History of the planting and training of the Christian church by the apostles

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HISTORY

or THE

PLANTING AND TRAINING

THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH
BY THE APOSTLES.

at

DR. AUGUSTUS NEANDER.

WITH THE AUTHOR'S FINAL ADDITIONS

a1s0, HIS

ANTIGNOSTIKUS ;

on,

SPIRIT OF TERTULLIAN

TRANSLATED FROM THE GERMAN BY J. E. RYLAND.

IN TWO VOLUMES.
VOL. I.

LONDON: GEORGE BELL & SONS, YORK STREET,
COVENT GARDEN,

1889.

LONDON +
PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND SONS, LIMITED,
STAMFORD STREET AND CHARING CROSS,

x PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION.

PREFACE TO THE THIRD EDITION.

Asto what I have said respecting the position I have taken in reference
to the controversies which are every day waxing fiercer, and distract an
age that longs after a new creation, I can only reassert that, if it pleased
God, I hope to abide faithful to Shows pring ples to my latest breath !
the ground beneath our feet may be en, but not the heavens above
us, We will adhere to that theologia pectoris, which is likewise the
true theology of the spirit, the German cology, as Luther calls it.

The demand for this new edition was a call to improve the work
to the utmost of my ability, and to introduce whatever new views
a] to me to be correct.

und criticism on particular points will always be welcome to me;
the cavils of self-important scioliats I shall always despise.
A. Neunoer.

Basix, 24 Lugust, 1441

xiv CONTENTS,

Pan

Disputes in the Corinthian Ckerch—Meat offered in sacrifice to idols—Marriage
and eebbeey Litigation ip heathen courts of justice Irregularities at the
celebration of the Agay ervaluation of extraordinary gifts— ition to
the doctrine of the resurrection .. ates ee gale-283

Paui's second visit to Corinth— His last Epistie to the Corinthians, 253-256
The First Epistle to the Corinthians—Occasioned by certain questions proposed
by the Church, relative to the epistle not now extant—Its contents—On parties
On meat offered to idols—On marriage and celibacy —On slavery te
ate 257—
Paul’s plans for his future labours—Mission of Timothy to Macedonia and
Achala—Return of Timothy—Titus sent to Corinth—Popular Commotion at
Ephesus against Paul—Demetrius—Alexander—The Asiarche—Paul leaves
Ephesus . et -265—274
Paul in Macedonia—Titus brings information respecting the Church at Corinth—
‘The Second Epistle to the Corinthians... tae 274-278
Paul in Illyria—In Achaia—His intention of visiting Rome—His Epistle to the
‘Romans—Sent by the desconess Phoebe—State of the Church at Rome—con-
tents of the epistle

Caarten VIIL—The fifth and last Journey of Paul to Jerusalem—Its immediate
‘Cunéequences—His Imprisonment in Palestine.

Paul at Philippi—Meets the overseers of the Ephesian Church at Miletus—His
farewell address. 295—300

Paul's journey to ‚m. e james and the elders of the
Church—His Nazarite’s vow—The rage of the Jews—His rescue by the Roman
tribune—His appearance before the Sanhedrim 301—308

Paul’s imprisonment at Ceesarea— Hi
Corsar—Address to King Agrippa—S
finement

Cnapren IX.—Pant during his first Confinement at Nome, and the Devetopment
during that period of the Churches foun:led by him.

Paul's relation to the Roman State—To the Church at Rome—And to other
Churches—His care of the Asiatic Churches—Date of the Epistles to the
Colossians, Ephesians, and Philemon—Epaphras his fellow-prisoner.........514—319

False teachers at ‘@—Pecularities of the party—The germ of Judaizing
Gnosticism—Alliedto the sect of Cerin hus-—Paul's Epistle to the Colossians 319—328

Paul's Epistle to the Ephesians—Sent by Tychicus—A general Epistle to the
Churches in Lesser At

Paul's Epistle to the Phi

Cuarten X.—Paul's Labours after his Release, from his first Confinement at Rome, to
his Martyrdom,

Evidence of Paul's release from his first confinement at Rome—Testimony of
Clemens of Rome—The Second Epistle to Timothy—Causes of the Neronian

he First Epistle

ul in Nicopolis—In

mn by an apostolic man of
KA ee} PR

CONTENTS. xv

BOOK Iv.

A REVIEW OF THE LABOURS OF JAMES AND PETER DURING
THIS PERIOD.

Cuarren I.—The Character of James—Remarks on his Epistle.

pace

y
ips an un
for illustrating the state of the Jewish Chri

Reasons for believing that it was not written with a reference to Pau

view

The ep!
Delivers; mostly oot nenn siiict nia

‘The Christian doctrines imperfecıiy developed in it—Its importance in connexion
‘with the other writings in the New Testament 365, 368,

‘The Martyrdom of Jam:

to churches consisting entirely or chiefly

Cuarzza II.—The Apostte Peter.

His parentage—Natural character—Call to the apostleship
His labours in

Probable apuriousness of the Second Epistle .
‘Traditions respecting Peter’s martyrdom at Rome

BOOK V.

THE APOSTLE JOHN AND HIS MINISTRY AS THE CLOSING POINT
OF THE APOSTOLIC AGE.

His education—Maternal influence—Early piety—General character—Contem-

Blative yet ardent—His plety moulded by personal intercourse with the
aviour Bee ea „384338
His labours among the churches in Lesser Asia stant 88, 389
Errors prevalent in these churches, practical and theoretical—Especially the
Judaizing—The Antinomian, theanti-Judaizing Gnostic, and the Cerinthian 390-304
Tradition of John’s banishment to Patmos—Authorship of the Apocalypse ...395—399
John’s writings—Their general character—His Gospel 399403
His First Epistle ... 403408
His Second Epistle—Injunctions respecting intercourse with false teachers...408, 409
His Third Epistle—Diotrephes 09, 410
‘Traditions respecting John's labours preserved by Clemens Alexandrinus and
Jerome—The close of the Apostolic Age.. 8

BOOK VI.
THE APOSTOLIC DOCTRINE.
The living unity of the doctrine of Christ combined with a variety in the forme

of Its Tepresentation—Three leading varieties—The Pauline, the Jacobean
(with the intermediate Petrine), and the Johannean en 414

vill CONTENTS.

aoe
Pauls appeals to the vöuo: are only to the outward Mosaic law as an
expression of the eternal law of God ove 468
Hence the term vönor denotes in a more general sense what is common to
goth Judaism and Christianity; in the one to an outward, im the other to an |
Under the Jewish theocracy the service was external, iv FaAaıdrnre
‘yeduyaror—Under the Gospel internal, &v xawdrnrt rveduaror—Its dovAcia
identical with viedeota; the worship of the former capunyy of the latter
mvevpareey; in the one was kart adpxa, in the other dv xupiip. swrarecesee 465, 465

6. The New Life proceeding from Faith.

a. The transformation of the sinful nature by the Divine; accomplished gra-
ually ; the oapf opposed not merely by the higher nature of man but by
the Spirit of Christ (wvedua äyıov).

All the mental and bodily powers become organs o pirit of
Christ pervades al the peculiar talents ofiudividualsy hence charisme,.. 468, 468

Objective justification as an unchangeable ground of confidence, distin-
guished from subjective sanctification, which is often an uncertain ground... 470

467

2. The principles of the new life—Faith, Love, Hope.

iene sometimes denotes the whole extent of Christian ability—3évaror
f riove: relates particularly to the judgment formed by the Christian of
outward things—Hence proceeds Christian freedom, which is shown even in
submitting to outward restraints ee [we
Love the natural effect of faith—By the revelation of the love of God in
redemption, love to him is continually kindled non sossssoos 475
Faith and love partly relate to the kingdom of God as present, but they
have also a marked relation to the future, for the new life is in’a state of
cotistant progression, it longs after the perfect revelation of the children
Of God neu ann 476—ATB
Hence hope necessarily belongs to faith and love—Perseverance in the
work of faith isthe practical side of hope mn ave 479
The knowledge of divine things procee: ith—Procee: the
spiritual lie—Depends on the increase of love Being necensarily defective
in the present state, is connected with the hope of perfect intuition ...... 479, 480
Love the greatest of the three, because it alone abides for ever; 1 Cor.
xii. 13... == 481, 482

©. Special Christian virtues proceeding from Faith, Love, and Hope.
a. raxewogpoatvn distinguishes the Christian from the Heathen view of
the world; only partial even on the Jewish standing-point ; though its direct,
relation is to God alone, yet its effects are, opposition to all self-exaltation,
and moderation towards others res eee 484 5
poröen, sober-mindedness in confit with the world, 2 Tim. i. 7

46

the place of Sxasosivn «.

§. The Church and Sacraments.

+. _ The immediate relation of each individual to’ Christ of primary import-
ance—Hence the idea of a community founded on the unity of the Holy
Spirit in believers, which counterbalances all other differences, Gal. ili. 26..489, 460

‘The dxxAnoia is the body of Christ—Paith in Christ its foundation—Marke
of its unity, Eph. iv. 4 .

The Old Testament terms appl
tive consecration Joined with subjective
and inward call considered as one—The
not separated by Paul

‘But in particular inc pP gi
the genuine— Where the difference is perceptible the former are to be
excluded, in other cases the separation must be left to God sw.

seessessssenee 487, 488,

08

3 Skate af Ehe Soul after death ti the Rewcrrection. hi
‘Whether Pam: comsidered the state of the sual afer death till the resurrec-

‘ta be ame of sxspenced comscisumem Eke shocp!—Apparemt ground for

= m1 Then —

‘ccotiened commenion with Christ. os signified in

seien; ab Pa 121. 20:3 Tey 18s 26
preqressive Kuminerien— Bot

wäh 2 Cox. v.1, is aim thin — 377,525

tg
es

THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH IN PALESTINE. 51

told, indeed, that false witnesses deposed against him that he
ceased not to speak against the Holy City (the Temple) and
the Law—that he had declared that Jesus of Nazareth would
destroy the Temple, and abrogate the usages handed down
from Moses, But although these accusations are represented
as the depositions of false witnesses, it does not follow, that
all that they said was a fabrication, but only that they had,
on many points, distorted the assertions of Stephen, with an
evil intention. They accused him of attacking the divine
origin and holiness of the law, and of blaspheming Moses ; all
which was very far from his design. Yet he must, by what
he said, have given them some ground for their misrepresen-
tations, for before this time, nothing similar had been brought
against the publishers of the gospel ; hence we may make use
of their allegations to find out what Stephen really said.
And his defence plainly indicates that he by no means
intended to repel the accusation as altogether a falsity, but
rather to acknowledge that there was truth mixed up with it ;
that what he had really spoken, and what was already so
obnoxious to the Jews, he had no wish to deny, but only
to develop and establish it in its right connexion. And thus
we gain the true point of view for understanding this
memorable and often misunderstood speech.

Stephen was seized by his embittered enemies, brought
before the Sanhedrim, and accused of blasphemy. But though
the minds of his judges were so deeply prejudiced by the
reports spread against him, and they waited with intense
eagerness to see the man who had uttered such unheard-of
things—when he actually came before them, and began to
speak, they were struck with the commanding expression
of his whole figure, with the inspired confidence—the
heavenly repose and serenity which beamed in all his features.
In the Acts we are told, that he stood before them with a
glorified countenance, “ as it were the face of an angel ;” and
it is very probable, that many members of the Sanhedrim had
thus described the impression which his appearance made
upon them. The topics and arrangement of his discourse

. Were suited to confirm this impression, and to turn it to
good account, to fix the attention of his judges, and to put
their minds in a more favourable position towards the
speaker, thus gradually preparing them for that which he

54 THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH IN PALESTINE.

among the whole human race. A vast prospect now opened
before him ; but he could not complete the delirieation of the
august vision of the divine dispensations which was present to
his imagination ; while gazing at it, the emotions it excited
carried him away ; his holy indignation gushed forth in a
torrent of rebuke against the ungodly, unbelieving, hypocritical
disposition of the Jews, whose conduct in reference to the
divine communications had been the same from the time of
Moses up to that very moment. “Ye stiff-necked, although
boasting of your circumcision, yet who have never received
the true circumcision. Ye uncircumcised in heart and ear (who
waut the disposition to feel and to understand what is divine),
ye always withstand the workings of the Holy Ghost. Ye do
as your fathers did. As your fathers murdered the prophets
who predicted the appearance of the Holy One, so have ye
yourselves given Him up to the Gentiles, and thus are become
his murderers. Ye who boast of a law given by God through
the ministry of angels,' (as organs of making known the divine
will,) and yet are so little observant of this law !”

Till this rebuke was uttered, Stephen had been quietly
heard. But as soon as they perceived the drift of his dis-
course, their blind zeal and spiritual pride were roused. He
observed the symptoms of their rage, but instead of being terri-
fied thereby, he looked up to heaven, full of believing confidence
in the power of Him of whom he testified, and saw with a
prophetic glance, in opposition to the machinations of men
against the cause of God, the glorified Messiah, denied by
these men, but exalted to heaven, armed with divine power,
and about to conquer all who dared to oppose his kingdom.
This prophetic view was presented to him in the form of a
symbolic vision. As he looked up to heaven it appeared w
open before his eyes. In more than earthly splendour, there
appeared to him a form of divino majesty ; he beheld Christ
(whose glorious image was probably present to him from
actual early recollection) glorified and enthroned at the right

1 This was confessedly a frequent mode among the Jews of marking
the superhuman origin of the law; so that, according to Josephus, Herod,
in a speech to the Jewish army, made use of this universally acknow-
Tedged fact, that the Jews had received their law from God (8 äyydrur
raga Tod Sod uad6rrw), in order to show how holy the ambassadors sent
to them must be, who filled the same office as that of the angels betweer
God and mer; äyyeAoı= geaßeis, wfiguxes. Joseph. Antig. xv. 5, 3

62 FIRST SPREAD OF CHRISTIANITY.

laying on of hands, Manifestations now followed similar to
those on the day of Pentecost, and the believers were thus
recognised and attested to be a Christian church, standing in
an equal rank with the first church at Jerusalem. But
Simon was naturally incapable of understanding the spiritual
connexion of these manifestations; he saw in all of them
merely the workings of magical forms and charms, a magic
differing not in nature but only in degree from what he
practised himself. Hence he imagined, that the apostles
might communicate these magical powers to him also, by
virtue of which all those on whom he laid hands would
become filled with divine power, and with this view he offered
them money. Peter spurned this proposal with detestation,
and now first saw in its true light the real character of
Simon, who, in joining himself to believers, had pretended to
be what he was not. Peter’s terrible rebuke presents him to
us as a faithful preacher of the gospel, insisting most impres-
sively on the supreme importance of disposition in everything
which is imparted by Christianity, in direct opposition to the
art of magic, which disregards the necessary connexion of
the divine and supernatural with the disposition of the heart,
drags them down into the circle of the natural, and attempts
to appropriate to itself divine power by means of something else
than that which is allied to it in human nature, and the only
possible point of connexion for it.' These were Peter's
words: “Thy gold, with which thou attemptest to traffic in
impiety, perish with thee. Do not deceive thyself, as if with
this disposition thou couldst have any part in what is pro-
mised to believers. Thou hast no share in this matter,’ for
God, who sees what is within, is not deceived by thy hypo

' The poetical fancies of Christian antiquity, which make Peter the
representative of the principle of simple faith in revelation, and Simon
the representative of the magical and theosophic tendency in the human
mind, have important traths for their basis. %

2 JT cannot agree with those who understand Adyos (Acts viii. 21) in
the sense of the Hebrew 37 = füua, and suppose that Peter only
told Simon that he could have no share in that thing, in that higher
power which he hankered after. In this general sense, fApe is indeed
used in the New Testament, but not the more definite term Adyos.
And according to this interpretation, Peter would say less than the
context requires; for looking at the connexion of v.21 with 20 and
22, it is plain, he did not merely say, that Simon with such a disposi
tion was excluded from: participating in this higher power, but ale

76 FIRST SPREAD OF CHRISTIANITY.

had led them to salvation. One inspiration seized all, and
with amazement the Jewish Christians present beheld their
prejudices against the Gentiles contradicted by the fact
What an impression must it have made upon them, when
they heard the Gentile who had been considered by them as
unclean, testify with such inspiration of Jehovah and the
Messiah! And now Peter could appeal to this transaction,
in order to nullify all the scruples of the Jews, respecting the
baptism of such uncircumcised persons, and ask, “Who can
forbid water that these should be baptized, who have already
received the baptism of the Spirit like ourselves #” And when
he returned to Jerusalem, and the manner in which he had held
intercourse with the Gentiles had raised a stumbling-block
among the strict pharisaical believers, he was able to silence
them by a similar appeal. “ Forasmuch then,” said he, “as
God gave them the like gift as he did unto us, who believed
on the Lord Jesus Christ ; what was I, that I could withstand
God!” Acts xi. 17.

348 PAUL'S MARTYRDOM.

companion of Paul. It was Paul’s desire that }
come to him, and the zealous sympathy which h
had the effect of causing him to be apprehended as ¢
most active members of the hated sect. If this hay
the time of the Neronian persecution, Timothy w
bably have shared the fate of all the Christians
who could then be discovered. But if it happer
years later, it is not improbable that, by the inf
particular circumstances, Timothy obtained his free
the martyrdom of Paul.

easy te added. Even by Cains
toth the apwstles were the

more deserving of credit. notwith-
standing a defect of paitive historical evidence, if its origin
gla not in any way be easily accounted for. We cannot
asp. for it from the attempt to place cn a sure basis, the
authority of the Cathedra Petri in Rome, for this tradition is
snore ancient than the attempt to secure to the Cathedra Petri
at, Rome a decisive authority in matters of doctrine ; such an
atterpt, which it is difficult to deduce only from the transfer.
tas: of the homage paid to the urbe to the ecclesia urbis,
would rather presuppose the existence of the tradition. Since
the pretensions of the Roman church were not uni

acknowledged, but in many quarters met with opposition,
they will not. serve to explain how it came to pass, that such
a tulition desigmedly propagated by Rome, was everywhere
no fuvournbly received. But in truth, many other circum-
rtances combined to give rise to this report and to promote
it4 circulation. As Peter concluded his labours in a region

oA would
% ia take, that
«f that charch,

thelr Inhours in Italy may be intended by it; but does not the repeti-
tion of Auoler, tho dintingnishing of this word from dude«, and the com-
parlwn with the xara dv atrdy xaipdy, of the martyrdom of both, favour
anothor interprotation 1

PETRE'S VISIT TO ROME. 383

remember the Lord!” We have no reason for casting 2
doubt on the truth of such a simple tradition. But that
characteristic traits of this kind were in circulation, agrees
best with the supposition that his last years were not spent
in the Parthian empire, between which and the Roman there
was little intercourse. In the existing circumstances of the
Parthian empire in reference to the mixture of native and
foreign religions, it would be difficult to account for the
martyrdom of a Christian woman. Hence, we are led to
refer it most naturally to the effects of the Neronian perse-
cution at Rome.

are difficult, whether we anderstand by them that his wiie, before she
was led to death, came home once more, and then was thus addressed
by Peter, or, more naturally, that she would be restored to him again,
being redeemed from death. Yet, in the connexion there are great
difficulties in cither interpretation, and we must rather understand the
words of n return to her heavenly home, if the reading be correct, and
we ought not (which yet I do not venture to raaintain) to read olao

INFLUENCE OF JOHN'S LABOURS, 413

ei traditions, even though not perfectly understood,
which distinguished the Christian teachers of Lesser Asia in
their conflict with the Gusticism which was then beginning
to prevail. .

With John the apostolic age of the church naturally closes.
The doctrine of the gospel which by him had been still exhi-
bited in its original purity was now exposed, without the
support of apostolic authority, to a conflict with a host of

onents, some of whom had already made their appearance ;
the church was henceforth left to form itself to maturity
without any visible human guidance, but under the invisible
Ben of the Lord: and finally, after a full and clear

relopment of opposing influences, it was destined to attain
the higher and conscious unity which distinguished the spirit
of the apostle John.

We wish now to contemplate more closely the development
of the Christian doctrine in its original form, and to observe
how the unity of the Spirit exhibited itself in the manif>]dness
of the natural varieties animated by that Spirit, and in the
varions modes of oonceptiun which proceeded from thoss
varictios.

BOOK VL
TEE APOSTOLIC LOCTRISE

sist was mot gi a as a rigid desd letter, ia

oy men a enlightened & oy the Divine Spirit,
apprepriated it in a living manner, in s0-
their various constitational qualities, and the

cordance: »

difference of their course of life and education. This difference
s:rved to ınanifest the living unity. the riches and the depth
of the Christian spirit in the manifoldness of the forms a
conception. which unintentionally illustrated esch other and
supplied their mutual deticiencies. Christianity, indeed, was

higher unity, and. agreeably to the design of the peculiar fun-
damental tendencies of human nature, to operate through
thern for the realization of the ideal of Man, and the exhibi-
tion of the kingdom of God in the human race through all
ages,

In the development of the original Christian doctrine, we
can distinguish three leading tendencies, the Pauline, the
Jacobean (between which the Petrine forms an intermediate
link), and the Johannean.' We wish first to review the Pauline
form of doctrine, since in this we find the fullest and most
complete development of Christian truth, which will best
serve as the basis of comparison in tracing the leading ten-
dencies «the other apostles.

' Dr. Nitzsch, in reference to the various forms of apostolic doctrine,
adinirably remarks,—" To disown thein in favour of a one-sided dogmw
tint, is to abandon that completeness and solidity which these mode

templating the Christian faith impart, while they rae ad
complote one another; it is to slight that by which scripture tn
maintains its elevation above all conflicting systems.”"—See Die

he Zeitschrift, edited by Schleiermacher, De Wette, pag! ‘ase
2, part 3, part 08.

52 THE KINGDOM OF GOD 1S

ITS

But as we have already remarked in reference te tt
Christian lite general founded on the neceswry oF
uexion of the ideas uf ¢ and zAwu, the Pauline coup
tion of the kingdom of God necessarily contains a referent
to the future ; for as the Christian life of the individual it
developed progressively by inward and outward confit,
while aiming at that perfection which is never attained in
this earthly existence. the same thing is also true of te
manitestation of the kingdom of God on earth, which coo
prehends the totality of the Christian life diffused through
the human race. The knowledge of the manifestation of the
kingdom of God is neeessarily accompanied by a recognition
of this manifestation as still very obscure and imperfect, wl
by no means corresponding to its idea and real natum.
Hence the idea of the kingdom of God in its realization, an
ouly be understood if we view it as now presenting te
tendeney and germ of what will receive its accomplishmest
in future, and this accomplishment Paul represents not #
something which will spontaneously arise from the natanl
development of the church, but as produced, like the fount |
ing of the kingdom of Christ, by an immediate intervention
of Christ. Hence varions applications of this term have bea
made. Sometimes it denotes the present form assumed by
the kingdom of Ged among mankinJ, the internal kingdom,
which is established in the heart by the gospel ; sometime
the future consummation, the perfected form of the victorious
and all-transforming kingdom of God ; at other times, the
present in its union with the future and in reference to
it. The conception of the idea of the kingdom of God in
the first sense, is found in 1 Cor. iv. 20. The kingdom of
God does not consist, the participation of it is not shown, ia
what we eat or drink, but in the power of the life; net
in ostentatious discourse, as in the Corinthian church, but in
the power of the disposition ; Rom. xiv. 7. The kingdom of
God is not meats and drinks—its blessings are not extern
and sensible, but internal, by possessing which we prove ot
participation of it, such as justification, peace in the int
man, and a sense of the blessedness of the divine life! The
' The connexion of this passage. Romans xiv. 16, appears to me to be

this: ‘ecasion for the good which you possess as citizens of the
king: { (more particularly in the resent instance Christian

528 PAUL'S PROGRESSIVE KSOWLEDGE.
and these of future generations But it is against this sup

tke Thowalvnians, and yet we And in the Seed Heat
to the Corinthians written some months later, a pri
expectation expressed, that a life of a higher kind

munion with Christ would immediately succeed the ‘Gach

to an existence in the other world), on the standing-poimt of
eich anon the other hand; the departure fro ccrtly
life, and being admitted to the immediate presence of the
Lord, and to an intimate communion with him no
concealed under the veil of faith, How could he have
described what he longed for, as a departure from this
earthly life and being present with the Lord, if he intended
to describe that change which would arise from the zapowsie
of Christ, from his coming to believerst We also find in the
Second Epistle to the Corinthians, the same views presented
as in the Epistle to the Philippians; yet it is not probable
that in the few months between the time of his writing the
First and the Second Epistle to the Corinthians, such a
revolution had taken place in his mode of thinking on this
subject. From a comparison of the First and Second Epistle
to the Corinthians, we may therefore conclude that Paul,
even when, in his earlier siatements respecting the resurrec-
tion, he said nothing of the state of the souls of individual
believers in the interval between death and the resurrection.
still admitted the uninterrupted development of & higher life
after death, though he did not particularly bring it forward,
was accustumed to found all the hopes of beiievers on
surrection of Christ, and to connect them with the
1e of the resurrection; perhaps, also, he thought that
reat event so nigh, and was so constantly turning his
tion to it, that his mind was not directed towards the
fact. But as he became aware that the period of the
amation of the kingdom of God was not so nigh as he

THE CONSUMMATION OF ALL THINGS. 531

and confess that he is Lord to the glory of God,” something
more is meant than a description of such forced outward
obedience, if we understand these words according to the
Pauline phraseology.! The passage in Coloss. i. 20, we shall
interpret in the simplest and most natural manner, if we can
admit such a reference to the reconciling and redeeming
work of Christ on the fallen spiritual world, And we can
then combine in one view the three passages, and interpret
them by a mutual comparison. A magnificent prospect is
thus presented of the final triumph of the work of redemp-
tion, which was first opened to the mind of the great apostle
in the last stage of his Christian development, by means of
that love which impelled him to sacrifice himself for the
salvation of mankind. At all events, we find here only some
slight intimations, and we acknowledge the guidance of divine
wisdom, that in the records of revelation destined for such
various steps of religious development, no more light has
been communicated on this subject.

1 The doctrine of such a universal restitution would not stand in
contradiction to the doctrine of eternal punishment, as it appears in the
gospels; for although those who are hardened in wickedness, left to the
consequences of their conduct, their merited fate, have to expect endless
unhappiness, yet a secret decree of the divine compassion is not neces-
sarily excluded, by virtue of which, through the wisdom of God
revealing itself in the discipline of free agents, they will be led toa
free appropriation of redemption.

MAY 8- 1915

LONDON: PRINTED BY WILLIAM CLOWES AND BONS, LIMITED,
STAMFORD STREET AND CHARING CROSS.

*,* The conclusion of this work, together with several
minor pieces by the same author, will be given in the

next volume.

A

CLASSIFIED CATALOGUE

OF

SELECTED WORKS

INCLUDING AN ALPHABETICAL LIST
OF BOHN’S LIBRARIES

PUBLISHED BY

GEORGE BELL & SONS

LONDON : YORK ST., COVENT GARDEN
NEW YORK: 66 FIFTH AVENUE; & BOMBAY
CAMBRIDGE : DEIGHTON, BELL & CO,

1896

CONTENTS.

PAGE
POETRY. x 2 2 ee He £8. a: -
THE ALDINE POETS . . . . . * 7 FR!
BIOGRAPHY AND HISTORY . . . . . 23
STANDARD BOOKS . . . . . . 5 . 1
DICTIONARIES AND BOOKS OF REFERENCE . . 5
ART AND ARCHAEOLOGY. . . . 3 : . 1%
THEOLOGY . . . . . . + 3 % . 9
ROYAL NAVY HANDBOOKS . 4 ‘ pi a . 4
BOTANY . . . . . . 3 . 4 . . 2
ECONOMICS AND FINANCE = 5 & * : 8
SPORTS AND GAMES . . . ae B I u}
ALL-ENGLAND SERIES . . . > Fr; Ps . 2
CLUB SERIES 3 ; R . . . 2 Pi . A
FICTION . . . & : 5 . r 2 ni . 8
BOOKS FOR THE YOUNG . . . . 1. . 9

ALPHABETICAL LIST OF BOHN’S. LIBRARIES . . 31

(139)

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