following, with their families, it is believed,
comprising all: George C. King, William J. Todd, John B.
Huckstep, Edwin Cadwell, Tracy Chapman, Morris McHenry, Esau
McKim, and Joseph Brodgen, all of whom located at Mason's
Grove; and R. B. Alexander, S. Bell, B. B. Bishop and William
Wilkie, who settled in the southern and southwestern parts of the
county. Hon. J. W. Denison came to the county in the autumn
of 1855, and during that year and the next, selected a quantity of
land for the Providence Western Land Company, and in Septem-
ber, 1856, commenced the settlement of the town of Denison. He
brought with him Francis Reynolds and John B. Swain, who
erected a steam saw and grist mill in the new town.

The first births in the county were David and George Jesse
Mason, twin sons of Jesse and Eliza Ann Mason, born in 1852.
The first marriage ceremonies took place at Mason's Grove, Octo-
ber 12th, 1853, at which time and place Rev. Thomas Dobson
united in marriage George J. Johnson and Elizabeth Ann Mason,
Noah V. Johnson and Jane Mason, Calvin Horr and Elizabeth
Mowery. The first death was that of John A. Dunham, in the
winter of 1854-5. The first entry of Government land was made
August 21st, 1854, by John Gilbreath. The first school house
erected was at Mason's Grove, in the autumn of 185(5, in which
Morris McHenry taught the first school, a term of three and one
half months, commencing November 4th, 1856. The first sermon
was preached Sunday, October 19th, 185G, by Rev. William Black,
of theM. E. Church, and the same day, after the sermon, the first
religious society was organized, with seven members, as follows:
George C. King, Mrs. E. R. King, 0. S. Wright, Tabitha Wright,
John B. Huckstep, Martha A. Huckstep, and Rufus Richardson.

HISTORY OF IOWA. 469

The first Sunday School was organized at Mason's Grove, under the
auspices of the M. E. Church, with twenty pupils, on the 7th day of
January, 1857, George C. King being the Superintendent. The
first lawyer was S. J. Comfort, who was also the first acting
Prosecuting Attorney. Dr. David McWilliams was the first
physician.

Up to April, 1855, Crawford County was attached to Shelby for
civil purposes. At the April election of that year the following
county officers were elected: E. W. Fowler, County Judge;
Thomas Dobson, Clerk; A. R. Hunt, Treasurer and Recorder; D.
J. Fowler, Sheriff; Isaac B. Goodrich, School Fund Commissioner;
Cyrus Whitmore, Prosecuting Attorney; Samuel Kennedy, Sur-
veyor; L. S. Kinner, Coroner; John R. Bassett, Drainage Com-
missioner. At this time there was but one election precinct in the
county, all the vctes being cast at Coon Grove, in what is now
Denison Township. New county ofiicers were chosen at the fol-
lowing August election, at which time John R. Bassett was elected
County Judge. Judge Bassett transacted his first official business
September 3rd, 1855, on which date he acted upon a petition for a
county road, refusing to grant the petition for reasons set forth in
the records as follows:

"I set the road petition aside on these grounds: In the first
place, I cannot find out that there were notices as the law pre-
scribes in three public places in the county. Secondly, the notices
not agreeing with the petition. Thirdly, and the greatest objec-
tion, is that there was no one offered to enter bonds for the secur-
ity of the payment of the Commissioner, providing the road was
not finally located. For these objections I hereby set the road
aside and pronounce not in accordance with law."

On the 3d of December of this year, the Judge, Clerk and Re-
corder met and reported their accounts of moneys received from
August 1st to December 1st, the Judge having received ?5. 75;
Clerk, 13.00; Recorder, ^8.70. Total, $17.45. They made an equal
division of the amount and appropriated it toward the payment of
their salaries. William L. Henderson, having been appointed sur-
veyor and agent to select the swamp lands, made his report Decem-
ber 5th, 1855, and was allowed $150 for his services.

The first estate administered upon was that of Cyrus B. Whit-
more, John Vore being appointed administrator. The location of
county roads constituted a large proportion of the business of the
County Judge. Judge Bassett continued to serve in this capacity
up to the organization of the Supervisor system.

The following persons constituted the first Board of Supervisors:
Thomas Dobson, Milford Township; Henry C. Laub, Denison
Township; Daniel Howorth, Union Township. Daniel HoAvorth
was President, and S. J. Comfort, Clerk of the Board.

The Court House at Denison was completed in the autumn of
1858. It is built of brick, 30x40 feet, and two stories high. The

470 HISTORY OF IOWA.

various county offices are in the lower story, and the upper story
is used as a court-room and for various public meetings. The :ost
of the building was about $6,000. It is located in the center of
the public square, a beautiful rolling track of ground, which is en-
closed by a neat fence and planted with finely growing trees.
Good bridges have been erected on all the principal roads over the
streams.

About five miles below Denison, in the Boyer Valley, there is a
semi-circular group of ancient artificial mounds. There are about
nine of them, situated on a plateau or table rising above the lower
bottom. They are about five feet above the general level of the
ground. Another similar group is located on the second bottom
at the mouth of Paradise Creek. Human remains have been found
in some of them, showing that they were burial places.

Crawford County's present population is fully 15,000. There
are 458,333 acres of land in this county, the valuation of which,
for 1879, was $2,747,198; for 1880, $3,752,648; value of lots, $220,-
590; of personal property, $458,214; of railroad property, $326,-
646. The property valuation for the present year is not as yet
obtainable, but there are certain indications of a most highly grati-
fying increase. There are thirty and one-half miles of railroad in
the county, and two hundred miles of telegraph wire.

The present county officers of Crawford County are: A. D. Molo-
ney, Auditor; G. W. Heston, Clerk of Courts; L. M. Corn well, Treas-
urer; M. Smith, Recorder; J. D. Jones, Sherifi"; E. M. Ainsworth,
Superintendent of Schools; M. McHenry, Surveyor; A. McMartin,
Chairman Board of Supervisors.

Crawford County's population in 1880 was 12,413; the total vote
of the county for Governor at the election of 1881, was 2,136.

DENISON.

The county seat of Crawford County is situated a little south of
the center of the county, at the junction of the Boyer and East
Boyer Rivers. A portion of the town, rising upon the slopes ad-
jacent to these streams, commands magnificent views of the valley
of the Boyer, with its rapidly improving farms, the railroads, lines
of telegraph, groves of timber, and other objects, adding variety
and beauty to the scene. The railroad passes along the southern
edge of the town, where it makes a bend directly southwest, leav-
ing Denison well situated as a trading point for a large district of
country unsurpassed in fertility. Its agricultural resources, when
developed, cannot fail to make Denison a point of great impor-
tance. It is one hundred and fifteen miles from Des Moines,
eighty from Fort Dodge, seventy-five from Council Blufls, seventy-
five from Sioux City, and forty-five from the Missouri River,

As stated in the general history of the county, the town was
laid out in 1856, by J. W. Denison, from whom it derived its
name, and at that time became the county seat. The town plat

HISTORY OF IOWA. 471

embraces about 700 acres, the general size of the lots being 50x150
feet, the principal streets being one hundred feet wide and the
others eighty. Handsome and eligible blocks have been reserved
for public parks and other public purposes. Quite a number of
elegant residences and business blocks have been erected, which
would reflect credit upon any city in Iowa.

Among the first settlers were Francis Reynolds and John B.
Swain, who put up the first saw and grist mill in the place; R. W.
Calkins, 0. S. Gates, F. W. Vuescher, Jacob Whitinger, Morris
McHenry, J. F. Seagrave and Eli Baer. Mary Louise Seagrave,
born November 13th, 1856, was the first birth in the town, while
the first death was that of a child of Francis Reynolds.

There is no reason to doubt that the population of Denison at
the present time is fully, if not more than, two thousand. The
town was incorporated in 1875. Its first town officers, after in-
corporation, were: A. F. Bond, Mayor; A. Carpenter, Recorder;
J. L. McClellan, Marshal; L. Cornwell, Treasurer; C. H. DeWolf,
C. F. Cassaday, John Seemann, Ward Matthews, W. J. Wagoner,
Councilmen. The following are the present officers: R. Heff'el-
finger. Mayor; D. L. Boynton, Recorder; L. Cornwell, Treasurer;
William Braddy, Marshal; C. Grreen, W. J. Wagoner, L. F.
Carr, J. B. Romans, P. Miller, G. W. Heston, Councilmen; George
A. Smith, Assessor.

Denison has two banks, the McHenry Bank, of which William
A. McHenry is proprietor, and the Crawford County Bank, R.
Heffelfinger, proprietor — both of which do a prosperous business.

The Germania Opera House, owned by the Germania Society, is
a roomy and well built structure with a foundation of heavy ma-
sonry, cost from seven to eight thousand dollars, and is in every
way creditable to the community.

The brickyard belonging to Cornelius Green manufactures on au
average a half-miHion bricks per annum.

There are seven flouring mills in Crawford County, one at Dow
City, one two miles southwest of Denison, one at Denison, one at
Vail, one at West Side and two at Debit.

The Luney Bros, some time since inaugurated a series of enter-
prises, which reflect great credit, both upon themselves and the
community. Their steam flouring mill was started in 1880, and
has a capacity of about 1,000 bushels of wheat per week. This
mill has three run of stone, and manufactures an excellent quality
of flour. They have also in operation au extensive agricultural
implement factory and foundry, from which they turn out plows,
bells, shafting for mills, and, in fact, anything and evei'ything in
the line of first-class establishments of this kind.

Denison is in every respect, mechanically, professionally and in
a business way, as well in the attractive as in the substantial ele-
ments of a progressive community, worthy to be the county seat
of the rich and fertile county of Crawford.

472 HISTOEr OF iowa.

'ihe business establishments of Denison may be classified as
follows: Six general merchandise establishments, three groceries,
two furniture and cabinet making establishments, one boot and
shoe store, two harness shops, one hardware store, two blacksmith
shops, one wagon factory, one wagon and blacksmith shop, two
hardware and agricultural implement stores, one agricultural im-
plement depot, two restaurants, five hotels, tour insurance agencies,
one flouring mill, one brick-yard, one manufactory of agricul-
tural implements, one foundry and machine shop, three millinery
stores, one music store, two banks, four real estate agencies, three
drug stores, two printing offices, one book store, one clothing
store, two meat markets, one bakery, four stock and grain dealers,
three lumber dealers, one creamery, two grain elevators, etc.

The Crairford County Bulletin was started in November, 1873,
by Stephens & Daniells. A. B. Keith purchased Daniells' inter-
est in April, 1874, and in June, 1876, became sole proprietor. The
Bulletin is a nine-column folio, and has a circulation of 1,200
copies. It is the Democratic organ of Crawford county, and is ably
conducted.

The first newspaper published in Crawford County was estab-
lished October 1st, 1860, by J. W. Denison, and was named the
Boi/er Valley Record. It was a twenty-eight column sheet, Re-
pul3lican in politics, and continued about a year and a half. The
next paper was the Denison Review, the first number of which
appeared May 3d, 1867, under the management of Money &
Stephens. In the autumn of 1868, Money disposed of his inter-
est to R. W. McNeal. In 1871, the paper came into the posses-
sion of Hon. J. Fred. Meyers, who conducted it until the latter
part of February of the present year. Under Mr. Myers' able
management, the paper achieved an extensive reputation. His
successors, the Messrs. \^ rigley Bros., are gentlemen of capacity,
and have already evinced an ability to fully maintain the Review s
excellent reputation. Mr. Meyers has been Postmaster of Deni-
son for a number of years, was formerly a resident of Washington,
D. C, has an extensive acquaintance, and has occupied many posi-
tions of honor and trust. The Review is Republican in politics,
and issues both English and German editions. It is a model of
typographical neatness.

CHURCHES, SCHOOLS AND SCCIETIES.

First Baptist Church. — Organized in 1858, by Rev. J. W.
Denisun. The successive pastors were: Revs. George Scott, R.
Dunlap, A. M. Duboc, J. B. Hawk, A. Robinson, the latter gentle-
man having present pastoral charge. The present membership is
120. The church building was erected in 1805, has a seating
capacity of about 200, and cost, w^th the grounds, $7,000. It is
located on the corner of Sweet and Chestnut streets. The pres-
ent church ofiicers are: J. D. Seagrave, S. W. Plimpton, Dea-

HISTORY OF IOWA. 473

cons; E. S. Tlimpton, Clerk; Mrs. S. W. Plimpton, Treasurer; W.
A. McHenry, J. R. Bassett, E. S. Plimpton, Trustees. The Sab-
bath School has an average attendance of about one hundred
pupils. Its officers are E. S, Plimpton, J. D, Seagrave, Associate
Superintendents; M. E. Jones, Treasurer; Nellie Strong, Sec-
retary.

Methodist Episcopal Church. — The present pastor is Rev. D.
Austin. This society has over one hundred members. Its pres-
ent officers are: L.M.Shaw, C. Green, R. Heifelfinger, J. B.
Romans, Trustees; H. C. Laub, Recording Steward; L. M. Shaw,
Treasurer, The Sabbath School numbers about one hundred
pupils; L. M, Shaw is the Superintendent, The church build-
ing was erected about the year 1865, at a cost of $1,800; its seat-
ing capacity is 350. Rev, William Black, the first pastor, was
succeeded by the following: Revs, Mr, Glassner, Edwin Satterlee,
M, D. Collins, W. E. Smith, Mr. Glanville, B. Shinn, Mr. Way-
nick, Mr. Fegtly, E, Sage, Asa Steeth, J. B. Wilson, Mr, Beck,
and the present pastor.

Trinity Episcopal Parish. — Organized in 1875, by Rev. William
Wright. Rev, C. S. Fackenthall is the present pastor. The mem-
bership is about thirty-five. The church building was erected in
1875, is 28x40 feet in dimensions, the total cost being not less
than $3,000. Roger Hayne was the first Senior Warden, and
Henry Gower, the first Junior Warden. At present J, G, Wyant
is Senior Warden, William Rain, Junior Warden. The Society is
free from debt, [u July, 1877; the church builling was blown
from its foundations by a tornado, two other church buildings
also being moved from their foundations on the same night, one
of them, the Catholic church building, being occupied by the con-
gregation, who were holding services at the time. Trinity Church
is located in East Denison, on the south side of Broadway. The
Sabbath School has about fifty memljers. J. P, Fitch is the Su-
perintendent; Miss Gracie Myers, Secretary; Miss Blanche Stone,
Treasurer,

The Catholic Church Society. — This Parish was organized by
missionaries more than twenty years ago. The first pastor was
Rev, Mr, Kelley, of Omaha, The church building was erected in
1872, It is a frame structure and cost $1,700, The congregation
have made arrangements for the building of a fine brick structure
during the coming season, the money for which has been already
secured. The estimated cost is $4,000. Rev, M. C, Lenahan, of
Vail, is the present pastor. Services are, for the present, held every
alternate Sunday,

TJte German Lutheran Society. — Rev, G, Haar is the present
pastor of this prosperous church organization. As stated else-
where, the church edifice is a brick building formerly used as a
school house. It is very neatly and comfortably furnished. The
organization of the society dates back from eight to ten years.

474 HISTORY OF IOWA.

The Preshtjferian Socieft/.- — The present i^astor of this society is
the Rev. J. J. Franklin, The church edifice was erected in 1872, at
a cost of ^1,775. Although the membership is not so large as that
of the Baptist or M. E. organizations, yet the society is in a sub-
stantial and encouraging condition.

The Public Schools. — Prior to the organization of the Denison
independent school district, Tracy Chapman, Michael Riddle and
A. D. Moloney, composed the Board of School Directors of a sec-
tion of country embracing the entire county, Avith the exception
of Union and Milford Townships. The first teacher of whom
the writer has information was H. C. Laub, who was followed by
I. T. Martin, John Funk and Miss Jennie Haskell. The first
school house was a frame building, about 14x20 feet in dimensions,
situated on the hill in East Denison. This building has long since
ceased to be used for school purposes, and has been moved so many
times as to make further trace of its whereabouts indefinite. A
brick school house was next built, which is now used as a church
building by the German Lutheran Society. The independent
school district was organized about ten years since. The first
Board of Education was composed of the following gentlemen:
Dr. William Iseminger, Morris McHeury, E. S. Plimpton, W. J.
Wagoner, and two others, whose names the writer was unable to
learn. A. M. McNeal, an attorney now living in St. Louis, was
the first teacher after the independent organization. He Avas fol-
lowed by Rev. Mr. Gunnison, a Baptist minister, who was suc-
ceeded by a Methodist clergyman, whose name the writer was un-
able to learn. Z. T. Hawk was the first regular Principal of the
Denison schools. He had three assistants. Under his manage-
ment, the Denison schools first took definite form, were graded,
and began the systematic and thorough development of which the
citizens of the town are justly proud. There are now two school
buildings. The first, a large brick structure of four departments
and two stories in height, was erected in 1872, at a cost of $16,000,
which figure, however, it is proper to add, is conceded to be altogeth-
er disproportionately large in comparison with the real value of the
building. It is located in the western part of town, southwest
of the Court House, and is known as the West Side building. The
second school building was erected in 1877. It is a two-story
frame, having two large rooms, is about 28x48 feet in dimensions,
and cost in the neighborhood of $2,500. It is located near the
center of town, and is known as the East School building. The
total enrollment of the district, at the last enumeration, was 369
pupils; the average attendance is about 300. It is more than prob-
able that another school building will be added during the present
year. The present corps of teachers is as follows: Prof. M. Booth,
Principal; Miss Nettie M. Dick, Grammar School, West; Miss
Lillie Barr, First Primary, West; Miss Hattie McAhren, Second
Primary, West; Miss Kittie Barr, First Prim ar}^ East; Mrs. Mary

HISTORY OF IOWA. 475

Wade, Second Primary, East. The present Board of Education is
as follows: C. Green, President; W. J. Wagoner, E. S. Plimpton,
William Iseminger, Albert Palmer, John Seemann; C. F. Bond,
Secretary; R. Heffelfinger, Treasurer.

'Devotion Lodge Xo. 282, A. F. (£■ A. J/.— Instituted in 1869.
Rev. B. Shiun Was the first W. M.; C. H. DeWolf, the first S.
W.; H. C. Laub,the first Secretary, and L. Cornwell, the first
Treasurer. There were nine charter members. The present mem-
bership is fifty-five. Meetings are held Wednesday evenings of
each month, on or before the full moon. For the present the Lodge
meets in Masonic Hall, over H. C. Laub's place of business. A
fine Lodge room is being fitted up in the McHenry block. This
Lodge is in a condition of very gratifying prosperity. The follow-
ing are the present officers: 0. H. DeWolf, W. M.; G. W.
Stephens, S. W.; M. Goldheim, J. W.; G. W. Fleston, Secretary;
W. J. Wagoner, Treasurer.

Benison Lodge No. 94, L 0. G. T.— Instituted in 1876.
Meetings are held every Tuesday evening m Court House Hall.
The membership is twenty-five. The present officers are: D. 0.
Johnson, W. C. T.; Mrs. H. J. Mattlrews, W. V. T.; Miss Hattie
Harris, R. S.; Miss Hattie McAhren, L. S.; Mrs. E. S. Plimpton,
Treasurer; Rev. A. Robinson, Chaplain.

Crairford Lodge, loira Legion of Honor. — Instituted in 1880.
First officers: H. N. Wheeler, President; A. D. Wilson, Vice-
President; N.J.Wheeler, F. S.;N. F. Smith, R. S.; N. Richards,
Treasurer. Present officers: A. B. Keith, President; James
Wygant, Vice-President; N. J. Wheeler, F. S.; M. E. Jones, R.
S.; A. D. Wilson, Treasurer. The membership is fifty-two. Meet-
ings are held on the first and third Thursday evenings of each
month in Masonic Hall.

Boot Post Xo. 58, G. A. 7?.— This Post was mustered in the
autumn of 1881, with eighteen charter members, as follows: E.
I). Partridge, Geo. W. Heston, W. A. Porter, A. J. Bond, R. L.
Wilkinson, A. I. Phelps. S. W. Plimpton, Jr., R. W. Lownes, A.
Simmons, Edward Miles, M. Smith, J. S. Gilbreath. W. H.
Snow, B. W. Garlough, G. L. Wright, C. A. Lawton, H. S. Guli(?k,
J. G. Vassar. The membership is thirty, and meetings are held
on the second Friday evening of each month in Court House Hall.
The following are the officers: Geo. W. Heston, Commander; G.
L. Wright, S. V. C; Jud. Bond. J. V. C; I. T. Phelps, A.; S. W.
Plimpton,C.;H. S. Gulick, Q. M.; E. D. Partridge, S.; R. W.
Lownes, 0. of D.; Benj. Garlough, S. M.

Den/son Lodge Xo. l')l, A. 0. U. W. — Present officers: I. T.
Roberts, M. W.; John Bayles, Foreman; S. W. Plimpton, 0.; A.
T. Weld. Recorder; D. H. Gill, Receiver; A. Anderson, Financier;
D. 0. Johnson, P. The Lodge has a membership of forty-
four, and meets the first and third Friday evenings of each month
in Masonic Hall.

476 HISTOEY OF IOWA.

Eureka Collegium No. 77, V. A. S. F)-afe)nif i/.— lnsiiiuied in
the autumn of 1881, with thirty-six charter 'members. First
officers: William Familton, iieetor: J. S. Xicholson, V. R.; G.
A. Smith, S.; G. W. Heston, Q.; G. L. Wright, U.; L. J. Carter,
Spec; Dr. W. W. Holmes, M. E. Present officers: J. S. Nichol-
son, R.; Albert Palmer, Y. R. The remaining officers the same
as before. Meetings are for the present held at J. S. Nicholson's
office, on the first Monday evening of each month.

W. C. T. t^^The Woman's Christian Temperance Union of
Denison is in excellent working condition, and has done effective
M^ork for the cause of Temperance. Mrs. H. C. Laub is the Presi-
dent.

Den iso7i Lecture Bureau. — This is an association whose object is
to furnish the citizens of Denison intellectual entertainment by
utilizing ''home talent." Weekly lectures are given, which are
largely attended, and which have been productive of highly bene-
ficial results.

The PuhJk Lihrarif . — Denison has a public library of quite re-
spectable proportions. The library is temporarily located in the
rear of A. Steel's furniture store. Mr. Steel is the Librarian.

Denison Cornet Band. — The Denison Cornet Band is composed
of twelve members, and is quite a creditable organization. W.
J. Wheeler, Presice.it; M. E. Jones, Secretary; F. Wahl, Treas-
urer; William Adams, Leader.

VAIL.

The prosperous and progressive community of Vail is located
about six miles west of the eastern line of the county, and Avas
laid out in the summer of 1871. The town-site is owned by the
Blair Town Lot and Land Company, and by other parties, who
have made additions thereto. The surrounding country, for a dis-
tance of twenty miles north and south, tributary to Vail, is of a
most excellent quality.

Vail was incorporated in the spring of 1875. The first Mayor
was Josiah McHenr}", who was succeeded by the following in or-
der: W. W. Anderton, Josiah McHenry, A. D. Young, F. B.
Huckstep, the latter of whom is the present incumbent.

The following are the present town officers: F. B. Huckstep,
Mayor; J. S. Nesbit, Recorder; E. Ryan, Treasurer; M. McGrath,
Marshal; Thomas Ryan. Street Commissioner; J. P. Fitch, A. L.
Strong, J. H. Barrett, E. Darling, E. B. Bannister, John Cousins,
Councilmen.

Dr. James DeY'olf, the present postmaster, and who came to
Vail in the autumn of 1S70, was the first hona fide settler of the
town. He erected a store-building and warehouse where the post-
office now stands. He also " broke" some land, and in return for
a car-load of wheat raised thereon, obtained the first stock of goods
that were placed on sale in the town. John Liddle started a

HISTORY OF IOWA. 477

blacksmith shop in Vail in 1871. Daring the winter of 1870-71,
there was nobody on the present town-site of Vail, save Mr. De
Wolf, his son John, and the trackhands employed npon the rail-
road.

The depot bniUling was erected in the snmmer of 1871, hut no
agent was located therein until September, 1872. George Head
was the first depot agent. In the summer of 1872, the following
engaged in business at Vail:. J. F. Powers, furniture; L. P. Mooney,
general merchandise; E. B. Bannister, hardware; Mrs. E. B. Ban-
nister, millinery.

The next year Greenough & Bullock, of Denison, established a
brtinch drug store at Vail. Josiah McHenry built the first hotel
in the autumn of 1872. Since 1873, there has been a steady and
constant growth, until at the present time it is safe to estimate the
population of the town at from seven to eight hundred.

A classified summary of the business establishments is as fol-
lows; General stores, four; grocery, one; hotels, two; livery,
three; blacksmith shops, four; wagon shops, two; drug stores,
three; shoe shops, three; paint shop, one; printing office, one;
hardware, three; agricultural implement depots, three; grain eleva-
tors, three; flouring mill, one; lumber yards, two; butter a-id egg
depot, one; restaurants, two; jewelry, one; banks, two; barber
shop, one; insurance agencies, two; real estate and loan, three;
lawyers, three; physicians, three; meat markets, two; stock dealers,
two; machine shop, one; grain dealers, four; furniture, two; har-
ness shops, two; brickyard, one; brewery, one; saloons, four; milli-
nery stores, two; coal dealers, four.

G. A. W. Davison started the Crairford Countij Observer in
May, 1878, and after conducting it about a year and a half, sold
to J. Otto Engstrom. The paper Avas started as a six-column folio
and was all printed at the home office; subsequently it was changed
to an eight-column folio and published on the co-operative plan.
In the spring of 1880, Engstrom sold the paper to Gregg &
Roberts, the latter of whom became sole proprietor in the autumn
of the same year, and continued to conduct it until his death, in
the spring of 1881, when his father, J. H. Roberts, Sr.. ran it for
a short time, and then disposed of it toH. C.Ford. Mr. Davison re-
purchased the paper October 1st, 1881, and is the present editor and
proprietor. The Observer is now a five-column quarto, is inde-
])endent in politics, has a circulation of 500, and is one of AVestern
Iowa's neatest and newsiest weekly publications.

John Short, of Boone County, started the Vail Flouring Mills
in 1875. He was assisted by liberal subscriptions from the citi-
zens in the establishment of the enterprise. The building is of
three stories in addition to the basement, has four run of stone,
and a steel buhr for grinding feed. It also has a grain sheller and
elevator in connection. • There are, besides, two more steam ele-
vators in Vail, one owned by Benson & Wagner, of Chicago, the

478 HISTORY OF IOWA.

other by J, P. Fitch. The flourinoj mill is filled with the very best
and latest improved machinery, and turns out a grade of flour of
unusual excellence.

The Citizens' Bank is located in the postoffice building, and is
conducted by J. H. DeWolf . The Traders' Bank, on the corner
of Warren and Passaic streets, is owned by Messrs. Maynard &
Price. Both banks are doing an extensive and prosperous business.

The postoffice at Vail was established in May, 1871; the first
Postmaster was Martin Hale Smith, in whose name the office was
conducted a year or more, when he was succeeded by Dr. James
DeWolf, who has coiitiliued in office ever since. It was made a
money order office in October, 1877.

CHURCHES, SCHOOLS AND SOCIETIES.

Methodist Episcopal Societij. — This society has been organized a
number of years, and is in a flourishing condition. The new
church edifice, a neat and substantial structure, was dedicated Sun-
day, February 2Gth, of the present year, by Bishop Hurst. The
building has a seating capacity of about 300. A largely attended
Sabbath School has been organized, of which Mrs. A. A. Shesler
is Superintendent; Miss Eva Gilman, Secretary; John J. Haas,
Librarian.

Presbyterian Society. — The organization of this society was at
an eprly date in the history of the town. The church building
was begun in the autumn of 1877, and cost about ^2,300. It was
dedicated in May, 1878. The society was organized by Rev. Geo.
R. Carroll, and Piev. W. H. Cuskey was the first minister in charge.
Rev. S. C. Head is the present pastor. The church edifice is 30x
46 feet in dimensions. The erection of a parsonage at an early
date is contemplated. The Sabbath School has an attendance of
from sixty to seventy pupils. Dr. James De Wolf is the Superin-
tendent.

Grace Episcopal Mission. — Organized January 3d, 1876, by Rev.
F. T. Webb, of Council Blufts. Services are for the present held
in the M. E. Church edifice. The society will erect a suitable
building during the current year. Rev. C. S. Fackenthall is the
present pastor. The number of communicants is eighteen.

The Catholic Church Society. — This Parish has a large and con-
stantly increasing membership. Unfortunately, the church edi-
fice, a commodious frame structure, was blown down by a wind-
storm in the autumn of 1881. Nothing daunted, however, the
congregation has formed plans for the erection of a new church
building, which will be in every respect highly creditable, both to
the members of the Parish and to the community in general. The
proposed new building will be erected during the present year, will
be of brick, and will probably cost from seven to eight thousand
dollars. Rev. Father M. C. Lenahan is the present Rector of this
Parish.

HISTORY OF IOWA. 479

SivedisJi LutJieran Societ)j. — At present this society, as an organ-
ization, may be said to be ''without form and void,"' but matters
are rapidly taking shape, and it is expected that during the present
year a society of this denomination will be organized in Yail, there
being many of this particular faith in the town and vicinity.

Vail PuhJic Schools. — The independent school district of Vail
was organized in the spring of 1879. The first Board of Directors
were: J. P. Fitch, L. P. Mooney, E. Darling. E. M. Ainsworth
was the first Principal, in which capacity he has been continued
until the time of present writing. The first school in Yail was
taught in the winter of 1871-2, the school house having been built
during the previous summer. Miss Mary De Wolf, now Mrs. A.
L. Strong, was the first teacher. She was succeeded bv her brother,
J. H. De Wolf. The first Sub-Director for this District was Wil-
liam Bennett, who was succeeded by Dr. De Wolf, and he by
George Head. The present school house Avas erected in 1877, and
has cost not less than $3,000. Its dimensions are 40x50 feet; it is
two stories high, and has three departments. The present corps
of teachers are: E. M. Ainsworth, Principal; Miss Mattie Suod-
grass. Intermediate; Miss Mollie Snodgrass, Primary. The total
enrollment is 195; the average attendance, 145. The present Board
of Education is: J, P. Fitch, President; J. McHenry, L. P. Mooney,
C. H. Britton, James McAndrews; J. S. Nesbit. Secretary; C. E.
Price, Treasurer. Prof. E. M. Ainsworth, who has been engaged
in teaching in Vail for the past seven years, having been elected
County Superintendent of Schools, will retire in April of this year,
and be succeeded by W^illiam Stephens. The Vail schools have an
excellent reputation for thoroughness and efficiency.

Diamond Lodge, U. D., A. F. d- A. M. — The first regular meet-
ing was held January 3d, 1882. There were twenty-two charter
members. The officers are as follows: E. Darling, W. M.; C. E,
Price, S. W.; H, Robbins, J. W.; W. L. Leland, S. D.; C. Priest,
J, D.; J. E. Edgar, Secretary; J. F. Long, Treasurer. The mem-
bership is twenty-two. Meetings are held in Odd Fellows' Hall
Tuesday evenings of each month, on or before the full moon.

Vail Lodge No. 430, I. 0. 0. i'^,— Instituted August 22d, 1881,
Charter members: W. L, Leland, J, B. King, T, W, Butler, E,

B, Legg, H. Boyce, H. C. Ford, Joseph White, C. H, Britton, F.
A. Deed. First officers: T. W. Butler, N. G.; C. H. Britton, Y.
G.; J. B. King, Secretary; E. B. Legg, Treasurer. Present officers;

C. H. Britton, N. G.; J. F, Powers, Y. G.; J. B. Kin^. Secretary;
J. E. Edgar, Treasurer. Meetings are held in Odd Fellows' Hall
every Saturday evening. The membership is thirty-three. The
Lodge is in a substantial and unusually encouraging condition.

J^ail Collegium No. 78, V. A .S. Frateruifi/. — Instituted Sep-
tember 29th, 1881. with eleven charter members. First and pres-
ent officers: E. Darling, R.; J. C. Butler, Y. R.; F. B. Huckstep,
S.; A. Z. Harmon, Q.; M. Fitzgerald, U.; T. J. Huffman, C; Simon

480 HISTORY OF IOWA.

Johnston, S. The membership is fourteen, and meetings are held
the first Saturday evening of each month in Huckstep's law office.

DeSofo Lodge Xo. 03, K. of P. — Instituted November 10th,
1881. Charter members: E. M. Ainsworth, C. N. Clark, E. B.
Legg, William Stephens, Simon Johnston, J. Cousins, H. C. Ford,
C. C. Jewett, S. G. Hall, W. H. Brocklesbv. First officers: C.
N. Clark, P. C; William Stephens, V. C.*'; E. M. Ainsworth. C.
C; C. C. Jewett, P.; S. G. Hall, K. of R. k S., J. Cousins, M. of
F.;W. A. Brocklesby, M. of E.; C. G. Manchester, M. at A.;
Simon Johnston, I. G. These officers continue the same as
above. The present membership is seventeen, and meetings are
held every alternate Friday evening in Odd Fellows' Hall.

W. C. T. U. — The Women's Christian Temperance Union of
Vail was organized in 1880. Mrs. Dr. DeWolf is the President.
This organization has been an effective agency in the promotion of
the community's best interests .

Band of Hope. — Organized May 11th, 1880. Present officers:
Mrs. J. F. Powers, Superintendent; Fred. Edgar, President;
Fannie Monl ton, Vice-President; Anna DeWolf, Secretary; Jennie
Robbins, Treasurer. The membership is about forty.

Young People's Lijceiim. — This society is composed of the pupils
of the Grammar School . Weekly meetings are held, the objects
being parliamentary drill, debates, etc

Public School Lihrary .—X. Public School Library has been
established, the funds for which were secured mainly by giving
public entertainments . The District has levied a tax for the main-
tenance of the Library, and large additions will shortly be made.

Vail Silver Cornet Band. — Organized in 1876; William
Stephens, Pi-esident and Leader; Reginald Piatt, Secretary; H. S-
Keller. Treasurer. There are ten members . This band has an
established reputation as one of the best bands in western Iowa.

WEST SIDE.

This is one of the brightest and most thriving towns along the
line of the C. & N. W^. R. R. It is located near the eastern line
of the county, and has a large scope of country tributary to it —
not only in Crawford County, but also in Carroll, Sac and Shelby
Counties. In the language of a recent writer for one of the daily
publications of the State, "We have nowhere seen more evidences
of thrift and prosperity among the business men than at West
Side; and no town in this section of the state has a more earnest,
enthusiastic and energetic class of people. They are courteous to
strangers, alive to their OAvn interests, aAvare of their importance
and generous in all matters of public interest.

"As a business point we doubt if any village of six hundred
along this line of road surpasses West Side. Socially, it leads the
van, and politically it has some of the strongest men in the West.

HISTORY OF IOWA 481

"The driviug park association recently purchased several acres
in the town-site, and will plant trees on the same this fall. The
park contains one of the best half-mile tracks in the State,"

West, Side is located on section 24, township 84, range 37, six
miles east of Vail, in West Side Township, and on the north side
of the section. Payne's addition to West Side was made about the
year 1878, and is located on section 13, The first addition to the
town plat was made by the Blair Town Lot and Land Company.

The town was laid out by the Blair Town Lot and Land Com-
pan3^ The first improvements were made in 1872, by M. Smith,
present County Recorder of Crawford County, who in that year
built the first residence in the place. There was, however, previ-
ous thereto a small house on the present town-site, for the accom-
modation of the section " boss."

Lampman & Wallace opened the first store in 1871. M. Smith
and F. J. Gary engaged in the land, lumber and grain business in
1872 under the firm name of Smith & Gary. H. C. Newton was
the first station agent. The business house of Carl Weidling, af-
terwards Weidling & Evers, was the first business house of impor-
tance in the town. E. House also was among the first to enter the
mercantile business in West Side, the firm subsequently becoming
House & Lamb.

West Side was incorporated March 11th, 1878, and has at the
present time a population of about 600. The first town officers
were: Carl Weidling. Mayor; L. L. Bond, Recorder; Henry Evers,
Treasurer; E. M. Whipple, Marshal; James McClure, Street Com-
missioner; A. Waterman, M. Smith, W. L. Spottswood, F. J.
Gary, P. J. King, Council men.

The following are the present ofiicers: E. C. Haywood, Mavor;
H. C. Ford, Recorder; C. D. Miller, Treasurer; H. B. Merrell,
Marshal and Street Commissioner; A. W^aterman, E. W. McCrack-
en, P. J. King, L B. Nelson, R. J. White, C. D. Miller, Councilmen.

The business establishments of West Side are represented as fol-
lows: Drug stores, two; hotels, two; general stores, four; livery,
three; blacksmith shops, two; shoe shop, one; restaurants, two;
wagon shop, one; printing offices, two: hardware stores, two; sa-
loons, four; lumber yards, two; grain dealers, three; agricultural
implements, three; banks, two; lawyers, two; physicians, four;
stock dealers, two; millinery, one; meat market, one; harness
shops, two; barber shop, one; flouring mill, one; corn sheller, one;
news depot, one.

There are two banks, both of which do a thriving business, viz.:
the West Side Bank, E. P. Gillette, Cashier; Exchange Bank, C. D.
Miller, Cashier.

M. Smith was the first postmaster. He was succeeded by R. B.
Taylor.whose successor was W. L. Spottswood, the present incum-
bent of the otfice. Mr. Spottswood received his ajijiointment in
1879. The office was made a monev-order office in 1875.

482 , HISTOKY OF IOWA.

West Side lias two newspapers, both of which are excellent ex-
ponents of the interests of their 'constituencies. The ^J^est Side
Enterprise viSiH esta}Ais\ied inMarch, 1880, by H. C. Ford, the pres-
ent editor and proprietor. It is a six-column folio, is Republican
in politics, and has a circulation of 500. Mr. Ford was formerly
a resident of Wheatland, Iowa. The West Side Dispatch is a
seven-column folio, Republican in politics, and was started April
19th, 1881. W. N. Becker, Jr., & Co., are the proprietors, Mr.
Becker being the editor.

The West Side Flouring Mill was built by I. B. Nelson, the
present proprietor, in 1878, the machinery being moved from
Storey county. This mill is three-stories high, has a forty-horse
engine, four run of stone^ is furnished with the latest improved
machiner}^ runs on full time, makes an excellent grade of flour,
and has a capacity of one hundred barrels per day.

There is also a corn sheller at West Side, with a capacity of
shelling one car-load per hour. Ralph Simpson is the manager.

CHURCHES, SCHOOLS AND SOCIETIES.

The M. E . Church Societtj . — The organization of this society
was some time prior to the vear in which the church edifice was
built, w^hich was in 1878, the total cost of the structure being
about §3,000. The building will seat about 300 people, and the
society is in a prosperous and growing condition.

Tlie PvhJic Schools. — The first school in West Side was taught
in a carpenter shop in 1873. The first school house was built in
1874. It was 21x36 feet in dimensions, one story high, an addi-
tion of sixteen feet being afterwards made. The present school
house was built in 1880, and is a large, two-story building of three
departments. Prof. T. C. Branson is the Principal; Mrs. C. K.
Ford and Miss Lottie Truesdal, Assistants. The school building is
an imposing structure, in every way creditable to the community.
The district was organized as an independent district in the spring
of 1881. The total enrollment of pupils is 120. The following
comprises the Board of Education: L. Schofield, President; R.B.
Taylor, R. Wagoner, I. B. Nelson, Carl Weidling, S. T. Boynton;
F. Knowles, Secretary; Henry Evers, Treasurer.

Setting Sun Lodge No. 349, A. F. & A. if.— Instituted 1875,
with fifteen charter members. First officers: M. Smith, W. M.;
Charles Lew, S. W.; B. E. Allen, J. W.; R. B. Taylor, Secretary;
F. J. Gary, Treasurer; H. B. Allen, S. D.; S. A. Miller, J. D.
Present officers: E. C. Haywood, W. M.; J. P. Fitch, S. W.; A.
Johnson, J. W.; C. B. Winters, Secretary; Frank Brown, Treas-
urer. Membership, thirty-two. Meetings are held Saturday
evening of each month, on or before the full moon.
: Crawford Lodge No. US, A. 0. U. FF.— Instituted in 1877,
with twentv charter members.. First officers: E. P. Savage. P.
M. W.;I. E. Blackman,M. W.; W. L. Spotswood, F.; Albert

HISTORY OF IOWA. 4S3

Johnson, 0.; N. A. Miller, R.; F. P. Wiseman, F.; F. Dean, S.;
M. L. Spotswoocl, G.; S. L. Perrin, I. W.;F. Brown, 0. W. Pres-
ent officers: W. L. Spotswood, P. M. W.; W. N. Becker, Jr.,
M. W.; I. B. Nelson, F.; T. McBride, 0.; Carl Weidling, R.; A.
Johnson, F.; F. Brown, G.; C. P. Anderson. I. W.; Geoi'ge Curtis,
0. W. The membership is about thirty-five. Meetings are held
every Tuesday evening in Masonic Hall.

Kilpafrick Post No. 70, G. A. it'.— Mustered February lith,
1882, with nineteen charter members. Meetings are held "twice a
month on Saturday evenings in Masonic Hall. The following are
the present officers: William Vickers, Post Commander; William
Johns, Senior Commander; S. D. Brown, Junior Commander; E.
P. Gillette, Quartermaster; A. Waterman, Surgeon; Qeorge Hiel-
ing, Chaplain; H. C. Ford, Adjutant; J. M. Locke. Officer of the
Day; R. B. Taylor, Officer of the Guard; W. T. Highberger,
Quartermaster's Sergeant; Isaac Patterson, Sergeant Major.

DOW CITY.

Dow City, or Dowville, as it was formerly called, was named in
honor of Judge S. E. Dow, the original town proprietor and first
settler, and is located on section 10, township 82, range 40, on the
Chicago & Northwestern Railroad, a little more than nine miles
southwest of Denison. Judge Dow, who is the Mayor of the
town, and as might well be supposed, in view of the circumstances,
one of its leading citizens, came from Harrison County and located
where Dow Citv now stands, in 1855. He still owns 1,860 acres
of land immediately surrounding the townsite, besides being a
large owner of town property.

Dowville was platted in 1869 by Judge S. E. Dow, and the Blair
Town Lot and Land Company, Dow donating a half-interest in
400 acres of the townsite to the Blair Company in consideration of
a railroad station being established at this point. A large addition
to the town was laid out in November, 1881, by Dow and the Blair
Company, who also donated a plat of ground, 300 by 540 feet in
dimensions, to the city for use as a public park, in consideration
of the city's agreeing to expend an amount agreed upon in improv-
ing and beautifying the same.

There was no building in Dowville until 1870. The depot was
built in December of that year. June 1st, 1870. Abner Graves
unloaded ten cars of lumber at Dowville, and immediately
engaged in the lumber business, the firm subsequently be-
coming Dow, Graves & Co., the grain and farm machinery busi-
ness being added. About the same time Graves also erected his
present residence. During the season just ended. Graves disposed
of his interest in the above firm, whose title is now S. E. Dow & Son.

In March, 1879, Mr. Graves started the Dow City Bank, a flour-
ishing financial institution, in a building which he erected for that
purpose.

48i HISTORY OF IOWA,

Among others of the very earliest settlers were, L. E. Hardy,
who opened a general store; a Mr. Wiggins, blacksmith: W. "C.
Hillas. general store; M, B. Lewis, drug store; William Cook, gen-
eral ^tore, in the building now occupied by T. J. Rasp & Co.; Wil-
liam Sullivan, saloon; Joseph McCole meat market; Albert God-
dard, Avagon and plow business; A. Manning, drayage; Bell &
Whalley, meat market; John Lewis, hotel; LL C. Bowring, livery.
Benjamin Heath, now with Dow & Son, was the first depot agent.

The town was incorporated in November, 1878, at which time
the name was changed from Dowville to Dow City. The first mu-
nicipal officers, under incorporation, were: S. E. Dow, Mayor; T.
J. Rasp, Recorder; Abner Graves, Treasurer; F. C. Piatt, Attor-
ney; H. E. Talcott, Marshal; Abner Graves, L. E. Hardy, W. B.
Hillas, Theo. Walker, W. B. Evans, Benjamin Heath, Trustees.

The following are the present officers: S.E.Dow, Mayor; F.
L. Gilbert, Recorder; Abner Graves, Treasurer; F. C. Piatt, Attor-
ney; H. S. Jordan, Marshal; T. J. Rasp, J. J. Anthonv, E. God-
dard, Henry Bell, W. B. Evans, W. C Hillas. Trustees.

Sarah Gaetta Hardy, daughter of Mr. and Mrs. L. E. Hardy,
Avas the first child born. in Dowville. She was born October 12th,
1870.

The DoAv City Flouring Mill is one of the most important in-
dustries of the place. It is located on the Boyer River, about 150
yards north of the depot, at the foot of Franklin Street. This
mill was built by T. W. Chatburn in 1875, who ran it about a
year, when the firm became Chatburn & Rule. Subsequently
Dow, Graves and Rule became proprietors, and at present the mill
is owned by Dow & Graves. The building is 12x52 feet in dimen-
sion*, is three-stories high, exclusive of the basement, has four run
of stone, and all the latest improved machinery for making the
patent and fancy grades of flour. The mill is complete in every
respect, and is as fine a mill, size being considered, as there is in
all the extent of country included in this Avork. Its capacity is
about seventy barrels of flour per day.

The Dow Cifij Criterion is a neat five-column quarto neAvs-
paper, started in November, 1880. It is independent in politics,
and is in every Avay a creditable publication. F. Bangs is the edi-
tor; D.J. Butler and Stella M. Bangs, proprietors.

The groAvth of Doav City has been a steady and sturdy one; its
location is picturesque and advantageous; the country surround-
ing is remarkably well adapted to farming and stock-raising, and
is already well improved. The buildings of Doav City are sub-
stantial and attractive.

The following is a classified summary of the business establish-
ments: General merchandise, three; liardAvare, two; agricultural
implement depots, tAVo; livery, tAA'o; hotels, tAvo; drug-stores, tAvo;
meat markets, two; harness, one; furniture, one; saloons, two;
pimber yards. tAVo; grain dealers, two; blacksmith shops, three;

HISTORY OF IOWA. 485

wagon shop, one; paint shop, one; barber shop, one; millinery and
dressmaking, one; bank and land office, one; physicians, two; at-
torneys, two; insurance agency, one; printing othce, one.

CHURCHES, SCHOOLS AXD SOCIETIES.

The Baptist Church Societij. — This society was organized in the
winter of 1879, by Rev. Mr. Hawk, of Denison. Rev. F. W. Fos-
ter was the pastor until recently. At present the society has no
regular pastor. The membership is about twenty. The church
edifice was erected in the autumn of 1881. It is not yet com-
pleted. The estimated cost is $2,000. Its seating capacitv is
about 200.

The M. E. Church Society. — Organized in the winter of 1869.
Rev. B. Shinn was the first pastor. He was succeeded, in the or-
der named, by Revs. W. W. Glanville, Waynick, William Pat-
terson, Wright, and C. Smith, the latter of whom is the pres-
ent pastor. The church building was erected in 1879, at a total
cost of $2,000. A parsonage was erected in 1877, at a cost of 8600.
The membership is about seventy-five. The Sabbath School has
an attendance of about sixty pupils. George Rae is the Superin-
tendent. The present church officers are: George Rae, T. Rae,
M. M. McHenry, S, J. Comfort, S. S. Gibson, T. W. Parker, ^N.
Whaley, John lElule, M. Wiggins, Trustees; S. J. Comfort, E. W.
Pierce, Stewards; John Rule, Treasurer; L. E.Hardy, George Rae,
Morris McHenry, Class Leaders. The church building has a seat-
ing capacity of 250, and is 32x48 feet in dimensions.

The Boijer Valley Branch of the GallamVs Grove District of
the Reorganized Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints
of Dow City. — Organized in 1866. The present church edifice
was, as is explained elsewhere, formerly the school house of Dow City
and was purchased by the above society in 1879. The society has
a membership of forty-one, all of whom, with the exception of
six or eight, are conv^erts to the reorganized church since about the
year 1860. George Montague was the first Presiding Elder. The
Presiding Elders since were in the order named, as follows:
Aaron Hawley, George Montague, Absalom Kerkendall, Eber
Benedict, C. E. Butterworth and John R, Rudd, the latter of
whom is the present Presiding Elder. Charles E, Butterworth is
at present the principal preacher for this society. The officers of
the society are: John R. Rudd, Presiding Elder; Abel H.
Rudd, Priest; C. M. Wilder, Teacher. The first preaching
was in the year 1859-60, Elders Mcintosh, William Blair
and E.- C. Briggs being the first ministers. As is else-
where explained in the History, the reorganized church rejects
the doctrine of polygamy, and abhor its practice. They preach the
Bible with the Book of Mormon as concomitant and additional in-
spirational evidence.

4S6 HISTORY OF IOWA.

Tlie Puhlic School. — As yet Dow City is not organized as an
independent school district. The first school house was erected in
1872. It is a frame building, ^x36 feet in dimensions, and was
subsequently sold to the Society of Latter Day Saints, being now
used for church purposes. George Rae taught the first school in
Dow City. The present school house was completed in 1878. It
is a two-story building of four departments, and is 42x48 feet in
dimensions. The School Directors in 1872 were: S. E. Dow. for
the Dow City schools; J. V. McHenry, Thomas Binnell, John
Pett, S. R. Huffman. The present Board is as follows: George
Rae, for the Dow City schools; Thomas Binnell, Frank McHenry,

E. Howorth, Martin . Conroy, C. Fullerton; Brake is the

Principal; Miss Nellie Morrill, Teacher of the Intermediate, and
Miss Effie J. Kilbourne, teacher of the Primary Department. The
enrollment is about 160; the average attendance, about 140 pupils.

Doiv City Lodge No. 111., loira Legion of Honor. — Organized
June 22d, 1881, with twenty-two charter members. The first offi-
cers were: J. J. Anthony, President; G. Hawley, V. P.; W, C.
Pritchard, F. S.; W. H. Rule, R. S.; W. W. Cushman, Treasurer;
Dr. W. Beatta, Medical Examiner; W. V. Whaley, C; J. E. Rule,
U.; N. H. Miles, D.: M. G.Wiggins. S.; E. V. Goddard, Benj. A.
Heath, C. M. Wilder, Trustees. With the exception of M. G.
Wiggins as F. S., William Sullivan, as Usher, M. B. Lewis, as
Door-keeper, C. M. Wilder, Sentinel, and C. E. Butterworth as
Trustee in place of C. M. Wilder, the present officers are the same as
before. The present membership is eighteen. Meetings are held
on the first and third Wednesday evenings of each month. The
Lodge is in a substantial and encouraging condition.

TJie Township Library. — This library is located in Brake Bros.'
furniture store, W. P. Brake being the Librarian. There are
about 500 volumes in the library, which is recognized as an insti-
tution of great value, and which is being fostered by the citizens
accordingly.

W. C. T. U. — The Woman's Christian Temperance Union of
Dow City is one of the important and influential factors of the
place, and has accomplished much in the promotion of the com-
munity's best interests. Among other results of the LTnion's
efforts has been a series of instructive and entertaining public lec-
tures. Mrs. C. Smith is the President; Miss Effie J. Kilbourne,
Secretary; Mrs. Benj. A. Heath, Treasurer.

Dow City Cornet Band. — Organized in the winter ©f 1880-81.
There are fourteen members. M. G. Wiggins is the President; C.
H. Brooke, Secretary and Treasurer; Frank E. Wilder, Leader.

HISTORY OF IOWA. • 48(

CRAWFORD COUNTY BIOGRAPHIES."

DENISON.

August Andersou, of the firm of Gregory & Anderson, was born
in Sweden in 18i9; was three years a sailor on the high seas. He
came to Denison in the autumn of 1870, and was for seven years
engaged as clerk for Sunough & Bullock. He married Matilda
Kirnback, a native of Sweden, in May 18T4. They have three
children, Albert, Oscar K., and Carl Otto.

L. T. Carr, dealer in notions, stationery, and news — Main street,
opposite court house — was born in Stark county, 0., in Jan. 1846;
removed to Ind.; thence to la. in 1869 and located in Denison in
1871 and engage 1 in clerking until 1875. He enlisted in the 1st
Ind. heavy artillery; was mustered out at the close of the war. He
was with Gen. Banks on the Red River expedition. He married
Ellie Harriman, of Ind.

M. J. Cochran, wagon-maker, was born in Crawford county, Pa.,
in Feb., 1841; removed to la. in 1877 and engaged in business. He
married Elizabeth Greeg, a native of Venango county, Pa., inl874.
They have three children, Edward, Mary and Charles; have lost
one, Lucy May, who died in 1877.

J. W. Cochran, blacksmith, was born in Crawford county. Pa.,
in July, 1847; removed to Crawford county, la., in 1809; was' en-
gaged for a time in farming, then learned his trade with John Lit-
tle, of Vail. He married Catherine O'Neil, of Memphis, Tenn., in
1878. They have two children, Zella and George; have lost one,
Louis.

Capt. B. F. Darling was born in Franklin county, Vt., in Sept.,
1837; moved to N. H. in 1859; thence to Clinton county, la.,
where he enlisted in Co. A. 9th regiment of volunteer infantry;
he was wounded at Pea Ridge, Mo., March 8th, 1862; was mus-
tered out at the close of the war as captain. As a soldier he was
conspicuous for bravery and fidelity. He was appointed clerk in
1881 to fill the vacant place of W. S. Wilson, deceased. He mar-
ried Sarah Gibson, a native of England, in Jan., 1857, and has one
child, A. W.; has lost one, Emma M., who died July 7th, 1862.

C. H. Evers, proprietor of the City Meat Market, one door
west of McHenry's bank, was born in Holestein, Germany, in June,
1843; came to America in 1864, and settled in Denison in 1874
and engaged in his present business. In 1881 he erected a brick
building with all the modern improvements for his business. He
is also owner of the hotel known as the Farmers' House. He mar-

488 HISTORY OF IOWA.

ried Wilhelraina Meiburg, a native of Germany, in 1861. They
have seven children, Heinrich, Annie, Millie, Herman, Anyti, Ed-
ward and George. Mr. E. is the«owner of the right of sale of the
Champion force pump, in five counties. He is one of the trustees
of the new German Opera Hall.

Edward Eaton, harness maker. Main street, was born in Ind.
in Nov., 1815; removed to 0. in 1850, thence in 1854 to Fayette
county, la. He enlisted in Co. F. 9th la. V. L; was discharged in
July, 1865;, and returned to Fayette county; removed to Crawford
county in 1879. He married Louisa F. Gulick, a native of la., in
1876.

Wm. Familton, agent for the Iowa Land Company^ was born in
Harrison county, 0., Sept. 25th, 1825; removed to DeWitt, la,, in
1852 and engaged in the land business. He held the office of
sheriff and also was clerk of the court of Clinton county. He en-
listed in Co. F., 44th la. Vol. Inft., as captain, was mustered out
in 1864. He came to Crawford county in May, 1871. He was
married to Miss Gondy, of DeWitt, now deceased, who left six
children. He took for his second wife Roena N. Horton, of
Denison. He has one son.

Garrison & Roberts, attorneys and counsellors at law, Denison,
Iowa.

D. H. Gill, dentist, office room No. 1, in McHenry bank building.
He was born in Chester county, Pa., in Aug., 1844; removed with
his parents to Logan county, 0., and then to Cedar county, la.,
in 1849, where his father is still living; engaged in the practice of
medicine. In 1861 he enlisted in Co. G, 2d la. Cav.; was dis-
charged in 1865. He first studied dentistry with Dr. Tabor, of
Cedar county, then with Dr. Tulloss, of Iowa City, then moved to
Independence; thence to Denison in 1877. He married Ellen A.
Henry, of Buchanan county, in 1868. They have four children,
Ethie, Percy, Alice and Annie.

H. W. Gregory, of the firm of Gregory & Anderson, druggists,
was born in Livingston, N. Y., in Aug., 1824. Was engaged as
book-keeper for the Genesee River bank, then came west and was
engaged with the Horicon & Milwaukee R. U. as agent located in
Wis.; then went to Chicago and was in the employ of Stephens
Bros.; from thence he went to Wis., and purchased 140 acres of
land in Rock county; thence to Crawford county, la., and en-
gaged in farming on 300 acres; sold out and engaged in his pres-
ent business. Has held the ofiice of magistrate, also been secre-
tary of school board.

E. D. Gould, farmer and stock dealer, section 17, East Boyer
township, was born in Lewis county, N. Y., in Nov. .1853; moved to
III. m 1861; thence to Crawford county, la., in 1872, and now owns
936 acres of land, with good house and the largest barn in the

HISTORY OF IOWA. 489

comity. The barn was erected in the autumn of 1881. He
married Ella I. Morgan, a native of Buena Vista county, la., in
1870, and has two children, Captidona and Lodemia.

Geo. W. Heston, clerk of the court, was born in Philadelphia,
Pa., in Apr., 1832. He enlisted in the 71st Reg. of Pa. Vol.
Inft.; was taken prisoner and incarcerated at Richmond; after-
wards was discharged and returned to Pa. He came to la. in
1870 and engaged in farming; was county surveyor four years.
He married Lizzie B. Cann in 185G; she died in 1858, leaving one
child, now Mrs. Mead, of Denison. In 1862 he married Sally J.
Bender, of Philadelphia, Pa. They have four children. Mr. H.
is a member of the A. F. & A. M.

1

Dr. W. W. Holmes, was born iu Hardin county, 0., in July
1843. He enlisted in the 15th 0. Reg., and at the end of three
months re-enlisted in the 123rd 0. Inft.; was detailed as hospital
steward, and discharged in 1863; then enlisted in the 135th 0.
Inft., and was mustered out at the close of the war. He studied
medicine at Kenton, 0., and graduated at the Miami Medical In-
stitute in the spring of 1866; removed to Boone county, la., in
1869, and to Denison in 1874. He married Mary Ringer, of 0.,
in 1868.

John F. Hoist, proprietor of the City shoe store, two doors west
of McHenry's bank building, was born in Germany in Oct., 1816.
He took part in the Franco-German war, in 1870-71 ; came to
America in 1872, and to Denison in 1874. His wife is a native
of Germany. They have tAvo children, John F. and Max.

F. 0. Ivers, dealer in stoves and tinware, opposite Lamb's liv-
ery stable, was born in Holstein, Ger., in Oct., 1848; came to Amer-
ica in 1868 and located in Louisa county, la.; removed to Crawford
county, la., in June, 1881. He married Dora Smith, who is a na-
tive of Ger., in 1876. They have two children, Ella and Mary.

Adelphus B. Keith, editor and proprietor of the Crawford
County Bulletin, was born in Appleton, Me., in 1854; moved to
111., and came to Crawford county, Iowa, in 1865; located in Deni-
son in 1871. Married to Miss Carrie Bieber, of Denison, and has
one son living. Mr. Keith headed the Iowa State democratic ticket,
as candidate for secretary of state, in 1880. He is a graduate of
the American Institute of Phrenology, of N. Y., is a student of
unusual persistency, and has already achieved a more than local .
reputation as a lecturer on popular scientific topics .

Rudolph Knaul, druggist and dealer in fancy goods, was born in
Berlin, Ger., in 1850; came to America in 1870 and located in
Chicago; removed to Clinton, la., and came to Denison in 1878,
and engaged in his present business. He married Maggie Au, of
N. Y. City, and has two children, Mamie and Alice.

iGO HISTOliY OF IOWA.

Thomas Luney, of the firm of Luney Bros., Avas born in An-
trim, near Belfast, Ireland, Oct. 27th, 1817; came to America in
1865 and located at Pontiac, 111., and engaged in farming; in 1868
he removed to la. He married Mary Smyth, a native of Ireland.
They have had seven children.

Samuel Luney was born in Belfast, Ireland, July 7th, 1844;
came to America with his parents in 1856; removed to Crawford
county, la., in 1867. He is member of the firm of Luney Broth-
ers, machinists and millers. He married Martha J. Hughes, a na-
tive of La Salle county. 111. William Luney. Jr., member of the
above firm, was born in Belfast, Ireland, in 1849.

W. A. McHenry (autobiography), banker, was born Mar. Gth,
1841, in Almond, Allegheny county, N-. Y. His father, James Mc-
Henry, died the same year, leaving a family of thirteen children.
W, A. being the youngest, lived with the oldest brother and sister
at the old homestead until 1855 (his mother dying when he was
but eight years old), when he went to Wis., where he worked on a
farm summers and attended school winters. In the spring of
1860, he went to Ogle county. 111., working on a farm until after
the battle of Bull Run, in 1861. In response to his country's
call, he enlisted as a private in Co. F. 8th 111. Cav., re-enlisting as
a veteran in the same regiment in Jan., 1804, and was mustered
out of service as 1st sergeant at Benton Barracks, Mo., July 23rd,
1865. He then came to Denison and became a partner with his
brother Morris in the real estate business, and also served under
him in the county treasurer's office as deputy, until 1871, when
the firm of McHenry Bros., in connection with their real estate
business, established the first banking house in Crawford county.
They occupied the upper story of a brick building on Main street,
erected by Plimpton & McHenry as a general store, of which firm
he was a partner eight years. In 1874 McHenry Bros., finding
their present quarters inadequate to their growing business, erected
on the corner of Main and Broadway their present commodious
bank building, a fine two-story brick with terra cotta cornices and
window trimmings, handsomely finished inside and furnished with
fire-proof vaults and one of Hall's burglar-proof safes with a Sar-
gent's time-lock attachment. The building complete cost $15,-
000. In 1877, his brother, wishing to retire from active business,
sold to him his interest and the name of McHenry Bros, was
changed to the W. A. McHenry Bank and Land Office. In 1804
he was united in marriage to Miss Mary S. Sears, of Rockford, 111.,
an accomplished lady, who preceded him to Denison one year,
working in the county treasurer's office until the close of the war,
thus lending her aid to establish one of the most successful busi-
ness firms in southwestern la.

A. D. Molony, county auditor, was born in Queens county,
Ireland, in 1818; came to the U. S. in 1836; was a resident of the
eastern and southern states until 1861, when he came to Crawford

HISTORY OF IOWA. 491

county. He was appointed auditor in Apr., 1861, and elected to
that office in the autumn, and has held the office ever since. He
married Bridget Shaaran, a native of Ireland, and has four
children.

Fred. Nagel, proprietor of the saloon one door west of . the
Commercial house, was born in Wentdorf, Germany, in 1845; was
engaged in the last war between France and Prussia; came to the
U. S. in Oct., 1871, and soon after settled in Clinton county, la.;
removed to Crawford county in 1878. He married Henlena C.
Peterson, a native of Germany, in Dec, 1871. They have five
children, William, Louis, Mary, Christina and Arthur. .

S. Peterson, wagon maker, was born in Prussia, July 4th, 1846;
came to America in 1871^ and settled in Clinton county, la.; re-
moved to Crawford county in 1879.

F. M. Penney, of the firm of Penney & Morgan, proprietors of
the Peoples' One Price Cash Store, was born in Adams, Jefferson
county, N. Y., June lOth, 1857; removed to Livingston county,
111., where he was cashier of the Odell Mercantile bank for five
years; then came to Denison.

John L. Richardson, deputy treasurer, was born in Chautauqua
county, N. Y., Sept. 6tti, 1837; removed to Linn county, la., in
1861. He enlisted in the 20th la. Vol. Inft., and was engaged in
the battles of Vicksburg, Fort Morgan, Blakely and Mobile. He
was mustered out July 8th, 1865, and returned to Linn county;
removed to Crawford county, June 6th, 1874, and engaged in
farming, also teaching school. He has held the office of toAvn-
ship clerk and assessor of Soldier township. He is a member of
the A. F. & A. M. Lodge. He married Mary Mc Arthur, of Linn
county, Oct. 4th, 1867.

E. H. Smith, painter and glazier, wa^: born in Morgan county,
0., Jan. 28th, 1844; removed to la. in 1852, and settled in Clinton
county. He enlisted in 1862, in Co. H, 26th Ta. Inft.; was in the
Vicksburg campaign and Sherman's march to the sea. He mar-
ried Miss S. R. Ow^ens, of Ind., in 1864, and has four children,
Emma, Belle, Louis and William.

Fred. Stoecks, dealer in milliner}^ and fancy goods, was born in
Germany, Apr., 25th, 1826; came to America in 1832 and located
at Davenport, la.; removed to Denison in 1879. He married
Matilda Schmitsch, in 1870, and has two children, Matilda and
Harry.

John F. Stubbe, proprietor of the Denison Meat Market, cor.
of Main and Broadway, Avas born in Holstein, Germanv, July
26th, 1833; cam.e to the U. S. in 1860 and located in Davenport,
la.; removed' to Moline, 111., and learned his trade, then came to
Denison in May, 1881, and engaged in his present business. In
1881 he married Matilda Achterberg, a native of Germany, but a
resident of Davenport since the age of one year.

492 HISTORY OF IOWA.

A*. D. Wilson, of the firm of Wygant & Wilson, dealers in hard-
ware, stoves and tinware, was born in Kane county. 111., Jan. 5th,
1846; removed to Buchanan county, la.; thence to Crawford
county; thence to Buena Vista county, where he remained eio^ht
years; thence back to Crawford count v. He enlisted in May,
1863, in the 141st, 111. Vol. He married Clara Wightman, 'a
native of Canada, in 1868. They have four children, Harry,
Lillie, Howard and Floyd.

VAIL.

E. M. Ainsworth, superintendent of schools for Crawford county,
also dealer in drugs, notions and fancy goods, was born in Dodge
county. Wis., in Sept., 1848; came to la. in 1868, and has been en-
gaged ill teaching in the public school of Vail for seven years, was
elected to his present office in the autumn of 1881. He was mar-
ried Sept. 1st, 1880, to Nellie Wightman, a native of Vt.

William W. Anderton, proprietor of the livery and feed stable
and dealer in stock, was born in Lincolnshire, Eng., June 16th,
1813. He learned the printer's trade, served seven years, then
published the People's Advocate, at Sheffield, Eng.; came to Amer-
ica in 1838 and located in Morgan county. 111.; removed to Craw-
ford county, la., in the autumn of 1857, and bought 160 acres of
land near where Vail now stands; in 1872 he removed to Vail and
has been mayor of the city two terms. He was married in Feb.,
1836, at St. Peter's Church, Eng., to Eliza Authorton, a native of
Sheffield, who died Feb. 13th, 1845. In Feb., 1846, he was married
to Julia Cad well, a native of Morgan county. 111., who died April
26th, 1871. He has had six children, l)ut three of whom are liv-
ing, George H., Charles W., and John C.

E. B. Bannister, dealer in hardware, s^toves, tinware and cut-
lery, was btrn in Naperville, Du Page county. 111., in 1843. He
enlisted in Co. B., 105th 111. Vol. Inft., in 1862, and was appointed
regimental postmaster; was in several battles and was discharged
at Louisville, Ky., in 1863 and returned to 111.; removed to Chicago,
and in 1871 came to Denison, Crawford count3% la., and to Vail in
the fall of the same year and established his present business. He
is a member of the town council. In the autumn of 1871 he was
married to Jennie Gould, of Belvidere, 111.

Morris Casey, of the firm of Casey & Casey, dealers in live stock,
was born in Boston. Mass., in Jan., 1851; removed to'DeWitt, la.,
in 1854; thence to Crawford county in 1880. In Jan., 1877, he
was married to Mary J. Barnes, a native of N. Y.

P. J. Casey, of the firm of Case}^ & Casey, dealers in live stock,
was born in Ireland in 1843, came to America with parents- and
located at Davenport, la., in 1846; removed to St. Louis and en-
gaged in business as an architect. In 1875 he came to Vail, la.

HISTORY OF IOWA, 493

and established his present business. In 1866 he married Ella
McSrath, a native of St. Louis. She died in 1871, and in 1877 he
married Sarah Kelley, and has two children, Eddie and Susie.

J. W. Cousins, dealer in agricultural implements, was born in
Lincolnshire, Eng., Aug. 26th, 1818; came to America and located
in Clinton county, la., and engaged in farming. He established
his present business at Vail, in 1880. He was married in 1869 to
Anna Martin, a native of Clinton county, and has five children,
Anna, Kate, William, Joseph and George.

J. J. Coughlin, blacksmith^ was born in Canada, Jan. 1st, 1853:
came to the states in 1874 and located at Dunlap, Li., in 1875;
thence to Vail in 1878.

Ed. Darling, M. D., Avas born in Franklin county, N. Y., in
Mar., 1839; removed to Maquoketa, la., in 1848. He studied
with Dr. J. H. Hollister, and then attende'd the Eclectic Institute
at Cincinnati, 0. He enlisted Aug. 12th, 1861, in the 9th, la.
Vol. Inft., Co. A.; was appointed hospital steward; was in a num-
ber of prominent battles, and was discharged at Louisville, Ky.,
in 1865 and returned to Cincinnati, and graduated in 1866. He
returned to Maquoketa and engaged in the drug business; removed
to Vail in 1870. He married Addie Stephens, a native of 0., in
Jan., 1866.

G. Davison, publisher of the Observer, established that paper
Mav 1st, 1875; he sold to Otto Eugstrom, in Oct., 1879. Mr.
E. sold to J. H. Roberts, Jr.. Mr. Roberts sold to H. C Ford,
and in May, 1881, Mr. Davison bought the paper again, and has
continued to publish it ever since. He was born in Will county,
111., in Feb., 1853; came to la. in 1865, and located at Lyons;
thence removed to Marshalltown, and in 1868 to Boone^ where he
was employed in the Republican office for five years.

Hon. James De Wolf, M. D., postmaster, was born in Caven-
dish, Vt., in Feb., 1819; removed with his parents to Bradford
county, Pa.; studied medicine with Dr. Barnes, of Le Rays-
ville,*and afterwards practiced with Dr. Horton, of Terry ville.
He removed to Carroll county. 111 . , in 1852, and engaged in farm-
ing, was school commissioner, and represented his district in the
state legislature . He removed to Cedar county, la., in the
spring of 1865, and engaged in the land agency business; removed
to Crawford county in 1871, and bought 560 acres of land and
established a grocery business at Vail, which was the first business
house at that place; has been justice of the peace. He married
Anna, daughter of Maj . Horton,of Terrytown, Pa., in May, 1849.
They have four children, Mary, John, (jreorge and Anna.

I. p. Fitch, dealer in lumber, grain and coal, was born in
Rensselaer county, N. Y., July 24th, 1841: removed to N. Y.
City, and in 1876 came to Crawford county, la., and engaged in

491 HISTORY OF IOWA.

his present business; bought and sold about 200,000 bushels of
grain during the year 1881. He is a member of the board of
supervisors, and is S. W, of the A. F. & A. M. Lodge. He was
married Apr. 19th, 1863, to Lucia Sears, of Mass., and has six
children, Samuel, James D., Abbie E., Edward H., Julia L. and
Eilena.

M. Fitzgerald, M. D., wa's born in Chicago, 111., in July, 1819,
enlisted in the Iron Brigade as a private, and was promoted to the
position of first lieutenant of company H. He was discharged as
captain. Sept. 15th, 1861, he re-enlisted; was imprisoned at Lex-
ington, exchanged and returned to service in W. V.; was wounded
at Winchester, Oct. 13th, 1864, and discharged Jan. 17th, 1865,
and returned to Chicago. He studied medicine in theofiice of Dr.
J. H. Taggert, and graduated from Rush Medical college in the
spring of 1873; engaged in practice in Whiteside county, 111.
In Mar., 1877, he removed to Vail, la. He is a member of the
A. F. & A. M. In 1863 he was married to Ellen Quinn, a native
of 111., who died in Aug., 1879, leaving one child, James W. He
married Ellen O'Connell, a native of la., in Apr., 1880.

G. C. Gerrick, w\agon-maker. was born in Berlin, Ger., in Mar.,
1854; came to America in 1868, and settled in Chicago, 111.; re-
moved to la. in 1864. In 1879 he married Eila E. Thompson, a
native of Mich., and has one child, Nellie.

Perry Kemerling, of the firm of P. Kemerling & Bro., livery
and feed stable, was born in Henry county. 111., in May 1856;
came to la. in 1874. He engaged in his present business in Vail
Nov. 24th, 1881. He married Fanny Bennett, a native of Henry
county, 111., in Nov., 1874. They have two children, George M.
and Lucy Bell.

Miles Laughland, proprietor of the Board of Trade saloon, was
born in Kenosha, Wis., May 1st, 1854; came to la. Mar. loth,
1862, and engaged in his present business at Vail, in 1881.

Rev. Father M. E. Lenihan was born in Dubuque, la.,. Oct.
5th, 1835; was educated at St. John's College at Prairie du Chien,
Wis.; then went to Canada and graduated from the Grand Semi-
nary at Montreal, and was ordained priest Dec. 20th, 1879, and lo-
cated at Lyons, la., where he remained two months and removed
to Vail, succeding Father McGrath, who was called to Ireland.
Since residing here he has organized a Father Matthew Temper-
ance society, and a good library. During the cyclone of Sept. 29th,
1881, the church w^as blown away. The congregation now* con-
template building a fine brick edifice soon.

Henry Meyer, proprietor of the saloon and billiard hall, was born
in Germany, Oct. 4th, 1845; came to America in 1860 and located
at Chicago; removed to Clinton county, la., in 1873; thence to
Crawford countv, in 1876, where he owns a fine farm of 440 acres.

HISTORY OF IOWA. 495

He was married in 1809 to Doris Myer, a native of Germany.
Thev have tive children, Charlie. Caroline. Emma, Willie and
Clara.

C. E. Rice, cashic-r of the Trader's bank, established in 1880,
was born in Berkeley county, Va. June 5th, 1853; came to la. in
1873. He is treasurer of the school board and has been clerk of
the town of Vail. He married Jennett Shaw, a native of Vt., Oct.
16th, 1881.

John Short, proprietor of the Vail Flouring Mills, capacity of
sixty barrels of flour per day, also dealer in grain, lumber and coal,
has the machinery for shelling and loading a car every half-hour.
He was born in Edinburg, Scotland; came to America in 1850 and
located in Canada; removed to Chicago in 1868, then came to
Boone county, la., and built a mill; then came to Vail and built
his present mill. He was married in Scotland to Margaret Mather,
and has six children, Adam, Helen, Agnes, James M., Elizabeth
and Maggie.

John Spire, blacksmith, Avas born in Lincolnshire, Eng., in
Dec, 1838; came to America in 1866, and settled in HI.; came to
Crawford county in Mar., 1875. He was married Apr. 7th, 1850,
to Mary A. Pocklington, a native of England. They have four
children, George, Lena, Mary and Alfred.

A. L. Strong, dealer in general merchandise, was born in Canaan,
Conn., in Feb., 1841. He enlisted in 1862 in the 37th Mass. Vol.
Inft.; was wounded at the battle of the Wilderness. May 6th,
1864, and was discharged in June, 1865. He came to la. in 1872
and established his present business. He married Mary De Wolf,
a native of Pa., in May, 1873. They have two children, Ella L.
and Anna M. Mr. S. is a member of the town council of Vail.

John Thompson, miller, was born in Scotland, in Oct., 1848;
came to America in 1869, and settled in Grundy county, HI., and
was employed as engineer, by A. K. Styles, of Gardner; then re-
moved to i3oone county, la.; thence to Crawford county in 1874
and has since been employed by John Short in the Vail mills. He
was married in 1874 to Helen B. Short, a native of Canada. They
have three children, Anna, George and John.

T. Weyener. baker and dealer in fancy groceries and confection-
ery, was born in Hamburg, Ger., in 1830; came to America in Sept.
1850, and located at Dubuque, and in 1875 came to Vail and
opened a saloon and engaged in his present business in 1877. In
May, 1838, he married Lena Fugenbachler, and has eight children
living, lost two.

A. D. Young, dealer in lumber, grain and coal, was born in
Scotland, in June, 1832; came to America in 1853, and settled in
N. Y.; learned the carpenter's trade; removed to Canada; thence

HISTORY OF IOWA.

to Mo.; tlience to Clarence, Cedar county, la., and engaged in the
•lumber business. In 1873 he came to Crawford county and bought
200 acres of land, and established his present business at Vail. He
married Agnes Ferguson, a native of Scotland, in 1860. They
have had four children, three of which died in 1877. Robert is

WEST SIDE.

W. N. Becker, Jr., editor of the West Side Dispatch, established
the paper in April, 1881. It is republican in politics, and already
has a large circulation.

L. L. Bond, M. D., was born in Va.; moved to Wis. in 1848
with his parents. He began the study of medicine in 1865, and
graduated from the Rush Medical College in the class of '70. He
Srst began the practice of his profession in Clinton county. la.,
and in 1875 came to West Side.

Henry Greves, proprietor of livery stable and sample room, was
born in Germany in 1849; came to America in 1869, and settled in
Clinton county, la. He engaged in his present business at West
Side in 1878.

C. Haldane, attorney at law, is a native of England; came to
America in 1873 and located in Crawford county, la*, where he
engaged extensively in farming. In 1877 he moved to Carroll,
and began the practice of the law. Two years later, he opened
an office at West Side.

E. C. Haywood, dealer in grain and stock, also agent for the
Iowa Land Company, was born in England in 1841; came to Amer-
ica in 1852 and settled in Clinton county, la., where he engaged in
farming, also dealing in stock and machinery. He came to West
Side in 1875, and in 1881 engaged in business as above.

Albert Johnson, wagon-maker, is a native of Sweden; came to
America in 1872 and engaged in wagon manufacturing, at Chicago,
Came to Iowa in 1875 and engaged in present business; also has a
branch establishment at Manning.

C. H. Langbehn, proprietor of Farmers' House and billiard hall,
is a native of Germany; came to America in 1864 and settled in
Clinton county, la. In 1880 he came to West Side, and engaged
in business as above.

E. D. Mereness, foreman in I. B. Nelson's flouring mill, is a
native of N. Y.; moved to Mich, in 1864; afterwards went to
Chicago, where he was employed in the Oriental flouring mills.
In 1870 he went to the Pacific coast and remained six years, then
located at West Side, and has since been employed as above.

C. E. Miller, banker, was born in Boone county, la., in 1855;
moved with parents to 111. in 1858 and returned to la. in 1874.
He engaged in the drug business and studied medicine, which he

HISTORY OF IOWA. 497

practiced at Arcadia for three years. In 1878 he came to West
Side and engaged in the drug business^ nntil 1880, at %A'hich time
he became proprietor of the Exchange Bank.

J. H. C. Peters, of the firm of Peters & Siihr, lumber dealers,
was born in Holstein, Ger., in 181:0; came to America in 1870 and
settled in Clinton county, la. He was engaged for several years as
carpenter and builder in Chicago and various places in Neb. and
la. In March, 1881, he located at West Side and engaged in
business as above.

John Rohwer, dealer in general merchandise, is a native of
Germany; came to America in 1871 and settled in Clinton county,
la.; came to West Side in 1875, and in 1880 engaged in business
as above.

W. L. Spottswood, postmaster, was born in Pa.; moved to Clin-
ton county, la., in 1806 and engaged in the harness business. He
moved to Harrison county; thence, in 1875, to West Side, and[en-
gaged in harness making. Was appointed postmaster in 1877.

R. B. Taylor, of the firm of Taylor & Johnson, dealers in gen-
eral hardware, is a native of 111.; moved to Ames, la., in 1869,
and engaged in the mercantile business. He came to West Side
in 1874, engaged in the drug business, and is now a member of the
above named firm.

Walz Bros., proprietors of the meat market, are natives of Ger-
many. A. W. Walz came to America in 1869, and his brother
came the next year. They located in 0.; removed to 111.; thence
to Arcadia, la., and engaged in farming and stock raising; came
to West Side in 1881, and engaged as above.

DOW CITY.

W. Beatty, M, D., is a native of Canada; came to Iowa in 1880
and located at Dow City; engaged in the practice of medicine. He
is a graduate of Toronto University and graduated from Trinity
College m the class of '80.

S. E. Dow, of the firm of Dow, Graves & Co., dealers in lumber,
grain, stock and farm machinery, was born in N. H.; moved to
Mich, in 1832 and engaged in the mercantile business. In 1852 he
moved to Harrison county, la.; thence to CraAvford county in 1855,
and located near the present site of Dow City, In 1864 he moved
into the city and engaged in stock and grain business.

W. C. Hillas, dealer in general merchandise, was born in St.
Albans, Vt. He went to sea when cjuite young and followed sail-
ing for eighteen years. In 1800, he went to California, Avhere he
remained ten years, and then located at Dunjap, la., where he en-
gaged in business with his brother. He came to Dow City in 1875
and engaged in business as above. He has a very fine store and
carries a large and complete stock.

498 HISTORY OF IOWA.

M. B. Lewis, postmaster and druggist, is a native of Canada;
came to the states in 1803 and located at Red Wing, Minn., in
1865. In 1871: he came to Dow City and engaged in the drag
business. Was appointed postmaster in 1879,

W. H. Morton, proprietor of the Dow City House, is a native of
Ohio; moved to Rock county. Wis., in 1853; thence to Freeport,
111., where he engaged in milling. He next moved to Linn county,
la., and came to Dow City in 1879 and engaged as above. He in-
tends building a new hotel during tke spring of 1882.

T. J. Rasp, of the firm of T. J. Rasp & Co., dealers in general
merchandise, is a native of Canada; came to Iowa in 1848 and set-
tled near Davenport. He came to Dow City in 1875 and was em-
ployed as book-keeper by Dow, Graves & Co., until engaging in
business as above in 1881.

W. V. Whaley, of the firm of Whaley & Bell, proprietors of
the meat market and provision store, is a native of Ohio; came to
Dow City, la., in 1874 and engaged in the stock business. In
1879 he entered his present business.

C. M. Wilder, proprietor of restaurant, was born in Ohio; moved
to Iowa in 1854 and settled in Clayton county. In 1865 he came
to Dow City and engaged in teaching until 1881, when he engaged
in business as above.

HISTORY OF lOV/A. 499

CARROLL COUNTY.

This county, which is twenty-four miles square, and contains
sixteen congressional or land survey townships, is the third east of
the Missouri River, and in the fifth tier of counties, both from the
northern and southern boundary of the State.

Carroll is emphatically a prairie county, the entire portion being
■ composed of a gently undulating surface sufhciently rolling to
break the monotonous sameness of the level plain, while to the
westward of the Middle Raccoon River, the surface is more broken
and uneven, in many places rising into hills of considerable promi-
nence. The great watershed dividing the waters which flow into
the Mississippi from those which flow into the Missouri passes
through this county, and at the highest point is 858 feet above
Lake Michigan and 800 feet above the Mississippi River at Clin-
ton. From this summit can be obtained a fine view of the sur-
rounding country, extending in every direction as far as the eye
can reach. On the east and on the southeast is seen in the dis-
tance the rich, fertile valley of the Raccoon River, on the south
the unsurpassingly lovely country surrounding the Nishnabotny,
and on the west the magnificent vale through which flows the
Boyer. All of which in a clear summer's day afford scenery at
once grand, beautiful and picturesque.

Being situated upon the great dividing ridge or watershed, this
county is watered and drained mostly by small streams which flow
both into the Mississippi and Missouri Rivers. The largest stream
is the North Raccoon, which cuts across the northeast corner of
the county, while the next two in importance are the Middle Rac-
coon and Brushy Fork,which take their rise in the watershed divide
in the northwest, and flowing nearly parallel from four to six
miles apart in a southeast direction, make their exit near the south-
east corner of the county. Storm Creek, a tributary of the Mid-
dle Raccoon drains a large tract in the northern-central as does the
Willow Creek in the eastern border. The North Raccoon is deeply
excatated into the drift deposit, and its valley is bordered by rather
steep acclivities from seventy to one hundred feet in height, while
the Middle Raccoon is bordered on the west l)y high bluffs capped
slopes, and on the east by drift hills, which gain the interior
heights by more gradual assents. Brushy Fork possesses a beauti-
ful valley with gentle acclivities on either side, as does the East
Nishnabotany and Boyer River and Whitted's Creek, which are
on the west side of the watershed divide. The upper course of all
of these streams are little more than diminutive prairie brooks,
with gravelly beds, and clear, rapid currents, many of those having

500 HISTORY OF IOWA,

their headwaters in the great divide interlocking, as it were, being
separated by a narrow crest as sharply defined as a gable ridge.
Springs issue from the gravel deposits along these water courses,
furnishing them with an abundant supply of limpid, pure water at
all seasons of the year. East of the Middle Raccoon River wells
are easily obtained, while in the uplands west of that stream, those
seeking water must go to a much greater depth, though the cer-
tainty of finding a never-failing supply is just as good.

In a shallow depression or plain below Carrolton, on the east
side of the Middle Raccoon, several interesting spring mounds oc-
cur, which have excited much attention and are described as fol-
lows by Dr. White, in the Iowa State Geology: The plain is thirty
or forty feet above the present level of the river, from which it is
separated by a well-defined drift ridge, which, in places, rises into
considerable knob-like eminences from one hundred to one hun-
dred and fifty feet above the streams. The plain, however, com-
municates with the valley both above and below, and was probably
once the channel of the river. The spring mounds are situated
along an irregular line more or less in the middle of the depres-
sion; they are from four to six feet in height and as many yards
in diameter, and are apparently entirely composed of vegetable mat-
ter, forming a peaty deposit which is largely mixed with the exu-
viae of shells and other animal remains. The crests of the mounds
are covered with tall, rank flag or marsh grass, but upon the sides
are usually two well marked bands of short herbage and moss en-
circling the mounds and separated by a narrow belt of tall grass.
The deposit of the vegetation upon these places is exceedingly in-
teresting, though the mounds themselves, doubtless, owe their ori-
gin to the existence of pools of water, indicating more or less ac-
curately, the course of the former water channel, and which, being
fed from higher sources, the tendency is what we observe — a
gradual building up of a peaty formation. The surface of the
plain beyond the limits of the mounds is perfectly level, and the
deposit consists of decayed vegetable matter mixed with sand form-
ing a sandy muck."

Like that of Guthrie County, which lies on the great divide just
southeast of Carroll, the soil of this county presents two well
marked varieties; that on the east side of the Middle Raccoon be-
ing of the drift formation, is a gravelly loam of great strength
and productiveuess,while to the west of that stream the uplands are
deeply enveloped in the blufi" formation, Avhich has imparted to
the soil of this portion of the county its own peculiar characteris-
tics. Small groves of native timber are found on the principal
streams; and in favorable locations, even upon the uplands, forests
of young oaks are springing up. Some two or three small patches
are met with in the valley of Brushy Fork, and between Raccoon
Rapids and Carrollton; on the Middle Raccoon more extensive
tracts are covered with a fine growth of young timber.

HISTORY OF IOWA. 501

No beds of coal have as vet been discovered; though it is not
deemed improbable, savs Dr! White, that the coal-measure forma-
tion underlies at least 'a portion of the county. The only speci-
mens yet found have been discovered in digging wells and making
other excavations, and are only small fragments associated with
the loose material of the drift deposit. Peat is known to exist in
several places in the county, some of which are of considerable ex-
tent and should thev be found to be free from sand and grave ,
thev will eventually'become of some value as a resource tor fuel
Good building stone is not found within the limits of Carroll
County, the cretaceous sandstone being too friable to answer tor
ordinary building purposes, except some of the harder layers,
which are employed in laying up rough under-pinnnigs, in walling
wells, etc. Material for the manufacture of brick is found in
abundance, yet care is necessary in selecting clay in the western
portion of the county, in consequence of the prevalence ot calca-
reous matter derived from the disintegration of the bluft deposits
on the surface of the lower slopes. The lime thus mixed vvith the
earth is converted into quicklime in the process of burning the
brick, and on exposure to moisture the lime slakes and bursts the

^EnosButtrick made the first settlement in Carroll County in
1854, on section 2, township 81, range 33. Buttrick came from
Greene County. The first election was held at the house of Henry
Coplin, on section 12, township 82, range 31, on the first Monday
of Aucrast, 1855, when the following county officers were elected:
A J. Cain, County Judge; Levi Thompson, Clerk; James White,
Treasurer aud Recorder; Robert Lloyd, Sur\;eyor; L M. Curdy,
Prosecuting Attorney; and J. Y. Anderson, Sheriff. The county
was organized by S. L. Loomis, July 16th, 1855 under a commis-
sion from James Henderson, County Judge of Guthrie County.
At this time the entire population was about 100.

Jane L Hill tauo-ht the first school in Carroll County, at Carrol-
ton, in the spring of 185G, and the first newspaper m the county
was published at what is now Carroll City, by 0. H. Manning, the
present Lieutenant Governor of the State, in 18bb. The^paper
was called the Crtrro/^ Enterprise. It was printed at Jefferson,
Green County, and issued to subscribers from Carroll. An associ-
ation of citizens subsequently purchased a printing press and ma-
terial and brought it to Carroll, with results as indicated in that
part of the history of Carroll City which relates to the news-
paperial enterprises of the town.

The Methodists organized the first religious society at Carrolton.
The first District Court was held November 23d, 18o8, Hon. JVL 1 .
Moore, District Judge. The first grand jury were Cornelius Hig-
o-ins Beni. Teller, Matthew Borders, Lafayette McCurdy, Crocket
Ribble, Robert Morris, William Short, Robert Dickmsou, Elijah
Puckett, Cyrus Rhoads, James Colco, David Scott, David Frazier,

502 HISTORY OF IOWA.

Samuel Lyon and Amos Bacon. James Coleo was appointed fore-
man. First case on docket was Nehemiah Powers and John Wat-
son vs. Cornelius Hio^gins. Noah Titus was the first person
licensed to practice law in tlie county.

The first marriage license was granted September 16th, 1855, to
Joseph Ford and Sarah Ochempaugh. They were married September
23d, 1856, by A. J. Cain, County Judge. First estate administered
upon Avas Wesley H. Blizard's, May 3d, 1858. First administrator
appointed was James H. Colco. The first deed was made by
Thomas Ford to Nancy Ford, for the east half of section 17, town-
ship 85, range 33, September 3d, 1855, and acknowledged by A.
J. Cain, County Judge.

The old Indian trail known as the War Path, or the dividing
line between the Sioux and Pottawattamie Indians' hunting
grounds, runs through townships 82, 83, 84 and 85, range 36, in
this county. It is plainly visible, and is as straight as an arrow.
It was a death penalty for an Indian of one tribe to cross the
path and be found hunting on the lands of the other.

An early settler relates that an old Indian chief told him there
Avas once a terrible Indian battle fought near Crescent Lake, about
one mile south of Carroll Center, between the Sioux and Pottawat-
tamie Indians. There had been a feud for a long time existing
between the two tribes in regard to the infringement of the law
in relation to the hunting grounds by disloyal Indians. The Sioux
determined to exterminate the Pottawattamies. A large party of
the latter were encamped near Crescent Lake, in the grove of
timber. One morning a powerful party of the Sioux attacked
them, and a terrible and bloody battle ensued, resulting in the
death of all the Sioux warriors, and all but three of the Pottawat-
tamies. The remains of the dead warriors were left to be eaten
by the wolves, or rot, and their bones to bleach on the prairie,
until the annual prairie fires consumed them.

The vote of Carroll county for Governor in the State election of
1881, was 2,219; its population, according to the census of 1880,
was 12,351. It is now. undoubtedly, a low estimate to place the
population of Carroll County at 15,000.

It will be seen by the above that Carroll County is not only,
with reference to its comparatively recent settlement, a populous
one, but also that it possesses all the requisite elements that in-
sure permanent and progressi^^e prosperity. Its towns and other
more especial features will be found to be described in detail as we
progress Avith the development of its history.

The present county officers of Carroll County are: Auditor, H.
E. Russell; Clerk of Courts, W. Lvnch, Jr.; Treasurer, W. R.
Ruggles; Recorder, J. L. Messersmith; Sherifi', R. J. Hamilton;
Superintendent of Schools, C. C. Colco; Surveyor, G. R. Bennett;
Chairman of Board of Supervisors, J. Thompson.

HISTORY OF IOWA.

503

CARROLL CITY.

Whether or not first impressions are lasting, and whether or not
first impressions are generally correct, are two questions which the
Avriter cheerfully abandons to discussion by those who may be ar-
gumentatively inclined. In so far as Carroll City is concerned, it
i's certainly true that the general appearance of this thriving town
can not fail to favorably impress all who visit it, and that this im-
pression is more than confirmed by careful investigation. Probably
no town of its population in Iowa has so many extensive and sub-
stantial business buildings as has Carroll City. A special corres-
pondent of a leading Iowa journal, writing in the summer of 1880,
has these things to say of Carroll City, to which, it may be pre-
faced, the brief lapse of time since then, has added many things
of gratifying importance: „ . . .

''It is seldom that the stranger has the pleasure ot visiting a
more interesting town than this, and when that privilege falls to
his lot, there is but one sentiment to express and that is, astonish-
ment—as so many evidences of thrift, prosperity, individual enter-
prise, social and business advancement, and the general harmony
that seems to prevail in all matters of public benefit.

"A young city in the West is looked upon by eastern parties
with a critical eye, and every advantage that a town possesses is
carefully canvassed by those" who contemplate locations for busi-
ness enterprises, agricultural and stock pursuits, or manufacturing
purposes. Carroll certainly possesses these, and many other ad-
vantages are to be made apparent in this work.

"So far as the country and railroad facilities are concerned, she
has but few competitors in this section of the state. The sur-
rounding country is of that nature which insures an everlasting
and enviable local trade that can never be wholly cut off by rival
towns; while the artificial strength given her by reason of the
great trunk line that spans the vast territory on each side, and
connects with competing lines in every direction, will be still
more strengthened by the projected branch, extending from Car-
roll in a southwesterly direction through Shelby and Pottawatta-
mie Counties, either to a direct connection with the great Union
Pacific Railway, or, what is better, to Kansas City and St. Louis,
thus giving these people an outlet for their stock, grain and pro-
duce heretofore not enjoyed. At any rate the junction of these
two lines, leading off through a most magnificent country, m differ-
ent directions, bespeaks for Carroll a prosperity probably not an-
ticipated by even her most sanguine business men."

Another equally impartial historian, writing at a date five years
earlier than the above, observes: " This town which is the county
seat and the most important town in the county, is very pleasantly
situted on the line of the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad, a lit-
tle north of the center of the countv, and is surrounded by a fer-
tile farming country. It was laid out in August, 1867, and has

501 HISTORY OF IOWA.

since had a steady aud substantial growth; does a good retail busi-
ness, and is the largest shipping point in the county. Good schools
have been established; the leading religious denominations have
organizations, and some of them commodious houses of worship.
Being surrounded by a country having large agricultural resources,
having good railroad facilities, and possessing a class of energetic,
wideawake and experienced business men. who know how to make
the best possible use of the advantages within their reach, Car-
roll is destined at no distant day to become one of the important
towns in the western part of the State.

Carroll City was incorporated in 1869, 0. H. Manning, William
Oilley and a Mr. Tracy being the Commissioners of Incorporation.

The first municipal officers, under incorporation, were: I. N.
Griffith, Mayor; B. B. Terry, Recorder; J. E. Griffith, Treasurer;
Thomas Basler, Marshal; J. W. King, D. Wayne, F. E. Dennett,
L. C. Bailey, William Boots, Councilmen. The present officers
are: J. W. Scott, Mayor; A. E. Smith, Recorder; J. W. Hatton,
Treasurer; Samuel Todd, Marshal and Street Commissioner; W. L.
Culbertson, N. Beiter, Charles Hamilton, J. P. McAllister, James
Thompson, L. F. Anderton, Councilmen.

I. N. Griffith opened the first general store, and Daniel Gifford
the first furniture store, in 1868. The first grocery store was
opened by D. Wayne.

The first child born was Carroll Kidder, or " Carrie," as she was
generally called, daughter of Mr. and Mrs. A. L. Kidder. Mr.
Kidder was the first Postmaster of Carroll. The family subse-
quently moved to Utah.

The Court House was built at Carroll City in 1869. It is a large
two-story frame in the center of the public square. The Blair
Town Lot and Land Company donated this square to the city. Ifc
is one of the most beautiful and eligibly located public squares in
Western Iowa, and is thickly planted with finely growing trees.
The Court House is well furnished with fire-proof vaults, but is in
appearance the one blotch upon the beauty of an otherwise excep-
tionally attractive little city, and it is gratifying to note that there
is a probability of its giving way for a more creditable structure
at no distant time.

The population of Carroll City, according to the census of 1880,
was 1,386; at present, there can not possibly be less than 1,700 in-
habitants. The growth of the community, from the very nature
of its surroundings, has been uninterrupted and permanent.

On the 25tli of September, 1879 a disastrous fire destroyed two
entire blocks of buildings and part of a third block. Nothing
daunted by this weighty calamity, building was immediately re-
sumed, and in the place of the "burnt district," massive and costly
brick structures now attract the attention of the visitor.

The first number of the Carroll Hexald was issued September
Sth, 1868, and was conducted by J. F. H. Sugg for about two

HISTORY OF IOWA. 505

years. He was succeeded by E. R. Hastings as editor and 0. H.
Manning as proprietor. The paper was thus conducted about three
years, when Mr. Hastings in connection with 0. R. Gray, now of
the Jefferson Bee, leased the office, under the firm name of Has-
tings & Gray. This firm subsequently purchased the establishment,
and in April, 1877. Mr. Hastings became sole editor and proprietor.
On the first day of January, 1882, Mr. Hastings leased a half-
interest in the office to Ed. E. Adams, the firm now being Has-
tings & Adams. The paper is a seven-column quarto, and has a
bona fide circulation of 1,100. The Herald is a model of typo-
graphical neatness, is conducted with unusual ability, and speaks
volumes in each issue for the enterprise and prosperity of Carroll
City and County.

The Carroll Democrat, a German weekly newspaper, was estab-
lished in May, 1874, by Bowman & Burkhardt. In 1876, H. W.
Hagerman bought the office, and in March, 1879, the Demokrat
Printing Association, a joint-stock company, purchased the estab-
lishment. The circulation of the paper is about 900. It is pub-
lished every Friday, and is one of the neatest German publications
in Iowa. Francis Florencourt is the editor, and B. T. Knieft the
publisher.

The steam flouring mill, at Carroll City, has deservedly an ex-
tensive reputation. It is well and substantially built, is two stories
high with a basement, and has the latest and best machinery.
The mill was started in the spring of 1875, and is managed by
Brooks & Baumhover.

There are two banks, each doing an ( xtensive and profitable
business, viz.: The Carroll County Bank, Patterson Bros., pro-
prietors; Bank of Carroll, W. L. Culbertson, President; R. E.
Coburn, Cashier. Both these banks 03ci)] y massive brick struc-
tures.

There were three brickyards in operation in the sunnner of 188L
all of which turned out brick of excellent quality.

The postoffice of Carroll City was established in 18G8. A. L.
Kidder Avas the first Postmaster. He was succeeded by John W.
King, and in 1873, E. R. Hastings, the present Postmaster, was
ap})ointed to the office. Under the management of Postmaster
Hastings it has become one of the neatest and best equipped post-
oUices in Western Iowa. It is located in the Herald building, a
fill*' brick block erected by Mr. Hastings and L. Barbee. The
oiHce was made a money-order office in 1872.

The following is a classified summary of Carroll City's business
establishments: General merchandise, eight; grocery stores, two;
boots and shoes, two;, clothing, two; hotels, six; restaurants, five-
bakeries, two; hardware, four; agricultural implement depots,
five; grain warehouses, two; stock dealers, three; livery barns,
two; flouring mill, one; millinery stores, three; jewelry, three-
drug stores, three; grain elevators, two; banks, two; real estate

506 HISTUKY OF lUWA.

agencies, five; insurance agencies, six; blacksmith shops, four;
barber shops, two; lumber yards, two; coal dealers, three; Avagon-
shop, one; loan agencies, eight; merchant tailor, one; printing-
offices, two; brick-yards, three; architects, one; paint shop, one;
shoe-shops, three; saloons, six. There are thirteen attorsieys-at-
laAV and seven physicians.

CHUllCHES, SCHOOLS AND SOCIETIES.

Tlie Fii:sf Baptist Church of CarroU. — The church organiza-
tion was effected March 31st, 1878. The society was incorporated
January 6th, 1879, under the name of "The Society of the First
Baptist Church of Carroll." Rev. E. B. Potter was the First pas-
tor, Rev. Edgar Hatfield second, and Rev. J. E. Sanders, the pres-
ent incumbent, third. The present membership is fifty-four. The
church edifice was built in 1873 by a Congregational church so-
ciety, and was the first Protestant church edifice erected in the
county. It was occupied by tliat society until 1877, wlien nego-
tiations took place between it and the Presbyterian church society,
resulting in the dissolution or disbanding of the Congregational
church organizatio)!. The edifice Avas purchased by the Baptist
society in 1878, and has been occupied by it ever since. Extensive
repairs were made on the building in 1880. At the beginning of
the Baptist organization there but nine members. The first regu-
lar services were held in July, 1879; the Sabbath School was or-
ganized at the same time. The present church officers are: Rev.
J. E. Sanders, Pastor; Daniel Brainard, Alexander Dunphy, Dea-
cons; H. S. Fisher, Clerk; W. L. Brockman, H. S. Fisher, Alexan-
der Duniphy, Trustees ;,G. N. DoAvd, Treasurer. The officers of
the Sabbath School are: H. S. Fisher, Superintendent; Alexander
Dunphy, Assistant Superintendent; Ada Elliott, Secretary and
Organist; Lillie Hart, Librarian. The Sabbath School has a mem-
bership of seventy-five.

St. Josepli's Catholic Parish. — The present church edifice, wJiich
is beantifully situated on elevated ground, succeeded in 1877 a
small structure in a lower part of the city. Services were held in
the former building, from time to time only, by Rev. Father Kemp-
ker, who also had charge of the Missions at Mt. Carmel, Roselle,
Arcadia and Westphalia. In 1876,Father Pape succeeded Father
Kempker, and resided at Carroll. He selected the present grounds,
and built the new church. In 1880, he was succeeded by the pres-
ent incumbent, Father John Urbany, under whose directions both
the new school house and St. Anthony's Instit ate were built. The
Rector's residence, north of the church, was begun in 1879, and
completed in 1880. The church cost about 84,500, and the resi-
dence about $1,600. TJie Parish numbers among its membership
about 120 families, both English and German. Rev. Father Ur-
bany took charge of the Parish in January, 1880, and in the sum-
mer of the same year, made preparations for a parochiaHcliool,

HISTORY OF lOAVA. 507

Avliich was completed late in the autumn, and opened under the
management of the Sisters of St. Francis, from La Crosse, Wis-
consin, with an average attendance of from 125 to 130. In the
summer following, a handsome and expensive building, called St.
Anthony's Institute, for the higher education of young ladies, was
erected, south of the church and school, in the center of the block
previously reserved for the purpose. St. Anthony's Institute is
also conducted by the Sisters of St. Francis. Both educational
structures are of brick. The four l)uildings, residence, church, etc.;
give a fine appearance to the southern part of Carroll City.

Tlte M. E. Church Societij. — This society dates its organization
from about the year 1868. Its present membership is nearly one
hundred. The church edifice was erected in 1873, cost about
^3,000 and will seat 250 persons. Rev. Samuel Jones is the pres-
ent pastor. The Sabbath School has an attendance of about one
hundred pupils. H. W. Mapomber is the Superintendent. The
church officers are: J. E. Archer, William Oldham. F. M. How-
ard, J. E. Thompson, Stewards; H. W. Macomber, J. E. Thom|3-
son, William Oldham, C. A. McCune, J. R. Atkinson, X. E. Smith,
John Silbaugh, Trustees.

Presbi/ferlan Church Societij. — Rev. Mr. Elliott was the first
pastor of this society, which was organized as long ago as 1867.
There is a neat and commodious church edifice. Rev. T. S. Bailey
is the present pastor.

Carroll Citij Public Schools. — The first school house w^as built
in 1869. It w^as a frame structure, 40x60 feet in dimensions, two
stories high, and contained two departments. The present build-
ing is a fine two-story brick structure, erected in 1880 at a total
cost of about §14,000. The following is the present corps of
teachers: J. M. Paul, Principal; Gr. W. Wattles, Grammar De-
partment; Miss Grace Brainard, Intermediate; Miss Cora Shober,
Second Primary; Miss R. M. Armstrong, Primary. There is a
total enrollment of 255 pupils, with an average attendance of 220.
The Board of Education is as follows: A. E. Smith, William
Lynch, W. W. Macomber, N. Beiter, J. W. Scott, H. C. Stephens.
J. W. Scott is President of the Board; R. E. Coburn, Secretary;
W. L. Culbertson, Treasurer. The citizens of Carroll are justly
proud of the unusual educational advantages the community affords.

Carroll Lodge No. 279, I. 0. 0. /^'.—Instituted April 16th,
1872, with twelve charter members. H. E. Cole was the first
Noble Grand. This Lodge has a membership of forty-four, and
holds its meetings every Saturday evening in Odd Fellows' Hall.
The following are the present officers: S. P. Hart, N. G.; C.
Henderson, V. G.; W. L. Culbertson, Secretary; E. H. Brooks,
Treasurer.

Elhuorth Encampment Xo. 72, I. 0. 0. E. — Instituted in
October, 1874. Charter monbers: J. W. Hatton, J. B. Cook, W.
A. Moore, J. W. King, W. L. Culbertson, W. F. St.'igerwalt, S.

SOS HISTOKY OF IOWA.

M.Moore. First officers: W. L. Culbertson, C. P.; J. W. Kincr,
H. P.: W. F. Steigerwalt, S. W.; H. E. Cole, J. W.; J. W. Hat-
ton, Scribe; S. M. Moore, Treasurer. Present officers: A. E.
Smith, C. P.; J. W. King, H. P.: N. W. Rdnger, S. W.; J. W.
Hatton, J. W. and Treasurer; W. L. Culbertson, Scribe. The
membership is twenty-one. Meetings are held on the first and
third Monday evenings of each month.

Carroll Lodge No. 108, A. 0. U. TF.— Instituted in July,
1879. Charter members: James Thompson, C. L. Bailey, S. M.
Towne, E. R. Hastings, Dr. Lane, S. Hoyt, C. A. Sawtelle, J. D.
Lawrence, A. W. Morford, A. A. Wider, C. Henderson, F.Snydan,
J. Nockles, D. A. Holmes. First officers: C. L. Bailey, M. W.;
James Thompson, P. M. W.; F. Snydan, S.; D. A. Holmes, F. S.;
J. Nockles, T.; C. Henderson, 0.; J. D. Lawrence, F.; A. W. Mor-
ford, W.; A. A. Wider, Gr. Present officers: J. Thompson, M.
W.; C. L. Bailey, P. M. W.; J. D. Lawrence, F.; C. Henderson, 0.;
F. Snydan, S.;' J. Nockles, T.; A. A. Wider, G.; H. Fisher, W.
Membership, twenty-two. Meetings are held every alternate
Friday evening in the office of C. L. Bailey.

Jef. C. Davis Post No. 44, G. A. B. — This post was mustered
in September, 188L The membership is sixty-five. Meetings are
held every alternate Thursday evening in Joyce's Hall. The
officers of the Post are as follows: J. V. Cook, Commander; D.
A. Cadworth, S. V. C; C.L.Bailey, J. V. C; William Lynch,
Adjutant; W. L. Culbertson, Quartermaster; J. W. Hatton,
Surgeon.

Sigtiet Lodge No. 264, A. F. d- A. ilf.— This was the second
Lodge of the order instituted in Carroll County. The Lodge was
organized in August, 1869. The charter members were: J. F.
H.Sugg, John K. Deal, Wm. Gilley, L. C. Bailey, J. E. Griffith,
L N. Griffith, Daniel Wayne, F. E. Dennett, R. Hogland. First
officers: J. F. H. Sugg, W. M.; J. E. Griffith, S. W.; Wm.
Gillev, J. W.; F. E. Dennett, Secretary; John K. Deal, Treasurer.
Present officers: J. W. Gerstine, W. M.; R. E. Coburn, S. W.;
John Kelly, J. W.; John W. King, Secretary; H. W. Macomber,
Treasurer. The present number of members is forty-seven. The
Masons and Odd Fellows bought a lot and erected a two-story
brick building on the north side of. Fifth Street. The lower
story is leased for a dry goods store. The second story, 22x80 feet,
is used by the afoi'esaid fraternities.

ARCADIA.

Arcadia is from nine to ten miles west of Carroll City, and is
latterly taking on a new growth, which promises to place it among
the front rank of Western Iowa towns. It has always been a
place of sure promise and certain growth, but with its recent hon-
ors of incorporation ''blushingly thick" upon it, the town has
taken the initiative steps in the direction of more rapid progress.

HISTORY OF IOWA. 509

It is beautiful!}^ located, and in every respect adapted to the con-
ditions of permanent advancement. Its exact location is upon
section 16, township 84, range 36. As usual, along the line of the
Chicago & Northwestern, the Blair Town Lot and Land Company-
was its sponsor.

I. N. Voris was the original town proprietor, and laid out Ar-
cadia in 1871. He subsequently sold the townsite to the company
named above. Mr. Voris is still a resident of Arcadia.

The town is at the summit of the "divide," and is the most ele-
vated town topographically in the state.

The first settlement of Arcadia was in the spring of 1871, when
Mr. L N. Voris built the first house. At this time VVarren,Wash-
ington, Arcadia and Wheatland townships were unorganized, being
attached to Carroll. Mr. Voris was a resident of California, and
while passing through Iowa, eastward, was attracted by the singu-
lar beauty of Carroll County. Soon after, he returned from New
Vork and purchased four thousand acres of land, including the site
of Arcadia. This point was the summit or water divide in western
Iowa, and trains doubled up and side-tracked here. Mr. Voris
laid out the town and named it Arcadia, which took the jDlace of
the old railroad name of "Tip-Top." Immigration began pouring
in, the town and county grew rapidly, and to-day the bright antic-
ipations of the early settlers have been realized.

Low Lamson, now a resident of Chicago, came' to Arcadia in
1870, with Mr. Voris. In the same year D. J. McDougall settled
in the southeastern part of Arcadia Township. He came to Ar-
cadia and taught the village school in the winter of 1873-1, after
which he located there permanently, engaging in the grain and
stock business, in which he still continues. Henry Carpenter built
the first store', and is the present Postmaster of Arcadia. Mr.
Carpenter came in 1871. James Carroll,' a well known grain and
lumber dealer, located at Arcadia in 1873. The changing events
of time have brought about the removal of a number of other pio-
neers, whose names would otherwise be included.

L. S. Stowe, a well known and enterprising citizen, opened the
first drug store in Arcadia, in the spring of 1871, which establish-
ment has ever since continued to prosper under his proprietorship.
His brother Michael was also one of the first merchants of the
place, having opened a general store in the autumn of 1874.

The firm of Weidling, Evers & Moore, of which B. H. Moore is
the active manager, was established in 1877, and began an exten-
sive trade in general merchandise, farm machinery, etc. In 1879,
this firm erected a brick building, twenty-four by eighty feet, with
cellar extending throughout its dimensions, and thus formed the
nucleus of a business which would be quite creditable to a town of
many times the population of Arcadia.

Arcadia was incorporated in the autumn of 1881, the following
being the officers in pursuance of the incorporation: I). J. Mc-

510 HISTOKT OF IOWA.

Dougall, Mayor; F. A. Charles, Recorder; D. H. Moore, Treasurer;
E. H. Agnew, Marshal; D. H. Moore, G. E. Hawk, C. H. West-
brook, Clans Erp, Henry Ewaldt, Conncilmen.

The population ol: Arcadia, according to the census of 1S80, was
about 450; the present population claimed, is 600.

In addition to the earlier settlers named above, were John
Locke, now of West Side, and Henry Neiman, furniture dealer,
with others, whom want of space forbids us to particularize.

In 1880. a disastrous fire visited Arcadia, destroying nearly the
whole business portion of the town, and leaving but two stores un-
harmed, viz.: Weilding, Evers & Moore's and John L. McQuaid's.
The work of re-building was immediately commenced, and the
buildings destroyed were nearly replaced during the autumn of the
same year.

The following is a classification of Arcadia's business enter-
prises: Drug and book store, one; drug and grocery store, one;
general merchandise, four; hotels, three; livery, one, bank, one;
blacksmith shops, three; barber shop, one; millinery, two; meat
market, one; hardware^ two; shoe shops, two; tailor, one; restaur-
ants, two; furniture, one; undertaker/ one; lumber yards, two;
agricultural implement depots, four; grain dealers, four; stock
dealers, two; real estate and loan agencies, one; insurance agencies,
two; job printing ofiice, one; harness shop, one; wagon shops,
two; brew^ery, one; coal yards, three; lawyers, two; physicians,
two.

Arcadia Postoffice was established in 1872, with I. N. Voris as
Postmaster. H. C. Norton succeeded Mr. Voris, and Henry Car-
penter, the present postmaster, was appointed to the office in 1874.
He was succeeded two years afterwards, however, by J. B. Ben-
son, but Avas again appointed in 1881. The office was made a
money-order office in 1878.

The Arcadia Bank was established in November, 1881, and does
a thriving business. Louis R. Curran is the manager.

CHUKCHES, SCHOOLS AND SOCIETIES.

TJie Pr shyterian Church Society. — Organized iu the spring of
1879, by Rev. T. S. Bailey, of Carroll. Rev. Mr. Eldfeldt is the
present pastor. The church building was erected in 1879, is about
fifty by twenty-four feet in dimensions, and cost ^1,400. The
membership is about twenty-five. A Union Sabbath School is
conducted by the Presbyterian and Methodist Episcopal Societies,
of which Henry Carpenter is the Superintendent.

St. John's Catholic Parish. — In the spring of 1874, Rev. John
Ivempker, of Mt. Carmel, organized a Catholic Mission at Arcadia,
services being held until the autumn of that year in James Carroll's
warehouse, north of the railroad depot. In the autumn of 1874, a
church edifice was built, which is 30x65 feet in dimensions. It is
the intention of the congregation to erect a church edifice,*begin-

HISTORY OF IOWA. 511

iiingin tlie autumn of the present year. The jiroposed new struc-
ture will probably be 45x120 feet in dimensions, will be built of
brick, and will cost from ten to twelve thousand dollars. Rev.
Father Pape, now of Dubuque, succeeded Father Kempker, and
Father Urbany, of Carroll City, came next. The Arcadia mission
became a Pari>li August 15th, 1881, and Rev. Father J. B. Fen-
drich, the present Rector, was placed in charge of the growing-
congregation. The membership represents about 150 families, or
a total of between 700 and 800 communicants. The parishioners
are principally German, with a good representation of Irish, and
services are held both in the German and English languages.

The M. E. Church Society. — Organized in 1S73, by Rev. Mr.
Vail. The succeeding pastors were: Rev. Mr. Brady, Mr. Eckels,
C. V. Martin, J. W. LeAvis, John Jefferson, and John Elliott, the
latter of whom is the present pastor. The church membership is
about twenty-five. The society has no church building as yet.

Tlte Germcm Luthemn Church. — Organized in 1877. The
church building was erected in the spring of 1881, and is thirty by
forty feet in dimensions. It cost about $1,200, and \yill seat 200
persons. There are about twenty families represented in the
society. Rev. Mr. Gulge Avas the first pastor. He was succeeded
by Rev. Mr. Schug, and the latter by the present pastor, Rev. Mr.
Meineke.

Tlie Public Schooh. — The first school in Arcadia was taught in
the Avinter of 1872-3. by a Mr. Hildebrand, Avho Avas succeeded by
a Mr. Deal. D. S. McDougall Avas the next teacher, in the winter
of 1873-4. The first school building Avas a one-story frame, Avhich
Avas enlarged in the summer of 1881, and is now a large building
of three departments. An election- to determine the cjuestion as
to the organization of an independent district is to be held in
March of the current year. The total enrollment is 130; average^
attendance, about seventy-five. The present corps of teachers is
as folloAvs: 0. L. Bronson, Principal; Miss Minnie Sherman, In-
termediate; Miss Lizzie Carroll, Primary.

St. Johns Parochial School. — This school Avas organized in the
latter part of February, 1882. Miss Annie Middendorf is the
teacher. At present there is but one department. An additional
department Avill be shortly made. The attendance of pupils Avill
be from fifty to sixty in number!

German Lutheran School. --This school Avas established in the
Avinter of 1881-2, has a goodly membership, and is taught by the
resident pastor of the German Lutheran Church.

Arcadia Literari) Societi/. — This society Avas begun in the Avin-
ter of 1881. Meetings are held every Friday evening during the
appropriate season, in the school house. The membership is about
forty.

512 HISTORY OF IOWA.

GLIDDEN.

The town of Giiddeo is picturesque attractive, prosperous aud
progressive. It is situated in the eastern part'of Carroll County,
and is surrounded by a country that for fertility of soil is not sur-
passed in Western Iowa. The country naturally tributary to
Glidden, has a radius of not less than twenty-five miles, and the
merchants of Glidden are exceedingly well pleased Avith their loca-
tion. The town is well drained, and having good roads reaching
out out in every direction, and an inexhaustible soil, there is no
reason why Glidden should not become one of the most important
towns in Western Iowa.

Glidden's artificial strength is principally derived from that
great trunk line, the Chicago & Northwestern Railway, the man-
agement of which does not dictate a policy detrimental to the in-
terests of towns along its line of road, but, on the contrary offers
the best shipping facilities aud the lowest rates possible. As a
natural consequence hundreds of cattle, horses and hogs are brought
here from every direction to be shipped over the road that seems
to have adopted the motto " live and let live.'" At no distant day
the people of Glidden anticipate a cross road connecting with
north and south lines^ which will give them competing advantages
of a superior nature.

From an esthetic point of view is this beautiful town, environed
Avith pretty suburban farms, groves and orchards, embellished in
every quarter with elegant houses, tasteful lawns, many columns
of forest trees that are fast turning the streets and avenues into
arcades of living green. One meets evidences of social refine-
ment on every hand. The city schools are in splendid condition
and happily are its special pride.

As a business point Glidden is in the front rank of Iowa's enter-
prising towns. Its merchants do a thriving business, on a scale
•of unusual magnitude.

The population of Glidden is not less than 700, and its increase
is continuous and uninterrupted. The town was laid out in 1866,
and is a shipping point for a large district of country.

The following is a classified summary of the business establish-
ments: General stores, five; grocery stores, two; confectionery,
etc., three; hotels, two; blacksmith shops, two; wagon shop, one;
barber shop, one: hardware, twoj agricultural implement depots,
three; lumber yards, two; coal dealers, two; grain dealers, four;
grain warehouse, one; insurance agencies, one; real estate agen-
cies, two; printing office, one; shoemakers, two; saloons, three;
furniture, two; drug stores, three; jewelry, one; bank, one; mil-
linery, three; livery, two; stock dealers, two; artist, one.

The Glidden Steam Flouring Mills were started about three
years ago. The building is three stories high, and the quality of
flour manufactured has justly achieved a most desirable reputation.
The firm name is Messmore & Co.

HISTORY OF IOWA. 513

The Glklden Express was started in 1875, with E. Tabor as ed-
itor and proprietor. Subsequently I. S. Russell became editor and
proprietor. The paper is a five-column quarto, and is now called
the Glidden Sentinel. The Glidden News Boy was started in 1881,
by Cappie Holmes, editor and proprietor. It is a five-column
quarto, independent in politics. Cappie Holmes is a son of Prin-
cipal Holmes, of the Glidden Public Schools.

The Glidden Bank, of which G. H. Stalford is the proprietor, is
a staunch and progressive institution, doing a large and increasing
business.

CHURCHES, SCHOOLS. AND SOCIETIES.

Tlie Preshi/terian Church Societij- -This society has a hand-
some edifice, which was erected in 1874, at a cost of $1,200. The
building is nicely furnished. The society dates its organization
from 1870. Services were held in the school house prior to the
erection of the church building.

The M. E. Church Societij. — This society erected its present
and commodious edifice in 1877, at a cost of about $1,200. Ser-
vices were held in the Presbyterian church prior to the erection of
the society's present building.

The Public Schools. — The independent school district of Glid-
den was organized in 1875. The first school building in the towii
Avas erected in 1869, or thereabouts, and was subsequently sold to
G. H. Stalford. It is now used for business purposes, with a
public hall in the upper story. The present school house was
built in 1877, the total cost, improvements included, being from
seven to eight thousand dollars. There are four departments,
besides a large hall on the third floor, which will seat from three
to four hundred persons. This building is of frame, with brick
veneering, and is located in the east side of town, with a command-
ing situation.

Philo Lodge No. 391, 1. 0. 0. F.— This Lodge was instituted in
1874, with about twenty charter members. Meetings are held
every Tuesday evening in Odd Fellows' Hall. The following are
the present officers: G. W. McNaught, N. G.; James Campbell,
V. G.;T. R. Rich, Secretary; Geo. T. Chambers, Treasurer.

Haqcfi Lodge, 369, A. E. & A. M. — This Lodge meets every
Saturday evening of each month, on or before the full moon. D.
N. Smith is AV. M.; A. J. Morrill, Secretary.

Hope Stone Lodge No. 78, B. A. M. — Meetings qre held every
Tuesday evening of each month on or before the full moon. N.
D. Thurman is H. P.; P. H. Hawkins, Secretary. The various
secret organizations of Glidden are all in a condition of gratifying
prosperity.

511 HISTORY OF IOWA.

CARROLL COUNTY BIOGRAPHIES.

CARROLL CITY.

L. T. Anderson, harness manufacturer, is a native of Denmark;
came to America in 1867 and located in Story county, la.; moved
to Hamilton county; thence to Carroll county in 1878 and engaged
in present business; deals in all kinds of harness and horse far-
nishiugs.

W. Artz, dealer in grain and stock, is a native of ill.; moved to
Carroll county in 1870, and engaged in mercantile business iii Car-
roll in 1871, which he continued until engaging in present busi-
ness. He has been treasurer of the county.

Wm. H. Bunch, barber, was born in HI. in 184:8: moved to Car-
roll, [a., in 1881 and established his present business.

R. D. Backus, dentist, was born in Madison county, N. Y.; in
1860, he moved with parents to la.; came to Carroll in 1880 and
established business; has a very fine office.

Thos. F. Barbee, attorney at law, is a native of Ky.; moved to
Rock Island, 111., and in 1878 came to Carroll, la., and opened his
present law business.

N. Beiter, proprietor of meat market, is a native of Germany;
came to America in 186G and settled in Ta.; thence moved to Ce-
dar county, la., in 1870, and to Carroll in 1874 aud engaged in pres-
ent business.

J. L. Bowdish, insurance agent, is a native of 111.; came to Car-
roll in 1873; is justice of the peace, also notary public. He erected
a fine brick block in 1881, now occupied by a clothing store.

E. H. Brooks, of the firm of Brooks & Baumhover, proprietors
of the Carroll Steam Mills, was born in N. Y.; moved to 111. in
1858; thence to Clinton, la.; and came to Carroll in 1870 and en-
gaged in lumber business, until Aug., 1877, when he engaged in
milling. The mill has a capacity of fifty barrels of flour per day
ajid employs eight men.

Col. John B. Cook, dealer in agricultural implements, is a na-
tive of Mass. He served in the army during the late war, after
which he settled in the South. He moved to Carroll, la., in 1871
and engaged in his present business.

Joseph M. Drees, attorney at law, Avas born in Boston, Mass., in
1849; removed to Dubuque, la., in 1858; thence to Carroll in 1873.
He studied law with 0. H. Manning, lieutenant governor, and was
admitted to the bar in Sept., 1879. He is also engaged in the in-
surance business and is agent for a German line of steamers.

HftTORY OF IOWA 515

H. T. Emeis, M. D., is a native of 111.; moved to Scott county,
la. in 1856. He graduated from the Cincinnati Medical College
in 1868, and came to Carroll in May, 1881.

H. F. Flinn, jeweler, is a native of 111.; moved to Gilman, Wash-
ington county, la., in 1876; thence to Carroll in the autumn of
the same year, and engaged in his present business.

W. E. Folkens, proprietor of the City Billiard Hall, is a native
of Germany; came to America in 1858 and settled in 111.; thence
to la. in 18G9 and located in Grundy county, and came to Carroll
in 1874, and engaged in his present businesss in 1878.

I. W. Griffith, dealer in general merchandise, was born in Va.
in 1813; moved to 0. when quite young, and in 181:4: came to la.
and settled in Henry county, near Mt. Pleasant, and engaged in
farming. He removed to Mahaska county; thence to Marshall
county, where he engaged in milling. He subsequently came to
Carroll and established the first store in the new town.

Wm. Gilley, is a native of Pa.; moved to 0. with pnrents. He
moved to Iowa City, la., in 1854 and to Carroll county in April,
1856, and engaged in farming; moved into Carroll in 1868; was
county treasurer at that time. He has been engaged in banking
and mercantile pursuits until a few years since, when he retired
from business.

J. W. Gustine, M. D., Avas born in Pa. in 1822. He began the
practice of medicine in Pittsburg in 1848, and moved to Iowa in
1854; two years later he located in Guthrie county, where he en-
gaged in the practice of medicine, until 1875 then he moved to
Carroll and opened an office.

P. M. Guthrie, dealer in real estate, was born in County Clare,
Ireland; came to America in 1848, and located in Mich, and en-
gaged iA railroad contracting until 1854, when he moved to Du-
buque, la.; thence to Carroll in 1869 and engaged in present busi-
ness. He is agent for the Iowa Land Co.

R. J. Hamilton, sheriff of Carroll county, was born in Clinton
county, la., in 1845; lived on a farm until coming to Carroll county
in 1875, Avhere he engaged in blacksmithing. He was elected to
his present office in Oct., 1881.

C. Henderson, proprietor of the dray line, is a native of 111.;
moved to Carroll in 1872 and engaged in his present business.

H. C. Haywood, merchant and postmaster, at Elba, Carroll
county, was born in Addison county, Vt.; moved with parents to
Scott county, la., in 1850; thence to Carroll county and engaged
in farming until appointed postmaster in 1878.

F. J. Kriebs, M. D., Avas born in Clayton county, la.; graduated
from Rush Medical College, Chicago, in the class of 1881, and be-
gan the practice of medicine at Carroll the same year, and is
a ready in the enjoyment of a good practice.

516 HISTORY OF IOWA.

Louis Keckevoet, dealer in general merchandise, is a native of
Germany; came to America in 1861 and settled in Ind.; removed
to Dubuque, la., in 1870 and came to Cairoll in 1875 and engaged
in present business; he also has a general store at Hillsdale, this
county.

Wm. Lynch, clerk of the courts of Carroll county, was born in
Scotland in 1811; came to America with his parents and settled in
N. Y.; removed to Pa. thence to la. in 1850. He enlisted in
1862, and was soon afterwards appointed hospital steward of the
Slst Mo. regiment, and served until the close of the war. He
then located at Carthage, 111., and engaged in the drug business;
remained there until 18(39, then removed to Carroll and again en-
gaged in the drug business. He was elected to his present office
in 1875, and has held it ever since.

F. M. Leibfried, deputy county treasurer, is a native of Md.; re-
moved to Wis. in 1850; thence to Carroll, la., in 1879. He was
appointed deputy treasurer by Mr. Artz, and re- appointed by Wm.
Ruggles in 1882.

S. M. Moore, dealer in general groceries and confectionery, is a
native of Ind.; came to la. in 1869 and engaged in farming in
Carroll county until 1875, then engaged in his present business.

M. Miller, druggist, is a native of Germany; came to America in
1857, and located at Dubuque, Iowa, and engaged as traveling
agent for Honick & Walls, of Sioux City. He engaged in his
present business at Carroll, in 1881, 'is wholesale and retail
dealer in drugs and liquors.

J. L. Messersmith, recorder of Carroll county, is a native of Pa.;
moved to Carroll in 1875 and engaged in wagon making. He was
elected to his present office in 1876, and has been re-elected every
term since.

F. M. Powers, of the firm of Powers & Powers, attoi'neys-at
law, is a native of N. Y. City: moved with parents to Blackhawk
county, Lu, in 1857, graduated from the low^a law school in 1877,
and began the practice of law at Independence. He came to Car-
roll in 1880, and opened an office. The firm also do a loan and
real estate business. J. M. Powers, of the above firm, was born in
Cincinnati, 0., removed with parents to Blackhawk county, la.,
in 1857. He graduated from the Iowa Law School in 1879, and
has since been in partfiership with his brother.

Geo. W. Paine, attorney at law, also does abstract, loan and in-
surance business. He was born in Duchess county, N. Y., in
1828. He first engaged in the practice of law at ■ Poughkeepsie,
in 1849; moved to New York City in 1860, and practiced there
until opening an office in Carroll, la., in 1872.

J. A. Rohner, photographer, was born in Erie county, N. Y,;
moved to Fremont, 0., in 1867; thence to Chicago, 111., two years
later, and was employed there and in other cities in the west in

HISTOKY OF IOWA. 517

the photograph business, until 1878, when he located at Carroll,
la., and engaged in business. He was burned out in 1879, and
was absent for a year; returned in 1881 and engaged in present
business.

Abram Raught, proprietor of the Commercial House, was born
in St. Lawrence county, N. Y.; moved to Neb. in 1873 and en-
gaged in the hotel business; returned to N. Y., afterwards moved
to Knoxville, la.; thence to Carroll and opened his present house,
which is situated near the depot, and is a first-class house.

S. S. Sprague, proprietor of meat market, was born in Pitts-
burg, Mass.; moved to 111. in 1856; thence to Carroll, la., in 1870
and engaged in present business.

August Stark, insurance agent, is a native of Germany; came to
America in 1861 and enlisted in Co. G, 57th, 111. Vol., was with
Gen. Sherman in his march to the sea, and various; other places.
He served until Aug. 15th, 1865, and then settled in 111. and en-
gaged in farming; in 1875 came to Carroll, la., and engaged in
present business; was burned out in 1879, but started business
again soon after.

C. B. Smith, agent for the C . & N. W. R. R. Co., at Car-
roll, la., is a native of New York; when quite young moved to
Wheaton, 111 . He entered the employ of the above company and
in 1871 was located at W est Side, la. He came to this city in
1881.

J .' E. Thompson, dealer in groceries, is a native of 0. ; moved
to Scott county, la., in 1851, and engaged in farming. In 1876
came to Carroll and engaged in his present business, as wholesale
and retail dealer in^groceries and queensware .

J. W. Thomas, cashier of the Carroll County bank, is a native
of England; came to America in 1873, settled in la. and en-
gaged in farming until 1876, when he assumed his present posi-
tion. The bank changed hands in 1881, but Mr. Thomas was
retained as cashier.

R. R. Woodring & Co., wholesale and retail dealers in furni-
ture, also manufactnrersr This firm is composed of R. R.
Woodring, I. N- Force and D. Burkhart. They do an exten-
sive business in their line, and are one of the leading furniture
firms in Carroll county.

A. L. Wright, M. D., is a native of Wis. ; graduated from
Rush Medical College, Chicago, in 1874. He located at Carroll, la.,
the same year, and has established a large and lucrative practice.

518 HISTORY OF IOWA.

ARCADIA.

F. A. Chavles, attorney at law. was born in 111.; moved to la. in
1865 and located at Iowa City, in 1876 he ensjaged in the practice
of law in Jackson county and in 1877 came to Arcadia. Was
elected City Attorney in 1881.

Peter Clausen, proprietor o£ billiard hall, is a native o£ Ger-
many. He came to Arcadia, la., in 1874, and engaged in his pres-
ent business.

Henry Carpenter, postmaster, was born in N. Y.; moved to 111.
when quite young and in Aug., 1862 enlisted in Co. H, 105th 111.
Reg. He served until the close of the war, then returned to 111.
He came to Arcadia and built the first store building in the place.
In 1874 he was appointed postmaster; he resigned in 1876 and was
re-appointed in 1881.

Erp Bros., dealers in general merchandise, are natives of Ger-
many; came to America in 1873 and settled in Iowa in 1875.
They established their present business in 1881. Carry a large
stock of general merchandise, and boots and shoes, also deal in
coal and grain.

Henry Ewoldt, proprietor of Ewoldt's hall and sample room,was
born in Holstein, Ger.; came to America in 1864 and settled in
Scott county, la. In 1877 he engaged in his present business in
Arcadia.

Thomas Fay, proprietor of saloon, is a native of 111.; moved to
Clinton county, la., in 1867; thence to Arcadia in 1877 and en-
gaged in saloon business.

E. S. Lovely, general hardware dealer, is a native of Canada;
moved to Carroll county, la., in 1873 and engaged in farming, un-
til 1878, then went to Omaha, Neb., and -entered the Western
Business College; remained one and one-half years, then located
at Arcadia, la., and engaged in the drug business. He subse-
quently engaged in business as above.

Henry Lahann, proprietor of the shooting gallery and saloon, is
a native of Germany; came to America in 1856 and settled in Clin-
ton county, la. He came to Arcadia in 1880 and engaged in his
present business.

D. H. Mohr, of the firm of Weidling, Evers & Mohr, is a native
of Denmark; came to America in 1853 and settled in Davenport,
la. In 1867 he engaged in the mercantile business at Wheatland.
Afterwards came to Arcadia and entered the above named firm.

H. W. Pruter, dealer in dry goods and groceries, was born in
Germany in 1860; came to America in 1875 and located at West
Side, la. He engaged in farming for two yearS and then returned
to his native country. In 1878 he came again to Iowa, and settled
in Arcadia. In 1881 he eng-ased in business as above.

HISTORY OF IOWA. 519

Heiininp; Petersen, proprietor of saloon and billiard hall, was
horn in Germany in 1827; came to America in 1865 and settled in
Clinton county, la.; removed to Pottawattamie county; thence to
Arcadia. Established present business in 1873.

L. S. StoU, druggist, was born in Strasburg, France, in 1817;
came to America in 1855 and settled in Dubuque count}-^, la. He
engaged in clerking in a drug store at the age of fifteen. In 1870
he engaged in business for himself at Dyersville, and four years
later came to Arcadia, where he established business as above. He
is also a practicing physician.

Frank Weber, proprietor of meat market, Avas born in Prussia
in 1848; came to America in 1873 and located at Portage, Wis.
He mo^ed to Carroll county, la., in 1875 and two years later came
to Arcadia and engaged in the meat business.

GLIDDEN.

L. A- Cushman, barber, was born in DeWitt, Clinton county,
la. ; moved to Glidden, in 1881 and established his present busi-
ness .

T- A. Cochran, collection and real estate agent, is a native of
0. ; moved to Polk county, Ta., in 1851; thence to Green county
and in 18(34 to Carroll county and engaged in teaching school.
Moved to Glidden in 1878 and opened an office.

J . Coder, of the firm of Dickey & Coder, dealers in general mer-
chandise, is a native of 0.; moved to Carroll county, la., in 18C8
and engaged in farming and teaching school until 1878, then
entered present firm .

Thos. Elwood, M. D., was born in N. Y. Citv; moved to
Dallas county, la . , in 1858 . He enlisted in 1862 in the 39th la .
regiment; went to Corinth, Miss., as hospital steward, and re-
mained until the close of the war; returned to la. and settled in
Carroll county, and began the practice of medicine; was elected
county probate judge in 1867, which office he held three years,
and county recorder from 1866 to 1868.

W. E. Foster, of the firm of Foster Pros., druggists, is a native
of 0.; moved to Glidden. la., in 1877 and engaged in the drug busi-
ness in 1880.

N. G. Guild, proprietor of the (ilidden House, was born in N.
Y. in 1833; moved to Red Wing, Minn., in 1862 and engaged in
farming and stock raising; theuce to Glidden, la., in 1870 and en-
gaged in present business.

H. H. Gates, M. D., Avas born in Putland county, \'t.; moved to
la. in 1855 and settled in Scott county; removed to Jones county
later. He entered the army as hospital steward; Avr.s promoted to

520 HISTORY OF IOWA.

the position of surgeon of the 31st la. Reg. in 1863 and served un-
til the close of the war, then returned to Jones county and in 1869
moved to Glidden and engaged in the practice of medicine.

C. I. Huiman, of the firm of Huiman & Beach, attorneys at law,
is a native of 0.; came to Boone county, la., in 1853 and engaged
in school teaching. He served as superintendent of schools one
term and graded the schools of Glidden. He graduated from Grin-
ell College, la., and begun the practice of law in 1876 Avith pres-
ent partner; they also do insurance and collection business.

J. A. Uolmes, principal of the Glidden schools, is a native of N.
Y.; moved to Glidden, la., in 1880 and engaged in his present oc-
cupation. He also deals in stationery, books and confectionery.

The Glidden Neivs-Boij, a weekly newspaper publislied by Cop-
pie Holmes, was established in 1880, when Coppie was but twelve
3^ears old. At first it was a four-page paper six by nine inches in
size, but it has steadily increased in size and patronage and now
(in 1882) it is a six-column quarto. The publisher does all the
work upon the paper and considerable job work besides. fie has
put the receipts for advertising, etc., into the office and can now do
good job work. He is the youngest publisher of a regular news-
paper in la. and perhaps in the world; the newspaper press have
given him many flattering notices.

C. 0. Hood, M. D., is a native of Tnd.; graduated from the medi-
cal departmeat of the Butler University in the class of '79, and lo-
cated at Glidden in 1880 and engaged in the practice of medicine.

G. W. Parsons, proprietor of barber shop and news depot, is a
native of 0.; located at Glidden, la., in 1878 and engaged in his
present business.

W. E. Potter, of the firm of Potter & Armitage, hardware deal-
ers, was born in Oneida county, N. Y.; removed to the eastern part
of la. in 1858, thence to Glidden in 1808 and engaged in farmino-;
engaged in his present business in 1879; J. P. Armitage became ^a
partner in 1880.

0. G. Prill, of the firm of Prill Bros., dealers in general grocer-
ies, is a native of Ind.; came to la. in 1875 and engaged'^in the
above business in Nov., 1881.

F. G. Rust, insurance agent, is a native of Wis.; moved to la. in
1881, and settled in Glidden and engaged in his present business.

1. R. Sale, M. D., was born in Ind., he studied medicine there
several years; he then graduated from the Kentucky School of
Medicine in 1881 and came to Glidden in Dec. of the same year
and took charge of the established practice of Dr. Dunkle.

R. E. Spurrier, druggist and station agent, is a native of ().;
moved to Iowa county, la., in 1853, thence to Glidden in 1880 and
took charge of the station and purchased the drug business of M.
S. Dunkle, M. D.

HISTORY OF IOWA. 521

D. N. Smith, dealer in lumber and coal, is a native of Carroll
county, N. H. He enlisted in 1861 in the U. S. sharpshooters,
served three years in Va. and then returned to N. H.; moved to
111. in 1877 and the following year to Glidleu, la., and engaged in
his present business.

Geo. H, Stalford, banker, is a native of Pa.; came to la. in the
spring of 1869 and engaged in farming, returned to Pa. in 1870
and remained three years; thence to la. again and engaged in the
lumber and grain business; engaged in the banking business in
Feb., 1877.

522 HISTORY OF IOWA.

SAC COUNTY.

The population of this county by the census of 1880 was 9,300,
but it is now estimated at over 11,000. This increase is partially
due to a narrow gauge railway (a branch of the Wabash) which is
in process of construction, and which will run across the county,
passing through Sac City, thus giving additional shipping and
traveling facilities to the people of the county. Depot grounds for
the road have been laid out near the court house in the city named.

As stated elsewhere a complete list of the county officers from
date of the organization of the county to present date is not ob-
tainable, but the following are the present officers: Treasurer,
Philip Schaller; Auditor, A. D. Peck; Sheriff, H. L. Willson; Clerk
of Courts, Chas. E. Lane; Recorder, N. B. Flack; Superintendent
of Schools, H. T. Martin; Surveyor, Chas. Pettis; Supervisors,
Wm. Hawks, Chairman; H. Reinhart, Peirce Coy.

The general history of Sac County can probably be presented in
no better shape than as we give it in the following extract from
a well-written article, published in the Sac Sun, of Sac City, De-
cember 24th, 1880:

"The immense emigration from the Eastern aud East Central
States which has for the past two or three years rapidly settled up
the lands of Kansas and Nebraska, has during the past two years
been diverted to a great extent to the more certainly productive
agricultural lands of Northwestern Iowa. Many more of these
home-seekers might have been induced to settle in this section had
the Iowa people and the Iowa government sooner aw^akenedto the
fact that so many thousands of good citizens were passing through
Iowa to lands farther from market, and by no means so valuable
as those which Iowa had to offer, and all because the Kan-
sas aud Nebraska lands were assiduously advertised, while
those of Iowa lay undefended under the slanders men-
tioned in the appended letter. The General Assembly, however,
to remedy this evil; appointed Hon. Geo. D, Perkins, of the Sioux
City Journal, to the office of Commissioner of Immigration for
Iowa, and appropriated a considerable sum for the promotion of
immigration to this State. Read what Governor Campbell says: j

Newton, Iowa, June 15th, 1880.
Hon. Geo. D. Perkins, Commissioner of Immigration for Iowa:
Dear Sir: Your invitation to the immigration convention at
Sheldon, June 22d, received on my return home from an extended

HISTORY OF IOWA. 523

trip east. I fully realize the importance of the convention, and
the great interests to be considered, and I assure you my hearty
sympathy goes out toward any effort that will tend to direct public
attention to your beautiful country and fertile soil, and point the
tens of thousands of homeless ones to that fair country that
offers such splendid advantages for permanent homes and pros-
perous futures. During my visit east I had occasion to ''talk up"
northwestern Iowa in several localities, and I found:

1. A total ignorance of the fact that so large a territory in Iowa
lies open yet to settlement, the impression having obtained that a
State witii over a million and a half of population must be well
settled up.

2. I found the 'old grasshopper still sitting on the sweet potato
vine,' in the prejudices of many, and it was only a work of a mo-
ment to convince them that the 'grasshopper' was long since a
'dead issue' in any portion of Iowa.

3. The terrible storms and daily hurricanes of wind were held
up before me, and I told them they were more a native of Missouri
or even of Ohio, than of northwest Iowa, and that the settlement of
our State, the planting of groves, etc., had very materially ameli-
orated the climate.

These are only a few of the objections urged, but among the most
weighty, and I name them that you may see the objections that
obtain in various quarters. There are tens of thousands in the east
who would be glad to find homes in Northwestern Iowa, were they
fully acquainted with the true condition of affairs, climate, soil,
prices of land, terms, etc. With thanks for your invitation, and
regret that I cannot be present, I am your well-wisher and friend,

Frank T. Campbell.

"This sketch is intended principally as a pen-picture of Sac
County as it now is, and will include a short outline of its history
and a few incidents of the life of the early settlers.

" The soil of Sac County is a deep black loam, and in its nature is
purely a .vegetable decomposition. Its depth is from eighteen
inches to five or six feet. In some parts of the county the surface
is almost perfeetly level for long distances, but in general it is of
the genuine 'rolling prairie' description. The inexhaustibility of
the soil is shown by the fact that farms which have been under cul-
tivation for from twenty to twenty-five years are now as fertile and
productive as ever. More than that — the land may be plowed here
when it is so wet that it is almost impossible to do work, and it will
never hal-e.

" As regards the productiveness of Sac County, perhaps as
effective a way of showing whether* the detractors of North-
western Iowa, mentioned in Governor Campbell's letter, are
right or wrong, will be to give to our readers the benefit of some
of the observations of the Hon. Eugene Criss, a pioneer and resi-
dent of Sac County for more thfin a quarter of a century. Judge

524 HISTORY OF IOWA.

Crisssays that his averaoje yield of corn in his twenty-five years'
residence has been from forty to fifty bushels tb the acre, and the
highest yield he has ever had was sixty-five bushels. Average yield
of oats, forty to fifty; highest yield, seventy-six bushels. Average
yield of wheat, fifteen to eighteen; highest yield, thirty bushels.
This is his personal experience, and with fair cultivation only — no
fancy farming; that he knows of at least two of his neighbors who
have raised as high as forty bushels of wheat to the acre. Others,
too, have raised, in more than one neighborhood in the county,
from seventy to eighty bushels of corn per acre, and, it is said, with-
out more than ordinary tillage. The principal agricultural pro-
ducts of Sac County and this section generally are corn, wheat, oats,
flax, barley, rye and grass. Timothy, clover and blue grass grow
readily and will make Sac, at an early day, one of the leading stock
and dairy counties of Iowa. And Iowa is, with rapid strides, com-
ing to the head of all the States in dairy products. We will put
Judge Criss on the stand again in regard to the advantages for
stock raising.

''We have stated that the tame grasses grow rapidly. Besides
that fact, it is also true that the Kentucky blue grass is rapidly
coming 'of itself ' in places where it has never been sown. Along
fences, along paths made by cattle through the brush and in
pastures, in spots where the timber and underbrush have been
cleared, in door-yards and other places, in some mysterious way that
sweetest and best of feed for stock is making its appearance. It
is a matter which the present writer does not understand, but it is a
good thing, and we are glad to see that this section is so fortunate.
Grassis always sufficiently high to turn out stock at a date varying
in the different years from April 1st to April 30th. And now we
produce Judge iCriss's testimony. The Judge is a Virginian by
birth, but has had some years' experience in farming in Maryland.
After his many years' experience in the two States, it is his firm
belief that both cattle and horses do better 'running out' during
the winter months in this part of Iowa than they, do in Maryland.
This, our readers will observe, is not guess-work or the dictum of a
traveler or chance observer, but the carefully considered verdict of
experience.

The location of Sac County is on the Great Divide, as the water-
shed between the Missouri and the Mississippi is called. It is in the
west northwestern part of Iowa, being the fourth county from the
northern line of the State, the sixth from the southern, the third
from the Missouri River, and the tenth from the Mississippi. Sac
City, the center of the government, and not far from the geograph-
ical center, is about fifty miles by wagon road west from Fort Dodge
and about eighty-five miles east from Sioux City.

Sac County's only railway communication with the busy world
outside is by means of branches of the Chicago & Northwestern
Railroad. These branches are the Maple River Railroad and the

HISTORY OF IOWA. 525

Sac City & Wall Lake Railroad. The former lias two stations in the
County — Odebolt and Wall Lake. The latter has, as yet, no other
stations than its termini — Sac City and Wall Lake, which are
twelve miles apart. Another station is now being put in which
will be better entitled to the latter name than the town which now
bears it, being situated on the shores of the Lake, while the pres-
ent station of Wall Lake is some four miles distant. It seems to
us that the present town will be obliged, in honor, to resign its name
in favor of the baby town not yet christened. Sac City is situated
twenty-eight and eight-tenths miles from Maple River Junction,
on the main line (Chicago & Council Bluffs) of the Chicago &
Northwestern Railway, and just thirty-three miles from Carroll,
the nearest town of any consequence in direct railway communica-
tion. Both these branches have been built within the past three
years, and a large part of the present.

[The additional station on the Sac City & Wall Lake Railroad
was eventually christened Fletcher. An account of it willj be
found in the proper place.]

" Sac County contains sixteen congressional townships, west of
the Des Moines River. It contains 369,640 acres, nearly all of
which is desirable land for either grain or stock farms, and the
lai-gerpart available for either or both combined. The larger part
of these lands are railway property and these can be purchased by
home-seekers, who will occupy them at once, on the most liberal
terms. Many of the private holders are also selling on nearly if
not quite as easy terms as the railway land company. And as to
the grasshopper and tornado bugbears, it is perfectly safe to say
that the farmers of Ohio and Indiana are as much annoyed by them,
and have as much prospect for annoyance from them, as the Sac
county grower of grain and stock. Sum up these advantages, and
the reader will readily see why the population has been rapidly on
the increase ever since the opening of railway communication.
Let those who have doubts give the county a visit and they will
hesitate no longer. Sac county has not eVen the drawback so
common to these fertile counties of Northwestern Iowa. What
this is, is too well understood by the early settlers who located in
Northwestern Iowa before there were railways to deliver coal at
every man's door. Many counties in this section had little or no
timber — Ida County, for instance, had less than a thousand acres
within its borders. Sac County had many thousands of acres of
oak, black walnut, hickory, ash, elm, maple, box alder, Cottonwood,
linn (basswood), and many other varieties native to the soil. The
Coon River, which traverses the east part of the county, lies buried
in woods for almost its entire course. Cordwood is delivered in
Sac City at from !?4 to 85 per cord according to quality. The tim-
ber culture laws of the State — relieving land from tax for ten years
in consideration of the culture of a certain portion of forest trees
— have also caused so extensive a growth of forest that there is

626 HISTORY OF IOWA.

probably more timber now in the county than before the first axe
was struck on the banks of of the classic Coon.

" The early settlers of Sac, though they had the advantage of
being able to try fruit-raising under the protection of a consider-
able belt of timber, had small faith in the county as adapted to the
growth of fruits. Consequently it was not until some ten or
twelve years after the settlement of the county began that any at-
tention was given to this important branch of the industries of the
county. When proper attention was given to the matter, it was
speedily demonstrated that Sac County was well fitted for fruit
growing, and there are now many orchards, vineyards and fruit
gardens dotting the fair surface of Sac-shire. Apples, grapes,
plums, cherries, strawberries, raspberries, blackberries, currants,
gooseberries, etc., grow rapidly and yield surely and abundantly,
and the quality is unsurpassed anywhere. We are informed that
pears are also successfully grown in parts of the county. In the
line of vegetables there is nothing usually grown in a temperate
climate which will nut grow here and that in extraordinary per-
fection. This section is the garden of Iowa, as Iowa is the Gar-
den State of the Union. The dry, pure air of our unexcelled
climate gives to trees and plants a healthy growth, and the fruits
and vegetables are solid and delicately flavored and tinted, as far
excelling the coarse flavor and blowzy coloring given to the same
fruits by the hot and humid air of California and Oregon as the
apple excels the pumpkin. You say the California fruit is larger
than ours! Oh, w^ell, the pumpkin is larger than the apple; but
the pumpkin requires a good deal of cooking and spicing before it
is eatable, and if you get a California apple you had better use that
for cooking also. But our northern Iowa apples are of medium
size, of the finest flavor and will keep longer than any apple grown
in a w^arm climate. Therefore the Iowa apple is in the near future
the apple of commerce, and it is not unlikely that the principal fu-
ture industry of Iowa, may be fruit-f rowing. Apples are not the
only fruit which the Iowa soil and climate give a finer flavor than
elsewhere. Nowhere does the Concord grape come to such per-
fection as in Iowa. And although our fruits and vegetables do
not rival those of the Pacific coast in size, they are unsurpassed even
in that minor particular by those of any other section in the Mis-
sissippi Valley or any section on the Atlantic slope.

'' The first settlement was made by Otho Williams, who came
from Michigan in the autumn of 1854. with his family, and took up
a claim in the timber near Grant City, in the southeastern part of
the county. He and his family were the first Avhite inhabitants
of Sac county, but during the two succeeding years quite a num-
ber of settlers made their homes either in the same neighborhood
or in the vicinity of Sac City, and Otho Williams, at the end of
about two years, complained that ' folks are gittin' too thick
'round yer.' and he and his family ' folded their tent like the

HISTORY OF IOWA. 527

Arab, and silently stole away.' In other words, thej sold their
claim and disappeared in the direction of the setting sun. No one
knows where they went. If they still live and preserve their
aversion to near neighbors, they must be somewhere in the Rocky
Mountain region. In the spring of 1855, Leonard Austin, F. M.
Cory, Wm. Wine and David Metcalf, with their families, VV. M.
Montgomery, with his mother and sister, and S. W. Wagoner and
Henry A. Evans, single men, took up claims in the county. On
the 5th of August Eugene Criss and family arrived in the county,
and located near Sac City. A few days later William H. Hobbs
located in the same neighborhood. During the fall the popula-
tion of Sac County was augmented by the arrival and settlement
of John Condron, Joseph Lane, Joseph Williams and S. L. Watt,
with their respective families. This, so far as we can learn, is a
complete list of the population of the county up to the close of
1855.

" In the spring of 1858, the settlers in Congressional townships
87, 88 and 89, in range 36, now forming the townships of Wall
Lake, Jackson and Delaware, thought that there was good reason
to fear that all vacant land in those townships would be bid in by
speculators at the annual land sale at Sioux City, thus preventing
its immediate settlement. Nearly all the settlers, though not
ready at that time to buy, wanted some uf this land for their own
use. They therefore met together and arranged matters, and
when the day of sale came, the room in which the sale was held
was packed full of settlers, and no others could make their way in.
No bids were made, and the land was thus kept open for pre-
emption.

'' The first mill in the county was built by Wm. Lane, on the
Coon River, near Grant City, late in the fall of 1856. That win-
ter was so very severe that it has ever since been known as the
' hard winter,' but nevertheless, corn was hauled to the mill from
Sac City and vicinity on hand-sleds. Many families ground their
own corn in coffee mills. Provisions, flour, 'etc., were generally
brought from Des Moines.

" In 1856, Sac County, which had previously been attached to
Greene County for all administrative purposes, was granted a
separate jurisdiction. S. L. Watt was the first County Judge — and
the County Judge of those days was an autocrat, performing the
functions of the present Board of Supervisors and County Auditor,
and also, in part, those of the Judge of the Circuit Court. H. C.
Crawford was first County Clerk, and P. M. (^ory was first Treas-
urer and Recorder."

528 HISTORY OF IOWA.

SAC CITY.

The population of Sac City is now estimated to be 800. The
place is one of the most flourishing in this section of Iowa.

The present town officers are: Mayor, John Alexander; Re-
corder, Charles L. Early; Trustees. R.H. Lamoreux, Phil. Schaller,
P. H. Hankins, N. B. Flack, Jos. H. James.

In 1856 Sac City was laid out on land belonging to Hon.
Eugene Criss, and was selected as the seat of government for the
county. It is situated on the Coon River, about five or six miles
northeast of the center of the county. The business part of town
lies on level ground, on the first rise from the bottom lands along
the river, while the residences are principally on higher ground,
overlooking the business streets.

The townsite is handsome and picturesque. In fact, it would
be difficult to find in our prairie country a more beautiful location
for a town. The Coon River, lined by a narrow strip of bottom
land, half encircles the town. Native forest trees are scattered
over the whole town site, so that even the later comers may have
enough shade around their homes to take away the disagreeable
bareness usually belonging to anew residence in a prairie country.
It would be difficult for even the most fastidious to find fault with
the appearance of Sac City, taking its age and size into considera-
tion.

Sac City was incorporated in 1865, and Judge Criss, the founder
of the town, was, quite appropriately, its first Mayor. The town
is, in every respect, in a prosperous condition — growing rapidly
and gaining every season in handsome and permanent buildings,
and last, though not least, it is out of debt and has money in its
treasury.

Judge Criss built the first house in Sac City. It was a log house
and was built in 1855 and is still standing.

The Sac City Creamery was established in 1879. It was formerly
situated one and one-half miles from town. The proprietor, G.
M. Parker, has subsequently built a fine brick building 24x40
feet, with ice-house 20x32 feet, steam power engine and Avash-
room ltjx30 feet, erected in 1882. The creamery is to be supplied
with all the modern improved machinery. The cost of construc-
tion was about 15,000. It is to be run on the cream-gathering
plan. The new creamery is to be known in future as the Pearl
Creamery, and will begin operations in April, 1882.

The classification of business in Sac City is as follows: General
stores, three; groceries, three; dry goods, one; boots and shoes, one;
clothing, one; fancy goods, one; millinery, three; hardware, two;
drugs, three; meat markets, two; blacksmiths, three; wagon-
makers, two; banks, two; furniture, two; photograph gallery, one;
restaurant, one; hotels, two; physicians, four; attorneys, four;

HISTORY OF IOWA,

529

harness, two; livery, two; shoemakers, two; tailor, one; lumber
and coal, two; elevators, three; cigar factory, one; mattress factory,
one; stock dealers, three; saloons, four; iron foundry, one.

The Court House is 8-1x56 feet, solidly and handsomely built in
brick, with limestone foundations and is one of the best county
buildings in the northwest. It cost ^30.000. The first floor is
ritted up for the county officers, with vaults for the county records,
etc. The upper story has the court-room, jury-rooms, etc. With
the court-room fitted up for a session of court there are about 4:00
sittings, but in use as a hall for lectures or political speaking, there
is sitting room tor 600 people. 'The basement is only partly in
use. One room is fitted up with floor, stove, chairs, tables, etc.,
and is in use as a jail. A cage of boiler iron, containing two cells,
fills about half the room and makes the jail a pretty secure one.

On Coon River, adjoining the town, and only a c^uarter of a
mile from the Court House, are the City Mills, the property of Hon.
Eugene Criss. The mills have three run of stone (including one
for the manufacture of patent flour), and are run by water power.
Judge Criss, in 1857, built a steam saw mill, and in 1862 dammed
the Coon and used the Avater-power for his sawmill. The building
of_railroads, and the consequent cheap transportation of pine lumber,
made the sawmill no longer a necessity, and in 1872 the conversion
of the Sac City Mill into a flouring mill was completed and in Decem-
ber of that year the first ''grists" were ground. Since that time
it has been the leading mill, and one of the most important institu-
tions of Sac County, as well as a source of profit to its proprietor.

Sac City has a very pleasantly situated cemetery, just at the
north edge of town, and on the bank of the Coon River, but about
ten feet above high water mark. It has quite a number of native
oak trees, and some of the burial lots have had considerable care
bestowed upon them.

Sac City, has but one newspaper, and has been able to give it a
fair living support. As a rule, it is the fault of the community if
the local newspaper is a poor one. Give it a better patronage and
it will be improved. It takes money to make any kind of business
"go." The Sac Sun was first issued July 11th, 1871, as a seven-
column folio, and was enlarged July 1st, 1878, to an eight-column
folio, its present size. It is, and always has been. Republican in
politics. Always among the handsomest papers in the State,
typographically the Sun has also been always carefully edited
and with special attention to those matters which are the life of a
country newspaper. Mr. James N. Miller has been the editor and
the publisher during its whole existence, and the Sun itself is the
best evidence of his qualifications for that position.

Sac City had two newspapers for about six weeks near the close
of the year 1877. Kelly & Yarham issued the first number of
the lieporfer at Sac City on the 22d of Octol)er of that year, but
removed it to Odebolt on the 6th of December.

630 HISTORY OF IOWA.

CHURCHES, SCHOOLS AND SOCIETIES.

M. E. Church Sociefij.— The M. E. Church of Sac City was
the first church building erected in the town. It was built in
1873, and is a frame structure 30x50 feet. The building is located
on the corner of Ninth and Main streets, and cost $3,000. The
present pastor is Rev. Robert Smylie. The Society has a mem-
bership of sixty. There is a Sabbath School in connection, with
an average attendance of fifty pupils . A. D. Peck is Superin-
tendent, J. L. Comstoek Assistant Superintendent, Mrs. C. L.
Lane, Treasurer, and Miss Winnie Lane Secretary.

The Preshi/terian Church Society. — The Presbyterian Society
of Sac City was organized in 1875. The present ofiicers are J. N.
Miller, H. M. Conner, Elders; J. T. Bushnell Avas the first pastor,
then came Rev. Baxter. A. S. Foster is the present incumbent.
The church has a membership of thirty-three. There is also a
Sabbath School with an average attendance of fifty pupils. J. N.
Miller is Superintendent. The church has an elegant brick church
building, erected in 1875, and dedicated the following year. It is
34x56 feet on the ground,and contains about 300 sittings.

Sac City Lodge No. 323, I. 0. 0. i^.— Instituted November 5th,
1878. The charter members were V. M. Crummett, H. W. Cran-
dall, G.'N. Pratt, W. H. Hobbs, J. H. Thomas, John Dobson. H.
W. Mix, C. Wadell, D. Sargent, D. F. Clifford, M. Peyton. First
officers: M. Peyton, N. Gr.; D. Sargent, Secretary; D. F. Gifford,
V. G.; W. H. Ilobbs, Treasurer. Present officers: D. F. Gifford,
N. G.; Martin Glass, V. G.; J. Koder, Secretary; M. Peyton,
Treasurer. This lodge has a membership of thirty and meets ev-
ery Thursday evening in Masonic Hall. The Lodge is in a flour-
ishing condition.

Occidental Lodge u4. F. tf A. M. — Instituted August, 1865; char-
ter granted June, 1866. Charter members: D. C. Early, J. Wil-
liams, W. V.'Lagourgue, G. H. Wright, J. W. Fiberghien, T. M.
Cory. First officers: D. C. Early, W. M.; J. Williams, S. W.;
G. H. Wright, J. W.; W. V. Lagourgue, Treasurer; F. M. Cory,
Secretary. Present ofiicers: P. Schaller, W. M.; C. E. Lane, S.
W.; J. H. Thomas, J. W.; W. M. Allen, Treasurer; C. E. Read,
Secretary. Present membership, seventy-two. The Lodge meets
the Saturday night on or before each full moon, in their hall.

Bose Croix Commandery No. 38., K. T. — Was instituted Dec,
1881. The charter members were: D. C. Eai-ly, P. H. Hawkins,
E. R. Duffie, W. H. Hobbs, M. Childs, B. W. Trout, R. T. Shearer,
M. M. Gray,H. S. Briggs and Sidney Smith. First officers: D.
C. Early, E. C; E. R. Duffie, Glo.;'R. T. Shearer, C. G. The
present officers are: D. C. Early, E. C: Phil. Schaller. Glo.; Levi
Davis, C. G.; W. H. Hobbs, S. W.; M. Childs, J. W.; Sidney
Smith, Secretary; C. L. Early, Treasurer. The present member-
ship is thirty. Th.is society meets the second Tuesday in each
month. It is in a flourishing condition.

HISTOKY OF IOWA. 531

Darius Chapter No. 50, Ji. A. M. — Was instituted February
1st, 1871. The charter members were: Wm. McKay, W. H.
Hobbs, E. R. Duffie,E. R. Chase, S. S. Armstrong, J. Orr, and
Oliver Birt. First officers: E. R. Chase, H. P.; J.E. Armstrong,
K.; E. R. Duffie, S. The present officers are: Levi Davis, H.
P.; D. C. Early, K.; J.E. Armstrong, S.; R. H. Lamoreux, Treas-
urer; Sidney Smith Secretury. Present membership, seventy.
The Lodge meets on the Monday evening on or before the full
moon in each month.

Sac Collegium, V. A. S., Xo. 75.— Instituted August 21st, 1881.
First officers: A. D. Peck, Rector; Geo. Schaller, Scribe. Pres-
ent officers: A. D. Peck, Rector; Frank C. Knights, Scribe. The
membership is twenty-one. Meet the first Friday in each month.

Sac City Public School. — Sac City became an independent school
district in April, 1876. The first school house was built in 1855.
The present teachers are: D.J. McDaid, Principal; Mrs. G. M.
Parker, Miss Lizzie Baxter, Assistants. Present school board: A.
D. Peck, President; D. C. Early, E. Criss, Phil. Schaller, W. H.
Hobbs, Directors; C. E. Lane, Secretary; R. H. Lamoreux, Treas-
urer. The first officers were: B. W." Trout, Levi Davis, H. Bax-
ter. The public school building in Sac City is a fine brick edifice,
with a stone foundation, built in 1871 at a cost of $14,000. It
contains three rooms, the whole upper story being devoted to the
high school department, while the intermediate and primary de-
partments are accommodated on the first floor. The building is
well built and handsomely furnished, and is well ventilated, com-
fortable and more than ordinarily well lighted. The schools are
in the best order, well disciplined and progressing most satisfacto-
rily in the various branches of study.

ODEBOLT.

This town is situated in the western part of Sac County on a
branch of the Chicago & Northwestern Railway. It Avas laid out
by the Blair Town Lot and Land Company in 1877. M. H. Hen-
ipen is not only the first business man of Odebolt, but is one of
the earliest settlers, having been engaged in selling supplies to the
laborers before the town was laid out or the railroad completed.
The first house erected in the town was built by W. Van Duesen,
and served both as a store and dwelling. He was soon followed
by Geo, McKibbin, and James Ross. The railroad was completed
to this town in 1877. The first regular train reached this point
November 19th, 1877.

H, T. Martin is among the early settlers of Odebolt. He or-
ganized the first Sabljath School in" December, 1877, and was the
first commissioned Notary Public in the place.

The depot was built in 1877. J. T. Martin was appointed the first
depot agent, and Miss Emma Martin was first telegraph operator.

532 HISTORY OF IOWA.

The town o£ Odebolt was incorporated in March, 1879, James
Ross behig the first Mayor, and J. M. Zane, Recorder; J, Flanders,
J. Ketterer, E. Geist, C. Dalbkymer, C. B. Hatfield, and J. Bowles
served as Councilmen. James Ross still holds the position of
Mayor, W. V. Sindt, Recorder; J. Flanders, J. Ketterer, E. Geist,
H. Rheberger, J. W. Fairbanks and C, S. Lee, are the present
Councilmen.

The population of Odebolt is now estimated at 1,200 souls.

The Odebolt Reporter was started in Sac Gity in 1877, by W.
W. Yarliam, and was moved to Odebolt the same year. Frank
Kelley purchased the paper from Yarham. It was afterwards
bought by Taylor & Mann, and still later was purchased by A. J.
Mann. G. A. Kikok afterwards purchased the paper and sold it to
F. L. Dennis in April, 1881. This paper is republican in politics,
is an eight-column quarto, and has a circulation of 600.

The Odebolt Observer is a neat six-column quarto weekly paper.
It was started in July, 1880, by Martin & Bennett. Bennett soon
bought Martin's interest, and is now the sole proprietor. This
paper is Democratic, and has a circulation of 500 copies.

The Central Western Iowa District Fair Association. — This
comprises the counties of Sac. Ida and Crawford, and was organ-
ized August 1st, 1881, with W. W. Field as President, P. Cov, W.
Van Duesen. H. C. Wheeler, A. D. Peck, I. S. Bailey, E. P.
Masser; E. A. Bennett and S. Peterson as Vice-Presidents; F. L.
Dennis, Secretary; W. J. Summerville, Treasurer. This society
owns twenty-five acres of land, situated one-half mile northeast of
the town, and will hold their first fair in the fall of 1882.

Odebolt Fire Company. — The Hook and Ladder Company was
organized in the spring of 1880, and consists of forty members, all
uniformed. J. Mattes, Foreman; E.E. Hamlin, Secretary; W. V.
Sindt, Treasurer; Dave W. Flack, Assistant Foreman.

Odebolt boasts of a flax mill which was established in 1880 by
Winslow & Son. This is a large frame building with steam power.
John Dement is the present proprietor.

Odebolt has the finest public hall in Sac County. It was
erected in 1881, by John Wright. It is a brick structure, 50x90
feet with five hundred sitiings.

The business of Odebolt may be classified as follows: Seven
general stores, three groceries, two harness shops, two hardware
stores, three drug stores, two jewelry stores, two furniture stores,
three restaurants, two banks, three hotels, three elevators, three
lumber yards, four agricultural implement dealers, three livery
stables, four blacksmith shops, two wagon shops, three millinery
stores, three barber shops, two meat markets, one photograph gal-
lery, two printing offices, one ready-made clothing house, one ex-
clusive dry goods store, three saloons, postoffice.

HISTORY OF IOWA. 533

CHURCHES, SCHOOLS AND SOCIITIES.

Methodist Episcopal Church Society. — Was organized in 1877.
This society organized with only three or four members. Kev. Mr.
Fans, acting as first pastor, was succeeded by Rev. W. W. Brown,
he by Rev. D. M. Beams, he by Rev. R. S. Fysh. The present in-
cumbent is Rev. William Preston. This society now has a mem-
bership of thirty-two. It has a Sabbath School with an average
attendance of seventy pupils. R. M. McDowell is Superintendent.
The society has no church building but holds services in the Ma-
sonic Hall. The present officers are: E. Geist, A. B. Smith, M.
D. Fox, J. Bowker, J. W. Savage, Trustees; J. L. Brown and E.
Geist, Stewards. There is a parsonage which Avas erected in 1877
at a cost of |450, and a lot upon which is contemplated the erec-
tion of a church building this year.

The Catholic Church Societi/.—Was organized in the spring of
1879, by Rev. Father Pape. The first ofiicers were: M. B. Lynch,
Treasurer; J. Conradi, L. Suntz, J. Miller committee. The
Rev. Father Norton is the present pastor. The present officers
are H. J . Muxen, Secretary and Treasurer; H. Wester and N.
Thies, committee. The society now numbers about fifty
families. Thev have a fine frame building 40x60 feet erected in
1879, at a cost"'of ^1,300. This was the first church building in
Odebolt.

Preshyterian Church Society. — Was organized in' 1879, by Rev.
Fullenweider. The first and present officers are: John Bruce,
James Taylor, C. W. Sutton, G. W. McKibbon, W. Van Duesen,
Trustees, and W. Matthews and W. Simpson, Elders. _ Rev. Fullen-
weider was succeeded by Wra. Porter, he by Rev. Gilkerson. S.
N. Vail is the present incumbent. This society numbers sixty.
There is in connection a Sabbath School with an average attend-
ance of sixty pupils, with C. W. Sutton as Superintendent. There
is also a good, substantial frame structure 30x50 feet, with 250
sittings, which was dedicated in May, 1881. The cost of building
was $3,300.

Odebolt Public School. — This school became an independent dis-
trict in April, 1880. The first school taught in Odebolt was
taught bv Jacob' Gable. The first school board consisted of W.
W. Stanfield, Z. G. Sparkes, H. Hansen, J. Flanders- and J.
Ketterer, Trustees; Wm. Graham, Secretary; J. T. Martin, Treas-
urer. The present officers are the same, except in place of J.
Ketterer, who has been succeeded by John Wilson. Mr. Taggert
is the Treasurer at present. C. Mesler is the Principal of the
school, and Anna Beekman and Mrs. Emma Gill, assistants. The
enrollment is 220 pupils, with an average attendance of 150. They
have a neat frame building containing three rooms, which was
erected in 1880 at a cost of |3,000.

Wheeler Lodge No. 808, A. F. d^ A. il/.— Instituted October,
1879, and worked under dispensation until June, 1880, when their

534 HISTORY OF IOWA.

charter was received. The charter members and first officers were:
J. M. Zane, W. M.; W. A. Helsell, S. W.; H. T. Martin, J. W.;
Frank Burleigh, Treasurer; F. A. Cobb, Secretary. H. C. Wheeler, '
W. W. Field, Geo. Belt, and Mr. Douglas were among the charter
members. The present officers are: E. P. Messer, W. M.: W. A.
Helsell, S. W.; J. M. Zane, J. W.; C. W. Sutton, S. D.; E. Geist,
J. D.; Wm. Graham, Secretary; Frank Burleigh, Treasurer. The
society has a membership of thirty, and is in a flourishing con-
dition. This society meet once each month in their hall.

Harmomj Collegium No. 5, V. A. S. — Was instituted Decem-
ber 3d, 1881. The charter members were: F. L. Dennis, Aaron
Young, A. G. Errenborn, C. D. Boardman, W. E. Mill, C. A.
Stoops, D. A. Watterman, C. R. Dingman, J. A.' Gibson, H. B.
Preston, J. H. Wagner, H. F.Wanneke, Irwin Austin, W. Jacob,
E. Schmidt, H. Anderson, L. Halboth, Ge(^rge Halboth, A. B.
Cooley. The first and present officers are: F. L.Dennis, Rector;
Aaron Young, Vice-Rector; A. G. Errenborn, Scribe; C. D.
Boardman, Questor; W. E. Mill, Usher; C. A. Stoops, Speculator;
D. A. Watterman, C. R. Dingman and J. A. Gibson, Curators. The
society has about twenty-five members, and holds meetings once
each month.

OdeboH Lodge, A. 0. U. W., No. 217.— Instituted May 25th,
1880. The first officers were: J. W. Dubbs, P. M. W.; J. W.
Burnside, M. W^.; C. S. Lee, Foreman; W. Van Duesen, Recorder;
C. B. Francisco, Financier; H. Hansen, Receiver; T. M. Keever,
Guide; J. E. Emspohr, 0. W.; A. E.Matthews, J. W.; A. Groman,
and C. D. Boardman, Medical Examiners. The present officers
are: W. Van Duesen, M. W.; F. L. Dennis, Foreman; Ed. Colvin,
Overseer; G. M. Tagget, Recorder; CD. Boardman, P. M. W.; J.j
Mattes, Guide; C. H. Babcoek, Receiver: L. Olney, 0. W.; C. B.i
Francisco, Financier. There is a membership of about forty, and
the Lodge meets once in two weeks.

WALL LAKE.

Wall Lake is situated in Sac County, on the Maple River Rail-
road, seventeen miles from the Junction. This town is three
miles south of the Lake. It is situated on a beautiful plateau,
which slopes gently from the summit of the surrounding hills,
which, form a part of the great watershed that passes entirely
through the state. To the south and Avest is a beautiful sheet of
water, containing a surface area of three square miles. This in-
land sea is frequently termed the ''goose pond.'"

The town of Wall Lake was laid out and platted by the Blair
Town Lot and Land Company in 1877. The town plat consists of
two additions containing 300 lots. Perhaps it would be of inter-
est to our readers to relate a coincidence between Storm Lake
and Wall Lake. The first lot in Storm Lake was sold the same

HISTORY OF IOWA. 535

day of the month, the same hour in the day and for the same
money, as was the first lot in Wall Lake just seven years after-
wards.

Wall Lake is surrounded with a splendid farming country. The
soil is a rich black loam. Splendid water can be easily obtained.
The population of Wall Lake may be fairly estimated at 400. Ar-
rangements are now being made to erect a large steam grist mill
in this town, which will add much to its interests.

April 1st, 187-7, Mr. Donaldson erected the first building for the
purpose of a saloon, the building material being brought across the
country from Storm Lake. The next actual settler was 0. A. An-
derson, who came April 15th, 1877. Mr. Peck completed his res-
idence July 2d, 1877. P. A. Elpstrand opened a boot and shoe
shop, July 7th, 1877. F. Rohm, of Alta, opened the first black-
smith shop. The first religious services held in AVall Lake were
held at the residence of Mr. Palmer, on Sunday evening, August
15th, 1877, by Rev. W. P Griffin. On the 20th of July work was
begun on the depot, which was completed August 15th, 1S77. The
first lot was sold to D. Wayne & Co., cf Carroll, who erected a fine
warehouse and purchased the first load of wheat sold at Wall Lake
of a Mr. North, at 75 cents per bushel, September 10th, 1877.
Wayne & Co. shipped the first car load of wheat. The first lum-
ber yard w^as started by Wilcox Bros., in August, 1877. Septem-
ber 19th, 1877, G. M. Parker received and sold the first goods in
Wall Lake. August 7th, 1877, the first child was born in AVall
Lake to Mrs. 0. A. Anderson. April 2d, 1878, the first death oc-
curred in the family of C. E. Wentworth. April 21st, 1878, a de-
structive tornado passed through the city and vicinity. Seven
buildings near, and two in the-town were entirely destroyed, eight
more being considerably damaged. The amount of damage done
was -S30,000.

The first telephone was constructed February 11th. 1S7S, between
J. C. Fletchers and C. E. Wentworth's places of business. Fil-
lers and Wentworth did the scientific part of the worlv.

Wall Lake was incorporated in March, 1881. A. D. Herrig was
elected first Mayor, W. L. Ehlers, Recorder; D. M. Biiigman, Geo.
Burgan, F. E. Cheney, H. Mohr, H. J. Simpson and T. E. Wilcox
served as Trustees. These are the present municipal council.

The Wall Lake Journal, a neat, seven- column folio weekly
paper, was started August 29th, 1878, by F. L. Dennis, as a six-col-
umn quarto. Cook & Gregg purchased the jiaper April 1st, 1881,
and ran it as a five-column quarto. T. J. Newburg took charge,
October 1st, 1881. J. L. Kroesen, the present editor and propri-
etor, purchased the paper December 1st, 1881. Mr. Kroesen
runs a neat job office in connection with his paper, which is Re-
publican in politics and has a circulation of 600.

The business of Wall Lake may be classified as follows: General
stores, three; hardware, two; restaurants three; hotels, two;

536 HISTORY OF IOWA.

lumber yards, two; agricultural implements, four; livery stable,
one; harness shops, one; elevato?-, one; grain dealers, three; sa-
loons, three; furniture store, one; shoe shop, one; millinery
stores, two; bank, one; barber shop, one; post-office; drug
store, oje; meat market, one; blacksmith shops, three; wagon
shops, two; printing office, one.

CHURCHES, SCHOOLS AND SOCIETIES.

There are several different religious sects represented in Wall
Lake, but there is no regularly organized society. Steps are being
taken to organize a soci(!ty soon. A building for public worship
is in contemplation.

Wall Lake Public School. — Wall Lake is an independent school
district and has been so for several years. The school building is
a neat, frame structure, erected in the summer of 1879. It is 22x
36 feet and cost ^750. This building is insufficient to accommo-
date the large attendance of pupils, and the Masonic Lodge room
is used for one department. Emma M. Flanders and AUie Bor-
der are the teachers.

Lake Lodge, No. 390., A. F. <£■ A. M. — Dispensation granted
June 4th, 1878. Charter granted June ith, 1879. The charter
members were C. N. Levey, H. B. Allen, D. M. Bingman, L. J.
Gilford, F. W. Weed, A. 1). Herrig, B. E. Allen, C. M. Smith, W.
D. Forbes and Wm. Throssel. The Lodge's first officers were C.
N. Levey, W. M.; H. B. Allen, S. W.; D. M. Bingman, J. W.;
A. D. Herrig, Secretary, and B. E. Allen, Treasurer. The
present officers of the Lodge are: C. N. Levey, W. M.; W. L. Eh-
lers, S. W.; H. B. Allen, J. W.; P. L, Edson, Secretary, and T. E.
Wilcox, Treasurer. This Lodge has a membership of thirty-two
and is in a flourishing condition. Meetings are held every 'Wed
nesday evening on or before each full moon.

Fire Dejjartmcnt. — The Wall Lake Hook and Ladder Company
was organized September 25th, 1878. It has erected "a large en-
gine house and purchased uniforms at a cost of ^700. Wall Lake
is as Avell protected from the fire fiend as any other town in Wes-
tern Iowa.

FLETCHER.

The first settlement in Fletcher was made by Robert Throssel
and son, in the spring of 1867. They were followed by Joseph
Parkinson, Noah Borah, Wm. Johnston, Thomas Waddicor, and
Geo. Trainer, who settled on the east and south of the lake.
W. A. Robinson came in the year 1869, and settled on a farm three
miles from the present town site. This town was laid out by J.
C. Fletcher, in 1880. The town was named after him. The first
house on the town site Avas moved from Wall Lake by W. H.
Robinson in the fall of 1880. J. C. Fletcher and Harry Seevers

HISTORY OF IOWA, 537

opened the first store in Fletcher. Then followed C. E. Gard and
A. J. Thompson. W. H. Robinson erected the first elevator in
1881. J. P. Therkleson opened a hardware store in 1881.

The town of Fletcher is situated in Wall Lake Township, Sec-
tion 33, and is located on the west side of Wall Lake. This beau-
tiful, placid sheet of water is aboutgthree miles in length, and one-
fourth of a mile in width. It is said to have derived its name
from the fact that the surrounding country is much lower than
the surface of the Lake, which is surrounded by a wall of earth
and gravel about four feet above the surface of the water. This
Lake, in its onward course, does not extend in a direct line, but in
such a manner as to form a kind of a horse-shoe shape. The
water is as clear as crystal, and abounds in fish of different kinds,
and is a most beautiful sight to behold. This location Avill, in no
far distant future, become a beautiful summer resort.

The railroad was completed to this point in the fall of 1879.
The depot was erected in the fall of 1880.

The first hotel was opened by W. H. Robinson in 1880, and was
known as the Lake House. The first lumber yard was opened by
H. L. Briggs. The first postmaster was W. A, Robinson, who was
appointed in December, 1880. He is also the present postmaster.

The population of the town is now estimated at 300. This town
contains: Three general stores, two hardware, one furniture, one
lumber yard, one meat market, one hotel, two saloons, one barber,
two elevators, two agricultural implement warehouses, two black-
smith shops, one wagon shop, one livery stable, one drug store,
one boot and shoe store, one restaurant.

There is no regular organized religious sect in this place. The
Baptists hold meetings every Sabbath; W. N. McKendrick serves
in the capacity of pastor. This society contemplate building a
church this spring, when it is hoped they will have a regular or-
ganization.

Fletcher School. — A school of twenty-four pupils, with Miss
Anna Searle as teacher, is held in Fletcher. There is no school
building.

53S HISTORY OF IOWA.

SAC COUNTY BIOGRAPHIES.

SAC CITY,

William Allen was born iu Richmond, Va., in 1822; moved to
McHenry county, 111., in 1844, and enojaged in blacksmithing. He
went to California in 1849, and remained seventeen years. Three
years of the time he was engaged in mining, and the remainder on
a ranch. The steamboat landing in Tehama county, Cal., on the
Sacramento river, known as Allen's Landing, was named after Mr
A., for the reason of his owning the land and a large wood-yard
there. In 1868 he sold out and moved to Chicago^ 111., and en-
gaged in business; removed to Fort Dodge, la., and was engaged
in the mercantile business there for three years; then came to Sac
City, and engaged in the same business, which he sold to George
Parker in 1876. He owns considerable country and town proper-
ty, and has retired from active business.

Thomas Alexander, farmer, was born in Coshocton count3% 0.,
in 1827; moved to Sac count3% la., in 1861, and purchased land
one mile north of Sac City. He has one of the finest farms in the
county. He owns 314 acres of well improved land, a fine bearing
orchard of about three acres, and fifty acres of good timber.

E. F. Baxter, station agent and conductor, was born at Sidney
Plain, N. Y., in 1833; moved to Rockford, 111., in 1851 and en-
gaged in mercantile business. In 1861 he moved to Wheatland,
la.; thence to Marshalltown, iu 1874, and in September, 1879,
came to Sac City and took charge of the depot. He makes two
trips a day as conductor, and during his absence the depot is in
charge of Frank L. Stayner, operator. Mr. Baxter is agent for
the American express company.

A. T. Benton, M. D., was born in Johnson county, Indiana, in
1847: moved to Dallas county, Iowa, in 1852. He attended the
Adel High School several years; entered the College of Physicians
and Surgeons, at Keokuk in 1867 and graduated in 1869. He then
engaged in practice at Adel, where he remained until July, 1871,
then came to Sac City. Office at his residence, on the south side
of public square.

Hon. Eugene Criss. farmer, sloek-raiser, and pioprietor of the
City Mills, was born iu Preston county. West Virginia, in 1822;
removed to Davis county, Illinois, in 1840; thence to Sac county,
Iowa, in 1854, locating on Coon river, where the present towii of
Sac City was shortly afterwards platted by Wagner Bros., Ev-
ans and himself. Mr. Criss built the first dwelling house
in the town, which at that early day was considered a fine
structure. The lumber for frames and the doors and win-
dows was hauled from Dubuque, with ox teams, and

HISTORY OF IOWA. 539

this was for several 3^ears a tavern and stopping place
for freighters and travelers. He began the erection of the City
vSaw Mills in 1866, which w^ere not completed until eight years af-
ter, and during that time cut a race twenty-eight feet deep and two
hundred feet in length, which gave a fall of nine feet. In 1872 he
built the flouring mill, which is a three-story building and fit-
ted with the best of machiner}-. He owns one thousand acres of
land adjoining town, and feeds about six car-loads of cattle every
winter. He owns an elevator and deals in grain in partnership
with Mr. Hanger, who has charge of the business. Mr. Criss was
county judge for several years and representative in the State
legislature.

Childs Brothers, dealers in dry goods, groceries, hats, caps and
furnishing goods, came from Fort Dodge, la., where they had
been engaged in business for ten years, and established their pres-
ent business in Nov., 1879, in Bank block. They carry a large
and complete stock.

J. L. Criss, merchant, was born in AVis., in 1846; came with
parents to Sac City, la., in 1856. He engaged in business at Grant
City, remained one year, then moved to this city. He has a fine
store, and carries a full stock of dry goods, groceries, boots, shoes,
etc. He employs three clerks and does an extensive business. He
has a branch store at Early, la., which is managed by F. Rodda.

Levi Davis, cashier of the Sac county bank, was born at New-
castle, Ind., in 1841; moved with parents to Solon, la., in Septem-
ber, 1855. He received a diploma from the State Normal School,
of Iowa City, and in August of the same year moved to Sac City,
where he taught school two years. He went to Marshalltown in 1865
and was principal of the schools there for a year, then was elected
county superintendent of schools, which office he held two years
in Marshall county. He came back to Sac City and taught in the
city schools for two years; was elected clerk of the courts in 1870
and county recorder in 1872. He was admitted to the practice of
law in 1870, at a session of the Sioux Rapids district court. Judge
H. Ford presiding. He went to California in 1874 and was for
one year principal of the schools at Martinez; returned to Sac
county and became cashier of the Sac County Bank, of which he
is one of the stockholders.

R. H. Derby, carpenter, contractor and cabinet maker, was born
in Wyoming county, N. Y., in 1853, where he remained until
1873, then moved with his father to Sac City, Iowa, where they
engaged in mercantile business. They sold business and together
engaged in present business.

Hon. Ed. R. Duffie is a native of Copenhagen, Lewis county,
New York, where he resided until he had come to year? of man-
hood, and where he began the study of law. In 1866 Mr. Duffie
was sent as agent for a citizen of New York to the State of Texas.

540 HISTORY OF IOWA.

His mission was to establish the validity of the grant of certain
lauds from the Republic of Texas to the aforesaid citizen of New
York. Mr. Duffie left Texas and went to St. Louis, where he
sought employment through an educational agency, and was
offered and accepted the principalship of the public school at
Andrew, Jackson county, Iowa. He came to Sac County in 1866,
and engaged in teaching. In the spring of 1867 he was admitted
to the bar. In the spring of 1868 he formed a partnership with
Hon. D. C. Early, and henceforth devoted himself to the practice
of his profession. In 1869 he was elected County Treasurer of
Sac County, and in the fall of 1872 was elected Representative in
the General Assembly. Mr. Duffie, in 1875, accepted the Repub-
lican nomination for District Judge, and was elected in the fall.
Was married in 1867, at Maquoketa, Jackson County, Iowa.

Hon. D. Carr Early, president of the Sac County Bank, was
born in Ohio, in 1830; removed to Sac City, la., in 1856, where at
that time there was but one building besides a log school house.
He pre-empted land on which he lived a short time to secure it.
He was elected deputy treasurer and recorder in 1857, and was re-
elected the three subsequent elections. He was afterwards electad
county judge, holding the office one term, the office then being
dispensed with. He established a real estate business when first
coming to the county, and did a general banking business several
years previous to connection with present bank. He still does a
land, loan and insurance business in connection with banking.
The bank was incorporated in 1876.

S. M. Elwood, of the firm of Davis & Elwood, attorneys at law,
was bora in Greensburg, Pa., in Sept., 1850; moved with parents
to Grinnell,Ia., where he attended the Iowa College. He graduated
from the Iowa City law school in the class of '73. He moved to
Sac City in the autumn of 1875, and engaged in practice with Capt.
Stanfield, now of Odebolt. He formed his present partnership in
1877. He attends strictly to trial business, and is considered one
of the most successful attorneys in the county. Mr. Davis attends
to the land, loan and insurance business of the firm.

N. B. Flack, recorder of Sac county, was born in N. Y. in 1841.
He enlisted Sept. 2d, 1862, at Lisbon, in the 142nd N. Y. Vol.;
was at the battle of Fort Fisher, and was subsequently wounded
in the leg. He was discharged June 16th, 1865, and returned to
N. Y. In Oct., 1866, he moved to Scott City, Mo., and engaged
in milling; remained four years,, then returned to N. Y, He then
came to Sac county, la., and purchased land which he improved
and still owns. In May, 1870, he came to Sac City and was em-
ployed by Piatt & Criss as book-keeper. He was elected recorder
in the fall of 1874, to fill a vacancy, and for the full term at the
next election on the republican ticket. He has been re-elected
each term since.

HISTORY OF IOWA 541

John M. Fox, hardware dealer, was born in France in 1836; came
to America in 1850. He learned the tinners' trade in N. Y. city, and
in 1862 moved to Waterloo, la.; thence to Winona, Minn., where he
worked at his trade two years, and after visitin^ N. Y., located at
Waverly, la., remaining there eight years. He came to Sac City
in 1871 and engaged in his present business. He carries a large
and complete stock of hardware and tinware. He is assisted in
his business by his sons, John and George.

E. F. Gilford, barber, was born in Erie county. Pa., in 1851;
came to la. in 1871, and located at Independence. He removed to
Carroll, and in July, 1872, came to Sac City and engaged in pres-
ent business. He owns the building, of which he occupies one-
half of the lower floor for a barber shop, renting the other half
for confectionery store. The upper story is fitted for photograph
gallery. Mr. GifFord employs a first-class barber and runs two
chairs.

D. F. Gilford, druggist, was born in Erie county. Pa., in 1832,
In Oct., 1851, he moved to Buchanan county, la., and engaged in
contracting and building, then furniture, then drug business. He
moved to Sac county in 1867, remaining one and one-half years,
then moved to Carroll, Carroll county, where he engaged in the
furniture and drug business, building the first business house in
the town. In 1871 he sold out and returned to Sac City, engaging
in carpentry until entering the drug business in July, 1879. His
store is on upper Main street. He carries a full stock of drugs,
paints, oils, stationery and toilet goods. He is agent for the
Chicago Singer sewing machine,

H. C. Graff, of the firm of Graff Bros. & Whipple, came to Sac
€ity in 1880 from Emerson, Mills county, la., where he was en-
gaged in the hardware business three years. In partnership with
D. W. Graff and A. A. W^hipple, he purchased the stock and busi-
ness of Terwilleger Bros., and engaged in his present business.
The business is conducted by H. C. Graff. They carry a full stock
oi hardware, tin and shelfware, stoves, etc., making specialties of
builders' hardware and barb wire. They are special agents for the
Olidden barbed wire, and also for Charter Oak stoves. They em-
ploy two tinners.

Charles D. Goldsmith, attorney at law, was born in Middletown,
Orange county, N, Y., in 1842; moved to Webster City, la., in
1869, and there finished the study of law, with Jacob Skinner,
and was admitted to practice the same year. In 1873 he moved to
Newell, Buena Vista county, where he practiced seven years. He
moved to Sac City in 1880, and opened an oSice in the Commercial
Bank building. He attends strictly to trial business.

P, H. Hankins and J. Y. Campfield, of the firm of P. H. Han-
kins & Co., dealers in lumber, coal, lime and agricultural imple-

642 HISTORY OF IOWA.

ments, established business in 1879, Their ofhce and yards are on
the west side of the railroad track, near the depot. They are agents
for the Grand Detour goods, McCormick and Champion reapers
and other leading manufactures.

A. H. Hendrickson, proprietor of the Hendrickson House, was
born in Oswego county, N. Y., in Jan., 1836; moved to McHenry
county, 111., in 1856, was engaged in the hotel business two years,
then in the stock business until 1868; then moved to Sac City, en-
gaged in mercantile business for two years; then engaged in the
hotel business for a time, after which he farmed for two years. In
Feb., 1875, he purchased the hotel which he now owns. He en-
larged the building in 1881 making it the largest hotel in the city.

Hon. AV. H. Hobbs, banker and insurance and real estate agent,
was born in New York City in 1837; moved with parents to New
Orleans; thence in 1852 to La Fayette county. Wis., where he was
employed by Judge Criss, as clerk. He moved to Sac City, la., in
1855, and pre-empted 160 acres of land and engaged in farming.
In 1858 he was elected clerk of the courts, which office he held
two terms. He was elected auditor in 1866^ which office he held
until 1871; then was elected county treasurer and held office for
three terms. He engaged in real estate business in 1873, with D.
C. Early, and in 1875, in partnership with Early & Davis, estab-
lished the Sac County bank. He takes charge of the laud and in-
surance business of the firm. He has a very fine residence in the
city and owns a half section of farm land three miles north of
town, and other city and country property.

D. Herrold and S. F. Lusher, of the firm of D. Herrold & Co.,
deal in groceries, queensware, provisions, etc. Their place of bus-
iness is on the corner of Main street and public square. The bus-
iness was established in 1875 by Mr. Lusher and the present firm
has existed since Nov., 1881, They do an extensive business and
intend extending their premises the coming season.

M. H. Herrold, merchant, was born in Athens county, 0., in
1811; moved with parents to La Porte county, Ind., in 1851. He
followed farming until 1861, then came to Sac City, la., and en-
gaged in present business. He carries a well selected stock of dry
goods, boots, shoes, furnishing goods and notions. He intends in
the near future to build a brick block, feeling the need of more
room for his rapidly increasing business.

Louis Hunefield, proprietor of blacksmith and plow works, was
born in the province of Lippe Detmold, Germany, in 1829; came
to the U. S. in 1819, and located at St. Louis, Mo., where he
worked at his trade one and one-half years, then moved to Dodge
county. Wis., where he worked at his trade nearly twenty-two
years. He came to Sac county in 1872, and engaged in farming
for a year and a half; then sold part of his farm, retaining eighty

HISTORY OF IOWA. 543

acres, and moved to Sac City. He was in the employ of Mr. Fish-
man for alDOut eight years, then purchased the business. He em-
ploys three men and does a large business .

Joseph H. James, harness dealer, was born in Iowa county,
Wis., in 1856, learned his trade at Mineral Point, and in Feb.,
1877, moved to Webster City, la. In June, 1879, he came to Sac
City and purchased the business and stock of Lewis Vanderworker;
has"^ since purchased building and lot. He employs three men and
carries a full stock of harness, saddles, robes, blankets, whips, etc.
In the spring of 1880 he established a branch shop at Newell,
Buena Vista county, which is the only one at that place.

Jones & Baxter, proprietors of the City livery, feed and sale
barn, established business in 1878. They own and occupy the
barn on the corner of Fifth and River Sts. Have stalls for forty-
five horses, keep twenty horses and twelve buggies and carriages
for livery purposes. This is the only livery barn in the city.

John Kessler, wagon maker, came to Sac City, la., from Kenosha,
Wis., in 1872, and established his present business. He occupies
a shop on the south side of the public square; manufactures
wagons and buggies and does a general repair business.^

F. H. Knights, of the firm of George Knights & Co., dealers in
boots, shoes, hats, caps, gloves mittens and rubber goods, came to
Sac City in Sept., 1881, from Dubuque, la., where he had been en-
gaged in the jewelry business for three years, and established his
present business in partnership with his father, George Knights.
They have the county agency for the Crown sewing machine.

R. H. Lamoreux, postmaster and druggist, was born in Orange
county, N. Y., in 1839; moved to Wausau, W^is., and engaged in
the lumber business. He moved to Sac City, la., in 1868 and en-
gaged in the grocery business, which he conducted nine months,
then purchased a farm and for four years engaged in farming. In
the winter of 1872 he engaged in clerking in the drug store of Eli
Camp, and also took charge of the postoffice under J. E. Arm-
strong. He purchased the drug business and stock in the spring
of 187^ and the following spring was commissioned postmaster.
His drug store, which is elegantly fitted, contains a full line of
drugs, stationery, books, paints, oils, toilet and fancy articles, etc.
He is assisted by F. B. Knight, deputy postmaster, and is also a
registered pharmacist.

Chas. E. Lane, clerk of the courts, was born in St. Lawrence
county, N. Y., in 1874; moved with parents to St. Catherines,
Canada AVest, in 1846; thence to Dyersville, Dubuque county. la.,
in 1856. He moved to Sac county in 1873; bought land and en-
gaged in farming in Eden township until the autumn of 1878, at
which time he was elected to his present ofiice, on the republican
ticket. He was re-elected in 1880.

54i: HISTORY OF IOWA.

A. B. Mason, attorney at law, was born in Tama county, la., in
1857. He attended the Toledo High School for several years and
afterwards the Iowa College of Law, of D^s Moines, from which
he graduated in 1880. He came to Sac City the same year and
opened a law office in Sac county bank block, on second floor, also
does a land, loan and insurance business.

James N. Miller, editor and proprietor of the Sac Sun, is a
native of Pa., and was for several years editor of the Bepuhlica)},
published at Waynesburg. In 1870 he came to Iowa and located
at Eldora, Hardin county, remained only a short time, then came
to Sac City, and established the Sac Suu, which has grown to im-
portance and is the official paper of the count}'. In 1878 he built
the new office which he now occupies. The paper is an eight-
column folio, and has a circulation of eight hundred. Mr. Miller
is prepared to do first-class job work of all kinds.

H. T. Martin, county superintendent of schools, was born in
Putnam county, Ind., in 1839; moved with parents to Boone
county, la., in 1853. He returned to Ind. in 1855, and attended
the Cloverdale Seminary for two years; spent the following winter
in Mo., and in 1858 returned to Boone county, la. He engaged
in teaching school, and for twelve years taught in that county.
He then entered the employ of the railroad company and was
agent at Ontario, Story county, for eight years, iind for four years
at Odebolt, Sac county, where, in partnership with Mr. Bennett, the
present editor, he established the Odebolt Observer. He was also
engaged in the restaurant business ten months. In the fall of
1881 he was elected county superintendent, on the independent
ticket.

George M. Parker, merchant, was born in Hartford, 111., in 1847;
moved with parents to Manchester, la., in 1851; thence to Delhi,
where he received his education. He traveled for wholesale houses
of Chicago and Dubuque for six years. In 1872 he engaged in
business at Earlville, la., and two years later came to Sac City and
established his present business. The store is in the Bank block.
In 1881 he commenced the erection of a creamery, which is fitted
with a ten-horse power engine, and will have a capacity of from
2,500 to 3,000 lbs. per day. This is the only creamery in the
county; it will employ from fifteen to twenty teams, and from
twenty to thirty men. Mr, P. has for two years previous conducted
the business on a smaller scale.

A. D. Peck, county auditor, was born in Onondaga county, N.
Y., in 1846. He graduated from the Syracuse High School in
1872 and the same year moved to Cedar Rapids, la. He came to
Sac county in the spring of 1873 purchased land and engaged in
farming until the autumn of 1877, when he was elected auditor
and was re-elected in 1879 and 1881.

HISTORY OF IOWA. 545

Asa Piatt, stock dealer and farmer^was born in Middlesex count}",
Conn., in 1830; moved with parents to Chautauqua county, N. Y.,
in 1839; thence in 1818 to Erie count}^ Penn.. and engaged in the
lumber business. In 1856 he moved to Sac City, la., which had
just been laid out and contained only two log cabins. He pre-
empted land near town, one hundred acres of which he laid out in
town lots, and nearly all of which he has since sold. He engaged
in mercantile business in 1864, which he continued for twelve
years. In 1874 he erected a fine brick and stone residence in the
city, at a cost of ten thousand dollars. He carries on his farm and
is extensively engaged in buyiug and shipping stock.

J. 0. Piatt, of the firm of Sehaller & Piatt, proprietors of meat
market, was born at Saybrook, Conn., in Dec, 183G; removed with
parents to Chautauqua county, N. Y., in 1839. In 1850 he moved
to Erie county. Pa., was employed for a time in a meat market,
and afterwards engaged in business for himself; sold out in 1866
and moved to Sac county, la. He engaged in farming until 1874
when he moved to Sac City and opened a meat market which he
run three years then sold. He next engaged in the stock business
for several years, and in Aug., 1881, bought an interest in his pres-
ent business. Mr. P. has been a member of the board of super-
visors.

A. S. Piatt, senior member of the firm of Piatt & Piatt, dealers
in clothing and furnishing goods, was born in Windsor county,
Vt., in 1839; moved to Dubuque, la., in 1870 and was in the em-
ploy of the I. C. R. R. four years. He moved to Osage, Wis., and
was for about six years a member of the firm of Simons & Piatt,
grocers. He came to Sac City, la., in Dec, 1880, and purchased
business and stock of J. M. Woodard and engaged in his present
business. In 1881 he took into partnership his nephew C. A. Piatt.

C. E. Read, furniture dealer and undertaker, was born in March,
Canada, Dec 20th, 1826; moved to Toledo, 0.. in April, 1856; was
engaged in the drug business four years; then moved to Huron
county, Mich., where he was engaged in same business for three
years. In Aug., 1865, he came to Sac City and engaged in con-
tracting and building. He entered his present business in 1873;
employs first-class cabinet-maker, and carries a fine stock of every-
thing in his line.

E. M. Reynolds is business manager for C. Hatfield, furniture
dealer and undertaker. This business was established in 1879, and
contains a complete stock of furniture and undertakers' goods, and
is the agency for the White, Wilson and Victor sewing machines,
also for the Mason & Hamlin organs.

Philip Sehaller, county treasurer, was born in Woerth, province
of Alsace, Germany, in 1838; came to America and landed at N.
Y. City in Apr., 1854, and in Dec. of the same year located at
Dubuque, la., and engaged in wagon-making. He enlisted in

546 HISTORY OF IOWA.

1862 at National, la., in the 27th la. Inft., was sent to Minn,
among the Indians, and thence south; was with Gens. Sherman,
Smith, Steele and Thomas in some of the principal battles; was
mustered out at the close of the war, and returned to Clayton
county, la. He purchased land in Sac county in 1868, returned
to Clayton county and remained until 1870, then engaged in
farming in Sac county, on 610 acres of land. He was agent for
the Iowa Railroad Land company while living on the farm, and
was afterwards transferred to Storm Lake, and held the agency for
Buena Vista county until he was elected treasurer of Sac county
in 1877, to which office he has been re-elected each successive term
since. He is now land agent for this county, having been ap-
pointed in Jan.. 1878. He has been a member of the board of
supervisors of this county for five years. He organized a Farmers'
Mutual Insurance Co. in 1871, and was elected as its President,
which office he still holds. The insurance company has about
$800,000, issued in policies and on property.

J. & W. C. Shull, of the firm of Shull Bros., dealers in lumber,
lime, coal, hair, cement, etc., office on Main street, established
business in 1880. They were formerly of Montgomery county,
N. Y. J. Shull graduated from the Fairfield Seminary and entered
the employ of Walter Shoemaker, lumber dealer, Chicago, 111.;
came to Sac City in 1880. W. C. Shull, previous to coming to
this city, was engaged in the drug business at Little Falls, N. Y.;
afterwards Avith D. R. Dyche & Co., druggists, Chicago; came to
Sac City in May, 1881, and formed present partnership.

George A. Smith, watchmaker and jeweler, was born in Belvi-
dere. 111., in 1851; moved to Waverly, Bremer county, la., in
1855. He attended the high school, at Ypsilanti, Mich., from
1868 to 1872; returned to Bremer county and learned his trade.
He moved to Sac City in Dec, 1871, and established his present
business in the Commercial Bank block. He keeps a fine line of
clocks, watches, jewelry, silverware and opticans' goods, and in
connection carries a fine stock of stationery, books and newspapers.

Rev. Robert Smylie, pastor of the M. E. church, was born in
Ontario, Canada, in 1819. He graduated from Victoria College,
Coburg, in 1868; entered the ministry the following year and filled
various pulpits in Ontario. He was ordained at Dunville, in 1873;
in Oct., 1880, he came to Sac City, la., and took present charge.

George Stanley, proprietor of the Stanley House, came to Sac
City in May, 1881, from Bloomington, Wis., where he had been
engaged in the mercantile business for eleven years. He pur-
chased his present hotel property, and after thoroughly renovating
and refitting it, engaged in present business. He keeps a first-
class house and runs a 'bus to and from trains.

B. W. Trout, deputy recorder, was born in LeRov, Bradford
county. Pa., in March, 1813. He enlisted in the 106th Pa. Vol.,
and was in several of the most important engagements of the war.

HISTORY OF IOWA. 547

He was wounded at Gettysburg and also at Petersburg, June, 1864,
where he was captured and confined in Libby Prison a few days;
started for Macon, Gra., and escaped, Avas recaptured and taken to
Lynchburg, Va,, thence to Puileigh, N. C. He was paroled in
March, 1865, and discharged the following April. He came to
Sac City, la., in May, 1867, and engaged in farming one season;
taught school the following winter, and continued teaching until
1871, when he was appointed deputy treasurer, which office he held
until 1878, excepting during the year 1874. He then filled a
vacancy as recorder, and was appointed depnty upon Mr. Flack's
being elected recorder. Mrs. B. W. Trout, milliner, established
business in Dec, 1880. She carries a full and elegant line of mil-
linery and ladies' furnishing goods, and employs a first-class mil-
liner trimmer.

Henry L. Willson, sheriff, was born in St. Lawrence county, N.
Y., in 1841; moved with parents in 1851, to Dundas county, Can-
ada West. In 1869 he moved to Clinton, Clinton county, la., and
engaged in contracting and building; thence to Sac county in the
autumn of 1875 and followed same business. He was elected to
his present office in the autumn of 1881 and moved to Sac City in
Jan., 1882.

Christopher Waddell, collection agent and auctioneer, was born
in Oxford, Eng. He was for several years in the Royal Mail West
India service, also East India service. In 1851 he came to Amer-
ica and located at York, Dane county. Wis.; was engaged in farm-
ing, also livery business. In 1872 came to Sac City and engaged in
the livery business. He was elected sheriff in 1876 and re-elected
in 1877 and 1879 on the Democratic ticket, the county being re-
publican by a majority of nine hundred. This speaks well for Mr.
W.'s popularity.

JohnL. Woodward, junior member and business manager of the
firm of Condron & Woodward, dealers in grain and machinery, was
born in Champaign county, 0. He served during the war of the
rebellion a short time, doing garrison duty, after which he bought
land in Dallas county, la. He engaged in the grain business at
Dallas Centre, which he continued for two years and in 1871 lo-
cated at Sac City, where he engaged in the mercantile business.
In 1880 established business as above. During 1881 the firm shipped
one hundred cars of grain.

ODEBOLT.

F. R. Bennett is editor and proprietor of the Odebolt Observer,
which was astablished in July, 1880, and is a six-column quarto
paper. In 1847 he edited and published the Advertiser, at Rock
Island, 111., afterAvards Avas connected with various papers in Clin-
ton county, la. He came to Odebolt in 1880. This is the only

548 HISTORY OF IOWA.

democratic paper published in the county and it has a subscription
list of about 500. Office on second floor of Schmitz block and is
thoroughly fitted up as a job office. ^He employs three compositors.

C. D. Boardman, physician and druggist, was born at Potsdam,
St. Lawrence county, N. Y., in 1854; moved with parents to Lyons,
Clinton county, la.; there attended school, and in 1871 entered the
Agricultural College, of Ames. He graduated in 1874 and in the
winter of same j^ear entered the Chicago Medical College, from
which he graduated in the spring of 1877. The same year he
opened an office at Monticello, la., also engaged in the drug busi-
ness, in partnership with Dr. Mellett; at the end of one year Dr.
Boardman became sole proprietor. In May, 1880, he moved the
stock to Odebolt and established his present business.

J. C. Bodine, farmer and stock raiser, was born in N. Y. in
1835; in 1865 moved to Aurora, 111., where he engaged in the stock
business. He moved to Grinnell, la., in 1868; thence to Sac coun-
ty, in 1874. He purchased in Cook township, where he now re-
sides, a farm of 320 acres, which is well improved. He also ow^ns
another farm, containg 160 acres, which he rents. Mr. B. is one
of the representative farmers of this county; has filled many offices
of trust; in politics is a democrat.

S. H. Bowman, of the firm of S. H. Bowman & Co., dealers in
lumber, coal, lime and mixed paints, was born in Baltimore, Md.,
in March, 1854. In 1873 he entered the Business College of
Poughkeepsie, N. Y., from which he graduated in May, 1874. He
went to Neb. in 1878, and was engaged in the lumber business at
various towns. In March, 1880, he came to Odebolt, la., and
established the above business; he is the senior member and busi-
ness manager of the *ii-m, which has branch yards at Ida Grove^
Battle Creek and Danbury.

J. W. Burnside, dealer in dry goods, boots, shoes, notions, car-
pets, etc., was born in Steuben county, N. Y., in 1833; moved
with parents to Crawford county, la., when ciuite young. He
received his education at the Methodist University of Delaware,
0., afterwards attended Bryant & Stratton's Commercial College,
of Chicago, from which he graduated in 1854. He then engaged
in the mercantile business at Garden Prairie, 111. In the spring
of 1862 he enlisted in the 95th, Ill.Inft.; remained in the service
until 1866. During that time he was transferred from the vol-
unteer service to the regular army. He was in several important
engagements, was wounded at the seige of Yicksburg, also at Fort
Du Risse. After leaving the army he located at Boone, la., and
engaged in mercantile business. In 1878 came to Odebolt and en-
gaged in business as above.

Frank L. Dennis, editor and proprietor of the Odebolt Observer,
was born in Clinton county, la., in 1852. He learned his trade in
the DeWitt Observer office; remained there until 1878, then moved

HISTORY OF IOWA. 549

to Wall Lake, Sac county, and established the Wall Lake Journal,
which he sold in April, 1881. He came to Odebolt and purchased
the Odebolt Reporter, which was first established at Sac City by
W. W. Yarham, who inoved it to this city in November, 1877.
The office is in the basement of Wright's Opera Block and is fitted
for a first-class news and job office. The paper is republican in
politics, is a six-column quarto, Avith a subscription list of six
hundred.

Henry Dockstader, proprietor of the Revere House, was born in
Jefferson county, N. Y., in 1836; moved in 1842 to Tioga county.
Pa.; thence to Jones county. La., in 1857. He there engaged in
farming until 1872, then moved to Panora, Guthrie county, where
he farmed until the autumn of 1881. He came to Odebolt and
took charge of the Odebolt House, which he thoroughly renovated
and refitted, changing the name to Revere. It is now a first-class
hotel.

Alfred CI. Erlenborn, dealer in general merchandise, was born
at Mendota, III, in 1860. He received his education at the Jesuit
College, of Chicago, 111., from which he gi-aduated in 1875. He
entered the banking house of Erlenborn Bros., at Mendota, of
which bank his father was the senior partner. In 1879 he went
to Denver, Col., was there employed as bookkeeper in a wholesale
grocery house. He returned to Iowa in 1881 and located at Ode-
bolt. He engaged in the loan business and also as bookkeeper for
Warn eke. AfterAvards engaged in business as above; also does a
loan and insurance business; is assisted by his brothers, Otto and
Julius and W. Pitschner.

C. E. George, of the firm of George & Coy, attorneys at law, was
born at Alexandria, Grafton county, N. H., Dec. 20th, 1857. He
received his education at the high school of Bristol, N. H., and the
New London, N. H., and Newbury, Vt., Academies. He read law
for two years with Hon. S. B. Page, at Woodville, Vt., and in 1879
graduated from the Vermont University, obtaining the degree of
A. B. He also graduated from the law department of the Ann
Arbor, Mich., University. He came to Odebolt, la., in March,
1880, and engaged in the practice of his profession. During the
summer of the same year he formed a partnership as above. Dell
Coy, of the above firm, was born in Kane county. 111., Aug. 15th,
1857. He received his education at Wheaton College, Wheaton'
111., and in 1878 entered the Union College of law. at Chicago,
from which he graduated in 1880. Came to Odebolt the same
year. They attend strictly to law, collection and insurance busi-
ness, and although both young, have placed themselves in the
foremost ranks of the profession. *

A. Groman, M. D., was born in Lake county, Ind., in 1856. He
received his preparatory education at Crown Point Seminary and
studied medicine with his father, Dr. C. Groman. In the autumn

550 HISTORY OF IOWA.

of 1876 he entered the Homceopathic College, of Chicago, from
which he graduated in March, 1878. He opened an office at Ode-
bolt, la., in June of the same 3^ear. Office on second floor of
Wright's Opera block; consultation room adjoining.

Henry Hanson, grain, seed and stock dealer, was born in Swe-
den; came to America in 18G8 and landed in N. Y.; remained in
that state until 1874, when he came to Sac county, la. He pur-
chased land and farmed until 1877, then moved to Odebolt and en-
gaged in present business. He owns a steam elevator fitted with
all of the latest improved machinery, employs nine men in eleva-
tors and warehouses, two bookkeepers and C. B. Hatfield, grain
and stock buyer.

W. A. Helsell, of the firm of Zane & Helsell, attorneys at law,
was born in Millersburg, 0., in 1855; moved with parents to Iowa
in 1861. He graduated in the scientific course at the Ames Agri-
cultural^College in 1877 and in 1879 graduated from the law de-
partment of Simpson's Centenary College. He was admitted to
the bar before the supreme court at Des Moines, June 9th, 1879,
and in the July following formed a partnership as above. He at-
tends to the law and trial business and Mr. Zane to the loan, insur-
ance and abstract business of the firm. They have a complete set
of abstract books.

Martin Keck, proprietor of restaurant, ice cream and oyster
parlors, also dealer in fancy groceries, confectionery, cigars, to-
bacco, etc., came to Sac county, la., in 1878; engaged in farming,
then came to Odebolt and established business as above.

J. H. Kitterer & Co., proprietors of the Pioneer hardware store,
which was established in 1878 by W. Van Dusen, purchased the
business in Aug., 1879. The firm is composed of J. H. Kitterer
and Joseph Mattes; they are men of long experience in the hard-
ware business, having previous to coming to this city been en-
gaged in the same. They carry a stock estimated at $18,000, and
do a driving business. They employ one clerk and three tinners.
Make specialties of Glidden barbed wire, "Splendid" heating
stoves, "Diamond" and "Acorn" cook stoves.

C. S. Lee, dealer in staple and fancy groceries, came to Denisou,
la., in 1869 from Philadelphia, Pa. In May, 1877, he moved to
Odebolt, and opened a restaurant; two years later added a full stock
of groceries. He has since closed out the restaurant and now
attends strictly to his fast increasing grocery trade.

Joseph Mercer, dealer in agricultural implements, Avas born in
Beaver comntv, Pa., March 1st, 1856; moA^ed the same year with
parents to De Kalb county. 111. In June, 1880, he entered the
employ of the Sandwich manufacturing company, at Sandwich,
111.; traveled for them until Nov., 1881, when he located at Ode-
bolt and engaged in business as above. He is agent for the goods

HISTORY OF. IOWA. 551

raanufactured by the following named firms: Sandwich Co
Bfiggs & Enochs, Scandia Plow Co.. of Rockford, 111., Yandiver
Co., of Quincy, 111., Daly Harrow Co. and others.

_ E A. Moody, painter and grainer, was born in Milw^aukee, Wis.
m 1848; was educated at Notre Dame College, of South Bend,
Ind. In 1861 he enlisted in the regular army, and served durinc^
the war of the rebellion. Was discharged in 1865; returned to MiC
waukee and learned his trade. In 1868 he moved to Cincinnati
0., where he remained one year, then went west, and after a time
located at Yankton, Dak. He returned to Milwaukee and soon
after moved to Cherokee, la.; was there engaged in business three
years. In Dec, 1878, he came to Odebolt and engaged in busi-
ness. He does a good business and employs five men.

Frank A Ross, insurance agent, came to Odebolt from Boone,
la., where he had resided for twenty-five years. He first en^^ac^ed
I?, teaching school, and in Feb., 1880, established business as aTjo^ve.
His ofiice IS at the Mayor's oflice, over the City Drug Store He
IS agent for the Home Life Association, of Burlington, Iowa for
three counties, Sac, Crawford and Carroll.

H. F Warn eke, dealer in grain and stock, came to Odebolt, la.,
from 1 lattville. Wis., m 18TU. He established a saloon, w^iich he
continued until Aug., 1881, and in the Sept. following he estab-
lished his present business. He has shipped since establishino-
business to Jan. 1st, 1882, two hundred car loads. His ware^
house has a capacity of ten thousand bushels; employs five men.

H. C. Wheeler, farmer and stock raiser, was born May 10th
1835, atHopkinton, N. H.; the following vear moved with par-
ents to Chicago, 111. He there received his education and finished
at the Academy of Warrensville. In 1854 he went to San Fran-
cisco, Cal.; there engaged in the real estate business, and after two
years returned to Chicago. He remained two years and again
went to San Francisco. He became one of the first members of
the San Francisco Stock Exchange and remained there until 1864
After spending one and one-half years traveling in Europe, he
came to Sac county, la., and invested in real estate and coni-
nienced extensive farming operations. He now owns a large tract
of land adjoining Odebolt on three sides. Also one thousand
acres in Plymouth county, and one thousand acres in Crawford
£S wf-- ^"^ }^^^ \^ donated the right of wav, town site and
^^,000 m cash to the railroad companv. He laid out and owns
two additions to the town of about one hundred acres. He resides
m Wheeler township, three miles from thecitv; has three boardino-
houses on the farm, employs forty men and fifty teams. He has a
herd of sixty head of Short Horn cattle and forty Clydesdale
horses and colts, besides other stock. He has spent considerabl
time in making practical a steam plow for use on his farm- it

e
in-

552 HISTORY OF IOWA.

eludes ten plows in a frame. Mr. Wheeler is one of the directors
of the State Fair Association. He owns valuable property in
Chicago.

John Wright, banker, came from Cedar county, la., to Sac
county in 1872. He purchased 1^000 acres of laud in partnership
with his brother, N. Wright, and engaged in farming until Nov.,
1878, at which time he opened the bank, having previously erected
the bank block, the front room of which is occupied by the bank
and contains a fire-proof vault and a Marvin safe, with an electric
time-lock. The rear room is occupied by George & Coy, attorneys.
Mr. Wright does an extensive loan business in partnership with C.
E. George. He has recently erected, on the corner of Second and
Maple streets, a brick block, containing two store rooms below and
two offices in front on second floor, and fine opera hall in rear.
This hall is well fitted with stage, scenery, dressing rooms and
well lighted. He also owns other valuable city property.

Wheelock & Rehterger, dealers in agricultural implements, on
corner of Second and Maple sts., handle McCormick's goods, also
goods from all the leading firms, including Cook's buggies and
carriages. R. U. Wheelock has been in the employ of the Mc-
Cormick Co. for fifteen years, and is a man of extensive exper-
ience with machinery. Mr. Rehterberger is by trade a black-
smith, and owns a shop in the rear of warehouse, on Maple street,
where he employs two men. He does a large business, making a
specialty of wagon and buggy work.

Winchell & Webster are grain dealers and proprietors of the
Star store. The grain business was established in Oct., 1879. They
have three flax and wheat wareh6uses on First st., with capacity of
forty thousand bushels. They shipped during the year 1881 three
hundred cars of grain. They also own a coal yard. The
store, which is situated on First and Second sts.— the
building running through from one to the other — is two stories
high; the first is occupied by dry goods, groceries, queensware and
clothing, the second by boots, shoes, carpets and gentlemen's
furnishing goods. They carry an average stock of $20,000, and
employ three clerks and a book-keeper. Messrs. Winchell &
AVebster were formerly of Chicago; the former was there engaged
in a wholesale house, and the latter in the coal trade.

John M. Zane, of the firm of Zane & Helsell, attorneys at law,
was born in Cumberland county, N. J., Oct. 16th, 1845. He re-
ceived his education at Bridgeton. At an early age he moved to
Philadeljihia, Pa.; during the rebellion he was for two years a
member of the U. S. quartermaster's department. In Sept., 1866,
he went to Springfield, HI., there read law in the office of Hern-
don & Zane. He taught school at intervals Avhile reading law; in
Feb., 1872, he moved to Jasper county, la., and in Dec, 1873,
was admitted to the bar at Newton, under Judge L. C. Blan chard.

HISTORY OF IOWA, 553

He began the practice of law at Prairie Citv. In 1874, on account
of failing health, he went to Colorado and 'spent two years travel-
ing in the Rocky Mountains; then returned to Prairie [City, la.
He came to Odebolt in 1877 and opened a law office, and' in July
of the following year formed his present partnership.

WALL LAKE.

H. B. Allen, postmaster of the firm of Allen & Jacobs, dealers in
hardware and agricultural implements, was born in Clinton coun-
ty, N. Y., m 1835; moved to Elgin, 111., in 1855, and engaged in
™^P?- J\}^^'^^ moved to De Kalb county. 111. He enlisted in
the 95th 111. Vol. Inft., served three years. He was with Gen.
(irant in the Vicksburg campaign, and was wounded, losing a por-
tion of his right hand; was discharged in July, 1865. In 1867 he
came to Sac county, la., and engaged in farming. He moved to
Wall Lake m the autumn of 1874, and established present busi-
ness. He was appointed postmaster in Mav, 1881. Mr. Jacobs,
formerly of Benton county, la., became a member of the firm in

, Jan., 1882. They carry a large and complete stock of hardware.

; I he agricultural warehouse is on the corner of Main and First
sts. They handle goods from all the leading manufactories.

George Burgan, grain dealer and manager of D. Wayne & Co.'s
business at Wall Lake, was born in Wayne county, 0., in 1845-
I moved with parents to Muscatine, la. In 1862 he enlisted in the
; 35th la. Vol. Inft.; was at the sieges of Vicksburg, Nashville
■ Pleasant Hill; was up the Red river with Gen. Banks. He was dis-
charged m 1865, and returned to Iowa. In 1867 he located in
Carroll county and engaged in farming until 1874, when he en-
I gaged m the gram business. Office and warehouse on First st
, They slupped during the year 1881 one hundred cars of grain.

Frank Chandler, dealer in hats, caps, boots, shoes, clothing,
i turmshing goods and groceries, was born in Maquoketa, la., in
I Sept., 1849, there resided until 1870, then moved to Lyons, la.,
t as agent for the Northern and Diamond Joe packet lines, and after
I two years, became book-keeper for the Clinton Chair Co , after
i which he traveled for S. G. McGill, and later for H. C. & C. Durand.
j wholesale grocers, with whom he remained five years, then located
at Wall Lake. Employs two clerks.

I W. L. Ehlers, bookkeeper for Wilcox Bros., lumber dealers was
I born m Oskaloosa, la., in Feb., 1866. In 1872 he entered the
I State University, at Iowa City. In the winter of 1876 he took
I charge of the poultry packing establishment of Beem, Turner &
[ Co.; remained with them two years and moved to Wall Lake; en-
I tered the employ of J. C. Fletcher, dealer in general merchandise.
I He engaged as above in 1879.

554: HISTOEY OF IOWA.

J. Elliott, proprietor of the Eureka House, came to Wall Lake
in Feb., 1882, from Ames, where he had resided for twenty years.
The hotel is on the corner of Main and First streets, is well fur-
nished and a first-class house.

J, J. Fones & Sons, grain dealers, formerly of Chicago, 111.,
where they were engaged in the livery business several years;
came to Wall Lake, la., in Jan., 1881, and purchased the elevator
and business of G. W. Pitcher. Elevator has capacity of ten
thousand bushels, and employs two men. During the year 1881
they shipped two hundred cars of grain. The business is conducted
by J. J. Fones, Jr.; office on 1st street.

E. L. Pierce, dealer in hardware, tinware, stoves, etc., was born
in Linn county, la., in Oct., 1850; received education at Mt. Ver-
non College, and engaged in farming until 1874, then moved j;o
Cedar county and engaged in milling with PeetBros. He remained
there four years then moved to Wall Lake and engaged in present
business in March, 1878. He makes specialties of Fuller, Warren
& Co.'s stoves and the Glidden barbed wire.

C. F. Peck, dealer in general merchandise, was born in New
London, Conn., in 1815; moved to Oneida, 111., when thirteen years
of age, and worked on a farm until Oct., 1863, then enlisted in the
8th 111. Vol. Inft. and served until the close of the war. He re-
turned to 111. and remained three years; afterwards moved to Jef-
ferson, la. He was engaged as carpenter until 1877, then engaged
in mercantile business. He came to Wall Lake in 1880 and en-
gaged in business as above; carries a fine stock of clothing, boots
and shoes.

W. H. Peck, dealer in lumber, coal, lime, etc., was born in
Onondaga county, N. Y., in 1854; received his education from the
High School of Syracuse. In 1879 he moved to Sac county, la.,
and in the autumn of the same year purchased above business of
H. J. Simpson. Office on Main street, near depot. He is assisted
by F. M. Gregg.

C. L. Sherwood, agent for the Iowa Land company, was born in
Berlin township, Delaware county, 0., in June, 1817; remained
there until 1854, and then moved to Clinton, la., where he en-
gaged in farming. In 1873 he came to Sac county, purchased
land in Clinton township, which he improved, and still owns, the
farming being conducted by his sons. Mr. Sherwood was for
several years postmaster at Wall Lake, also was postmaster in
Clinton tp. before the office .was abandoned. He became agent for
the above company in 1873; office with W. H. Peck, lumber
dealer. Mr. S. is one of the solid republicans of this county.

N. Wright, president of the bank of Wall Lake, was born in
Cedar county, la., in 1846; resided there until the autumn of 18.71,
then purchased 320 acres of land in Sac county, on which he

I

HISTORY OF IOWA. 555

moved the spring following. He farmed until Feb., 1882, when,
he established the bank. Does a general banking business; this is
the only established bank in Wall Lake. W. S. Bell, the cashier,
is a gentleman of extensive experience in the banking business.

FLETCHER.

W. H. Ball, of the firm of W. H. Ball & Co., dealers in grain
and seed, was born in Cedar county, la., in 1853. He was en-
gaged in the grain business at Centerdale, Clinton county, for nine
years. In 1880 came to Fletcher and was the first to locate busi-
ness there.

D. C. Cook, M. D., of the firm of L. A. Chapman & Co., drug-
gists, was born in N. Y. in May, 1850. He received preparatory
education at Mt. Vernon, la., and graduated from the State Uni-
versity at Iowa City in March, 1873. He commenced the practice
of medicine at Calamus. In Aug., 1881, he moved to Fletcher
and formed present partnership. They carry a complete line of
drugs, paints, oils, toilet articles, etc.

Albert Davis, station agent and proprietor of the Lake House,
came to Sac county in March, 1877, from Clinton county, la. He
purchased land in Wall Lake township. At the time of the tornado
of April 21st of same year, he was living in a portion of his barn,
which was entirely destroyed together with his household goods,
his family happily escaping unhurt. He afterwards built a house
20x30 feet in dimensions and had just got settled in it when it
was entirely destroyed by the tornado of Oct. 15th, of same year.
In Dec, 1881, he moved to Fletcher and built the hotel. He car-
ries a stock of confectionery, cigars and fancy groceries.

J. C. Fletcher, founder of the new town of Fletcher, was born
in Franklin, Ind., in 1849; the same year moved with parents to Os-
kaloosa, la. He enlisted in 1864 in the 47th la. Inft., and served
until the close of the war. He returned to Oskaloosa, and in 1873
moved to Sheffield where he engaged in business for two years,
then moved to Wall Lake, where he engaged in the mercantile bus-
iness. In Oct., 1880, he purchased the town site of Fletcher which
he laid out in town lots and placed in the market, now it is a lively
growing town and is situated near a beautiful lake. Mr. Fletcher
formed a partnership in March, 1881, with H. W. Seevers, built a
business house on Main street and engaged in the mercantile busi-
ness. Mr. Seevers was born in Oskaloosa in 1859 and came to this
place in the spring of 1880.

C. P. Hicks, of the firm of W. H. Ball & Co., was born in Phil-
adelphia, Pa., in Oct., 1848, He graduated at the Bryant & Strat-
ton College and was for several years in the employ of a commis-
sion house in Philadelphia, as bookkeeper and entry clerk. He

556 HISTOKY OF IOWA.

moved to Cedar county, la., in 1874; thence to Sac county in Mar.,
1881, purchased land near Fletcher and engaged in present busi-
ness. From Aug., 1881, to Feb., 1882, they shipped sixty cars of
grain.

Rev. William N. McKendrick, undertaker and dealer in furniture
was born in Edinburg, Scotland, in 1832; came to America with
parents and located in N. Y. In 1817 he moved to Western N.
Y. He attended the Baptist College, of Montreal, Canada, for
three years, and entered the University in 1859. He was ordained
in Michigan, Sept. 20th, 1875. He located at Mapleton, la., in
1879, and was pastor of the Baptist church there for two years.
He resigned in Sept., 1881; came to Fletcher, purchased property
and engaged in present business. He is pastor here and preaches
every Sabbath at the school house.

Charles Potts, farmer and land agent, was born in Ross county,
0., in 1832. He served during the war of the rebellion in the
28th 111. Vol. Inft., was wounded at Jackson, Miss. He came to
Sac county in 1871 and purchased land on the north shore of
Wall Lake. He owns one hundred acres of well improved land
one and one-half miles east of Fletcher. He is agent for non-
resident lands in this vicinity, also for the Acme pulverizing har-
row and clod crusher.

J. 0. Rich, proprietor of the livery, feed and sale stables, was for-
merly of Independence, la., where he was engaged as mason and
plasterer for four years. In 1878 he moved to Sac county, pur-
chased land in Wall Lake toAvnship, which he still owns. In
Feb., 1882, he moved to Fletcher and erected a livery barn on
Third st.

W. A. Robinson, postmaster and hardware merchant, was born
inVt. inl815. He moved to Stockbridge, Mass., when quite
young; in 1856 moved to Mercer county. 111., and engaged in farm-
ing until 1869; then moved to Sac county, purchased land in Viola
township, which he improved and still owns. He moved to
Fletcher in Jan., 1882, and filled the office of postmaster, to
which he was appointed in Dec, 1881. He erected building on
Main st., which is occupied by postoffice and hardware stock. Mr.
Robinson has filled many minor offices, was the first justice of
the peace in Viola township. He has a notary public commission,
and does a general collecting business, is agent for several insur-
ance companies.

HISTORY OF IOWA. 557

IDA COUNTY,

Ida County is in the fourth tier of counties from the northern
boundary of the state, and is the second east of the Missouri
giver. It contains 432 square miles or 276,480 acres. The Maple
River runs through the county from northeast to southwest. Its
principal branches are the Odebolt and Elk, flowing in from the
east, and Battle Creek from the west. Soldier River flows west-
ward through the southern tier of townships. There are many
smaller streams draining the county in all parts. The valleys of
the streams are unsurpassed in fertility, and Maple Valley is espec-
ially noted for the beauty and fertility of its farming lands. Ma-
ple Rner, in this county, furnishes several mill sites. The gen-
eral character of the surface is undulating or rolling prairie, though
no portion is too broken for cultivation. The soil in the valleys
is a dark mould, in many places from three to six feet deep. The
uplands contain more clay, and are well adapted to the raising of
wheat and all the cereal crops. This, like other counties in this
part of the state, has but a limited supply of timber. We have it
on authority of the county surveyor that this county has only
about 1,000 acres of natural timber, about one-half of this being
in Ida Grove, which is situated on Maple River in about the cen-
ter of the county. It is mostly oak, walnut, linn, elm and hick-
ory. The white or soft maple skirts the borders of the streams in
many places.

Among the wild fruits, the plum, grape, gooseberry and straw-
berry are found. Stock-raising and dairying succeed Avell in this
county, as it is unsurpassed for pasturage"' or hay. The wild grass
known as the blue-joint predominates in the valleys, and in many
places the yield of hay is as high as four tons per acre. Fine well
water is found in almost any locality by digging to a moderate
depth, rarely exceeding twenty-five feet. No regularly stratified
rock formations appear at the surface. The only rocks obtained
in the county are the boulders. An abundance of material suit-
able for the manufacture of brick is found in all parts of the
county. The bluft' deposit, which overspreads the entire county,
has been successfully used for making brick of a good quality.
The principal productions are wheat, oats, corn, rye and
potatoes. All kinds of vegetables and root crops common to the
latitude succeed well. The various kinds of small fruits are easily
raised, as well as some varieties of cherries and apples.

The first authentic account of the early settlement of Ida coun-
ty was that, in 1854, of Robert Townsley and Edward Smith, who

558 HISTORY OF IOWA.

built a cabin and raised a small crop of sod corn. During the
same summer Samuel King settled about a mile further down the
valley, and broke up a small farm. These, however, proved to be
but transient settlers.

The first permanent settlement of whites in Ida County was
made in Ida Grove, on Maple River, in 1856. The settlers were
E. Comstock, from Michigan, and Judge John H. Morehead,whose
family still resides at Ida Grove.

The county was organized in 1858. The first election was held
at Ida Grove in August of that year, when the following officers
were elected: John H. Moorehead, County Judge; J. S. Loveland,
Treasurer and Recorder, and B. Warren, Clerk of the District
Court. At this time the population of the county was only about
forty persons. Since that the population has increased very rap-
idly and in 1880 was 1,382. The county has settled very fast
within the past two years and 5,500 may now be considered a low
estimate of population. The present county officers are: Isaac
Bunn, Clerk of the Courts; Wm. Jones, Auditor; F. W. Tibbetts,
Treasurer; T. S. Snell, County Surveyor; E. L. Worcester, Re-
corder; F. A. Eastman, Sheriff; Dr. A. T. Baker, Coroner; Mrs.
A. H. Smith, Superintendent of Schools; J. G. Freeman, Chair-
man; John Bunn, James Taylor, Board of Supervisors.

The first child born in Ida County was Ida Grove Smith, daugh-
ter of Mr. and Mrs. E. Smith. The first death was a child of the
same family. The remains were taken to Smithland, in Woodbury
county, for interment. The first railroad, a branch of the Chicago
& Northwestern, crossed into Ida County August 21st, 1877, and
is now extended as far west as Mapleton, in Monona County. Ida
County has fair prospects for another road through to Ida Grove
soon — the same one that passes through Sac City and Sac County.

IDA GROVE.

The county seat of Ida county was, previous to arrival of the
railroad, in the fall of 1877, situated on the north side of the rail-
road track and Odebolt River. After the appearance of the rail-
road at this place, a new town sprang up on the south side of the
river, which was christened Ida Grove. This town is now the
county seat, and is located on the northeast quarter of section 15,
township 87, range 40. The village commands a fine view of the
beautiful valley of Maple River. It is about twenty-eight miles
from Denison, Crawford county.

Upon one of the high ridges near the village there was formerly
an extensive Indian encampment, where the remains of buffalo, elk,
deer, and other game are still scattered over the surface, or half
embedded in the soil. The course of a deeply worn Indian trail is
said to have been a great highway for the natives, who only a few
years ago occupied this portion of the State.

HISTORY OF IOWA. 559

The first postoffice established in the county was located at Ida,
and for years this was the only one.

The old town of Ida was laid out in 187 L by S. W. Hobbs. The
new town was laid out by the Blair Town and Lot Company in
1877, and is situated on the left bank of the Maple River, about
five miles from the geographical center of the county. Isaac
Bunn built the first house in Ida Grove. Selling that almost ini-
mediately, he erected the second, and still later the third house in
the town. The first brick building was erected by Chaffee &
Williams, in 1880, and is -the one in which the Pioneer .office is
now located. Since then a number of massive brick structures
have been erected, and the town is fast building up with large and
substantial brick buildings.

The first child born in the town was Sarah, daughter of Mr. and
Mrs. J. H. Macomber.

The first store was opened by Engstrom & Smith as a hardware
store.

The town was incorporated April 2Gth, 1878. H. A. Miller was
elected the first Mayor, and J. W. Reed. Recorder. The first
Trustees were: T. S. Snell, W. P. Evans, J. 0. Engstrom, Calvin
Bailey, and L. Tinkle. The present town officers are: Frank
Burns, Mayor; Frank W. Shearer, Recorder; A. L. Houser, J. E.
Jurgenson^ J. H. Stough, Trustees, and R. Johnston, Assessor.

The Ida Countij Pioneer was the first paper published in Ida
Grove. During the winter of 1872, Robert Wilkinson, Frank
Burns, C. P. Lund, C. C. Brown, Geo. E. Johnson, H. H. Lund,
M. G. Aldrich, R. H. Campbell, W. J. Wagoner, W. P. Evans, W.
Wilkinson, James F. Wilkinson, C. Hathaway, Isaac Bunn and
E. B. West, formed themselves into a stock company for the pur-
pose of purchasing material and publishing a newspaper at Ida.
The necessary money was raised, and W. P. Evans took charge of
the publishing. The first number, then as now, was called the
Ida Countij Pioneer, and the first issue was on Thursday, March
3d, 1872, from the upper story of the Court House. The paper
was a six-column folio. Republican in politics and began with a
circulation of 150. It was printed in long primer type, upon an
old poster press, known among older Iowa journalists as "Old Mu-
ley," the press upon which J. N. Dixon, the "blind editor," pub-
lished his first paper, the Indianola Journal. It had also done
service in the early days of Des Moines journalism on the loiva
Statesman and State Register. Immediately after the first sheet of
the Pioneer was printed, it Avas taken by E. B. West, the County
Anlitor, down stairs and presented to the Board of Supervisors,
wh) were then in session, and was made by them the official paper
of the county. Within two or three months after the first issue
of the paper, W. P. Evans purchased the shares of all the stock-
holders and became sole proprietor. On the 27th day of August,
1874, Evans sold the Pioneer to C. B. Chaffee and George T. Wil-

660 HISTORY OF IOWA.

]iams, who enlarged the paper to a &even-colimin folio. In the
spring of 1876 Chaffee & Williams sold an "Amateur" press and
purchased a large stock of job type and a new quarto-medium
"Star" jobber, and in 1877 purchased a new Washington press.
April 4th, 1878, the Pioneer was enlarged to an eight-column folio.
In the spring of 1881, Chaffee & W^illiams sold the Pioneer to
Theron Akin, who suppressed the paper. About the 1st of April,
1881, W, P. Evans re-established the Pioneer, purchasing a large
office with four presses. The present proprietor continued the
publication until December, 1881, when he leased it to Suiter &
Simpson, two practical printers, who are the present editors. It
is one of the official papers of the county, is a seven-column quarto
and has a circulation of 1,200.

The Maple Valley Era is a Republican paper, and was started
by L. Stanfield and C. N. Clark, August 22d, 1877. This paper
was started as a five-column quarto, but October 18th, 1877, it
was enlarged to an eight-column folio. March 22d, 1879, L.
Stanfield sold his interest to the junior partner, C. N. Clark, who
changed the day of publication from Wednesday to Friday. Mr.
Clark then added to the office a quarto-medium Gordon jobber, and
a new invoice of type. In March, 1880, the paper was again en-
larged, this time to a nine-column folio. July 1st, 1881, the pub-
lisher purchased a new power press, and enlarged the paper to a
seven-column quarto. L. T. Chapin purchased a one-half interest
in the ii,'>Y/ January 1st, 1882, and it is now run under the firm
name of Clark & Chapin. It is a Republican paper, and one of the
official papers of the county. It has a circulation of 1,000 copies.

J. H. Moorehead was the first postmaster in Ida Grove, he hav-
ing received his appointment in 1860. He was succeeded by W.
P. Evans, who was appointed late in the year 1872. C. N. Clark
is the present incumbent. It is a money-order office.

The first Court House of Ida County was built in the town of
Ida in 1871, and was nearly completed before another building was
begun on the town site. January 12th, 1877, the Court House
was burned, together with most of the county records, and for
three years afterwards the county offices were kept in small build-
ings rented by the county. During the latter part of the year
1879, the present Court House was built on a contract by which
the county had the privilege of renting or buying at certain
figures. The Clerk removed to the new building in December,
1879, and the other officers followed in January. The upper story
is used for court purposes, and the lower part for various county
offices. The county purchased the building in 1880. The popula-
tion of the town may now be estimated to be from 1,200 to 1,500,
and it is fast increasing.

The business of Ida Grove may be classified as follows: Six gen-
eral stores, three grocery stores, one clothing store, one boot and
shoe store, two restaurants, three drug stores, two banks, two fur-

HISTORY OF IOWA. 361

niture stores, three hardware stores, four milliuerj stores, three
meat markets, two jewelry stores, three elevators, one grist mill,
four saloons, three hotels, three lumber yards, four agricultural
implement depots, five livery stables, four harness shops, two barber
shops, four blacksmith shops and four wagon shops, one plow
factory.

The Ida Creamery was established in the spring of 1882, and is
operated by Mauer Bros. They have a commodious brick building
20x32 feet, with a wing 14x30, which is frame. This creamery
has a capacity of 1,000 pounds per day. It is situated one-half
mile from the town and is operated on the cream-gathering plan.
Its internal arrangements are of the most modern plan.

CHURCHES, SCHOOLS AND SOCIETIES.

M. E. C/nirch Society.— 1\\q Ida Circuit was originally part of
the Smithland Circuit, but was detached from this circuit in 1869,
and formed into the Maple River Circuit. In 1875, it was again
divided and called Ida Circuit. The first pastor who traveled this
section when within the bounds of the Smithland Circuit was
Rev. L. Taylor, who included in this work what is known as the
Sioux City District. Taylor was succeeded by Rev. Seymore
Snyder, and he by Rev. Adams, who in turn, was succeeded by
Rev. Barker, who Avas the last preacher on the circuit before it
was divided. Maple Circuit included a point on Soldier Creek,
Mapleton, Battle Creek and Ida Grove. Rev. L. H. Woodworth
was placed in charge, and was succeeded by J. P. Hauxhurst, who
was appointed to Ida Circuit in 1871. In September. 1872, Ida
Circuit was set off from the Maple Circuit, and Rev. Harrison
Bailey was appointed pastor, and was reappointed in 1873. He
was followed by Rev. L. H. Woodworth. In 1875, Mr. Bailey
was again appointed to this charge, and was succeeded by Rev.
W. B. Hastings. At the session of the annual conference, in
September, 1870, Ida was attached to Fort Dodge district, with
Rev. Edwin Hobbs as pastor. Ida was made a separate charge in
September, 1878. Rev. C. B. Winter afterwards took charge and
was followed by Rev. Henry Brown, who is the present pastor.
The church building, located on Moorehead Avenue, in Old Town,
is the pioneer of the houses of worship. It is 32x45 feet, and
contains 250 sittings. It was erected at a cost of $1,900. It was
dedicated in November, 1878. The parsonage was erected in the
fall of 1881. It is 16x26 feet, and cost $700. The church mem-
bership is about eighty. With the church is connected a Sabbath
School, with an average attendance of fifty pupils. H. B. Pierce
is Superintendent.

Baidist Church A^or/fY//.— Organized August 16tli, 1879, by D.
D. Proper. Rev. J. W. Daniels was the first pastor. He was
succeeded by Rev. C. E. McManis, who took charge in July, 1881,

562 HISTORY OF IOWA.

and who is the present pastor. The officers of the church are: W.
H. Bliss and R. H. Dawson, Deacons; Albert Needham, Clerk; F.
K. Moorehead. Treasurer. The Society now numbers about forty
members, and has a Sabbath School with an average attendance
of fifty pupils, with D. H. Sanford as Superintendent. The
church was built in 1880. It is a large frame building, 30x50
feet, with a side vestibule lOxlG feet. The whole is surmounted
by a belfrey. The basement is fitted up to contain a robing room
and a baptistry. The building was erected under the supervision
of Rev. J. W. Daniels. The seating capacity is about 350, in-
cluding gallery. It is of the Gothic style, furnished with hand-
some stained glass windows, and is quite an ornament to the town.

Presbyterian Church Sociefij.— This society was organized in
1873, by George R. Carroll. Rev. A. E. Smith was the first pastor
and took charge in 1878. The present officers of the church are:
John A. Lytle, Alex. Hartly and F. Sampson, Elders. The soci-
ety now numbers sixty-four members. There is a Sabbath School
with an average attendance of ninety pupils. H. W. Rule is the
Superintendent. The church was erected in 1880. It is a neat
frame building 30x50 feet, with a tower 8x8 feet, and 60 feet high,
and a recess back of the pulpit 5x9 feet. It contains 150 sittings,
and cost about $5,000.

Catholic Church Society. — Was organized about 1879, and has
a membership of about sixty families. Rev. Father Norton is the
pastor. The church was erected in 1879. It is a frame building
30x40 feet, ani has about 250 sittings, and cost $2,400.

Ida Grove Public Scliool. — This is an independent school dis-
trict. The school building is a fine structure, erected in 1881.
It contains six rooms and a basement, and is heated by two
furnaces. It was erected at a cost of 11,000. There are three
teachers employed, and an average attendance of 100 pupils. Prof.
0. E. Smith is the principal. Miss Bertha Barker and Retta Daw-
son assistants. The present school board are: I. Kennedy,
President; D. A. Grosvenor, E. L. Worcester, L. Tinkle, S. B.
Higgins and Isaac Bunn, Trustees; F. W. Shearer, Secretary.

Kane Lodge Xo. 377, A. F. d- A. M. — This Lodge was in-
stituted July 8th. 1876, and the charter was granted June 8th,
1877. The "charter members were: Matt. M. Gray, W, M.; 0.
Waterman, S. W.; Chas. Beers, J. W.; W. Vankirk, S. D.; E. S.
Bigelow. J. D.; T. S. Snell, Secretary; Calvin Bailey, Treasurer;
A. A. Stowell, Tiler. These Avere also the first officers. The
officers now are: S. B. Carr, W. M.; W. Vankirk, S. W.; G. F.
Barnes, J. W.; H. A. Worcester, Secretary; Noah Williams. Treas-
urer; W. J. Scott, J. D., and E. Whitcomb, Tiler. The Lodge
now has a membership of thirty-seven, and meets once in each
month. The Lodge contemplates building a hall this year.

Ida Grove Lodge No. 74, V. A. S. — Instituted August 23d,
1881, by Mr. Maltbie. The first officers are: S. B. Higgins,

HISTORY OF IOWA. 563

Rector; D. N. Goodell, Scribe; J. C. Hig^ins, Questor; P. H.
Hillraan, Usher, and Mr, Miichahan, Speculator. The Lodge
numbers nineteen members and meets the first Wednesday in each
month. The present officers are: P. H. Hillman, Rector; J. B.
WilliaDis, Scribe; Isaac Bunn, Questor; Harry Shamo, Usher, and
Frank Wright, Speculator.

Ida Countij Agricultural Society. — Organized March, 1875. The
society has thirty-five acres of grounds, situated three-fourths of a
mile from town, and the best half-mile track in Ida County. The
grounds are all enclosed Avith a close board fence, and have a nice
floral hall, sheds, etc. This society holds its fairs annually.

BATTLE CREEK.

Battle Creek, which is situated on the Maple Valley Branch of
the Chicago & Northwestern Railroad, about forty-five miles from
the junction, is located in the centre of the beautiful Maple Val-
ley, and was laid out by the Blair Town and Lot Company, in 1877,
on lands purchased by the company from W. J. Wagoner, of
Denison. Located as it is, it presents a fair appearance from all
points on each side of the valley. The soil is fertile and product-
ive, and the town is located in a rich farming country. The depot
was built in 1877.

Frank E. Beckwith moved the first house into the town in 1879,
which building was used as a boarding-house. Charles Havens
built the first house constructed in the town and used it as a sa-
loon. The first store was opened by John Nott in the spring of
1880. William Warner soon after opened a store. Sam. Warnock
was the first to engage in the lumber business. John Nott was
appointed the first postmaster and has held the position ever since.
John Holcomb was among the earliest settlers and was the first to
engage in the hotel business.

The town was incorporated in December, 1880, and A. Bassett
was elected the first Mayor; W. Jones, Recorder, and J. M.Boies,
John Nott, William Warner, W. H. James, Sam. Warnock, and
Peter Amerman, Councilmen. The population of the town is now
estimated to be between 400 and 500 people. The present town
officers are: A. Bassett, Mayor; J. C. Walter, Recorder; A. V.
McKown, Sam. Warnock, W. E. Churchill, John Nott, B. C. Bow-
man and Hugh Smith, Councilmen.

The business of Battle Creek may be classified thus: Three
general stores, two drug stores, one harness shop, two meat mar-
kets, three hotels, one bank, one furniture store, two saloons, three
lumber yards, three agricultural implement depots, two millinery
stores, one elevator, one barber shop, two blacksmith shops, one
wagon shop, one livefy stable, one restaurant.

Battle Creek is situated in the heart of an excellent farming
country, and is undoubtedly destined, if one may judge the future

564 HISTORY OF IOWA.

by the past, to become one of the most important business points
in Western Iowa. Its growth has been rapid and vigorous, and
still continues, and all fair-minded people who have given the sub-
ject consideration, will coincide with us in the view given.

The Battle Creek Times, a neat seven-column folio weekly
paper, was started by Hugh Brannan, April 23d, 1880. Mr. B.
ran the paper but three months, when the material was bought by
S. Warnock and W. E. Roberts, who hired John Jones to run it.
It was afterwards leased to J. L. Kroesen, now of the Wall Lake
Journal. S. W. Young purchased the paper in the fall of 1881,
and is now editor and proprietor. It is Republican is politics, and
has a circulation of 550 copies.

CHURCHES, SCHOOLS AJSTD SOCIETIES.

M. E. Church Society. —The M. E. Church Society of Battle
Creek was organized March, 1881. The first pastor was Rev. 0.
L. Neville, who was succeeded by the present pastor, Rev. F. M.
Luce. The first officers were: H. Haworth, M. L. Branch, F. M.
Lewis, and A. B. McKown, and are still serving as officers of the
church. The society now numbers about twenty. It has a Sab-
bath School in connection, with an average attendance of forty
pupils. M. L. Branch is the Superintendent. The church build-
ing was erected in 1881-2, and was dedicated February 26th, 1882.
It is a neat frame structure, 20x40 feet, with a tower 10x10 feet
on the corners, surmounted with a belf rey, which contains a large
bell. It has about 200 sittings and cost 12,000.

Fresbyterian Church Societi/. — Organized June 13th, 1879.
The first officers were: E. P. Smith, G. W. McWilliams, R.
Warnock, James Preston, and John S. PifFer. Rev. A, E. Smith
was the first pastor. The present officers are the same as the first.
The present pastor is J. C. Gilkerson. The church building was
completed in 1880. It is 26x40 feet, and cost 82,000.

Battle Creek Puhlic School. — Wilson Jones taught the first
school in the town. The district is still a sub-district of Maple
Township. The present school building Avas, moved from outside
the limits into the town, and formerly used as a town hall. It was
converted into a school building a few years ago. The present
school board of Maple Township consists of ten directors, one
from each sub-district. S. Beard is President, Wilson Jones is
the Secretary, and A. Stowell Treasurer. The Battle Creek school
numbers eighty-five pupils. Wilson Jones is principal, and Mrs.
E. Warner, assistant.

Samaritan Lodge, A. F. & A. M. — Dispensation was granted
March 21st, 1881. The first and present officers are: G. W.
Hoskins, W. M.; J. P. Creager, S. W.; W. E. Churchill, J. W.
The charter members were: P.K.Taylor, A. V. McKown, H.
Lampman, Wm. Warner, H. S. Squyer, J. C. Stoughton, A, R.

HISTOKY OF IOWA. 565

Graiser, A. C. Hoyt, J.L. Richardson, Smith Waite. The society
meets once each month, and has a membership of about twenty.
Battle Creek Lodge No. 202, A.O. U. IT.— This Lodge was
instituted August 15th, 1879. The charter members and first
officers were: A. A. Stowell, Foreman ;R. K. Cameron, P. M. W.;
I. N. Goin, M. W.; C. W. Oxwood, 0.; H. N. Davis, Rec; W.
Jones, Financier; A. L. Brockway, Rec; P. K. Taylor, G.; A. A.
Nauman, L W.; B. Graiser, 0. W. The present officers are: J.
Nott, M. W.; W. Jones, P. M. W. and Rec; R. A. McWilliams,
Foreman; A. Lampman, 0.; C. F. Sufeld, Rec; J. I. Rogers, G.;
J. F. Snyder, I. W.; A. Nauman; 0. W. The society now num-
bers about fifteen members, and holds its meetings every Satur-
day night.

IDA COUNTY BIOGRAPHIES.

IDA GROVE.

A. T. Baker, M. D., was born in Jackson county, la., in 1847.
He began the study of medicine at an early age, graduated from
the Iowa State University in the class of '76. The same year he
located at Webster City, where he soon built up a large and lucra-
tive practice. He moved to Ida Grove in 1879, and is one of the
leading physicians of the county.

Ed. H. Barnes, stock dealer, was born in St. Albans, N. Y.;
moved to Manchester, la., in 1855; was there engaged in business
for twelve years. He went to Waterloo, where he engaged in the
hotel business; then went to Yankton, Dak. He built the telegraph
line from there to Fort Sully. In 1871 he came to Ida county, la.,
and was elected sheriff' in 1872.

L. G. Blair, photographer, was born in 111.; moved to Wis.
when quite young, and in 1876 moved to Denison, la. He came
to Ida Grove in 1879, and established business. He has a branch
establishment atOdebolt; is prepared to do first-class work at low
prices,

0. J. Blodgett, attorney at law, is a native of N. Y.; moved to
Warren county, Iowa, in 1868; was admitted to the bar in 1880,
and located in Ida Grove in ,1881; is now one of the leading
attorneys of Ida county.

Isaac Bunn, clerk of the courts, is a native of England; came to
America in 1851 and located at Cleveland, 0.; removed to Du-
buque, Ta., in 1856; thence to Ida Grove in 1871, where he engaged
in wagon-making and blacksmithing. He was elected to his pres-
ent office in 1874, and has been re-elected each term since.

566 HISTORY OF IOWA.

L. T. Burd, attorney at law, was born in Pa.; moved to 111.
when quite young. He read law in the office of the Hon. J. W.
McDill; came to Ida Grove in Jan., 1882, and opened an office.

Buxton & Clark, real estate, loan and insurance agents. The
firm is composed of Will. B. Buxton and C. J. Clark; they were
formerly engaged in mercantile business at this place; sold out
and engaged as above in 1881. They also have a complete set of
abstracts.

Clark & Hubbard, real estate, loan and insurance agents. Mr.
Clark is a native of Wis.; moved to Butler county, la., in 1868,
and engaged in farming. He engaged in the real estate and insur-
ance business in 1876 and two years later moved to Ida Grove,
where he engaged in business as above. George C. Hubbard be-
came a member of the firm in Jan., 1882.

Matt. M. Gray, attorney at law, was born in Hancock county,
111., in 1850; moved to Mo. and engaged in the practice of the
law. In 1872 he came to Ida Grove; opened the first law office in
the town, and in 1873 was elected county auditor, which office he
held until 1876; then was obliged to resign on account of his large
and increasing law business. He has been associated in business
with Hon. R. T. Shearer.

G. H. Gingrick, of the firm of G. H. Gingrick & Co., dealers in
general hardware, is a native of Ohio; came to Iowa in 1878. He
moved to Ida Grove and engaged in present business with A. M.
Gingrick, who is also a native of 0.; came to Iowa county, la., in
1856 and to Ida Grove in 1880. They carry a large and well se-
lected stock of hardware. ,

E. C. Heilman, of the firm of Heilman & Moorehead, physicians
and surgeons, was born in Scott county, la. He graduated from
the Ohio Medical College in the class of '77. G. C. Moorehead is
a graduate of the Iowa State University, class of '79.

L. D. Ingman, of the firm of Dean & Ingman, dealers in dry-
goods, clothing and carpets, was born in Ohio; came to Cedar
county, la., in 1859. He enlisted in 1801 in the 5th la. Inft.,
was discharged in 1861, and returned to Cedar county, where he
engaged in the mercantile business. He came to Ida Grove in
1880, and engaged in business as above .

William Jones, county auditor, is a native of Wis . ; came to
Ida county, la., in 1876", and engaged in teaching until elected to
his present office, in the autumn of 1881 .

Arthur L. Moore, of the firm of G. A. Edmunds & Co., dealers
in general merchandise, is a native of Va. ; came west in 1870, and
in 1875 located at Sioux City, and was employed in the wholesale
department of the dry goods house of Tootle, Livingston & Co.,
for six years. He then established present business. They carry
a stock of goods that would be a credit to a much larger city; also
have a branch house at Correctionville, la.

HISTORY OF IOWA. 567

J. H. Macomber, uttorney at law, was born iii Piscataquis
county, Me . Was admitted to the bar and practiced law in his
native state until 1876; he then moved to Ida Grove, where he
opened an office and resumed the practice of law.

H. H. Moorehead, manager for the Green Bay Lumber Co.,
came to Ida county, la., in 1850. He engaged in the mercantile
business in the spring of 1861), which business he continued until
1878. In 1880 he engaged as above.

H ■ H . Perry, proprietor of Ball's Hotel, is a native of 111 . ;
moved to Marshalltown, la.^ in 1868, and engaged in the mer-
cantile business. In Dec, 1881, he became landlord of the.above
house . This hotel is a first-class house, has large sample rooms,
and all the comforts required by travelers .

H. B. Pierce, deputy recorder, is a native of 111.; moved with
parents to Cedar county, la. , in 1865 . He moved to Carroll coun-
ty in 1874, and engaged in school teaching; came to Ida Grove in
1878, where he was principal of the schools for three years . In
1881 was appointed deputy recorder.

E. A . Porter, proprietor of the Porter House, is a native of 0. ;
moved to Guthrie county, la., in 1856, and engaged in the grain
business. He came to Ida Grove in 1881, and opened the above
named house, which was newly furnished. It is a first-class house
with good sample rooms.

Patrick Scanlan, agent for the C. & N. W. R, R. Co. at Ida
Grove, came to this place in 1881 and took charge of the above
office; is also agent for the American Express Co.

William J. Scott, druggist, was born in Pa.; is a graduate of
Girard College, of Philadelphia. He moved to Glidden, la., in
1877 and engaged in the drug business. In 1879 he came to Ida
Grove, and engaged in present business.

F. W. Tibbetts, county treasurer, is a member of the firm of
Tibbetts, Thompson & Co., dealers in grain and agricultural imple-
ments. He was born in N. H.; moved to Wis. in 1855; thence to
Iowa in 1864 and engaged in farming. He came to Ida Grove in
1877 and engaged in business with his brother; the firm soon after
became Tibbetts & Tuthill, afterwards became Tibbetts, Thompson
& Co. He was elected to his present office in 1881.

L. Tinkle, dealer in general merchandise, is the pioneer mer-
chant of Ida Grove. The business is conducted by B. F. Dugan.
He is a native of Ohio; came to Iowa in 1868 and engaged in the
mercantile business at Fort Dodge. He became bookkeeper and
manager of the above house in 1878.

0. G. Tremaine, M. D., was born in Oconomowoc, Wis., in 1854;
moved to Hamilton county, la., in 1807. He began the study of
medicine in 1877 and graduated from the Hahnemann Medical
College, of Chicago, in 1880. He located at Ida Grove in Oct.,
1881, and engaged in the practice of medicine.

568 HISTORY OF IOWA.

Dr. J. T. Walker, druggist, is a native of Iiid.; moved to Iowa
in 1854 and in 1867 engaged in the mercantile business with his
father, in Linn county. He studied medicine and in 1872 gradu-
ated from the Rush Medical College, of Chicago. He opened an
office at Vail, Crawford county, la. Came to Ida Grove in 1877
and is the pioneer druggist of the place.

A. P. Williams, real estate and insurance agent, was born in
Ind.; moved to Benton County, la., in 1856. He has been en-
gaged in business in Cedar Kapids and Omaha. Came to Ida Grove
in 1881 and engaged in business as above.

BATTLE CREEK.

D. R. Archer, real estate dealer and proprietor of the Hol-
comb House, was born in Ind. ; came to la. in 1880, and engaged
in the real estate business; has sold since about twenty-five thous-
and acres of land, of which one-third has been to actual settlers.

B. C Bowman, of the firm of S. H. Bowman & Co., lumber
dealers, is a native of Md. ; moved to Neb. in 1876; thence to la.
in 1879 and engaged in the lumber business at Odebolt, Ida Grove,
Danbury and Battle Creek .

W. E. Churchill, dealer in hardware and agricultural imple-
ments, was born in N . Y.; came to Clarence, la., in 1862, and
was employed as salesman in a hardware store until 1871, when
he engaged in business for himself. He moved to Battle Creek
in 1878, and engaged in business as above .

C . P . Lund, dealer in agricultural implements and stock, was
born in Denmark in 1834; came to America in 1861 and engaged in
farming in Wis. In 1870 moved to Ida county, la., and in 1877
came to Battle Creek and engaged in stock and lumber business.
In 1881 engaged in the above named business .

Jasper McArthur, farmer, was born in Linn county, la . , in April,
1857; came to Crawford county in March, 1878, where he engaged
in farming on 145 acres, section 1 . His postoffice is Battle Creek .
On Jan. 1st, 1879, he was married to Ella Page, of Linn county.
They have one child.

G. W. Mcintosh, furniture dealer, js a native of Wis,; came to
la. in 1869, and engaged as carpenter and builder. He moved to
Red Oak in 1873, and to Battle Creek in 1877. In 1881 he engaged
in his present business .

John Nott, postmaster, was born in Wis. in 1847; moved to
Ida, la., in 1874; thence to Willow Dale, near the present town
of Battle Creek, and engaged in the mercantile business. He was
appointed postmaster in 1876; the office was moved to Battle Creek
in 1877; he also moved there, having sold his business, and is still
in office.

APPENDIX.

Under this heading wHl be found historical and biographical matters that
were received too late for insertion in their proper places:

AURELIA.

„,Aurelia, located in the eastern part of Cherokee County, on the line of the
Illmois Central Railroad was platted by the railroad company in 1870 It was
incorporated m 1880 The first town officers, under incorporation wwe W
C. Marsh Mayor; J W. McMillan, Clerk; George Wharton, TreaTu'r^r; George
Nelson Marshal and Street Commissioner; W. P. Miller, R. C. Klebemer W
F. Quirk, Alexander Frazer, G. A. Enright, W. H Reynolds ConT^il^Pr.'
Present town officers A. Potter, Mayof; J. W. McmS CleS Sr^
^ wiT'J'oT'^,' • Fvaser Marshal; D Watts, Street Commiss one?; S
DanTel^SndW ''"^"' ^^ ^^^^^^^' ^^"^^^^ ^^^^^^^' ^^^^^ Orsweli,E.

ftZ^A ^"ir '^'' K '°Tj^S'"^fe^' ^"^^*^ \ J- Clarkson in the autumn of 1869: the
first dwelling, by R R. Whitney, m 1870; the first child bom was Carrie Au^
reha Sampson, daughter of John and Naomi Sampson, born March 19th 1874^
the first tram of cars arrived at Aurelia, in July. 1870; the first grain wa^ sUd^
ped from Aureha m the autumn of 1871, by R. R. Whitney ^

.Jr.! fi'^'o^^f establishments of Aurelia may be classified as follows : GeneraJ
^^d 4oI ' f ^""^ f ' y^l^'' *^''' V ^'^^'^^ '^«^^^' t^«; hardware, three; boot
fwn fc^stores, two; harness shops, two; meat markets, two; livery bams,
two; hotel, one; furniture store one; photographer, one; millinery stores, two-
coal dealers, four; blacksmith shops, two; wagon shop, one; drugstore one
bank one,-^ printing office, one; saloons, two; bakery and restaurantfone: grai^
elevators, four; warehouses, two; veterinary surgeon, one; attorney, one- phj-

CHURCHES, SCHOOLS AND SOCIETIES.

The Methodist Church Societi/.— Organized October 31st, 1878 bv Rev Mr
Fans with four members Present membership, about one hundred Rev W'

l:A rcS^ot^ii%o ^' ^'"^^^ -'''- '- ""^ ^-^ - ^----' -^ -«

TaSMSfifXSS^Slif^!^^^

are represented m the membersliip. Rev. Amen Johnson is the pastor

Aureha Puhhc Schooh.-The schools of Aurelia will be ^aded during
Bpnng ot the present year, and the district properly organized iS^an inde3
$3,m: " ^"^'^^"^ ^^^^^ feet is nearly fompletel. It wS^t

Iowa Legion of Honor -On the 27th of February, present year, a Lodge ot
tl^.ejo^a Legion of Honor was instituted at Aureha: The l/dee was stSed
with thuty-three charter members. a ne ix)age was started

AURELIA BIOGRAPHIES.

lowa^n Ju7v '?88T^S f^^' «ank of Aureha, is a native of Illinois; came to
lowa m July, 1881, and engaged in banking at Aurelia.

570 ' APPENDIX.

Oscar Chase, dealer in agricultural implements, is a native of N. Y.; came to
Iowa in May, 1869, and settled in Cherokee county, on section twenty-eight,
and built the first house in the township. In 18S1, he moved to Aurelia, and
engaged in present business.

Edward Daniels, dealer in meat and live stock, was born in Middlesex county,
Mass. Moved to Boston, and engaged in Boylston Market; remained there
twenty years; moved to Iowa and settled near Aurelia, in 1869; engaged in
farming until 1878, when he came to Aurelia, and engaged in business as above.

S. A. Frisbie, dealer in grain and stock, was born in Essex county, N. Y.;--
moved to Iowa in 1875, and engaged in the mercantile business at Aurelia. In
1881 he engaged in business as above.

Alexander Frasei', grain dealer, is a native of Wis.: moved to Clayton county,
Iowa, in 18o9; thence to Aurelia in 1871, and engaged in his present business.
He is one of the largest grain dealers in the county, and one of the representa-
tive citizens of Aurelia.

W. C. Marsh, manager of the mercantile house of Wharton & Bruskill, is a
native of N. Y. In 1849 he moved to Wis., where be engaged in farming;
thence in 1875 to Aurelia. He built the first hotel in the town, and in 1879 en-
in business as above.

W. H. Nolfce, of the firm of Nolte & Davis, dealers in dry goods and groceries,
was bora in 111.; came to Aurelia, la., in 1880, and engaged in present business.
The firm have a fine store, and carry a large stock of goods.

_ D. G. To3njes, dealer in staple and fancy groceries and queensware, is a na-
tive of Germany; cam*? to America in 1874 and settled in Jones county, la. In
1881 he came to Aurelia, and engageil in business as above.

Gr8org3 Wharton, of the firm of Wharton & Bruskill, was born in Dubuque
county, Iowa, in 1851. H? gradua'^ed from the Dubaque High School in 1874;
then entered th'^ store of Crote.-s & Walters, where he remained one year; thence
to Aurelia, and engaged in business as above.

R. R. Whitney, grain dealer, is a native of Canada; moved to McGregor, la.,
when there was but one house in the tjwn. He eug igad in fanning until 1869;
then came to Aurelia and engaged in the stock and grain business.

SPENCER BIOGRAPHIES.

T. P. Bender and W. L. Bender, of the firm of Bender Bros., dealers in
grain and stock, came from Pa. to tSpencer, la., in 1872 and engaged in mercan-
tile business. They built an elevator during 1881 at a cost of $7,000. This
elevator has a capacity of 15,000 bushels and is the largest elevator on the line
of the road west of McGregor. T. P. Bender has a hirge stock f;irm near the
city. They have paid for stock and grain during the year 1881, $150,000.

J. F. and C. A. Constant, of the firm of Constant Bros., dealers in boots,
shoes and gentlemen's furnishing goods, established business in 1881. They
carry a large and complete stock of goods.

Rev. P. H. Eighmy is pastor of the M. E. Church of Spencer, la. He has
been very successful since commg to this city and through his efibrts added
forty members to his church.

W. C. Gilbreath, dealer in grain and stcck. came to Spencer in 1878 from
Williamsville, 111. He first engaged in mercantile business with I. F. Constant,
but afterwards was engaged in pubU^hing the Cloi/ Cotinti/ Netrs. In 1881 he
engaged in his present business. He was the first, mayor oif Spencer. '■ '

A. W. Miller, cashier of the Clay county bank, came to Clay county in 1868
and settled on a farm near Peterson. He moved to Spencer in 1871 and en-

APPENDIX. 571

gaged in milling; he entered the banking business in 1876. The bank is on
the corner of Main and Fourth streets; it occupies a brick block that was re-
cently erected.

SIOUX CITY.

The Sioux National Bank of Sioux City, Iowa, with a capital of $200,000.00,
is the largest bank in Western Iowa. Bills of exchange are bought and sold on
principal cities in the United States and Great Britain. The bank has special
facilities for issuing drafts on cities in France, Germany. Norway and Sweden.
The White Star Line of Steamers is also represented. The Directors are : J.
C. C. Hoskins, Wm. L. Joy, A. S. Garretson, Judge J. R. Zuver, Geo. Murphy,
Alexander Elliott, D. P. Hale. Wm. L. Joy, President; A. S. Garretson, Cashier.

R. J. Chase, attorney at law, was bom in Unity, Sullivan county, N. H., in
1840; removed with family to Nashua, N. H.. when quite young; came west at
17 years of age and settled in Yemen county. Wis. After serving in the army
during the rebellion, he returned to Madison, Wis., and began the practice of
law; came west in 1873 and platted the town of Sibley, Osceola county, Iowa.
Mr. Chase's name, unsolicited by him, was ufed by his friends in connection
with the district judgeship in 1874, and he* received a good vote in convention.
In connection with 0. J. Taylor, he opened his present office in the fall of the
same year. The firm has a large practice in the higher courts.

STORM LAKE.

J. A. Dean, of Storm Lake, Buena Vista county, is President of the Iowa
Land and Investment Co.: was cashier of the Stoim Lake Bank, and is a Di-
rector of the first National Bank of Storm Lake. The first named company has
a capital stock of |50.000, and is incorporated for the purpose of negotiating
long-time loans on real estate security, and transacting a real estate and gen-
eral agency business. The Storm Lake Bank was discontinued on the 3d day
of January, 1882, and its business transferred to the First National Bank of
Storm Lrike, which has an authorized capital of $100,000. James Barker is
the President; J. C. French, Cashier.

Erratnm. --In the table of population by counties, that of Plymouth County should
d 8,567 instead of 3,667.

308