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A HISTORY OF

WILLIAM PATERSON AND THE

DARIEN COMPANY

WILLIAM PATERSON,
Founder of the Bank of England and Projector

OF THE DARIEN COMPANY.

Facsiinili: oj a Pen-and-ink Drawing in MS. in the British Museum.

A HISTORY

WILLIAM PATERSON

AND THE

DARIEN COMPANY

WITH
ILLUSTRATIONS AND APPENDICES

JAMES SAMUEL BARBOUR

FORMERLY ACCOUNTANT OF THK BANK OF SCOTLAND

WILLIAM BLACKWOOD AND SONS

EDINBURGH AND LONDON

M C M V 1 1

A^l l^ights rcse>~!'ed

'^ ^ ^ ' UNIVERSITY OF CALIFOSNIA^

D J Q O SANTA BARBARA

Inscribed

WITH EVERY SENTIMENT OP
RESPECT AND ESTEEM

Sir GEORGE ANDERSON, Kt.,

TREASURER OF THE BANK OF SCOTLAND,
BY

THE AUTHOR.

PEEFACE.

The printed documents and books concerning
the Darien Company and the relations to it of
its projector William Paterson, while numerous,
are widely scattered, and in the following pages
an endeavour has been made for the first time to
focus their chief information in narrative form.

The story of the flotation of the ill-starred
Darien Company, its multiplied disasters, and
its tragic collapse, along with that of the
chequered career of its projector, forms an
interesting episode in Scottish history which
should not be allowed to sink into oblivion.

Among the numerous authorities consulted
and drawn upon, the following may be partic-
ularly named : —

1. ' A Defence of the Scots Abdicating Darien ;
Inchiding an Answer to the Defence of the
Scots Settlement there.' Printed in the year
1700.

The writer of this tract is understood to

Vlll PREFACE.

have been one Walter Herries, a surgeon
on board the first expedition to Darien.

2. 'The History of Darien.' By the Eev. Francis

Borland, "sometime Minister of the Gospel at
Glassford, and one of the Ministers who went
along with the last Colony to Darien. Written
mostly in the year 1700, while the Author
was in the American regions." 2nd edition.
Glasgow, 1779.

3. 'History of the Union.' By Daniel De Foe.

London, 1786.

4. ' The Darien Papers.' Edited by Dr Hill Burton

for the Bannatyne Club. Edinburgh, 1849.

5. 'The Writings of William Paterson.' By Saxe

Bannister, M.A. 2nd edition. 3 vols. London,
1859.

6. ' The Early History of the Scots Darien Company.'

By Hiram Bingham, Curator of South American
History and Literature at the Library of
Harvard University. Three papers in 'The
Scottish Historical Eeview,' January, April,
and July 1906.

Edinburgh, April 1907.

CONTENTS.

CHAP.

I. WILLIAM PATERSON AND THE PASSING OP THE
DARIEN company's ACT .
II. THE CAPITAL OP THE DARIEN COMPANY

III. THE DARIEN COMPANY AND ITS BANK-NOTE ISSUE

IV. THE company's PREPARATIONS FOR THE FIRST EX-

PEDITION TO DARIEN
V. THE EXPEDITIONS TO DARIEN : FIRST EXPEDITION
VL THE EXPEDITIONS TO DARIEN : FIRST EXPEDITION —

continued ...... 91

VII. THE EXPEDITIONS TO DARIEN : SECOND EXPEDITION 133

VIII. RESTITUTION OF THE CAPITAL, WITH INTEREST, TO

THE SUBSCRIBERS OF THE DARIEN COMPANY . 156
IX. WILLIAM PATERSON's INDEMNITY AND HIS LAST

WILL ...... 186

APPENDICES.

A. ACT OF THE DARIEN COMPANY — JUNE 26, 1695 . 201

B. DECLARATION BY THE COUNCIL OF CALEDONIA —

DECEMBER 28, 1698 .... 211

CONTENTS.

C. HUI.E8 AND ORDINANCES BY THE PARLIAMENT OP

CALEDONIA, FOR THE GOOD GOVERNMENT OF

THE COLONY— APRIL 24, 1699 . . . 215

D. LETTER — J. 8. FLEMING, F.R.S.E., TO 'THE SCOTSMAN'

—AUGUST 5, 1880 . . . .222

E. BROCHURE — ' THE HISTORY OP CALEDONIA : OR, THE

SCOTS COLONY IN DARIEN IN THE WEST INDIES.
BY A GENTLEMAN LATELY ARRIV'd.' LONDON,

1699 ...... 227

p. LIST OF SUBSCRIBERS TO THE DARIEN COMPANY,

1696 ...... 253

ILLUSTEATIONS.

PAGE

PORTRAIT OF WILLIAM PATERSON . . . Frontispiece

DARIEN BANK-NOTES ..... 32

LEITH HARBOUR — ABOUT 1700 . . . .55

SKETCH-MAP OF ROUTE TAKEN BY FIRST EXPEDITION

AFTER LEAVING MADEIRA . . . .59

PLAN OF HARBOUR AT CALEDONIA . . .66

FACSIMILE OF SIGNATURE AND HANDWRITING OP WILLIAM

PATERSON — FEBRUARY 6, 1700 . . . 154

THE DARIEN HOUSE (sO-CALLED), BRISTO PORT, EDIN-
BURGH ....... 181

IRON LID OF TREASURE-CHEST OF DARIEN COMPANY, IN

ANTIQUARIAN MUSEUM, EDINBURGH . . . 200

A HISTORY OF

WILLIAM PATERSON AND THE

DARIEN COMPANY.

CHAPTER I.

WILLIAM PATERSON AND THE PASSING OP
THE DARIEN COMPANY'S ACT.

The material available for a narrative of the
early life of William Paterson, the founder of
the Bank of England and projector of the ill-
fated Darien Company, is very limited. It
is only after he reaches manhood that we
possess details of his career. For long the
whereabouts of his birthplace remained in
doubt ; and as regards the place of his burial,
" no man knoweth of his sepulchre unto
this day." Hill Burton, the historian, as well
as Saxe Bannister, Paterson's sympathetic bio-
grapher, had both to confess ignorance on

2 WILLIAM TATERSON AND THE

these points. On the authority of William
Pagan (' Birthplace and Parentage of William
Patcrson'), we now know that Paterson was
of Scottish birth, his father having been John
Paterson, farmer in Skipmyre, in the parish
of Tinwald, Dumfriesshire. The farmhouse
where he was born (presumably in 1658) was
pulled down in 1864.

Of Paterson's early education, also, little is
known ; but from his ready pen, and the able
manner in which he expressed himself in his
numerous writings, it may justly be inferred
that the superior elementary education pro-
vided by the parish school of his day laid
the foundation of his future intellectual at-
tainments.

Eliot Warburton, in ' Darien, or the Merchant
Prince,' informs us that he saw it stated in
an old pamphlet in the Bodleian Library that
Paterson, when about seventeen years of age,
on account of being suspected of intercom-
muning with certain Covenanters who were
sheltering in his neighbourhood, was forced to
leave his home in Dumfriesshire and take
refuge in Bristol with an aged kinswoman of
his mother. This lady dying shortly after-
wards, it is conjectured that he then left Eng-
land for Amsterdam, and in his visits to the
coffee-houses there he became acquainted with

PASSING OF THE COMPANY S ACT. 6

several of the leading merchants of that town.
From this Dutch port he is believed to have
made his first voyage to the West Indies,
where he spent some years. It has been
stated that he became first a missionary, and
afterwards a buccaneer, but this is unsupported
by any reliable evidence. The latter sugges-
tion— that he attached himself to the Brethren
of the Coast — is one which is quite at variance
with Paterson's high-toned life. It may have
had its origin in the circumstance that, while
resident in Jamaica, it is understood that he
got acquainted with the two well-known buc-
caneers, William Dampier and Lionel Wafer,
from whom he derived much of his informa-
tion respecting Central America and the Spanish
Main. The probability is that, while in the
West Indies, Paterson was engaged wholly in
mercantile pursuits.

After acquiring a moderate fortune and con-
siderable business experience, he returned to
Europe with a Scheme of Foreign Trade which
he had matured, the result of long study of
questions of commerce and finance, and which
he hoped to carry into execution under the
auspices of some foreign Power. With this in
view, about the year 1686 he visited several
Continental towns, when he took occasion to
offer his Scheme to Frederick William, Elector

4 WILLIAM PATERSON AND THE

of Brandenburg, and to the cities of Emden
and Bremen ; but meeting with little en-
couragement, he returned to England and
settled down in London as a merchant.

Putting his Scheme of Trade aside for a
time, Paterson, along with his friend Michael
Godfrey and a few other London merchants,
brought forward another important project,
with which his name has ever since been
honourably associated. This was his proposal
for the formation of a National Bank, first
submitted to the Government in 1691, and
which finally led to the establishment of the
Bank of England in 1694. Paterson's claims
as " chief projector " of that great institution
have never been seriously questioned. He was
one of the original directors of the Bank,^
and he saw it fairly started ; but owing to a
difference of opinion with the majority of his
colleagues, when he was outvoted, he voluntarily
withdrew from the Corporation in 1695 by
selling out his qualification of £2000 stock.
In a petition to Queen Anne some years after-
wards (dated Westminster, 4th April 1709),
he says —

" Your Petitioner first formed and pro-

• Paterson's name appears as one of the first directors in the
copy of the Bank Charter given in the Appendix to Lawson's
' History of Banking,' first edition, 1849, p. 455.

PASSING OF THE COMPANY S ACT. 5

posed the scheme for relieving the public
credit by establishing the Bank of Eng-
land ; but that, notwithstanding the signal
success of that institution for the public
service, and his unwearied endeavours in
promoting the same through all manner
of opposition from 1691 to the full estab-
lishment thereof in 1694, your Petitioner
never had any recompense for his great
pains and expense therein."
Paterson's career now turned in the direction
of Scotland and the Darien Company.

With the Ke volution of 1688, the religious
and political troubles of Scotland had begun
to subside and a spirit of trade and adventure
had arisen in their place. The people were
envious of England's lucrative colonial trade,
and longed to enjoy similar economic advan-
tages. This desire for commercial expansion
was accentuated by a succession of bad har-
vests, which had reduced many thousands of
the population to destitution. In order to
remedy this unfortunate state of matters and
give ejQfect to the commercial aspirations of the
nation, the Scottish Parliament devoted itself to
passing several Acts fitted to stimulate home
industries and foreign trade. Notably, on 14th
June 1693, it passed an important measure,
entitled an Act for Encouraging Foreign

6 WILLIAM PATERSON AND THE

Trade, wherein it was declared that Scottish
companies might be formed to trade " with
any country not at war with their majesties —
to the East and West Indies, the Straits and
Mediterranean, Africa and the northern parts " ;
and such companies were promised Letters
Patent and the Great Seal.

The passing of this wide trading Act paved
the way for the Parliamentary incorporation of
Paterson's great scheme, the Darien Company,
which came about in this wise.

The monopoly of Indian trade, enjoyed by
the London East India Company, had long
been encroached upon by "interlopers," or
ships sent out by private traders, a number
of which were owned by Scots merchants in
London. These gentlemen hoped to have a
free trade to India, or to obtain a Charter for
a rival Company. They were disappointed in
this, as the old Company not only frustrated
their efforts in that direction, but also secured a
renewal of their own Charter for other twenty-
one years. This was the position of affairs
when the session of the Scottish Parliament
was opened on 9 th May 1695. King William
expressed his regret that important engage-
ments abroad prevented him from meeting with
them, but he sent the Marquis of Tweeddale
down to Scotland as his Commissioner, with

PASSING OF THE COMPANY S ACT. 7

instructions to gratify tlie ancient kingdom as
far as possible. In his opening address, after
the king's letter had been read, Tweeddale,
among other assurances of the royal regard
for Scotland, informed the House that

" If they found it would tend to the advancement of
trade that an Act be passed for the encouragement
of such as should acquire and establish a plantation
in Africa or America, or any other part of the world
where plantations might lawfully be acquired, his
Majesty was willing to declare that he would grant
to his subjects in Scotland, in favour of their planta-
tions, such rights and privileges as he was accustomed
to grant to the subjects of his other dominions." ^

In the same month. May 1695, Paterson was
approached by his friend Mr James Chiesly,
merchant in London, who acquainted him that
there was great encouragement given by the
Scottish Legislature for establishing an East
India Company in Scotland on a legal basis,

^ Although the king gave his Commissioner authority to
promote any measure in the Scots Parhament for the further-
ance of Scottish commerce, it was understood that any Act that
might be passed was to be submitted to his Majesty for approval
before it received royal assent. This formality appears to have
been omitted in the case of the Darien Company's Act. At
the time it was passed the king was on the Continent con-
ducting the war against Louis XIV. of France, and was ignorant
of what was being done in his name. This omission accounted
for much of the hostility afterwards shown by the king to the
Company, and for his significant remark that " he had been ill-
served in Scotland."

8 WILLIAM PATERSON AND THE

and he asked his assistance in the matter. In
response to Chiesly's request, Paterson drew up
and handed to him the draft constitution of a
Bill for erecting such a Company. The draft
Bill, whatever Paterson's private prepossessions
may have been at the time, while giving sig-
nificant prominence to an American as well as
to an African and Indian trade, did not other-
wise, on the face of it, suggest the Darien
enterprise, with which it was ultimately solely
associated. Its original and ostensible design
was the establishment of an East India trade.
The measure as drafted by Paterson, having
been approved by his mercantile friends in
London, was carried into Scotland by Mr
Chiesly and Mr Coutts, who were favourably
received by the chief officers of State and, it
may be said, by the whole of the nobility and
people of any consequence. There was there-
fore no fear of the passage of the proposed
Act, more especially as it had the patronage
of Ministers of the Crown such as the Marquis
of Tweeddale and James Johnston, Secretary of
State, the latter of whom got the main credit
of carrying it through Parliament.

Accordingly, on 12th June 1695, the Bill
was presented to the Scottish Parliament for
preliminary consideration, and after being read
was referred to the Committee of Trade. On

PASSING OF THE COMPANY S ACT. 9

Friday the 21st the Bill was brought in from
the Committee for further consideration, when
it was again read, amended, and approven.
Thereafter it was again remitted to the Com-
mittee of Trade, in order that the names of the
patentees or promoters — of whom ten resided
in Scotland and ten in England — might be
inserted. On the Wednesday following — a fort-
night after its introduction — the Bill was reported
to the House, when it was "read, voted, and
approven." Thus the great Act erecting The
Co7npany of Scotland trading to Africa and
the Indies,^ so full of important issues for
Scotland, passed the Scottish Parliament on
26th June 1695. It also became law on the
same day by being carried to the Throne,
where it was " touched with the Sceptre " by
his Majesty's Commissioner in the usual way.

^ The Company was popularly known in Scotland as "The
Darien Company," from its expeditions to the Isthmus of Darien,
and this title has been followed here. It is frequently referred
to by contemi^orary writers as " The African Company," but the
only action on the part of the Company which justified the use
of that title was their sending out to the Gold Coast of Africa,
in September 1699, a ship called the African Merchant, William
Bell, captain. The ship returned with a quantity of gold dust,
received in barter for its cargo. This gold dust was minted
into twelve- and six-pound pieces Scots, sometimes called pistoles
and half-pistoles (Darien pistoles). The Company's crest, " the
sun rising out of the sea," appears on the coins immediately
under King William's bust, and they bear the date 1701. They
are further unique in respect that they were the last gold coins
issued by the Scottish Mint.

10 WILLIAM PATERSON AND THE

Although Paterson was responsible for the
main part of the text of the Bill, and his name
appears in it as heading the promoters resident
in England, he personally had no hand in its
receiving the imprimatur of the Scottish Parlia-
ment. When giving evidence in January 1696
before the Committee of the House of Commons,
which was appointed to examine " what methods
were taken for obtaining the Act of Parliament
passed in Scotland for the establishing of the
East India Company, and who were the pro-
moters and advisers thereof," Paterson stated
that " he did not solicit for the Act, nor knew
anything of its passing, but he heard Mr Chiesly
and Mr Blackwood say that they had solicited
for such an Act formerly. He was induced to
be concerned in the matter, because there was
no encouragement for such a trade in England."

Among the large powers conferred upon
the Darien Company by their Act were the
following : —

1. Monopoly in Scotland of trade with Asia,

Africa, or America for 31 years.

2. Goods imported by the Company during

the space of 21 years to be duty free,
except foreign sugar and tobacco.

3. The Company to be empowered for the

space of 10 years to equip, fit out, and

PASSING OF THE COMPANY'S ACT. 11

navigate their own or hired ships in
warlike or other manner, as they shall
think fit.

4. Members and servants of the Company to

be privileged against impressment and
arrest ; and if any of them happened to be
so treated, the Company were authorised
to release them, and to demand the
assistance both of the civil and military
powers for that purpose.

5. The Company and their officers and

members to be free from taxes for 21
years.

6. No part of the capital stock or of the real

or personal property of the Company to
be liable to any manner of confiscation or
arrest ; and creditors of members of the
Company to have lien over their profits
only, without having any further rights
over the debtors' stock.

7. The Company authorised to take possession

of uninhabited territories in any part of
Asia, Africa, or America, or in any
other place, by consent of the inhabit-
ants, provided it was not possessed by
any European sovereign ; and there to
plant colonies, build towns and forts ;
to impose taxes and provide such places
with magazines, arms, &c.; to wage war

12 WM. PATERSON AND PASSING OF CO.'s ACT.

and make reprisals, and to conclude
treaties of peace and commerce.

8. Should any foreign State injure the Com-
pany, the king to interpose, and at the
public charge obtain reparation for the
damage done.

9. All persons concerned in the Company,

together with those who might settle
in or inhabit any of their plantations, to
be declared free citizens of Scotland, and
to have the privileges thereof.

10. Letters Patent, confirming the Company's
Act, to be given by the king, to which
the Great Seal was to be afiixed.

11. In token of allegiance, the Company to
pay yearly to his Majesty and his
successors a hogshead of tobacco in name
of blench-duty, if required.

[For full text of the Act see Appendix A^

CHAPTER II.

THE CAPITAL OF THE DARIEN COMPANY.

Unlike the Act of the Bank of Scotland, passed
about three weeks later, the Act constituting
the Darien Company did not limit the amount
of capital to be raised for carrying on the under-
taking. It merely spoke in general terms of
" the fund or capital stock that shall be agreed
to be advanced and employed by the said
undertakers and their co - partners." It was
stipulated, however, that the amount of capital
which might ultimately be agreed upon was to be
subscribed not later than the 1st day of August
1696 ; that at least half was to be set aside for
Scotsmen resident in the kingdom ; and that
the shares originally so subscribed could be
transferred only to other Scotsmen similarly
resident there. Failing half the stock being
quite taken up by resident Scotsmen, then
Scotsmen living abroad and foreigners were to
be allowed to subscribe for the residue. No one

14 THE CAPITAL OF THE DARTEN COMPANY.

could hold less stock than ,£100 nor more than
£3000 sterling.

At first Paterson and his associates proposed
to fix the total capital at £360,000, but ulti-
mately the amount was raised to £600,000
sterling — one half, as stated, to be reserved
for Scotland, and the remaining £300,000 to be
offered in London. From his previous experi-
ence of the remarkable success which had
attended the subscriptions of the Bank of
England, Paterson anticipated little difficulty
in raising the moiety assigned to London. He
therefore addressed himself to quickening the
speculative interest of his countrymen in the
proposed enterprise, and in this connection it is
interesting to read the correspondence which
passed between Paterson and the Eight Honour-
able Sir Eobert Chiesly, the Lord Provost of
Edinburgh, who represented the Scottish portion
of Directors appointed by the Act. Paterson's
letters are dated from London, and in the
correspondence he stands out as a financial
expert far ahead of his time — being, in fact,
quite abreast of the astute company promoters
of our own day. In his letter of 4th July 1695
he suggests that the information about to be
furnished to the people of Scotland should not
be too detailed. " And for Eeasons, we ought
to give none but that it is a Fund for the African

THE CAPITAL OF THE DARIEN COMPANY. 15

and Indian Company. For if we are not able to
raise the Fund by our Eeputation, we shall hardly
do it by our Reasons." This method of floating a
company on the reputation of the promoters is
in keeping with some of the prospectuses of the
numerous bubble companies launched a few
years afterwards (in 1720), one of which stated
that the company about to be promoted was
"for an object to be hereafter revealed."

On the 9th July Paterson urges that a limited
time only should be allowed to the public for
giving in their subscriptions. He writes : " The
Bank of England had but six weeks' time from
the opening of the books, and was finished in
nine days, and in all subscriptions here it's
always limited to a short day. For if a thing
go not on with the first heat, the raising of a
Fund seldom or never succeeds, the multitude
being commonly led more by example than
reason." Continuing, he says: "They" (the
gentlemen promoters in London) " hope, all
things considered, that this, as it's designed, is
one of the most beneficial and best grounded
pieces of trade at this day in Christendom, and
we must engage some of the best heads and
purses for trade in Europe therein, or we can
never do it as it ought to be."

Paterson several times complained of Lord
Provost Chiesly's delay in forwarding to him

16 THE CAPITAL OF THE DAPJEN COMPANY.

an authentic copy of the Company's Act "as
it passed the Seals," his aim being to get the
Company established before the English Par-
liament met. On the 6th of August he writes
somewhat warmly : " The life of all commerce
depends upon a punctual correspondence, and
we shall not fail at any time to return our
thoughts upon your demands, so we hope you
will keep up to the exactness of correspondence
on your part." A week later Paterson inti-
mated to the Lord Provost that it was pro-
posed to convene a General Meeting of the
Corporation, to be held in London, for the
purpose of making the arrangements necessary
for opening the subscriptions there. At the
same time he drew attention to two errors
that had crept into the Act — viz., Mr James
Smith, merchant, London, being misnamed
John Smith, and Mr Joseph Cohen
D'Azevedo's name being printed as if it rep-
resented two separate individuals. It would
therefore be necessary — in fact, it was urgent
— that three from among the Scotch promoters
named in the Act should be present at the
proposed meeting in London, so as to make
a majority and quorum, and have the errors
referred to rectified. Paterson had to repeat
this request several times ; and in compliance
therewith, although somewhat tardily. Lord

THE CAPITAL OF THE DARIEN COMPANY. 17

Belhaven, with Mr Robert Blackwood and Mr
James Balfour, proceeded as a deputation to
London and attended several meetings there,
commencing on 9th November. The London
subscription book w^as opened on 13th Nov-
ember 1695, and was closed on the 22nd — the
day on which the English Parliament met.
Thus in nine days the entire issue of £300,000
stock was subscribed, of which one - fourth —
£75,000 — was paid up at the time of sub-
scription. In point of fact, the stock was
over - applied for, and the applications had to
be cut down. Included in the list of sub-
scribers was Paterson's own name for £3000,
and that of his servitor for £100 stock. The
English promoters proceeded to business at
once, not waiting until the Scotch subscrip-
tions were taken. One of their first deeds
was to pass a resolution that the Court of
Directors, besides those named in the Act of
Parliament, should be increased by thirty ad-
ditional Directors — making fifty in all. The
qualification for each of these additional Direc-
tors was fixed at £1000 stock or more,
along with proxies from other proprietors
amounting to £20,000, including the new Di-
rector's own holding. Under this rule several
new Directors got seats on the London board
during the month of November. On 4th

18 THE CAPITAL OF THE DARIEN COMPANY.

December they passed a resolution — "That
one or more ships be fitted out for the East
Indies from Scotland with all convenient
speed." This resolution, however, was not
given effect to, as it was ultimately thought
better to delay sending out ships until the
Scottish subscriptions were taken.

But the progress of the Company soon sus-
tained a check. The powerful London East
India Company took alarm, and they petitioned
the House of Commons, setting forth the en-
croachment in their Indian trade. This resulted
in the Lords and Commons holding a joint
conference and unanimously concurring in an
Address to the King, complaining of the estab-
lishment of the Scots East India Company with
privileges which it was apprehended would ruin
the English East India trade, and animad-
verting upon the action of the Scottish Min-
ister and the Scottish Parliament in passing the
Act. The Act of the Scottish Parliament, how-
ever, could neither be recalled nor suspended.
On 17th December 1695 both Houses waited
on King William at Kensington with their
Address, to which his Majesty made the memor-
able reply — " That he had been ill-served in
Scotland, but he hoped some remedies might
be found to prevent the inconveniences which
might arise from the Act " ; and followed this

THE CAPITAL OF THE DARIEN COiMPANY. 19

up by dismissing the Lord High Commissioner
Tweeddale and Secretary Johnston. The Com-
mons went further. They ordered production
of the London books of the Company, made a
searching inquiry into its actings, and finally
threatened Paterson and his English colleagues,
along with Lord Belhaven ^ and the other two
Scotch deputies, with an impeachment, which,
however, was afterwards abandoned. The ground
of the impeachment was that the Directors were
guilty of a high crime and misdemeanour in
raising monies and administering an oath de
Udeli in England under colour of a Scottish
Act of Parliament.

The House of Lords, on their part, also took
extreme steps. On the 20th December they
resolved to prepare a Bill to provide remedies
against the inconveniences attending the Scots
Act, two of the heads of which were — (1) That
the subjects of England be discouraged, under
severe penalties, from engaging in the stock or
management of the Scots East India Company ;

1 When the summons citing Loi"d Belhaven to appear at the
bar of the Commons was served, " the messenger was informed
at my Lord's house that his Lordship was gone to Scotland."

Roderick Mackenzie, the Secretary of the Company, having
refused to give certain evidence, the House ordered him to be
taken into the custody of the Sergeant-at-Arms. Mackenzie
eluded the search officers, and a Government pi'oclamation was
issued for his apprehension ; but he also fled the country and
escaped the storm.

20 THE CAPITAL OF THE DARIEN COMPANY.

and (2) that all seamen of England, Ireland,
or the Plantations be prohibited, under severe
penalties, from navigating or serving in the
Company's merchant ships, and that the ship-
wrights and builders of ships in or belonging to
England, Ireland, or the Plantations be likewise
restrained, under severe penalties, from repairing
to Scotland, or from building any ships for their
service within those Kingdoms or the Plantations.
This hostile action on the part of the Govern-
ment alarmed the English subscribers, and they
reluctantly withdrew their subscriptions, and so
relinquished the design.^ The scheme, so far as
regards an East Indian trade, was now knocked
on the head. It has been alleged that Paterson
all along had been lukewarm to the East India
trade, and instead secretly hoped to carry out
his long-cherished idea of establishing a great
settlement in Central America.

1 In April 1697 a similar fate attended a subscription of
£200,000 offered to the merchants of Hamburg, whither Pater-
son had gone to enlist subscribers in lieu of those withdrawn in
London. After the books had been opened and subscriptions
promised, Sir Paul Rycaut, the English Resident at Hamburg,
and Mr Cresset, the English Envoy to the Coiu-t of Lunenburgh,
presented a Memorial in King William's name to the Senate
of Hamburg, stating that his Majesty would regard such pro-
ceedings as an affront, which he would not fail to resent. The
Hamburgers, wishing to avert the displeasure of England, re-
luctantly withdrew their promised support. The Directors of
the Company addressed several appeals and remonstrances to
King William on the subject, but they got no redress.

THE CAPITAL OF THE DARIEN COMPANY. 21

In a letter (Bannister's 'Life of William
Paterson ') dated 5tli September 1696, from
Mr Robert Douglas, a Scots merchant in London,

he says —

" I found Mr Paterson in several particulars opposing
everything that tended to promote the Scots East India
trade, when under consideration in England, and in-
dustriously bringing in some that were concerned in the
English East India Company (five of whom had taken
oaths to the said Company — were then in Committee)
to be Directors of the Scots East India trade. So I
considered he must be treacherous to the interest he
seemed to espouse, ... or else, knowing his ignorance
in the East India trade, might have some West India
design of his own to promote."

This allegation, as to assuming as Directors
certain proprietors who were also members of
the London Company, is partly confirmed by
the evidence given by Colonel Robert Lanca-
shire, one of the newly assumed Directors, in his
examination before the Committee of the House
of Commons in January 1696.

" Mr Lancashire, being examined, said that he was
a member of the English East India Company, and of
the Scotch East India Company, and subscribed £3000
to the stock, and gave a note for one-fourth part to
Mr Foulis and Mr Chiesly, dated 8th November. That
it was proposed to send out a ship as an interloper, but
he refused to consent to it, saying it was against his
oath to the English East India Company."

22 THE CAPITAL OF THE DARIEN COMPANY.

Meantime, prior to the subscription books
being opened in Scotland, care bad been taken
to arouse the interest of the Scots nation in the
proposed foreign trade by the circulation of
pamphlets on the subject. One of these bore
the title, ' Proposals for a Fond to cary on a
Plantation,' which stated that "persons of all
ranks, yea, the body of the nation, are longing
to have a plantation in America." This probably
was inspired by Paterson. The "Address" of
the two Houses to the Crown, which directed
special attention to the ample privileges con-
ferred by the Scottish Act, but without the
king's damaging reply to it, was also printed
and reprinted at Edinburgh, and being widely
circulated, had much influence in moving public
opinion in favour of the scheme.

The withdrawal of the London subscribers, —
men experienced in large commercial under-
takings,— and the pronounced hostility of the
English Government, should have made Paterson
and the Directors in Scotland hesitate before
proceeding further in the affair. But the insult
attending the opposition of the English Govern-
ment, and the disavowal of the project by the
king, wounded the honest pride of the Scots,
who patriotically resolved " to stand upon their
own bottom," and to pursue the undertaking,
although on difi"erent lines, with their own re-

THE CAPITAL OF THE DARIEN COMPANY. 23

sources. They aimed now at a capital increased
to £400,000,^ in place of £300,000.

On the 26th February 1696, within a few
weeks after the denunciation of the English
Parliament, the subscription book of the
Darien Company was opened in Edinburgh.
The scheme immediately became a national
concern, and people of all classes pressed for-
ward to participate in the emission. In his
'History of England,' Macaulay says: "From
the Pentland Firth to the Solway, every one
who had a hundred pounds was impatient to
put down his name."'^

On the first day, 26th February, £50,400
was subscribed, and daily, till the end of
March, the list filled up steadily. The last
two days of March brought in considerable

1 A capital limited to £400,000, even although the money
could have been raised in Scotland, foredoomed the Darien
scheme to failure. Paterson realised this when it was too late.
In his subsequent plan to revive the Darien enterprise, given at
length in Dalrymple's ' Memoirs,' he proposed a capital of two
million pounds sterling, one-fifth part to belong to Scotland and
the other four-fifths to England. On 5th February 1696 the
House of Lords resolved that the English East India trade be
carried on by a company, under Act of Parliament, with a joint-
stock of £3,000,000.

2 The Lord Justice-Clerk, writing to Lord Tullibardine on
18th December 1697, says : " 'Twas the notice the Parliament
of England first took of it [Darien Company] made the whole
nation throng in to have some share, and I'm of opinion the
resentments people are acted by are the greatest supplies that
furnishes life to that afl'air."

24 THE CAPITAL OF THE DARIEN COMPANY.

support. On the 30th, Mr Thomas Scott,
merchant, Dundee, came as a deputy from
that town with 42 subscriptions besides his
own. On the 31st, a large contingent came
forward. To meet the pressure that day the
subscription book was kept open in the after-
noon, and 176 applications in all were re-
ceived. A separate book was opened at
Glasgow on the 5th of March, and the total
amount received there was £56,325. At a
General Meeting of the Company held on 3rd
April — Lord Belhaven in the chair— it was re-
ported that upwards of £300,000 had been
subscribed. By the end of May the capital
of £400,000 was all taken up excepting
£25,000. In June and July the applications
dropped away, and several days frequently
passed without an entry. The list was kept
open until 1st August, the last day fixed by
the Company's Act, when the grand total of
£400,000 was completed.^ This result, how-
ever, was accomplished with some difficulty,
as the books of the Company reveal the fact
that on the closing day certain subscribers, by
arrangement with the Company, temporarily
increased their original applications, so as to

1 Macaiilay, in his ' History of England,' says four hundred
thousand pomids probably bore as great a ratio to the wealth
of Scotland in 1696 as forty millions would do at the time he
wrote his History.

THE CAPITAL OF THE DARIEN COMPANY. 25

enable the Directors to make the announce-
ment that the total issue had been taken up.
The names of the various subscribers — all
"residenters in Scotland" — are noteworthy.^
They comprise nobles, landed gentry, mer-
chants, ministers, surgeons, lawyers, &c., in-
cluding all the royal burghs of Scotland. ^
Paterson's scheme appealed strongly to the
ladies of Scotland, the first five names put
down on the list being —

Anne, Dutches of Hamilton and Chastlerault,

&c. . . . . . . £3000

Margarett, Countesse of Eothesse . . 1000

Margarett, Countesse of Rothesse, for her Son

Thomas, Earle of Haddington . . 1000

Lady Margarett Hope of Hopetoun . . 1000

Lady Margarett Hope of Hopetoun, for her

Son Hopetoun .... 2000

The ''Good Town of Edinburgh" (per Lord
Provost Chiesly) took the maximum subscrip-
tion of £3000, and the Merchant Company of
Edinburgh took £1200, while the little "Town
of Queensferry" went in for £100 stock. On

1 For detailed List of Subscribers, arranged alphabetically
see Appendix F.

2 On 17th July 1695 the Scots Parliament passed a special
Act for the purpose of enabling the administrators of the
Common Good of burghs to invest their funds in the stock of
the Darien Company. The closing words of the Act free and
relieve the administrators from liability for any loss that might
arise through the investment.

2nd

do.

3rd

do.

4th

do.

5th

do.

6th

do.

26 THE CAPITAL OF THE DAKIEN COMPANY.

the closing day the "Royal Burghs," as a body,
ventured £3000, and the last to sign the list
was " Sir Archibald Mure, in name of the
burgh of Cowpper of Fyfe," for £100 stock.

The various calls made on the stockholders
were as follows : —
1st call of 25 per cent, payable 1st June 1696.

llthNov.l698USof
Candlemasl699j^ercent
15th May 1G99.
11th Nov. 1699.
2nd Feb. 1700.

42| per cent in all.

JVote. — The first call of 25 per cent was to bear interest from
1st August 1698, and the remaining calls from their respective
dates of payment.

The first instalment of 25 per cent was well
met. It should have produced £100,000, and it
actually realised the sum of £98,223, 17s. 2id.
In connection with this call, the Directors
offered a discount of 12 per cent on prepay-
ments, whereby they drew in the sum of
£34,006, 13s. 4d. before the due date, 1st June.
This proved to be bad business, as the Com-
pany, in their assumed rd/e of bankers, com-
menced shortly afterwards to lend money to
their proprietors at the modified rate of 4 per
cent. They had to make this concession in
competing with the Bank of Scotland, whose

THE CAPITAL OF THE DARIEN COMPANY. 27

directors at this time had reduced the interest
on loans from 6 per cent — the legal rate —
to 4 per cent.

As mentioned above, the various calls made
by the Directors amounted in all to 42| per
cent of the total capital of £400,000 sub-
scribed, and this should have realised £170,000.
The actual cash paid up by the subscribers in
respect of calls was £153,448, 5s. 4§d., along
with £65,646, 3s. 2|d. of overdue interest.
This large amount of interest indicates the
great difficulty experienced by the subscribers
in meeting their calls. In the extraordinary
national enthusiasm evoked at the time, the
Scottish people subscribed for much more stock
than they were able to pay calls upon. In
the final years of the Company, subscribers all
over the country had to be sued at law for
payment of their calls, and when the Com-
pany was dissolved in 1707 a considerable
balance then still due by the proprietors had
to be cancelled.

The call-money paid up, together with the
interest, amounted in all to £219,094, 8s. 7id.,
and this sum represented the grand total which
Scotland stood to lose in the ill-fated concern.

CHAPTER HI.

THE DARIEN COMPANY AND ITS BANK-NOTE
ISSUE.

One of the first operations resolved upon by
tlie Court of Directors of the Darien Company
was the organising of a banking business as
an adjunct to their great colonisation scheme.
This was in defiance of the Act passed in favour
of the Bank of Scotland on 17th July 1695,
whereby that institution had a monopoly of
banking in Scotland. The Bank Act declared
that, for the space of twenty - one years after
its date, ** it shall not be leisom [lawful]
to any other persons to enter into or set
up an distinct Company of Bank within the
Kingdom."

The Act of the Darien Company contained
no reference to banking, being solely directed
to foreign trade and commerce. It appears,
however, that Paterson had it in view from

THE DARIEN CO. AND ITS BANK-NOTE ISSUE. 29

the first to include banking, or a " fund of
credit " as he termed it, as part of his scheme.
This intention was kept secret at first ; but it
got "air" about the month of May 1696, while
Mr John Holland of London, the founder and
first governor of the Bank of Scotland, was
temporarily residing in Edinburgh. Holland
had come to Scotland at the request of the
directors of the Bank for the purpose of
placing the young institution on a proper
business footing, as he was thought to be
better acquainted with the nature and man-
agement of a bank. Holland felt keenly the
unexpected and hostile attitude of the Darien
Company, and he made a spirited attack on
Paterson in a pamphlet published in Edin-
burgh in 1696. This brochure is entitled 'A
short Discourse on the present Temper of the
Nation with respect to the Indian and African
Company and of the Bank of Scotland ; also
of Mr Paterson's pretended Fund of Credit.'
In this paper Holland stated that, on his
arrival in Edinburgh, Paterson came **and
begged him to pardon his ever pretending
against the Bank, and [declaring] that what-
ever had been [done] was only for fear it
might interrupt and hinder the subscriptions
to the African Company, but he [Paterson]
saw it did not, and therefore wished all

THE DARIEN COMPANY AND

manner of success to it." ^ Notwithstanding
this protestation, Paterson and his associates
proceeded with their banking operations.

The following establishment was appointed,
apparently with a view to engaging in banking
on an extensive scale : —

Roderick Mackenzie, Secretary

James Dunlop, Chief Accountant

Robert Douglas, Accountant .

Andrew Teuchlar, do.

John Symer, . do.

John Dixon, Clerk and Accountant
to the Committee of Improve-
ments ......

Gavin Plummer, Chief Cashier

Andrew Cockburn, Assistant to do. .

James Lyel, Ware and Storehousekeeper

James Thompson, Clerk

Andrew Johnston, do.

Gilbert More, Teller

Adam Nisbet, do.

Robert Pringle, do.

Charles Auchmutie, Housekeeper

William Hopkirk, Messenger

Salary £150

do. 120

do. 80

do. 60

do. 35

do. 50

do. 120

do. 60

do. 70

do. 30

do. 25

do. 15

do. 10

Salaries in all £905 ^

^ Paterson had no hand in the formation of the Bank of Scot-
land, but was rather opposed to it. In a letter to Lord Provost
Chiesly, dated London, 15th August 1695, he says, "I desire a
copy of the Bank Act so surreptitiously gained. It may be a
great prejudice [to our Company], but is never likely to be any
matter of good to us, nor to those who have it."

2 The first official staff of the Bank of Scotland, like its

ITS BANK-NOTE ISSUE.

On 18th June 1696 an engraved copper-
plate for printing bank notes was given in
charge by the Court of Directors to their
Committee of Treasury, "to be kept under
lock and key with the cash." The committee
were also ordered to take care " that no copies
or blank bills should be cast off or printed,
but in presence of three at least of their
number ; who were further directed to take
all such blanks into their special care, as if
the same were real money."

A writer in the ' Scottish Antiquary ' of July
1896 states that the character of the lettering on
the copperplate is so close a copy of Paterson's
handwriting that it may be assumed that the

original paid-up capital of £10,000, was on a modest scale. For
the year ending March 1697, the entire charge for salaries and
directors' fees was £452, viz. : —

James Marjoribanks, Treasurer

£100

Alex. Weir, Assistant to Treasurer

George Watson, Accountant

James Cuming, his Assistant

William Hislop, his other Assistant

David Spence, Secretary
James Forbes, Teller .

25
25

Archd. Hutchison, do.

John Nicolson, Officer

Add Honorarium distributed among the twelve

£332

Ordinary Directors ....

120

all

£452

32 THE DARIEN COMPANY AND

original model of it passed to the engraver
direct from his own pen. A similar reference
is made to the handwriting filling up the blank
spaces, dates of issue and money amounts, &c.,
of the actual notes in process of being made
ready for circulation.^ The notes were of the
values of £100, £50, £20, £10, and £5. The
same copperplate was used for all the denomi-
nations of the notes, the different values being
written in with the hand.

Following upon this — viz., on 26th June —
the Court of Directors, having under consider-
ation " the manner of rendering the Company's
Current -Bills useful," ordered that fit persons
should be appointed at Glasgow, Dundee, Aber-
deen, &c., to be cashiers to the Company, who
should have certain amounts of the Company's
bills in their hands, to answer and serve the
Company's correspondence in these towns and
the several next adjacent places. Accordingly,
the cashiers of the Company in the various parts
were charged with the Company's bank notes,
for the purposes of circulation, as follows : —

* The writer of the article has apparently fallen into error
here, probably misled by similar handwriting contained in certain
of Paterson's letters addressed to the Lord Provost of Edinburgh,
which are included in the " Miscellaneous Collection " of Darien
Papers in the Advocates' Library. These letters, however, are
not holograph, but are merely official copies by another hand
— probably that of one of the Darien Company's staflf.

'■^^m^ .-"'^^■>>y-.;J^^Mm^^mmw^^f!m^^i.^^^^^-^^?

~~-^^

-y

-A

-' /o

>'^ ■ -faA^ •■fa?' ierty^

^^^^7

DARIEN BANK-NOTES.

Two Specimen For.ws, on a Reduced Scale, taken pro.h the Company's
Note-Book in the Advocates' Library, Edinburgh.

ITS BANK-NOTE ISSUE. 33

John Peddie, Cashier in Glasgow . £5000

Thomas Burnett, ,< Aberdeen . 2000

Alex. Eobertson, n Dundee . 1500

and John Eeid n Dumfries . 1000

Owing to the poverty of Scotland at this
period, the practice of receiving money on de-
posit had not begun, and banking clients were all
borrowers.^ Strict banking consisted in lending
money on heritable and personal bonds and in
the discount of bills. By this means the Bank
notes were placed in the hands of the public.

As we have seen, the Darien Company opened
agencies in various provincial towns for the
purpose of circulating their notes. This in-
fringement of the Bank's special Act of Parlia-
ment and obstruction to its progress at the
beginning of its career was very trying to the
young institution. In a letter written in 1696
by the London directors of the Bank to their
colleague Mr Holland in Edinburgh, they say
that they "are sorry to hear of any designs
of the African Company against us [i.e., the
Bank], having resolved to assist them in the

1 The Bank of Scotland appears to have first received money
on deposit in 1707, for which no interest was given. In 1729 it
was received on current account on the treasurer's bond or bill,
can-ying interest. In 1762 notes payable to order by the
treasurer for deposits began to be used as a regular branch
of business. In 1810 deposit receipts were commenced, and have
since continued in vise.

34 THE DARIEN COMPANY AND

best of our power, they containing themselves
within the bounds of their Act." Although the
Bank directors possessed the exclusive privilege
of banking in Scotland, they did not exercise
their right of contesting their legal position,
and so extinguishing the innovation on their
monopoly. The Darien Company was too
popular throughout Scotland, " the whole
humour of the nation being run on it," to
render any action of this kind a success. The
Earl of Marchmont, writing to the Duke of
Queensberry in December 1699, says : " I
have enough ado to keep myself from falling
into disgrace with that Company, which is little
less than to say falling into disgrace with the
Scots nation." Mr Holland noted this, and
prudently advised his fellow -directors "to lie
by for a little, and so manage the Bank's affairs
as not to suffer an affront from the mighty
Company by the latter making a run upon
their cash." As it happened, the obstruction
was temporary only, and in a year or 'two it
entirely disappeared.

Lawson, in his ' History of Banking,' states
that in order to obtain a circulation of their
notes, and to suppress the notes of their rival
the young Bank, the Company lent money on
securities which they were unable to realise,
— "this coming to the knowledge of the public.

ITS BANK-NOTE ISSUE. 35

lessened the value of tlieir stock so much that
they ultimately gave up the banking business."
The Company also made advances to their own
proprietors on the security of their stock — a
practice which had to be discontinued.^ Prob-
ably the chief cause of their non- success in
banking was the fact that the whole of their
paid-up capital, with borrowed money in addi-
tion, was fully required in exploiting their great
colonisation scheme. The want of " till-money "
endangered the convertibility of their notes. As
Paterson himself states in a tract, published in
1705, " No bank can succeed without a con-
siderable fund of cash to answer necessary
demands."

When the notes were finally retired by the
Company on 19th June 1701, the total issue
had amounted to £12,085 only, thus —

£5400 in £100 notes.
4100 M 50 M
1700 „ 20 M

310 „ 10 M

575 .. 5 ..

These notes were the Company's first and only

1 " And the Committee of Treasury was ordered to sign no
more Warrants to the Cashier for lending money to any of the
proprietors of this joint-stock, upon the credit of their respective
Shares therein, without special order from the Court of Directors
concerning the same." — Darien Company Minute, 2nd October
1G9G.

36 THE DARIEN CO. AND ITS BANK-NOTE ISSUE.

issue. They were all dated 25th June 1696 ;
made payable to the chief accountant, James
Dunlop, or bearer on demand ; signed by the
chief cashier, Gavin Plummer, and counter-
signed as " entered " by the assistant cashier,
Andrew Cockburn. The Company had no notes
below £5.^

1 By way of contrast, we give the Bank of Scotland note
circulation at the time. In his 'Short Discourse' (1696) Mr
Holland says : " As soon as the rules and methods for carrying
on the Bank of Scotland were agreed to by the General Meeting
of Adventurers, the Directors proceeded to business, and with
such success that the credit of the Bills [Bank notes], as fast as
they were issued out, obtained to a degree beyond expectation."
The Bank took in its subscriptions and commenced business
some months earlier than the Darien Company, and their first
issue of large notes is dated 25th March 1696, being three months
prior to those of the Darien Company. £1 notes were not issued
by the Bank until 7th April 1704. In December 1704, when the
Bank made a temporary stop, caused by the scarcity of money
all over the kingdom and by a report that the Pri\'y Council
was to cry up the value of " species," the balance-sheet, drawn
up for the information of the Council, reported that the Bank
notes outstanding amounted to £50,847. This was after the
Bank had met a severe run :

1704, Deer. 19. To Bank Bills charged upon

the Treasurer . . . £146,735 0 0
Deduct amount in the Treas-
urer's hands . . . 95,888 0 0

Remains nett of Bills running

throughout the Kingdom . £50,847 0 0

CHAPTER IV.

THE company's PEEPARATIONS FOR THE
FIRST EXPEDITION TO DARIEN.

When the London subscribers reluctantly can-
celled their subscriptions, owing to the threat-
ened impeachment and other hostile acts of the
English Government, five of their number held
out, resolving to stand to their guns. Three of
these gentlemen — viz., Paterson, James Smyth,
and Daniel Lodge — visited Edinburgh for the
purpose of giving their best help to the Scottish
Directors in floating the Company in Scotland.^
Mr John Holland, the London merchant, in his
* Short Discourse,' states —

" When I came down to Scotland, which was on the
18th of March [1696], I found Mr Paterson very popular,

^ The following entries appear in the list of subscribers : —

Andrew Johnston, Servant to William Paterson,
by virtue of a deputation from David Walker,
Tanner in Leslie £100 0 0

Daniel Lodge for Alexander Stevenson, Merchant

in Edinburgh 600 0 0

38 THE company's PREPARATIONS FOR

and in some proportion Mr Smyth and Mr Lodge ; and
I found the whole nation universally in favour of the
Indian and African trade."

After a short stay Smyth returned to London,
but Paterson and Lodge remained in Edinburgh
and attended several committee meetings of the
Company. As Paterson was the only Director
intimately conversant with the methods of
foreign trade, he figures as the chief spokesman
and counsellor at these meetings ; and as his
services were no longer required in England, he
now placed all his information and valuable
experience at the disposal of the Scottish
Directors.

At an important meeting of the Committee of
Foreign Trade, held on 23rd July 1696, Paterson
submitted several memoirs, journals, reckon-
ings, illuminated maps, and other papers of
discovery, in connection with which he proposed
sundry designs and schemes of trade. The
meeting also came to some resolutions as to
" ships, cargoes, stores, and equipages needful
for Africa and the East and West Indies."
The members of the committee appear to have
been impressed with the feasibility and ad-
vantage to the Company of the designs proposed
by Paterson. They unanimously requested him
to commit his designs to writing, and deliver
them in a sealed packet, together with the

THE FIRST EXPEDITION TO DARIEN. 39

relative journals, maps, &c., to the Secretary
for the Company's use. The packet was to be
further sealed with the respective seals of my
Lord Ruthven and three other Directors, and
was not to be opened but by special order of
the Court of Directors.

At this meeting the project of the great Darien
scheme appears to have been unfolded and
discussed for the first time, and Paterson was
" encouraged freely to bestow all his pains and
time henceforward in prosecuting the under-
taking." The design was communicated to a
select few of the Directors, upon whom strict
secrecy was enjoined.^

The scheme as propounded by Paterson was a
magnificent one, and one which has fascinated
other projectors since his day, who have emulated
his project at enormous cost, — also without
success.^ For many years it had been Pater-
son's dream, and had much engaged his thoughts,
that a certain part of the Isthmus of Darien, in

^ The destiny of the Company was thus changed. If the
Enghsh subscribers had been permitted to retain their connec-
tion with the Company, it is probable that their plan of opera-
tions would have been directed, as it was originally intended,
towards a safe and profitable East Indian trade.

'^ When De Lesseps' Panama Canal Company went into liquid-
ation in January 1889, its bond and share indebtedness and
interest charges were roughly estimated at £74,000,000, with
perhaps a fifth of the real work done. — 'Chambers's Encyclo-
picdia ' : article " Panama."

40 THE company's PREPARATIONS POR

Central America, should be made an entrepot
for the exchange of Western and Eastern com-
modities. At commodious ports on each side
of the Isthmus he proposed to establish em-
poriums, and to conduct the trade of the Pacific
and Atlantic Oceans, collected at these points,
across the Isthmus by an overland route. By
reason of its geographical position, it was antici-
pated that over this highway two-thirds at least
of the commerce between Europe and Asia would
be diverted from the route round the Cape, and
Scotland might thus supplant Holland as the
great mart for the wealth of the East. Paterson
himself described the advantages of the proposed
new route in the following words : —

" The time and expense of navigation to China, Japan,
the Spice Islands, and the far greatest part of the East
Indies will be lessened more than half, and the con-
sumption of European commodities and manufactories
will soon be more than doubled. Trade will increase
trade, and money will beget money, and the trading
world shall need no more to want work for their hands,
but will rather want hands for their work. Thus, this
door of the seas, and the key of the universe, with any-
thing of a sort of reasonable management, will of course
enable its proprietors to give laws to both oceans, and
to become arbitrators of the commercial world, with-
out being liable to the fatigues, expenses, and dangers,
or contracting the guilt and blood, of Alexander and
Caesar."

THE FIKST EXPEDITION TO DARIEN. 41

The inauguration of universal free trade and
the concentration of the commerce of the globe
on the Isthmus of Darien were the dominant
ideas of Paterson's scheme ; but when he lost
influence with the Company, as will be after-
wards explained, the free trade idea was de-
parted from, and, instead, it was resolved to
settle a plantation or colony on the north side
of the Isthmus, to be called by the name of
" Caledonia."

On the 22nd August the Company, at a
meeting, at which Paterson and Lodge were
both present, instructed John Munro, Doctor of
Medicine, along with other four " Chirurgeon-
Apothecaries " in Edinburgh, to prepare suffici-
ent medicaments for the use of 1500 men
for two years. On 30th September the doctor
was further ordered to proceed to Dundee,
Montrose, Aberdeen, and other northern towns,
to ascertain the cheapest price of beef, and also
dry and barrelled cod-fish, for the Company's
use. He was also instructed to employ gun-
smiths "wherever he can find them," and set
them to work to make as many pistols " as
they'll undertake " at 17s. or 18s. per pair.

Right on to 1697 the Company continued to
purchase and amass a vast quantity of provisions
and articles of trade, which they stored in their
warehouse in Miln Square, Edinburgh. Large

42 THE company's PREPARATIONS FOR

purchases were made of arms and ammunition
and general ironmongery, also smiths', coopers',
and carpenters' tools.

The following list gives an indication of the
various stores which were collected : —

300 tons biscuit (coarse, middle, and fine).
200 oxen (" the best they can find, to be
slaughtered at Leith ").
70 tons stalled beef.
15 tons pork.
7| tons suet.

20 tuns vinegar (" the best ").
20 tuns brandy.
7 tuns rorum (" half black, half yellow ").
5 tuns claret (" strong ").
20 tons prunes.
29 barrels tobacco pipes.
2000 reams paper ("sortable ").

The Company also closed with the widow
of Andrew Anderson, printer, for "a bargain of
Bibles and Catechisms," for which £50 sterling
was paid in advance. A contract was also
entered into with Jeromie Robertson, periwig-
maker, for "Campaign Wigs and Bobb Wigs";
and three Edinburgh hatters delivered into the
Company's warehouse 1440 hats, at 2s. each, as
the first instalment of their contract.^

' Herries describes the cargo in his ' Tract,' and refers to these
purchases in the following sarcastic terms : " Scotch Hats, a
great quantity ; English Bibles, 1500 ; Periwigs, 4000, some

THE FIRST EXPEDITION TO DARIEN. 43

The Directors had appointed two agents to go
" beyond the seas " (Alexander Stevenson to
Hamburg, and Thomas Gibson to Amsterdam)
to get the necessary ships built for the Com-
pany's use. Shortly after this, towards the end
of September 1696, Paterson and other two
Directors were deputed to visit these places to
secure additional marine stores, and pay for the
ships and arrange for their transference to Scot-
land. At that time such stores could be obtained
much cheaper in Holland than in Scotland.
There were also no dockyards in Scotland where
ships could be built, and England was for-
bidden to give the Company any help in regard
to seamen or shipping.

Owing to his familiarity with the home and
foreign Exchanges, Paterson was selected as the
Director fittest to handle the funds required to
defray the cost of shipbuilding and other charges
abroad. The sum of £25,000 was therefore
entrusted to him, and of this amount, in antici-
pation of a rise in the rate of exchange, he
remitted about £17,000 to his friend James

long, some short ; Campaigns, Spanish bobs and natural ones.
And truly they were all natural, for being made of Highlanders'
hair, which is blanched with the rain and sun, when they came
to be opened in the West Indies they looked like so many of
Samson's fireships that he sent among the Philistines, and
could be of no use to the Colony if it were not to mix with their
lime when they plastered the walls of their houses."

44 THE company's PREPARATIONS FOR

Smyth, merchant in London. Smyth was to
act as the Company's correspondent to retire
bills drawn upon him from the Continent for
the purchases made abroad, and in this connec-
tion an incident occurred which unfortunately
marred Paterson's whole after-career. Accord-
ing to arrangement, Paterson and Colonel
Erskine travelled direct to Holland. The
other foreign deputy, Mr Haldane of Glen-
eagles, was instructed to pass through London
and take Smyth by the way, and examine the
state of the Company's cash in his hands. To
Gleneagles' surprise, he found that Smyth had
been unfaithful to his trust, and had decamped
with a large part of the funds. An immediate
pursuit led to the recovery of a portion of the
money, but a balance remained unaccounted
for of over £8000.^ Paterson got much blame
in the aiOfair, and his credit was injured. A
committee, consisting of Mr William Dunlop,
Principal of the College of Glasgow, and Mr
Robert Blackwood, two of the leading Directors,
was appointed to examine into the business.
After an exhaustive inquiry, these gentlemen
gave in a report completely exonerating Pater-

^ Misfortune seems to have dogged the footsteps of the Com-
pany from the beginning to the end of their career. As early as
November 1696 there is an entry in their books : " For so much
dead loss on the Scots milled money which was in hand when it
was cryed down, £1172, 16s. 7d."

THE FIRST EXPEDITION TO DARIEN. 45

son, and stating that it was entirely a case of
misplaced confidence. On being pressed by the
committee to say how he proposed to repay the
balance, Paterson stated that, by leaving his
own business in London abruptly to advance
the interests of the Company both in Scotland
and abroad, he had lost more than the balance
due to them, especially referring to £4000 which
he had in the Orphans' Fund and £2000 in the
Hampstead Waterworks. He was, therefore,
now devoid of funds to pay ofi" the debt. He
proposed that the Company should either
dismiss him from their service, so that he
could return to mercantile pursuits in London,
hoping thereby to make good the balance, or
that he should be allowed to go abroad in the
service of the Directors, they appropriating a
large part of his salary for the Company's
benefit. The committee recommended the
second alternative — viz., that Paterson's services
should be retained, and that he should accom-
pany the intended expedition in an ofiicial
capacity. The Court of Directors, however,
disregarded their committee's recommendation
and made Paterson stand aside. He mig-ht sfo
with the expedition if he chose, but only as a
supernumerary.

Up to this time Paterson had been the chief
counsellor in all the Company's proceedings and

46 THE company's preparations for

the projector of tlieir plans, but througli this
unfortunate incident he now lost influence, and
as an adviser was quite ignored — a strange turn
in afi'airs, which naturally wounded him to the
quick.

It was not until near the close of 1697 that three
of the ships, built at Hamburg and Amsterdam,
were ready to sail for Scotland, although they
had been lying idly at these ports with their
complement of men for several months. They
arrived in Leith Roads on 20th November, to
the no small joy of the proprietors of the
Company's stock, many of whom had become
dubious of their very existence, and were after-
wards taken up the Firth to winter there.

In about four months after the arrival of the
ships the following advertisement was issued.
It is printed on a folio sheet, with the Company's
arms at top : —

Edinburgh, I2th March 1698.

The Court of Directors of the Indian and African
Company of Scotland, having now in readiness Ships
and Tenders in very good order, with Provisions and all
manner of Things needful for their intended Expedition
to settle a Colony in the Indies ; give Notice, that for
the general encouragement of all such as are willing to
go upon the said Expedition —

Everyone who goes on the first Equipage shall
Eeceive and Possess Fifty Acres of Plantable Land and
50 Foot Square of ground at least in the Chief City or

THE FIRST EXPEDITION TO DARIEN. 47

Town, and an ordinary House built thereupon by the
Colony at the end of 3 years ;

Every Councillor shall have double. If anyone
shall die, the profit shall descend to his Wife and
nearest relations. The family and blood relations shall
be transported at the expense of the Company ;

The Government shall bestow rewards for special
services.

By Order of the Court,

EoD. Mackenzie, Secy.

Shortly before the expedition sailed, these
arrangements were slightly altered. Each
planter was to be indentured for three years,
and maintained during the period at the Com-
pany's expense, and at the expiry of the three
years he was to receive his allotment of land,
&c. The officers were to be allowed 100 acres
in all, with a house in the capital city pro-
portionable ; and the councillors were to have
three portions, or 150 acres. The maximum
holding was fixed at 150 acres, "to the end
that what is taken up may be the better
cultivated, and may not be engrossed by a
few to the discouragement of other industrious
people."

In response to the Company's advertisement
for volunteers for their intended expedition " to
settle a Colony in the Indies," they had the
offer of many more men than they could employ.
Owing to the continuance of a severe famine

48 THE company's PREPARATIONS FOR

in Scotland, large numbers of the population
had been driven to Ireland for subsistence, and
Paterson's new enterprise, in addition to its
novelty, opened up a fine field for intending
emigrants. Out of the numbers offering, 1200
were accepted by the Company, 300 of whom
were young men of the best Scottish families,
— " Gentlemen- Volunteers," in search of fortune
in the far-off settlement. There were also 60
military officers, with many of the rank and
file who had served under them in Flanders,
and who had been thrown out of employment
by the Peace of Ryswick lately concluded.
The officers were enrolled under the denomina-
tion of " Overseers " and " Sub-Overseers," and
the soldiers under that of " Planters," the Com-
pany's Act forbidding the enlistment of soldiers
as such without the formal sanction of the Lords
of the Privy Council, which the Directors did not
deem it prudent to ask.

The expedition (its destination being still kept
secret) was meant to start in spring, but various
delays arising, it was ultimately timed to sail in
the month of July 1698. In anticipation of this,
the Directors on 8th July elected a Council con-
sisting of seven,^ some of them in the double

1 Herries, in his usual flippant way, thus describes the seven
councillors : —

" To give you the characters at large of these 7 Councellors

THE FIRST EXPEDITION TO DARIEN. 49

capacity of captains of the ships as well as
councillors, in whom they vested the supreme
direction of their intended Colony, with power
to the survivors to fill up vacancies in case of
death or other removal. No provision, however,
was made for the appointment of a permanent
President of the Council.

Regulations were next framed defining the
financial relations of the Council of the Colony
to the Directors at home, wherein, among other
matters, it was provided that, in return for the
fleet of five ships and relative stores, &c., which

■would be tedious ; wherefore I desire you may accept of this in

short —

I. James Cunningham led the Van ; he had been a Major in
the Scotch forces, and disbanded on the peace ; a Pillar of
the Kirk, and never out of Scotland before.

II. Daniel Mackay, a Scrivener's or Writer's Clerk, newly come

out of his Apprenticeship, but a youth of good parts.

III. Wm. Veiich, a man of no trade, but advanced to this post

on the account his father was a godly Minister and a
Glorifier of God, I think in the Grassmarket."

{Note. — Herries is in error here. The Rev. William
Veitch, the father, died, after long illness, in May 1722,
having completed his eighty-second year.)

"IV. Robert Jollie, a jolly Scotch overgrown Hamburger, who
was formerly a Skipper, and used to the Shetland trade,
but had for some dozen years been set up at Hamburg in
quality of Merchant, and after that a Broker, and now a
Councellor.
V. Robert Penm/cook, formerly a Surgeon in the English Navy,
then a Lieutenant, and afterwards Commander of a Bomb ;
this gentleman having gained experience by being 21
J)

50 THE company's PREPARATIONS FOR

the Directors were to hand over, the Council
were to pay annually to the Company the sum
of £7000. This yearly payment could be made
void at any time by a payment down of £70,000,
the capital value which was placed on the ships,
&c.

Herries, in his ' Tract,' roughly estimates that,
at this time, the Company had spent or otherwise
parted with the whole call-money paid in, nearly
£100,000, thus :—

years from Scotland in several trades or occupations, he
was, by a stratagem of an acquaintance of mine, called
home to take this post upon him about 6 or 7 weeks be-
fore we sailed, and was advanced by the interest of the
Kirk party, the better to balance that of the Church,

and to keep out Dr M , a reputed Atheist, who would

certainly have debauched both. Mr Pennycook was not
only Councellor, but likewise Captain, Commodore, and
the very Orford of our Navy.
VI. James Montgomerie, whose designation I cannot well tell, but
you may know him by the story of the bloody fight he had
with the Spaniard, where so many hundred were killed and
taken prisoners, thoiigh at the same time there was never
a Spaniard hvu-t. This gentleman was formerly an Ensign
in the Scots Guards, but not liking that ofl&ce, left it and
carried a brown musket in another regiment. The reasons
of his preferment to this post was his grandfather's being
Earl of Eglington, and his own Father by the ^Mother's
side being Major-Genei'al Montgomerie.
VII. Robert Pincarton, a good, downright, rough - spun Tar,
never known before by any designation or State Ofl&ce,
save that of Boatswain to Sir William Phipps, when he
was on the wreck, and now, poor fellow, a Diver in the
Spanish Mines at Carthagena."

THE FIRST EXPEDITION TO DARIEN. 51

£50,000 for Ships built at Hamburg and
Amsterdam.
19,000 for Cargoes of Merchandise and Ma-
terials for the Colony, including 25
per cent advance which the Company
charged on each article.
8,500 balance of Smith's fraud; and the
remainder
(say) 22,500 went towards Provisions, payment of
the Sailors and other Servants of the
Company, and discharge of the Com-
pany's Civil List, &c.

£100,000, being the first call of 25 per cent on
the stock.

The Directors next prepared and delivered to
the councillors sealed sailing orders. In a sep-
arate paper the councillors were instructed, after
arriving at the place of settlement named in the
sealed orders, to debark the people, provisions,
and merchandise, &c., and take possession of the
place in the Company's name ; there to build,
plant, and fortify ; dispose and employ the ships
and men in the best manner for serving and pro-
moting the Colony, and for the most advantage to
the Company. After landing, they were with all
possible speed to despatch home an exact journal
of the voyage, with an account of their landing,
proceedings, and also a description of the place
of settlement. They were further to name their

52 THE company's PREPARATIONS FOR

various places of settlement after well-known
places in Scotland, as they should think fit.

At Leith, on 12th July 1698, the newly ap-
pointed councillors signed the following oath of
fealty : —

" The Oath appointed by the Council-General of the
Indian and African Company of Scotland, to be
taken by the Councillors appointed, or to be
appointed, for the Government of their intended
Colony in the Indies —

" We do solemnly promise and swear, in presence of
Almighty God, that we shall be faithful and just to the
trust reposed in us by the said Company, and shall to
the best of our knowledge and skill endeavour to pro-
mote the benefit of the said Company and interest of
the said Colony, as we shall answer to God.

J. Cunningham Eobt. Pennicuik

(of Eickett, Major). (Captain).

Egbert Jolly Eobt. Pincakton

(Captain). (Captain).

Dan. Mackay. Will. Veitch

(Captain).
J. MONTGOMERIE."

It will be observed that Paterson's name does
not appear among the signatory councillors. In
virtue of his past services, and his capacity for
strong and prudent government, he ought to
have been appointed to the position of presiding
member of the Council. The Directors found
out afterwards that the man whom they had

THE FIRST EXPEDITION TO DARIEN. 53

banished from their counsels was the one who
alone, if such had been possible, could have saved
the ill-starred scheme from failure. In a letter
to the Rev. Mexander Shields, written after the
first abandonment of the Colony, dated Edin-
burgh, 6th February 1700, Paterson says: —

" In short, our Tarpolian Councillors and raw heads
and undigested thoughts ruined us, and the diffi-
culties I had met with in Scotland were turned to
brow-beatings in Caledonia. . . , There was not one
of the old Councillors fit for government, and things
were gone too far before the new [election] took place."

CHAPTER V.

THE EXPEDITIONS TO DARIEN.
FIRST EXPEDITION.

Owing to mismanagement in the preparations
and want of funds, it was not until two years
after the Company's subscription books at Edin-
burgh and Glasgow had been closed that the
first expedition to Darien was ready to sail from
Leith Roads. The Company's fleet consisted of
five vessels : —

The St Andrew — (Commodore) Captain ^ Carrying

Robert Pennicuik. from

The Unicorn — Captain Robert Pinkerton, r 46 to 70
The Caledonia — Captain Robert Drum- guns

mond. ^ apiece.

mi IT 7 /Tj- 1 \ ( Advice yachts or tenders,

The Andeavour (rink). ), •, •.i*' • • .,.

Th n J h' {^ ^ i ^^^^^^ ^^^^^ provisions, mili-

■^ ^ V tary stores, and merchandise.^

^ '■^ St Andrew^ our first Tutelar was he,
The Unicorn must next supporter be,
The Caledonia doth bring up the rear
Fraught with brave hardy lads devoid of fear ;
All splendidly equipt, and to the three
The Endeavour and the Dolphin., handmaids be."

— " Caledonia Triumphans."

EXPEDITIONS TO DARIEN : FIRST EXPEDITION. 55

Sir John Dalrymple's lively and time-honoured
description of the embarkation, as the ships got
under way, is well known : —

" On the 26th i of July, of the year 1698, the whole
city of Edinburgh poured down upon Leith to see the
Colony depart, amidst the tears and prayers and praises
of relations and friends, and of their countrymen.
Many seamen and soldiers whose services had been
refused, because more had offered themselves than were
needed, were found hid in the ships, and, when ordered
ashore, clung to the ropes and timbers, imploring to go,
without reward, with their companions. Twelve hundred
men sailed in five stout ships."

Besides those who assembled on the pier of
Leith to give the emigrants a hearty send-off,
a crowd of interested spectators lined the Castle-
hill of Edinburgh, and from that "coigne of
vantage " they watched the ships as they sailed
down the estuary of the Forth, until they dwindled
away in the distance, and finally disappeared on
the water's edge.

Although Paterson was really the projector of
the expedition, and ought to have been its leader,
he was not invited to accompany it in any official
position. Notwithstanding this great slight from
the Directors of the Company, such was his
generous nature and his desire to further the

• The fleet would ajipcar to have sailed from Leith on the
17th July, and not on the 26th, as stated by Sir John Dairy ni pie.

56 THE EXPEDITIONS TO DARIEN :

objects of the scheme that he resolved to join the
expedition in the private capacity of a " volun-
teer." Accordingly he went on board the Unicorn
on 16th July, accompanied by his wife, her maid,
and Thomas Fenner, his clerk. With his usual
precaution, he waited on Commodore Pennicuik,
commander of the St Andreio, and ventured to
suggest that an inspection of the stores on board
the fleet should be made, in order that, should
any deficiency be found, it might be reported to
the Directors in time and put right before the
ships weighed anchor. In reply, the Commodore
told him that he knew his own business best.

After they had been four days at sea, however,
the councillors were summoned on board the
St Andrew to hold an inspection of the stores.^
Reports from the pursers of the various ships
were submitted, when, after scrutiny, it was
discovered that in place of nine months' pro-
visions, as given out by the Directors, the fleet
had stores for six only. In addition, it was

1 Hemes, in his ' Tract ' (p. 46), states that it was on his sug-
gestion that this inspection of the provisions took place, and that
he was ordered by the Council to make a report how long the
stores would hold out. He reported that he " could not make
above five months and a half of any provisions except stock-fish,
of which there was full eleven months, and that at four days of
the week, but had not above four months' butter and oil to it."
In another place (p. 45) he states that the shortage arose from
the fact that a third of the provisions had been used during the
time the ships were lying idle before sailing.

FIEST EXPEDITION. 57

found that a large quantity of the bread was
made of "damnified" wheat, and that some of
the other provisions were rendered unusable
through bad packing. In consequence of this
discovery, all on board the squadron were forth-
with put on short allowance.

The Council designed to put into the Orkneys
with a view to sending an express to the Directors
intimating the shortage in the provisions ; but
meeting with foggy and bad weather when
passing these islands, they were obliged to pro-
ceed without accomplishing this. The ships
coasted round the north of Scotland, the purpose
being to make Madeira their place of rendezvous,
where their sealed orders were to be opened.
Up to this time the commanders of the various
ships were in ignorance of their precise destina-
tion, having been shipped by the Company osten-
sibly for Guinea and the West Indies.

Towards the end of August Madeira was
sighted, and on the 29th, after landing, the
Council forwarded letters to the Directors at
home by way of Holland and Lisbon. They
advised them of their prosperous voyage so
far, and intimated the unexpected deficiency
in the provisions, accompanying this with a
pressing request that the needful supplies be
forwarded with all possible speed.

During their four or five days' rendezvous

58 THE EXPEDITIONS TO DARIEN :

at Madeira, the Council, with the various
ships' monies, purchased twenty -seven pipes
of wine and some provisions ; while the officers
and gentlemen - volunteers, in consequence of
their short allowance on board, were glad to
exchange their scarlet coats, cloaks, and swords
for extra provisions and wine.

At the time of sailing from Leith, Captain
William Veitch, one of the seven original
councillors, although he had taken the oath
of office, was prevented at the last moment
from joining the expedition, and the remain-
ing councillors, on reaching Madeira, took the
opportunity of filling up the vacancy by
assuming Paterson in his place. At Madeira
also the Council broke open their sailing
orders, which directed them to call first at
Crab Island, in the vicinity of Porto Rico.
At Crab Island they consulted their second
sailing orders, which contained instructions to
steer for Golden Island, in the Bay of Ada,
near the Gulf of Darien, their ultimate des-
tination. They proceeded thither, and, after
careful soundings, cast anchor in a fine natural
harbour four miles to the east of Golden Island.
On 3rd November they landed and took pos-
session, and shortly thereafter obtained the
sanction of the native chiefs to settle among
them.

FIRST EXPEDITION. 59

The following journal, taken from the * Darien
Papers,' gives an interesting description of the
voyage after leaving Madeira, the arrival at
Darien, and the first settlement of the Colony
in the new world. The journal appears to be
the official account of the progress of the
expedition from day to day, and the writer
of it, Mr Rose, seems to have occupied the
position of Secretary to the Council in the
Colony.

ME KOSE'S J0UENAL.1

Journal or Diary of the most remarkable things

THAT happened DURING THE ScOTS AfFRICAN AND

Indian fleet, in their voyage from the Island
OP Madera to their landing in America, and
since that time.

September 2nd, 1698. — We weighed anchor from
Madera road, the Governor having been very civil
to us; the Comadore gave him 15 guns, Capt. Pinker-
ton 13, and Capt. Drummond 11, all which he par-
ticularly returned with two less. Wee had a fresh
breese at E.N.E., and stood away W.S.W.

Sep. 10. This morning wee passed the Tropick of
Cancer with a fresh and fair gale ; the ships performed

^ The " points " denote portions which it was deemed judicious
to omit, what is here given being sufficient for tlie purpose of
the narrative.

60 THE EXPEDITIONS TO DARIEN :

the usual ceremony of duckiug several of the Ships
Crew who had not passed before ; they were hoisted
to the main yard arm, and let down 3 several times
with a soss into the sea, out over head and ears, their
legs being tyed somewhat closs, which was pretty good
sport.

Sep. 2^}

Sep. 30. Moderate gales and fair weather ; at 6 in
the morning wee made the Islands of Antigo and
Monsirat, at noon the Island of Eedondo, being a
small island, or rather a rock like the Bass; bore
S.S.E. halfe a mile distant, and the Island of Nevis
N.W. and B.W. 4 leagues. It is a very pleasant-like
Island ; the fort hoisted their flag and wee our Colours.

1 October. Moderate gales and fair weather. At 6
last night the west end of St Christophers bore N. ^ E.
distant 4 leagues. This day at noon the S.E. end of
Sta Cruze bore W. | N. distant 7 leagues.

2. Yesterday the Council met on board the Comadore,
whene it was resolved that Captain Pinkertoun in the
Unicorn, with the Snoiv, and Mr Paterson, should be
immediately despatched for the Island of St Thomas,
being a free port of the Danes, in order to get pilots for
the Main and what intelligence were possible of the
state of Darien. Accordingly, at 6 at night they
parted from us. Wee steered directly for Crab Island,
which wee made in the morning, bearing N.W. | distant
5 leagues.

^ " 29th September. Walter Johnstoun, Chirurgeon's Mate, died.
He contracted a fever, and got his hands on ladamcm Uquidum,
and took too large a dose, and so he slept till death." — Journal
in ' Analecta Scotica,' vol. i. p. 355.

FIRST EXPEDITION. 61

3d. This morning wee went ashoare and took posses-
sion of the Island in the name of the Company of
Scotland Trading to Affrica, &c. Wee left some of our
people ashoare all night, and stood of to sea, it looking
like bad weather, much thunder, lightning, and rain.

4. In the forenoon our men came on board, and wee
bore away to Leeward, where is the best anchoring.
About halfe an hour past 4, in Frenchman's bay, wee
saw a sloop with Danish colours, with a tent on shoare
with the same hoisted on the top of it. Wee imediatly
stood in and anchored closs by her. The Commadore
sent to know quhat she was and her business there,
who answered, they were Danes with a Governour and
15 men sent by the Gouernour of St Thomas, to assert
the K. of Denmark's right to that Island, and to protest
against our having any thing to do there. This sloop
was dispatched away as soon as possible after Captain
Pinkertoun's arrival there, viz. on Sunday at 2 o'clock,
but we landed that morning by 8; so that wee told
them they came too late. However, they offered their
protest, as did the Governour of St Thomas, to Captain
Pinkertoun ; this they owned was matter of form, and
what they were obliged to do to please the Court ; but
wished with all their hearts wee settled there, for then
they wold have a bullwark between them and those of
Portorico (a rich and large Island and very populous
very near) who were very troublesome neighbouring.
These 24 hours wee have had much wind, with thunder,
lightning, and great rain.

Oct. 5. This day Captain Pinkertoun arrived with the
Snow, and brought one Captain Allison with him, who
freely offered to go along with us to Golden Island.
This man is one of the eldest Privateers now alive, and

62 THE EXPEDITIONS TO DARIEN I

commanded a small ship with Capt. Sharp when they
went into the South Sea over the Isthmus; he was
likewayes at the taking of Panama, Portobello, Chagres,
and Carthagena.i All the time we stayed here the
St Andrew had a tent on shoare with the Companyes
Colours flying on it, and 60 men for a guard when we
filled our water.^

This evening came in a Sloop commanded by one
Moon. Captain Allison was concerned in her in 2000
pound. She was loaded with flower, beeffe, and other
goods. Wee endeavoured to drive a bargain with him
for some provisions, but his prices were too high.
Much wind, with great rain, thunder, and lightning.

6 Odr. The weather continues very bad. The Sloop
sailed in the afternoon, being bound to Corassao, and
from thence was for Carthagena with slaves ; he designs
afterward for Portobello, and promised to call at us in
passing.

7. At 4 in the morning wee weighed and got under
sail, having filled our water, and got our sick men, tent,

1 5th October. No one connected with the fleet had evei- visited
Darien before this time. Old Captain Alhson, however, knew
the Isthmus well, and now came on board to accompany the
expedition to their destination at Darien in the capacity of
pilot. Eighteen years before this, in 1680, when the English
Buccaneers, under Captain Sharp, made their famous march
across the Isthmus, Captain Allison, along with Captain jMacket
and thirty-three men, remained behind at Golden Island, on the
Gulf side of Darien, to guard the Buccaneers' ships, consisting
of seven vessels of force, in the absence of their freebooting
brethren.

^ The visit of the Darien Company's fleet to Crab Island had
unfortunate results. They took in water which proved very un-
wholesome. A violent flux seized many of the emigrants, causing
much mortality.

FIKST EXPEDITION. 63

and guard off from the shoare. At 8 at night wee took
our departure from the S.E. end of Portorico, bearing
W. ^ N. distant 5 leagues — squaly weather. . . .

19th}

23rd2

28. This day fair but squales of wind and rain in the
night. At 6 last night the Island Fuerte bore E. | S.
distant 2 leagues. This is a low Island about a mile
long, full of trees, which may be seen 7 leagues of;
there is good anchoring on the South side, and very
good water.

29. The weather squaly. The other day when at
anchor wee tryed the current and found it set N.E. 36
miles in 24 hours.

30. Fair weather. At 6 at night the St Andrew and
Unicorn anchored in a fine sandy bay about 3 leagues
to the westward of the gulfe of Darien. There came
2 Canoas with several Indians on board. They were
very free and not at all shey. They spoke some few
words of English and indifferent Spanish. Wee gave
them victuals and drink, which they used very freely,
especially the last. In their cups wee endeavoured to
pump them, who told they had expected us these two
years; that wee were very welcome, and that all the
countrey was at warr with the Spaniard. They got

* " 19^/i October. We frequently wash the ship with vinegar and
then smoked, being at present very sickly."

2 " 23 October (Sunday). AVe have had great rain, thunder, and
lightning, and great squalls of wind, which broke the Dolphin's
mast by the board. About 9 at night Mr Thomas James, one of
our ministers, a very good man, died of a fever, and is much
lamented, and had four dropping guns fired at his throwing
over." — Journal in ' Analecta Scotica,' vol. i. p. 360.

64 THE EXPEDITIONS TO DAKIEN !

drunk and lay on board all night. In the morning
when they went away wee gave each an old hat, a few
2 penny glasses, and knives, with which they seemed
extremely pleased. The Caledonia and Snow stood off
to sea all night.

31. These 24 hours with land and sea breezes. This
morning we went in Boats to Garret Bay, which is about
2 leags to the westward of the place where wee anchored
last in, to view the bay and endeavour to get intelli-
gence of Golden Island ; wee being at a loss, for none
of us knew the Land. Here wee met our friends that
were aboard, who informed us that Golden Island was
some few leags further to the westward. Fair weather
with land and sea breezes.

NovT. 1. These 24 hours fair weather with land and sea
breezes. In the forenoon wee anchored within halfe a
mile of Golden Island. In the afternoon wee went in our
boats to sound all about Golden Island, which wee did
with great exactness, but found it not convenient for
our shipes, there not being room enough about the point
of the main for ships of our length to swing in. 'Tis
true there is room enough near the Island, but then wee
might be attacked by the greatest [sic in MS.] either
from Eastward or Westward, for they can come in both
wayes, nor is ther a drop of water within a mile of the
point. On the main and all the bay round full of
mangrow and swampy ground, which is very unwhole-
some. As wee went to sound, wee saw a flag of truce
waved in the bottom of the bay. Wee went thither
and found about 20 Indians with bowes and lances, but
upon our approaching they unstrung their bowes in
token of friendship. Wee made one of our men swim
ashoare (while we lay off upon our oars) to know their

FIRST EXPEDITION. 65

meaning. They desired us to come ashoare, but we did
not think it fit. Then they told us that to-morrow one
of their greatest Captains wold be on board of us — so
we parted.

2d. This morning according to what was said, came
on board one Captain Andreas with 10 or a dozen along
with him. He inquired the reason of our coming
hither and what wee designed. Wee answeared, our
design was to settle among them if they pleased to
receive us as friends, our business was trade, and that
we wold supply them from time to time with such
comodities as they wanted, at much more reasonable
rates than either the Spaniard or any other could do.
He inquired if wee were friends to the Spaniard. Wee
made answear that wee had no warr with any Nation ;
that if the Spaniard did offer us no affront nor injury,
wee had nothing to say to them ; but otherwayes wee
wold make open war with them. This they seem'd
pleased with all, still beleeving us to be privateers, and
our design upon the South Sea. He began to run out
upon the praises of Captain Swain and Captain Davies,
two English privateers, who he said were his particular
friends, and whom he knew in the South Sea. Wee
received it coldly, and assured him wee were upon no
design, beleeving it to be a pump, as wee found by the
mens conversation. Wee gave him a hat braded with
broad gold galoo, with some toyes, so wee parted for that
time. He (as generally all the people are) is of a small
stature. In his garb he affects the Spaniard, as also in
the gravity of his Cariage. He had a loose red stuff
coat on, with an old hat, a pair of white drawers, but
no shoes nor stockens.

66 THE EXPEDITIONS TO DARIEN :

Novr. Zd. Yesterday in the afternoon, wee went in
our boats to sound a bay 4 miles to the eastward of
Golden Island, and found it a most excellent harbour.^
The harbour is within a great bay lying to the west-
ward of it, made by Golden Island and a point of land
bearing from thence east about a league. From that
eastmost point to the opposite one is a random cannon
shot, and in the middle of the entry lyes a rock about
3 feet above the water, on which the Sea beats furiously,
when the wind is out and blowes hard. This looks
terrible (when in the bay) to those who know not the
place well, but in both sides of this rock is a very good
and wide Channel, that to the southward being about 3
cable-lenth breadth, with 7 fathom water closs to the
rocks nose, and the other to the northward near 2
cables lenth. There is a small rock under water, a
little within the points bearing off of the southermost
S.S.W. and of the northermost S.S.E. and of the rock
without S.E. & B.E. From these two outwardmost

' ^rd November. The Emigrants fixed on this place — Acta —
at an equal distance between Portobello and Carthagena, and
about four miles east from Golden Island, as the site of their
plantation or settlement, which they patriotically named Cale-
donia, and the anchorage they named Caledonia Bay. The
extreme point of the peninsula, situated on the Eastern side of
the entrance to the harbour, consisted of a flat sandy piece of
ground, of about 30 acres in extent, which they christened by
the name of New Edinburgh, the intended Capital of Caledonia.
On this ground they erected a battery of 16 guns, to command
the harbour entrance, calling it Fort St Andrew. At the
narrowest part of the peninsula, 180 paces, they made a deep
cutting to let in the sea, thus converting New Edinburgh into
an island, and at the same time safely securing the City and the
Fort. The Scottish character of the place is preserved upon the
maps to this day in the name of Port Escoces.

FIRST EXPEDITION. 67

points, the harbour runs away east a good league, and
near the middle on the right hand the land sets out, so
that its not a musquet shot over, and thus farr there is
not less than 6 fathom water with a very good easy
ground, and here you ride landlocked every way that
no wind can possibly hurt you. Within this to the
bottom of the harbour, till within a cables lenth of the
shoare, wee have not less than 3 fathom water, nor can
a hurrycane make the least sea there. The land on the
left hand coming in is a peninsula and about 3 miles
long, very high and steep towards the Sea, where it will
be extremely difficult for any body to land till ye
come to the Isthmus, where is a small sandy bay.
Small ships may ride but this by a good ditch and fort
may safely be secured. The westermost point towards
the harbour is low and very fit for a battery to com-
mand the entry, which wold be excellently secured by
another on the opposit shoar. The land on the Pen-
insula is extraordinary good, and full of stately trees
fit for all uses, and full of pleasant birds, as is also the
opposit shoar, and hath several small springs which wee
hope will hold in the dryest season. But on the other
side there are 4 or 5 fine rivers that never do dry.
This harbour is capable of containing 1000 of the best
ships in the world, and with no great trouble wharfs
may be run out to which ships of the greatest burthen
may lay their sides and unload. This morning Captain
Andreas came on board again with his traveling wife,
having in all four. Polygamy being here allowed,
every one may have as many as he can maintain. He
was still on the pump as to our design, but when he
found our account all of a peece, he told us that the
English after they had been very friendly with them,

68 THE EXPEDITIONS TO DARIEN :

had several times earyed away their people, and that
was the reason that Captain Pedro (whom he promised
to bring aboard with him, when last here) wold not
ventur till he were better assured of our integrity. He
likewayes told us that there were some French who
lived among the Indians towards the Samballas to the
westward. Fair weather. This day wee landed and
took possession.^

Now. 4. The weather fair, with land and sea breeses.
This forenoon wee weighed and got in to the harbour,
but the Unicorn unhappily struck on that sunken rock
within the heads, and beat of some of her sheathing.
There were 40 men sent from each ship to clear away
and make huts for our sick men.

5. Wee sent all our sick ashoare, and sent 30 men
more from each ship to clear away. The Council met
and went to view the most proper place for a Fort.
Fair weather.

6. Fair weather. This morning arrived a canao
with one Frenchman, 2 Creolians of Martinico, and 4
Indians; as also a periager with Captain Ambrosio
and Captain Pedro, who live about 1 6 leagues to the
westward.

Novr. 7th. The weather fair, with small breeses.
Our people are imployed in making of huts and
clearing away ground.

8. The wind and weather as above. There hath

^ Another account states that the first thing that the emi-
grants did on landing was to hold a thanksgiving service to
God:~

" What shotdd they do but sing His praise,
Who led them through the watery maze ? "

FIRST EXPEDITION. 69

been a great number of Indians on board ships, whom
wee use very kindly, and who consume a great deal of
liquor.

9. The weather as above.

10. This day Captain Andreas dined on board the
Comadore with his first wife and his sister; they are
generally of a small size as well as the men ; their
features are indifferent (bating their colour), only their
eyes are somewhat too small. They had a single cloath
wrapt about them in form of a peticoat made of cotton,
with a sort of a linen mantle about their shoulders ;
a great many beads about their necks and arms, with
large gold rings put through the gristle that divides
their nostrils; they are very submissive to their
husbands, who notwithstanding are very kind to them.
They told there had been a skirmish between the
Indians of the Gulph and the Spaniard. That the
last had killed about 20 men, and had taken as many
women for slaves. That they knew of our being here
and were exceeding angry with them for making
friendship with us. Fair weather.

11. The people ashoare are imployed in making of
huts, clearing way, &c., and those on board in ordering
their holds, overhauling their rigging, blocksails, &c.

12. Much rain in the night.

13. Much rain in the morning. Wee saw a ship
Saturday to the westward, which wee beleeved to be
Captain Lang in the Bupert prize, who wee heard was
in the Gulph of Uraba.^

1 \3th Now. This was Captain Richard Long, Commander of
the small man-of-war Rupert Prize, which had been fitted out by
the English Government as a spy and with the view of fore-
stalling the Darien Company in their occupation of the Isthmus;

70 THE EXPEDITIONS TO DARIEN :

14. We had sharp showers of rain with the wind
round the compass.

15. It has rained very hard, and gusts of wind.
This evening Captain Lang in his boat came to visit us.

16. Captain Lang dined on board the Comadore.
Much rain and thunder, which hinders our work.

17. Captain Lang dined on board Captain Pinker-
toun. In the evening Lang's boat went to his Sloop
which lay at the Isle of Pinas. Much thunder, light-
ning, and rain.

18. This morning Captain Lang and Captain Pinker-
toun went for the Isle of Pinas.

19. At 8 o'clock this morning Major Cunninghame,
Mr Mackay, and Captain Pennycuik set out to the
westward, and about 4 in the afternoon got on board
Captain Lang, where they with Capt, Pinkertoun
stayed all night, it blowing hard so that our long-
boats could not thither till next morning. Much rain,
fresh gales of wind, thunder, and lightning.

but the ship arrived too late on the scene. Captain Long acted
in an unfriendly way towards the colonists. A copy of his
dispatch to the Council of Trade in England concerning the
Scotch Colony, written from Jamaica, was found among the
Company's papers. In it he says : " They [the Scots] are in
such a crabbed hold, that it may be difficult to beat them out of
it. ... I saw the settlement and order of the Scots, which
appeared modest, and they declared themselves to me that they
would be no harbourer of pirates, nor invade any man's settled
land, but those that would distiu-b them they would grant letters
of reprisal against them." Immediately on receipt of Captain
Long's information, the English Government sent secret instruc-
tions to the Colonial Governors, which resulted in proclamations
being issued by several of them against the Scots. Secretary
Vernon's first dispatch to the Governor-General of Virginia is
dated from Whitehall as early as 2nd January 1698/9

FIRST EXPEDITION. 7l

20. About 8 in the morning our longboats got up,
together with Captain Pedro in his periager. What
others have found or may think of Lang wee know,
but he appears to us to be of no great reach ; he has
a full and ample comission, his principal design it
seems was to find out wrecks and to fish. He own'd
and so did all his people that his boat had not been so
much as been ashoare in any place betuixt the gulfe
and the Isle of Pinas, nor had he any conversation
with those people, so that he can have no pretence
upon our settlement. Wee left him about 10 o'clock,
he said he was bound for Jamaica. This night the
Councilours lay in a little bay about 2 leagues to the
westward of the river Pinas. In the night time a fresh
gale variable and some small showers.^

Novr. 21. In the morning they weighed and sounded
all along the coast, and about noon found a most
excellent harbour about 4 leagues to the westward
of where they lay all night, capable of containing
10,000 sail of ships. It is made by an elbow of the
main to the Eastward, and a range of keys about it,
10 in number, running to the Eastward above 2 leagues.
To one of those called Laurence Key the greatest ship
in England may lay her side to. Here the privateers
used to carreen, but the inconveniency of that place
is that ships may not only come in both from the
Eastward and Westward, but between several of the
keyes, so that it can not be defended without a great
many forts as wel as men. After they had surveyed
this bay they got to the river Coco. About 4 o'clock

' '20th November. Mr Adam Scot, the remaining Minister, died
of a Flux thia day.

72 THE EXPEDITIONS TO DARIEN :

they landed and went to Ambrosio's house, which is a
good league from the water side.^ It stands upon the
banks of this river with about 10 or a dozen lesser
houses about it. Their houses are on the sea hand
inaccessible in a manner, being so advantageously
situat that no stranger can come at them that way
by reason of the numerous unseen shoalds, small rocks,
and banks.

When they came near, Ambrosio advanced about
50 pace with 20 followers, all cloathed in white loose
frocks with fringes round the bottoms, and lances in
their hands. He saluted them very kindly, and gave
them a calabash full of liquor almost like lambswool,
which they call Mischlew, being made of Indian corn
and potatoes; this they get drunk with all often.
Before the house about 20 paces it was very smooth
and clean; the house was about 90 foot long 35 in
breadth and 30 in hight; it was curiously thatched
with palmetto royal, and over that, Cajan leaves ; the
floor was of a firm earth like Tarras, very smooth and
clean ; the sides were of large canes about the bigness
of a man's leg, and near an inch asunder. In this house
lived Ambrosio and Pedro with their whole familyes,
in all about 40 persons. There was an old woman who
was very stirring about the house, she seem'd to be
near 60, but upon asking her age the Frenchman told
she was about 120. They could not beleeve it, and
were perswaded they were mistaken in the computa-
tion of time ; he assured them not, and as an undeny-
able demonstration shewed the sixt generation of that
woman's body in the house, which indeed was very

1 For another account of this visit, see Appendix E.

FIRST EXPEDITION. 73

surprising. She is Pedroe's grandmother ; when it was
assured that it was common among them to live to 150
or 160 years age, yet its observed that those of them
that converse often with the Europeans and drink their
strong liquors are of short life.

Novr. 22. In the morning they had some plantans,
potatoes, and wild hog dresst for breakfast, after their
fashion. Then Ambrosio and Pedro went out with
their guns to kill some fowl for the strangers. Pedro
returned with some partriges the largest and best ever
they saw, being bigger than capons, and exceedingly
sweet. They being afraid it wold be late took leave
ere Ambrosio returned, Pedro and the Frenchman
conveying them to the water side. They lay that
night at the eastermost of the keyes mentioned before.
Pedro did climb high cocornut trees and threw doun a
great number most delicious for the juyce and kernel.
They are very big. This Pedro is incredibly dexterous
at the bow and arrow, which he show'd them by shoot-
ing frequently in one place ; they learn their boys to
shoot with blunt arrows.

23. By day light they weighed and got to the Isle of
Pinas with their pinaces by noon, and at night home.
Captain Lang, sailed the Sunday before.

24. Much wind and rain.

25. Wind and rain as above,

27. Very much rain and wind.

28. These 24 houres there has fallen a prodigious
quantity of rain.

29. Much rain with fresh gales.

30. This being St Andrew's day, the Councilors
dined on board the Comadore, where Captain Andreas
was invited, who being inquired at anent his having

"74 THE EXPEDITIONS TO DARIEN :

any correspondence with the Spaniard as was reported,
he ingenuously confessed that the Spaniards had been
friendly to him and had made him a Captain ; that he
was obliged for his saf ty to keep fair with them ; and
that they assured him wee were nothing but privateers
who had no design to setle, but to plunder both
Spaniard and Indians and be gone in 2 or 3 months
time ; and if that he assisted us any way, as soon as
wee were gone they should destroy him and his.

He got all possible assurance of the contrar, which
he appeared to be fully satisfy ed with, and desired a
Comission, and to be taken under the protection of
our Government with his followers, upon which he
should give all his right to this part of the Country
which relished wel enough. He went away and
promised to return in 2 or 3 days.

Decemher 1. Much thunder, lightning, and rain.

2. The weather continues very bad which hinders
the work much.

3. Great showers of rain with much wind. Captain
Andreas came this day on board the St Andreiv where
the Counciloris were. He had his Comission read
to him, and expounded in Spanish, wliereby the Coun-
cil made him one of their Captains to command the
Natives in and about his own territories, and received
him and all submitting to him into the protection of
their Government, he being therby obliged with his
followers to obey, assist, and defend them and all their
concerns upon all occasions. To all which he heartily
agreed and seemed very wel satisfyed. Then the Preses
of the Council for the time, did in presence of the
Councilours and several others and some of the
Andreas people, deliver him his Commission written

FIRST EXPEDITION. 75

on parcement, with the Colonye's Seal and very broad
gold stript and flour'd ribbon appended, joyning hands
together he promising to be just and faithful to us and
our interest. He had at that time given him a broad
basket hilted sword and a pair of good pistols, with
which he promised to defend us all to the last drop of
his blood against our Enemyes. He presented the
Council with a bow and a bunch of arrows as a token
of his kindness and friendship. Then he and those
with him got a hearty glass, and at drinking the Com-
pany at home their health, 7 guns were fired, which he
took as a great favour ; he stayed on board all night.
December 4. Much thunder, lightning, and rain.

5. Some wind and rain.

6. Showres of rain with squales of wind.

The sons of Captain Diego and Captain Ambrosio
came and stayed with us 4 or 5 days. The natives
come evry other day with plantans and yams ; the
common people among us buy them from them and
give them small trifles for them, which they are wel
satisfyed with.

7. Blustering weather with some showres.

8. Wind and weather as above.

9. Wind Northerly. Sometimes most excellent fish
taken here, as also Tortoises (but very few as yet, not
having time nor nets fit for them,) some of them above
2, others above 3, 00 weight : they are the best of meat.
One of them will serve 100 men of reasonable appetites.

10. There is excellent Cedar trees in great abound-
ance, as also Mahoggany, Yellow Sanders, Lignum vitse,
Manchinill excellent for inlaying, and many others of
great use. There are hopes of finding out the Nicoragu
the best of lit for Scarlet, as also Banilcos is here in

76 THE EXPEDITIONS TO DARIEN I

great quantity, an excellent perfume and much used in
the finest Cocholat, as also in this Countrey excellent
fruits, such as Cocoa nuts wherof Cocholat is made.
Vanelias, Sugar Canes, Mayis, Oranges, Plantans,
Bonanos, Yams, Manioc and several others all very
good, the ground very fertile and rich.

11. This morning came on board the Commadore a
French longboat, with the Lieuetenent of the Ship she
belonged to, and the purser of a Dutch, The ship to
which the Lievetennent belonged is named the Zan-
toigne of 42, (had but 32 mounted,) commanded by
Monsieur Vite Thomas. The Dutch ship was one of
22 guns, a trader upon the Coast. The Frenchman
reported he came out in company with those that
returned the Church plate to Carthagena. She is a
Merchant ship, but has the King's Comission, and
halfe the Company payed by the King ; he was very
lakey, so begg'd liberty to stop his lakes in our port
which wee freely granted. The Dutch Ship being
afraid of the Barlivento fleet kept him company, and
likewayes desired our protection. She is richly loaded
and has been upon the coast some time, yet has most
of her cargo still on board, being bound to the coast of
Carthagena. She must be here till the Barlivento fleet
pass for Porto Bello.

12. This morning the French ship anchored near
Golden Island, and the Dutchman came into the
harbour, directly he saluted the Commadore with 7
guns who returned him 5.

In the afternoon the French Captain came on board ;
he told us all the newes on the Coast, That the President
of Panama had given an account to the Governours of
Carthagena and Porto Bello of our arrival and settle-

FIRST EXPEDITION. 77

ment. The Spaniards along the whole Coast are in a
wonderful consternation upon the matter. He told
that 18 dayes ago one Whan Bernardo (a very rich and
honest man) was sent with a longboat and 37 men by
the Governour of Carthagena with a Comission to
know what wee were and our design here ; he was told
there was nothing heard of him, so the Frenchman con-
cluded the boat was sunk, being so old and lakey that
she could hardly swim. He furder said that there
were 4 sail of Ships about 50 guns each newly come
from Spain, whereof the Dartmouth an English man-of-
warr of 52 guns taken by the French was one ; that
they beleeved our design was upon the river Mescha-
sippi, so were gone into the gulph of Mexico to seek us.
That the Barlivento fleet was now at Carthagena, con-
sisting of 3 sail, viz. the General of 56 guns, one of 36
and another of 28 guns, the Vice-Admiral of 40 guns
being gone with a Dutch Ship of 32 guns whom they
made prize, as also 2 English Sloops, for trading upon
the Coast of Veracruze.

Becbr. 13. In the afternoon the French ship came in,
he saluted the Commadore with 9 guns who returned
(he having the King's Comission and Colours) the
same number, then 3 of thanks ; he had also the like
return, then one, and then like to that.

14. This day Captain Lang's boat came into the
harbour and told us he sailed for Jamaica on Sunday
last, that he had left 3 men and a woman with Captain
Diego in the gulph, and that the Barlivento fleet con-
sisting of several sail of great ships and aboundance of
small veshels full of souldiers, were lying at the Burns
taking in provisions in order to attack with all their

78 THE EXPEDITIONS TO DARIEN :

strength in a few days. This obliges us to make all
dispatches with our battery. The Council have ordered
their ships in a line of battle in the mouth of the
harbour. Fair weather.

15. Captain Andreas sent word that the Spaniards
were marching from Panama to Porto Bello, with a
great number of men in order to attack us.

16. Several other Indians came in and gave the same
account. The battery is going quickly on ; our men
are very hearty and seem to long for a visit from Jaque,
that they might have a just pretence to their gold
mines not far off.

17. There is a look out made from which ships or
vessels within 10 leagues can be descry ed.

18. Fair weather, the fortification near finished.

19. This morning one of the men whom Captain
Lang left towards the gulfe, with a boy and two Indians,
came in a canao and told that a Spanish periager landing
where they were, the Indians and they set upon them,
and killed 7 of them ; this was found fault with
(by) us, least Lang's men should be thought ours, and
so wee thought to be the first breakers of peace. It
was also told here that Lang had been a dayes journey
from his ship among the Spanish Indians, on purpose
to misrepresent us, calling us thieves and robbers and
disbanded souldiers not ouned or protected by the
King of England.

This day the battery was finished, 16 twelve
pounders being mounted on it, and wee are now in
such a condition as that nothing more is wished than
a visit from Jaque.

20. The French ship came out and anchored by our Ship
at the mouth of the harbour. Fair, and wind at N.B.E.

FIRST EXPEDITION. 79

21. Some sharpe sbowres of rain, and a fresh gale as
above ; Entrenchments are making.

22. The Frenchman warpt out a little without us.
Captain Paussigo of Garret bay, who is hearty and
cordial to our interest, came and among other things
told, that close by about 2 miles distant only, there
were several gold mines, which he promised to shew,
and did let some of the Councilors see few parcels of
gold which he affirmed he got from thence, which was
extraordinary fine.

23. Fair weather. Captain Ambrosio being upon
this place tells that the Spaniard are marching with
600 of them and 200 of the South sea Indians, (who
can travel through the woods,) to attack us in the
night if possible, but its feared with us they will not
come, but whatever be in it, the work goes wel on, the
men working with much vigour and resolution. Am-
brosio has been very kiudly and civily used and a
present given him.

This day came in a small sloop loaded with flower,
beefe, &c. from Jamaica. The Comander was sent by
Captain Moon who is mentioned before, the Cargo was
consigned to Captain Allison.

24. In the morning early the French ship got under
sail — the Council not having ended their dispatches for
Scotland which they designed by her. Captain Penny-
cook went in his pinnace to know whether he designed
to come to an anchor at Golden Island or put directly
to sea. The Captain had drunk pretty hard the night
before with Pedro, Ambrosio, and some other of the
Samballas Indians, so that he was then asleep. The
wind had blown hard at No. and there came in a great

80 THE EXPEDITIONS TO DARIEN :

sea, and with all it fell little wind, so that she fell away
to leeward a great pace, where was nothing but an
Iron shoare. She had certainly been stranded on the
first point, had not Captain Pennycuik made his boat
get ahead and tow her. She weathered that point not
twenty fathom, then was obliged to anchor in a little
bay. At the Captain's desire. Captain Pennycuik sent
for a long boat, an anchor, and cable, with all the
pinnaces to row them out, but stayed himselfe to assist
what was possible, and at the Captain's earnest desire
promised to stay by him as long as he kept the ship ;
for the sailors being all hot headed since the night
before, did not mind what their Captain said to them.
The ship did ride about 3 quarters of an hour after
they anchored, and then her best bower cable broke,
and in halfe an hour after the small bower gave way,
so ashoare she went upon the rocks, where in halfe an
hour she was all to peeces, no boat daring to come near
her. Captain Pennycuik was as good as his promise
and stayed till he saw the Captain (who could not
swim) upon a raft and gone, then took his opportunity
and swam ashoare, having received some small wounds
and bruises from the wreck and rocks, the sea beating
on them furiously. There were 22 out of 56 drowned
— tis said many of them occasioned by the weight of
gold and money they had about their necks (having
broke up chests) ; others beatt to peeces upon the
rocks after they had swam ashoare. The Captain had
in his round house in Gold and Silver to the value of
60,000 peeces of eight, and in goods not disposed of to
the value of 30,000 Crowns.

25. The French Captain and Lieuetennent went on
board the Commadore, being both extreamly bruised.

FIRST EXPEDITION. 81,

The men were dispersed into the several ships. Officers
and men were sent to guard the wreck.

26. Fair weather and a good gale at N.B.E,

27. This morning the French Captain went with two
divers belonging to the Ship to see what could be got
from the wreck. He gets all possible assistance to
save all that comes ashoare.

The foregoing journal, along with a list of
deaths since leaving Scotland, was forwarded to
the Directors in a letter dated 28th December.
This was the Council's first communication to
headquarters after landing at Darien, the delay-
arising from their not possessing a small coasting
sloop suitable for conveying dispatches. On
this occasion the Council employed a turtling-
sloop (Edward Sands, master), which was re-
turning to Jamaica after her cargo of provisions
had been sold to the colonists. The bearer of
the Council's dispatches — Alexander Hamilton,
Accountant-General of the Colony — was deputed
at this time to visit Scotland and represent to the
Directors, by word of mouth, certain matters con-
nected with the Colony which it was not thought
desirable to commit to writing. One of the
seven original councillors — Major Cunningham
of Eickett — also took his passage in the same
sloop, having severed his connection with the
Colony, contrary both to his engagement with

82 THE EXPEDITIONS TO DARIEN !

the Directors and the wishes of his fellow-
councillors.

The expedition had been timed to land in
Darien in the beginning of winter, — the " dry
season," — the most healthful time of the year
for Europeans to face the climate of the Isthmus.

In the letter referred to, in which the hand of
Paterson can be discerned, the Council represent
themselves as being highly pleased with the
situation and climate of their place of settle-
ment, and as hopeful of the ultimate success of
their enterprise. The sequel showed that far
too sanguine opinions of the climate and soil
had been formed.

The letter runs as follows : —

New Edinburgh,
Caledonia, 28th December 1698.

Eight Honourable, — Our last to you was from the
Maderas of the 29th of August, and sent by the several
ways of Holland and Portugal, to the contents whereof
we now refer, and in particular to the State of Pro-
visions therewith sent, and which we now find doth
considerably fall short even of what was then com-
puted, by reason of the badness of the Cask. The
account of the remaining part of our voyage, together
with the most material transactions since, you may
know by the enclosed Journal or Diary of our pro-
ceedings.

We now send you our Letters and Dispatches by

FIRST EXPEDITION. 83

Mr Alexander Hamilton, Merchant, who takes the
opportunity of passing to you by the way of Jamaica
over to England, to whom we desire you would order
Forty shillings Sterling to be paid Weekly, towards his
expences, the time he shall stay with you negotiating
our affairs.^

The wealth, fruitfulness, health and good situation of
the Country proves for the better, much above our
greatest expectations, which God Almighty seems to
have wonderfully reserved for this occasion, and now
to have prepared our way, and disposed the Indies to
that purpose. In our passage hither several of our
number have been taken from us by death (whose
names we have herewith sent you) and whereof the
loss of our two Ministers is the most sensible to us.
We therefore entreat you would use your utmost
endeavours with the General Assembly, for procuring
others to supply that great want. As to the Country,
we find it very healthful ; for though we arrived here
in the Eainy season, from which we had little or no
shelter for several weeks together, and many sick
among us, yet they are so far recovered, and in so
good a state of health as could hardly anywhere be
expected among such a number of Men together ; nor

^ Mr Hamilton arrived in Edinburgh on 25th March 1699, and

his personal report of the voyage and settlement of the colonists
gave " abundance of satisfaction " to the Directors. In addition
to the 40s. per week, as desired by the Council, the Directors
bestowed on him a gratuity of £118, 6s. 8d., in consideration of
"his coming here express from their Colony in Caledonia, in
America, with the first news of their settlement there." The
Directors also commissioned him to purchase uniforms to bo
presented to the friendly "Captains of the tribes of natives in
Caledonia, in America," for which he paid £86, 10s. 5d.

84 THE EXPEDITIONS TO DARIEN I

know we anything here of those several dangerous and
mortal distempers so prevalent in the English and
other American Islands.

In fruitfulness this Country seems not to give place
to any in the world ; for we have several of the fruits
as Cocoa-Nuts, whereof Chocolate is made, Bonellos
Sugar-Canes, Maize, Oranges, Plantains, Mangoe, Yams,
and several others, all of them of the best of their kind
anywhere found.

Nay, there is hardly a spot of ground here but what
may be cultivated ; for even upon the very tops and
sides of the hills and mountains, there is commonly
three or four foot deep of rich earth, without so much
as a stone to be found therein. Here is good hunting
and fowling, and excellent fishing in the bays and
creeks of the Coast ; so that could we improve the
season of the year just now begun, we should soon
be able to subsist of ourselves, but fortifying and
building will lose us a whole year's planting.

By the want of sloops, or small coasting vessels,
we have hitherto had no opportunity of disposing
any part of the Cargo, or doing other needful
things.

Since the loss of the French Ship mentioned in the
Journal, we understand that the Captain had an under-
hand Correspondence, in tampering with some of the
natives whom he intended to carry away with him,
which heightens our jealousy that the French have
a design upon this place, or at least to make a
settlement hereabout. And we heartily wish that
our Most Gracious King were truly informed of
what consequence it will be both to his greatness
and security, to countenance and encourage us his
loyal and dutiful subjects here, that our Prince and

FIRST EXPEDITION. 85

Country be not only deprived of so valuable a Jewel,
but lest the same should fall a prey to some of our
rival neighbours. This will be the Company's part to
notice after these dispatches shall come to hand.

You have enclosed a List of several goods and
merchandises vendable and proper for this place ; our
situation being incomparable for the Trade of the
Coast, where (besides our Inland Trade) there is com-
monly but 2 or 3, or at most but 8 or 10 days' sail
to the best places of Trade upon the Coast, and to
the outmost considerable islands adjoining. And we
desire that particular merchants in Scotland, and else-
where, may be encouraged to trade and correspond
hither, in which we hope they will sufficiently find
their account.

We have also sent you a state of what supplies of
Provisions, Stores and Merchant goods are absolutely
necessary for the present support of the Colony, referring
it to the Company to determine what reasonable con-
sideration they will have for the sums that shall be
advanced for that purpose ; And we entreat that all
possible expedition may be used in sending us these
needful supplies; for without that we shall not only
be incapable of making you suitable returns, but this
hopeful undertaking, together with ourselves, will run
no small risk of being inevitably lost. But however it
be (by the help of God) we shall not fail to do our
utmost in making speedy and suitable returns ; and
shall always account it our greatest honour to expose
our persons, and all that's most near and dear to us, in
promoting this hopeful design, as not only promising
Profit and Glory to the Company, and all who are con-
cerned with them, but as being the likeliest means that
ever yet presented towards the enabling our Country-

86 THE EXPEDITIONS TO DARIEN I

men to revive, recover, transmit to posterity, the virtue,
lustre, and wonted Glory of their renowned Ancestors ;
and to lay a foundation of wealth, security, and great-
ness to our jNIother Kingdom for the present and
succeeding Ages. In which we can no way doubt of
your most hearty concurrence and utmost support. So
praying Almighty God would bless and prosper the
Company in all their undertakings. — We remain.
Right Honourable, you most humble servants,

Egbert Jolly.
J. Montgomery.
Dan. Mackay.
EOB. Pen'nicook.

EOB. PiNCARTON.

Will. Patkrson.

P.S. — We entreat you to send us a good Engineer,
who is extremely wanted here. This place being
capable of being strongly fortified. You'll understand
by our's from Maderas, the Danger as well as the
Tediousness of our Passage North-about, so that if the
Ships can conveniently be fitted out from Clyde, it will
save a good deal of time in their passage and be far less
hazardous.^

The list of deaths accompanying the preced-
ing letter was afterwards printed in Edinburgh

1 On the same day — 28th December 1698 — the Comicil issued
a Proclamation or Declaration, addressed to the world, from
" Xew Edinburgh," announcing the principles on which their
Colony of Caledonia was to be conducted. They declared that
it was to be a free port, with full liberty of conscience in matters
of religion to all nations. (For full text of the Declaration, see
Appendix B.)

FIRST EXPEDITION.

and circulated by the Directors in the following
form : —

AN EXACT LIST of the Men, Women, and Boys
THAT Died on Board the Indian and African
Company's Fleet during their Voyage from Scot-
land to America, and since their landing in Cale-
donia. Together with a particular account of their
qualities, the several Days of their Deaths, and the
respective Distempers or Accidents of which they
Died.

Note. — By "Volunteers" are meant such young Gentle-
men as went in no particular station, but only in
hopes of preferment as opportimity should oflFer.

Distemper

Date.

Name.

Quality.

or
Accident.

1698

July

Alexander Piery

A Planter

Fever

Augt.

Daniel Martin .

A Sailor

Flux

Robert Donaldson .

Planter

do.

George Menzies

do.

Sep.

John Forrester

do.

James Dmmie .

do.

Robert Hardy

Volunteer

Fever

John Stewart .

do.

Robert Baillie .

Planter

do.

John Smith

Sailor

do.

Alexander Elder

do.

Jeromy Spence

do.

Andrew Baird .

do.

Flux

Walter Johnstoun .

Chinu-geon's
:\Iate

Fever

Oct.

John DuflFas .

Sailor

do.

Thomas Dalrymple .

Planter

do.

James Paterson

Volunteer

Flux

Charles Hamilton .

Midshipman

do.

Jacob Yorkland

Volimteer

do.

THE EXPEDITIONS TO DARIEN

Distemper

Date.

Name.

Quality.

or
Accident.

1698

Oct.

James Davidson

Planter

Flux

Henry Charters

Volunteer

do.

Lieutenant John
Hay's Wife

do.

Adam Hill

Planter

do.

Walter Eliot .

Midshipman

Fever

Adam Cunningham.

do.

Adam Bennet .

do.

Mr Thomas James .

Minister

do.

Peter Macintosh

Sailor

do.

John Daniel .

Planter

Flux

David Henderson .

Sailor

do.

James Graham

Volunteer

do.

William Miller

do.

Fever

John Chiesly .

do.

Flux

Mr John Malbon

Merchant

Fever

Alexander Tailor .

Sailor

do.

Robert Gaudie

Planter

Flux

John Aird

do.

Decay

Lieutenant Hugh Hay

Fever

Peter Paterson

Sailor

Flux

James Montgomery .

do.

John Luckison

Volunteer

do.

Nov.

David Hay

do.

Thomas Fenner

Clerk to
Mr Paterson

Fever

Lieutenant James
Inglis

After Land

ING.

Nov.

Hugh Barclay

Sailor

Fever

Henry Grapes .

Tnmipeter

do.

Archibald Wright .

Volunteer

Flux

James Clark .

do.

James Weems .

do.

John Fletcher .

Planter

do.

Mr Paterson's Wife .

Fever

Archibald Mosman .

Volunteer

Flux

John Cannie .

Sailor

do.

John Sim

do.

Mr Adam Scot

Minister

do.

FIRST EXPEDITION.

^^%

Distemper

Date.

Name.

Quality.

Accident.

1698

Nov.

Roger Munckland .

Volunteer

Flux

Andrew Hamilton .

Midshipman

Fever

William Baird

Sailor

Flux

James Young .

do.

Fever

James Montgomery .

Planter

Flux

Dec.

John Burrel

Sailor

do.

James Borthwick .

do.

Fever

David Miller .
Ensign William Hal-
lyburton

Planter

Flux
do.

William Erskine

Planter

do.

Robert Bishop

Chirurgeon's
Mate

do.

Recompence Stand-
burgh, one of the
Mates on board
the St Andrew

Fever

Robert Pendreick A

William Tenter . 1

William Maclellan, j

a Boy j

-Drowned

David White .

Planter

Fever

William Barron

do.

Flux

Alexander White .
Andrew Brown, a

boy on board the

French Ship

Planter

Fever
Drowned

Peter Telfer .

Planter

Flux

Captain Thomas Ful-

Commander of

Died

larton

the Dolphin,
after warm
walking

suddenly

This is a true List compared by me,

EoD. Mackenzie,

Secy, to the said Company.

No doubt, every one will justly regret the loss of his
own nearest friend, but it's a great and general Mercy

90 THE EXPEDITIONS TO DARIEN.

that of so many as went crowded in Five Ships, upon
so long and tedious a voyage as they had, so few are
dead ; Especially considering, that on their way they
had the misfortune of taking in bad Water upon an
uninhabited island, in the beginning of the Eainy
Season, which occasioned general sickness among them ;
tho' soon after their Landing in Caledonia (thanks be
to God) they recovered their health so much (even
beyond expectation) that, when the Express came away,
there were but five of all our men who were not at
work in building of Forts and Houses. And as even a
greater number of so many as went, might have died
by this time, had they all remained at home, so it may
be some satisfaction to the nearest friends of the
deceased that their names shall stand upon Kecord as
being among the first brave Adventurers that went
upon the most noble, most honourable, and most prom-
ising undertaking that Scotland ever took in hand.

From the foregoing list it will be noticed
that Paterson had the great grief to lose his wife
by fever shortly after landing in Darien. She
was buried with solemn honours, some dropping-
guns being fired on the occasion. A few days
previously his clerk, Thomas Fenner, an English-
man, had also died.^ Yet in spite of these
domestic bereavements, he did not bate a jot of
heart or hope, but with manly fortitude con-
tinued his unwearied eflforts on behalf of the
Company.

1 On 7th October there appears in the list of deaths the name
of " James Paterson, Volunteer." It has been surmised by some
writers that this young gentleman was Paterson's only child, but
we have been unable to tind any confirmation of this.

CHAPTER VL

THE EXPEDITIONS TO DARIEN.

FIRST EXPEDITION — Continued.

We need not detail here the various events con-
nected with the first occupation and abandon-
ment of Darien, as these are narrated in Paterson's
special Report to the Directors which follows.
Suffice it to say that on the 20th of June 1699,
within eight months of the date of their landing,
the surviving settlers, now reduced to less than
900, hurriedly evacuated Darien. Paterson, who
was seriously ill at the time, protested strongly
against the abandonment. He was the last man
to leave Darien, and had to be carried on board
the Unicorn. After a disastrous voyage, during
which many on board succumbed, he arrived at
New York on 14th August, but so broken in
health that his life was despaired of for a time.
In about two months thereafter he took his
passage in the Company's ship, the Caledonia,
bound from New York for Scotland, and arrived
in Edinburgh on the 5th of December, somewhat

92 THE EXPEDITIONS TO DARIEN :

recovered in mind though still shattered in body.
The Eeport referred to was drawn up at the
request of the Court of Directors shortly after
his return to Scotland. In addition to the
details which it gives relating to the daily life of
the Colony and the events which led up to its
collapse, it forms a vindication of his own conduct
there. Explanatory notes have been added to
the Report where additional information seems
desirable.

REPOET BY WILLIAM PATERSON TO
THE DIRECTORS.

Report of Matters relating to the Colony of Caledonia,
made to the Right Honble. The Court of Direc-
tors of the Indian and African Company of
Scotland.

At Edinburgh^ the nineteenth day of December, 1699.

Right Honourable,

On the sixteenth day of July 1698, I arrived on
board the Company's ship the Unicorn, in order to my
voyage in the afternoon. I went on board the Saint
Andrew ; and although I was not of the Council, yet
the care and concern I had for the success obliged me
to speak to Captain Pennicook for calling a Council
before we set sail in order to consider how they were
provided for the voyage, and to represent to this Court
what might be defective : but I was answered — " I must
give him leave to think that he knew his business and
the instructions he had to follow," or to this purpose.

FIKST EXPEDITION. 93

Two or three days after we sailed, the Council was
called on board the Saint Anclreto, where they found the
provisions and necessaries for the voyage fall exceed-
ingly short of what was given out or expected ; where-
upon the people were reduced to a much shorter allow-
ance; and the next day the Council wrote letters
signifying their condition, designing to land those
letters at Orkney ; but the foggy, hazy weather and
currents not only prevented that, but endangered the
ships, and occasioned the separation of the Unicom and
Endeavour Pink from the rest.

After our meeting at Madeira, the Council wrote
their condition by way of Lisbon and Holland ; but in
as sparing and general terms as possible, lest these
letters should be intercepted to the prejudice of our
designs. These letters were dated the 29th day of
August 1698.

When Captain Pinkerton and I were at the Island
of St Thomas about the beginning of October, we met
with one Captain Kichard Moon of Jamaica, who com-
manded a sloop of about eighty tons. He was bound
from New York to Curasao with provisions, but by the
way touched at Saint Thomas, where he met with us.
The man I had known in Jamaica many years before ;
and we persuaded him to follow us to the rest of our
ships then riding at Crab Island. When he came he
found our goods so dear and ill-sorted for his purpose,
that, upon the conditions we proposed, he would not
part with any of his provisions ; upon which I repre-
sented to the Council that it might be of ill consequence
for us not only to miss such a quantity of good and
new provisions, but the report he might give of our
goods being overrated would unavoidably be an ill

94 THE EXPEDITIONS TO DARIEN :

preparative for others ; whereas the agreement with
him, though at a dear rate, would encourage him and
many more to come to us with the greater speed and
earnestness ; also that I had heard the goods were con-
siderably overrated. But however it was, two or three
hundred pounds' loss ought not to be put in balance
with the risk of the design : which, if it miscarried, I
was apprehensive the Company would, however, get
but a lame account of their cargo, — Wherefore, it was
better to risk a part of it upon the prospect of some-
thing than inevitably to loss it without any prospect at
all. To all this I was answered, that they were not
obliged to take notice of any particular man's assertions
as to the over- valuing or ill buying the goods ; but
rather to believe the prime cost was as in the Com-
pany's invoice ; and that they would not be so imposed
upon by Capt. Moon, Thus Mr Moon parted from
us. But before he went I took an opportunity to tell
him, that by reason of the stowage in those crowded
ships, he could not now have a sight of the greatest
part of our Cargo ; but if he and his friends would send
us a sloop with provisions from Jamaica, and also come
himself as soon as he could, I did not doubt but he
would dispose of them to his sufficient satisfaction,
which he promised to do, and had some discourse
thereof with the rest of the Councillors before we
parted.

During the voyage, our Marine Councillors did not
only take all upon them, but likewise brow-beat and
discouraged every body else, yet we had patience,
hoping things would mend when we came ashore ; but
we found ourselves mistaken ; for though our Masters
at sea had sufficiently taught us that we fresh-water

FIRST EXPEDITION. 95

men knew nothing of their salt-water business, — yet
when at land, they were so far from letting us turn the
chase, that they took upon them to know everything
better than we.

I must confess it troubled me exceedingly to see our
affairs thus turmoiled and disordered, by tempers and
dispositions as boisterous and turbulent as the elements
they are used to struggle with, which are at least as
mischievous masters as ever they can be useful ser-
vants. To this disease I proposed as a present ease and
a part of a remedy, that a President of the Council should
be chosen for a month, and that the first should be a
land Councillor, and that every land Councillor might
take his turn before any of those of the sea should
come in place. This, I reckoned, would be four months;
and in this time I was in hopes that we might be able
to make some laws, orders, and rules of Government,
and by People's management in the time, be better able
to judge who might be most fit to preside for a longer
time, not exceeding a year. This my thoughts I im-
parted to our land Councillors; but they, like wise
men, had begun to make their Court, and agreed before-
hand with those of the sea that the Presidency should
last but a week ; and though I urged that it would be
to make a mere May game of the Government, and
that it would reduce all things to uncertainty and con-
tradictions, yet this determination of the rest was
unalterable. Upon which Mr Montgomery was chosen
the first President ; after which we began to proceed to
business.^

^ The dissensions among the Councillors and their deplor-
able mismanagement were not least among the contributory
causes of failure of the settlement, and these rendered quite

96 THE EXPEDITIONS TO DARIEN :

The first thing fallen upon was a place of landing ;
but the Sea Councillors were for a mere Morass, neither
fit to be fortified nor planted, nor indeed for the men
to lie upon. But this was carried by main force and a
great struggle, although I know no reason they had for
it, unless it might be to save one of their boats the
trouble, once in two or three days, to bestow three or
four hours to supply the Land-men with water. We
were upon clearing and making Huts upon this im-
proper place near two months, in which time experience
— the schoolmaster of fools — convinced our masters
that the point now called Fort Saint Andrew was more

ixseless all the efforts of Paterson towards a firm and unanimous
rule in the Colony. In carrying out the weekly presidency, each
Councillor seemed bent on undoing the work of his predecessor
in the chair ; the marine Councillors, in their double capacity
of Ship-Captain and Councillor, especially lording it over the
others. The Directors saw reason to alter this state of affairs
when making arrangements for the second expedition. In a
letter, 10th February 1700, to James Gibson, captain of the
Rising Sun, they refer to " the unanswerable evil consequences
of the Commanders of our first ships unaccountable conduct and
intolerable insolence in their double capacities. Wherefore the
Council-General thought fit to come to the positive resolution
that, from henceforward, none of the Council should be at the
same time in another capacity."

Again, in a letter to the Councillors, 13th June 1700, they say :
" And the said Council-General, considering that several incon-
veniences and hindrances may happen in the execution of your
affairs, through the too frequent changes of Presidents of your
Council, have, by their Act of the 3rd instant, ordered that,
upon receipt hereof, you choose a President of your own number
to continue for at least six weeks, and not above three months ;
and that, upon the determination of that term, you choose again
for the like time, and so, successively, at the determination of
each term afterwards,"

FIRST EXPEDITION. 9*1

proper for us; upon which they appointed Captain
Thomas Drummond to oversee the work, who, according
to the tools he had to work with, did beyond what
could be reasonably expected from him ; for our men,
though for the most part in health, were generally weak
for want of sufficient allowance of provisions and
liquors,^ and this inconveniency upon them was the

' According to modern ideaa, the Company would appear
to have been far too lavish in their supplies of alcohol to the
Colony. With every ship carrying provisions, they sent sui)plies of
what they called " strong liquors " — chiefly rum and brandy — the
free use of which, in the hot and pestilential climate of Darien,
must have been prejudicial to health. The Directors seem to have
looked upon brandy as one of their mainstays. In their letter
to the Council, 13th June 1700, they say : "We understand that
Andrew Livingston, Chirurgeon, late prisoner in Carthagena, has
made his escape and retiu-ned to the Colony. We therefore
desire that for the said Andrew Livingston's encouragement at
present, you would order him four gallons of Brandy for his own
proper use, over and above the common allowance." The Rev.
Alexander Shields, one of the ministers of the second expedition,
referring to Caj^tain Gibson, commander of the Rising Sun, says
the Captain " was indifl'erent how matters went, providing he
got his pipe and his dram." Mr Byres and his fellow-Coun-
cillors, also of the second expedition, were very solicitous about
their supplies of brandy. On 3rd February 1700, they write :
" On 17th ulto. we took account of our Brandy, and finding only
60 gallons remaining, we ordered none to be given out except to
such as wrought according to the daily lists of men employed ;
and neither officers, volunteers, or sailors are excepted ; but we
augmented the daily allowance of bread, meal, or floiu", from ^
to I lb., which we find little enough, albeit we had Brandy. We
are sensible of the Brandy being embezzled and misapplied, but
know not how to prove the same against James ]\Iilne our
steward, that satisfaction may be got, for we have nothing whereby
to instruct a charge on him, but we shall do our best." The same
Councillors, after unjustly imprisoning Mr Alexander Hamilton,

98 THE EXPEDITIONS TO DARIEN I

harder by reason of the irregular serving of their scrimp
allowances, for our marine masters continually pre-
tended other urgent business, and so could hardly spare
their boats to bring the land provisions and conveni-
ences ashore, and many of the most needful things that
I knew were only designed for the shore, were detained
on board under pretence they belonged to the ships.

When we arrived first, we were, as it was, in a
Prison for want of sloops, brigantines, or other good,
stiff, windwardly vessels ; for the Snoio or the Pink
were utterly unfit for that purpose, otherwise the
sending home, as also to all our friends in the Planta-
tions, ought to have been the first things done. The
inconveniency of this was foreseen ; but it seems could

one of the Colony's best friends, " seized his own proper Brandy,
and would not allow him any part for his own private use."

The Directors, on 10th February 1700, write to the officers of the
Colony : " It's a lasting disgrace to the memory of those officers
who went on the first expedition, that even the meanest planters
were scandalised at the viciousness of their lives, many of them
living very intemperately and viciously for many months at the
public charge ; whilst the most sober and industrious among
them were vigilant in doing their duty. And the want of due
care in an equal and moderate distribution of both provisions
and liquors, but especially the latter, was none of the least
causes of the misery that ensued."

In contrast with all this, it is pleasing to note that Pater-
son himself was an abstainer, being one of the very few Scots-
men of his day who never drank wine. Mr Bannister, his
biographer, states that Paterson tried to persuade the colonists
" to abstain from spirituous liquors, and the price of the allow-
ance of Rum was to be accounted for in their favour if they
would not drink it. Accordingly, among the claims for com-
pensation, after the breaking up of the settlement, there is a
formal one from a Captain Godon, on the plea of his adherence
to the wise temperance pledge."

FIKST EXPEDITION. 99

not be prevented.^ About the twentieth of December,
a sloop arrived from Jamaica, commanded by Mr
Edward Sands, freighted by Captain Moon and Mr
Peter Wilmot of Port Royal, and a part belonged to
one Master Eobert Allison, who came from aboard of
Moon's sloop along with us from St Thomas Island.
This sloop was consigned to Mr Allison, and in his
absence to me. Upon report of her cargo, the Council
ordered Captain Jolly and Captain Pinkerton to agree
with Allison, which agreement was, that they should
have our goods as they cost in Scotland, and we were,
in lieu thereof, to have the sloop's cargo of provisions
as it cost in Jamaica, and, as I remember, ten per cent
advance ; whereupon the sloop's provisions were put
aboard one of our ships, and the goods in exchange
were to be delivered by us to Captain Moon, who was
expected in a month after.

Before this time. Major Cunningham, one of our
number, was become so uneasy, and possessed (as we
thought) by so unaccountable conceits and notions,
that he gave us no small trouble, and at last would

1 Included among the ' Darien Papers,' preserved in the
Advocates' Library, there is an able letter (referred to in
chapter ii.) by Mr Robert Douglas, a Scotch merchant in
London. Mr Douglas enumerates, in detail, the various dangers
and disadvantages which would certainly attend an occu])ation
of Darien by the Company. As the adventure ultimately turned
out, his forecast proved singularly con-ect. Among the minor
defects in the Company's preliminary arrangements which he
pointed out, was their omission to provide the Colony with small
coasting sloops, and it is to the want of these vessels that
Paterson refers in the above paragraph. Mr Douglas's letter was
in the hands of the Directors for about two years before the
first expedition sailed, so that they wittingly ignored its contents.

100 THE EXPEDITIONS TO DARIEN :

needs forsake not only his post, but also the Colony.
This very justly offended the rest of the Councillors,
considering their raw and unsettled circumstances ;
and some thoughts there were of detaining him by
force. But after weighing his temper, they consented
to his going ; but thought it were prudent to part with
him in friendship than otherwise, lest any that might
espouse his humour in Scotland, should prove a means
of retarding or frustrating our needful supplies. Upon
these considerations, they gave him a general letter of
recommendation, but no instructions in writing; and
Mr Hamilton had also verbal orders to intimate the
matter, but so cautiously as not thereby to prejudice
the Colony's interest.

In order to cure as much as possible the convulsions
we laboured under from the weight of our marine
Governors, Mr Cunningham, Mr Mackay, and I agreed
to try, before the Major went away, if we could per-
suade them to the admission of two or three new
Councillors. But instead of complying with so reason-
able a proposal, the three Gentlemen fell out into the
greatest passion and disorder possible, and Mr Mont-
gomery falling in with them, nothing could be done in
it at that time.

Major Cunningham's going home proceeding not
from the Council, but from himself. They proposed
to send home a person who might by word of mouth
represent to the Company things that could not be
so well committed to writing. The Captains Penni-
cook, Pinkertoun, and Jolly, proposed Mr Hamilton ;
Mr Cunningham and I were for Mr Samuel Veitch ;
Mr Montgomery was for one Mr Alexander Baird ;
and Mr Mackay was non liquid. My reasons against

FIRST EXPEDITION. 101

Mr Hamilton going away were, that he was appointed
by the Company their Accountant-general, and indeed
was the only person we had left fit for that and the
management of the cargo, which at this time was in
such disorder and confusion that I saw no way of
bringing it into method but that Mr Hamilton, and
such others as were capable to assist him, should go
immediately about it ; and thought Captain Veitch, or
some other gentleman who could be better spared by
the Colony, might be capable enough for that errand ;
whereas Mr Hamilton, his being taken from his station
without supplying his place, would unavoidably reduce
things to that disorder and confusion in which I am
afraid the Company will find them when they come
to inquire into the management of their Cargo.^

After Mr Hamilton was dispatched in Sands his
sloop by way of Jamaica, a design was set on foot to
send Captain Pinkerton and Captain Malloch in the
Dolijhin Snow to Curasoa, Saint Thomas, and other
islands, to the windward. The design was to settle
a correspondence, and to buy a sloop or two, together
with rum, sugar, and other things we wanted from

1 "We have yours of the 28th of December last, by Mr
Hamilton, who arrived here, by the way of Bristol, the 25th
ultimo, as also your other of the same date by Major Cunning-
ham, who arrived here on the Friday thereafter ; both which
gave a general satisfaction, not only to us, but to the whole
nation in general. The ministers in their several churches gave
public thanks to Almighty God for your safe arrival and settle-
ment ; and the several Corporations throughout the Kingdom
did testify their satisfaction by public rejoicings, such as bon-
fires, illuminations, ringing of bells, and all the other demon-
strations of joy." — Letter from the Directors in Edinburgh to
the Council in Caledonia, dated 22nd April 1699,

LIBRARY

102 THE EXPEDITIONS TO DARIEN :

them. But I made objections against this voyage
— First, Because in our passage from Scotland we
found the Snow no windwardly vessel, and the north
and strong north-easterly winds were not yet over,
and I questioned if anything abated, and therefore I
believed (as it happened), that she would never be able
to get to the windward; and, in the second place,
either Pinkerton or Malloch could do anything that
was to be done as well as both, whom we could not
well spare by reason of our scarcity of good sea
officers; and in the last place, I questioned if our
present circumstances would allow of thus remote
adventuring of so considerable a part of our cargo ;
but that it should rather lie ready by us as a bait to
such as should come with present supplies, which we
very much wanted at this time, and, for anything I
saw, were like to want much more. But to all this
I was answered in the usual form, that I did not
understand it.

After Captain Pinkerton was gone Capt. Moon
arrived, and on board him his owner, Mr Peter
Wilmot, who called for the return of the provisions
we had by Sands ; when we came to offer him goods
by our Invoice, he said he could buy them as cheap,
if not cheaper, in Jamaica, complaining that the In-
voice was not a true Invoice, but the goods were
over - valued above forty per cent. However, after
some clamours, the Council agreed with him for thirty
pound per cent abatement upon the Invoice ; yet he
would not let us have any more of his provisions at
that rate, but parted with us, complaining that he
should be a loser. It vexed me not only to see us
part with such a parcel of provisions, but also for the

FIRST EXPEDITION. 103

effect it might have to discourage others, as it after-
wards happened.

As the native Indians, at our first coming, had made
us several advantageous offers to undertake against the
Spaniards, so now, in this month of February, they
continued to alarm us with the preparations of the
Spaniards, and to press us from several parts to an
undertaking against them. Among these were Corbet
of the Samblas, Diego of the Gulf, and Pausigo of
Carreto, with others.^

But we still answered them, that our King was at
peace with the Spaniards, and so we could not make
war, unless they begun with us ; but whenever they did,
we would repel force by force, and assemble all the
Indians and others that were willing to assist us
against them. They expressed a wonderful hatred and
horror for the Spaniards, and seemed not to understand
how we could be at peace with them, except we

^ Diego of the Gulf was esteemed the most powerful of
the Darien captains or chiefs. He had about 3000 men
under his command, and at the time the colonists landed on
the Isthmus he had been at war with the Spaniards for about
twelve months. On 24th February the Council entered into a
perpetual alliance and federation with him, which included the
other neighbouring captains and leaders of the natives. The
written treaty was interpreted and explained to him, and
thereafter the Secretary sealed and signed it on behalf of the
Council, and Captain Diego followed by putting " his mark "
upon it. A copy of the treaty in Spanish was given to him.
The treaty opened with the words : " Treaty of Friendship,
Union, and Perpetual Confederation, agreed and entered between
the Right Hon**'" The Council of Caledonia, and The Excellent
Diego Tucuapantos and Estrara, Chief and Supreme Leader of
the Indians, Inhabitants of the Lands and Possessions in and
about the Rivers of Darieno and S' Matolome."

104 THE EXPEDITIONS TO DAKIEN :

were as bad as they. It's certain this was the true
season of the year for undertakings of that kind, and
our people were then in health, and indifferent strong,
which they happened not to be afterwards, when the
Spaniards had given us sufficient provocation, and
when the season was not so proper. But afterward,
upon information that a great party of Spaniards were
come overland, and from the south seas, to invade us,
and were then at an Indian house two or three leagues
from the other side of the harbour, we sent Mr Mont-
gomery with a party of men to know the truth ; but,
instead of a body of Spaniards, found only a few men
who were sent thither to get intelligence, who, when
our men came upon them, took their opportunity to
fire at them from the thickets where they were placed,
and then run away, having killed two or three, and
wounded some others. Our men returned the salute
without any execution that we know of. This party
consisted of twenty-five men, as we heard afterwards.
This party had been detached from a body of fifteen
hundred men, then at Tabugantee, and from thence
designed to invade us by land; but, by reason of
opposition from the Indians, and other obstructions
they met with they afterward dispersed, and came to
nothing.^

1 The skirmish with the Spaniards took place on 6th Feb-
ruary, within the territories of the friendly Indian chief
Captain Pedro. The colonists numbered 100, being a levy of
20 men from each ship, and were led by Captain James Mont-
gomerie, one of the Councillors. Under cover of the woods the
Spaniards fired two volleys of small - shot, killing two of the
colonists (one of whom was Ensign Alexander Swinton) and
wounding other twelve. Captain Montgomerie received a wound
in the thigh.

FIRST EXPEDITION. 105

Some days after Captain Moon was gone, returned
Captain Sands from Jamaica, as also arrived one
Captain Ephraim Pilkington, both laden with pro-
visions, all which the Council bought, and sent Pil-
kington with his sloop or shallop to trade upon the
Spanish coast, while Captain Sands went a turtling for
the Colony. Some days after this. Captain Pennicook
and Mr Mackay had a great falling out. I endeavoured
not only to compose their difference, but, if possible, to
bring some good out of it. "Wherefore I represented to
them separately how sad and scandalous our condition
was; that if any two of us had a diflference, the re-
mainder had not authority enough to reduce them to
reason : therefore advised and persuaded them both to
consent to the admission of two or three new Councillors.
This they severally consented to, agreeing that I should
move it, and that they should be seconds ; and if Messrs
Montgomery and Jolly did oppose it, to carry it by
vote. Accordingly, I moved it, and they did second
it, but so very coldly that though Mr Jolly was in the
chair, and so three against one, yet I could not so
much as get my motion entered, much less a liberty
to protest that the majority was for it, and so it was
passed of course. This motion raised me much envy and
trouble, which continued a long time after.

Before Major Cunningham went away, there was
something done he would have protested against. I
do not remember the thing, only that I was not of
his opinion as to the matter, but was for allowing him
a liberty to protest, as all other Councillors ought to
have had. For this I urged the custom of most civil
societies in the world, and the express meaning of the
Company, when they in their instructions say that one

106 THE EXPEDITIONS TO DARIEN *.

Councillor shall not be liable to the defaults and mis-
carriages of the others, but every one for his own
default ; but, say or do what I would, there could
none of them be persuaded to it; nor was protests
or entries of motions or dissents at all allowed by the
old Councillors; but, indeed, that doctrine was as
much exploded by the new Council as ever that of
passive obedience has been upon another occasion.

About the tenth or twelfth of February, within a
day or two of each other, arrived two sloops from
Jamaica, the one of which was commanded by Captain
Mitchell, and the other by Captain Eobbins. That of
Eobbins was consigned to me in his absence, and
Mitchell was recommended. Eobbins offered his pro-
visions as soon as ever he came in, and Mitchell would
also have sold his. Their main design was about
fishing the French wreck at the entrance of our
harbour, of which the Council acquainted this Court,
and the provisions were only brought in by the bye.
Our Councillors would not be persuaded in time to
take these provisions; and afterwards those purse-
proud fellows, having time to understand our wants
by the murmurs of the people and other circumstances,
took humours in their heads, and would not part with
their provisions upon any account, unless we could
have given them money.

At this time, in hopes the time of the strong breeze
was over, or at least much abated, we sent out the
Endeavour Pink, under the command of Captain John
Anderson, and a stock of some hundred pounds value
on board of her, whereof Mr Eobert Allison was super-
cargo. She was to touch at Jamaica, and go from
thence to New York, and return to us with provisions ;

FIRST EXPEDITION. 107

but, after she had beaten about a month, and not got
forty leagues to the windward, she was forced to return
to us again, after having become very leaky by the
stress she had met with at sea.

About the beginning of March, Captain Pilkington
returned from the coast of Carthagena, having had
little or no trade by reason of the badness and unsuit-
ableness of the cargo, and brought us the unhappy
news of the loss of our Snoiv, and the imprisonment of
Captain Pinkerton and his crew at Carthagena ; of all
which we advised the Company by one occasion of the
sixth or seventh of March. Mr Mackay was then sick
of an intermitting fever, and his life hardly expected ;
and, by reason of some heats that arose between Mr
Pennicook and Mr Montgomery, all things seemed to
be at a stand, for Mr Jolly and I had not authority to
make peace between them when at variance, nor to
cause them to keep it when made. I could think of
nothing to cure this distemper of ours, but either an
addition of Councillors, or a Parliament. About an
addition of Councillors we could not agree, and we
should lose time in staying for a Parliament : "Where-
fore it was resolved to call a Parliament as soon as
possible ; ^ and in the meantime, to dispatch the

^ A Parliament was summoned on 24th April 1699, when
it enacted 34 laws for the regulation of civil and criminal
justice in the Colony. Several of the laws bear the mark of
Paterson's enlightened and liberal mind, and others, though well-
intentioned, are curious. They aim at a high tone in public
morals, and the personal liberty of the subject is carefully
guarded. But many of the colonists were unfit for the exercise
of political freedom. Mr Mackay, one of the Councillors, wrote
to the Secretary of the Company : " We found the inconvenience
of calling a Parliament, and of telling the inhabitants that they

108 THE EXPEDITIONS TO DARIEN :

Captains Pilkington and Sands to Carthagena, with a
messenger and letter, to demand our prisoners and
effects, and to declare that, if they refused, we would
immediately grant reprisals ; and accordingly, commis-
sions were given to Pilkington and Sands, to be put in
execution in case of refusal made, to Mr Alexander
Macgie, our messenger; but Pennicook agreed not to
sign these dispatches.

About this time Captain Pennicook began to be very
uneasy, and to publish that there was not a month's
provisions in the Colony, no not near enough to carry
us off the coast, and this he published industriously upon
all occasions ; but, in order to put a stop to the
clamours, at the first and second meeting of the Parlia-
ment, some of the members were appointed to take a
narrow scrutiny of the provisions on board the several
ships and ashore. This scrutiny lasted several weeks,
and at last could never be very exactly taken, of which
Pennicook himself (with whom concealed provisions
were found) was none of the least occasions.

By this time, being about the twenty -fourth or
twenty -fifth of March, Mr Mackay was pretty well
recovered, and the Captains Pilkington and Sands
returned from Carthagena with our messenger, Mr
Alexander Macgie, who brought the refusal of our
prisoners and effects, and a letter from the Governor
of Carthagena to that effect.^

were freemen so soon ; they had not the true notion of liberty ;
the thoughts of it made them insolent and ruined command."
See Appendix C.

1 On 5th February 1699, the DolpJiin Snow, commanded
by Captain Pinkerton, while on a voyage from the Colony
to Barbadoes to barter her cargo for provisions, struck on a

FIRST EXPEDITION. 109

They met with, and brought in their company, a
New England Brigantine, which was bound to us with
provisions, but had missed our port. One Philips com-
manded her. Two or three days afterwards, Pilkington
and Sands arrived before the harbour, Captain Moon,
his sloop the Neptune, and another Jamaica sloop, com-
manded by one Mathias Maltman of Jamaica. Mr
Wilmot sent a canoe with a letter to me about some
goods he had left to be disposed of. Whether they
had any other business in, I know not ; but, as I was
about to answer his letter, Pennicook being President,
arrested the canoe, with all the men that were in her,
being twelve or fourteen. The pretence was, that
Moon's sloop had carried away a boy called Skelton,
and all the men stopped. Nay, Moon's sloop and all his

rock, and not being able to be kept afloat by baling and
pumping, was run ashore under the walls of Carthagena.
Believing, or pretending to believe, that they were pirates, the
ship's company — 30 men and a boy — were made prisoners by
the Spaniards, and the ship and cargo seized. When the news
of the capture reached the Council, they dispatched a messenger
to the Governor of Carthagena to formally demand the release of
the prisoners and restoration of the ship and cargo, and threaten-
ing reprisals in the case of refusal. When the envoy, who
carried a flag of truce, delivered the Council's letter, along with a
copy of the Company's Act of Parliament, the Governor treated
him most contemptuously. He tore the letter and the Act in
pieces, which he angrily tossed aside, stating that he would
shortly made a descent upon the Scots settlement and root them
out. Captain Pinkerton and his ofiicers, after being subjected
to great indignities and sufferings at Carthagena, were passed
on to Spain, to be tried there as pirates. They were condemned
to death, but, chiefly through the intervention of King William,
were ultimately allowed to go free. The crew of the Dolphin
Snow had the misfortune to be drafted into the Spanish warships
in the Indies.

110 THE EXPEDITIONS TO DARIEN :

efifects was not able to make satisfaction for this boy
of Pennicook's. I did what I could to get a boat or
canoe to send out, that the boy might be sent in, and
the canoe released, but an embargo was laid upon every
thing ; so the sloops were forced to lie off and on all
night for their canoe and men ; and when I saw I
could not prevail for a boat, I endeavoured to get the
men out of the guardhouse. The next morning, early,
Captain Pilkington went in his canoe aboard of Moon,
and told him what was the matter. By him I sent a
letter to Wilmot, to come ashore and justify himself.
The boy Skelton was brought, and Mr "Wilmot also
appeared ; but instead of accusing Mr Wilmot of any-
thing regularly, as I had reason to expect, it all ended
in a little hector and Billingsgate. Mr Wilmot stayed
till the afternoon ; and before he went away I came to
Mr Mackay's hut, and Mr Wilmot came also to take
his leave. The rest of the Councillors were then to-
gether ; and upon my coming, they called me in, and
Mr Mackay presented me a paper to sign, which con-
tained a warrant to Captain Eobert Drummond to take
boats and go and bring in Captain Mathias his sloop.
When I asked what reasons they had for it, Mr Mackay
answered, that they were informed that this sloop was
a Spanish sloop, and was freighted by three Spanish
merchants, now on board her, and bound for Portobello,
with I know not what, for a treasure of gold and silver
bars; and added, I warrant you will not meddle,
because your friend Mr Wilmot is concerned. This
usage did not please me. But, however, I told them,
if she was a Spanish sloop, I was as ready as they ;
but, if belonging to any other nation, I would not be
concerned. But, however, I signed the warrant to

FIRST EXPEDITION. Ill

bring in the sloop. "When she was brought, instead of
a Spanish we found her a Jamaica sloop, with two
Spanish passengers, and, as I heard, about 80 or 100
pounds value, in pieces of eight, Spanish pistoles, and
gold dust. When I found this, I must needs say I was
very angry, and endeavoured to get the sloop and men
discharged next day, as being an English bottom.
To this purpose, I laid the law before Pennicook, and
afterwards to Mr Mackay, who by this time had
brought the men and money out of the sloop. Upon
this, I said I would write home about this matter, and
then left them. Upon this occasion, God knows, my
concern was not upon my own account, or any humour
of my own, but the true love of justice and good of the
Colony ; in which concern of spirit, I heartily wished
that they might not have cause to repent of their
inhuman usage of those, before any other friendly
strangers came to visit them, or to this effect. When
I was gone, there was a Council called, consisting of
Pennicook, Mackay, Montgomery, and Jolly, where, as
the Secretary told me afterward, they confirmed the
taking of the two Spaniards and the money from on
board the Jamaica sloop. I suppose the minutes of
the 29th or 30th of March will show it.

The Council not only bought what provisions
Captain Philips had on board, and also hired his
Brigantine express for Scotland; and, besides, an
address to his Majesty, to lay before him our ill usage
by the Spaniards, and the needful dispatches to the
Company, to carry some intelligent and well-instructed
person, to make a more lively representation of our
circumstances to the Company. But although Mr
Mackay was pretty well recovered, yet they could not

112 THE EXPEDITIONS TO DARIEN :

at all agree upon the person to be sent. This and the
like delays and interruptions occasioned another motion
for an addition to the Council, in order to carry things
more smoothly for the future. But upon this motion,
Mr Montgomery opposed it, and then withdrew. Mr
Jolly also opposed it, but continued with us till Mr
Colin Campbell was named and voted, and then he
likewise withdrew ; and although we sent our Secretary
several times, entreating them, in a friendly and re-
spectful manner, to give their attendance and assistance
in Council, yet they refused, and altogether forsook us ;
and not only so, but some small time after left the
Colony.

After the admission of Mr Colin Campbell, Mr
Samuel Veitch, Mr Charles Forbes, and Mr Thomas
Drummond, we proceeded to transmit the address to
his Majesty, and the other needful dispatches to the
Company ; and Mr Daniel Mackay was pitched upon
to be the person should carry them, who was parted
from us the tenth or eleventh of April last.

Upon the return from the Governor of Carthagena,
we began to think of undertaking something consider-
able against the Spaniards ; but the rainy season then
approaching, together with the sickness of some, and
the general weakness and rawness of our men, made it
impracticable at this time by land, wherefore the ships
were ordered to be in readiness ; and in the meantime,
Pilkington and Sands were ordered to cruise upon the
coast of Portobello, to take what they could by way of
reprisal ; as also what prisoners they could light upon,
for intelligence, guides, and pilots.^

1 The Council entered into the following agreement with

FIRST EXPEDITION. 113

Within twelve or fourteen days, Pilkington and
Sands returned without any prize but one, that of a
sloop they found riding at anchor at the Samblas,
without anybody in her; nor did anybody appear,
although there were many guns fired, and almost
two days spent, expecting some of her crew, or other
intelligence who she belonged unto. At last they

Captain Pilkington, when they granted to him letters of mark
and reprisal against the Spanish ships : —

"Articles of AaREEMENT betwixt the Oouncil op
Caledonia and Captain Ephraim Pilkington.

^^ Witiiesseth as follows : —

" 1st. The said Ephraim Pilkington shall have and receive for
the hire of his Shallop twelve full shares.

" 2nd. The said Ephraim Pilkington shall have and receive for
himself two shares and a half.

" 3rd. The Doctor shall have one hundred pieces of eight for
his Chest of Medicines, and one share in common.

" 4th. The said Council reserve to themselves one-tenth part
of all the loading of any prize taken at sea — the wounded and
disabled men being first provided for — and the like share of all
booty taken upon land.

" 5th. If any man be disabled in the service of the voyage, in
so much that he be put from getting a future livelihood, in such
case the same man shall have and receive six hundred pieces of
eight, or six able slaves, if so much be made in the said voyage.

" 6th. All the remaining part of the profit of the voyage to be
equally divided amongst the men belonging to the vessels, share
and part alike.

"7th. That the said Ephraim Pilkington have his choice of
first, second, or third prize, taken in the voyage in lieu of his
not exceeding three in number.

" In virtue whereof, both parties have hereto set their hands, at
Fort St Andrew, the 11th day of March 1G99.

"Robert Jolly, J.
"Ephr. Pilkington."

114 THE EXPEDITIONS TO DARIEN :

brought her away, as thinking her to belong to some
pirates we heard were upon the coast, who might have
been gone out upon some land expedition in their
canoes.

Pilkington and Sands also acquainted us of their
receipt of letters from Jamaica by a sloop they met
with at sea, by which they were very much threatened
for engaging with us, and upon this desired to be paid
what we owed them, in order to return home. We
gave them such goods as we had, and as much to their
satisfaction as possible ; but, after all, there remained a
balance of more than a hundred pounds sterling to
Captain Pilkington, and above twenty pounds to
Captain Sands. They parted with us the twentieth
day of April; and Captain Pilkington promised, as
soon as he arrived, to send us a sloop with provisions,
and, as soon as he could, would follow after with his
family and effects. In the meantime, there was a plot
to run away with the ship the Saint Andrew discovered,
and that several persons were suspected to have a hand
therein. I had then some fits of an intermitting fever ;
but, however, I put force upon myself as much as
possible to be present in the Councils, lest some rash
act should be committed, or an innocent man should
suffer. After all, it was found to be the melancholy
discourses of three or four fellows, who, among others,
were miserably harassed by Pennicook's unequal govern-
ment on board.

Our men did not only continue daily to grow more
weakly and sickly, but more, without hopes of recovery ;
because, about the latter end of the month of April, we
found several species of the little provisions we had
left in a manner utterly spoiled and rotten ; but under

FIRST EXPEDITION. 115

these our very unsupportable difficulties, it was no
small ease and satisfaction to the Colony to find their
Sea-Commanders reduced to reason, and their Coun-
cillors become so unanimous, patient, and prudent, by
whom the doctrines of non-protesting and non-admission
were exploded with disdain, and any former misunder-
standings, irregularities, or disrespectful carriage to one
another in the old Council, were now become as so
many lessons of warning to the new, by which there
was much contentment, and few or no grumblings
among the people, as every one expected with patience
the arrival of good news, and the needful recruits from
the mother country, to make way for happy days and
glorious success to come, which the good and hopeful
condition of their government seemed to be no small
pledge of.

Towards the beginning of May, there arrived a
French sloop from Petit Guavas, with a letter from
the Governor Du Cass about the before -mentioned
French wreck. One Captain Tristian commanded this
sloop, and one Du Cass was as supercargo aboard of
goods for the Spanish coast. They made some stay
about the wreck ; and before we received the unhappy
news of the proclamations, they sailed for Portobello.
This Captain Tristian had, some years ago, by ship-
wreck upon this coast, been forced to live a great while
among the Indians, and to go naked as they. He
spoke the language, and admired this country for
healthfulness, fruitfulness, and riches, above all other
in the Indies, and said he would come and reside
among us, and doubted not but above five hundred of
the French from Hispaniola would soon be with us.
He told us this country was reckoned by those who

116 THE EXPEDITIONS TO DARIEN :

had tried the difference much more healthful than
Hispaniola, or any of the American Islands, so that
several French who knew it, began to use the coming
from Hispaniola in trading or fishing sloops to recover
their healths; and of this he had experience several
times, and now even at present, though it was the
sickly season for new comers. He said, there is such a
thing as a more sickly time of the year than others in
all countries, and the season here was from April or
May to September, and then all that had any means to
do it would recover. He would take the first oppor-
tunity to write us the news, and the true state of the
Spaniards from Portobello.

Upon the third day of May we despatched the sloop
brought in by Pilkington and Sands to Jamaica with
money and other effects, in order to purchase provisions
and necessaries for the Colony. Of her design we had
given a hint to Captain Pilkington before he went
away, the better to be in readiness to freight her when
she should arrive. Mr Henry Patton had the com-
mand of this sloop, and Mr Alexander Burnet was to
manage any negotiation ashore. Then we began to
expect these two sloops, viz. that of Pilkington's, and
this from Jamaica ; also, that other supplies would be
dropping in till a reinforcement should come from our
country ; when, instead thereof, upon the eighteenth
day of May, a periagua of ours returned from the coast
of Carthagena, which had met with a Jamaica sloop,
by whom she had the surprising news, that proclama-
tions were published against us in Jamaica, wherein it
was declared, that by our settlement at Darien, we had
broken the peace entered into with his Majesty's allies,
and therefore prohibited all his Majesty's subjects from

FIRST EXPEDITION. 117

supplying or holding any sort of correspondence with
us, upon the severest penalties ; ^ and it seems the

* Proclamations were issued by (1) Sir William Beeston,
Governor of Jamaica ; (2) R. Gray, Governor of Barbadoes ;
and (3) Lord BeUomont, Governor of New York. The Jam-
aica proclamation ran as follows (the others were in similar
terms) : —

"By the Honourable Sir William Beeston, Kt., His
Majesty's Lieutenant-Governor and Commandant-
in-Chief in and over this his Island of Jamaica,
and over the tenitories depending thereon in
America, and Vice-Admiral of the same.

"A Proclamation.

"Whereas I have received commands from His Majesty,
by the Right Honourable James Vernon Esquire, one of His
Majesty's principal Secretaries of State, signifj-ing to me that
His Majesty is unacquainted with the intentions and designs
of the Scots settling at Darien; and that it is contrary to the
peace entered into with His Majesty's Allies, and therefore
has commanded me that no assistance be given them. These
are, therefore, in His Majesty's name and by command, strictly
to command His Majesty's subjects, whatsoever, that they do
not presume, on any pretence whatsoever, to hold any corre-
spondence with the said Scots^ nor to give them any assistance
of arms, ammimition, provisions, or any other necessaries
whatsoever, either by themselves or any other for them ; or
by any of their vessels, or of the English nation, as they will
answer the contempt of His Majesty's command to the con-
trary, at their utmost peril. Given under my hand and seal
of arms this 8th day of April, 1699, and in the eleventh year
of our Sovereign Lord William the Third of England, Scot-
land, France, and Ireland King, and of Jamaica, Lord De-
fender of the Faith, etc. William Beeston."

The instructions to the Colonial Governors to issue the
proclamations were sent secretly from England. The insin-
cerity of the English Government in the affair is evidenced

118 THE EXPEDITIONS TO DARIEN :

Governor of Jamaica had been so hasty and precipitant
in this matter, that these proclamations were published
upon the Sabbath day (the like whereof had not been
formerly known). But it was to prevent the going out
of two sloops bound out next morning, and freighted
with provisions for Caledonia. This sloop also re-
ported, it was rumoured at Jamaica, that the Company
had asked some thing or other, they knew not what;
but only, that it was unanimously rejected by the Par-
liament of Scotland. This I could not believe ; yet the
report thereof, at this juncture, did us a great deal of
harm, and added to the disorder people were in about

by the fact that, in September 1697, the Board of Trade] re-
ported that Darien had never been possessed by the Spaniards ;
and they recommended that the territory be seized for the
Crown of England with "all possible dispatch, lest the Scotch
Company be there before us, which is of the utmost importance
to the trade of England." This resulted in Captain Long being
sent out in the Rupert Prize, but on arrival he found the place in
possession of the colonists.

After the collapse of the Darien enterprise, the Scots attrib-
uted its failure mainly to the Colonial proclamations forbidding
intercourse with the settlement, and blamed the English Govern-
ment accordingly. But, as De Foe says in his ' History of the
Union,' if the colonists had been provided either with money or
letters of credit, they could not have failed to obtain supplies.
When the colonists retired from Darien they met at sea a New
England ship with provisions, bound for the Colony ; and when the
Unicorn arrived at New York, Paterson says they were informed
"that some sloops and vessels were gone to Caledonia, and a
great many more, notwithstanding all prohibition^ were following
after." As it was, in the month of February — two months
before the proclamations came out — two sloops freighted with
provisions, from Jamaica, returned thither again without break-
ing bulk, as they would not part with their provisions upon any
account unless they received money in exchange.

FIRST EXPEDITION. 119

the proclamations ; and it seemed impossible to stay
them for above a week at most. Although, considering
our low and distressed condition for want of supplies,
the prohibiting the King's English subjects from trad-
ing, or so much as corresponding with us, was very
discouraging, yet the declaring we had broken the
peace, and, by consequence, proclaiming us pirates,
before we had been once heard, or summoned to an-
swer, so very contrary to the usual proceeding even in
case of real piracy, was most of all surprising, and
became the general occasion of people concluding, that
the long silence of our country proceeded from no other
cause but that they were brow-beaten out of it, and
durst not so much as send word to us to shift for our-
selves. Upon these and the like apprehensions every
one more than others began to be in haste to be gone.
When I saw there was no talking against our leaving
the place, I persuaded them what I could, that first
rumours of things of this nature were always most
terrifying, and that happily our native country knew
nothing of all this. If they would not go, but remained
firm to the design, there was none of us but would
afterward be ashamed of our precipitant forwardness in
going away upon this occasion ; therefore I desired
them not to design, or so much as talk of going away;
but only, since our landsmen were so ill, that they were
no more in condition to defend the fort, that they might
embark some or all of the best things on board the
several ships, as places of greater security, and if we
must leave the harbour, nay, the coast, that we should
think of it only by precaution, and even return when
we should be at sea, if we met with any news or sup-
plies from Scotland, which I did not doubt of our

120 THE EXPEDITIONS TO DARIEN :

meeting with, if we did not make too much haste.
This they seemed to agree to, but not by any means to
lose time in going out ; but although they had agreed
the contrary, yet it was immediately among the people
and strangers with us that we had resolved to desert
the place. From that time, all I could pretend to, was
only to contrive lets and stumbling-blocks to the pro-
ceedings. Another thing I thought upon was, if our
sloop arrived from Jamaica, to stay with twenty-five or
thirty men upon the coast, and live upon turtling and
fishing for some time, till we should see if any recruits,
or news, came from Scotland. This I imparted to Cap-
tain Thomas Drummond, who seemed most concerned
at our leaving the place. He seemed very well pleased
with the proposal, if it could be reduced to practice,
with only this difi'erence, that I should go to Scotland,
in order to represent some things of moment to the
Company, and he stay in my place on the coast. But
our sloop not coming from Jamaica before our going
away, as also the almost universal falling down of our
men, and wanting means to recover them, rendered this
design of staying upon the coast impracticable.

About ten days before we went away, arrived
another French sloop, who said she came last from
Carthagena, and told us, the new governor, so long
expected, was arrived from Spain about three weeks
before, and had made the old governor and most of the
officers prisoners, for yielding up that town to Pointia.
They also pretended there were four French men-of-
war on the coast, and that the Spaniards were making
great and speedy preparations against us. They had
no sort of goods aboard, and were by us suspected for
spies. Indeed, one of the two gentlemen in her seemed

FIRST EXPEDITION. 121

not unfit for that purpose. What their names were,
my sickness gave me not leave to know, but we left
them in the harbour when we came away; before
which, we received a letter from Captain Tristian at
Portobello, wherein he gave us the whole state of the
Spanish preparations, with his conjectures that they
would not be ready against us in less than four months.
He concluded with his hearty wishes that the Scots
fleet might be with us before that time came.

About the 5th of June, I was taken very ill of a
fever ; but trouble of mind, as I afterwards found, was
none of the least causes thereof.^ By the 9th or 10th
of June, all the Councillors, and most of the officers,
with their baggage, were on board the several ships,
and I left alone on shore in a weak condition. None
visited me except Captain Thomas Drummond, who,
with me, still lamented our thoughts of leaving the
place, and praying God that we might but hear from
our country before we left the coast. But others were
in so great haste, that all the guns in the fort, at least
those belonging to the Saint Andrew, had been left
behind, but for the care and vigilance of Captain
Thomas Drummond.

In my sickness, besides the general concern of my

^ Sir John Dalrj^mple, in his ' Memoirs,' says : " He must
have a heart of stone who does not feel for Paterson in his
alhision to this cruel personal fatality in the following words of
his letter, * I was taken very ill of a fever ; but trouble of mind,
as I afterwards found, wns none of the least causes thereof.' "
In a letter, dated Boston, New England, 23rd September 1699,
from Mr John Borland and other two gentlemen concerned in
the Company, the following reference is made to Paterson :
" Meantime the grief has broken Mr Paterson's heart and brain,
and now he's a child ; they may do what they will for him."

122 THE EXPEDITIONS TO DARIEN :

spirits, I was much troubled about a report spread
abroad of Captain Pennicook, as designing to run away
with the ship, on pretence that we were proclaimed
pirates, and should be all hanged when we came home,
or at least the Company would never pay the seamen
their wages. In my small intervals of ease I would
fain have had a council, and Pennicook come on shore,
to inquire and take order about this report, and if any
truth were in it to have secured him on board another
ship. But I could not get them to me by reason of
illness, at least pretended illness in some, and I was
not able to go to them.

June, the 16th. As I remember, I was brought on board
the Unicorn in a great hurry, they pretending they
would sail next morning ; and they seemed to be in
so great haste, that I apprehended they would hardly
stay for one another, as afterwards it happened.^ My
things were that night some of them put on board,
some of them left behind and lost, and almost all of
them damaged and wet, which afterwards rotted most
of them. Among the rest were lost several brass
kettles of my own, and sixteen iron pots belonging to
Mr Wilmot of Jamaica. There also remained due to

1 "As a matter of fact the colonists had been reduced by
the deadly climate to such desperate straits that, on the first
rumour which reached Darien of Beeston's proclamation, they
stampeded, and deserted the fever-stricken swamps without ever
waiting to see how the proclamation would affect them, or even
if the rumour that it had been issued was true. This fact did
not prevent the Company from declaring that the proclamation
had not only ruined the first settlement, but had so heavily
handicapped the succeeding attempts that their entire enterjjrise
was ruined." — " The Virginia Letters," by Hiram Bingham, in the
' American Historical Review,' July 1905.

FIRST EXPEDITION. 123

me from the Colony about seventy-two pounds sterling,
for which they had sugar, tobacco, rosin, and other
things for the use of the ships and men ashore, and for
which I was promised money or effects immediately.
But my sickness prevented my getting the balance of
that account then, and it remains yet due to me. But
the worst is, it belonged almost all to other people.

I think it was upon the 18th of June that the
Caledonia got under sail, and the Unicorn followed.
Both warped out beyond the Black Eock ; but had
like to have been lost in the night by a squall of wind,
or a tornado ; and for want of hands the Unicorn lost
one of her anchors and longboat. The Saint Andrew
set sail next day, and was as forward as any of them.
The Unicorn lost the wind by endeavouring to recover
her longboat, and was forced to come to an anchor
under Golden Island, where she rode in no small
danger ; but it pleased God there were no squalls of
wind. That night the Caledonia and Pink were quite
out of sight ; but the Saint Andrew came to an anchor
about two leagues, as I guess, towards the north-west
of us. Next day, being the 20th, we saw none of the
ships, and, for want of hands, were forced to cut, to get
clear of that unhappy place where we rode, and so lost
another of our anchors.

Upon the 18th, as we were warping out, Captain
Thomas Drummond came on board, and acquainted us
that Captain Veitch and he had met twice on board
the Saint Andrew with Pennicook and Campbell ; and
that he was now come from the last meeting, whereat
they had resolved upon leaving the place, and that
they had agreed to touch at New England to get
provisions. Captain Drummond also offered me two

124 THE EXPEDITIONS TO DARIEN :

papers to sign. I was very ill, and not willing to
meddle. But he pressed it, saying there could be no
quorum without me ; because four Councillors must
sign the instructions to the two aboard of each ship.
Upon this I signed them. They contained, as I
remember, the one an order to the several captains
to keep company with one another, and to go for
Boston or Salem in New England, and the other was
an order to the two Councillors on board each ship,
or the survivor of them, in case of separation, to
dispose of such of the cargo as they could, and after
supplying the several ships with provisions, to carry
what remained to Scotland for the Company's use.
He said he would see me next day, but I saw him
no more till we met at New York.

That day we parted from Golden Island, we met
with the sloop commanded by Patton, from Jamaica.
She could get nothing there because of the proclama-
tions, of which she had procured a copy, not knowing
we had received it before. Next night we sprung our
main-topmast, yet got it mended next day. A night or
two after we lost all our masts, except the main and
mizzen, by a squall of wind and want of hands to the
sails. This was not all. The leaks of our ship, that
were great before, increased to that degree that we
were hardly able to keep her above water. Next day
we saw the Saint Andrew, about two leagues distance.
She could see our distressed condition, but came not
near us. It was calm all day, and had she sent her
boat, we had been able to recover most of our sails,
rigging, and other useful things, which for want of this
were utterly lost. In the afternoon we fired guns for
her, upon which she came nearer, but lay by at half a

FIRST EXPEDITION. 125

league distance. Our captain, Mr Anderson, went on
board Pennicook, and besought his help; but he utterly
refused, only at the entreaty of some of the gentlemen
on board he was prevailed upon to give an order for
the sloop to attend our ship till she saw what should
become of us. Next day the wind served, whereupon
the Saint Andrew set sail, leaving us in this miserable
condition. The sloop continued by us all next night ;
but, notwithstanding her orders in writing, and Patton's
repeated oaths to Captain Anderson, that he would not
leave us, they sailed away from us next day at fair
daylight, after Abraham Loudon had secretly conveyed
himself and his baggage into the sloop's canoe, and so
on board her.^

^ On 10th February 1700 the Directors of the Company
wrote : " This Patton was master of the sloop which was sent
over to Jamaica from our Colony in May last for provisions.
In his return, he met our ships at sea, and was commanded to
attend the Unicorn, then in great distress ; but was so far from
doing it, that he ran away with said sloop, and when he came to
Jamaica, disposed of her and her cargo, and applied the money
got for them to his own use and such as were with him."
Following upon this, after the death of Captain Pennicook, and
of Captain Campbell, his successor, Patton managed to get the
charge of the St Andrew, while she lay at Port Royal, and in his
capacity of caretaker he appears again to have betrayed the
trust reposed in him by his employers.

Abraham Loudon, who is stated above to have secretly con-
veyed himself on board of Patton's sloop, returned to Scotland,
where he became a lieutenant in the Town Guard of Edinburgh.
He was put under examination by the Coiu-t of Directors on 18th
January 1700, and admitted that ho had agreed with Patton to
dispose of the sloop and cargo, he receiving £30 sterling as his
share of the proceeds, besides some provisions. He, however,
alleged that he duly acquainted Paterson, as well as the captain
of the Unicorn, of his intention of going on board the sloop,

126 THE EXPEDITIONS TO DAEIEN I

At this time we had only five or six seamen to a
watch, and most of these none of the best neither ; and
there were about twenty landmen able to move, who
had enough to do by perpetual pumping to keep the
ship above water. However, the few men we had
went to work, and in about a week's time got up jury
masts of such stuff as we had left ; and then setting
sail, we were not able to recover Jamaica. On July
25th we made the Bay of Mattanzas, upon Cuba, when
Captain Forbes died. The 26th, our captain went in
his pinnace into the bay ; but instead of water, found a
Spanish fort of twenty or twenty-four guns, and never
saw it till under its command. Then, by an inadvert-
ency, Mr Spence, our linguist, stepped on shore to some
Spaniards, who handed him. After they had gotten
him, they endeavoured to secure the boat by com-
manding it with their guns and small arms; but in
case that would not do, by manning a periagua after
her. Our men, perceiving their delays and prepara-
tions, took their opportunity to get away. They were
shot at several times, and pursued by the periagua,
but were so happy as to escape. In the meantime,
the ship escaped narrowly running ashore for want
of hands.

That evening we set sail from the Mattanzas, and
after likewise running great hazard of shipwreck on
the coast of Virginia, where, August the 7th, we struck
several times.

to which, he said, no objection was raised. Pateraon, who
happened to be in Edinburgh at the time of this inquiry, was
called and interrogated on the point, and stated that he was
positive that Loudon never spoke to him on the subject. The
Directors thereon reported, " We have many other reasons which
induce us to believe that Loudon is disingenuous."

FIRST EXPEDITION. 127

We arrived at Sandy - Hook, near New York, the
13th, and at New York the 14th of August last ;
under God, owing the safety of the ship and our
lives to the care and industry of our commander.
Captain John Anderson.

When we were come to New York, we were much
concerned to find so universal an inclination, in all
sorts of people, who seemed to regret our leaving the
place more than we; and, by our friends, we then
understood that some sloops and vessels were gone to
Caledonia, and a great many more, notwithstanding
all prohibitions, were following after, if the unhappy
account of our unfortunate leaving the place had not
stopped them.

In our voyage from the Colony to New York, we lost
near 150 of about 250 persons put on board, most of
them for want of looking after, and of means to recover
them.i jj2 ^Y^g^^ condition we had no small loss and
inconvenience by the sickness and death of Mr Hector
Mackenzie, our chief chirurgeon. He died off Cape

' Of the five vessels which formed the first expedition to
Darien, one only, the Caledonia, was fated to return to Scotland.
As already mentioned, the Dolphin Snow was forced to run
into Carthagena, where she was seized by the Spaniards. The
Endeavour Pink, which left Darien along with the other ships,
was abandoned at sea, where she foundered. The St Andreio
and the Unicoi'n ultimately reached Port Royal and New York
respectively, but were left to go to ruin at these places.

Of the 1200 men who sailed from Leith in these vessels,
44 died on the voyage to Darien ; about 300 found a grave
during the Colony's short stay there ; and more than 400 were
thrown overboard in the fatal " middle passage " between Darien
and Jamaica and New York. Many more died in Jamaica,
while others got dispersed in that island and in Cuba and
America. Very few lived to return to their native land.

128 THE EXPEDITIONS TO DAllIEN I

St Antonio, July the 12th, of a distemper wholly, or
in a great measure, contracted by his unwearied pains
and industry among the people on shore, as well as on
board, for many weeks together, when there was hardly
any other willing, if able, or at least capable of helping
them.

The ship Caledonia was about ten days at New York
before us, where, when I arrived, I was brought so
very low, by my distempers and troubles of mind, that
for some time my life was not expected. In the mean-
while, a transaction was made with Messrs Wenham
and De Lancie, by Mr Samuel Veitch and Mr Thomas
Drummond, in order to fit out a sloop to return to the
Colony, and supply the ship Caledonia with provisions
for Scotland. My indisposition disabled me from
meddling. But Captain Eobert Drummond can give
a larger account of that matter, as having been con-
cerned in the whole course of that affair with the
aforesaid two Councillors. About the 18th of Sep-
tember Captain Thomas Drummond was dispatched
back to the Colony, in a sloop, with arms, ammunition,
provisions, working tools, and orders to see and re--
settle the place, if the supplies from Scotland were
come up.

Before Captain Thomas Drummond went away we
had received the Company's letter of the 22nd April,
by way of New England ; but had only flying reports,
without any certainty, of what recruits were sailed
from Scotland. Only they seemed all to conclude that
some Scots ships were passed by the Leeward Islands,
which we supposed to be Captains Jameson and Stark,
after we had received yours of the 25th of June, the
day before we sailed.

FIRST EXPEDITION. 129

Some days before I parted from New York, Mr
Samuel Veitch acquainted me that he designed to
stay there this winter, and that, in the meantime, he
would look after the effects put ashore to satisfy
Messrs Wenham and De Lancie. By that means he
would be in readiness to go back to the Colony, when
he should receive the Company's orders. I would
have spoken with him about this matter more at
large, but his sudden going aboard the ship, then
lying six leagues off, prevented me; nor did I see
him till I came on board, when I found him deter-
mined to stay behind us.

October 12. We set sail in the ship Caledonia from
Sandy-Hook, near New York, and after a tempestuous,
stormy passage, although but little contrary winds, we
made the west coast of Ireland, Saturday, November
11th, and by reason of the mists and currents, we were
in great danger off the rocks of Ferney, November
13th, about ten at night. After that, the wind coming
short and exceeding stormy, after no small danger, we
were obliged to come to an anchor at the northerly
entrance of the Sound of Isla; and there we rode it
out in most violent storms till Monday, 20th Novem-
ber, when we got into the Sound, and came to an
anchor in a safe place and smooth water ; under God,
owing our safety and that of the ship to the great
vigilancy and industry of our commander, Robert
Drummond.

Upon the ship's arrival in the Sound, Captain
Drummond immediately dispatched Captains Wil-
liam Murray and Laurence Drummond express to
Edinburgh, to acquaint the Company with our arrival.
Next morning, being Tuesday the 21st of November,

130 THE EXPEDITIONS TO DARIEN :

in company with Captain John Campbell, I parted in
a boat for the mainland, and from thence, by easy
journeys and some stops, by reason of indisposition,
I arrived here in Edinburgh, Tuesday, December the
5th inst. — I am. Eight Honourable, your most humble
and most obedient servant,

WiLLM. Paterson.

After giving in his Report, Paterson remained
in Scotland for a time, and was again taken into
the confidence of the Directors. He generously
gave them the benefit of his assistance and advice
in their difficulties, and their subsequent dis-
patches to the Colony bear evidence that they
adopted his suggestions, — now, however, too late.
Although the events which transpired in Darien
after Paterson so reluctantly retired from it form
no part of his life story, it may be useful to give
a brief account of them for the purpose of com-
pleting the unhappy narrative of the ill-fated
scheme. In connection with the first expedition,
it should be mentioned that, when the surviving
settlers were in the act of abandoning the Colony
in June 1699, two auxiliary ships, the Olive
Branch, Captain William Jameson, commander,
and the Hopeful Binning of Bo'ness, Captain
Alexander Stark,^ commander, were on their way

1 " lOth April 1699. Paid Alexander Stark, Skipper in Bor-
rowstounness, in part of an Agreement with the Company, per
Charter Party, for transporting 200 men to Caledonia in America,
£800, Os. Od."— Entry in Company's Cash Book.

FIRST EXPEDITION. 131

from Scotland to Darien with 300 additional
settlers and a large supply of stores. These
vessels sailed from Leith on 12th May 1699, and
reached Caledonia Bay about the middle of
August, having, it is stated, one death only
during the voyage. On arriving at their destin-
ation, they were greatly surprised to find the
settlement deserted and the colonists gone, they
knew not whither. They resolved, however, to
remain in the harbour and await the coming of
the larger expedition, consisting of the Rising
Sun and her three companion ships. But within
a few days after their arrival a serious disaster
took place, which necessitated a change in their
arrangements. This was the loss of the Olive
Branch, which was burned down to the water's
edge, along with its cargo of provisions. The
fire arose through the carelessness of one of the
stewards, who had gone to the hold with a lighted
candle to draw brandy. All the men on board
(100) were safely transferred to the Hopeful
Binning. Being now rendered incapable of
staying at the place through the loss of their
provisions, the intending settlers withdrew in
the Hopeful Binning and sailed away to Jamaica,
where a great mortality befell them, most of them
dying there. ^ Prior to this, on 24th February,

* Before the Hopeful Binning left the harbour, about twelve of
their number, including three lieutenants and a carpenter and

132 THE EXPEDITIONS TO DARIEN.

the Directors had sent forward their first relief
ship — the Dispatch, a brigantine of 14 guns,
Captain Andrew Gibson, commander — with pro-
visions and advices. This vessel had not been
out many days at sea when it was wrecked on
one of the western isles of Scotland.

his wife, petitioned to be left behind to await the arrival of the
larger expedition. Their request was agi-eed to, and a supply of
provisions was given to them. They lived with the friendly and
hospitable Indians until the arrival of the Rising Sim's party,
whom they joined in good health and spirits.

133

CHAPTER VII.

THE EXPEDITIONS TO DARIEN.
SECOND EXPEDITION.

Unfortunate as had been the first attempt to
colonise Darien, the second proved even more
disastrous still.

Intelligence of the great calamity that had
befallen the first expedition had not yet (August
1699) reached Scotland. The Directors and
stockholders of the Company were still in the
fond belief that all was going on well, and the
public generally were on the qui vive for further
good news from the Colony. Doggerel poets
were singing the praises of the venture. A
broadsheet, entitled " A Poem upon the Under-
taking of the Royal Company of Scotland trading
to Africa and the Indies," was sold by James
Wardlaw, at his shop in the Parliament Close,
Edinburgh. One stanza thus eulogised Paterson :

134 THE EXPEDITIONS TO DARIEN :

" Admire the steady soul of Paterson ;
It is no common genius can persuade
A Nation bred in War, to think of Trade."

While another verse referred to the institution of
the ** open door " —

" This Company designs a Colony
To which all mankind freely may resort,
And find quick justice in an Open Port."

A patriotic " Lady of Honour," whose name is
not given, also composed a song specially in
connection with the departure of the second ex-
pedition. It was entitled " The Golden Island,
or the Darien Song, in commendation of all con-
cerned in that noble Enterprise of the Valiant
Scots." This ditty was sold at John Reid's
printing-house in Bell's Wynd, Edinburgh. In
addition to a florid description of the springs,
rivulets, flowers, and singing -birds of Darien,
the honourable lady gave a generous forecast of
the dividends that might be looked for by the
stockholders on their investment —

" All men that has put in some Stock
To us where we are gone,
They may expect our Saviour's words,
A hundred reap for one ;
For to encourage every one
That ventures on the Main,"

Meanwhile the Company were not idle in

SECOND EXPEDITION. 135

Edinburgh. Acting on the recommendation con-
tained in the Council's letter of 28th December
1698, the Directors resolved to despatch the
second expedition from the Clyde, in place of
from Leith Roads, so as to avoid " the danger,
as well as the tediousness, of the passage North-
About."

Accordingly, a fleet of four ships of force was
fitted out, consisting of —

The Rising Sun (Commodore) . Captain James Gibson, com-
mander (60 gmis).
The Hope . , . Captain James Miller, commander.
The Duke of Harniilton . Captain Walter Duncan, do.
The Rope of Bo'ness . Captain Kichard Dalling, do.

The first two ships were owned by the Com-
pany, the other two being chartered ; and they
carried about 1300 men, together with a large
supply of arms, ammunition, provisions, liquors,
and other necessaries. Four councillors were
appointed to the expedition — viz., James Byres,
Captain James Gibson, Captain William Veitch,
and Major John Lindsay, whose powers were
to cease on reaching Caledonia and so coming
within the jurisdiction of the old Council.

Although ready to sail on the 18th of August
1699, the ships were detained in the Clyde by
contrary winds for over a month, this un-
fortunate delay entailing a corresponding en-
croachment on their stock of provisions. On

136 THE EXPEDITIONS TO DARIEN :

the eve of sailing, some flying rumours of the
abandonment of the settlement reached Edin-
burgh. On the 22nd of September, immedi-
ately on hearing these reports, the Directors
despatched an express to the fleet with in-
structions to further delay their departure,
even "though the wind should prove fair,"
until the arrival of Mr Daniel Mackay, one of
the councillors attached to the first expedition,
who was at this time visiting Scotland on the
Company's business, and with whom they pro-
posed to send fresh instructions based on his
recent experiences in Darien. But the council
on board the Rising Sun, being suspicious
that this message meant their recall, instantly
resolved to depart. The express reached them
at 10 o'clock on Saturday night, and they set
sail at 9 o'clock next morning without hoisting
their "Blue Peter," or waiting for some pro-
visions which they had ordered, or for the men
whom they had sent to bring the provisions off".
The Rev. Francis Borland, one of the ministers
on board the fleet, in his Diary, says : " Sept-
ember 24th, 1699, the Lord's Day, we set sail,
being four ships in company, from Rothesay, in
the Isle of Bute, and steered along through St
George's Channel." Three months afterwards,
the council sent home the lame excuse for
their sudden departure that the countermand-

SECOND EXPEDITION. 137

ing orders proceeded from three Directors only,
whereas their original sailing orders were given
by the whole Court.

The ships had a favourable passage as regards
wind and weather, but much sickness prevailed
among the men, about 160 dying on the voyage.
On 9th November the fleet stood before the
island of Montserrat, where Councillor Byres
landed in quest of water, some fresh provisions,
and the latest news ; but the governor of the
island refused to give any supplies, stating that
he was acting in conformity with orders which
he had received from the Court of England.
While in the island, Byres heard rumours about
the desertion of the Colony, and when writing to
the Directors next day regarding these runiours,
he said : " We shall see ere we believe, and
either knit on the old thrum or begin a new
web ; and I'm persuaded all on board will do
their utmost endeavour to maintain the honour
of the Nation and interest of the Company."
These expressions of loyal service gave great
satisfaction to the Directors at home. On
30th November the four ships arrived safely
in Caledonia harbour, and the sinister rumours
in circulation at Montserrat were unfortunately
confirmed. The settlement was found to be
deserted, the huts burned, the fort demolished,
and the ground that had been cleared all

138 THE EXPEDITIONS TO DARIEN :

overgrown with shrubs and weeds. A general
outcry was now made in the ships to be taken
back to Scotland without landing. Two small
sloops with provisions were lying in the harbour
at the time of their arrival. The one was under
Captain Thomas Drummond, one of the coun-
cillors of the first Colony, who had come from
New York, in company with some survivors of
the first expedition, with a supply of provisions
and working implements to assist in resettliug
the place. His sloop had been lying in the
harbour for eight days. The other was under
Mr Fulton from New England. From these
gentlemen the newcomers learned what had
become of the first Colony, whither they had
gone, and how they had fared in Darien.

Shortly after arrival a meeting of councillors
and land and sea ofiicers was held to determine
whether or not they should settle in the place.
When they came to a vote, it was carried in
the affirmative. Councillors Byres and Lindsay
were averse to settling, and discouraged it from
the first ; Gibson was indifi'erent ; Veitch alone
resolutely advocating that a landing be made,
in which he was strongly backed by Captain
Drummond. When Captain Drummond went
on board the Rising Sun on its arrival in the
harbour, he found Byres "in a strange con-
sternation by reason of the former Colony's

SECOND EXPEDITION. 139

being gone," and maintaining that "they were
not come to settle a Colony, but to have re-
inforced one." Byres used all his efforts to
hinder a successful settlement. At the same
time, this masterful man took upon himself
the command of the Colony, and swayed the
majority of the Council, from whose delibera-
tions Captain Drummond was excluded by a
mere quibble. Although the fleet had pro-
visions for six months, Byres gave it out that
they had a supply for six weeks only. Further,
at his instigation the Council resolved that all
the men beyond 500 should be sent to Jamaica,
to be "disposed of" there. This announcement
caused much alarm and grumbling among the
settlers. They were not informed who were to
be sent away, and it was bruited among them
that they were to be sold as slaves to the
planters in Jamaica. This had the effect of
paralysing their efforts, " every one saying, what
reason had they to work or build huts for
others, they not knowing whether they were
to stay or go." In fact, Byres so managed
it that little real work was done until the
Spaniards appeared at sea. Nine of the settlers
ran away with an eight-oared boat belonging to
the Rising Sun. " Nine Villains," as Byres
and his fellow-councillors called them ; " none
of them are yet returned, albeit it be 14

140 THE EXPEDITIONS TO DARIEN I

days since they deserted." A plot was also
discovered to make prisoners of the councillors
and seize the two largest ships. This led to a
council of war being held on board the Rising
Sun, which resulted in one of the settlers, Alex-
ander Campbell, being sentenced to death, the
execution being carried out on 20th December
within Fort St Andrew.

Information reached the settlement at this
time that the Spaniards were busy preparing to
attack the Colony. At this juncture Captain
Drummond gave in a written proposal to the
Council offering to relieve them of 150 men,
with whom he would attack Portobello, and thus
forestall the Spanish movement. His letter is
as follows : —

" Aboard the Anna of Caledonia,
15tk December 1699.

"To THE Right Honourable the Council of Caledonia.

" Whereas I am sensible that one half of the men that
is come from Scotland is to be sent to Jamaica, I there-
fore desire that you would allow one hundred and fifty
that would be willing to take their fate with me, you
allowing them three weeks' provision, which was con-
descended on to carry them off; likewise allowing
arms and ammunition ; and they shall not be burden-
some to the Colony, till it is in a condition to maintain
them. The reason of my pressing this now is, that I'm
invited by several captains of the Indians that will
raise their men, and undertake that which may be

SECOND EXPEDITION. 141

advantageous not only to the party, but for the relief
of what prisoners the Spaniards have of ours ; and if
you will grant my desire, you would condescend on it
speedily, and give orders for the reviewing of what was
brought in the sloop ; and in so doing you will oblige.
— RH., Your most humble servant,

"Thomas Drummond."

Drummond's proposal was rejected by Byres
and the other councillors as chimerical. In the
'Darien Papers,' p. 233, it is stated "that Mr
Byres particularly said, ' They were not come to
take towns,' " and " that at last it became a
byword, that whoever seemed to be against Mr
Byres' measures, was by him said to be one of
those who were for the taking of towns." Byres,
who was jealous of Drummond, ill-used the sailors
of his sloop, so that they were obliged to shift
among the natives, with whom they continued
until they were brought off by an English ship
sometime after the fort had been surrendered
to the Spaniards. He even went the length of
placing Drummond under arrest, and keeping
him close prisoner for six weeks on board the
Duke of Hamilton. This was until the arrival
of Captain Campbell of Finab, Drummond's
comrade and fellow-ofhcer in the Earl of Argyle's
regiment in Flanders, who demanded his release.

Notwithstanding that Byres discouraged the
planting, the Council, in their letter of 3rd

142 THE EXPEDITIONS TO DARIEN :

February 1700, reported that they had erected
a number of huts and two storehouses, and hoped
in a few days to have the fort tolerably re-
paired. At this time intelligence was brought
to Byres that the Spaniards were marching on
the settlement ; but he professed to scout the
idea, and boasted that he would undertake to
fight all the Spaniards who might come forward.

The Council's dispatches to headquarters were
also most discouraging, complaining of spoiled
provisions, bad beef and flour, and that their
cargo did not contain £50 of vendible goods.
They also wrote, " We cannot conceive for what
end so much thin gray paper and so many
little blue bonnets were sent here, being entirely
useless, and not worth their room in a ship."

In a second report submitted by Paterson to
the Directors after his return to Scotland, where-
in he gives a full description of the soil and
climate of Darien, he specially refers to the
abundance of gold, and gives specific details of
the various gold mines in the Isthmus. But on
this subject Byres and his fellow-councillors
write on 23rd December 1699: "That which
was called Gold dust is indeed very thick here,
particularly at our watering place, in and about
the water, but it proves really nothing at all
but slimy stuff", verifying the proverb, ' 'Tis not
all Gold that glisters.'" The value of this

SECOND EXPEDITION. 143

report may be judged from a written statement
by Captain Drummond to the Directors, in
which he affirms that during the whole time
that Byres was located at Caledonia " he had
not been a pistol-shot from the shoreside, so that
he could not be capable to give any account of
the situation and soil of the place."i

Alarming reports were now being brought in
daily by the friendly Indians from all quarters
that the Spaniards were coming across the hills
with a large force, and that several Spanish war-
ships were on the way from Portobello to attack
the settlement. Byres reiterated his disbelief
in these reports, but nevertheless, on February
7th, he found it convenient to get out of the
way by taking passage to Jamaica, ostensibly
for the purpose of arranging for supplies and
for the reception of the men in excess of 500
who were to be transported from the settlement
against their wishes ; and although he made a
feint of returning to Darien, he never did so.^

^ Mr Byres and Captain Drummond both lived to return to
Scotland. In 1701 an inquiry was made into their conduct in
the Colony by a committee of Directors of the Company, who
examined as witnesses officers and others who had returned from
Darien. The committee reported that Captain Drummond's
conduct had been generous and honourable, and that he had
made several good proposals, both for the honour of the nation
and the interest of the Company, and that Byres and his fellow-
councillors had treated him in "a barbarous, innatural, and
unjust " manner. In regard to Byres, they further reported that

144 THE EXPEDITIONS TO DARIEN I

The Rev. Alexander Shields, one of the Pres-
byterian ministers attached to the Colony, writ-
ing at this time (21st February), says : —

" Our sickness did so increase (above 220 at the same
time in fevers and fluxes), and our pitiful rotten pro-
visions were found to be so far exhausted, that we were
upon the very point of leaving and losing this Colony.
Orders were actually given to provide wood and water
with all expedition to carry us all off, which drove me
almost to the brink of despair, and to thinking of a resolu-
tion to stay behind with anybody that would venture,
among the Indians. But in our greatest darkness,
light appeared."

The temporary gleam of sunshine referred to
by Mr Shields had reference to the unexpected
arrival, on the 11th of February, of Captain
Alexander Campbell of Finab in a sloop
from Barbadoes. This brave and tried soldier
had been appointed by the Directors as a
councillor and commander of the Colony, and
he brought fresh dispatches and a much wanted

they were of opinion that he had " not only violated the trust
reposed in him by the Company to an extraordinary degree, but
was also guilty of several unwarrantable, arbitrary, illegal, and
inhvunane actings and practices highly injurious to the parties
concerned, and manifestly tending to the great and irretrievable
loss of the Company and Colony, and to the dishonour of the
nation ; and that he ought to be prosecuted for the same." Byres,
shortly thereafter, retired to the Continent, where he attempted,
but without success, to vindicate his conduct in ' A Letter to a
Friend at Edinburgh from Rotterdam : Giving an Account of the
Scots Aflairs in Darien. By James Byi'es.' Printed, 1702.

SECOND EXPEDITION. 145

supply of provisions. His coming was timeous
and welcome to the colonists in their great
straits, and his presence raised their drooping
spirits. By his advice they recalled the body
of settlers who had embarked for Jamaica, and
whose ships were still lying in the harbour, their
repeated attempts to get out of the Bay having
been frustrated by contrary winds.

On the 13th of February, two days after
Captain Campbell's arrival, the Indians brought
intelligence that a party of Spaniards were
encamped within three days' journey of the
settlement. On learning this, Captain Campbell
advised an immediate attack on the enemy in
their camp, and he cheerfully offered himself as
leader. His advice was taken, and a party of
200 men allowed him. He was supported by
Lieutenant Robert Turnbull, who led the van
with over 40 Indians and 3 of their captains or
chiefs. Turnbull was a loyal officer of the Com-
pany, who had been one of the first Colony, and
understood something of the Indian language.
After a toilsome march for three days, through
woods and over high hills, they came upon the
Spanish camp, entrenched behind a strong bar-
ricade, at a place called Toubocanti. Several
rounds having been fired by the colonists,
Campbell gave the order to attack, and with a
huzza led the way, sword in hand. His hatchet-

146 THE EXPEDITIONS TO DARIEN :

men swiftly cut down the palisadoes, and in the
strenuous assault whicli followed, the Indian
levies specially signalised themselves. The
Spaniards fled in confusion, leaving their dead
and wounded ; but night intervening, the pursuit
was not continued any distance. The colonists
had nine men killed and about fourteen wounded :
among the latter were Captain Campbell and
Lieutenant Turnbull, who were both wounded
in the shoulder, and Pedro, one of the Indian
captains — the last - mentioned severely. In-
cluded in the booty which they brought away
was the equipage and coat of the Spanish com-
mander, Don Michael de Cordonnez, which bore
in embroidery a Golden Fleece, being his badge
of honour as a Knight of the Order of St James.^
In other three days they recrossed the moun-

* On Captain Campbell's return to Scotland, a special grant
of arms was given to him by the Lord Lyon in recognition of his
bravery and conduct on this occasion. The Directors of the
Darien Company also ordered a medal in gold to be designed and
struck in commemoration of the achievement. The obverse of
the medal displays the arms of the Darien Company, while the
reverse gives a picture of the battle itself in front of the Fort of
Toubocanti. The legend on the medal bears the words, Quid non
pro patria ("What would we not do for our Fatherland ?"), and
underneath it is stated that Captain Campbell vanquished 1600
Spaniards.

In this connection the following entry appears in the books of
the Company : " 19th October 1703. Paid for cutting a Medal
presented to Captain Alexander Campbell of Finab, for his service
done the Company in Caledonia against the Spaniard, £25."

SECOND EXPEDITION. 147

tains, and brought to their comrades the news
of their success ; but brilliant as had been their
triumph, it was short-lived. At this time several
ships had been descried off the coast, and the
Council sent out two sloops and the longboat of
the Rising Sun to reconnoitre and ascertain what
vessels they were. They proved to be Spanish
warships, who, on sighting them, immediately
gave chase ; but the sloops being good sailers, and
having a favouring breeze, got safely back to the
harbour. The longboat fell astern, and was forced
to run ashore into Garret Bay, where it was ulti-
mately lost. On the 23rd February, a few days
after Campbell's victorious return, eight Spanish
warships, and on the 25th three more, came to
anchor within Golden Island, over against the
mouth of the harbour, so as to blockade it. All
hands, seamen and landsmen, were now put to
work to repair and strengthen the batteries of
the fort, as far as they were able. The Spanish
ships, which were under the command of Don
Juan Pimienta, Governor of Carthagena, did not
venture into the harbour, but men were landed
from them to the eastward of the settlement, out
of reach of the guns of the fort. These were
shortly afterwards reinforced by other troops
that came overland from Panama and Sancta
Maria, accompanied by numbers of Indians,
Negroes, and Mulattoes.

148 THE EXPEDITIONS TO DARIEN :

Pimienta, who also came on shore, gradually
drew his men towards the neck of land leading
to the Peninsula of New Edinburgh, on which
Fort St Andrew had been built. To add to the
calamities of the besieged at this time, by the
accidental explosion of some gunpowder a fire
broke out among their huts, burning several rows
of them to the ground. This involved great
loss of personal effects to many of the men,
while numbers of the sick people had to be
hastily rescued from the huts to save them
from the flames.

On 17th March, after frequent skirmishes —
several being killed and wounded on both sides
— the colonists were compelled to retire upon
their fort, thus leaving the neck of land free and
open for the Spaniards to pass over.

On 18th March, so desperate was the posi-
tion of the colonists, that at a meeting of the
Council, land and sea officers, held in the fort, it
was unanimously resolved to empower Captain
Veitch, accompanied by Mr Main, the inter-
preter, and a drummer, to proceed to the Spanish
camp to treat with the general about articles of
capitulation. But the Spanish terms were so
hard — being nothing less than a complete sur-
render of all the Colony's ships, ammunition,
and goods — that the treaty broke up without
effect. On the 24th the Spaniards were within

SECOND EXPEDITION. 149

a mile of the fort, and creeping still nearer, they
mounted a battery against it at a spot where
the fort was weakest. At the same time they
maintained direct communication with their
fleet by boats from the shore. The enemy now
got so near the fort as to cut ofi" the water-
supply, a rivulet half a mile distant, necessitat-
ing the colonists to use the water within the
fort, which was a brackish puddle and most per-
nicious to health. The provisions also were now
not only scarce, but bad and unwholesome, — "the
bread was mouldy and corrupt with worms, and
the flesh most unsavoury and ill-scented." Even
the surgeons' drugs were about exhausted, and
the fort was like a hospital of sick and dying
men. Mr Borland says : —

"At this time when we were so hemned in by the
Spaniards both by sea and land, we were also plagued
with a sore, contagious, raging and wasting sickness,
which was now become epidemical; and those of us
who were not affixed to our beds, were become exceed-
ing weak and feeble, so that at this juncture they
could hardly make out 300 able men fit for service.
This did exceedingly dispirit and discourage our men,
the surviving daily beholding what numbers were swept
away by violent and sudden deaths. Sometimes we
would bury 16 men in a day ; and men walking up
and down in tolerable case to-day, would sometimes be
surprised with the stroke of death to-morrow, hence
there was a general consternation of spirit among us."

150 THE EXPEDITIONS TO DARIEN :

On the 28th and 29th March the Spaniards
took possession of a wood within musket-shot,
and j&red on the fort on both of those days
from under cover of the trees.

On the 30th of March, to the surprise of the
colonists, the Spanish general made an overture
to treat with them, and on the 31st the leading
colonists came to an agreement with him to
deliver up the fort on being allowed to embark
on their ships "with colours flying and drums
beating, together with their arms and ammuni-
tion, and with all their goods." The garrison
were loud in their demands for a capitulation,
and all the councillors and ofiicers agreed to [it
except Captain Campbell of Finab, who strongly
dissented, being against any treating with the
Spaniards otherwise than by the sword. ^ The
articles were signed on behalf of the Spaniards
by Don Pimienta, and on behalf of the Colony
by the two remaining councillors. Captain
Gibson and Captain Veitch — Byres having left
the Colony for Jamaica on 7th February, and
Major Lindsay having died a few days prior
to the capitulation. The three ministers in
the Colony were specially solicitous that the
Spaniards should not ill - treat the friendly

^ Captain Campbell, with thirty men who stood by him, left
Darien in his sloop and sailed for New York, and from thence
got safely home to Scotland in July 1700.

SECOND EXPEDITION. 151

Indians after the withdrawal of the colonists, and
provision for this was attempted to be made in
article vii. of the capitulation, which read : "That
the Indians who have been friendly to us and con-
versed with us, since we came hither, shaU not be
molested on that account." But the Spanish
general refused to accede to this. He stated that
the Indians were the subjects of the King of
Spain, and he knew best how to treat his subjects,
but if the Indians kept out of his way he would
not search after them. Mr Shields presented a
petition and made a personal appeal on their
behalf, which much provoked Don Pimienta,
who sharply said, " Cur a tua negotia " (Attend
to your own business) ; to which Shields replied,
" Curaho " (I will attend to it).

On the evening of Thursday, the 11th of April
1700, the surviving colonists weighed anchor
and abandoned their unhappy settlement after
a stay of four months and eleven days. Theirs
had been a frowning Providence, and they
gladly left the scene of their sorrows, little
anticipating that even a worse fate, if that were
possible, awaited very many of them.

The ships had some difficulty in getting out
of the harbour, the Rising Sun especially.
There was little wind, and the men — both
landsmen and seamen — were feeble in health ;
but by towing and warping, with the help of

152 THE EXPEDITIONS TO DARIEN :

the Spaniards, the ships were got safely to
Golden Island, where they anchored next day
in view of the Spanish fleet.

The voyage to Jamaica was but a repetition of
all the horrors of the "middle passage" which
a few months previously had attended the ships
of the first expedition. Mr Borland states that
the men were crowded together, particularly
those on board the Rising Sun, "like so many
hogs in a sty or sheep in a fold, so that their
breath and noisome smell infected and poisoned
one another," and that their food consisted of " a
little spoiled oatmeal and water." Sometimes
there were buried at sea, from on board the
Rising Sun, eight or nine in a morning. Similar
mortality took place on board the other ships.
With the second expedition there sailed

about ..... 1300 men
Of whom there died on the voyage

to Darien . . .160

Ran away with the boat of the

Rising Sun ... 9

Killed in Campbell of Finab's en-
gagement ... 9
Died in Darien, about . . 300
Died in the " middle passage " . 250
Died in Jamaica . . . 100
Drowned in the wreck of the Rising

Sun . . . . 112

940

The remainder (say) . . 360 men

SECOND EXPEDITION. 153

were mostly dispersed in Jamaica and the other
English settlements in America, and very few re-
turned to Scotland.^

Of the four ships forming the second fleet,
none returned to Scotland. The Rising Sun,
Captain James Gibson, was dashed to pieces
in a hurricane off the harbour bar at Charleston,
Carolina, and all on board — 112 souls — perished.
The same hurricane destroyed the DuJce of
Hamilton, but those on board were saved.
The Hope was cast away on the rocks of
Colorados, Cuba, also without loss of life. The
fourth ship, the Hojye of Bo'ness, while on the
way to Jamaica, became so leaky that Captain
Dalling had to run her into Carthagena, the
nearest port, where he sold her to the Spaniards
for a nominal sum.

Thus terminated the unfortunate attempt to
colonise Darien, costing Scotland nearly 2000
lives and over £200,000 sterling in hard cash
without any tangible return.

On his return to Scotland after the first
abandonment of the Colony, Paterson could

1 In a list of fifty-seven deaths on land and sea which Mr
Borland gives in his ' History of Darien,' he includes three of the
Colony's councillors, two of the ministers, Lord Mungo Miuray,
Sir Alexander Kinnaird, Andrew Stuart brother to the Earl of
Galloway, Stuart of IVIinto, and the Laird of Dunlop ; also a
major, nine captains, two lieutenants, and six ensigns. The list,
though containing a mere fragment of the deaths, is instructive
as indicating the status of some of the colonists.

154 THE EXPEDITIONS TO DARIEN :

look back with a clear conscience on the single-
ness of aim and purity of motive which governed
his conduct in connection with the ill-fated
Darien scheme. Its failure implied no slur on
his character. In a letter, dated Edinburgh,
6th February 1700, addressed to his tried friend
Captain Thomas Drummond, at Darien, he
says : —

" In all my troubles it is no small satisfaction to have
lived to give the Company and the world unquestion-
able proof that I have not had any sinister nor selfish
designs in promoting this work, and that unfeigned
integrity has been at the bottom of this. How and
what I have suffered in the prosecution thereof, God
only knows ; and God Almighty lay it no further to
their charge who have been the cause. I have always
prayed for this ; but must needs confess, could never,
since my unkind usage, find the freedom of spirit I do
now ; and I must needs say that my concern of spirit is
such, that I could not only join with those who have
done me prejudices, although it had been willingly, but
even with the greatest enemies I am capable of having,
to save my country and secure the Company."

When he penned these lines, Paterson still
indulged the hope of returning to the Colony,
but this intention was frustrated by the second
abandonment in April 1700.

Notwithstanding the final collapse of the
scheme, Paterson did not give up his advocacy
of the great commercial advantages which he

^^,

FACSIMILE OF THE SIGNATURE AND POSTSCRIPT TO A LETTER
IN THK Advocates' Library, Edinuurgh.

ENNED BY MR PATERSON ON 6TH FEBRUARY 1700, A SHORT TIME Al-TER HIS RETURN

TO Scotland hrom Darien broken in Heart and Health.

SECOND EXPEDITION. 155

believed would accrue from the establishment
of a settlement in the Isthmus of Darien. He
accordingly planned his scheme anew, but on
broader lines, in which England was to have a
preponderating interest. This amended scheme,
which he personally submitted to King William,
was received with much favour by his Majesty ;
but that Prince's unexpected death in 1702 put
a stop to further proceedings in the affair.

156

CHAPTER VIII.

RESTITUTION OF THE CAPITAL, WITH INTEREST, TO
THE SUBSCRIBERS OF THE DARIEN COMPANY.

In the month of September 1699, shortly after
Councillor Daniel Mackay had arrived in Edin-
burgh by special express from Darien with
accounts of the good condition of the Colony,
strange rumours came to hand by advices from
Sir William Beeston, Governor of Jamaica, to
Secretary Vernon, London, that the colonists
had absolutely deserted the settlement and gone
and dispersed themselves, nobody could tell
where. The story was at first set down as
altogether malicious and false, and was even
laughed at by Mr Mackay, who, at the time,
was on the eve of returning to the Colony.
But on 10th October the Directors themselves
confirmed the unhappy rumours. They wrote :
" The report which we had on 19th September
of the Colony's desertion proves too true, for
we have advices from New York that the big
ships, the Caledonia and the Unicorn^ are arrived

RESTITUTION OF CAPITAL TO SUBSCRIBERS. 157

there in the beginning of August." In another
letter, of same date, addressed to The Original
Council of the Colony at New York, the
Directors say : " The surprising and unaccount-
able news of your shameful and dishonourable
abandonment of Caledonia on 29th June last,
without any the least hint thereof from your-
selves, affords us but too much matter of re-
flection on your infatuated proceedings for some
time past."

It happened that, at the time when the
rumours reached Edinburgh, the Company's
second expedition, consisting of the Rising
Sun and her three consorts, was lying in the
Clyde, fully equipped, waiting a favourable wind
to proceed to Darien. But as already mentioned,
the councillors on board that fleet, although
requested by the Directors to delay their de-
parture pending the receipt of fresh sailing
orders, hurriedly set sail before the fact of the
abandonment of the settlement could be com-
municated to them. Shortly after their de-
parture. Councillor Mackay, who it had been
intended should have accompanied them, fol-
lowed in the Speedy Return,^ and Captain

^ Councillor Mackay met with a tragic end on his return
journey. In the passage betwixt Jamaica and Darien, while
standing on the poop fishing for sharks, the ship gave a lurch,
and he was thro\vn into the water ; and although a boat was
lowered and search made, he was never seen again.

158 RESTITUTION OF CAPITAL, WITH INTEREST,

Campbell of Finab also followed in another
small vessel. These gentlemen were sent ex-
press by the Directors, by different routes, and
both carried important dispatches to the new
Colony. Later on, another ship, the Margaret
of Dundee, Captain Leonard Robertson, com-
mander, sailed from that port with a cargo of
provisions and strong liquors ; but it did not
reach Darien until the middle of June, two
months after the colonists had surrendered the
settlement to the Spaniards, whose ensigns were
now seen flying on the fort.

The interest of the Scottish people was now
centred on the fate of the 1300 colonists who
had embarked in the second expedition. In due
time dispatches came home advising their arrival
at Darien, but containing also the expression of
their bitter disappointment at finding the settle-
ment deserted, and the fort and huts in ruins.
After voting on the question, the new colonists
resolved to land and replant the settlement.
Unfortunately, the majority of the councillors
were lukewarm in the business, and after a short
experience despatched most depressing reports
to the Directors, which further deepened the
gloom prevailing among their fellow - country-
men at home.

The Darien enterprise had taken possession of
the Scottish heart, and if any one so much as

TO SUBSCRIBERS OF THE DARIEN COMPANY. 159

presumed to doubt its usefulness or success, he
was deemed a public enemy. On 25th November

1699 the Earl of Marchmont, writing to the
Rev. William Carstares, King William's con-
fidential Secretary in London, says —

" The concern " (regarding Darien) " which appears
in persons of all ranks, and even the meaner people
who are not particularly interested and have no shares
in the stock, for supporting and prosecuting the under-
taking, is a thing scarcely to be imagined. I will
assure you that any that would pretend here to persuade
anybody that the falling out of that design may prove
a prejudice to this nation would prevail nothing, but
lose himself and carry the ill-will and disesteem of
almost every one."

The people generally were now in a strange
temper in regard to the affair. On 20th June

1700 the universal depression was temporarily
relieved by intelligence arriving of the victory
of Captain Campbell over the Spaniards. The
patriots of Edinburgh, now calling themselves
" Caledonians," assembled in " Pate Steill's Par-
liament," in the Cross Keys tavern, and decreed
that the city should be illuminated in celebration
of the event. This business was carried out with
all the stern and resolute daring usual to an
Edinburgh mob. The populace gathered in
crowds from all quarters, and ruthlessly smashed
all the windows that were not illuminated, with-

160 RESTITUTION OF CAPITAL, WITH INTEREST,

out respect to rank, except that, if anything,
they did more damage to the houses of members
of the Government. The mob next attacked the
Tolbooth, the " Scottish Bastille," and with
sledge-hammers and fire destroyed the door,
setting the prisoners at liberty. The magistrates
were paralysed. When these worthies appeared
on the scene, accompanied by the veteran Town
Guard, they were brushed aside "by a great
many in gentlemen's habits, who came briskly
up to them with drawn swords." The mob also
seized and locked the Netherbow Port, in case the
Lord High Commissioner's troop of Guards from
Holyrood House should be brought upon them ;
they also requisitioned the services of the musical
bells of St Giles, although these were under town
authority, causing them to be jangled merrily to
the tune of " Wilful Willie, wilt thou be wilful
still ? " At the end of the fray it was estimated
that glass to the value of £5000 (Scots money?)
had been destroyed.

The tumultuous joy of the so-called patriots
was soon extinguished. In little more than a
week after the display of the illuminations, news
came to hand of the surrender of the colonists
to the Spaniards, and the consequent ruin and
final abandonment of the settlement. Popular
indignation now burst forth in all directions.
"Nothing," says Sir Walter Scott, "could be

TO SUBSCRIBERS OF THE DARIEN COMPANY. 161

heard throughout Scotland but the language of
grief and of resentment. Indemnification, re-
dress, revenge, were demanded by every mouth,
and each hand seemed ready to vouch for the
justice of the claim. For many years no such
universal feeling had occupied the Scottish
nation."

Not only had Scotland sustained great loss of
life and treasure, but the national pride had
been wounded by the entire defeat of the
country's efforts to establish a foreign trade.
The ferment of the people was intensified by
the knowledge that the failure of their enter-
prise was, as they believed, largely due to the
unfriendliness of their sovereign and the jealousy
and hostility of the English people. They felt
that the honour and independence of Scotland
required to be vindicated.

Paterson was in Edinburgh when the pain-
ful news of the final evacuation of the Darien
Settlement came to hand, and he at once frankly
acquiesced in the failure. His attitude at this
time was beyond praise. Instead of sinking
under the accumulated disasters, he rose superior
to his reverses. He used his influence in the
most disinterested manner to allay the extreme
irritation prevailing among his countrymen, and
left out of account all his own personal sufi'erings
and losses. He tried to persuade the incensed

162 RESTITUTION OF CAPITAL, WITH INTEREST,

subscribers to the stock of the Company to bear
patiently what they could not remedy ; and he
represented to them that the opposition of the
English Government was only one of the con-
tributing causes of the failure, and that the
want of foresight in the Directors at home, and
the dissensions and lack of energy in the Council
on the spot, were main factors in the misfortunes
that had taken place. These averments as to
gross mismanagement both at home and in the
Colony were supported by the testimony of
Captain Campbell of Finab, who returned to
Scotland from Darien about this time. In
August 1700 the Duke of Queensberry, then
Lord High Commissioner in Scotland, stated
that Paterson had succeeded in moderating the
anger of the Scots respecting Darien, and in dis-
posing them "to concert such things as they
should agree upon, and were proper to demand
in Parliament." His Grace added : " Mr Pat-
erson is against moving anything this session
about Caledonia (Darien), and tells me that he
thinks he has gained some considerable men to
his opinion. He has no by-end, and loves this
Government in the Church and State."

At the same time, Paterson had the con-
viction that justice would yet be done by
England to the unfortunate subscribers to the
Company. To this end, in his various plans for

TO SUBSCRIBERS OF THE DARIEN COMPANY. 163

reviving the Darien Settlement he invariably
included a clause making provision for in-
demnifying the subscribers for their losses.
This indemnification is particularly dwelt upon,
as not only an act of justice but of good policy,
in his great tract, ' Proposals and Reasons for
Constituting a Council of Trade,' which was
originally printed at Edinburgh in 1700-1,
when the extreme discontentment at the failure
of the Darien enterprise had somewhat abated.

When the Estates of Parliament assembled in
May 1700, several addresses and petitions from
the shires and burghs, as well as from the Com-
pany itself, were presented in support of the
Company's title to Darien, and a resolution
was proposed that the Colony was a legal and
rightful settlement, and that Parliament would
uphold it as such. And when news of the final
evacuation of the settlement reached Scotland
at the end of June, the Estates took up the
matter in earnest, declaring that Darien was a
national afi'air, and should be considered before
anything else, except religion. For years, from
this time onward, Darien became a prominent
question, and occupied a large space in the
discussions of the House.

When the Parliament reassembled in October,
the king endeavoured to soothe the members
by sending a conciliatory message through the

Ifi4 EESTITUTION OF CAPITAL, WITH INTEREST,

Duke of Queensberry, his Commissioner. He
expressed his regret that, for "invincible
reasons," he was unable to agree to assert the
Company's right to settle a colony in Darien,
but he was heartily sorry for what had
happened, and was most willing to concur
with Parliament in any measures for aiding
and supporting the Company, and for repairing
their losses.

But the members were not satisfied with the
royal message, and expressed keen resentment
at the harsh treatment which they, as well as
the Company, had received at the hands of both
Spain and England. So strong was the feeling
in the House on the burning question of Darien
that, on the 16th of November, the business
of the day was interrupted in order that two
pamphlets assailing the Company, and a third
lampooning Paterson's personal character, might
be considered. After some parts of the pamphlets
had been read, they were found " to be blas-
phemous, scandalous, and calumnious," and the
same were ordered "to be brunt by the hand of
the common hangman of the city of Edinburgh
at the Mercat-cross thereof." Two of the tracts
were alleged to have been written by Walter
Herries, who had been surgeon and purser on
board the first expedition, and who now appeared
as a renegade Scot and libeller of his nation. A

TO SUBSCRIBERS OF THE DARIEN COMPANY. 165

few weeks afterwards a proclamation was pub-
lished offering £6000 Scots as a reward for his
apprehension.

Towards the end of the session, in January
1701, the subject of Darien was again brought
forward, and was debated with much heat and
clamour. The interference of the king and the
English Parliament with the Company's Act in
December 1695 was censured, and strong dis-
approval of the Hamburg Memorial of April
1697 and the Colonial proclamations was ex-
pressed. The debate was closed by the House
ratifying the Company's original Act, and con-
tinuing all their privileges for the space of
nine years beyond the period originally allowed.

During the remainder of King William's
reign the people of Scotland showed their sullen
resentment in many ways, and it has been
stated that, if they had been possessed of a
capable leader, nothing could have prevented
a rebellion against the king, and war with
England. This feeling of violent discontent was
carried into Queen Anne's reign. On this point
Sir John Dalrymple, in his ' Memoirs,' says : —

" In Scotland alone the Queen was embarrassed in
her Government. . . . The passions of the high and
low against England and English Councils, on account
of the sufferings of the Darien Company, fluctuated
from rage to suUenness and from sullenness to rage."

166 RESTITUTION OF CAPITAL, WITH INTEREST,

An incorporating Union had been one of
King William's favourite projects. Soon after
his accession to the throne, he had recom-
mended it to the Scottish Parliament as the
only effectual means of preventing dissensions
between the two countries. And on 28th
February 1702, eight days before his death,
his Majesty sent a message to the House of
Commons again recommending a Union, which,
from his approaching dissolution, he had no
hopes of accomplishing himself. One of the
first acts of Queen Anne also was to send
a letter to the Scots Parliament, in June 1702,
in which she reiterated the late king's appeal
for a Union, and earnestly recommended its
favourable consideration. The Queen's Com-
missioner also dwelt strongly on the advan-
tages which would flow from such a Union.

During this session the matter made con-
siderable progress, when the Scots Parliament
empowered the queen to nominate Commis-
sioners to treat for a Union. The Commis-
sioners appointed from each kingdom met at
the Cockpit, Westminster, 10th November
1702, and at their sittings came to an agree-
ment on several points, but some difficulties
arose which led to the adjournment of the
conference. One of these was in connection
with the Darien Company. The Scots pro-

TO SUBSCRIBERS OF THE DARIEN COMPANY. 167

posed that the privileges of the Company should
be preserved intact ; but this was objected to
by the other side as being incompatible with
those of the English East India Company, and
that the existence of two rival companies
might prove injurious to the trade of the
United Kingdom. On 1st February following,
the Scots again brought forward their pro-
posal, this time in writing, for consideration at
next meeting, with the additional proviso that,
in the event of the dissolution of the Darien
Company being insisted on, the subscribers
should be recouped at the expense of the
public treasury. But at the next meeting,
held on 3rd February, a letter was read from
the queen adjourning the Commission ; and it
never met again. Although the joint delibera-
tions at this time did not result in any de-
finite agreement, they paved the way for the
final arrangements for the Treaty, and the Scots
Commissioners had the satisfaction of having
left on record their views as to the manner
in which the Darien Company should be dealt
with in future negotiations with England. The
minutes of the Scottish Parliament, of 9th
September following, contain a resolution that
the Scottish Commission for the Treaty is
" terminat and extinct," and not to be revived
without the consent of the Estates.

168 RESTITUTION OF CAPITAL, WITH INTEREST,

The chief aim of the Scots in any negotia-
tions for a treaty of Union was to secure ad-
mission to the advantages of English trade
everywhere. They determined to use all fair
means to get this accomplished, and to show
England that she could not wrong them with
impunity. In accordance with this resolution,
in the Parliament which assembled on the 6th
of May 1703 the Scots passed the famous Act
of Security, by which it was enacted that, on
the death of Queen Anne without issue, her
successor in Scotland should not be the same
as the individual adopted by the English Parlia-
ment, unless the Scottish people were admitted
to share with England the full benefits of trade
and navigation. The Act also provided that
the afi'airs of Scotland should, for the future,
be thoroughly secured from English or foreign
influence. By a further clause, which was to
come into force at once, all the fencible men
in Scotland of the Protestant faith were to be
trained in the use of arms by being drilled
once a month at least. The Act was trium-
phantly carried in an excited House ; but the
Queen's Commissioner refused to give the
measure the royal assent, as it openly pro-
claimed a determination to dissolve the regal
Union. This was met again by the Estates
refusing to grant supplies until the Act should
receive the queen's sanction.

TO SUBSCRIBERS OF THE DARTEN COMPANY. 169

During the same session the powers and
privileges of the Darien Company were again
ratified.

The Scots Parliament reassembled on 6th
July 1704, when the Act of Security was again
passed, and duly reported to the queen. On
the advice, mainly, of her sagacious counsellor,
Lord Godolphin, although not without hesi-
tation, the queen now gave way. The Act
was confirmed by the royal assent on the 5th
of August, and a supply for six months was
voted by the House unanimously.

The passing of the Scotch Act of Security
caused much alarm in England. Orders were
issued from London to call out the Militia of
the four northern counties, and to fortify and
garrison several of the English border towns, so
as to be prepared for an invasion from the Scots.

At this critical juncture an unfortunate in-
cident occurred which further inflamed the
mutual resentment between the two nations.

The Darien Company, after the miscarriage of
their great colonisation scheme, and consequent
loss of their capital, made a feeble attempt to
carry on a colonial shipping trade. One of
their vessels, the Annandale, equipped for a
voyage to India, put into the Downs in order
to complete her crew. While there she was
boarded and confiscated at the instance of the
English East India Company, and restitution

170 RESTITUTION OF CAPITAL, WITH INTEREST,

was solicited by the Darien Company in vain.
Shortly thereafter, by a singular coincidence,
the Worcester, Captain Thomas Green, com-
mander, an English East India ship (errone-
ously supposed to belong to the English Com-
pany) put into the Firth of Forth for repairs.
At the place where she was moored the ship was
visible from Edinburgh, and a popular cry got
up that the Government officials should seize
her by way of reprisal ; but they declined to
interfere. The Darien Company, founding on
the wide powers contained in their Act, there-
upon issued a warrant for the seizure, and
their zealous secretary, Mr Roderick Mackenzie,
resolved to execute the warrant himself. For
this purpose Mackenzie enlisted the help of
eleven "genteel pretty fellows," whom he met
at the Cross in the High Street. These he
divided into two bodies, and they visited the
Worcester, ostensibly as pleasure parties un-
acquainted with each other. Mutual hospitality
was indulged in on board, when at a preconcerted
signal from Mackenzie his mercenaries over-
powered the crew, about double their number,
and captured the ship. The vessel was detained
at Burntisland, and while there some of Green's
men, either in their anger or their cups, let slip
words importing that Captain Green had been
guilty of piracy on a ship belonging to the

TO SUBSCRIBERS OF THE DARIEN COMPANY. l7l

Darien Company, and had murdered the crew.
Two of Green's men, both negroes, were specially
free in their talk on the subject, but the name
of the vessel that had been attacked was not
stated. It happened that the Company, three
years previously, had despatched a vessel to
India, the Si^eedy Return, commanded by Captain
Thomas Drummond, and it had not been heard
of since. It was, therefore, concluded that the
people of the Worcester had captured her and
murdered the crew, and that Providence had
directed them to the neighbourhood of Edin-
burgh for punishment.

These rumours reaching the Privy Council,
they took up the matter, and after a searching
examination. Green and his crew were arrested
and brought to trial before the Court of Ad-
miralty. Although there was no direct evidence
to prove that the vessel in question was the
Speedy Return, Green and several of his men
were brought in guilty of piracy, robbery, and
murder, and were sentenced to be hanged on
the sands of Leith. The Government were dis-
posed to obtain a reprieve from the Crown for
the prisoners, whose guilt was so very doubtful.
The queen also interposed, and the carrying out
of the sentence was postponed ; but the mob
of Edinburgh, with their usual fury, intimidated
the authorities, and demanded the lives of the

172 RESTITUTION OF CAPITAL, WITH INTEREST,

prisoners. The affair resulted in Captain Green,
Madder, his first mate, and Simpson, a gunner,
being executed on the 11th of April 1705, in
terms of the sentence. They all died protesting
their innocence. The rest of the crew were
dismissed after being imprisoned for a time.
Unfortunately, it subsequently transpired that
Captain Drummond, whom the Worcester's
people had been charged with murdering, was
actually alive in a distant land at the time of
the execution, so that if Green and his men had
ever committed piracy on any vessel, it could
not have been the Speedy Return. The im-
pression went abroad that the unfortunate men
had had scant justice, and had been sacrificed
in retaliation for the ill-treatment of the Darien
Company by the English Government.

This unhappy affair excited the keenest re-
sentment in England, and still further embittered
the strained relations of the two countries. The
friends of peace and progress were now deeply
impressed with the conviction that a legislative
Union should no longer be delayed. This step
alone, it was believed, would compose the
differences and extinguish the heats that were
subsisting between the two nations.

The Estates reassembled on the 28th June
1705, but the royal message was not read till
the 3rd of July. In her letter Queen Anne

TO SUBSCRIBERS OF THE DARIEN COMPANY. 173

urgently advised the Estates to follow the
example set by England and provide for the
appointment of a Commission to treat for a
legislative Union. On the 24th of August,
after debates on the state of the currency, and
trade, and respecting the succession, the draft
of an Act empowering Commissioners to meet
and treat with English Commissioners for a
Union was presented to the House by the Earl
of Mar, and read. The proposal led to a long
and warm discussion, which culminated in the
question of the selection of the Commissioners.
On I'st September the Duke of Hamilton, who
had up to this time retarded the passing of the
Act, now suddenly made a change of front,
and astonished his party by moving that the
Scottish Commissioners should be nominated
by the queen. This clause was carried by the
small majority of eight, and with it the whole
Act, which was passed amidst a scene of great
excitement.

The Scottish Commissioners were selected and
appointed by the queen on 27th February 1706,
and those for England on 10th April, — thirty-
one on either side. Like their predecessors of
November 1702, they assembled at the old
Council Chambers of the Cockpit, Westminster,
and their first sederunt was held on 16th April
1706. Happily, on this occasion they mot in a

174 RESTITUTION OF CAPITAL, WITH INTEREST,

conciliatory spirit, all being impressed with the
gravity of the crisis, which was simply a choice
either of " one Parliament or two Crowns."

On the 21st of June the Scots Commissioners
proposed that the rights and privileges of the
Darien Company be continued after the Union,
or if the privileges of the Company were judged
inconvenient for the trade of the United King-
dom, that the private rights of the Company be
purchased from the proprietors. On the 25th
the Commissioners for England answered that
they were of opinion that the continuance of
the Darien Company was inconsistent with the
good trade of the United Kingdom, and con-
sequently against the interest of Great Britain,
and therefore they insisted that it ought to be
determined. But

'being sensible that the misfortunes of the Company
had been the occasion of misunderstandings and un-
kindnesses between the two Kingdoms; and thinking
it to be above all things desirable, that upon the Union
of the Kingdoms, the subjects of both may be entirely
united in affection, they therefore wish that regard
may be had to the expenses and losses of the particular
members of the Company, in the manner hereafter
mentioned; and they hope that when the Lord Com-
missioners for Scotland have considered how generally
that undertaking was entered upon in Scotland, and
consequently how universal that loss was, they will
readily agree to the proposal."

TO SUBSCRIBERS OF THE DARIEN COMPANY. 175

Following upon this, the English Commis-
sioners, "being extremely desirous to bring the
Treaty to a speedy conclusion," agreed that,
on the completion of the Union, the sum of
£398,085, 10s. should be paid to Scotland as
" an equivalent " for what that kingdom should
become liable for towards payment of the debts
of England, and for agreeing to an equality of
taxes. They further proposed that the equiva-
lent money should be applied (1) in discharging
the public debts of Scotland, (2) in renovating
the coin, and (3) in repaying the capital stock
of the Darien Company, with interest at 5 per
cent ; and that immediately on such repayment
of the capital stock and interest, the Company
should be dissolved and cease. All these
proposals, in connection with the equivalent,
were embodied in No. XV. of the draft Articles
of Union, which were signed by the Com-
missioners on 22nd July, the day before their
meetings terminated.

When the proposed Articles of the Union were
remitted to Scotland, and brought up for discus-
sion in Parliament in the month of October, they
roused great indignation all over the country.
Day after day addresses from the shires, burghs,
and parishes respectively poured in upon the
Estates, all couched in nearly identical terms,
and protesting against an incorporating Union

176 RESTITUTION OF CAPITAL, WITH INTEREST,

with England. In the month of November
riots took place at Glasgow, and an armed force
publicly burned the Articles at Dumfries. At
the same time a stream of pamphlets, chiefly
assailing the Union, issued from the press.
Paterson took part in the fray, but he appeared
on the other side of the controversy — that of
promoting the Union ; and in his * Proceedings
of the Wednesday's Club in Friday Street' he
gives an able exposition of the necessity for and
advantages of an incorporating Union, and
combats the various adverse opinions prevalent
on the subject. This was not a new idea with
him. For several years he had advocated such
a measure, and before King William's death he
had entered zealously into his Majesty's policy of
a legislative Union. In Paterson's opinion, the
very failure of the Scottish aims at colonial
enterprise in Darien made a closer union with
England all the more imperative. He was in
Edinburgh in September and October 1706 on
the business of the Union, having been appointed
by Lord Treasurer Godolphin to a Commission,
along with Drs Gregory and Bower, to examine
the public accounts. While so employed he
penned five important letters, with a statement
of the debt and revenues of both nations, demon-
strating the reasonableness and advantages of
the Union. These letters appear in a manu-

TO SUBSCRIBERS OF THE DARIEN COMPANY. 177

script in the British Museum. His friend, James
Dupre, writing to him some time afterwards on
the subject of his letters, addresses him "To
William Paterson, Esq., my most honoured and
worthy master," and says, in reference to the
influence the letters had on the Union question,
that " they bore such weight with the Com-
mittees appointed to examine the several matters
referred to them, that we may without flattery
say that they were the co^npass the Conimittess
steered hy." The following extract from his
fourth letter, dated Edinburgh, 8th October
1706, written three days after the opening of
Parliament, describes clearly how the non-success
of the Darien scheme was one of the accelerating

causes of the Union. He says : —

" Although the keeping up of our [Darien] Company
could not possibly prove of any benefit to its pro-
prietors, but, contrariwise, be a certain hazard and loss,
besides the needless umbrage it would give, yet will it,
in the fruits of the Union, have had better success for
the time than any other in Christendom — viz., a return
of its capital stock advanced, with 5 per cent interest,
besides the honour of being the means of uniting this
noble and famous island, and thereby being the means
of introducing, not only its own members, but with
them their whole country, into a free and open trade.
I doubt not but you will remember that when we first
proposed this Company, the prospect of its being instru-
mental in bringing a Union was warm and sensible on

178 RESTITUTION OF CAPITAL, WITH INTEREST,

our spirits, as being the best and most desirable issue
it could possibly have. Even the success we wished
for, and sought in our attempts to Caledonia, could not
possibly have terminated in more than this. And of
this, our early sentiments and inclination, the motto of
our Company is, and will be, a standing monument —
viz,, Vis Unita Fortior.

" In fine, as it is plain this Company hath rather been
calculated and fitted for and towards bringing a Union,
than for subsisting in an ununited state ; and since, if
the Union had been brought about by good success in
our attempt to Caledonia, we have reason to believe no
good patriot would have been angry, it would certainly
be strange to find any so, when even the miscarriage of
that design hath contributed to the Union."

Towards the end of December 1706, when the
fifteenth Article of the Treaty (dissolving the
Darien Company and making provision for its
losses) came up for consideration before the
Estates, it caused much stir. The Court of
Directors of the Company expressed dissatisfac-
tion with the terms proposed, liberal as these
were, on the ground that the compensation
offered involved the dissolution of their Com-
pany, They prayed to be heard by counsel as
to the value of the privileges conferred on the
Company by their Act, which w^ere now to be
sacrificed. On this point De Foe says that the
proposal of the Directors was put forward not
so much in behalf of the Company as to put a

TO SUBSCRIBERS OF THE DARIEN COMPANY. 179

stop to the Union, since it was evident that two
India companies, one English and the other
Scottish, could not be consistent with the good
trade of the United Kingdom. The Company's
proposal was therefore rejected, and the fifteenth
Article, after some alteration and amendment,
was approved and carried.

The Estates thereafter referred it to a special
committee to look into and consider what the
capital stock of the Darien Company, with
interest, might amount to, together with the
Company's debts, and to report the same to
Parliament. Accordingly, when the committee
brought in their report, dated 21st February
1707, it was found that the total amount due to
the Company, as at 1st May 1707, in respect of
capital stock, debts, and interest, amounted to
£243,166, Os. 3d. sterling, made up as follows : —

Darien Company. — Total capital
stock advanced by the proprie-
tors, with interest at 5 per cent
to 1st May 1707 . . . £229,482 15 1|
Add— Debts due by the Company 14,809 18 11

Making together . . £244,292 14 0|
Deduct — Money lent to proprietors 1,126 13 9|-

Balance due to the proprietors . £243,166 0 3

When the committee's report was submitted

180 RESTITUTION OF CAPITAL, WITH INTEREST,

to Parliament on 5th March, it transpired that
a considerable amount of interest previously
allowed by the Company to certain proprietors
had been overlooked. The report was therefore
referred again to the committee, in order that
the calculation of the interest might be revised.
By making allowance for this omission it was
found that the balance due to the proprietors
would have to be modified by the sum of
£10,281, 15s. 2id., thereby reducing the grand
total of the compensation from £243,166, Os. 3d.
to £232,884, 5s. Old. sterling, the amount after-
wards inserted in the relative Act.

The committee further found that there
were debts due to the Company amounting to
£22,951, 3s. 3fd., consisting entirely of call-
money in arrear by the proprietors, with in-
terest to 1st May. This indebtedness the com-
mittee recommended should be cancelled, and
the debtors discharged, on the ground that if
payment were to be insisted on, it would merely
temporarily increase the capital stock of the
Company, and the money would fall to be paid
back to the debtors again. The last amount
that the committee condescended upon was a
sum of £1654, lis. Old., the value of the Com-
pany's "dead stock." These assets consisted of

" the ship Caledonia, lying in the river of Clyde, with
her furniture, guns, and apparelling ; that lodging at

* M\

TO SUBSCRIBERS OF THE DARIEN COMPANY. 181

the back of Milns Square, over against the Tron Kirk,
with some little household plenishing therein ; ^ and
the Company's share of the cargo of the Speedwell, ship-
wrecked in the East Indies, effeiring to the Stock of six
hundred pounds Sterling, with the burden of Cellar
rent of the stores of the Caledonia, and the expenses
of keeping the said ship after the first of May ; and of
the freight, seamen, and factor's wages of the said cargo
of the Speedwell, and other supervenient charges upon
the said ship and cargo."

The committee recommended that the above
" dead stock " money should be retained by the
Company for the purpose of defraying the costs
attending the liquidation — such as Directors'
fees, staff salaries, and legal expenses ; and
also for awards to be granted to gentlemen-
officers and others who went to Darien, for
their faithful services.

The 25th of March 1707, the day on which
the Scottish Parliament sat for the last time,
was a red-letter day in the life of Paterson,
for on it he beheld the royal sceptre extended
to touch the Act concerning the Payment of
the Sums out of the Equivalent to the African

1 We have been unable to trace that the Darien Company ever
had any connection with the old buildincj called "The Darien
House" in Bristo Port, Edinburgh, which was taken down in
1871. As stated above, the Company's office and warehouses
were situated in Miln Square, ojiposite the Tron Church. It
would be interesting to know why the building got the name of
" Darien House."

182 RESTITUTION OF CAPITAL, WITH INTEREST,

Company. By this Act an amount *' not ex-
ceeding the sum of £232,884, 5s. Ofd. sterling,"
was directed to be paid to the Darien sub-
scribers in restitution of all their losses — a great
boon to the Scotland of that period ; and this
consummation was largely achieved through the
unremitting pleadings of Paterson during the
preceding six years.

On the same memorable day, a signal mark
of honour was given to him in connection with
the part he took in bringing about the Union.
The Minutes of Parliament record that " It
being moved to recommend Mr William Pater-
son to her Majesty for his good service, after
some reasoning thereon, it was put to the
vote. Recommend him to her Majesty or
Not? and it was carried Recommend."

Mr Hill Burton ('Darien Papers') states that
it was only in a comparatively small number
of cases that the subscriber who signed the sub-
scription book in 1696 signed the receipt for the
Equivalent certificate in 1707. In many cases
the certificates were taken by assignees, in
others by successors, and in not a few by
arresting creditors. De Foe partly explains
this by stating that the miscarriage of the
Darien Company's designs had been so efi'ectual
that not only was their paid-up capital all
expended, but they were much in debt besides.

TO SUBSCRIBERS OF THE DARIEN COMPANY. 183

This made the subscribers so apprehensive of
further calls that many of them eagerly sold out
their stock, several offering to dispose of their
whole interest for 10 per cent on the original
holding. And although repayment of the
capital stock to the subscribers was provided
for in the Treaty of Union, yet the fury of
the opposition to the Union was so pro-
nounced, both inside and outside of Parlia-
ment, that holders of Darien stock had little
dependence on the Treaty being carried out.

Reimbursement to the Darien subscribers
was to be made in cash. The queen appointed
twenty -five Commissioners to administer the
funds, and the Equivalent money lay in the
Bank of England.

De Foe, who was in Scotland at the time,
gives an account in his ' History of the Union '
of the manner in which the Equivalent money
was paid in Edinburgh. In terms of the
Articles of Union, the money should have
been paid on 1st May 1707 ; but July arrived,
and there was no advice of its having left
London. Scandalous reflections began to spread
abroad to the effect that the English, having
secured the Union, would pay only when they
pleased, and perhaps never. Others gave forth
the idea that, the money not being paid on
1st May, the Union was dissolved ; " and there

184 RESTITUTION OF CAPITAL, WITH INTEREST,

was a discourse of some gentlemen, who came to
the Cross of Edinburgh, and protested in name
of the whole Scots nation that the conditions of
the Treaty not being complied with and the
terms performed, the whole was void." At last,
in August, the money arrived in Edinburgh, in
twelve waggons guarded by a party of Scots
Dragoons, who drove directly to the Castle,
where the gold was deposited. Even this did
not satisfy the populace. They hooted the
drivers, and railed on the very horses that drew
the waggons ; and when the drivers returned
from the Castle, they were stoned. Of the total
amount of the Equivalent, £100,000 only was
brought to Edinburgh in gold, the remainder
being in Exchequer bills, payable on demand,
which the Bank thought would be readily taken
in Scotland. This raised a new clamour, the
people declaring that the English had tricked
them by putting them off with bills payable 400
miles away, and which, if lost or mislaid, or by
accident burnt, were irrecoverable. The Com-
missioners saw the mistake, and sent to London
for £50,000 more gold. They also intimated
that nobody would be obliged to take bills with-
out their consent. In a short time, as the
people found that Exchequer bills were accepted
in payment for large transactions, and that they
could readily be exchanged for coin or bills of

TO SUBSCRIBERS OF THE DARIEN COMPANY. 185

exchange payable in London, their dislike to
them gradually wore oflf. De Foe further re-
marks that, from an " interest " point of view,
the Bank had hoped that the Exchequer bills
would remain in circulation in Scotland ; but
in this they were disappointed, as the bills
returned to England so directly that in six
months' time there was not one to be seen
north of the Tweed.

186

CHAPTER IX.

WILLIAM PATERSON's INDEMNITY AND HIS
LAST WILL.

When the lost capital of the Darien Company
was repaid to the proprietors out of the Equiva-
lent Fund, there was, unfortunately, none of
the money for Paterson, as he was not a stock-
holder; and by an oversight in stating the
Equivalent, his claims and demands on the
Company for services and personal losses
were, in his absence, left out and omitted.
Thus, by a strange irony of fate, while he
had been instrumental in having the losses
of others made good, his own claims had been
overlooked.

True, one of the very last resolutions of the
Scottish Parliament was to recommend him to
Queen Anne for his services in connection with
the Union arrangements, but no personal benefit
accrued to him from the recommendation.

In the "preamble" to the London subscrip-

WM. paterson's indemnity and last will. 187

tion book of the Company, dated 6tli November
1695, there was an obligation by the English
subscribers to pay to Paterson a commission
of 2 per cent (£12,000) on the total sub-
scription money of £600,000, and 3 per cent
of the annual profits for twenty -one years
or an additional £12,000.

These payments were to be made in con-
sideration that "William Paterson, and others
concerned with him, have been at pains and
expense in making several discoveries of trade
and improvements in and to both Indies, and
likewise in procuring needful powers and privi-
leges for a Company of commerce from several
foreign Princes and States, which he and they
have contrived, suited, and designed for this
Company."

But on 29th November, after the London list
was closed, at a meeting of the English Direc-
tors in the city, at which three of the Scotch
Directors were present, Paterson of his own
accord took the opportunity of intimating that
he freely and fully resigned all his claim,
although it was quite a legal one, to the
commission promised in the preamble of sub-
scription, and would, in lieu thereof, trust to
the honesty of the Directors for his remunera-
tion. In making this generous renunciation,
he explained that the 2 per cent and the

188 WILLIAM PATERSON's INDEMNITY

3 per cent were meant as returns for the
expense of " near £10,000 whicli he and
others had been at, besides his ten years'
pains and travel, six whereof were wholly
spent in promoting the design of the Com-
pany." The minute goes on to say, " It was
agreed, nemine contradicente, that Mr Paterson
have the thanks of this Court for his generous
declaration and surrender."

As already mentioned, owing to the hostility
of the English Government the London sub-
scribers eventually cancelled their subscriptions
and withdrew from the Company. This action
on their part consequently left Paterson with-
out any hope of compensation from that
quarter.

In the following spring (1696) Paterson
visited Scotland for the purpose of assisting
the Scottish Directors in the flotation of the
Company there, and by the 1st of August the
whole capital of £400,000 was subscribed.

On the 6th of October, after having had
several business meetings with Paterson in
Edinburgh, the Court of Directors voted him
the sum of £7500, as an honorarium for the
great expense he had been at for several years
in making valuable discoveries of trade, &c.,
and for showing his affection for his native
country and the Company by relinquishing

AND HIS LAST WILL. 189

England and his profitable business there, to
his own damage and loss. They further
promised him a share of the profits of the
Company, " proportionate to the success
thereof" But, alas ! these resolutions, which
required the approval of the Council - General
of the Company, were never confirmed, and
Paterson never received payment from the
Company of any of the money thus voted
to him.

The disasters at Darien left him bankrupt
both in purse and in health. In August 1700,
in a letter to the Rev. William Carstares, the
Duke of Queensberry says : ** Paterson knows
nothing yet of my having obtained anything
for him ; and I am a little embarrassed how
to give him what I am allowed for him, lest
his party in that Company should conceive
any unjust jealousy of him, or he himself
think that I intend as a bribe that which is
really an act of charity."

In the first Parliament of Great Britain
(March 1708) the House of Commons passed
a resolution in Paterson's favour in regard to
his Darien claims, and proposed "that such
a recompense be given to him as might be
suitable to his services, expenses, losses, and
public cares." But notwithstanding this pro-
nouncement, he did not obtain common justice

190 WILLIAM PATERSON'S INDEMNITY

during Queen Anne's reign, and her Govern-
ment virtually left him to starve.

On 4th April 1709, when Paterson was in
great straits, he addressed a memorial to
Queen Anne, which he forwarded through
Lord Treasurer Godolphin, accompanying it
with the following letter : —

"My Lokd, — The dependence I have had upon the
public for a settlement in its service, or for some way
or other to have a recompense for what I have done for
near seven years of Her Majesty's reign, besides former
losses, hath at last so reduced me and my family, that
without a speedy provision and support from Her
Majesty, I must unavoidably perish.

" It was the daily hope of some suitable provision
from the Government which first enabled me to support
myself, by borrowing at an expense triple to what
might have sufficed in a retired life without public
business or prospects.

" The expectation of my claim on the Equivalent has
kept me up for the last two years; but since that is
still postponed, and as it now stands, I can have no
relief till next Session of Parliament, and then instead
of ready money I can expect only debentures on the
growing Equivalent ; I am thereby reduced to extreme
distress.

" The enclosed Petition to Her Majesty contains the
sum of my case, which necessity obliges me now to
represent ; and I most humbly entreat your Lordship,
of whose goodness I have had such particular instances,

AND HIS LAST WILL. 191

to intercede with Her Majesty now, at last, to take
some immediate care of me, and so establish me for the
future that I may be preserved, and be made further
useful during the rest of my life. Humbly hoping for
your Lordship's speedy and effectual care of me in this
distress. — I am, Your most faithful obedient Servant,

"William Paterson."

The memorial to the queen, which accom-
panied this letter, narrated that it was he
(Paterson) who first proposed and formed the
scheme for relieving the public credit by estab-
lishing the Bank of England in 1694, for which
he had no recompense ; that the large share he
had afterwards in the proceedings, misfortunes,
and losses of the Darien Company, as well as
his concern in the true interest of Great Britain,
induced him to propose a complete Union, by
which these losses might be repaired and future
misunderstandings removed ; that, in 1705, he
formed a scheme for the Union which was
favourably entertained, and he spared nothing
to forward it, whereupon the Parliament of
Scotland recommended him to the queen ; and
that his long troubles rendered him unable to
extricate himself from difficulties without her
Majesty's special care and protection. So he
prayed the royal countenance to his claims, and
in the meantime for his services he asked a

192 WILLIAM PATERSONS INDEMNITY

provision for himself and his family so as to
subsist, and that he might devote the remainder
of his life to the State.

In response to this painful appeal, Paterson
appears to have been allowed some small gratu-
ities. His name stands in the Queen's Bounty
Lists of 1712 and 1713 for two or three sums of
£50 to £100. During all this reign, year after
year, he pressed his claims for an indemnity
upon Parliament, succeeding in the Commons,
but as often defeated in the House of Lords
through the opposition of "a violent party."
Tradition affirms that at this time he sup-
ported himself by teaching mathematics and
navigation.

At length, in 1713, a numerous committee
of the House of Commons reported in favour of
his claims, awarding him the substantial sum of
£18,241, 10s. lOfd., and a Bill was passed in
the House in his favour, which, however, was
thrown out by the Lords.

But in 1715, in the first year of the reign of
George L, another Bill, intituled "An Act for
relieving William Paterson, Esquire, out of the
Equivalent Money for what is due to him," was
passed into law without opposition, and the long-
deferred indemnity was duly paid to him, and
his hard trials came to an end.

The indemnity was made up as follows : —

AND HIS LAST WILL. 193

Amount due to Mr Paterson, as voted
by the Directors of the Darien
Company on 6th October 1696 . £7,500 0 0

Interest on that sum from 6th October

1696 to 25th March 1713 . . 6,175 15 0

Expenses incurred by Mr Paterson
from 6th October 1696 to 1st
May 1707, the date of the dissolu-
tion of the Company by the Union 5,250 0 0

£18,925 15 0

Less — Sums already paid to Mr Pater-
son, with interest . . . 684 4 1^

Leaving amount of indemnity payable

to Mr Paterson .... £18,241 10 10|

It is somewhat strange that even in the
present day there appears to be doubt as to the
ultimate treatment of Paterson by the Govern-
ment; and, indeed, in some quarters the belief
is still entertained that he never received pay-
ment of the indemnity awarded to him. In this
connection there is included in the Appendix
(D.) a detailed and interesting official letter on
the subject, addressed to 'The Scotsman' a few
years ago, by the late Mr James Simpson Flem-
ing, F.R.S.E., Cashier (General Manager) of the
Royal Bank of Scotland, the banking corpora-
tion which was the lineal successor to the
"Equivalent Company." The letter is con-
clusive, and removes all dubiety on the
point.

194 WILLIAM PATERSONS INDEMNITY

One of the immediate effects of tlie pecuniary
relief now afforded to Paterson was to stimulate
him to further labours on behalf of the State.
In 1715 he circulated the draft of his plan for
the redemption of the National Debt among the
members of both Houses of Parliament. This,
his last important financial treatise, he pub-
lished in 1717, two years before his death, as
a continuation and conclusion to his previous
work, 'The Wednesday's Club Dialogues' of
1706.

As already mentioned, he had to support him-
self for some years by borrowing money at
excessive rates of interest on the strength of
his claims on the Equivalent ; but now he was
happily enabled to discharge his obligations.
Not only so, but he was placed in a position to
gratify his benevolent inclinations. Mr Ban-
nister states that, while his name occurs in the
books of the Royal Scottish Corporation in
Crane Court for small sums during the years
of his distress, he appears in them, after he had
received his Darien indemnity, as one of the
most liberal givers to that charity.

Paterson made his will on the 1st of July 1718,
in which he had the satisfaction of bequeathing a
sum of about £7000 to his relatives, and a special
legacy of £1000 to his old friend and executor,
Mr Paul Daranda, merchant, London. As the

AND HIS LAST WILL. 195

Parliamentary grant of 1715 was £18,000, this
points to tlie sum of .£10,000 as having been
absorbed in payment of his debts. Mr Ban-
nister states that Paterson died in January
1719, and that in an obituary notice in the
'Register' of 1718-19 he is referred to as "the
great calculator."

COPY OF THE "WILL OF WILLIAM PATERSON.

" I, WiLLiAxAi Paterson, of the city of Westminster,
Esquire, being in good health of body and mind, for
which I most humbly thank and praise Almighty God,
the ever blessed Maker and Preserver of all, do make
this my last will and testament. After my debts paid,
I give to Elizabeth, my daughter-in-law, only child to
my first wife, Mrs Elizabeth Turner, relict to the late
Mr Thomas Bridge, minister of the gospel in Boston, in
New England, fifteen hundred pounds. 2nd, I give to
my eldest daughter-in-law, Anne, by my second wife,
Mrs Hannah Kemp, married to Mr Samuel South, six
hundred pounds. 3rd, I give to my second daughter-in-
law, Mary, married to Mr Mark Holman, six hundred
pounds. 4th, I give to my two other daughters-in-law,
Hannah and Elizabeth Kemp, eight hundred pounds
each. 5th, I give to Jane Kemp, relict of the late Mr
James Kemp, my son-in-law, three hundred pounds.
6th, I give to William Mounsey, eldest son of my late
sister Janet, two hundred pounds. 7th, I give to the
two daughters of my said late sister Janet, Elizabeth
and Janet, two hundred pounds each. 8th, I give to

196 WILLIAM PATERSONS INDEMNITY

John Mounsey, younger son of my said late sister Janet,
four hundred pounds. 9th, I give to my only sister
Elizabeth, married to John Paterson, younger of Kin-
harvey, in the Stewartry of Kirkcudbright, eight hundred
pounds. 10th, I give the surplus of my estate, if, after
payment of my debts, any such shall be, to be equally
divided among the said persons, legatees, in proportion
to every person's sum hereby bequeathed; all which
sums above given, amounting to six thousand and four
hundred pounds, I appoint to be paid by my executor
here immediately afternamed. I do hereby appoint my
good friend, Mr Paul Daranda, of London, merchant,
to whom I and my family are under very great obliga-
tions, sole executor of this my last will ; and I do allow
him, as my sole executor, one thousand pounds for his
care therein, over his expenses with relation hereto.
Lastly, I revoke all other wills by me heretofore made.
In witness whereof, I have hereto subscribed my name
and put my seal, at Westminster, this first day of July
1718, in the sixtieth year and third month of my
age. William Paterson.

Witnesses —
Ed. Bagshawe,
Hen. Dollan,
John Butler."

On the 3rd July 1718, the testator certified
the making of his will "at the Ship Tavern,
without Temple Bar, about four in the after-
noon," The will was proved in Doctors' Commons
on 22nd January 1719 o.s.

AND HIS LAST WILL. 197

Paterson's career is dramatic enough to form a
story of thrilling interest.

In estimating his life-work, it is unfair to give
the Darien failure, which was no fault of his, too
prominent a place, to the exclusion of his many
other eminent labours.

As we have seen, he originated the Bank of
England, and gave substantial help to the
Government Commissioners in Scotland when
they were carrying on the Union negotiations.
He had a profound knowledge of finance, and
for years, and until his death, was a trusted
counsellor of the Ministers of his day. He stood
out as a vigorous opponent of inconvertible paper
currency, when that financial delusion was popular
under the lead of the notorious John Law ; and
this opposition prevented its adoption so far as
Scotland was concerned. His scheme for the
redemption of the National Debt, which formed
the basis of " Walpole's Sinking Fund" of 1717,
was pronounced by 'The Economist' of 23rd
October 1858 to be "faultless."

On many other questions he was far ahead of
his time, and quite abreast of public opinion of
our own day. He was one of the first to propose
the formation of public libraries ; and, in 1703, he
offered his own valuable collection of books and
pamphlets on economic subjects, in English,

198 WILLIAM PATERSONS INDEMNITY

French, German, and Dutch, to form the nucleus
of a public library for the study of trade and
finance.^

He advocated free trade when others called
for protection and monopolies. In his day in-
tolerance in religion was the rule, but he was a
lover of religious liberty in its widest sense, and
this formed part of the constitution of the Darien
Colony. Writing to Lord Provost Chiesly on
9th July 1695, some months before the Company
was floated, he says : " Above all, it is needful
for us to make no distinction of parties in this
great and noble undertaking ; but that of what-
ever nation or religion a man be, he ought to
be looked upon, if one of us, to be of the same
interest and inclination."

He also held enlightened views on outstand-
ing social questions : he advocated universal
education, the useful employment of offenders,
and freedom from imprisonment for honest
debtors.

In all his labours for the general weal, his
aims were entirely unselfish and pure. He
wrote anonymously, deeming his reward to be

1 " The catalogixe of this collection is preserved in the British
^luseum. . . . This library anticipated, by thirty jears, the
Commercial Library of Hamburg, stated before Mr Ewart's
Committee to have been the first of such special collections made
in any country." — See article entitled " The Scottish Colony of
Darien, 1698-1700," in 'The Retrospective Review,' vol. i., 1853.

AND HIS LAST WILL. 199

suJSicient if his writings proved useful to his
fellow-men. There is thus singular fitness in
the motto, Sic vos non vohis, ** Thus you (toil)
not for yourselves," inscribed under the only
portrait of him that we possess.

He was a deeply religious man, and knew his
Bible " by heart," making apt quotations from
it in most of his publications. When the deaths
occurred of Mr Thomas James and Mr Adam
Scot, the two Presbyterian ministers who accom-
panied the first expedition to Darien, he per-
sonally took the earliest opportunity to have
their places filled. Writing from Darien on
18th February 1699 to a friend at Boston, New
England, he says : " We have been exceeding
unhappy in losing two ministers, who came with
us from Scotland, and if New England could
supply us in that, it would be a great and last-
ing obligation." Further, it would appear in his
inception of the Darien scheme that, along with
trade, he had conceived the idea of propagating
the Gospel among the pagan natives in the
" regions beyond." In the letter to Lord Pro-
vost Chiesly just quoted, he concludes with these
words : *' So hoping that Almighty God, who at
this time seems to have fitted so many able
instruments both of our nation and others, and
given us such an opportunity as others have
not, will perfect the begun work, and make some

200 WM. paterson's indemnity and last will.

use of Scotland also to visit those dark places of
tlie earth whose transactions are full of cruelty."

But perhaps the crowning feature of Pater-
son's character was the lofty spirit which ani-
mated his whole conduct. In his long years of
distress, and when his services were requited
with obloquy and his motives misconstrued, he
could not be induced, even in controversy, to show
any vindictive feeling or give an angry retort,
and thus his noble heart never disgraced itself.

He was held in high esteem by those who
knew him best. Notwithstanding that the
people of his native Dumfriesshire lost heavily
by the Darien scheme, and were bitterly opposed
to the Union, he was returned to the first united
Parliament in 1707 along with William John-
ston. But, upon petition, the House decided
that it was a double election, and he was un-
seated. It may also be mentioned to his honour
that, in 1710, Moll dedicated his folio map of the
West Indies to him, other maps of the same
series being inscribed to Prince George of Den-
mark, the Duke of Marlborough, Lord Somers,
and other great men.

In the light of this record of the life-work of
a Scotsman who flourished two centuries ago, is
it too much to express the hope that Paterson's
memory will be kept fresh and green " as long
as rivers run, and gold is found in Darien " ?

IRON LID OF TREASURb-CHEST.OF^IDARlHN COMPANY,

WITH COMPLICATED LOCK OF 15 SPRING-BOLTS,

IN THE Scottish National Museua\ of Antiquities.

201

APPENDICES.

APPENDIX A.

Act of Parliament constituting The Company of Scotland,
Trading to Africa and the Indies.

(King WiUiam III., Pari. I., Sess. 5.)

Edinburgh, June 26th, 1695.

OUR SOVERAIGN LORD taking into his Consideration,
that by an Act past in this present Parliament, Intituled, Act
for encuurarjing of Forraign Trade ; His Majesty for Improve-
ment thereof did with Advice and Consent of the Estates
of Parliament, Statute and Declare, That Merchants more or
fewer may Contract and enter into such Societies and Com-
panies, for carrying on of Trade, as to any subject of Goods
or Merchandise to whatsomever Kingdom, Countries, or parts
of the World, not being in War with His Majesty, where
Trade is in use to be, or may be followed, and particularly
beside the Kingdoms and Countries of Europe, to the
East and West Indies, the Straits, and to trade in the
Mediterranean, or upon the Coast of Africa, or in the
Northern parts, or else where as above : Which Societies and
Companies being contracted and entered into, upon the Terms
and in the usual manner, as such Companies are set up, and
in use in other parts, consistent alwise with the Laws of
this Kingdom : His Majesty with Consent foresaid, did

202 APPENDICES.

allow and approve, giving and granting to them and each
of them, all Powers, Rights, and Priviledges, as to their
Persons, Eules and Orders. That by the Laws are given
to Companies allowed to be erected for Manufactories :
And His Majesty for their greater encouragement, did
promise to give to these Companies, and each of them
his Letters patent under the great Seal, confirming to them
the whole foresaid Powers and Priviledges, with what other
Encouragement His Majesty should judge needful, as the
foresaid Act of Parliament at more length bears. And His
Majesty understanding that several Persons as well For-
reigners as Natives of this Kingdom, are willing to engage
themselves with great Sums of Money in an American,
African and Indian Trade to be exercised in and from this
Kingdom ; if enabled and encouraged thereunto, by the
Concessions, Powers and Priviledges needful and usual in
such cases, Therefore, and in pursuance of the foresaid Act
of Parliament, his Majesty, with Advice and Consent of the
saids Estates of Parliament, Doth hereby make and constitute
John Lord Belhaven, Adam Cockburn of Ormistoun Lord
Justice Clerk, Mr Francis Montgomery of Giffen, Sir
John Maxwel of Pollock, Sir Egbert Chiesly present
Provost of Edinburgh, John Swintoun of that Ilk, George
Clerk late Baillie of Edinburgh, Mr Robert Blackwood
and James Balfour Merchants in Edinburgh, and John
Corse Merchant in Glasgow, William Paterson Esquire,
James Fowlis, David Nairn Esquires, Thomas Deans
Esquire, James Chiesly, John Smith,^ Thomas Coutes,
Hugh Frazbr, Joseph Cohaine, Daves Ovedo,^ and
Walter Stuart Merchants in London, with such others
as shall joyn with them within the space of twelve Months
after the first day of August next, and all others whom
the foresaids persons and these joyned with them, or

1 These two promoters are misnamed in the Act. By minute
of a meeting of the Company, held in London on 9th November
1695, the names were corrected to "James Smith" and "Joseph
Cohen D'Azevedo."

APPENDIX A. 203

major part of them, being assembled, shall admit and
joyn into their Joynt-stock and Trade, who shall all be
Repute, as if herein originally insert to be one Body
Incorporat, and a free Incorporation with perpetual Suc-
cession, by the Name of The Company of Scotland Trading
to Africa and the Indies : Providing always, Likeas, it is
hereby in the first place provided, that of the Fond or
Capital Stock that shall be agreed to be advanced and
imployed by the foresaid Undertakers, and their Co-partners,
the half at least shall be appointed and alloted for Scotish
Men within this Kingdom, who shall enter and subscribe to
the said Company, before the first day of August, one
thousand six hundred and ninety six Years : And if it shall
happen, that Scots Men living within this Kingdom, shall
not betwixt and the foresaid Term, subscribe for and make
up the equal half of the said Fond or Capital Stock, Then
and in that case allenarly, it shall be, and is hereby allowed
to Scots Men residing Abroad, or to Forraigners to come in.
Subscribe, and be assumed for the Superplus of the said
half, and no otherwise : Likeas, the Quota of every man's
part of the said Stock whereupon he shall be capable to
enter into the said Company, whether he be Native or
Forraigner, shall be for the least one hundred lib. Ster. and
for the highest or greatest three thousand lib. Ster. and no
more directly nor indirectly in any sort : with power to the
said Company to have a common Seal, and to alter and
renew the same at their pleasure, with Advice always of the
Lyon King at Arms; as also, to Plead and Sue, and be
Sued, and to Purchase, Acquire, Possess, and enjoy Lord-
ships, Lands, Tenements, or other Estate real or personal, of
whatsoever Nature or Quality, and to dispose upon, and
alienat the same, or any part thereof at their pleasure, and
that by Transfers and Assignment, made and entered in
their Books and Eecords without any other Formality of
Law, providing always, that such Shares as are first sub-
scribed for by Scots Men within this Kingdom, shall not
be alienable to any other than Scots Men living within this
Kingdom : That the foresaid Transfers and Convoyances, as

204 APPENDICES.

to Lands and other real Estate (when made of these only
and apart) be perfected according to the Laws of this
Kingdom anent the Convoyance of Lands and real Rights,
with power likewise to the foresaid Company, by Sub-
scriptions or otherwise, as they shall think fit, to raise a
joint Stock or Capital Fond of such a Sum or Sums of
Money, and under and subject unto such Rules, Conditions
and Qualifications, as, by the foresaid Company, or major
part of them, when assembled, shall be limited and appointed
to begin, carry on and support their intended Trade of
Navigation, and whatever may contribute to the Advance-
ment thereof. And it is hereby declared, that the said joint
Stock or Capital Fond, or any part thereof, or any Estate,
real or personal. Ships, Goods, or other Effects of, and
belonging to the said Company, shall not be lyable unto
any manner of Confiscation, Seizure, Forefaulture, Attach-
ment, Arrest or Restraint, for and by reason of any
Embargo, Breach of Peace, Letters of Mark or Reprisal,
Declaration of War with any Forraign Prince, Potentate or
State, or upon any other account or pretence whatsomever ;
but shall only be transferable, assignable, or alienable in
such way and manner, and in such parts and portions, and
under such Restrictions, Rules and Conditions, as the said
Company shall, by writing in and upon their Books,
Records and Registers, direct and appoint, and these
Transfers and Assignments only, and no other, shall convoy
the Right and Property in and to the said joint Stock and
Capital Fond, and Effects thereof above-mentioned, or any
part of the same. Excepting always as is above-excepted,
and that the Creditors of any particular Member of the
Company may, by their real Diligence, affect the share of
the profit falling and pertaining to the Debitor, without
having any further Right or power of the Debitor's part and
Interest in the Stock or Capital Fond, otherways than is
above-appointed, and with this express provision, that what-
ever Charges the Company may be put to, by the contending
of any of their Members deceased, or of their Assigney,
Creditors to any other persons in their Rights, the Company

APPENDIX A. 205

shall have Retention of their Charges and Expenses in the
first place, and the Books, Records and Registers of the said
Company, or Authentick Abstracts, or Extracts out of the
same, are hereby declared to be good and sufficient for
Evidents in all Courts of Judicature, and elsewhere. And
His Majesty, with Advice foresaid, farder Statutes and
Declares, that the said John Lord Belhaven, Adam
CocKBURN of Ormistoun Lord Justice Clerk, Mr Francis
Montgomery of Gifpen, Sir John IMaxwel of Pollock,
Sir Robert Chiesly present Provost of Edinburgh, John
SwiNTOUN of that Ilk, George Clerk late Baillie of Edin-
burgh, Mr Robert Blackwood, and James Balfour,
Merchants in Edinburgh, and John Corse Merchant in
Glasgow, William Paterson Esijuire, Jambs Fowlis,
David Nairn Esquires, Thomas Deans Esquire, James
Chiesly, John Smith, Thomas Coutes, Hugh Frazer,
Joseph Cohainb, Daves Ovedo, and Walter Stuart Mer-
chants in London, and others to be joined with, or assumed
by them in manner above-mentioned, and their Successors,
or major part of them assembled in the said Company, shall,
and may, in all time coming, by the plurality of Votes,
agree, make, constitute, and ordain all such other Rules,
Ordinances and Constitutions, as may be needful for the
better Government and Improvement of their joint Stock,
or Capital Fond, in all matters and things relating there-
unto : To which Rules, Ordinances and Constitutions, all
persons belonging to the said Company, as well Directors as
Members thereof, Governours, or other Officers, Civil or
Military, or others whatsoever, shall be subject, and hereby
concluded ; As also, to administrat and take Oaths de fideli,
and others requisit to the Management of the foresaid Stock
and Company. And the said Company is hereby Im-
powered to Equipp, Fit, Set out, Fraught and Navigat
their own, or hired Ships, in such manner as they shall
think fit, and that for the space of ten years from the
Date hereof, notwithstanding of the Act of Parliament one
thousand six hundred and sixty one years, Intituled, Act
for Encouraging of Shipping and Navigation, wherewith

206 APPENDICES.

His Majesty, with Consent foresaid, dispenses for the same
time allenarly, in favours of the said Company, and that
from any of the Ports or Places within this Kingdom, or
from any other parts or places in Amity, or not in Hostility
with His Majesty, in Warlike or other manner to any
Lands, Islands, Countreys, or places in Asia, Africa, or
America, and there to plant CoUonies, build Cities, Towns
or Forts, in or upon the places not inhabited, or in, or upon
any other place, by Consent of the Natives and Inhabitants
thereof, and not possest by any European Soveraign, Poten-
tate, Prince, or State, and to provide and furnish the
foresaid Places, Cities, Towns, or Forts, with Magazines,
Ordinances, Arms, Weapons, Ammunition, and Stores of War,
and by Force of Arms to defend their Trade and ^Navigation,
Collonies, Cities, Towns, Forts, and Plantations, and other
their Effects whatsoever ; As also, to make Reprisals, and to
seek and take Reparation of Damnage done by Sea or by
Land, and to make and conclude Treaties of Peace and
Commerce with the Soveraigns, Princes, Estates, Rulers,
Governours, or Proprietors of the foresaid Lands, Islands,
Countreys, or Places in Asia, Africa or America ; Pro-
viding always, Likeas, it is hereby specially provided, that
all Ships imployed by them, shall return to this Kingdom
with their Effects, under the pain of Confiscation, Fore-
faulture, and Seizure of the Ships and Goods, in case of
breaking of Bulk before their Return, excepting the case of
necessity, for preserving the Ship, Company, and Loadning
allenarly. And His Majesty, with Consent foresaid, doth
farder Statute and Ordain, that none of the Liedges of this
Kingdom shall, or may Trade or Navigat to any Lands,
Islands, Countries, or Places in Asia, or Africa, in any
time hereafter, or in America, for and during the space of
thirty one years, to be counted from the passing of this
present Act, without License or Permission in writing from
the said Company : Certifying all such as shall do in the
contrary hereof, that they shall Forefault and Omit the
third part of the Ship, or Ships, and of the Cargo, or
Cargoes therein-imployed, or the Value thereof, the one half

APPENDIX A. 207

to His Majesty as Escheat, and the other half to the Use
and Benefite of the said Company : For the eifectual Execu-
tion whereof, it shall he Lawful to the said Company, or
any imployed hy them, to Seize the saids Ships and
Goods in any place of Asia, or Africa, or at Sea upon the
Coasts of Asia and Africa, upon the Transgression foresaid,
by Force of Arms, and at their own hand, and that without
the Hazard of incurring any Crime, or Delinquency what-
somever, on Account of the said Seizure, or any thing
necessarly done in prosecution thereof ; Excepting always,
and without prejudice to any of the Subjects of this
Kingdom, to Trade and Navigat, during the said space,
to any part of America, where tlie Collonies, Plantations,
or Possessions of the said Company shall not be settled.
And it is furder hereby Enacted, That the said Company
shall have the Free and Absolute Eight and Property,
only Relieving and Holding of His Majesty, and His
Successors in Soveraignity, for the only Acknowledgment
of their Alledgiance, and paying yearly a Hogshead of
Tobacco, in Name of Blench Duty, if required allenarly,
in, and to all such Lands, Islands, Collonies, Cities, Towns,
Forts, and Plantations, that they shall come to establish,
or possess in manner foresaid : As also, to all manner of
Treasures, Wealth, Riches, Profites, Mines, Minerals, Fish-
ings, with the whole Product and Benefite thereof, as well
under as above the Ground, and as well in Rivers and
Seas, as in the Lands thereto belonging, or from, or by
reason of the same in any sort, together with the Right
of Government and Admirality thereof ; And that the
said Company may, by vertue hereof, grant and delegat
such Rights, Properties, Powers, and Immunities, and permit
and allow such sort of Trade, Commerce, and Navigation
into their Plantations, Collonies, Cities, Towns, or Places
of their Possession, as the said Company, from time to
time, shall judge fit and convenient, with power to them
to impose and exact such Customs, and other Duties upon
and from themselves, and others Trading with, and coming
to the said Plantations, Cities, Towns, Places and Ports, and

208 APPENDICES.

Harbours thereof, as the Company shall think needful for
the Maintainance and other publick Uses of the same, Hold-
ing always, and to Hold the whole Premisies of His Majesty,
and His Successors, Kings of Scotland, as Soveraigns thereof,
and paying only for the same, their Acknowledgment and
Alledgiance with a Hogshead of Tobacco yearly, in Name of
Blench Duty, if required, for all other Duty, Service, Claim,
or Demand whatsomever. With Power and Liberty to the
said Company to treat for, and to procure and purchase such
Eights, Liberties, Priviledges, Exemptions, and other Grants,
as may be convenient for supporting, promoting, and enlarg-
ing their Trade and Navigation from any Forraign Potentate
or Prince whatsoever, in Amity with His Majesty ; For which
the General Treaties of Peace and Commerce betwixt His
Majestie and such Potentates, Princes or States, shall serve
for sufficient Security, Warrand and Authority ; And if,
contrary to the saids Rights, Liberties, Priviledges, Exemp-
tions, Grants or Agreements, any of the Ships, Goods,
Merchandise, Persons or other Effects whatsoever, belonging
to the said Company, shall be stopt, detained, embazled, or
away taken, or in any sort prejudged or damnified, His
Majesty promises to Interpose His Authority, to have
Restitution, Reparation and Satisfaction made for the
Damage done, and that upon the publick Charge, which
His Majesty shall cause depurse, and lay out for that
Effect. And farder, it is hereby Statute, That all Ships,
Vessels, Merchandise, Goods, and other Effects whatsoever,
belonging to the said Company, shall be free of all manner
of Restraints, or Prohibitions, and of all Customs, Taxes,
Cesses, Supplies, or other Duties Imposed, or to be Imposed
by Act of Parliament, or otherwise, for and during the space
of twenty-one years, excepting alwise the whole Duties of
Tobacco and Suggar, that are not of the Growth of the
Plantations of the said Company. And farder, it is
Enacted, That the said Company, by Commission under
their common Seal, or otherwise, as they shall appoint, may
make and constitute all and every their Directors, Gover-
nours and Commanders in Chief and other Officers Military

APPENDIX A. 209

or Civil, by Sea or by Land ; As likewise, That the said
Company may Inlist, Inroll and Hire, and Eetain all such
persons Subjects of this Kingdom, or others whatsoever, as
shall be willing and consent to enter in their Service or Pay,
providing always, that they Uplift or Levy none within the
Kingdom to be Soldiers, without Leave or Warrand first
obtained from His Majesty, or the Lords of His Privy
Council, over which Directors, Governours, Commanders in
Chief, or other Officers Civil or Military, or others whatso-
ever in their Service and Pay, the Company shall have the
Power, Command and Disposition both by Sea and Land.
And it is farder Statute, That no Officer Civil or Military,
or other person whatsoever within this Kingdom, shall Im-
press, Entertain, Stop, or Detain any of the Members,
Officers, Servants, or others whatsoever, of, or belonging to
the said Company ; And in case the said Company, their
Officers or Agents, shall find or understand any of their
Members, Officers, Servants, and others aforesaid, to be
Impressed, Stopped, or Detained, they are hereby Authorized
and Allowed to take Hold of, and Release the foresaid person
Impressed, or Stopped in any part of this Kingdom, either
by Land or Water, and all Magistrats, and others His
Majestie's Officers Civil and Military, and all others, are
hereby Required, in their respective Stations, to be Aiding
and Assisting to the said Company, under the pain of being
lyable to all the Loss, Dammage and Detriment of the said
Company, by reason of the foresaid persons their Neglect.
And farder. That the said Company, whole Members, Officers,
Servants, or others belonging thereto, shall be free both in
their Persons, Estates and Goods imployed in the said Stock
and Trade, from all manner of Taxes, Cesses, Supplies,
Excises, Quartering of Soldiers Transient or Local, or Levy-
ing of Soldiers, or other Impositions whatsoever, and that
for and during the space of twenty one years. And lastly,
all persons concerned, or to be concerned in this Company,
are hereby Declared to be free Denizons of this Kingdom,
and that they, with all that shall settle to Inhabit, or be
born in any of the foresaid Plantations, Collonies, Cities,

210 APPENDICES.

Towns, Factories, and other places that shall be purchast
and possessed by the said Company, shall be repute as
Natives of this Kingdom, and have the Priviledges thereof.
And generally, without prejudice of the Specialities fore-
said. His Majesty, with Consent foresaid. Gives and Grants
to the said Company, all Power, Rights and Priviledges, as
to their Persons, Rules, Orders, Estates, Goods, and Efifects
whatsoever, that by the Laws are given to Companies
allowed to be erected for Manufactories, or that are usually
given in any other Civil Kingdom or Common-wealth, to
any Company there erected for Trade and Commerce. And
for the better Establishment and greater Solemnity of this
Act and Gift, in favours of the said Company, His Majesty
doth farder Ordain Letters Patent to be expede hereupon,
containing the whole Premisses under the Great Seal of this
Kingdom, for doing whereof per saltum, These Presents
shall be sufficient Warrand both to the Director and
Chancellor, or Keeper of the Great Seal, as use is in like
Cases.

Note. — By two succeeding Acts of the Scottish Parlia-
ment— viz.,

King William IIL, Pari. L, Sess. 8-9, 31st January

1701, and
Queen Anne, Pari. I., Sess. 1, 16th September 1703,
the powers and immunities of the African and Indian
Company were confirmed and continued.

211

APPENDIX B.

CALEDONIA.

The Declaration of the Codncil constituted by the
Indian and African Company op Scotland, for
the government and direction of their colonies
AND Settlements in the Indies,

The said Company pursuant to the Powers and Immunities
granted unto them by His Majesty of Great Britain, our
Soveraign Lord, with advice and consent of His Parliament
of Scotland, having granted and conceded unto us and our
successors in the Government for all times hereafter, full
power to equip, set out, freight, and navigate our own or
hired ships, in warlike or other manner, from any ports or
places in amity, or not in hostility with His Majesty; to
any Lands, Islands, Countries, or Places in Asia, Africa or
America ; and there to plant Colonies, build Cities, Towns
or Forts, in or upon the places not inhabited, or in or upon
any other place by consent of the Natives or Inhabitants
thereof ; and not possest by an European Soveraign, Poten-
tate, Prince or State ; and to provide and furnish the afore-
said places, cities, towns or forts, with Magazines, Ordnance,
Arms, Weapons, Ammunition and Stores of War; and by
force of Arms to defend the same trade navigation, colonies,
cities, towns, forts, plantations and other effects whatsoever;
and likewise to make Reprizals, and to seek and take repara-
tion of damage done by sea or by Land ; and to make and
conclude Treaties of Peace and Commerce with soveraign

212 APPENDICES.

Princes, Estates, Rulers, Governors, or Proprietors of the
aforesaid Lands, Islands, Countries or Places in Asia, Africa,
or America.

And reserving to themselves five per cent, or one
twentieth part of the Lands, Mines, Minerals, Stones of
Value, precious woods, and fishings, have further conceded
and granted unto us, the free and absolute right and prop-
erty in and to all such lands, islands, colonies, towns, forts
and plantations, as we shall come to establish or possess in
manner aforesaid ; as also all manner of Treasures, Wealth,
Eiches, Profits, Mines, Minerals and Fishings, with the whole
product and benefit thereof, as well under as above ground,
as well in Rivers and Seas as in the Lands thereto belong-
ing ; or for or by reason of the same in any port, together
with the right of Government and Admiralty thereof ; as
likewise that all manner of persons who shall settle to in-
habit, or be born in any such plantations, colonies, cities,
towns, factories, or places shall be, and be reputed as
Natives of the Kingdom of Scotland. And generally the
said Company have communicated unto us a right of all the
powers, properties, and privileges granted unto them by Act
of Parliament, or otherwise howsoever, with power to grant
and delegate the same, and to permit and allow such sort of
trade, commerce and navigation unto the plantations, colonies,
cities and places of our possession, as we shall think fit and
convenient.

And the Chief Captains and Supreme Leaders of the
people of Darien in compliance with former agreements,
having now in most kind and obliging manner received us
into their friendship and country, with promise and contract
to assist and join in defence thereof against such as shall be
their or our Enemies in any time to come. Which, besides
its being one of the most healthful, rich and fruitful
countries upon earth hath the advantage of being a narrow
Isthmus, seated in the height of the World, between two
vast Oceans, which renders it more convenient than any
other for being the Common Storehouse of the unsearchable
and immense treasures of the spacious South Seas, the door

APPENDIX B. 213

of commerce to China and Japan, and the Emporium and
Staple for the trade of both Indies.

And now by virtue of the before mentioned powers to us
given, we do here settle and in the name of God establish
ourselves ; and in Honour and for the Memory of that most
Ancient and Renowned Name of our Mother-Kingdom, We
do, and will from henceforward call this Country by the
name of Caledonia ; and ourselves, successors, and asso-
ciates, by the name of Caledonians.

And suitable to the weight and greatness of the Trust
reposed, and the valuable opportunity now in our hands, being
firmly resolved to communicate and dispose thereof in the
most just and equal manner for increasing the Dominions
and Subjects of the King our Soveraign Lord, the Honour
and Wealth of our Country, as well as the benefit and
advantage of those who now are, or may hereafter be con-
cerned with us ; We do hereby declare, that all manner of
people soever, shall from henceforward be equally free and
alike capable of the said properties, privileges, protections,
immunities, and rights of Government granted unto us ; and
the Merchants and Merchants' ships of all nations, may
freely come to and trade with us, without being liable in
their persons, goods or effects, to any manner of capture,
confiscation, seizure, forfeiture, attachment, arrest, restraint,
or prohibition, for or by reason of any embargo, breach
of the peace, letters of mark, or reprizals, declaration of
war with any foreign Prince, Potentate or State, or upon any
other account or pretence whatsoever.

And We do hereby not only grant and concede, and declare
a general and equal freedom of government and trade to
those of all nations who shall hereafter be of, or concerned
with us ; but also a full and free liberty of Conscience in
matter of Religion, so as the same be not understood to
allow, connive at, or indulge the blaspheming of God's holy
Name, or any of His Divine Attributes ; or the unhallowing
or profaning the Sabbath Day.

And finally, as the best and surest means to render any
Government successful, durable, and happy, it shall (by the

214 APPENDICES.

help of Almighty God) be ever our constant and chiefest
care, that all our further Constitutions, Laws, and Ordi-
nances, be consonant and agreeable to the Holy Scripture,
right Reason, and the Exaruples of the wisest and justest
nations, that from the Truth and Righteousness thereof we
may reasonably hope for and expect the blessings of
Prosperity and Increase.

New Edinburgh,

December 28, 1698,

By Order of the Council,

Hugh Ross,

Secretary,

215

APPENDIX C.
CALEDONIA.

Rules and Ordinances by the Parliament of
Caledonia, for the good Government of the Colony.

The Council and Deputies assembled in Parliament, pur-
suant to the trust reposed, and the powers and immunities
granted, by his Majesty of Great Britain, our Soverayn
Lord, communicated and transmitted unto them by the
Indian and African Company of Scotland, have, for the
good order and government of this Colony, after mature
deliberation, agreed and concluded upon the following Eules
and Ordinances, as appearing most reasonable, equal and
sutable, to be from this time forward binding and obliging ;
and for that effect, that an ordinary Judicatur, or Court of
Justice, be appointed, to consist of such and such number of
persons as the Council shall think convenient; the which
shall have power to choose their President, and to name
and appoint clerks, servants, and all other officers need full,
and to proceed upon, judge, and determin all causes, crimes,
and punishments., by and according to the following Eules
and Ordinances, which wee do hereby appoint and ordain to
have the full force and effect of lawes, within this Colony
and its Dependences, by land and sea : —

L In the first place, it is hereby provided and declared,
that the precepts, instructions, examples, commands, and
prohibitions exprest and contain'd in the Holy Scriptures, as
of right they ought, shall not only be binding and obliging,

216 APPENDICES.

and have the full force and effect of lawes, within this
Colony, but are, were, and of right ought to be, the standard,
rule, and measure to all the further and other constitutions,
rules, and ordinances thereof.

2. He who shall blaspheme or prophane the name of
Almighty God, or any of his Divine Attributes, or use any
curse or imprecation, after publick acknowledgement, shall
suffer three days imprisonment, and confinement to bread,
water, and hard labour, for the first offence, and, for the
second offence, shall suffer the said punishment for thirty
dayes, and, for every other offence, shall be punished at the
discretion of the Justiciary Court.

3. Whosoever shall behave himselfe disrespectfully to-
wards the Council, or any of the Councillours, or towards
his own or any other officer of this Colony, or shall speak
words tending to their or any of their hurt or dishonour, or
shall know of such behaviour, or words spoken, and shall
not reveal the same with all convenient speed, shall be
punished according to the nature of their offence, and quality
and circumstances thereof, in the judgement of the Justiciary
Court.

4. No man shall, upon pain of death, hold correspond-
ence, give advice, or keep intelligence with any rebell or
enemy, as also he who shall know of any such intelligence,
and shall not, with all convenient speed, discover the same,
and the party or parties therein concerned, to the Council,
or some one of the Councillours, or to his superior officer,
shall likewayes be lyable to the same punishment.

5. He who shall entice or persuade another, or others, to
any rebellious act against the Council and Government of
this Colony, shall incurr the pain of death ; and whosoever
shall know of such offence, and shall not discover the same
to the Council, or to some one of the Councillours, or to his
superior officer, shall incurr the same punishment,

6. No man shall presume to contrive, endeavour, or cause
any mutiny or sedition within this Colony, upon pain of
death, or such other punishment as the Justiciary Court
shall think fit.

APPENDIX C. 217

7. Whosoever shall disobey his superior Officer, or resist
him in the execution of his office, or shall oppose or resist
any of the Magistrates or Officers of this Colony, in the
execution of their duty and trust, shall suffer the pains of
death, or such other punishment as the Justiciary Court
shall think fit.

8. He who shall violat any protection, or safe conduct,
granted by the Council, and knowing the same, shall suffer
death, or such other punishment as the Justiciary Court
shall think just.

9. He who shall use any provocking or upbraiding words
or gestures, or shall give the ly, or any manner of reproach-
ful, scandalous, or injurious names, to another of equal
quality and degree with himselfe, whither present or absent,
or shall strike, or threaten to strike, such a one with his
hand, stick, sword in the scabard, whip, stone, or any thing
of like nature, shall, besides giving honourable satisfaction to
the party injured upon his knees, be therfore condemned to
hard labour at the publick works for the space of six
moneths ; from which labour he shall not desist, withdraw,
nor desert, upon pain of death, or such other punishment as
the Justiciary Court shall think meet : and if such affronts
or injuries shall be given or offered to a superiour, the party
offending shall be lyable to double the said punishment at
least ; and if to an inf eriour, the same shall be proportioned
su table to the nature of the case, and the circumstances of
the parties concerned.

10. No man shall presume to fight a duel with, or send a
challenge to, another ; nor shall any one presume to accept
of such a challenge or appointment to fight, upon pain of
the severest death and highest infamy : And all seconds in
duels and appointments to fight, and such, as shall know
thereof, and shall not reveal the same, and the persons con-
cerned, with all convenient speed, shall be equally lyable to
the same punishment.

11. He who shall wilfully hurt or maim any other, shall,
sutable to the loss and value of his time, and the grieffe and
pain thereby occasioned, as also the expence of curing, and

218 APPENDICES.

disability of body therby happening, be lyable to make full
satisfaction; and if the offender have not to pay, he shall
become a servant, and shall so continow, untill full reparation
be made to the party injured ; and, generaly, the like full
reparation shall not only be made for all manner of hurts,
violences, wrongs, and damages done, or caused or offered to
be done, but the offender may be further punished, if the
nature of the case shall require the same.

12. It shall be death for any man presumptuously and
willfully to assault another by such means and weapons as
shall put him in evident hazard or danger of his life.

13. All murder, or wilful killing of any person, shall be
punished with death.

14. He who shall force a woman to abuse her, whether
she belong to an enemy or not, shall suffer death for it.

15. It shall be death to steal, or forcibly to cary or
convoy away from this colony, or its dependencies, any man,
woman, or child.

16. House-breaking, and all sorts of robing, or forcible
thifts, shall be punished with loss of life, or of liberty, at
the will of the Justiciary Court.

17. A thieffe shall be oblidged to restore fourfold of the
species or value of the thing stollen and damnage done, the
one-halfe to the party injured, and the other to be equally
divided between the government of this colony and the dis-
coverer of the theft. And if the thiefe have not to pay, he
shall be condemned to hard service and labour at the publick
or other works, untill full restitution of the value of the
things stolen and damnage done be made, and shall be after-
wards obliged to serve the government of this colony, and
the discoverer of the theft, for the space of a whole year.

1 8. All robing of Indian plantations or houses, stealing or
taking of provisions, or other things belonging to them,
without their free consent, shall be punished as theft.

19. Cuting or breaking down, or otherwayes spoiling of
plantan-walks, orange, leamon, or lime trees, or other trees
or fruits of use and for suport of life, and all other willful
waste and spoil, shall be punished as theft.

APPENDIX C. 219

20. Whosoever shall presume to sell, imbesle, or willfuly
spoile, break, or convoy away any arms, ammunition, axes,
hatchets, spades, shovels, pickaxes, or other necessars or
stores of warr, or working-tools, belonging to the colony,
whether committed to their trust or otherwise, shall be
punished as thieves.

21. All willfull and apparent breach of trust, and de-
signed fraud and cheating, shall be punished as theft.

22. All giving and taking of bribes, in order to delay,
deny, or pervert justice, shall be punished as theft.

23. Things that are found may not be concealed, but
shall be restored to the owner, if known, with all con-
venient speed ; and where the owner is not known, publick
intimation thereof shall be given, otherwise the finder shall
become lyable to suffer as a thiefe.

24. Benefits received, and good services done, shall al-
ways be generously and thankfuly compensated, whether a
prior agreement or bargain hath been made or not ; and if it
shall hapen to be otherwise, and the benefactor be obliged
justly to complain of the ingratitude, the ungrateful shall,
in such case, be obliged to give threefold satisfaction at
least.

25. Whosoever shall absent himself e, go away from, or
desert the service of this Colony, or that of any particular
person to whom they are bound, besides due chastisement of
whiping, shall be obliged to serve a week for every day of
such their absence or desertion.

26. No man shall be confined or detained prisoner for
above the space of three moneths, without being brought to
a lawful trial.

27. All lands, goods, debts, and other effects whatsoever
and wheresoever, (except the needful and proper working
tools of a mechanick, the proper books of a student or man
of reading, and the proper and absolutely necessar wearing
cloaths of any person,) shall in the most ready, easy, and
absolute manner, be subject to the just and equal satisfaction
of debts ; but the person of a free man shall not in any sort
be lyable to arreasts, imprisonment, or other restraints what-

220 APPENDICES.

soever, for or by reason of debt, unless there shall be fraud,
or the design thereof, or willful or aparent breach of trust,
missapplication or concealment first proved upon him,

28. In all cases, Criminal and Capital, no judgement or
determination shall pass against any man in the Justiciary
Court, without the consent and concurrence of a Jury, con-
sisting of fifteen fit persons, to be nominat and chosen by
the said Court, in the ordinary and usual manner, out of
such a number as they shall think tit.

29. Upon trials of persons or causes, the Justiciary Court
shall proceed to examine the witnesses upon oath, and after
having heard the prisoner, the party accused or the party
concerned, whether for or against the witnesses. The Judges
shall afterwards give their opinions one by one, beginning at
the youngest in years, and proceeding to the eldest, and
shall conclude by majority of votes ; but if the votes be
equal, the President shall have a casting voice ; and when
judgement or sentence is to be given, the President shall
pronunce it.

30. No man shall presume to sit in court, much less
to act as a Judge, or be of the Jury in the case, and during
the time that any cause wherein he is party, or any way
interested or concerned, shall be under examination or
trial.

31. The Justiciary Court shall keep a clerk or clerks,
who shall be sworn to make true and faithful records of all
the proceedings of that court.

32. No man shall presume to use any braving words,
signs, or gesturs, in any place of Council or Judicatur, whilst
the Council or Court is sitting, upon pain of such punish-
ment as shall be inflicted by the Court.

33. All things relating to trade and navigation, and not
comprehended in or understood hy these ordinances, shall be
determined by the most known and practised lawes and
customs of merchants, and of the sea.

34. And lastly, Evry Judge or Member of the Justiciary
Court, and evry one of the Jury shall take a solemn oath,
duly to administer ju-stice according to these rules, ordin-

APPENDIX C. 221

ances, and probation taken, to the best of their under-
standing.

Fort St Andrew, Aprill 24, 1699.

All the said Rules and Ordinances were read and ap-
roven of. Article by Article, and afterwards past altogether.

Collin Campbell, j. p. p.

222

APPENDIX D.

LETTER, Mr James Simpson Fleming, F.R.S.E., to
'The Scotsman.'

William Paterson and the Darien Scheme.

Edinburgh, Uh August 1880,

Sir, — In your interesting notice of the Calendars of State
Papers in * The Scotsman 'of 31st July, you refer to "William
Paterson, the founder of the Bank of England, and to the
recognition of his clauns in connection with the ill-fated
Darien scheme by the private Act of the first Parliament
of George I., in 1714, which awarded him the sum of
£18,241, 10s. lOfd. ; and you add, "but what, if anything,
followed on this has hitherto evaded inquiry."

I was led some years ago partially to investigate this
point, which has been raised repeatedly ; and your article
having renewed the interest in Paterson's history, I have
now looked further into the papers to which I have access,
and if you will allow me space I think I can set the matter
at rest.

The claims of William Paterson were long subject of
discussion, and so early as 6th October 1696 the Directors
of the African Company awarded him £7500, and further
resolved " to take into consideration what suitable gratifica-
tions they will appoint out of the subsequent profits of their
trade, and proportionate the same to the success thereof."
Without receiving payment of the sum awarded, Paterson
went to Holland and Hamburg on the Company's service.

APPENDIX D. 223

The Treaty of Union followed, by which provision was made
for the repayment of the capital stock of the African Com-
pany with interest, and the dissolution of that Company.
By an Act of the Scottish Parliament passed 25th March

1707, the Directors were appointed to state the account of
the debts and stock of the Company, so as in the whole not
to exceed the gross sum of £232,884, 5s. Ofd., and this
having been done in Paterson's absence, his claim was " left
out and omitted." He then appealed to the first Parliament
of Great Britain, and by an Act passed on 1st April 1708 it
was declared that the omission of the Directors to state his
claims should in no way prejudice them, and that they
should be certified and satisfied as the sums should be proved
before the Judges of the Court of Exchequer in Scotland,
who were required to " make a full and fair representation
thereof to His Majesty." In 1710 the Judges made a report
of a somewhat indefinite character, and in 1713 Paterson
again petitioned Parliament, and claimed £32,592, 15s. lOfd.
The committee to whom the petition was referred resolved
" that the petitioner hath been at great expense and pains,
and sustained very considerable losses, in the service of the
late African and Indian Company of Scotland, and ought to
be reimbursed and have a recompence for the same " ; and
"that the sum of £18,241, 10s. lOgd. ought to be answered
and made good to the petitioner." Thereupon followed the
private Act, to which you refer, of 1st Geo. I. (1714), "for
relieving William Paterson, Esq., out of the Equivalent
money for what is due to him." The Commissioners of the
Equivalent were thereby required to issue and pay to
Paterson, his executors, administrators, or assigns, the said
sum in debentures, for sums of not more than £500 nor
less than £100 each, "for the more easy and convenient
assignment and transferment thereof."

William Paterson was in pecuniary embarrassment pending
the adjustment of his claims. Arrestments were used in the
hands of the Commissioners of the Equivalent in 1707 and

1708, at the instance of Alexander Deans, son of the de-
ceased Eobert Deans, merchant in Edinburgh ; and in 1716,

224 APPENDICES.

at the instance of Mrs Elizabeth Carstairs, relict and ex-
ecutrix of Mr William Carstairs, Principal of the College of
Edinburgh, and one of the ministers of the city. On 7th
July 1710, Paterson, described as of the parish of Saint
Margaret's, Westminster, in the county of Middlesex, executed
a deed of assignment of all his claims against the Commis-
sioners of the Equivalent to James Campbell, of London,
merchant, to secure £2000 money lent, with interest at the
rate of 6 per cent. The arrestments were discharged in
1717, and Campbell's debt was satisfied, as will be seen
immediately.

The Act having passed, Paterson, on 25th October 1715,
granted a power of attorney to William Bowles, of the city
of Edinburgh, His Majesty's Solicitor to the Court of Ex-
chequer in North Britain, to receive the debentures directed
to be issued from the Commissioners of the Equivalent in
181 debentures for £100 each, and in a debenture for
£141, 10s. 10§d., and to grant a discharge therefor. Some
delay arose at this stage in consequence of the assignment to
James Campbell, already noticed ; biit on 23rd February
1715-16, Paterson, by letter to the Commissioners, desired
them forthwith to issue £3000 of the debentures to Camp-
bell or his order, in such sums as he shall direct, " for which
debentures the said James Campbell is to be accountable to
me." By an endorsement on this letter James Campbell
requests the Commissioners to issue the debentures in his
own name, and to " deliver the same to the Honble. John
Campbell, Esq., Lord Provost of Edinburgh, for my account,"
Of the same date (23rd February 1715-16) James Campbell,
by letter to the Commissioners, desires them, notwithstanding
the intimation of the assignment by Paterson in his favour
already noticed, to issue to Paterson or his attorney a part
or sum not exceeding £12,000 of the debentures, "until
matters are settled between us, which are now in an amicable
way of accommodation."

The " differences " between Paterson and Campbell were
shortly thereafter "composed by arbitrators"; and by letters
dated 12th June 1716, Paterson directs the Commissioners

APPENDIX D. 225

to deliver to Campbell Equivalent debentures for £1741,
1 Os. lOjd., in addition to £3000 formerly issued to him ; and
Campbell directs that after this additional issue to him the
Commissioners will " follow the directions of the said
William Paterson, Esq., with respect to such part or surplus
of his debentures as may still remain unissued."

Following on these various directions, the Commissioners
of the Equivalent issued, on 13th March 1716, 120 deben-
tures in name of "William Paterson for £100 each — in all,
£12,000; and 6 debentures in name of James Campbell
for £500 each— in all, £3000. On 1st November 1716,
the Commissioners issued 16 debentures for £100 each —
£1600; and 1 for £141, 10s. 10|d. in name of James
Campbell — together, £4741, 10s. lOfd.; and finally, they
issued 15 debentures for £100 each in name of William
Paterson — £1500, — making in all the sum awarded to
Paterson by the Act in his favour of £18,241, 10s. lOfd.

The transaction was closed by a formal discharge by
William Bowles, as attorney for William Paterson, dated
23rd December 1717, by which he acknowledges to have
received from the Commissioners " debenture notes issued
furth in the name of the above William Paterson for the
sum of £1500 money, which, with the sum of £12,000
formerly issued furth in the name of the said William
Paterson, and the sum of £4741, 10s. lOfd. issued furth in
debentiires in the name of Mr James Campbell, of London,
merchant, conform to and by the directions of the said
William Paterson, corapleats and is in full of the sum of
£18,241, 10s. lOfd.," specified and contained in the Act,
of which the Commissioners are discharged.

The debentures so issued, of which, as we have seen,
£13,500 were in name of Paterson, were declared to be
transferable by endorsement. When, to whom, and for
what consideration Paterson's debentures were transferred
does not appear; but they were readily negotiable in
London, and must have been disposed of shortly after they
were issued, for Paterson died in 1718. In that year an
Act was passed (5th George I., cap. 20) providing for the

226 APPENDICES.

incorporation of the proprietors of the Equivalent debt,
including the sum payable under Mr Paterson's Act, and
making a total capital stock of £248,550, Os. 9|d. Letters
patent were issued incorporating " The Equivalent Com-
pany" on 21st November 1725. Books were directed to
be opened at London and Edinburgh for the purpose of
recording the Equivalent debenture subscribed into the new
company, and the whole of the debentures issued under
Paterson's Act were subscribed at London by various parties
resident in London, who thereby became proprietors of stock
of the Equivalent Company. This corporation existed till
1850, when its capital stock of £248,550, Os. 9|d. was paid
up by the Government, and the company was dissolved by
Act of Parliament.

I would only add that the original documents from which
I have quoted are now before me, and they will, I think, be
regarded as conclusive of the settlement, tardy as it was, of
Mr Paterson's claims. — I am, &c., J. S. Fleming.

APPENDIX E.

THE

HISTORY

CALEDONIA:

or. The

Scots Colony

DARIEN

In the West Indies.

With an Account of the

Manners of the Inhabitants

and Riches of the Countrey.

By a Gentleman lately Arriv'd.
LONDON:

Printed and Sold by JOHN NUTT, near
Stationers-Hall. MDCXCIX.

[In the 'Darien Papers,' Dr Hill Burton states that
this curious and scarce work, purporting to have been
written by a gentleman lately arrived from the Scots
Settlement in Caledonia, affords a detailed and distinct
account of the adventure, as far as it had been con-
ducted up to that time. The work, however, bears
internal marks of being a made-up book, compiled
partly from the Council's dispatches from the Colony
to the Directors in Scotland ; while the descriptions
of the Darien Indians and of the nature of the country
are borrowed largely (in some places word for word)
from Lionel Wafer's ' New Voyage to America,' which
was published earlier in the same year (1699).]

The
History of Caledonia, &c.

CHAPTER I.

Of the Erecting of the Company of Scotland Trading to
Africa and the Indies.

The Scots having observed the great Benefits arising to all
Nations by Trade, which was not well understood, and put
into Method, till about the latter end of the last Century, in
this part of the World, and that, above all others, that of
Africa and the Indies was the most Beneficial, have long ago
projected to share in it with their Neighbours. But by the
Policy of those who had already felt the Sweets of it, and
who feared a Diminution of their Gain, they found, till of
late Years, unsurmountable Difiiculties.

But in the year 1688, they having, for the most part. Early
appeared in the Revolution, and served his Present Majesty
with great Zeal, they thought they might Justly Promise to
themselves a suitable Return to so great Merits, And having
managed their Business with great Dexterity, they found
themselves not frustrated of their Expectation.

About Three years ago, under the Administration of the
Earl of Tioidale, who was mightily influenced in this Affair
by Secretary Johnson, Son of tlie late Laird Warn i^ton, an
Act was touched by the Scepter for erecting a Company to

230 APPENDICES.

be called the Company of Scotland Trading to Africa and the
Indies, with great Immunities, — vizt. of being Custom-free for
above Twenty Years ; and that all Ships which should be
taken or damaged by any other Nation, to be made Good at
His Majesties charge. These Two Provisos in the Act, were
a mighty Encouragement ; For by the first they were enabl'd
to undersel their Neighbours, and by the second they were
always sure of His Majesties Protection, being obliged by the
strongest Ties of Interest.

CHAPTER II.

Of the Opposition against if.

No sooner was the News of this Act of Parliament spread
abroad, but it was opposed in England by all concerned in
the East India Trade, who made a mighty noise against it.
Some indeed contemned it, and making severe Reflections
upon the poverty of Scotland, look'd upon it as a Chymerical
Project ; but the wiser sort here thought it might be of
dangerous Consequence ; making serious Reflections upon
the great Priviledges granted the New Company, thought
many, both here, in Holland and other Nations, might easily
be induced to joyn with them ; and accordingly, many began,
even here, to talk of Subscriptions, and remitting great Sums
of Money; and more particularly the Hamhurgers, had a
Project of Subscribing an Hundred Thousand Pound. But
the Parliament sitting here about the time when the Dis-
course of this Great Affair was at the hottest, the Companies
most concerned, made their application to them, and j^revailed
so much, that they quite dashed all Subscriptions here ; and
that they might, if possibly, quite Ruin the Scottish Project,
they addressed His Majesty, That he would take all care, and

APPENDIX E. 231

use all possible Methods to suppress it ; they obtained a
Promise, That some Methods should be taken, and His
Majesty making some Reflections upon what had passed, was
pleased to express himself, He had not been well served in
Scotland. But the Act being passed, and the whole Kingdom
being engaged in it, it was looked upon as next to an
impossibility, to have it Repealed. All that could be done,
was to quite discourage all from Subscribing here, and to
remonstrate to the Hamhiirgers the Injury their Joyning
with the Scots would be to the English Trade. Accord-
ingly, Sir Paul Rycaut, His Majesty's Minister to that
Republick, had orders to press it home : Upon which
the Hamhurgers put out a Declaration in Justification
of themselves, and seemed resolv'd to pursue their Project.
But upon Cooler Thoughts, &c., considering the mighty
benefit they received from the English Trade, they having
made it their Staple for Cloth, for the North Parts of
Eicrojie, to the mighty enriching of that Republick ; and that
it was not impossible, that they might remove the said Staple
from thence to some other place, as formerly they had done
from Antwerp^ to the mighty prejudice of that City ; and
being warmly pressed by his Majesty's Minister, they at last
resolved to desist, preferring certain Riches before uncertain
Gain.

CHAPTER III.

Of the Progress of the Company.

The Scots seeing that no Subscriptions from England were
to be expected, the Frowns of the Parliament having quite
discouraged all here ; and that the Hamburgers were for pre-
ferring a present and certain Gain before Great Expectations,
being resolved to Keep all measures with England, they re-

232 APPENDICES.

solved to stand upon their own bottom, and to shew to the
World that they were not so Chynierical as some gave out,
they set themselves more warmly to carry the Project on, and
accordingly subscribed £400,000, most of the Nobility and
Gentry, and all the Cities and Royal Boroughs, unanimously
concurring, giving the World a sufficient Proof that Scotland
was neither so Poor, nor so Disjointed, as some people would
have it believed. This great foundation being laid, the
Superstructure went on apace : First, they bought them a
Noble House in Miln-Squai-e in Edenhoro^igh, to serve both
for the Offices of the Company and a Warehouse. Then they
began to build and buy Ships, both for Burthen and War,
the chief of which are the St Andrew, the Unicorn, the
Caledonia, the Dolphin, and the Endeavour. And here it's
not improper to remark, that before this late Revolution they
had no Men of War in Scotland, but now being partly neces-
sitated by the Long War, and to carry on the designs of the
Company, they have a pretty good Squadron, some of 60
Guns apiece and upwards.

After they had procured Ships sufficient for the present
Designs of the Company, there was a great Debate among the
Company, to what part of the Indies the Ships should be sent :
and this part of the World was amused with, various Rumours
of the Scots designs. But the first Project laid by Mr Pater-
son, about Ten Years ago, for settling a Colony in the Isthmus
of Darien prevailed. Accordingly Three Stout Ships and
Two Tenders were Equipped in the Port of Leith in the
Frith, and all manner of Provision and Warlike Stores put on
Board, with about 1200 Seamen and Soldiers, the Comple-
ment of the last being the most select Foot of Scotland;
they sayl'd from the Frith witb a prosperous Gale, and went
round by the Oread es, and having a prosperous voyage, about
the middle of November, the last year, 1698, arrived safe in
the Bay of Darien, having lost few or none of their men.

As soon as they were arrived safe in the Bay, after their
hearty Thanks to Almighty God for their safe arrival, they

APPENDIX E. 233

fell to sounding the Coasts, and found within a great Chain
of Islands (among which is the Golden Island, by the
Spaniards called 8t Katherine) a most large and capacious
Port, where Ships of the greatest burthen may safely ride
secure from wind and weather.

The Entrance of the Port, to which they have given the
Name of tlie Port of Nev) St Andrevj, is not above Cannon-
shot over ; so that it's very capable of being defended against
the Attacks of any Enemies, they having already raised Plat-
forms for that End. Upon the Low Neck of a Promontary
within the Bay, which contains not above Thirty Acres of
Land, they have begun to build them such Houses as so short
a time can give them leave ; which they have covered over
with the Leaves of the Tree called Plantain, whose leaves are
about a Foot and a half long : For the better Security of the
New Fort, they have cut the Ist/mms or Neck of Land on
which it stands, for about 130 paces and let in the Sea. So
that it has no Communication with the Land but by a Bridge ;
in this Fort they have already Mounted 50 Guns, and placed
in it a Garrison of near 600 IMen.

As soon as they had fortified themselves against all suddain
surprises, they sent Deputies to treat with the Indians, of
which you shall have a particular account after the General
Description in the following Chapter.

CHAPTER IV.

A short Description of the Country of Darien ;
Now called Caledonia.

The Country of Darien, is one of the most Famous Isthmuses
in the "World. It's about a hundred and twenty iAlilcs long,
and three score broad. If it were possible to cut a Channel

234 APPENDICES.

from Sea to Sea, capable of Shipping, it would facilitate the
Navigation of the World two parts in three ; but it's next
to an impossibility, for it's almost a continued Chain of
Mountains, of which some are as high as any of the Alps,
especially those towards the North Part, which is only de-
scribed in these Papers, none of the Colony being able to give
so exact an Account of the South as yet.

The Valleys are watered with Rivers and Perpetual clear
Springs, which are most pleasant to drink, being as soft
as Milk and very Nourishing.

The Rivers that fall into the North Sea, because of their
short course, are not Navigable ; for they have their rise from
the high Chain of Hills above, which reaches all along the
Isthmus, within twenty Miles, and sometimes less to the Sea.
From the top of the Hills, is one of the most pleasant
Prospects imaginable ; for you have there a clear view of the
North Sea, and the Various making of the Shore, together
with the Adjacent Islands, which are called Samhallas,
between which, and the Continent runs a Channel about a
League over, which makes all along the Coast numberless
safe Harbours, and supplys the defects of the Rivers which
are small, and commonly (because of the Violent Land Floods
in the rainy Season, that carries down infinite Earth and Mud)
are barred with flat Oozy Sholes.

These Hills are Clothed with tall Trees without any under-
wood, so that one may gallop conveniently among them, many
Miles free from Sun and Rain, unless of a great continuance.
The Air makes on the tops of the Trees a pleasant Melancholy
Musick, so that one of the Colony considering the Coolness,
Pleasant Murmuring of the Air, and the infinite beauty of a
continued Natural Arbor, called them the Shades of Love.

Between these Hills and the Sea, are gentle declivities and
a rich fat soyl full of all manner of Vegetables, among which
are many not known to us in Europe. It's capable of any
improvement, but towards the shore in many places, especially
near the Mouths of Rivers are Morasses, in which grows a

APPENDIX E. 235

Tree which rises from several Roots, to which was given the
Name of the Stilt Tree, because the Roots like Stilts are
entangled one among another. It's a Tree of about a foot
Diameter. It has red bark and may be good for dyeing and
dressing of Leather. This Tree is very troublesome to
Travellers, because it makes a continued thicket.

The whole Country is comprehended between the eight
and tenth degree of Northern Latitxcde, and has its name
from the River called Darien ; whereby its Northern Coast
is bounded to the East. It's more subject to Rain than
any other Country in the same Latitude, because of its
Mountainous Scituation between the Atlantick or Northern
Ocean, and the Pacifick or mare del Zur. The Rains begin
in May, and last four or five months, but are very gentle
at first like A^tril showers, but after are more Violent,
insomuch, that sometimes they make a kind of a deluge,
covering the ground in some places seven or eight Foot all
on a suddain, and carrying down Trees with great Impetu-
osity, but those that are acquainted with the Country know
how to avoid the danger. But those Rains, even in the
wettest Months, are not so continued, but there are many
fair Days, and sometimes a week together with small Thunder-
showers, and refreshing breezes of Air. The pleasant dry
months are December, January, February, March, and April.
The Sky is then very serene, and not so much as a cloud to
be seen, and notwithstanding the warm scituation of the
Climate, it's extreamly Pleasant, everything having a fresh
verdure and odour, the Air gently fanning the Inhabitants,
so that the heat is so far from being troublesome that it's
delectable.

But the Country tho' it be Rich and Fruitful on the
surface, is yet far Richer in its Bowels, there being great
Mines of Gold ; for the Deputies were certainly informed
that not above 12 Leagues from Nerv Edenhorough, was a
great Mine of this precious Metal, on which were employed
near 1,000 Blacks, and that in the River Scania Mena, which

236 APPENDICES.

is not above Thirteen Leagues from this Colony, and which
falls into the South Sea, the Spaniards every year get Gold
dust to the value of a Million.

And here it may not be unpleasant to the Reader, to give
him an Account of the manner of getting the Gold dust,
which is as follows : They have little Wooden Dishes which
they dip into the Water and take it up half-full of sand, and
at every dipping they find some Gold mixed with the sand ;
they shake the sand and the Gold goes to the bottom, and
the sand rises and goes over the brim of the Dish with the
Water ; then with a Loadstone they extract the Iron dust
from it, and so it's clear of any other ore or filth. This can
only be done in the fair Season, for the Rivers are too deep
in the wet, and then is the Gold brought down by the
impetuous deluge from the Mountains. It's easy to guess
from this what vast Mines may in time be discovered, when
Art and Industry are joyned together, and of what importance
it will be to Great Britain to take all possible measures to
preserve this Colony.

CHAPTER V.

Of the Reception of the Deputies of the Councel by the
Daeiens, and of their Manners and Customs.

The Reader in the third Chapter, had mention of a League
made between the Dariens and the Company. It will not be
improper here, to give an Account of the reception of the
Deputies and the manners of the Indians.

After the Colony had refreshed themselves ashore, and
taken all possible precautions against any suddain surprise,
by such fortifications as could be made in so short a time ;
It was agreed on by all, that it would add much to the

APPENDIX E. 237

Security of the enterprise, if they could enter into a League
and strict bond of friendship with the Indians, whom they
knew to be great Enemies of the Spaniards, who had
endeavoured to extirpate them, but could never prevail, by
reason of the invisible paths of the Country. Accordingly
some Deputies were sent out, among whom was Mr Paterson,
the chief Projector of the whole design. They found the
Indians were, as it's before related, very tractable, and had
certain intelligence that one of their great Kings (as they
call their Chief Captains in their Language) was not far off
upon the great ridge of the Mountains, and would be very
glad to understand their design, and enter into any League
against the Spaniards whom they mortally hated. They set
out with a small train to give no occasion of Jealousie, and
had several slight merchandises, as Beads, Linnen and
Woolen Cloaths and other things, which they knew would
be acceptable Presents to the wild Indians.

They found the Country, thro' which they pass'd, of an
exceeding Ptich soyl, but much covered with Wood, as above
related, only here and there they met with some places which
the hidians called in their Language Savannahs, where they
plant their Mari, a kind of Corn something like wheat, upon
little hillocks, at a little distance one from another. These
Savannahs are not level, but consist of small Hills and
Valleys, with pleasant spots of Wood intermixt, which serve
both for pleasure and profit, of which more hereafter.

The Indians were so secure, that they saw several of them
sleeping in Hammocks tied to two Trees, and had no other
Covering or Canopy, but large Plantain Leaves, for they
were told by their Priests, or rather Magicians (who went a
Conjuring, which they call Panawing, as soon as our Fleet
arrived), that the People newly arrived would be a great
assistance against the Spaniards their Enemies, and would
never molest them in any matters of Religion, but live in
good Correspondence with them, if they failed not on their
Part.

238 APPENDICES.

The Panawing is performed, as the Deputies were informed,
with hideous yeilings and shrieks, in which they imitate some-
times the hissing of Serpents ; sometimes the croaking of
Toads ; sometimes the yelping of Foxes and barking of Dogs ;
to which they joyn the noise of several stones struck together,
and of a sort of Drums made of Bamboes. They labour so
hard and strain themselves so much, that they are all in a
great sweat, and often fall into strange extasies and trances
for a considerable time, and then renew their shrieks again,
till the Oracle be given. The great Enemy of Mankind and
Lover of Discord invited by such jarring Music, at last visibly
appears, and audibly gives his Answer, which for the most
part proves exactly true that he may the better delude these
poor Creatures, who stand in great awe of him.

But to return where we left off, after they had made two
easy days Journey, they arrived at the place where the
King was, which was on the top of a very high Hill, which
had a Noble Prospect towards the North Sea, as far as
the Eye could reach, and was Crowned with a most Noble
Grove of Stately Trees ; some of which were eleven Foot
Diameter, which bears a Cod about the bigness of a Nutmeg,
full of short Wool, which when ripe is blown about by
the wind, and is of small use, tho' it's something like
Cotton.

As soon as the King had intelligence that the Deputies
were near at hand, he sent a few Persons of the best Quality
to Conduct them to his presence ; these were attended with
a sort of Musicians who play'd upon a kind of Pipes made
of small hollow Bamboes and Reeds full of notches, with
which they made a kind of whining noise, but nothing
Musical to European Ears, and all the Company, to keep
Consort, made a humming at the same time to themselves.

As they approached nearer, they were diverted with a
Dance of 40 Men in a Ring, who stretched out their hands
and laid them on one another's shoulders, moving gently
sideways round in a Circle, wrigling themselves into a thou-

APPENDIX E. 239

sand ridiculous postures, something like the Highland Dances
in Scotland. After they had Danced a pretty while, one of
the Company jumped out of the Ring and Play'd several
Antic k Tricks, throwing and catching a Lance, bending back
towards the ground and springing forward again with great
Activity, to the no small admiration of the Deputies.

Most of them were six foot high, strait and clean limb'd,
big-bon'd and full breasted ; their faces were round, with short
bottle noses ; Eyes large and sparkling, white even Teeth.

Their hair was strait, long and black, which they wore
down to the middle of their back or lower ; hanging loose at
its full length. They often scratched their heads, and when
they found any lice, they would immediately put them in
their Mouth and eat them ; it's supposed they have not the
use of Combs.

They had no beards, neither does any of the Nation wear
any, but has it, as well as the hair in other parts, pulled up
by the Roots by their Women, except the Eye-Brows and
Eye-Lids ; for which purpose, because they have not the use of
small Pincers, they most dextrously make use of two sticks,
between which they pinch the hair and pluck it up.

Their Colour, as is the rest of the Nation, was Orange
Tawney ; (for this description may serve for the whole Nation,
and, therefore, the digression is the longer). They had newly
anointed themselves with Oyl, which they make use of, to
make their Bodies shine and to make the Skin smooth and
supple, and hinder it from Parching ; they had drawn upon
their Skins many Figures of Birds, Fishes, and Trees, in many
parts of their Bodies, but especially of their Faces; the
Colours were red, yellow and blue. They are laid on with
Pencils made of jagged and beaten sticks.

They were quite Naked, and had not so much as a Rag
about them, only a piece of Flantam Leaf, which was rolled
up into the Figure of an extinguisher, and but half covered
their privities.

They had all a piece of an Oval thin Plate of Gold, which

240 APPENDICES.

covered their Mouth from corner to corner, and hung dangling
over their Lips, being fixed to the inner part of the Nose.

They had several Chains of Teeth, Shells, Beads, hanging
from the Neck down upon the Breast and to the Pit of the
Stomach ; which was looked upon by them as the greatest
piece of finery, and the more weighty and more numerous the
Chains are, the more they value themselves upon their
Dress.

But to put an end to this long, yet necessary Digression :
When they were come to the top of the Hill, and almost in
sight of the King, to shew how welcome they were to both
Sexes, they were entertained by a Dance of Women, who
behaved themselves with great modesty and activity, dancing
in a Ring, as the Men did.

They had every one of them a piece of Cotton Cloath about
their middle, tied behind Avith a Thread, hanging down to their
Ankles ; they were very plump and fat, well-shaped, and had
lively brisk eyes, but something short, and a little too thick.

Their features were very regular, their Hair long and black,
which was tied together with a string just behind the Head.

These women danced still before the Deputies, till they
were arrived in the King's presence, whom they found seated
under a Tree of an extraordinary bigness, upon a kind of a
Throne made of several Logs of Wood, piled neatly one upon
another, and covered with a sort of Party-coloured Cloth,
which he had purchased of the Spaniards for a great Sum of
Gold. He had on his Head a Diadem of Gold Plate, about
ten inches broad, indented at the top, lined within with Net-
work, made of small Canes, and a Robe shaped something like
a Frock, of Cotton, down to his heels, with a Fringe of the
same Cotton above a Span long, with short wide open sleeves,
reaching only to the middle of his Arms ; his face was painted
with Red, as if he designed War upon some of his Neigh-
bours ; he had a Plate of Gold hanging over his Mouth, of an
Oval Figure, covering his mouth from corner to corner ; he
had hanging at each Ear a Pendant made of two large Plates

APPENDIX E. 241

of Gold, fastened to a Ring, tlie one hanging before to the
Breast, and the other behind on the Shoulder : the Plates
were about eight inches long, and shaped like a beast.

Those who attended him wore on their Heads a kind of
Diadem made of Cane-work, indented and jagged at the top,
wrought very fine, and well painted, set round at the top with
long beautiful Feathers, in the form of a Crown.

They all wore several Chains of Teeth, hanging down from
the Neck above a Foot. The Teeth were all indented and
over-run, tallied and notched exactly with the other, which
made them look like a solid piece of Bone.

The Deputies, after they had made a Low Obeysance to his
Majesty, were conducted by the Master of Ceremonies, who is
always a Principal Man, to some Seats made of Logs of
Wood, covered with Cotton Cloth, just over against the
King's Throne, but much lower. After they were seated, they
were by the same Master of Ceremonies commanded to give
an account of the Affairs they had to transact with his
Majesty. Then Mr Pater son, the First of the Embassy, rose up,
and after clue reverence, made a short and pithy Speech ; the
substance of which was. That they mere come from the utter-
most Coast of the World, being the Subjects of a Mighty Prince,
to admire his Grandeur, to establish Traffick, and to make a
strict League ivith him against cdl Enemies whatsoever.

There was a most profound silence during the Speech, and
it was observed that his Majesty smiled, and often twirled
the Plate of Gold which covered his mouth, which was a sign
that he was extremely pleased. But I cannot here omit one
thing which hapi)ened just when the Speech was ended,
which was no small cause of Laughter. A Drove of Monkeys
came leaping up and down the Branches of the Trees, and
maldng extraordinary squeaking, sometimes breaking the
little Branches, and throwing them down among the people,
and pissed among them, and hung down by one another's
Tails in a Chain ; and swinging in that manner till the lower-
most catch'd hold of a Bough of another tree, and drew up

242 APPENDICES.

the rest ; and it's by this means that they pass from top to
top of high trees, whose Branches are a little too far asunder
for their leaping. The Indiana looked upon this as a very
good Omen, and interpreted it thus, That as the Monkeys hy
this Stratayein ivere a mutual assistance one to another, so the
Scots and Indians loould be, and that all woidd end. in 2:>leasure
and profit.

After this little Diversion was over, all was hushed again in
a profound silence. Then, by his Majesties Order, a Noble
Indian stood up, and made a Speech, the substance of which
was, That the bearded Men were welcome ; that there should be
nothing wanting that they could possibly assist them in ; that
a League should coyitinue while Gold and Floods ivere in
Darien (an Expression used there to signify Perpetuity), and
that they might be assured of it the more, his Majesty would
Swear it by his Teeth, and Touching of Lips with his Fingers.

After this Speech was ended, the Deputies were ordered
to withdraw, which they did, making a Profound Reverence
to his Majesty. Then they were conducted to a pleasant cool
place, at a little distance from the place of Audience ; where
they were entertained with a sort of Drink made of Indian
Mace, which was very strong, but of a Sourish Taste, and
is very windy.

The Deputies asked if they had any other sort of Drink ?
Upon which presently was brought in great Calabashes a
milder Drink, called Mislaiv, which is made of Pipe Plantains,
which is not unpleasant to the Palate. After they had been
treated in this place about an hour, a Message came from his
Majesty to invite them to Dinner, which was made ready
under another huge Tree, — for Houses there are none ; this
being only a place for Summer's Diversion, where they fear
no Pain or change of weather for some months.

They found the King Seated on a low Seat, with some few
of the Nobility standing about him. After due reverence
paid to him, they were commanded to sit down at a little
distance from his Majesty, who was at the head of the Table

APPENDIX E. 243

which was made of Twigs most curiously wrought, and
covered thick with Plantain Leaves, instead of Cloth and
Napkins, and instead of Knives, there was a kind of a Dagger
which they use in War, called a Afadmat : In the middle of
the Table was an Earthen Vessel full of Salt, which is very
scarce in the inner Parts of the Country, and another of
Pepper, which is very plentiful, and much used in Dressing
all their Victuals.

The first course was of flesh meat, which was stewed in very
small Pieces in a Pipkin, with Roots and Green Plantains
and Bonanos, with a great deal of Pepper, which was stewed
too much and poured out into Earthen Dishes ; It relished ex-
treamly well, and perfumed the whole place.

The next course was for the most Part of the flesh of two
sorts of Beasts, called by the Tndiajis Peccary and Warree,
which was broyled upon Grid-Irons made of Wood; it was
served up without any sawce ; but when it came to the Table,
one of the waiters strew it ail over with Salt and Pepper.

The third and last Course was of Fish, some boiled in
Earthen Pipkins with Pepper and Bonanos, and some broyled
upon the Indian Grate, called Barhecues.

After all, for a kind of Desert was served in dryed
Plantains, Bonanos, and a kind of a musk Fig with some
Bastard Cinnamon, with which the Country abounds.

Every one had at his right hand, two or three Calabashes
of several of the above-mentioned Liquors, to take and drink
when he pleased without any Cups, and another of Curious
Spring Water.

The King in Eating, dipt his two forefingers of the right
hand bent hook-wise, and took up therewith out of the Dish
as with a Spoon, as much as he could, stroking it a-cross
into his mouth. After every mouthful, he dipt his fingers
into the water by his side, for Cleanliness and Coolness, for
the meat he eat is excessive hot. He eat no bread with it,
but at every three or four mouthfuls he dipt his finger in the
salt and strok't over his tongue.

244 APPENDICES.

All Dinner-time he was entertained with ^lusick, Vocal
and Instrumental, which seemed to be very diverting to him ;
tho' to the guests it seemed harsh and jarring. The subject
of it was the great Achievements of himself and Ancestors,
and concluded -svith a Song to welcome the guests.

After Dinner was over, the Deputies withdrew, and were
Conducted to the place where they had refreshed themselves
after the morning Audience.

CHAPTER YI.

Thdr Game and Manner of Hunting.

They had not been long there, when a Messenger came to
them to ask them if they would be pleased to divert them-
selves with Hunting, for Xews was brought the King, that
a great drove of Peccary was come down the Hills. This
Peccary is a kind of a Wild Hog, very black with little
short legs, yet runs swiftly. Its Navel is upon the back,
and if upon the killing this beast the Xavel is not cut away
from the carcase within four hours at farthest, it taints all
the flesh and makes it stink intollerably ; but if it be taken
away, it will keep well several days, and is well tasted and
very Nourishing Meat. But to return to our discourse, all
things were made ready, the Dogs were brought out, which
are small ill -shaped Curs, with rough straggling hair and
very slow, so that they rather serve for starting Game, than
running it down. The Hunters were all on foot, here being
no Horses, had every one his Bow and Arrows, his Lance,
and a long knife which they call a Macheat. Being thus
accoutred, they set forward, and the Women made frequent
Prayers for their success. The King with the Deputies
stood upon a Hill, where was an excellent Prospect, and

APPENDIX E. 245

where they saw the whole Hunting without scarce moving
a step. With their Men and Dogs and some Nets they had
(which are made of a sort of Grass that we called Silk Grass,
of which strong thread is spun) they surrounded four or five
of them, so that they could not easily escape. They seemed
not to value the Dogs, which durst not attack them, but
stood barking at them, as it were at Bay. But the Hunters
from behind some shrubs, shot them with their Arrows, and
they made away with several of them in their Bodies, and
run very fast for a while, but the loss of Blood soon stopped
their Career. Then they came in with their Dogs and killed
them with their Lances in a trice ; then they cut them into
four quarters immediately, and raised a mighty shout, which
was Answered by the King and the People about him ; some
Playing upon a kind of a Trumpet made of Bambo, and
sounded in an unmusical strain the Death of the Peccary.
As soon as the Peccarys were brought to the King, he made
the Deputies a Present of two of them.

At Night they took leave of the King, and were conducted
to the forementioned place of retirement, where were hung
several large Hammocks made of Silk Grass, and tied from
Tree to Tree. The Night was pleasant and refreshing, and
everybody slept as well as if he had been in the best fur-
nished Chamber, there was all round a mighty silence,
and the pleasant murmuring of the wind in the tops of
the Trees gently moved us to sleep ; neither were we
troubled with the least fly or insect, which are very
troublesome in low swampy ground. But it's not here to
be forgot, that a profer was made of some young Women
to solace the Deputies, which was modestly refused. Every-
body slept soundly till about Sun rising, when we were
awaked by a noise of Panawers, of which enough has
been said above.

246 APPENDICES.

CHAPTER VII.

Of their Return to Furt St Andrew.

After they had dressed and refreshed themselves with some
of the Peccary Barbecued, or broyled upon a Wooden Grate,
they walked up and down those pleasant Groves, and passed
two Days more with almost the same Entertainment and
Ceremonies as at first. The third day Early in the Morning
they had their Audience of Cowje ; and several young Boys
of the Chief Nobility were recommended to the Deputies to
be Educated, and to learn the Scottish Language, who were
kindly received by them ; who were glad to have so many
Pledges for the observation of the Treaty, and which was the
greatest mark imaginable of their sincerity, they were recon-
ducted down the Hills with almost the same Ceremonies and
Dancings they had at their coming up. All was pleasant and
gay, only the Mothers of the young boys made at first a mighty
howling and beating of their Breasts ; but they were com-
forted by their Husbands, who told them It wotdd only he for
a while, and that the Deputies would send some Boys <f their
Nation to he trained in their stead.

In our return we met with a sort of Wild Hog, called
Warree by the Indians : It is very good Meat ; it has little
Ears, but very great Tusks, and the Hair or Bristles 'tis
covered with are long and thick-Set. It's a fierce Creature,
and dreads no beast whatsoever; but one of the Company
quickly dispatched it with a Slug shot out of a Fowling Piece.
The noise of the Shot roused at the same time a stately
horned Buck, who made his escape.

We saw abundance of Rabbits, which are as large as Hares,
which have no Tails, but little short Ears, with huge large
long Claws. They have no Burroughs, but lodge in the Roots
of Trees. Several of them were killed. They are Excellent
Meat, and eat much moister than European Rabbits.

APPENDIX E. 247

We met with whole Droves of Monkeys, most of them
black, some few white ; some with large Beards, others Beard-
less, which were then fat, the Fruits being ripe, and are very
agreeable meat.

We saw many other sorts of Animals, of which a further
Account will be given in a particular Treatise, by an ingeni-
ous Gentleman who designs the Natural History of these
parts. But we neither saw Bullock, Horse, Ass, Sheep,
Goats, nor so much as a Cat, tho' they be much troubled
with Eats and j\Iice, so that one may make their Fortunes by
Cats, as Whittington did, who was twice or thrice Mayor of
London, which confirms that common Tradition of his sudden
acquiring of great Riches.

The Countrey we returned thro' was very Woody, only here
and there were some pleasant Savanals, where grows great
plenty of Maiz, which makes a substantial strong Bread, but
it Eats something dryer and harsher than our Wheat. It
produces a wonderful increase, above a Thousand for One.
The Planting and Gathering of it is the Work of the Women.
The men's Employment is only Hunting and Fishing.

There are infinite quantities of Cedar, very high and large.
The Wood is very Red, of a curious Grain, and of a very
fragrant smell. The only use they make of them is for
Canoa's and Periago's ; the first being much less than the
second ; which latter sometimes, tho' all of one Tree hollowed,
will conveniently carry fifty or threescore men.

There are great store of Plantains which produce an excel-
lent Fruit. The Indians set them in Rows, and they make
very delightful Groves.

Bonano's grow here in great plenty : They are a sort of
Plantains ; the Fruit is short and thick, sweet and mealy ; it
eats excellently well raw, but the Plantain eats best when it's
boiled.

But the Crown of all is that Delicious Food which we call
the Pine Apple, shaped something like an Artichoak, as big as
a man's head. It grows like a Crown on the top of a stalk,

248 APPENDKJES.

about the thickness of an ordinary man's arm, and a Foot and
a half high. The Fruit is commonly 7 lbs. weight, inclosed
with short prickly Leaves. This Fruit has no Kernal in it.
'Tis very juicy, and seems to taste of all the Delicious Fruits
together. It ripens at all times of the Year, and is raised
from new Plants. The Leaves of the Plant are broad, about
a Foot long, and grow from the Ptoot. >Some of the Ck)mpany
would have called it The Vegetable Manna, which would have
been no improper name ; for it has a thousand Delights in its
Taste, and may supply the Defects of all Sort of Fruits. Its
Leaves serve for covering of Houses, and Bed-cloaths over the
Hammock.s. Two or three of them will defend one from the
Sun and the Kain.

We saw Sugar-Canes in abundance ; but the Indians know
not how to make Sugar. They will carry them as they walk,
under their Arms, and now and then take a piece of one of
them and chew it, and suck out the juice.

Bastard Cinnamon Trees grow in most places, which bear a
sort of a Cod something shorter than a Bean-Cod, but much
thicker. It's thought if they were transplanted, the Bark
might in time be little inferior to the fam'd Cinnamon of
Ceilon.

There grows plentifully two sorts of Pepper, the one called
Bell-Pepper, the other Bird-Pepper, which are both much
used by the Indians. Both sorts grow on a shrubby Bush
about a yard high. The Bird-Pepp>er has the smaller leaf,
and is much more esteemed by the Indians and is capable of
great improvements.

lied Wood, fit for Dyers, is no less plentiful than the
former. The Trees are commonly about 40 Foot high, about
the thickness of ones Thigh. The Indians with this, and a
kind of Earth, dye Cottons for their Hammocks. It makes a
bright lively Bed.

The Tobacco that grows here is not so strong as that in
Virginia, which we attributed to their want of Skill in
managing it ; for they raise it onely from Seed, and never

APPENDIX E. 249

transplant it, as they do in all the Tobacco Countries. When
it's cured, they strip it from the stalks, and laying 2 or 3
Leaves upon one another, they roll up all together sideways
into a long Roll, leaving a little hollow ; round this they roll
other Leaves, closed hard, till it be as big as one's Wrist, and
2 or 3 foot long. They smoke it in Company thus : A Boy
lights one end of the Roll, and burns it to a Coal, wetting
the part next it, to keep it from wasting too fast. The end
so lighted he puts into his mouth, and blows the smoak thro'
the whole length of the Roll into everybody's Face in the
Company. Then they sitting in their usual posture upon
forms, make with their hands held hollow together, a kind of
Funnel round their Mouths and Noses, they snufl" it up
greedily, and are extreamly pleased, and look on it as the
greatest of Refreshments.

These were the most remarkable things we observed in our
going and returning, besides great variety of Fowl, which
deserves a more particular Account, which is left to the
Author of the Natural History, here being no room for such
large Accounts.

As soon as we were come within sight of a^'^ Andniv's Fort,
we all fell down on our knees to give God most hearty thanks
for our Success and happy Return, and were presently met by
a great part of the Garrison. Never were people so caressed,
tears of Joy standing in everybodies eyes ; and there was
great striving among them about getting the Education of
the Indian Boys, who in a short time had most of them
learned a great many words of our Language. So that it's
not doubted but in a short time they will attain the Perfection
of it, as some of our Little ones Avill do of theirs, who ai-e
speedily to be sent to remain with the Indians, according to
the Agreement in the League, which it's hoped will prove as
advantageous to Scotland, as that made between Charlemain
and King Achaius.

250 APPENDICES.

CHAPTER VIIL

Of tha Advantages of the scituation of Fort St Andrew, and the
Interest of jyreserving it, and the Dangers tlmt threaten
it ; With the Conclusion of the History.

The SiJciniards, whom it highly concerns, will do their utmost
to disturb us, but unless they be assisted by some other
Nation, we have no great Reason to fear them ; for the daily
confluence from all parts, of great shoals of People, the
strength of the Scituation of Fort St Andrew, the League with
the Indians, and the frequent Defiles will render it an Enter-
prise too difficult for them. They made some feeble attempts
from St Maria, but we dispatching a few select Men, under
the Command of Capt. Montgomery, met them in a Plantain
Walk, quickly dispersed them, took above 100 Prisoners, and
among the rest their Chief Commander Don Domingo de la
Rada, who is yet a prisoner at Fort St Andrew, and will be
continued there till we have a Good Account of the Sjxmiards'
treatment of Capt. Pinharton, who commanding the Dolphin
Tender, was forced by distress of Weather under the Walls of
Carthagena, and made Prisoner last February, a little before
the above mentioned Skirmish happened.

As we grow stronger, we shall endeavour to procure a part
in the South Sea, from whence it's not above 6 weeks Sail to
Japan and some parts of China ; so that, bating distress of
weather, by bringing the Commoditys of those Countries
over this narrow Isthmus, the Riches of those Kingdoms may
in 4 or 5 months' time arrive in Furope.

What Interest England has in concurring to the Preserva-
tion of this Colony, it's needless to dispute, since they have
Arts and Means to share in the Riches of Scotland. And all
our Nobility and Gentry must, for their own Interest, attend
the Court of England and consequently disperse their money

APPENDIX E. 251

among them. All these Circumstances concurring, makes us
hope it will be one of the most thriving Colonies in the
World, and that all Attempts against it will prove abortive,
which ought to be the wish of all the Inhabitants of Great
Britain.

FINIS.

APPENDIX F.

A PERFECT

LIST

OF THE

SEVEEAL PEPuSONS PESIDENTERS

SCOTLAND,

WHO HAVE SUBSCRIBED AS ADVENTURERS IN THE JOYNT-STOCK OF THE COJI-

PANY OF SCOTLAND TRADING TO AFRICA AND THE INDIES.

TOGETHER WITH THE RESPECTIVE SUMS WHICH THEY HAVE SEVERALLY

SUBSCRIBED IN THE BOOKS OF

THE SAID COMPANY, AMOUNTING IN THE WHOLE

TO THE SUM OF £400,000 Sterling.

EDINBURGH:

PRINTED AND SOLD BY THE HEIRS AND SUCCESSORS OV

ANDREW ANDERSON, PRINTER TO

THE king's most EXCELLENT MAJESTY.

ANNO DOM, 1696.

APPENDIX r.

A LIST, &c.

William Arbuckle, merchant in Glasgow, £2000

Archibald earl of Argyle, 1500

Michael Allan, merchant in Edinburgh, 1000

William earl of Annandale, 1000

Mr William Areskine, governour of Blackness, 1000

The Faculty of Advocats, 1000

Sir Patrick Aikenhead, commissary-clerk of Edin. 1000

John Anderson of Dovehill, and provost of Glasgow, 1000

James Auchinleck, chirurgion-apothecary in Edinburgh, 600

John marquis of Athol, 500

Alexander Anstruther of New-wark, 500

William Ainslie of Blackhill, 500

Mr Walter Atchison of Ruchsolloch, 500
Sir William Anstruther of Anstruther, one of the Senators

of the Colledge of Justice, 400

Captain Alexr. Anderson, in Sir John Hill's regiment, 400

Sir John Areskine of Alva, 300

Sir James Abercrombie of Birkenbog, 300

Captain John Areskine, brother to the laird of Alva, 300

Lady Alva, 300

Robert Anstruther of Wrea, 300

James Allan of Sauchnell, 300

John Allardes, younger, merchant in Aberdeen, 200

Mr William Aikman of Cairny, advocat, 200

Sir Alexander Areskine of Cambo, Lyon King at Arms, 200

Sir John Aitoun of that Ilk, 200

The town of Air, 200
John Alexander of Blackhouse, for lumself and lady

Grange, 200
Mrs Veronica Areskine, daughter to the deceased David lord

Cardross, 200

Thomas Anderson, son to baillie Anderson, 200

William Alves, writer in Edinburgh, 200

John Angus, brewer there, 200

James Adam, merchant in Glasgow, 200

John Armour, taylor there, 200

John Alexander, merchant in Glasgow, 125

Penelope Areskine, sister to Cambo, 100

Mr Thomas Aikman, writer to the Signet, 100

Claud Alexander of Newton, 100

Matthew Atcheson, merchant in Glasgow, 100

John Aird, dean of guild there, 100

John Anderson, junior, merchant in Glasgow, 100

Carry Forward . . £17825

256 APPENDICES.

Broxtrjht Forward . . £17825

John Allan, merchant in Hamilton, 100

John Adam, senior, merchant in Glasgow, 100

Alexander Adam, taylor there, 100

William Arthur, tajdor in Cannongate, 100

Thomas Alstoun, shoe-maker in Glasgow, 100

Mr Alexander Auchterlony, indweller in Dundee, 100

Archibald Arnot, apothecary there, 100

Thomas Abercrombie, skipper there, 100

James Alison, late baillie there, 100

George Anderson, merchant in Haddington, 100

Colin Alison, sub-collector of His Majesties Excise, 100

William Allan, taylor in Stirling, 100

John Archibald, writer in Edinburgh, 100

William Allan, portioner of Dudingston, 100
George Anderson, son to Mr John Anderson, minister at

Leslie, 100

Gabriel Alison of Dunjop, 100
Margaret Adamson, daughter to the deceased Patrick Adamson,

merchant in Kelso, 100

Robert Arbuthnet, servit. to E. Marshall, 100

Michael Anderson, of Tushalaw, 100

Jean Arthur, daughter to John Arthur of Newton, 100

The town of Saint-Andrews, 100

John lord Belhaven, 3000

The Royal Burrows, 3000

Mr Robert Blackwood, merchant in Edinburgh, 2000

James Balfour, merchant there. 2000

Sir Thomas Burnet of Lees, ' 1000

William Baillie of Lamington, 1000

George Baillie of Jerviswood, 1000

Alexander Brand, merchant in Edinburgh, 1000

John Baillie, clwrurgion there, 1000

Robert Blackwood, merchant there, 1000

Alexander Baird, merchant there, 1000

James Byers. merchant there, 700

The town of Brichen, 700

Robert master of Burleigh, 500

Sir John Baird of Newbyth, 500

John Bruce of Kinross, 500

Sir William Baird younger of Newbyth, 500

Sir AVilliam Binning of Waliford, 500

William Biggar of Woolmot, 500

Lieutenant colonel James Bruce of Kennet, 500

Hugh Blair, merchant in Edinburgh, 500

Thomas Burnet, merchant in Aberdeen, 500

John Broun, skipper in Leith, 400

Carry For%vard . . £43225

APPENDIX F. 257

Brought Fonvard . . £43225

Elizabeth lady Borthwick, 400

Thomas Baxter, taylor in Glasgow, 400

Sir Thomas Burnet, doctor of medicin, 300

William Bennet younger of Grubbet, 300

John Bowman, merchant in Glasgow, 300
William Bonteine, son to Nicol Bonteine of Ardoch, merchant

in Glasgow, 300
James Blackwood, son to Mr Robert Blackwood, merchant in

Edinburgh, 300

James Broun, senior, chyrurgion in Edinburgh, 200

Edward Broun, merchant there, 200

John Barclay, chyrurgion in Cowper, 200

John Baillie of Woodside, 200

Robert Broune of New-hall, 200

Alexander Blair, dean of guild of Dundee, 200

Thomas Bethune of Tarbat, 200

James Balnevis of Glencarss, 200

Mr Alexander Broun of Thornydykes, 200

Mr Robert Bannerman, brother to Elsik, 200

Andrew Baillie of Parbroth, 200

Andrew Broun of Dolphingtoun, doctor of medicin, 200

John Burd, merchant in Stirling, 200

William Bonar, clerk to the Mint, 200
Captain Edward Burd, commander of His Majesties ship The

Royal William, 200

William Baxter, merchant in Glasgow, 200

James Baillie, merchant in Edinburgh, 200

The incorporation of the baxters in Edinburgh, 200

The incorporation of the baxters of Glasgow, 200

William Broun, merchant in Edinburgh, 200
James Broun, son to Hugh Broun, senior, chyrurgeon-

apothecary there, 200

John Barbour, merchant in Inverness, 200

James Ballingall, maltman in Strathmiglo, 150

James Barbour, merchant in Inverness, 140

William Bryson, late baillie of Dunbar, 120

John Bowie, merchant in Falkirk, 100

George Brodie of Aslisk, 100

Robert Bruce in Aberdeen, 100

Adam Bucknay, merchant in Linlithgow, 100
Andrew Burnet, brother-germau to Mr Thomas Burnet of

Kimnay, 100
Mr James Broun, minister of the united churches Lundie and

Foulis, 100

Hugh Brown, writer in Edinburgh, 100

William Baillie of Montoun, 100

Carry Forward . . £51135
B

258 APPENDICES.

Browjht Forward . . £51135

Francis Baillie, his brother-german, 100

Thomas Boyd of Pitcon, 100

Robert Boyd of Trochrig, 100

David Burton, glasier in Edinburgh, 100

John Baird, merchant in Kilmarnock, 100

George Borland, merchant there, 100

Thomas Brown, litster in Glasgow, 100

James Brabner, merchant in Aberdeen, 100

Mrs Elizabeth Brisbane, daughter to Bishoptoun, 100

James Blair, writer in Air, 100

Walter Boswel of Balbartoun, 100

Mr William Black, advocat, 100

James Bruce of Wester-Kinloch, 100

James Baillie, writer in Edinburgh, 100

Henry Balfour of Denbuge, 100

James Baillie, merchant in Aberdeen, 100

John Bairdie, merchant in Linlithgow, 100

Bessie Bogle, relict of Robert Bogle, mercht. in Glasg. 100

William Buchanan, merchant there, 100

William Barclay, merchant there, 100

William Blackburn, merchant there, 100

John Buchanan, merchant there, 100

Christian Boyd, relict of Peter Gemmil, mercht. there, 100

John Ballantine, merchant in Air, 100

John Ballantine of Craigmuire, 100

John Boyd, chyrurgion-apothecary in Glasgow, 100

George Buntine, peutherer there, 100

George Buchanan, malt-man there, 100

Patrick Bryce, malt-man there, 100

Katharine Binning lady Bavelaw, 100

Capt. John Blackadder, in col. Ferguson's regiment, 100

David Baillie, apothecary in Edinburgh, 100

John Bruce, felt-maker there, 100

Andrew Broun, watch-maker there, 100

John Bethune, merchant in Dundee, 100

Alexander Bruce, merchant there, 1 00
Elizabeth Blackwood, daughter to Mr Robert Blackwood,

merchant in Edinburgh, 100

James Brisbane, writer to the Signet, 100

Francis Brodie, merchant in Edinburgh, 100

Mr James Baillie, writer to the Signet, 100

Capt. John Brodie, in my L. Murray's regiment, 100

Thomas Bowar, merchant in Dundee, 100

Patrick Balnavis, late baillie there, 100
Marion Borthwick, relict of James Cunningham, cowper in

Leith, 100

Carry Forward . . £55535

APPENDIX P. 259

Brought Forward . . £55535

Alexander Biggar, brewer in Gaims-hall, 100

Margaret Broun, daughter to Blackburn, 100

William Brotherstous, harnis-maker in Cannongate, 100

Mr John Boyd, one of the regents of Glasg. Colledge, 100

Mr James Brown, minister there, 100

Peter Barton in Barronhill, 100

The incorporation of the baxters of the Cannongate, 100

William Blackrie, merchant in Aberdeen, 100

Mr John Borthwick, gold-smith in Edinburgh, 100

Charles Bethun, son to David Bethun of Balfour, 100

Sir Robert Chiesly, lord provost of Edinburgh, 2000

John Corse, merchant in Glasgow, 1500

John lord Carmichael, 1000

Adam Cockburn of Ormistoun, lord Justice-Clerk, 1000

Sir George Campbell of Cesnok, 1000

Sir William Cuningham of Cuninghamhead, 1000

Sir William Cochran of Kilmaronnock, 1000

Daniel Campbell, merchant in Glasgow, 1000

Daniel Carmichael of Malsly, 1000

John Crauford of Fergus-hill, 1000

Charles Charters, merchant in Edinburgh, 1000

George Clark, merchant there, 1000
Mr Gilbert Campbel, son to Colin Campbel of Souter-houses,

and merchant in Edinburgh, 1000
Mungo Cochran & Partners in Glasg. viz. Patrick Gow and

William Struthers equally amongst them, 1000

Ma the w Gumming, merchant there, 1000

Hugh Cunningham, merchant in Edinburgh, 1000

Andrew Cassie of Kirk-house, 800

Mr James Campbel, brother to E. Argyle, 700

The incorporation of the chuurgions in Edinburgh, 600

John Callender of Craigforth, 600

David lord Cardros, 500

William lord Cranstoun, 500
Sir Colin Campbel of Aberuchel, one of the Senators of the

Colledge of Justice, 500

Mr William Carmichael, advocat, 500

Sir Colin Campbel of Arkindlass, 500

John Cauldwell of that Ilk, 500

James Carnagie of Balnamoon, 500

John Carstairs of Kilconquher, 500

Duncan Campbel of Monzie, 500

Patrick Chambers, belt-maker in Edinburgh, 500

Cowan's Hospital in Stirling, 500

Alexander Campbel of Calder, 500

John Corsbie and James Coulter merchts. in Dumfries, 500

Carry Forward . . £83235

260 APPENDICES.

Browjht Forward . . £83235

David Crauford, keeper of the Signet, 400

Ai-chibald Cockburn, merchant in Edinburgh, 400

Mungo Campbel of Burn bank, 400
Adam Craick of Airbuchland, and William Craick of

Duchlaw, 400

Sir Humphray Colquhoun of Luss, 400

Mr David Carmichael, son to the lord Carmichael, 300

Patrick Cockburn of Clerkingtoun, 300

Henry Cheap of Rossie, 300

Henry Crauford of Mouorgan, 300

James Crauford of Muntquhauie, 300

Hugh Cunningham, writer to the Signet, 300

William Charters, sherifE-deput of Dumfries, 300

William Currie, merchant in Acheuskew, 300

Mr William Castlelaw, 300

Henry Craufurd, merchant in Dundee, 230

Lady Susan Campbel, 200

Major James Cunningham of Aickett, 200

Mark Carse of Cockpen, 200

Colin Campbell of Lochlan, 200

John Crauford younger of Craufordland, 200

Walter Cornwal of Bonhard, 200

Dr Alexander Cranstoun, 200

John Cunningham, writer to the Signet, 200

Mr John Campbell, writer to the Signet, 200

Ronald Campbell, writer to the Signet, 200

James Cleland, son to James Cleland, mercht. in Edin. 200

Adam Cleghorn, merchant in Edinburgh, 200

Patrick Crauford, merchant in Edinburgh, 200

Robert Clerk, chirurgion-apothecary there, 200

Sir Alexander Cuming of Culter, 200

William Cochran, merchant in Glasgow, 200

John Corbett, merchant in Drumfreis, 200

George Cockburn, younger, merchant in Haddington, 200

Thomas Campbell, flesher in Edinburgh, 200

George Cuthbert of Castlehill, 150

William Carmichael, taylor in Glasgow, 150

Thomas Calder, merchant there, 100

Isobel Cranston, daughter to Dr Cranston, 100

William Cochran, collector at Renfrew, 100

Marion Cleghorn, relict of baillie Thomas Robertson, 100

Robert Corbet, merchant in Drumfreis, 100

Robert Couper, sheriff-clerk of Selkirk, 100
Hugh Campbell, merchant, son to the deceased Sir Hugh

Campbell of Cesnock, 100

Archibald Campbell, merchant in Glasgow, 100

Mungo Campbell, of Nether-place, 100

Carry Forward . . £93165

APPENDIX F. 261

Brought Fonvard . . £93165

James Crockett, merchant iu Edinburgh, 100

Mr Mattliew Campbell of Water-haugh, 100

Laurence Cragie of Kilgrastoun, 100

Mr Alexander Cunningham, merchant in Irwin, 100

Mr William Cuningham, apothecary there, 100

James Craigie, younger, of Dumbarnie, 100

Hugh Crauford, merchant in Air, 100

William Chalmer, merchant there, 100

Patrick Coltrane, merchant there, 100

■ Mungo Campbell, merchant there, 100

William Cleghorn, merchant in Dalkeith, 100

John Clerk, elder, merchant iu Greenock, 100

Elias Cathcart, merchant in Air, 100

Henry Chrystie, merchant in Glasgow, 100

John Crosbie, merchant in Drumfreis, 100

William Curror in New-house, 100

John Currie, merchant in Glasgow, 100

John Carse, son to Cockpen, 100

John Carsell of Lounsdale, in the parish of Pasley, 100

Charles Cunningham, ensign in Sir John Hill's regt. 100

Alexander Cairlile, merchant in Glasgow, 100

Robert Corbett, merchant there, 100

Stephen Crauford, copper-smith there, 100

Peter Corbett, malt-man there, 100

John Corss, commissary-clerk there, 100

John Crauford, merchant in Newport- Glasgow, 100

Alexander Cochran, younger, of Craigmure, 100

John Crombie, sheriff-clerk of Roxburgh, 100

Captain Allan Cathcart in Sir John Hill's regiment, 100

James Cleland, merchant in Edinburgh, 100

Alex. Cuningham, servit. to Sir Gilbert Eliot, advocat, 100

Alexander Cleland, junior, merchant in Edinburgh, 100

Mrs Janet Carse, sister to Cockpen, 100

Henry Chrystisou, commissary of Stirling, 100

George Crocket, merchant in Dundee, 100

Andrew Cockburn, merchant in Edinburgh, 100

James Coupar of Lochblair, 100

Alexander Cleghorn, merchant in Edinburgh, 100

Lady Lillias Carr, sister to the earl of Lothian, 100

Jean Cameron, daughter to Donald Cameron, 100

Patrick Crauford, brother to Kilbirnie, 100

John Currie, merchant in Edinburgh, 100

The Town of Cowpar in Fife, 100
Catherin Charters, daughter to Mr Laurence Charters,

advocat, 100

Dougall Campbell of Saddell, 100

John Currie, merchant in Linlithgow, 100

Carry Forimrd . . £97765

262 APPENDICES.

Brov^ht Forward . . £97765

John Cleland, merchant m Edinburgh, 100

Robert Currie, merchant there, 100

The Incorporation of the Cordiners of Edinburgh, 100

The Incorporation of the Cordiners of Glasgow, 100

The Incorporation of the Coupers of Glasgow, 100

John Chatto, elder, merchant in Edinburgh, 100

EdwardSCleghorn, gold-smith there, 100

Robert Couper, baillie in Strathmiglo, 100

Colin Campbell of Bogholt, 100

The Incorporation of the Cordiners in the Cannongate, 100

James Gumming, merchant in Edinburgh, 100

James Campbell of Kinpont, 100

William Callender, junior, merchant in Falkirk, 100

William Callender, elder, merchant there, 100
Mrs Christian Cockburn, daughter to Adam Cockburn of

Ormiston, 100

Alexander Crauford in Abercorn, 100

Frederick Corser, merchant in Dundie, 100

Henry Cheap of Rossie younger, 100

George Cranston, in Baxtounlej'es, 100

Duncan Campbell of Dunneaves, 100

Christian Carr, sister-german to John Carr of Cavers, 100

George Cruikshank, junior, merchant in Aberdeen, 100
Mr Thomas Chrighton of Tillyfergus, chamberlain to the earl

of Perth, 100
Anna Cunningham, daughter to the deceast Mr James Cun-
ningham in Alva, 100
Agnes Campbell, relict of the deceast Andrew Anderson his

Majesties printer, 100

Mr Patrick Campbell, brother to Monzie, 100

David Cuthbert, brother to Castlehill, 100

Mr James Carnagie of Craigie, 100

John Crauford, collector at Inverness, 100

Robert Cuming of Relugas, merchant in Inverness, 100

William Carruthers of Whytcroft, 100

John Drummond of Newton, 2325

Mr William Dunlop, principal of the coll. of Glasgow, 2000

James lord Drummond, 1000

Susan countess of Dundonald, 1000

Sir Robert Dickson of Sornbegg, 1000

Alexander Duncan of Lundie, 1000

George Dundass, merchant in Leith, 1000

Mr John Duncan, merchant in Edinburgh, 1000

Thomas Dalrymple, doctor of medicin, 700

David Drummond of Cultmalindie, 600

John Drummond of Culquhalzie, 600

Alexander Dundass, doctor of medicin, 600

Carry Fonvard . . £113690

APPENDIX F. 263

Brought Forward . . £113690

James marquis of Douglas, 500

John Dunlop of that Ilk, 500

Mr Hugh Dalrymple, advocat, 600

The town of Drumfreis, 500

Mr William Drummond, brother to Logie- Almond, 500

Adam Drummond of Megginsh, 500

Arch. Douglas, brother to Sir Wm. Douglas of Cavers, 500

Thomas Drummond of Logie- Almond, 500

Capt. Charles Douglas, son to Sir Wm. Douglas, col. 500
James Dunlop, collector at Borrowstounness, and merchant

in Edinburgh, 500

Thomas Dishingtoun, merchant in Leith, 500

John Duncan, merchant in Edinburgh, 500

Robert Dinwiddle, merchant in Glasgow, 500

Sir James Dunbar of Mochrum, 400

Mary Douglas lady Hilton, ' 400

Sir James Don of Newton, 400

Mr James Dalrymple of Killoch, 400

Mr David Dalrymple, advocat, 400

Adolphus Durham, merchant in Edinburgh 400

Charles Divvie, merchant there, 400

Sir William Denham of Westsheids, 300

Mr David Dickson, doctor of medicin, 300

John Dickson, Secretary to the marquis of Tweeddale 300

George Danizell, wright in Glasgow, 300

Charles Dalrymple, writer in Kilmarnock, 300

Alexander Dufif of Drummure, 300

William Duff of Diple, 260

Henrieta Dalyell, Lady Glennae, 200

Captain James Drummond of Comrie, 200

Henry Douglas, keeper of the signet, 200

John Drummond, brother to Cultimalindie, 200
Alexander Douglas, Guiddon and major to his majesties troup

of guards, 200

Mrs Christian Dundas, daughter to Kincavil, advocat, 200

Robert Douglas, senior, soap-boyler in Leith, 200

Laurence Don, taylor in Edinburgh, 200

John Duncan, late baillie in Dundee, 200

William Douglas, merchant in Dalkeith, 200
Mrs Agnes Dalyell, daughter to the deceased Sir Robt. Dalyell

of Glennae, baronet, 200

James Dunbar of Dalcross, late baillie of Inverness, 180

John Dickson, merchant in Edinburgh, 100

Abraham Davidson, merchant in Aberdeen, 100

Alexander Dunbar, merchant in Edinburgh, 100

Nicholas De-Champs, paper maker in Glasgow, 100

Robert Douglas of Strathenrie, 100

Carry Forward . . £127930

264 APPENDICES.

Brought Forward . . £127930

Thomas Dunlop, chirurgion in Edinburgh, 100

Thomas Darling, doctor of the grammar school of Edin. 100

Walter Denningstoun, merchant in Glasgow, 100

Laurence Dinwiddie, merchant in Glasgow, 100

Marion Davidson, relict of John Glen, minister in Glas. 100

Susanna Douglass, relict of Ninian Anderson, merchant in

Glasgow, 100
John Donaldson, elder, malt-man there, 100
William Dykes, writer to the signet, 100
Mr John Dallas, son to St Martins, 100
John Dunbar, merchant in Edinburgh, 100
James Dykes, cordiner in Cannongate, 100
David Drummond, merchant in Dundee, 100
John Dick, writer there, 100
Robert Douglas, junior, soap-boyler in Leith, 100
Patrick Dundas, son to Brestmiln, 100
Alexander Duncan, merchant in Dundee, 100
Alexander Dunbar, tailor in Edinburgh, 100
Richard Dickson, merchant there, 100
Mr James Dowie, merchant there, 100
George Duncan, merchant in Inverness, 100
William Dunbar, son to the laird of Durn, 100
Mr James Douglas, minister at Stow, 100
The town of Dunbar, 100
John Durie, skipper in Kirkaldie, 100
John Dallas, writer, burgess of Fortross, 100
Robert Douglas, merchant in Edinburgh, 100
Lodovick Drummond, chamberlain to my lord Drum-
mond, 100
The Good Town of Edinburgh, 3000
Lieutenant colonel John Erskin, son to David lord Car-
dross, 1200
Mr James Elphingstoun, one of the commissaries of Edin-
burgh, 1000
Gideon Eliot, chirurgion there, 500
William Eliot of Borthwick-brae, 200
Robert Eliot of Middle-milu, 200
Mr William Eccles, doctor of medicin, 200
Thomas Edgar, chirurgion in Edinburgh, 200
Mr Edward Eizat, doctor of medicin, 200
James Erskine, brother-german to the laird of Pittodi'ie, 200
John Edingtoun, writer there, 200
John Ewing, writer there, 100
David Edgar of Keithock, 100
John Eliot, writer to the signet, 100
Walter Eliot of Erckletoun, 100
Gilbert Eliot of Stonedge, 100

Carry Forward . . £138230

APPENDIX F. 265

Brought Fonvard . . £138230

Andrew Fletcher of Saltoun, 1000

Samuel Forbes of Foverain, 1000

Sir Alexander Forbes of Tulquhon, 500

Sir James Fleeming of Rathobyres, 500

John Forbes, brother to Foverain, 500

Patrick Farmer, mercliant in Edinburgh, 500

Captain Charles Forbes, in Sir John Hill's regiment, 400

George Fullertoun of Dreghorn, 300

Mr John Frank, advocat, 300

Mr John Fairholm, advocat, 300

Arthur Forbes of Eicht, younger, 200

Duncan Forbes of Cullodcn, 200

Thomas Forbes of Watertoun, 200

Colonel James Ferguson, 200

Major John Forbes, 200

Captain John Forbes of Forbestoun, 200

Dame Helen Fleemiug, 200

Mr John Fleemiug, advocat, 200

Mr David Forbes, advocat, 200

Adam Freer, doctor of medicin, 200

Mr John Forrest, minister at Prestoun-haugh, 200

Alexander Forbes, goldsmith in E^dinburgh, 200

James Fairholm, merchant in Edinburgh, 200

James Fyfe, merchant in Aberdeen, 200

Thomas Fairholm, writer in Edinburgh, 200
Barbara Frazer, relict of George Stirling, chirurgion -apothecary

in Edinburgh, 200

James Fletcher, provost of Dundee, 200

William Fulton, merchant in Edinburgh, 100

John Ferguson, skipper in Air, 100

David Ferguson, merchant there, 100

John Frazer, servitor to Alex. Innes, mercht. in Edin. 100

John Findlay, merchant in Kilmarnock, 100

William Fairlie of Bruntsfield, 100

Captain Francis Ferquhard in Sir John Hill's regiment, 100

Isobel Foulis lady Drylaw, 100

Mr Arthur Forbes, son to Craigievar, 100

Mr Robert Frazer, advocat, 100

Cicilia Fotheringham, lady Kilry, 100

Thomas Fairweather, merchant in Dundee, 100

George Fotheringham of Bandean, 100

George Fenwick, vintner in Edinburgh, 100

Robert Fergus, merchant there, 100

John Ferrier, merchant in Dundee, 100

Robert Forrester, merchant in Edinburgh, 100

William Ferguson, merchant in Kirkaldie, 100

Alexander Finlayson, writer in Edinburgh, 100

C'an-y Forward . . £148830

266 APPENDICES.

Brought Forward . . £148830

Thomas Fullertoun, late commander of the William and Mary,

friggat, 100
William Ferguson, brother german to Mr Alexander Ferguson

of Isle, advocat, 100

Mr James Fleeming, governour to Ochtertyre, 100

Mr John Flint, minister at Lochswade, 100

Robert Fletcher of Ballanshoe, 100

Mr David Forrester, minister at Lonforgen, 100

The Town of Glasgow, 3000

John lord Glenorchy, 2000

John Graham, younger, of Dougalstoun, 2000

Adam Gordon of Dalpholly, 1000

Mungo Grseme of Gorthy, 700

Thomas Grseme of Balgowan, 600

Thomas Gibson of Cramond, 500

The guildrie of Aberdeen, 500

John Geills, merchant in Edinburgh, 500

James Gibson, merchant in Glasgow, 500

Sir Robert Gordon of Gordonstoun, 400

Sir John Gibson of Pentland, 400

Alexander Gibson, one of the clerks of the session, 400

James Graham of Orchill, 300

Adam Gairdine of Greenhill, 300

The guildrie of Linlithgow, 300

James Gordon, senior, merchant in Aberdeen, 250

Mr David Grseme of Kilor, 200

The guildrie of Dundee, 200

The guildrie of Stirling, 200

George Greive, apothecary in Dundee, 200
Mr James Gregory, professor of the mathematicks in the

coUedge of Edinburgh, 200

William Graham, merchant in Edinburgh, 200

James Gregory, student of medicin, 200

Dame Margaret Graham lady Kinloch, 200

Thomas Glessel, merchant in Glasgow, 150
John Graham, son to John Graham, clerk to the chan-

cellary, 100

Mr Zacharias Gemill of Bogside, 100

William Gordon, writer in Edinburgh, 100

Mr Francis Grant of Colin, advocat, 100

Captain James Gibson in colonel Macgill's regiment, 100

Captain John Gordon in my lord Strathnavers regt. 1 00

Walter Graham at the Miln of Cask, 100

Mr John Graham of Aberuthven, 100
Alexander Gordon, son to Mr Alexander Gordon, minister at

Inverarey, 100

Patrick Gilmor, taylor in Glasgow, 100

Carry Forioard . . £165830

APPENDIX P. 267

Brought Forward . . £165830

William Gilchrist, merchant there, 100

Thomas Gemill, hammerman in Gorbels, 100

Donald Govan, merchant in Glasgow, 100

Finlay Gray, merchant there, 100

Thomas Gordon, skipper in Leith, 100

Piobert Gardyne, younger, of Latoun, 100

James Guthrie, merchant in Dundee, 100

John Gray, merchant there, 100
Christian Grierson, daughter to the deceast John

Grierson 100

Mr Samuel Gray, writer in Edinburgh, 100

Alexander Glass, writer to the signet, 100

Mr Archibald Gladstons in North-house, 100

John Gordon of Coliston, doctor of medecin, 100

Thomas Graham of Ochterarder, 100

David Graome of Jordanstoun, 100

Andrew Gardiner, merchant in Perth, 100

Her Grace Anne dutches of Hamilton, 3000

Lord Basil Hamilton, 3000

Charles Hope of Hopetoun, 2000

Thomas earl of Haddington, 1000
Sir David Home of Crosrig, one of the senators of the colledge

of justice, 1000

Lady Margaret Hope of Hopetoun, 1000

Thomas Hay of Balhousie, 1000

Sir John Home of Blackadder, 1000

Sir Alexander Hope of Kerss, 1000

Sir John Houstoun of that Ilk, 1000

William Hay of Drumeiler, 1000

Sir James Hall of Dunglas, 1000

John Haldan of Gleneagles, 1000

James Houstoun, brother-germ, to Houstoun of that Ilk, 1000

Patrick Houstoun, merchant in Glasgow, 1000

Lord David Hay, 500
Sir Archibald Hope of Rankeillor, one of the senators of the

colledge of justice, ' 500

Sir George Hamilton of Barntoun, baronet, 500

Sir William Hope of Kirkliston, 500

Sir William Hope of Craighall, 500

Sir Charles Halkett of Pitfirren, 500

Lieutenant-colonel Scipio Hill, 500

David Hepburn of Humbie, 500

George Home of Kimmergham, 500

George Home of Whitefield, 500

George Home, merchant in Edinburgh, 500

Lord Alexander Hay, son to the marquis of Tweeddale, 400

The town of Haddington, 400

Carry Forward . . £193730

268 APPENDICES.

Brought Forward . . £193730

Sir John Hamilton of Haleraig, one of the senators of the

colledge of justice, 400
James Holburu of Menstrie, 400
Patrick Halj^burton, merchant in Edinburgh, 400
William Hutcliison, merchant there, 300
John Hay, merchant there, 300
Hugh Hunter, apothecary in Kilmarnock, 300
Patrick Home, master of Polwart, 300
Christian countess dowager of Haddington, 200
Mr Chas. Hamilton, son to the late earl of Haddington, 200
Alexander Home, son to Polwart, 200
Matthew Harestains of Craigs, 200
John Hay of Alderstoun, 200
William Hall, son to the deceast Sir John Hall of Dun-
glass, 200
John Hoppringle of that Ilk, 200
Dame Bethia Harper lady Cambusnethan, 200
William Hepburn of Beanston, 200
Margaret Hamilton lady Bengour, 200
Mr James Hamilton, advocat, 200
Mr Alexander Home, writer to the signet, 200
The incorporation of the hammer-men of Edinburgh, 200
Robert Hunter, merchant there, 200
David Haldan, brother to Gleneagles, 200
Mr John Hamilton, minister at Edinburgh, 200
Gilbert Hall, lieutenant of the guards of Edinburgh, 200
John Hay, servitor to the marquis of Tweeddale, 200
Robert Hepburn of Whitebrugh, 200
Robert Heriot, alias Craig of Ramornie, 200
Thomas Henderson of Plewlands, 200
Patrick Heron of Kenochtie, 200
Andrew Home, third son to Polwrath, 200
Mr John Hamilton, minister of the gospel at Edinburgh, for
himself, and after his decease, to the children of his first
marriage, 200
William Haddin, weaver in Glasgow, 150
John Hamilton, writer in Irving, 100
James Henderson, malt-man in Leith, 100
John Harper in Brierie-hill, 100
Robert Hunter, farmer in Straiten, 100
John Hunter, farmer in Hathorndane, 100
James Hutchison, merchant in Air, 100
Richard Houison, writer in Edinburgh, 100
Hugh Hamilton, merchant in Air, 100
John Hepburn, merchant in Edinburgh, 100
Hugh Hay, merchant in Air, 100
Alexander Heriot, merchant in Edinburgh, 100

Carry Forward . . £202180

APPENDIX F. 269

Broufjht Forward . . £202180

Mathew Hapkin, merchant in Kilmarnock, 100

John Hay, merchant in Frazerburgh, 100

Robert Hunter, merchant in Air, 100

Mrs Ann Hamilton, daughter to Prestoun, 100

David Home, writer in Edinburgh, 100
Mrs Katharin Hall, daughter to the deceast Sir John Hall of

Dunglass, 100

John Haliburton, merchant in Edinburgh, 100

James Halket, doctor of medicin, 100

George Herbertson, merchant in Glasgow, 100

Andrew Haliburton, brother to Newmains, 100

William Haliburton, merchant in Edinburgh, 100

Janet Home, lady Eccles, 100

Robert Herdman, maltman in Leith, 100

William Hutton, merchant in Edinburgh, 100

John Hog, writer there, 100

Daniel Hamilton, writer there, 100

John Hay, chirurgion- apothecary there, 100

James Hutton, elder, in Rose, in Perthshire, 100

Robert Hunter of Baldavy, 100

Mrs Jean Hay, spouse to captain Lothian, 100

Patrick Haliburton, doctor of medicin, 100

James Hamilton, chirurgion-apothecary in Edinburgh, 100
Margaret Hepburn, daughter to the deceast George Hepburn,

merchant there, 100

Captain William Henderson, in col. Macgill's regiment, 100

John Hamilton, chamberlain to the earl of Cassells, 100

Andrew Herron of Bergally, 100
The incorporation of the hammer-men and belt-makers in the

Cannongate, 100

The incorporation of the hammer-men of Glasgow, 100

Mr James Henryson of Pitadro, 100

John Haliburton, junior, of Moore-houslaw, 100

James Hamilton, junior, merchant in Glasgow, 100

William, lord Jedburgh, 1500

Jesper Johnstouu of Waristoun, 500

Patrick Johnstoun, merchant in Edinburgh, 500

Sir Alexander Jardin of Applegirth, 400

Robert Johnstouu and John Raid, merchants in Drumfreis, 400

Alexander Innes, merchant in Edinburgh, 400

Alexander Johnstoun of Elshishiels, 400

Robert Johnstoun, late provost of Drumfreis, 400

Charles Jackson, merchant in Edinburgh, 300

John Jameson of Balmore, 200

William Johnstoun in Barngleish, 200

James Johnstoun, merchant in Glasgow, 200

John Irving, son to John Irving of Drumcolton, 200

Carry Forward . . £210880

270 APPENDICES.

Brought Foncard . . £210880

Mr Robert Innes, writer to the signet, 200
John Irving, son to John Irving, present provost of Drum-

freis, 200

James Inglis, merchant in Edinburgh, 200

Thomas Justice, writer there, 200

Thomas Johnstoun, merchant in Glasgow, 200

George Johnstoun, merchant there, 200

Rachel Johnstoun, rel. of Mr Rob. Baillie of Jerviswood, 200

Sir Alexander Innes of Cockstoun, 200

Thomas Irving, merchant in Drumfreis, 200

The town of Inverness, 100

John Inglis, writer to the signet, 100

William Jameson, glasier in Edinburgh, 100

Simeon Jack, skipper in Leith, 100

Robert Innes, merchant in Edinburgh, 100

Thomas Johnstoun, merchant there, 100

Alexander Johnstoun, merchant there, 100

William Johnstoun, post- master of Hadington, 100

Robert Inglis, gold-smith in Edinburgh, 100
Dame Margaret Johnstoun, relict of Sir John Weems of

Bogie, 100

Helen Johnstoun, lady Graden, 100

James Jaffray, ship-master in Kirkcaldie, 100

The town of Irving, 100

Jean Jameson, daughter to Mr Edward Jameson, minister, 100

The town of Innerkeithing, 100

Sir Thomas Kennedy of Kirkhill, 800

Patrick, lord Kinnaird, 700

John, earl of Kintore, 500

Mark Ker of Houndwood, 500

Thomas Kinkaid, son to Thomas Kinkaid of Auchinreogh, 500

John Kennedy, apothecary in Edinburgh, 500

James Kendall, skipper in Leith, 500

James Ker of Grange, 300

George Kinnaird, brother to the lord Kinnaird, 300

Mr Robert Keith of Feddret, 300

Alexander, earl of Kellie, 200

Andrew Karr, younger, of Kippilaw, 200

Henry Kendall, merchant in Leith, 200

Patrick Kid, merchant in Dundie, 200

Robert Kennedy of Auchtifardle, 200

William Kelso, writer in Edinburgh, 200

Mr John Ker, brother to the earl of Roxburgh, 200

Andrew Ker, younger, in Chatto, 200

Mr William Ker, brother-german to Roxburgh, 200

Jean Kincaid, relict of George Thomson of Maines, 100

Edward Ker, merchant in Irving, 100

Carry Forward . . £221080

APPENDIX F. 271

Brought Forward . £221080

John Kyle, merchant in Largs, 100

John Kennedj', merchant in Glasgow, 100

David Kennedy of Kirkmichael, ''^ 100

Mr Thomas Kennedy, doctor of medicin, 100

Alexander Kirkwood, servitor to the lord of Murray, 100

Alison Ker, relict of John Ker, merchant in Kelso, 100

Mr John Kiuloch, writer in Edinburgh, 100

Thomas Ker, gold-smith there, 100

John Knox, chirurgion to the castle of Edinburgh, 100

Robert Kinloch, late baillie in Dundie, 100

Robert Kelly, present baillie in Dunbar, 100

Alexander Keith, writer in Edinburgh, 100

John Knox, portioner in Falkirk, 100

James Kid of Craigie, 100

David, earl of Leven, 2000

George Lockhart of Carnwath, 1000

Mr William Livingstoun of Kilsyth, 1000

George Lockhart, merchant in Glasgow, 1000

John, earl of Lauderdale, 500

Robert, earl of Lothian, 500

James Lundie of that Ilk, 500

William Lamb, merchant in Edinburgh, 500
Sir John Lauder of Fountain-hall, one of the senators of the

colledge of justice, 400

George Lind, merchant in Edinburgh, 400

George Livingstoun, taylor there, 400

Patrick Lesly of Balquhan, 300

Alexander Lesly, merchant in BamS, 300

David Lumsdeu, son to Innergellie, 200

John Leckie, younger, of Newlands, 200

Wilham Lawrie, tutor of Blackwood, 200

Andrew Law, gold-smith in Edinburgh, 200

David Ladley, merchant in Glasgow, 200

James Luke, gold -smith there, 200

The town of Linlithgow, 200

Mr Silvester Lyon, minister of Kirrenmure, 200

James Loggie, taylor in Glasgow, 125

John Lanrick, writer in Drumfries, 100

Robert Lawrie, younger, of Maxweltoun, 100

Charles Logan, merchant in Air, 100

Mr Patrick Liston, minister in Air, 100

James Lyell of Garden, 100

George Loch of Draylie, 100

Walter Lockhart of Kirktoun, 100

Mrs Ann Livingstoun, sister to Saltcoats, •■ 100

John Libertoun, merchant in Edinburgh, 100

Mr Hugh Lind, merchant there, 100

Carry Fonoard . . £234005

272 APPENDICES.

Broufjht Forward . . £234005

Andrew Leitch, burgess of Stranraer, 100

James Law, elder, skipper in Leith, 100

James Law, junior, writer in Edinburgh, 100

John Leckie of Mye, merchant in Glasgow, 100

James Lees, merchant there, 100

Andrew Lees, merchant there, 100

George Logan, malt-man in Gorballs, 100

John Learmond, merchant in Edinburgh, 100

Robert Lindsay, merchant in Dundie, 100

George Lothian, junior, merchant in Edinburgh, 100

George Livingstoun, wright there, 100

James Laing, merchant there, 100

William Livingstoun, glover there, 100

Mr Michael Lumsden, advocat, 100

George Lawson, junior, merchant in Edinburgh, 100

Jean Lockhart, relict of James Graham, vintner in Edin. 100

Mr John Lyon, sheriff-clerk of Forfar, 100

John Lundy, younger, of Bedaster, 100

Mr John Law, one of the regents of the col. of Glasgow, 100

William Meinzies, merchant in Edinburgh, 2000

The merchant-company of Edinburgh, 1200

James, marquis of Montrose, 1000

William, earl Marishall, 1000

Mr Francis Montgomery of Giffen, 1000

The merchant-house of Glasgow, 1000

Mr James Mackenzie, son to the viscount of Tarbat, 1000

Sir John' Maxwell of Pollock, 1000

Sir Thomas Murray of Glendoick, 1000

Sir Patrick Murray of Auchtertyre, 1000

Sir Archibald Mure of Thorntoun, 1000

William Morison of Preston-grange, 1000

James Macklurg, late dean of guild of Edinburgh, 1000

Hugh Montgomery, merchant in Glasgow, 1000

James Murray of Deuchar, 800

Patrick Murray of Livingstoun, 600

Kenneth Mackenzie of Cromarty, 500
Sir James Murray of Philiphaugh, one of the senators of the

colledge of justice, 500

Andrew Myrton, merchant in Edinburgh, 500

Sir Archibald Murray of Blackbarrony, 500

John Murray of Touchadam, 500

Samuel Mackclellan, merchant in Edinburgh, 500

John Marjoribanks, merchant there, 500

William Mure, brother to Stonywood, 500

Mr John Meinzies, advocat, 400

The incorporation of Maries-chappel, 400

John Murray, junior, merchant in Edinburgh, 400

Carry Forward , . £257705

APPENDIX F. 273

Brmght Fonoard . . £257705

James Maxwell of Marksworth, merchant in Glasgow, 400

John Maxwell of Middlebie, 300

Captain Hugh Mackay, younger, of Borley, 300

Mr William Maitland, brother to the earl of Lauderdale, 250

Mr James Martin, late regent in Saint- Andrews, 250

Sir Alexander Monro of Bearerofts, 200

Mary Murray, lady Enterkin, elder, 200

Dame Jean Mercer, lady Aldie, 200

John Macfarlan of that Ilk, 200

Mr Robert Merchistoun, minister, 200

Mr Charles Maitland, doctor of medicin, 200

James Marshall, writer in Edinburgh, 200

David Mikeson, merchant in Kirkcaldie, 200

Laurence Mercer of Melgins, 200

Mr George Murray, doctor of medicin, 200

Alexander Mure, younger, merchant in Kilmarnock, 200

James Montgomery, clerk to the justice-court, 200

Daniel Mackay, writer in Edinburgh, 200

Alexander Monteith, chirurgion there, 200

James Murehead, chirurgion there, 200

James Monteith of Auldcathie, 200

Robert Miln of Balfarg, 200

James Meinzies of Shian, 200

John Maxwell of Barncleugh, 200

Robert Maxwell of Garnsalloch, 200

John Mackfarlan, writer to the signet, 200

David Mitchell, doctor of medicin, 200

Robert Martin of Burnbray, 200

William Marshall, merchant in Glasgow, 200

William Mackrae, deacon of the baxters there, 200

Robert Murray, merchant in Edinburgh, 200

John Mathie, skipper in Frestonpans, 200

Alexander Miln of Carriden, 200

James Montgomery, younger, merchant in Glasgow, 200

Captain William Maxwell in col. Maitland 's regiment, 200
Margaret Marjoribanks, daughter to Mr Andrew Marjori-

banks, 200

Thomas Mitchell, merchant in Aberdeen, 200

Mr James Murray, chirurgion in Perth, 200

Thomas Miln of Miln-field, 200

George Mosman, book-seller in Edinburgh, 200

The incorporation of the malt-men of Glasgow, 200

Mr William Murray of Arbany, 200

William Mackgie of Balmagie, 200

Robert Mackdowal, younger, of Logan, 150

Gilbert Meinzies of Pitfodle, 150

Carry Forward . . £267105

274 APPENDICES.

Browjht Forivard . . £267105

Mr Robert Murray of Levelands, 150

Robert Murray, burges in Edinburgh, 150

David Maxwell, merchant in Dundie, 150

Alexander Mackleane, merchant in Inverness, 150

Mr John Murray, senior, advocat, 100

David Mitchell, baxter in Edinburgh, 100

William Mackcerrell of Hill-house, 100

Robert Milligan, merchant in Kilmarnock, 100

William Moris, apothecary there, 100

Margaret Murehead, daughter to James Murehead, 100

Elizabeth Murehead, her sister, 100

Thomas Maxwell, merchant in Glasgow, 100

James Maekbryd, town-clerk there, 100

Peter Murdoch, merchant there, 100

Thomas Mackgowan, provost of Irving, 100

Thomas Mastertoun, merchant in Linlithgow, 100

George Monro, clerk of Cunningham, 100

William Macktaggart, younger, merchant in Irving, 100

Robert Mure, provost of Air, 100
Katherin Mackell, daughter of the deceast Gilbert Mackell

merchant in Edinburgh, 100

John Mure, merchant in Air, 100

John Malcolm, merchant there, 100

David Mackcubin, youngei-, of Knockdolian, 100

Alexander Mastertoun, merchant in Linlithgow, 100

James Miln, servitor to the earl Marishall, 100

Samuel Mure, merchant in Air, 100

John Millikin, merchant there, 100

James Meikle, malt-man in Yard-heads of Leith, 100

Patrick Mackdowal, younger, of Crichan, 100

Captain James Meinzies in colonel Hill's regiment, 100

Patrick Maxwell, tanner in Glasgow, 100

William Mackcrockatt, in the moor of Gorbals, 100

Adam Montgomery, merchant in Glasgow, 100

John Maxwell of William-wood, 100

Mr Henry Marshall, chirurgion-apothecary in Glasgow, 100

Neil Mackviccar, tanner in Glasgow, 100

James Murray of Sundhojje, 100

Mr Matthew Moncrieff of Colfargie, 100

James Macklellan, wright in Edinburgh, 100

Henry Massie, merchant there, 100

James Miln, apothecary there, 100

Thomas Mercer, writer there, 100

Mr James Murray at Orchard-miln, 100

Walter Murray, merchant in Edinburgh, 100

Thomas Muddie, one of the present baillies of Dundie, 100

William Morison, merchant there, 100

Carry Forward . . £271905

APPENDIX F. 275

Browjht Forward . . £271905

John Mitchel, vintner in Edinburgh, 100

Andrew Murray, brother to Sundhope, 100

Richard Miller, baillie in Haddingtoun, 100

Henry Main, merchant in Edinburgh, 100

Charles Mitchel, writer there, 100

William Macklean, master of the revels, 100

James Macklean, baillie of Inverness, 100

John Mackintosh, baillie there, 100

Robert Meinzies in Aberfadie, 100

Mr William Mackgie, precenter in Stirling, 100

John Murray, sometime of Pitcullen, 100

Patrick Murray, son to Patrick Murray of Keillor, 100

The incorporation of the masons of Glasgow, 100

Archibald Meinzies of Miln of Kiltney, 100

William Malcolm, writer in Kirkaldie, 100

John Melvill, secretary to the earl of Melvill, 100
Captain Patrick Murray of my lord Murray's regiment of

foot, 100

George Murray in Dalhousie-mains, 100

John Mailer in Balyimon, 100

James Maxwell, eldest son to John Maxwell of Barncleugh, 100

Mrs Jean Murray, daughter to Wood-end, 100

Gilbert More, writer in Edinburgh, 100

Thomas Mackjorrow, merchant in Air, 100

William Nisbet of Dirletoun, 1000

David, earl of Northesk, 500

Margaret, lady dowager of Nairn, _ 500

Lady Margaret Napier, 400

William Napier, merchant in Glasgow, 300

William, lord Nairn, 200

James Nicolson of Trabroun, dean of guild of Edin. 200

William Neilson, merchant in Inverness, 175

Mr James Nasmith, deput-clerk of Edinburgh, 100

William Niven, smith in PoUock-shaws, 100

William Norvell, merchant in Glasgow, 100

John Nairn of Dichindad, 100

Robert Nicolson, son to Mr Thomas Nicolson, advocat, 100

Margaret Nicolson, lady Dairy, 100

William Nairn, baillie in Dalkeith, 100

George Nisbet, glasier in Glasgow, 100

William Neilson, merchant in Edinburgh, 100

Dame Isobel Nicolson, lady Cock-pen, elder, 100

William Nicolson, merchant in Edinburgh, 100

Mr Francis Napier, baillie in Stirling, 100

Sir James Oswald of Fingaltoun, 500

James Oliphant of Williamstouu, 500

William Oliphant of Gask, 500

Carry Forward . . £280180

276 APPENDICES.

Brought Forward . . £280180

Patrick Ogilvie of Balfour, 400

Charles Olii^hant, doctor of medicin, 200

Charles Ogilvie, merchant in Montrose, 200

Laurence Oliphant, merchant in Edinburgh, 100

Robert Orrok, merchant there, 100
John Oliphant, son to William Oliphant, merchant in

Dundie, 100

John Olipher, merchant in Edinburgh, 100

William Ogilvie iu Tods-haw-hill, 100

The town of Perth, 2000

James Pringle of Torwoodlie, 1300

Patrick Porteous of Halk-shaw, 1100

James, earl of Panmure, 1000

Sir James Primrose of Caringtoun, 1000

Patrick, lord Polwarth, 500

Sir John Pringle of Stitchel, 500

Robert Pollock of that Ilk, 500

David Plenderleith of Blyth, 500

Hugh Paterson, chirurgion in Edinburgh, 400

George Pringle of Green-know, 400

Andrew Paterson, wright in Edinburgh, 300

Gawen Plummer, merchant there, 300

Alexander Pyper, merchant in Montrose, 300

The royal colledge of physicians, 200

Alexander Porterfield of that Ilk, 200

Mr Walter Pringle, advocat, 200

Mr Archibald Pitcairn, doctor of medicin, 200

John Pringle, merchant in Edinburgh, 200

John Porteous, merchant in Dalkeith, 200

Thomas Pringle, writer to the signet, 200

The town of Pasely, (Paisley), 200

John Porterfield, brother to Porterfield of that Ilk, 100

Robert Paterson, merchant in Kilmarnock, 100

John Porteous, merchant in Edinburgh, 100

Franck Pringle, brother to Mr Walter Pringle, advocat, 1 00

James Pringle, brother to Torsonce, 100
Bessie Peady, relict to John Maxwell, merchant in

Glasgow, 100

William Peacock, cordiner there, 100

John Penman, writer there, 100

John Paterson, wright there, 100

Thomas Pollock, taylor there, 100

John Paul, malt-man there, 100

Mr David Pitcairn of Dreghorn, 100
Mr George Pitcaii-n, one of the commissaries of Dun-

keld, 100

Marion Preston, daughter to Walefield, 100

. . Carry Forivard . . £294580

APPENDIX F. 2V7

Brought Forward . . £294580

Alexander Preston, merchant in Dundie, 100

Mr John Paterson of Cragie, 100
Mrs Elizabeth Pillans, daughter to Mr James Pillans, late

regent of the coUedge of Edinburgh, 100

Robert Pringle, merchant in Edinburgh, 100

Robert Pringle in Ferny-hirst in Stou-parish, 100

His Grace James duke of Queens-berry, 3000

The town of Queens- ferry, 100

Henry Rollo of Wood-side, 1400

Margaret countess of Rothes, 1000

Margaret countess of Roxburgh, 1000

William lord Ross, 1000

David lord Ruthven, 1000

James Row of Chesters, and merchant in Edinburgh, 1000

William Robertson of Gladney, 1000

Robert Rodger, merchant in Glasgow, 1000

Mr David Ramsay, writer to the signet, 1000

Thomas Rutherford of Wells, 800

James Rochead, of Enderleith, 500

John Robertson, younger, merchant in Glasgow, 500

Walter Riddel, younger of that Ilk, 400

Lieutenant Colonel Robert Reid, 400

Thomas Robertson of Loch-bank, 400

David Ramsay, merchant in Edinburgh, 400

John Robertson, mercliant thei-e, 300

Patricia Ruthven, grand-child to the earl of Bnvmford, 200

Andrew Rutherford of Edgerstoun, 200

Patrick Riddel of Muislie, 200

George Rutherford of Fairningtoun, 20O

Mr Robert Ross of Innernethie, 200

Duncan Ronald, writer to the signet, 200

James Ramsay, writer in Edinburgh, 200

Alexr. Ramsay, servitor to the marquis of Tweeddale, 200

Mr George Rome, writer in Edinburgh, 200

William Ross, vintner there, 200

David Roliertson, vintner there, 200

Robert Rutherford, writer in Edinburgh, 200

Alexander Robertson, merchant in Dundee, 200
Mr David Rose, son to the deceast Robert Rose, once provost

in Inverness, 200

James Ramsay, of Bamff, 200

The town of Renfrew, 150

Robert Rose, late baillie of Inverness, 150

Thomas Robertson, merchant in Dundee, 125

David Ramsay, elder, merchant there, 120

Alexander Ragg, merchant in Aberdeen, 100

Archibald Rule, late baillie in Edinburgh, 100

Carry Fonvard . . £315025

278 APPENDICES.

Brought Fwward . , £315025

John Ross, merchant in Aberdeen, 100

David Renny, merchant in Edinburgh, 100

James Russel, writer there, 100

George Robertson, writer in Dunblain, 100

Mr William Rait, minister of Monikie, 100

Captain Leonard Robertson of Straloch, 100

Thomas Rutherford of Knowsouth, 100

Jerome Robertson, periwig-maker in Edinburgh, 100
Robert Robertson, son to James Robertson, merchant in

Glasgow, 100

William Robin, merchant in Air, 100

Walter Riddel of Frier-shaw, 100

Alexander Rule, professor of the Oriental languages, 100

Lieutenant Charles Ross of Sir John Hill's regiment, 100

George Robertson, younger, merchant in Glasgow, 100

Andrew Robertson, chirurgion in Edinburgh, 100

James Robertson, taylor in Cannongate, 100

John Ritchie, elder, merchant in Glasgow, 100

John Robertson, hammer-man there, 100

George Robertson, belt-maker there, 100

William Rutherford of Fala, merchant in Jedburgh, 100

Robert Rutherford, apothecary there, 100

William Ross, merchant in Edinburgh, 100

William Riddel, writer there, 100

Thomas Rattray in Slogging-hole, 100

Mr Gilbert Rule, doctor of medicin, 100

Mr Donald Robertson, minister of the Gospel, 100

John Ritchie, merchant in Edinburgh, 100

Mary Rymer, relict of David Montier, mercht. in Edin. 100

Robert Reid, merchant there, 100
William Rutherford, doctor of medicin, ' 100

Alexander Reid, present baillie in Dundee, 100

William Reid, merchant there, 100

James Ramsay, clerk-deput there, 100

Wm. Robertson, one of the sub-clerks of the session, 100

James Ronald, son to John Ronald, chiiurgion, Edin. 100

John Ronald, son to John Ronald, chirurgion there, 100

Eliz. Ronald, daught. to John Ronald, chirurgion there, 100

Hugh Robertson, provost of Inverness, 100

Mr William Robertson of Inshes, 100

James Russel, deacon of the baxters in Stirling, 100

Andrew Ritchie, merchant in Aberdeen, 100

James Robertson, merchant in Jedburgh, 100
The easter sugarie of Glasgow, viz. James Peadie, Robert
Corse, John Luke, William and John Corses, each of
them for £500, and for John and Robert Bogles

£250 each, 3000

Carry Forward . . £322225

APPENDIX F. 279

BrcmgU Forward . . £322225

John Stewart of Gairntilly, 3000

Sir William Scott, younger, of Harden, 2000

Sir John Swinton of that Ilk, 2000

George earl of Sutherland, 1000

Charles earl of Southesque, 1000

William viscount of Strathallan, 1000

John viscount of Stairs, 1000

Sir Francis Scott of Thirlestoun, 1000

Sir John Shaw of Greenock, baronet, 1000

Sir Patrick Scott of Ancrum, 1000

Hugh Stevenson of Montgreenan, 1000

Thomas Spence, writer in Edinburgh, 1000

John Sprewl alias Bass-John, merchant in Glasgow, 1000

Sir George Suttie of Balgond, 1000

Alexander Stevenson, merchant in Edinburgh, 1000

Mr David Scrimsour of Cartmore, 800

Sir Archibald Stevenson, doctor of medicin, 600

John Sharp of Hoddom, 600

James Scott of Gala, 600

John Spence of Blair, 600

John earl of Strathmore, 500

William lord Saltoun, 500

The town of Selkirk, 500

John Skein, younger, of Hall-yards in Fife, 500

Francis Scott of Mangertoun, 600

Hercules Scott of Brother toun, 500

John Scott of Comistoun, 500

Captain Charles Straiton, 500

John Smith, merchant in Glasgow, 500

Matthew Sinclair, doctor of medicin, 500

William Spence, merchant in Edinburgh, 500

Sir Alexander Seton of Pitmedden, baronet, 400

Sir William Stirling of Ardoch, 400

Sir Robert Sinclair of Stevenson, 400

John Sinclair, younger, of Stevenson, his sou, 400

James Steill, elder, merchant in Edinburgh, 400
Sir Alexander Swinton of Mersington, one of the senators of

the coUedge of justice, 400

William Scott of Raeburn, 300

Mr Robert Stewart, junior, advocat, 300

The incorporation of the skinners, of Edinburgh, 300

John Scrimsour, merchant in Dundie, 300

George Stirling of Herbert-shire, 300

Robert Scott of Elingstone, 200

John Scott of Gorrenberrie, 200

James Spittle of Leuquhar, 200

Patrick Seton of Lathrisk, 200

Carry Forward . . £354625

280 APPENDICES.

Brought Forward . . £354625

George Smith, younger, of Giblestouu, 200

William Smith of Brousterland, 200

Walter Scott of Eadiushead, 200

Mr Thomas Skene, advocat, 200

James Skene of New-grange, 200

James Scott of Sheill-wood, 200

John Sandilands of Countes-walls, 200

Gideon Scott of Falnesh, 200

The town of Stirling, 200

Captain Thomas Sharp of Houstoun, 200

Mr Alexander Sheriff, writer in Edinburgh, 200

William Souper, merchant in Aberdeen, 200

John Somervell of Gladstones, merchant in Edinb. 200

Mr James Smith of White-hill, 200

John Skene, ensign in lord Lindsay's regiment, 200

Walter Scott, brother to Raeburn, 200

George Sutherland, merchant iu Edinburgh, 200

Andrew Smeiton, merchant in Dundie, 200

John Stevenson, provost of Stirling, 200

John Scougall, limner in Edinburgh, 200

Robert Smith, merchant there, 200

Walter Stewart, at the miln of Pitcairn, in Perth-shire, 150

Alexander Stewart, skipper in Inverness, 150

John Stiven, weaver in Glasgow, 125

George Stirling, doctor of medicin, 100
Mary Simpson, relict of Mr Robert Lundie minister at

Leuchars, 100

Hugh Sandilands, fewer in Calder, 100

John Semple, merchant in Hamilton, 100

William Shiels in Pollock-shiels, 100

John Smith, wright in Gorballs, 100

John Smellum, doctor of medicin, 100

Mr James Stevenson, chirurgion- apothecary in Air, 100

James Smith, architect at Hamilton, 100

Marion Somervell, relict of Andrew Purdie, 100

Andrew Simpson in Pendrich, 100
Mrs Mary Stirling, daughter to Mr John Stirling, minister,

once at Edinburgh, and last at Irving, 100

George Stirling, servitor to the lord Whitelaw, 100

John Scott, son to Thirlestone, 100

James Simson, skipper in Leith, 100

John Scott, malt-man in Rutherglen, 100

William Scott, merchant in Glasgow, 100

John Smellie, merchant there, 100

James Slosse, merchant there, 100

John Stirling, merchant there, 100

John SpreuU of Miltoun, 100

Carry Forward . . £361350

APPENDIX F. 281

Brought Forward . . £361350

Robert Scott, taylor in Glasgow, 100

Robert Stevenson, wright there, 100

Robert Stirling, brother to Glorat, 100

Mr Thomas Smith, apothecary in Glasgow, 100

Spittells Hospital, in Stirling, 100

John Stewart, of Dalguise, 100

Captain Ja. Stewart, in Sir John Hill's regiment, 100

William Selkrig, writer in Edinburgh, 100

Thomas Smellie, merchant there, 100

John Stewart, writer in Edin. in Clerk-Gibsous-chamber, 100

Helen Stewart, relict of doctor Murray, 100

James Steill, younger, merchant in Edinburgh, 100
Mr Archibald Stewart, chirurgion, son to William Stewart

of Balleid, 100

William Stewart, doctor of medicin in Perth, 100

Elizabeth Scott, relict of James Wauchop, 100

Mr Charles Sinclair, advocat, 100

Thomas Scott, younger, merchant in Dundee, 100

John Scott, elder, late baillie there, 100

Dame Jean Scott, lady Harden, 100

Mrs Ann Stewart, daughter to Ketlestoun, 100

William Stewart, clerk to the custom-house in Leith, 100

Dame Elizabeth Syme, relict of Sir Robert Colt, 100

George Seton, second son to Pitmedden, 100

Thomas Scheill, writer in Edinburgh, 100

Henry Smith, merchant in Dundee, 100

John Stewart, writer in Edinburgh, 100

Mr Alexander Smith, writer there, 100
Mr William Scott, professor of philosophy in the colledge

of Edinburgh, 100

The sea-mans-box in Dundee, 100

John Scott, junior, in Dundee, 100
Elizabeth Stirling, daughter to the deceas'd George Stirling,

chirurgion in Edinburgh, 100

John Shaw, late of Soi-nbeg, 100

Henry Smith, merchant in Glasgow, 100

Francis Scott, brother to the deceas'd earl of Tarras, 100

William Stewart of Castle-stewart, 100

Jean Scott, lady Eilingston, 100

James Scott, servitor to the earl Marshall, 100

James Samson, writer in Edinburgh, 100

Sir Robert Sibbald, doctor of medicin, 100

John Strachan, merchant in Aberdeen, 100

John Smith, junior, merchant in Linlithgow, 100

Mr Patrick Sandilands of Cottoun, 100

James Scott of Benholm, 100

George Shaw of Sauchie, 100

Carry Fonoard . . £365750

282 APPENDICES.

Brought Forward . . £365750

Mr Archibald Sinclair, advocat, 100
Mr Patrick Simson, minister at Renfrew, 100
William Smith, merchant in Glasgow, 100
Walter Scott, younger, of Wool, 100
Gideon Scott, son to John Scott of Wool, 100
Patrick Thomson, town-treasaurer, 1500
John, marquis of Tweeddale, lord high chancellor, 1000
George, viscount of Tarbat, 1000
John Tod, merchant in Glasgow, 1000
Katharin Trotter, lady Craig-leith, 500
The trades-house of Glasgow, 400
The incorporation of the taylors, of the Cannongate, 300
Mr William Thomson, writer to the signet, 200
Robert Trotter, writer in Edinburgh, 200
John Turnbull, merchant there, 200
The incorporation of the taylors in Glasgow, 200
The trinity-house in Leith, 200
Dame Elizabeth Trotter, lady Nicolson, 200
Mr Thomas Thomson of Cockland, minister at Forress, 200
Robert Tweeddale in Mid-Calder, 100
Robert Tennoch, merchant in Glasgow, 100
John Thomson of Seven-acres, 100
Robert Turnbull, burges of Linlithgow, 100
Andrew Teuchler, merchant, 100
Mr Alexander Thomson, town-clerk of Aberdeen, 100
Mr William Thomson, writer in Edinburgh, 100
James Thomson in Hill of Kilmares, 100
John Threpland, merchant at Perth, 100
Patrick Tennent, gardener in Glasgow, 100
William Thomson of Cors-hill, 100
James Thomson, tanner in Glasgow, 100
Alexander Tran, chirurgion there, 100
John Taillferr, merchant in Leith, 100
Robert Thomson, merchant in Edinburgh, 100
Helen Trotter, lady Crumston, 100
George Turnbull, writer in Edinburgh, 100
And. Thomson, serv. to Charles Divvie, mercht. there, 100
Patrick Tod, merchant in Dundee, 100
Andrew Tennent, vintner in Edinburgh, 100
The incorporation of the taylors of Easter-ports-burgh, 100
David Trail, son to James Trail, ensign in Stirling-
castle, 100
Isabel Tyrie, lady Glasclune, 100
Mr John Tran, regent in Glasgow, 100
Margaret, countess of Weems, 2000
George Warrander, merchant in Edinburgh, 2000
Lieutenant colonel George Wisheart, 1500

Carry Forward . . £381250

APPENDIX F. 283

Brought Forward . . £381250

Robert Watson, merchant in Edinburgh, 1000
John Watson, senior, merchant there, 1000
William Wooddrop, merchant in Glasgow, 1000
Peter Wedderburn of Gosford, 500
Robert Walwood, merchant in Edinburgh, 500
John Watson, younger, merchant there, 500
John Wilkie, merchant there, 500
William AVightman, skinner there, 500
James Walkingshaw, merchant in Glasgow, 500
William Walwood, son to the deceast Henry Walwood, mer-
chant in Edinburgh, 500
John Wightman, skinner there, 400
James Watson of Sauchtoun, 400
Adam Wat of Rose-hill, 300
John Wallace, son to John Wallace, mercht. in Glasgow, 300
James Williamson of Cardrona, 300
Alexander Wedderburn, brother to Gosford, 300
Alexander Wright, merchant in Edinburgh, 200
Mr Robert Wylie, minister at Hamilton, 200
Robert White of Conland, 200
Mr Robert Weems of Grangemuir, 200
Mr David Williamson, minister at the West-kirk, 200
James and Robert AVatsons, merchants, in Stirling, sons to

Duncan Watson, late baillie in Stirling, 200
Alexander Waddel, writer in Edinburgh, 200
Thomas White, elder, merchant in Edinburgh, 200
Thomas Wordie, merchant in Stirling, 200
Mr William Wisheart, minister of South-leith, 200
Alexander Wood, merchant in Edinburgh, 200
Mr Robert AMiite of Bennochie, 200
Robert Watson, writer to the signet, 200
Mr William Watson of Tour, 150
Helen Watson, relict of Gilbert Mackell, merchant in Edin-
burgh, 100
Robert Wright, merchant in Kilmarnock, 100
The incorporation of the wrights in the Cannongate, 100
David Walker, tanner in Lesly, 100
William Wardrop, litster in Edinburgh, 100
William Wooddrop, portioner of Dalmarnock, 100
John Wilson, book-binder in Glasgow, 100
Henry Wyllie, merchant in Edinburgh, 100
William Wilson, one of the under-clerks of Session, 100
Lieutenant John Walkinshaw in Sir John Hill's regt. 100
James Watson, malt-man in Leith, 100
Mr Duncan Williamson, merchant in Edinburgh, 100
The Wrights in Glasgow, 100
Andrew Wardrop, late baillie in Dundee, 100

Carry Forward . . £393900

284 APPENDICES.

Brought Forward . . £393900

Robert Watson, merchant there, 100
Peter Wedderburn, merchant there, 100
Robert Wardroper, merchant in Dundee, 100
John Watson, doctor of medicin, 100
John Williamson, merchant in Edinburgh, 100
Thomas Weir, chirurgion there, 100
Alexander Wilkieson, writer there, 100
John White, merchant in Kirkaldie, 100
Daniel Weir, brother to Stone byers, 100
Hugh Warden, merchant in Glasgow, 100
James Wilson, merchant in Hamilton, 100
Mr James 'S^Tiitehead in Lymkilns, 100
William Wilkie in Echline, 100
Alexander Walker, merchant in Aberdeen, 100
Thomas Warrander, painter in Edinburgh, 100
Alexander Watson, son to the deceast Adam Watson, mer-
chant in Ediuburgh, 100
Mr Patrick Warner, minister at Irving, 100
Elizabeth White, lady South-house, 100
James Wallace, merchant in Edinburgh, 100
Alexander Udney, son to the laird of Udney, 400
Mr Andrew Urie, minister at Moravinside, 200
Robert Urie in Miln-brae, 100
Robert Veatch, merchant in Air, 100
John Vans, merchant in Air, 100
John lord Hay of Tester, 1000
Captain Thomas Young, 500
Thomas Young, late baillie of Edinburgh, 300
Joseph Young, merchant there, 300
James Young, merchant there, 200
John Young of Banchrie, 100
Isabel Yeaman, relict of Robert Robertson, merchant in

Haddingtoun, 100

Robert Zuill, merchant in Glasgow, 500

Mr William Zeaman, chirurgion in Dundee, 100

Patrick Zeaman, late baillie there, 100

Rachel Zeaman, relict of Mr George Forrester of Knap, 100

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