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HISTORY 


STATE    OFNEW    YORK. 


BY 


JOHN  ROMEYN  BRODHEAD. 


FIRST   PERIOD. 


1609  —  1664. 


6 
NEW    YORK; 

HARPER   A    BROTHERS,    PUBLISHERS, 
3S9  A   381    PEARL   8TRBBT, 

rRANKtlff     SQVARB. 

1853. 


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HARVARD  UNIVFRSITY, 

Historical  Pr-r-'-^^nnt. 


Entered,  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  Year  1858,  by 

John   Rombtn   Brodhbad, 

In  the  Clerk^s  Office  of  the  District  Ck>urt  of  the  United  States  for  the  Southern 
District  of  New  York. 


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PREFACE. 


There  are  four  marked  periods  in  the  history  of  the  State  of 
New  York.  The  first,  opening  with  its  discovery  by  the  Datoh 
in  1609,  and  closing  with  its  seizure  by  the  English  in  1664,  com- 
prises also  the  early  history  of  New  Jersey,  Delaware,  and  Penn- 
sylvania, and,  to  some  extent,  that  of  Massachusetts,  Rhode  Isl- 
and, and  Connecticut.  The  second  begins  with  the  ascendency 
of  the  English  in  1664,  and  ends  with  the  cession  of  Canada  to 
England  in  1763,  by  which  all  the  Northern  colonies  in  America 
became  subject  to  the  British  crown.  The  third  reaches  from  the 
treaty  of  Paris  in  1763,  to  the  inauguration  of  Washington  as 
President  of  the  United  States  in  1789.  The  fourth  embraces 
the  annals  of  the  state  from  the  organization  of  the  Federal  gov- 
ernment. 

This  volume  contains  a  history  of  the  first  of  these  periods.  In 
that  period  many  of  the  political,  religious,  and  social  elements 
of  New  York  had  their  origin.  It  offers  varied  themes  which  in- 
vite attention ;  the  savage  grandeur  of  nature ;  the  early  adven- 
ture of  discovery  and  settlement ;  the  struggle  with  barbarism, 
and  the  subjugation  of  a  rude  soil ;  the  contrast  and  blending  of 
European  with  American  life ;  the  transfer  of  old  institutions ;  the 


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ii  PREFACE. 

intermingling  of  races;  the  progress  of  commerce ;  the  establish- 
ment  of  churches  and  schools ;  the  triumph  of  freedom  of  con- 
science over  bigotry;  the  development  of  principles  of  self-govern- 
ment  within,  and  the  action  of  encroachment  and  conquest  from 
without. 

The  preparation  of  this  book  has  not  been  without  much  care 
and  labor.  Many  of  its  materials  are  now  employed  for  the  first 
time ;  the  numerous  references  to  others  show  the  extended  re- 
sources which,  under  the  recent  impulse  to  American  historical 
investigation,  have  been  brought  within  reach.  It  is  submitted 
to  the  judgment  of  the  public  in  partial  execution  of  a  purpose 
contemplated  for  many  years ;  with  a  desire  to  aid  in  the  vindi- 
cation of  truth ;  and  with  a  full  consciousness  of  the  importance 
of  the  subject  and  of  the  fidelity  due  to  tfie  fit  performance  of  the 
work. 

John  Romeyn  Brodhead. 

New  York,  November ^  1858. 


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I 


CONTENTS. 


CHAPTER   I. 

U9^_1609. 

Columbus'  Discovery,  and  Papal  Donation  of  the  New  World  to  Spain,  page  1 ;  Cabot 
and  Verazzano,  2 ;  Cartier  and  Roberval,  3 ;  Frohisher,  4 ;  Gilbert  and  Raleigh, 
5 ;  Virginia,  6,  6  ;  Gosnold  at  Cape  Cod,  7 ;  Pring  on  Coast  of  Maine,  8 ;  Wey- 
mouth's Voyage,  9 ;  Virginia  Charter,  10 ;  Jamestown  founded,  12 ;  Sagadahoc 
Colony,  13-15 ;  New  Charter  for  Virginia,  15 ;  Pont  Grav^  and  Champlain  in 
Canada,  16 ;  De  Monts  and  Poutrincourt  at  Port  Royal  and  Saint  Croix,  16,  17 ; 
Quebec  founded,  18 ;  Lake  Champlain  discovered,  18 ;  Dutch  maritime  Enter- 
prises, 19-22 ;  Dutch  East  India  Company,  23 ;  West  India  Company  proposed, 
24 ;  Hudson  in  Holland,  24 ;  Hudson  sails  from  Amsterdam  in  the  Half  Moon, 
25 ;  At  Penobscot,  26 ;  At  Cape  Cod,  26 ;  At  the  Capes  of  the  Chesapeake,  26 ; 
In  Delaware  Bay,  26 ;  Anchors  in  Sandy  Hook  Bay,  27 ;  Death  of  John  Cohnan, 
28 ;  Hudson  ascends  the  "  River  of  the  Mountains,"  28-^1 ;  Descends  the  River, 
32,  33 ;  At  Hoboken,  34 ;  Arrives  at  Dartmouth,  34 ;  Reports  to  the  Dutch  East 
India  Company,  34,  35 ;  The  River  of  the  Mountains  in  1609,  35-37. 

CHAPTER   II. 

1609—1614. 

The  Dutch  an  independent  Nation  when  Hudson  made  Discoveries  in  their  Service, 
38-42 ;  Hudson's  Voyage  to  the  North,  and  Death,  42, 43 ;  The  Half  Moon  returns 
to  Amsterdam,  43 ;  Another  Ship  sent  to  Manhattan,  44 ;  Christiaensen's  and 
Block's  Voyages,  45,  46 ;  Other  Ships  sent,  47 ;  Yacht  built  at  Manhattan,  48 ; 
Virginia  Affairs,  49 ;  Lord  Delawarr,  60 ;  Never  in  Delaware  Bay,  51 ;  Argall  on 
the  Coast  of  Maine,  52 ;  His  alleged  Visit  to  Manhattan,  54 ;  Fort  Nassau  built 
on  Castle  Island,  55 ;  Block  explores  Long  Island  Sound  in  the  Yacht  "  Restless," 
55 ;  Discovers  the  Housatonic  and  Connecticut,  56 ;  Block  Island,  57 ;  Rhode 
Island,  58 ;  Pye  Bay  and  Boston  Harbor,  58 ;  Returns  to  HoMand,  59 ;  Amster- 
dam Trading  Company  formed,  60 ;  Deputies  sent  to  the  Hague,  61 ;  New  Neth- 
erland  Charter  of  the  11th  of  October,  1614,  62;  Its  Provisions,  and  the  Views 
of  the  States  General,  63,  64 ;  Block  in  the  Arctic  Ocean,  65. 

CHAPTER   in. 

1616— 16S0. 

New  Netherland  Company,  66 ;  Death  of  Christiaensen,  66, 67 ;  Champlain  discov- 
ers Lake  Huron  and  Lake  Ontario,  68 ;  At  Onondaga  Lake,  69 ;  Onondaga  Fort 


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iy  CONTENTS. 

attacked,  69-71 ;  Indian  Tribes  along  the  Oahctotatea,  or  North  River,  7S-77 , 
Hendricksen  explores  the  Soath  or  Delaware  River,  78, 79 ;  Returns  to  Holland, 
79 ;  New  Charter  for  Soath  River  i^lied  for  and  refused,  80 ;  Fort  Nassau  de- 
stroyed, 80 ;  New  Post  on  the  Tawasentha,  81 ;  The  Konoahioni,  or  Iroquois,  82- 
87;  Treaty  of  the  Tawasentha,  88 ;  Expiration  of  the  New  Netheriand  Charter, 
89 ;  Its  Renewal  refused,  90 ;  Smith  in  New  England,  91 ;  Dermer  passes  through 
Long  Island  Sound  to  Virginia,  92 ;  Dermer  at  Manhattan,  98 ;  Patent  for  New 
England,  94-96 ;  Progress  of  Dutch  Explorations,  97. 

CHAPTER   IV. 

1620. 

Prosperity  of  Holland,  98 ;  The  Reformation  in  the  Netherlands,  99 ;  First  Preach- 
ing of  "the  Reformed,''  100 ;  Establishment  of  the  Reformed  Religion,  101 ;  Tol- 
eration of  other  Religions,  102 ;  Calvinism  of  the  Dutch  Clergy,  103 ;  The  Gom- 
anst  and  Armenian  Controversy,  104,  106 ;  The  Remonstrants,  106 ;  Maurice 
and  Bameveldt,  107,  108 ;  The  Synod  of  Dordrecht,  109,  110 ;  Death  of  Bame- 
veldt,  111;  The  Church  of  England,  112;  The  Puritans,  118,  114;  Puritans 
emigrate  to  Holland,  116;  The  Reformed  Dutch  Church,  and  the  Church  of 
England,  116-119;  The  Puritans  dissatisfied  in  Holland,  120;  Wish  to  emi- 
grate to  America,  121 ;  Their  Patent  from  the  Virginia  Company,  122 ;  Their 
Condition  in  Holland,  123;  They  propose  to  go  to  New  Netheriand,  124 ;  Memo- 
rial to  the  Dutch  Government,  126 ;  Its  Prayer  reftised  by  the  States  General, 
126 ;  The  Puritans  leave  Leyden,  127 ;  Sail  from  Plymouth,  128 ;  Their  Desti- 
nation, 129 ;  The  Mayflower  at  Cape  Cod,  130 ;  Compact  on  board  the  Mayflower, 
181,  132;  The  Landing  of  the  Pilgrims,  138. 

CHAPTER   V. 

1621^1626. 

The  Dutch  West  India  Company  incorporated,  134 ;  Its  Powers  and  Duties,  136, 
136 ;  Its  Organisation  delayed,  137 ;  Private  Ships  sent  to  New  Netheriand,  137,, 
188 ;  Parliament  jealous  of  ^e  New  England  Patent,  139 ;  Plymouth  Company 
complains  of  the  Dutdi,  140 ;  James  claims  New  Netheriand,  and  sends  Instruc- 
tions to  Carieton  at  the  Hague,  141 ;  Carleton's  Memorial  to  the  States  General, 
142 ;  Dutch  and  English  Titles  considered,  143, 144 ;  Dutch  Traders  in  Long  Isl- 
and Sound,  146 ;  Walloons  in  Holland,  146,  147 ;  The  West  India  Company  or- 
ganized, 148 ;  Takes  Possession  of  New  Netheriand  as  a  Province,  149 ;  First 
permanent  agricultural  Colonization,  160 ;  Fort  Orange  built,  161 ;  Fort  Wilhel- 
mus,  162 ;  Fort  Nassau,  on  the  South  River,  163 ;  Walloons  at  the  Waal-bogt, 
154 ;  C.  J.  May  first  Director  of  New  Netheriand,  164 ;  Ship  of  D.  P.  de  Vries 
seized  at  Hoom,  166 ;  Dutch  Ship  arrested  at  Plymouth,  166 ;  Publications  of 
Waesenaar,  De  Laet,  and  Purchas,  167 ;  More  Colonists  sent  to  New  Nether- 
iand, 168 ;  Cattle  at  Nutten  Island  and  Manhattan,  169 ;  William  Verhulst  suc- 
ceeds May  as  Director,  169 ;  Death  of  Maurice,  160 ;  Of  James  I.,  161 ;  Treaty  of 
Southampton,  161 ;  Peter  Minuit  appoiated  Director  General  of  New  Nether- 
iand, 162. 


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CONTENTS.  V 

CHAPTER   Vl. 

1626—1629. 

Prcmmia]  GoTernment  under  Minuit,  163 ;  Purchase  of  Manhattan  Island,  164 ; 
Fort  Amsterdam  begun,  166 ;  Murder  of  an  Indian  near  the  Koick,  166 ;  Descrip- 
tion of  Manhattan,  167 ;  Aflbirs  at  Fort  Orange,  168 ;  Krieckebeeck  and  Baient- 
sen,  169 ;  Cokmists  remoTed  from  Fort  Orange  and  the  South  River  to  Manhat- 
tan, 170;  The  Puritans  at  New  Plymouth  annoyed  at  the  commercial  Superior- 
ity of  the  Dutch,  171 ;  Long  Island,  or  Sewan-hacky,  the  chief  Manufactory  of 
Wampum,  172 ;  Correspondence  between  New  Nefberland  and  New  Plymouth, 
173-175 ;  Isaac  de  Rasieres  sent  as  Ambassador,  176 ;  At  New  Plymouth,  177 ; 
Deseribes  the  Puritan  Settlement,  178,  179;  Mutual  Trade,  180;  The  En^h 
Objections  to  the  Dutdi  Title,  181 ;  Minuit  asks  for  Siridiers  from  Holland,  181 ; 
(Varies  I.  &Tors  the  Dutch  West  India  Con^Muiy,  182 ;  Revenue  of  New  Neth- 
erland,  182 ;  Population  of  Manhattan,  183 ;  Heyn  captures  the  Spanish  Silver 
Fleet,  184;  In&tuating  Effidct  iqxm  the  West  India  Company,  185 ;  CostofNew 
Netholand,  186 ;  Charter  for  Patroons  proposed,  187 ;  Pro^press  of  the  Cotoniza- 
tkm  of  New  England,  188;  Royal  Charter  for  Massachusetts  Bay,  189;  Church 
oiianlzed  at  Salem,  and  rdigions  Intolerance  established,  190. 

CHAPTER  VII. 
1630—1632. 
The  Golden  Fleece,  191 ;  Dutch  Towns,  and  the  feudal  System  in  Holland,  191J^ 
198 ;  Charter  for  Patroons  in  New  Netheiland,  1^^197 ;  Its  Effects,  198 ;  Char- 
ter published,  199 ;  Oodyn  and  Blommaert  purchase  on  the  South  River,  200 ; 
Van  Rensselaer  buys  on  the  North  River,  and  begins  to  colonize  Rensselaers- 
wyck,  201 ;  Pauw  purchases  Pavonia  and  Staten  Island,  202 ;  Jealousies  among 
the  Directors  at  Amsterdam,  2^3 ;  Patroonships  shared,  2((4 ;  Heyes  sent  to  the 
South  River,  206 ;  Colony  established  at  Swaanendael,  206 ;  No  Dutch  Colonies 
on  the  Connecticut,  907 ;  Winthrop  founds  Boston,  208 ;  Extent  of  the  New  En- 
gland Settlements,  209;  Connecticut  Sachem  at  Boston,  and  l^nslow,  of  New 
Y  Pljrmouth,  visits  the  Connecticut,  210 ;  Lord  Warwick's  Grant  of  Connecticut, 
211 ;  Great  Ship  *<New  Netheiland'*  built  at  Manhattan,  212;  Minuit  recalled^ 
213 ;  His  Ship  arrested  at  Plymouth,  and  Negotiation  in  consequence  with  the 
British  Government,  214-216 ;  Ship  released,  217 ;  Difficulties  between  the  Di- 
rectors of  the  West  India  Company  and  tiie  Patroons,  2l8 ;  Destruction  of  Swaan- 
endael by  the  Savages,  219 ;  De  Vries  sails  for  the  South  River,  visits  the  Ruins, 
and  makes  a  Peace,  219-221. 

CHAPTER   VIII. 

1638—1637. 

Wouter  van  Twiner  appointed  Director  General  in  Place  of  Minuit,  222 ;  Arrires 
at  Manhattan,  928 ;  First  Clergymali,  Schoolmaster,  and  provincial  Officers,  223 ; 
m      Revenue  and  Expenditures,  224 ;  De  Vries  at  Fort  Nassau,  225 ;  Visits  Govem- 
«r  Harvey  m  Virginia,  226 ;  Pleasant  Intercourse  opened,  227 ;  De  Vries  at  Man- 
hattan, 228 ;  English  Ship  sails  up  to  Fort  Orange,  229 ;  Forced  to  return,  229 ; 


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vi  COiSTiiN  i  o. 

Van  Twiner's  vexatioos  Conduct,  231 ;  Corssen's  Purchase  on  the  Schuylkill, 
232 ;  Affairs  on  the  Connecticut,  233 ;  The  West  India  Company  purchases  Lands 
of  the  Savages  there,  234 ;  Commissary  Van  Curler  completes  Fort  Good  Hope, 
235 ;  Van  Twiller*s  Conduct  toward  De  Vries  on  his  Return  to  Holland^  286 ; 
Virginia  Ship  and  New  Plyn^outh  Pinnace  at  Manhattan,  237;  Massachusetts 
refuses  to  join  New  Plymouth  in  occupying  Connectieut,  238 ;  John  Oldham's 
overland  Journey,  239 ;  Winthrop  claims  Connecticut,  and  Van  Twiller  replies, 
239,  240 ;  New  Plymouth  Expedition  to  the  Connecticut,  240 ;  Dutch  Protest 
against  the  Settlers  at  Windsor,  241 ;  Treaty  between  Massachusetts  and  the 
Pequods,  242 ;  Affairs  at  Manhattan,  243 ;  Pavonia,  Fort  Nassau,  Fort  Orange, 
and  Rensselaerswyck,  244 ;  Van  Twiller  and  Domine  Bogardus,  246 ;  English 
Complaints  against  the  West  India  Company,  and  their  Answer,  245,  246; 
Lubbertus  van  Dincklagen  appointed  Schout  of  New  Netherland,  247 ;  Difiicul- 
ties  between  the  Patroons  and  the  Directors,  247,  248;  Surrender  of  Swaanen- 
dael  to  the  Con^)any,  249 ;  Claybome's  Explorations,  250 ;  Motives  for  the  Em- 
igration of  Roman  Catholics  from  England,  261 ;  Lord  Baltimore's  Patent  for 
Maryland,  252;  Saint  Mary's  founded,  263;  Harvey  deposed  and  sent  to  En- 
gland, 264 ;  Fort  Nassau  seized  by  a  Virginian  Party,  254 ;  Retaken  by  the 
Dutch,  and  the  English  Prisoners  sent  back  to  Virginia,  256 ;  Emigration  from 
Massachusetts  to  Connecticut,  256 ;  English  Plantation  Board,  257;  Its  Jealousy 
of  the  New  England  Colonists,  258 ;  Long  Island  conveyed  to  Lord  Stirling,  259 ; 
The  New  England  Patent  surrendered,  and  the  younger  Winthrop  appointed 
Governor  of  Connecticut,  259,  260 ;  The  Dutch  Arms  torn  down  at  the  Kievit's 
Hook,  260 ;  Lion  Gardiner  at  Saybrook,  261 ;  William  Pynchon  at  Springfield,  * 
261 ;  True  European  Title  to  Long  Island  and  Connecticut,  262 ;  Domestic  Af- 
fairs at  Manhattan  and  Pavonia,  263, 264 ;  Lands  taken  up  on  Staten  Island  and 
Long  Island,  265 ;  Van  Dincklagen  sent  back  to  Holland,  266 ;  Beverwyck  and 
Rensselaerswyck,  266,  267;  Van  Twiner's  private  Purchases,  267;  Bronck's 
Purchase  in  West  Chester,  268 ;  Quotenis,  in  Narragansett  Bay,  and  Dutchman's 
Island  at  the  Pequod  River,  268 ;  Traffic  with  New  England,  269 ;  The  Pequod 
War,  269-272 ;  Complaints  in  Holland  agamst  Van  Twiller  and  Bogardus,  273 ; 
William  Kieft  appointed  Director  General  in  Place  of  Van  Twiller,  274. 

CHAPTER    IX. 

1638—1641. 

Arrival  of  Kieft  at  Manhattan,  ^75 ;  Condition  of  Afiairs  there,  2^6 ;  New  Regula- 
tions, 277;  Domine  Bogardus  retained,  278;  Rensselaerswyck,  Pavonia,  and 
Long  Island,  279 ;  Jansen  Commissary  on  the  South  River,  279 ;  Swedish  West 
India  Company,  280 ;  Minuit  sails  from  Sweden,  and  anchors  at  Jamestown,  281 ; 
Arrives  in  the  South  River,  and  purchases  Land,  282 ;  Kieft  protests  against 
him,  283 ;  Minuit  builds  Fort  Christina,  284 ;  Swedish  Ship  seized  in  Holland, 
284 ;  The  States  General  inquire  into  the  Condition  of  New  Netherland,  2I5 ; 
New  Articles  proposed  by  the  Company.  ?46 ;  By  the  Patroons,  2I7 ;  Proclama- 
tion of  freer  Trade,  2fc;  Its  Effects,  188,  289;  De  Vries,  Kuyter,  and  Melyn, 
289 ;  Strangers  attracted  from  New  England  and  Virginia,  290 ;  Captain  John  ^ 
Underbill,  291 ;  Obligations  and  Privileges  of  foreign  Settlers  in  New  Netherland, 
2ll ;  Grants  of  Land  near  Coney  Island,  Breuckelen,  and  Deutel  Bay,  292 ;  Do- 


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mestic  Administration,  2&2 ;  Tribute  propoeed  to  be  exacted  from  the  Savages, 
2w ;  New  Hayen,  Stratford,  Greenwich,  and  Hartford,  294 ;  Aggressions  of  the 
Hartford  People,  296 ;  The  Dutch  purchase  West  Chester  Lands,  296 ;  James 
Farrett,  Lord  Stirling's  Agent  for  Long  Idand,  297 ;  Lion  Gardiner  at  Gardiner's 
Island,  298 ;  English  Intruders  at  Schout*s  Bay  dislodged,  299 ;  Southampton 
and  Southold  settled,  300 ;  De  Tries  goes  up  to  Fort  Orange,  301,  302 ;  Affairs 
at  Beverwyck  and  Rensselaerswyck,  303-305 ;  The  Cohooes,  306 ;  De  Vries* 
Opinion  of  the  North  River,  307;  Difficulties  with  the  Savages,  307-309;  The 
Dutch  ordered  to  arm,  309 ;  Expedition  against  the  Raritans,  310 ;  The  Tappans 
refuse  to  pay  Tribute,  310 ;  New  Charter  for  Patroons,  Sn ;  The  Reformed 
Dutch  Church  established  in  New  Netherland,  BIZ ;  Vriesendael,  Hackinsack, 
f  ,  and  Staten  Island,  313 ;  Provincial  Currency  regulated,  and  Fairs  established, 
314 ;  The  Raritans  attack  Staten  Island,  315 ;  Smits  murdered  at  Deutel  Bay, 
316;  The  "Twelve  Men''  appointed,  ^7;  Kieft  urges  War,  318;  The  Twelve 
Men  oppose  and  avert  Hostilities,  819 ;  Swedes  on  the  Soutii  River,  319 ;  De 
Bogaerdt,  Powdson,  and  HoUaendare,  320 ;  Death  of  Minuit,  321 ;  Lamberton 
and  Cogswell's  Expedition  from  New  Haven  to  the  Varken's  Kill  and  the  Schuyl- 
kill, 321,  322;  Vexatious  Conduct  of  the  Hartford  People,  322;  Delegates  sent 
to  England  from  Massachusetts  and  Connecticut,  323 ;  Hugh  Peters  commission- 
ed to  treat  with  the  West  India  Company,  324 ;  Sir  WUliam  Boswell's  Advice  to 
crowd  out  the  Dutch,  324. 

>  ^  CHAPTER   X. 

1641^—1643. 

The  Twelve  Men  again  convoked,  3^5 ;  They  demand  Refcmns,  326,  327 ;  Kieft's 
Concessions,  dfe ;  Dissolves  the  Board  of  Twelve  Men,  3sb ;  Expedition  against 
the  Weckquaeageeks,  and  Treaty  at  the  Bronx  River,  330 ;  Greenwich  submits  to 
the  Dutch,  331 ;  Roger  Williians  founds  Rhode  Island,  332 ;  Emigrations  from 
Massachusetts  to  New  Netherland,  333 ;  Doughty's  Patent  for  Mespath,  333 ; 
Throgmorton  atVredeland,  334;  Anne  Hutchinson  at  "Anjtie's  Hoeck,"  33 »; 
Strangers  at  Manhattan,  335 ;  City  Hotel  for  Travellers,  ;335 ;  New  Church  at 
Manhattan,  336,  337 ;  George  Baxter  s^pointed  En^h  Secretary,  337 ;  New 
Haven  Settlements  on  the  South  River  broken  up,  338 ;  The  Hsutford  People 
and  the  Dutch,  339 ;  Threats  in  England  against  the  Dutch,  340 ;  Beginning  of 
the  Civil  War  in  England,  341 ;  Van  der  Donck,  Schout  Fiscal  of  Rensselaers- 
wyck, 341 ;  Domine  Megapolensis,  342 ;  Church  at  Beverwyck,  343 ;  The  Jes- 
uits in  Canada,  344 ;  Father  Jogues  enured  by  the' Mohawks,  345 ;  Benevolent 
Efforts  of  Van  Curier,  346 ;  Van  Voorst  murdered  by  an  Indian  at  Hackinsack, 
347 ;  The  Savages  offer  an  Atonement,  348 ;  Kieft  demands  the  Murderer,  348 ; 
The  Mohawks  attack  the  River  Indians,  349 ;  Public  Opinion  at  Manhattan,  349 ; 
Kieft  resolves  on  War,  350 ;  Warned  in  vain  against  his  Rashness,  351 ;  Mas- 
sacres at  Pavonia  and  Corlaer's  Hook,  352 ;  The  Long  Island  Indians  attacked, 
353 ;  The  Savages  aroused  to  Vengeance,  354 ;  Vriesendael  invested,  355 ;  Pop- 
ular Indignation  against  Kieft,  and  Proclamation  of  a  Day  of  fhsting,  856 ;  Prop- 
osition to  depose  Kieft,  356 ;  Adriaensen  and  the  Director,  357 ;  De  Vries  and 
Olfertsen  at  Rockaway,  358 ;  Treaty  with  the  Savages,  359 ;  The  Indians  stfll 
discontented,  360. 


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CHAPTER   XI. 

1648— leu. 

The  United  Colonies  of  New  England,  861 ;  Kieft  addresses  tiie  Commissioners, 
362 ;  Their  Reply,  863 ;  Murder  of  Miantonomoh,  864 ;  The  North  River  Sav- 
ages attack  a  Dutch  Boat,  864 ;  The  Commonalty  couToked,  864 ;  **  Eight  Men" 
chosen,  866 ;  Warlike  Measures  authorized,  866 ;  English  enrolled,  ahd  Under- 
bill taken  into  the  Dutch  Service,  866 ;  Annie's  Hook  and  Vredeland  destroyed, 
866;  Lady  Moody's  Settlement  at  Gravesend  attacked,  867;  Settlers  driven 
away  from  Mespath,  867 ;  Haddnsack  attacked,  and  Pavonia  surprised,  868 ; 
Alarm^at  Manhattan,  869 ;  The  Eight  Men  again  convoked,  870;  Application  to 
New  Haven  for  Aid,  and  its  Result,  870 ;  De  Vries*  parting  Prophecy,  371 ;  Let- 
ter of  the  Eight  Men  to  the  West  India  Company,  371 ;  To  ^e  States  General, 

'  373 ;  Father  JoJ^ues  at  Manhattan,  878 ;  Describes  its  Condition,  874 ;  Sails  for 
Europe,  874 ;  Church  at  Beverwyck,  874 ;  Missionary  seal  of  Megapolensis,  875 ; 
Mercantfle  Policy  of  Patroon  of  Rensselaerswydt,  876 ;  Tan  der  Donck's  Con- 
duct, 877 ;  Attempts  to  form  a  Settlement  at  Katskill,  and  is  prevented,  878 ; 
John  Printz  appointed  Governor  of  New  Sweden,  878 ;  Arrives  at  Port  Clnristina, 
and  builds  Fort  New  Gottenburg,  879 ;  De  Tries  at  the  South  River,  866 ;  Plow- 
den*s  Claim  to  New  Albion  disregarded  by  Printz  and  Kieft,  881 ;  Lamberton  ar- 
rested by  Printz,  882 ;  Exploring  Expedition  from  Boston  to  the  South  River, 
888 ;  Failure  of  the  Boston  Enterprises,  884 ;  The  Dutch  and  the  Swedes  oppose 
the  English  on  the  South  River,  886 ;  Expeditions  sent  to  Staten  Island  unf 
Greenwich,  886 ;  Captain  Patrick  murdered,  387 ;  Expedition  against  the  Weck- 
quaesgeeks,  387 ;  Stamford  People  settle  at  Heemstede,  887 ;  Patent  for  Heem- 
stede,  888 ;  Hostility  of  the  Indians,  and  Expedition  sent  to  Heemstede,  389 ; 
Atrocities  at  Manhattan,  389 ;  Soldiers  supplied  from  private  Ship  at  Manhattan, 
390 ;  Undeihill's  Expedition  to  Stamford,  390, 891 ;  Thanksgivmg  at  Manhattan, 
391 ;  Peace  with  West  Chester  and  Long  Island  Tribes,  392 ;  Fence  built  at 
Manhattan,  392 ;  Hostility  of  the  River  Tribes,  398 ;  Bankruptcy  of  the  West 
India  Company,  393 ;  The  Eight  Men  oppose  an  Excise,  393 ;  Kieft's  ari>itrary 
Imposition,  394 ;  Excise  enforced,  and  the  Brewers  refose  to  pay,  395 ;  The  Peo- 
ple side  with  the  Brewers,  896 ;  Kieft*s  Misconduct,  396 ;  Expedition  to  the  North, 
397;  Memorial  of  the  Eight  Men  to  the  West  India  Company,  398-400 ;  Staple 
Right  claimed  for  Itensselaer's  Stein,  400 ;  Koom  and  Loockermans,  401 ;  Room 
summoned  to  Manhattan,  fined,  and  protests,  401 ;  Father  Bressani  captured  by 
the  Mohawks,  and  ransomed  by  the  Dutch,  402 ;  Aflhirs  of  New  Netherland  con- 
sidered in  Holland,  403 ;  Provisional  Appointment  of  Tan  Dincklagen  to  succeed 
Kieft,  404;  Report  of  the  Company*s  Bureau  of  Accounts,  404-406. 

CHAPTER  XII. 
1645—1647. 
End  of  the  Indian  War,  407 ;  Treaty  at  Fort  Orange,  408 ;  General  Treaty  at  Fort 
Amsterdam,  409 ;  Condition  of  New  Netherland,  410 ;  Lands  purchased  on  Long 
Island,  410;  Settlement  of  Tlissingen,  or  Flushing,  410;  Douj^ty  at  Mespath, 
411 ;  Lady  Moody's  Patent  for  Gravesande,  or  Gravesend,  411 ;  Mineral  Discov- 
eries near  Fort  Orange  and  among  the  Raritans,  412 ;  Arendt  Corssen  sent  to 


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HdDand,  and  kmt  on  the  Way,  41S,  413 ;  Action  of  the  West  India  Company  re- 
specting New  Netfaeiland,  41^;  Peter  Stnyresant— His  early  life,  413;  Ap- 
pointed Direotor  in  Flao^  of  Kieit,  and  Van  Dinddagen  Vioe  Director,  414 ;  In- 
structions for  tlie  Prorincial  Council,  4n,  416 ;  New  Arrangements,  and  Stny- 
vesanf 8  D^artnre  postponed,  410 ;  Kieft  denies  theilUf^t  of  Appeal  to  Holland, 
417 ;  Deaonnocd  by  the  People,  and  reproved  by  Bogardns,  417 ;  Qnarrel  be- 
tween the  Birocter  and  the  Domine,  418 ;  Restoration  of  Anne  Hutchinson's 
Grand-daughter,  419 ;  Van  Curler  and  Van  der  Dondc,  419 ;  Death  of  Kiliaen 
Van  Rensselaer,  and  Appointment  of  Van  Slechtenhorst  as  Director  of  Rensse- 
laerswyck,  439 ;  Van  der  Donck's  Patent  for  Colendonck  or  Yonkers,  421 ;  Van 
Slydc's  Patent  for  KatddO,  421 ;  Breuckelen  incorporated,  432 ;  Father  Jogues 
.  visits  Andiataroct^,  and  names  it  "  Lao  du  Saint  Saerement,*'  432 ;  Murder  of 
Jogues  fay  Ae  Mohawks,  438 ;  Hudde  Commissary  on  the  South  River,  424 ; 
Negotiates  with  Printi,  436 ;  Purchases  the  Site  of  Philadelphia,  426 ;  Discfmrt- 
eous  Conduct  of  Prints,  437;  New  Haven  Trading-post  on  the  Paugussett,  428 ; 
Kieft  pnvtests,  and  negotiates  with  Eaton,  428 ;  With  the  Cmnmissioners,  429, 
480 ;  InstinetiwM  of  flie  West  India  Company,  431 ;  Stoyvesant  commissioned  as 
Director^  and  sworn,  482 ;  Sails  f)rom  the  Texel,  488 ;  Arrives  at  Manhattan,  433. 

CHAPTER   XIII. 

1647—1648. 

Death  of  Frederick  Henry  the  Stadtholder,  434 ;  Treaty  of  Munster,  and  General 
Peace  of  Westphalia,  435 ;  The  Hoose  of  Burgundy,  436 ;  Great  Charter  of  Hol- 
land, 4J7 ;  Charies  V.  and  Philip  II.,  437,  438 ;  The  Reformation  in  Friesland 
and  Holland,  438 ;  Action  of  the  Spanish  Government,  439 ;  Alliance  of  the  No- 
bles, and  Origin  of  the  '*  Gueux,"  440 ;  Iconoclasts,  441 ;  Alva  in  the  Nether- 
lands, 441 ;  Council  of  Blood,  and  Execution  of  Egmont  and  Hoom,  441 ;  Qap- 
ture  of  the  Brielle,  442 ;  The  People  refuse  to  pay  Alva's  Taxes,  442 ;  Haerlem 
and  Alckmaer  besieged,  442 ;  Defense  of  Leyden,  and  Foundation  of  its  Univers- 
ity, 443',  Pacification  of  Ghent,  444;  The  Union  of  Utrecht,  446 ;  Dutch  Decla^  ^ 
ration  of  Independence,  446 ;  The  Dutch  a  sel^goveming  People,  447 ;  Their  re- 
publican System  of  Administration,  448 ;  The  States  General,  449 ;  Council  of 
State,  Chamber  of  Accounts,  Stadtholder,  and  Admiralty,  450 ;  The  Province  of 
Holland,  451 ;  Industrial  and  democratic  Spirit  of  the  Dutch,  452 ;  Municipal 
Governments  of  Holland,  453 ;  Effects  of  the  Dutch  System,  454 ;  Doctrine  of 
State  Rights,  455 ;  Social  and  political  Results,  455,  456 ;  Prosperity  of  the 
Dutch,  456 ;  Extensive  Commerce,  457 ;  Free  Trade ;  Universal  Toleration,  458 ; 
Foreigners  attracted ;  Freedom  of  the  Dutch  Press,  459 ;  Illustrious  Men  and  , 
Artists  of  the  Netherlands,  460 ;  Party  Spirit ;  the  Hoeks  and  Kabbeljaus,  461 ; 
Economy  and  Frugality ;  Hospitality  and  Benevolence,  462 ;  Establishment  ot  i 
free  Schools,  462 ;  Influence  of  Women,  463 ;  Honesty  of  the  Dutch,  463 ;  Thoir^ 
Firmness  and  Patriotism,  464.  ^ 

CHAPTER   XIV. 

1647—1648. 

Commencement  of  Stuyvesant's  Administration,  465 ;  Organization  of  his  Coiiii^ 
cil,  466 ;  Pc^ice  and  Revenue  Regulations,  466,  467 ;  Church  in  Fort  Amster-  \ 


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X  CONTENTS. 

dam,  467;  Dmnine  Backems  succeeds  Bogardns,  468 ;  Conqdaints  against  Kielt, 
468 ;  Dismissed  by  Stuyresant,  469 ;  Kuyter  and  Melyn  accused  by  Kieft,  470 ; 
Conyicted  and  sentenced,  471 ;  Right  of  Appeal  again  denied,  478 ;  Shipwieck 
of  the  Princess,  and  Death  of  Kieft,  Bogardns,  and  others,  473 ;  Escape  of  Kuy- 
ter and  Melyn,  478 ;  Stuyvesant's  Concessions  to  the  People,  49(l;  The  <*Nine 
Men,"  m ;  Their  Duties  and  Oath  q€  Office,  4'/6 ;  Their  Action  on  Stuyresant's 
first  Communication,  476 ;  Forrester,  Lady  Stirling's  Agent,  arrested  and  ban- 
ished, 477 ;  Correspondence  with  New  England,  478 ;  Stuyresant  seises  a  Ship 
at  New  Haven,  479 ;  Eaton's  Retaliation,  480 ;  Stuyresant's  Vindication,  481 ; 
Insults  of  the  Swedes  on  the  South  River,  48S ;  The  Savages  invite  the  Dutch 
to  build  on  the  Schuylkill,  483 ;  Fort  Beversrede,  488 ;  The  Swedes  reproved  by 
the  Savages,  488 ;  Campanius  returns  to  Sweden,  484 ;  Plowden  again  at  Man- 
hattan, 484 ;  Van  Dincklagea  and  La  Montague  at  the  South  River,  486 ;  Vexa- 
tious Conduct  of  the  Swedes  at  Passayunk,  and  Protests  of  the  Dutdi,  486 ;  Mu 
nicipal  Afiairs  at  Manhattan,  or  New  Amsterdam,  487 ;  Recmnmendations  of  the 
Nine  Men ;  Residence  required ;  Scotch  Merchants,  or  Peddlers ;  ''  Kermis,"  or 
Fair,  4^ ;  Contraband  Trade  in  Fire-arms,  490 ;  Van  Slechtenhorst  at  Rensse- 
laerswydt,  491 ;  Stuyvesant  visits  Fort  Orange,  491 ;  Soldiers  sent  there,  492 ; 
Van  Slechtenhorst  summoned  to  Fort  Amsterdam,  493 ;  Megapolensis  and  Back- 
ems,  494 ;  Popular  Discontent  at  New  Amsterdam,  ^96 ;  Delegation  to  Holland 
proposed  by  the  Nine  Men,  496 ;  Correspondence  with  New  England,  496 ;  Stuy- 
vesant's  Explanations  of  the  Dutch  territorial  Rights,  4§7. 

CHAPTER   XV. 

1649—1661. 

Death  of  Charles  L,  498 ;  Threatened  Rupture  between  England  and  the  Nether- 
lands, 499 ;  Death  of  Winthrop,  and  Correspondence  with  New  England,  499 ; 
The  Dutch  and  other  Foreigners  foibidden  to  trade  with  the  New  England  Sav- 
ages, 600 ;  Stuyvesant  and  the  Nine  Men,  501 ;  Proceedings  against  Van  der 
Donck,  502 ;  Case  of  Kuyter  and  Melyn,  508 ;  Memorial  of  the  Nine  Men  to  the 
States  General,  504 ;  Burgher  Government  demanded  ;'^llemaiks  and  Observa- 
tions of  the  Nine  Men,  506 ;  Vertoogh,  or  Remonstrance  of  New  Netherland, 
506 ;  Delegates  sent  to  Holland,  507 ;  Domine  Backems  succeeded  by  Megapo- . 
lensis,  508;  Van  Tienhoven  sent  to  Holland  as  Stuyvesant's  Representative, 
509 ;  KatskiU,  Claverack,  and  Weckquaesgeek,  510 ;  Lands  purchased  on  the 
South  River,  510,  511 ;  The  popular  Delegates  at  the  Hague,  511 ;  Publication 
of  the  Vertoogh,  512 ;  Letter  of  the  West  India  Company's  Chamber  at  Amster- 
^  dam,  512 ;  Measures  to  promote  Emigration,  518 ;  Provisional  Order  for  the 
Government  of  New  Netherland,  514 ;  Opposed  by  the  Amsterdam  Chamber, 
515 ;  Domine  Grasmeer,  516 ;  Municipal  Affairs  of  New  Amsterdam,  517 ;  Stuy- 
vesant's Opposition  to  Reforms,  517;  The  Director  visits  Hartford,  518 ;  Provis- 
ional Treaty  arranged,  519, 520 ;  Dissatisfaction  of  the  Commonalty  at  New  Am- 
sterdam, 521 ;  Aflkira  at  Rensselaerswydc,  522 ;  Van  der  Donck  and  Van  Tien- 
hoven in  Holland,  528 ;  Return  of  Van  Tienhoven,  524 ;  Melyn  on  Staten  Island, 
525 ;  Van  Dincklagen  and  Van  Schelluyne  oppressed,  526 ;  Gravesend  and  Heem- 
stede  support  Stuyvesant,  526,  527 ;  Expedition  from  New  Haven  to  the  South 
River  defeated,  527;   Van  Slechtenhorst  arrested  at  New  Amsterdam,  628; 


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Stuyresant  visits  the  South  River,  629 ;  Fort  Nassau  demolished,  and  Fort  Cas- 
imir  hoilt,  529 ;  Dyckman  appointed  Conunissary  at  Fort  Orange  in  Place  of  Lab- 
batie,  530 ;  Proposed  Exploration  of  the  Katskill  Mountains,  531. 

CHAPTER   XVI. 

1652—1653. 

Fiscal  Van  Dyck  superseded,  and  Van  Tienhoven  promoted,  632 ;  Troubles  at  Bev- 
erwyck,  533 ;  Stuyvesant  again  at  Fort  Orange,  684 ;  Annexation  of  Beverwyck 
to  Fort  Orange,  535 ;  John  Bs^ist  van  Rensselaer  Director,  and  Gerrit  Swart 
Schout  of  Rensselaerswyck,  536 ;  Settlement  at  Atkarkarton,  or  Esopus,  536 ; 
Middelburg  or  Newtown,  and  Midwout  or  Flatbush,  on  Long  Island,  536 ;  Van 
Werckhoven's  Purchases  on  Long  Island  and  New  Jersey,  587 ;  Domine  Dris- 
ius,  637 ;  Domine  Schaats,  588 ;  Opposition  of  the  Amsterdam  Chamberwto  the 
Provisional  Order.  Ad ;  Burgher  Government  conceded  to  Manhattan,  540 ;  In- 
structions for  Schout  of  New  Amsterdam,  541 ;  The  States  Genersd  recall  Stii^- 
vesant,  541 ;  His  Recall  revoked,  542 ;  Proposed  Union  between  England  and 
the  Netherlands,  542 ;  English  Act  of  Navigation,  548 ;  Failure  of  proposed 
Treaty,  544 ;  Naval  War  between  the  Dutch  and  English,  545 ;  Precautions  of 
the  States  General  and  the  Amsterdam  Chamber,  546 ;  Maritime  Superiority  of 
Manhattan  predicted,  647 ;  Its  Condition  and  Population,  548 ;  Organization  of 
the  municq)al  Government  of  the  City  of  New  Amsterdam,  ffU,  9i9 ;  Critical 
Condition  of  the  Province ;  Preparations  for  Defense,  549 ;  First  City  Debt,  660 ; 
State  of  Feeling  in  New  England ;  Charges  against  the  Dutch,  660, 661 ;  Agents 
sent  to  New  Netherland,  and  Preparations  for  War,  662 ;  Conduct  of  the  New 
En^^and  Agents,  and  Propositions  of  the  Dutch,  668 ;  Stu3nresant's  Reply  to  the 
Commissioners,  664 ;  Substance  of  the  Charges  against  him,  666 ;  Underhill's 
seditious  Conduct  on  Long  Island,  656 ;  Is  banished,  and  goes  to  Rhode  Island, 
666 ;  Massachusetts  at, Variance  with  the  Commissioners,  657 ;  Prevents  a  War 
with  New  England,  658 ;  Fort  Good  Hope  seized  by  Underbill,  568 ;  Stuyvesant 
sends  an  Embassy  to  Virginia,  659 ;  Disagrees  with  the  City  Authorities  of  New 
Amsterdam,  660;  Return  of  Van  der  Donck;  His  **  Description  of  New  Nether- 
land," 561 ;  De  Sille  appointed  Counselor,  and  Van  Ruyven  Provincial  Secretary, 
661 ;  Domine  Drisius  sent  on  an  Embassy  to  Virginia,  662 ;  Afihirs  of  Rensse- 
laerswyck, 662 ;  The  Mohawks  and  the  French,  563 ;  Father  Poncet  restored, 
664 ;  Temper  of  the  New  England  Governments,  564,  565 ;  Piracies  on  Long 
Island  Sound,  665 ;  Libelous  Pamphlet  published  in  London,  666 ;  The  Bound- 
ary Question  in  Holland,  567 ;  Stuyvesant  surrenders  the  Excise  to  the  City,  5d8  ; 
Disaffection  among  the  En^h  on  Long  Island,  568 ;  Meeting  of  Delegates  at 
New  Amsterdam,  569 ;  "  Landtdag"  or  Convention  called,  570 ;  It  meets  at  New 
Amsterdam^  571 ;  Remonstrance  of  the  Convention,  571 ;  Its  Character,  572 ; 
Stuyvesant's  Reply,  573 ;  Rejoinder  of  the  Convention,  574 ;  The  Convention 
dissolved,  575 ;  liCtter  of  Burgomasters  and  Schepens  of  New  Amsterdam  to  the 
West  India  Company,  675 ;  Letter  from  Gravesend,  576 ;  Affairs  on  the  South 
River,  676 ;  Departure  of  Prinlz,  577 ;  John  Rising  appointed  Deputy  Govemoi 
of  New  Sweden,  677. 


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xii  CONTENTS. 

CHAPTER   XVII. 
1654—1665. 

New  Amsterdam  Afiairs,  578 ;  Precaotionaiy  Measures,  679 ;  Breuckelen,  Amers- 
foort,  and  Midwout  incorporated,  680 ;  Church  at  Midwoat  or  Flatbush,  and  Dom- 
ine  Polhemus  called,  681 ;  Illiberal  Treatment  of  Lutherans  at  New  Amsterdam, 
582 ;  Cromwell^s  Expedition  against  New  Netherland,  582 ;  Sequestration  of 
Fort  Good  Hope  by  Connecticut,  583 ;  New  Amsterdam  put  in  a  State  of  Defense, 
684 ;  Warlike  Preparations  in  New  England,  685 ;  Treaty  of  Peace  between  En- 
gland and  Holland,  and  Countermand  of  hostile  Orders,  586 ;  Thanksgiving  in 
New  Netherland,  687 ;  Letters  of  the  Company  to  Stn3nresant  and  to  the  City 
Authorities,  587 ;  Grant  of  a  City  HaU  and  Seal  to  New  Amsterdam,  588 ;  Kuy- 
ter  murdered,  and  Van  Tienhoven  continued  as  City  Schout,  588 ;  Ferry  at  Man- 
hattan regulated,  589 ;  War  Tax  laid ;  Excise  resumed  by  Stuyresant,  590 ; 

^Troubles  at  Beverwyck,  591 ;  Father  Le  Moyne  discorers  the  Salt  Spiings  at 
Onondaga,  592 ;  Rising  at  the  South  River,  593 ;  Captures  Fort  Casimir,  and 
names  it  Fort  Trinity,  598;  Swedish  Ship  seized  at  Manhattan,  594;  English 
Settlements  at  West  Chester  and  Oyster  Bay,  595 ;  Stuyresant  visits  Lady 
Moody  at  Gravesend,  596 ;  Delivers  Seal  and  Coat  of  Arms  to  Burgomasters  at 
New  Amsterdam,  596 ;  Sails  for  the  West  Indies,  597 ;  Baxter,  Hubbard,  and 
Grover  at  Gravesend,  597 ;  Protest  against  the  Settlers  at  West  Chester,  598 ; 
De  Dedier  appointed  Commissary  at  Fort  Orange  in  Hace  of  Dyckman,  599 ; 
Afiairs  at  Gravesend,  599 ;  The  Boundary  Question  in  Hofland,  600 ;  Stu3nre8ant 
ordered  to  recover  Fort  Casimir,  601 ;  Letter  of  West  India  Company  to  Burgo- 
masters of  New  Amsterdam,  602 ;  Stuyvesant  returns  from  the  West  Indies, 
608 ;  Expedition  to  the  South  River,  604 ;  Capitulation  of  the  Swedes,  606 ;  Es- 
tablishment of  the  Dutch  Power  on  the  South  River,  606 ;  Indian  Invasion  oi 
New  Amsterdam,  607 ;  Hoboken,  Pavonia,  and  Staten*  Island  laid  waste ;  Eso- 
pus  deserted,  607 ;  Measures  ibr  Defense ;  Ransom  of  Prisoners,  608 ;  Jacquet 
appointed  Vice  Director  on  the  South  River,  609 ;  Assistance  asked  from  Hol- 
land, and  Precautions  against  the  Savages  proposed,  610 ;  Stuyvesant  prohibits 
New  Year  and  May  Day  Sports,  61 1 ;  Father  Le  Moyne  at  Beverwyck,  61 1 ;  New 
Alliance  between  tiie  Dutch  and  the  Mohawks,  611 ;  Chaumonot  and  Dablon ; 
Jesuit  Chs^l  at  Onondaga,  612. 

CHAPTER  XVIIL 
1656—1658. 
Proclamation  to  form  Villages,  613 ;  Stu3nresant  and  the  Municipal  Government  of 
New  Amsterdam,  6(3 ;  Religious  Afiairs  in  New  Netherland,  614-616 ;  Procla- 
mation against  unauthorized  Conventicles,  617 ;  Disapproved  by  the  West  India 
Company,  617 ;  Expedition  sent  to  West  Chester,  618  ;  Oostdorp  or  West  Ches- 
ter, and  Rustdorp  or  Jamaica  incorporated,  619 ;  Baxter  escapes  to  New  En- 
gland, 620 ;  Swedish  Ship  seized  at  the  South  River,  620 ;  Ratification  of  the  Hart- 
ford Treaty  by  the  States  General,  621 ;  Complaints  of  the  Swedish  Government, 
622 ;  Van  Tienhoven  dismissed  from  public  Service,  622 ;  Survey  and  Population 
of  New  Amsterdam,  623 ;  Troubles  at  Beverwyck  about  the  Excise,  623 ;  Van 
Rensselaer  fined  and  ordered  to  give  Bonds,  624 ;  New  Church  at  Beverwyclv,  624, 


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O0WTBNT8.  xiii 

626;  LA}IUfi^k9g^e9W(omtedymJ)i3netM 

6S6;  Umgalieflwtoiy  Corregpondence  with  New Kngtond,  6>6 ;  LoUieraiw  at  New 
Amsterdam,  and  Saptiata  at  Fhunhing,  696 ;  Affiika  at  Ooatdorp,  697 ;  Great  and 
8maUBQistarIMi^ortabliBhedatNewAiii8terdam,6A,6#»;  The  West  India 
Cooiiaiqr  eonYesFs  Fort  Caaimir  and  the  adjaeent  Territory  to  the  City  of  Am- 
ateidam,  690 ;  Ooloigr  of  New  Amatel;  Abioha  appcnnted  Diieator,  630,  681 ; 
Tranafiur  of  ?ort  Caaimtr,  and  OrganlzalaQn  of  Colony  of  New  Anwtel,  689 ;  Fort 
Ohriatina  named  Altona,  and  Jacquet  ancceeded  by  Hudde,  688 ;  Domine  Welioft 
and  Chnrch  at  New  Amatei,  188 ;  Oromwell'a  Letter  to  the  Engliah  on  Long 
Island,  684 ;  Lotheran  Clei^gyman  at  JS&w  Amsterdam,  686 ;  The  People  eaUed 
Qnakers^  686 ;  Penal  Laws  of  Magsachnsetts,  686 ;  LibeiaUt^  of  Rhode  lalaod, 
636 ;  Quakers  at  New  Amsterdam,  686 ;  Prodamation  agsin«t  Qnaken,  087 ; 
Remonstrance  of  Flushing,  637 ;  Its  Charter  modified,  688 ;  Peiaecution  of  Quak- 
ers, 688, 689 ;  Nomination  of  Magistrates  allowed  to  New  Amsterdam,  olo ;  For- 
eigners ;  Municipal  Affidrs ;  Latin  School,  640,  6^1 ;  New  Haerlem  and  Staten 
Island,  64l ;  Bergen  and  Gamoenepa,  or  Communipa,  642 ;  The  West  India  Com- 
pany enjoins  religious  Moderation,  642, 643 ;  Jesuit  Mission  at  Onondaga ;  Saint 
Mary's  of  Genentaha,  644 ;  Le  Moyne  at  New  Amsterdam,  646 ;  Commeroe  be- 
tween New  Netherland  and  Canada,  646 ;  Abandonment  of  the  French  Settle- 
ment at  Onondaga,  646 ;  Outrages  of  the  Indians  at  Esc^ms,  647 ;  Stuyresant's 
Conference  with  the  Esopus  SaYages,  648 ;  Village  laid  out  at  Esc^us,  640 ;  Jer- 
emias  Van  Rensselaer  Director  of  Rensselaerswyck,  649 ;  Mohawks  at  Fort  Or- 
ange, 660 ;  Dirck  Smit  Commandant  at  Esojms,  661 ;  Stuyresant  visits  Altona, 
651 ;  Willem  Beeckman  aj^winted  Vice  I>irector  on  the  Soutii  River,  662 ;  Af- 
fairs at  New  Amstel,  653 ;  Death  of  CromweQ,  and  DownfeU  of  the  Pnteotor- 
ate,  663. 

CHAPTER  XIX. 
1669—1660. 
Territorial  Claims  of  Massadmsetts,  664;  Ea^iktting  Party  reAised  a  Passage  19 
the  North  Rh»r,  666;  The  West  India  Conqtany  aUows  New  Netheiland  a  For- 
eign Trade,  m ;  Curtius  Latin  Sohoofanaster  at  New  Amsterdam,  666;  JJSbei- 
ality  in  Rd^lgion  ei\)oiBed»  666 ;  Hermanns  Blom  called  to  Eaopus,  667;  Fresh 
Troubles  with  the  Savages,  668 ;  Delagation  from  Beverwyok  to  tbe  Mohamto 
at  Cau^mawaga,  669 ;  EzpeditiQRfnMn  New  Amsterdam  to  Esopas,  660 ;  ABbin 
at  New  Amstel,  661 ;  Copper  Mine  at  Minaisinck,  662 ;  Beeekoaan  porehases 
near  Cape  Hinlopen,  668 ;  Designs  of  the  Maryland  Goverameat,  068 ;  Utie  at 
New  Amstel,  664 ;  Conference  with  the  Dutch  OBtoers,  666 ;  Heermaa's  and 
Waldron's  Embassy  to  Maryland,  666 ;  Negotiations  with  Governor  Feadall, 
667-669 ;  Death  of  Domine  Welius  and  of  Director  Ahichs,  670 ;  Sduthampton, 
Easthampton,  Huntington,  and  Setauket,  oa  Long  Island,  671 ;  Letter  of  Com- 
missioners to  Stuyvesant  in  &vor  of  the  Maaaachnsetts  daim,  672 ;  Stuyvesant's 
Reply,  678;  His  I^patohes  to  the  Compai^,  674;  Tboneman  Sehout  of  New 
Amsterdam;  Second  Survey  isfthe  City,  674;  New  Haerlem  inooipoFSted,  674; 
Treaty  with  the  Loag  Islaiid  s^d  othev  IndinM,  675 ;  War  agaiMt  the  Esofus 
Savages,  676 ;  Stuyvesant  refuoes  to  ouganiae  a  Coaxt  at  Esopos,  677;  Opposes 
the  Emi^oyment  of  the  Mohawks»  677 ;  Confineane  and  Trea^  witk  tiie  Esopus 
Indians,  678 ;  "<  Bosch-loopeis*'  at  Fort  Orange,  679 ;  8tayvesant's  Coolbreiice 


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xiv  CONTENTS. 

with  the  Senecas,  679 ;  Domine  Blom  settled  at  EsopuB,  680 ;  Domme  Selyns  at 
Breuckelen  and  the  Director's  Bouwery,  680,  681 ;  Lutherans  at  Ber^wyck, 
681 ;  Hinoyosea  succeeds  Ahrichs  at  New  Amstel,  688 ;  Treaty  between  New 
Netherland  and  Virginia,  683 ;  Sir  Henry  Moody's  Embassy  to  Manhattan,  683 ; 
Berkeley's  Correq^ndence  with  Stuyvesant,  684 ;  Restoration  of  Charles  11., 
684 ;  Lord  Baltimore  and  the  West  India  Company,  686 ;  The  Company's  Me- 
morial to  the  States  General,  686 ;  English  Council  for  Foreign  Plantations,  686. 

CHAPTER  XX. 
1661—1664. 
English  Jealousy  of  the  Dutch,  687 ;  Liberal  Conditions  offered  by  the  West  India 
Company  to  English  Emigrants  to  New  Netherland,  688 ;  Stuy  vesant  again  per- 
secutes Quakers,  689 ;  Charter  of  Wiltwyck,  or  Wildwyck,  at  Esopus ;  Roelof 
Swartwout  Schout,  690 ;  Purchase  of  "  Schonowe,"  or  Schenectady  Flats,  691 ; 
Bergen  incorporated ;  Tiehnan  Tan  Vleeck  Schout,  691,  692 ;  Staten  Island ; 
Domine  Drisius  preaches  there  in  French,  692 ;  New  Utrecht  and  Boswyck,  or 
Sushwick,  incorporated,  693 ;  The  "  Five  Dutch  Towns,"  693 ;  Affairs  at  New 
Amsterdam ;  a  Mint  contemplated ;  Curtius  succeeded  by  Luyck ;  Reputation  of 
the  Latin  Scho<^,  694 ;  Salt-works  on  Coney  Island,  694 ;  Connecticut  petitions 
the  King  for  a  Charter,  696 ;  Winthrop  sails  from  New  Amsterdam,  696 ;  Pro- 
posed Puritan  Settlement  in  New  Netherland ;  Stujrvesant's  Concessions,  696 ; 
Calvert  on  the  South  River,  697 ;  Mennomsts  propose  to  colonize  the  Horekill, 
096 ;  Singular  Articles  of  Association,  698,  699 ;  Plockhoy,  their  Leader,  699 ; 
Beeckman  and  Hinoyossa,  699 ;  Sir  George  Downing,  the  British  Ambassador  at 
the  Hague,  700 ;  Lord  Bdtimore's  and  Lord  Stirling's  Claims,  701 ;  Convention 
between  the  United  Provinces  and  Great  Britain,  701 ;  Berkeley  and  Winthrop 
in  London ;  Royal  Charter  for  Connecticut,  702 ;  Encroaching  Claims  of  the  Con- 
necticut Court,  703 ;  West  Chester  and  Long  Island  Towns  annexed,  703 ;  Le 
Moyne  again  among  the  Iroquois,  704 ;  The  Mohawks  on  the  Kennebeck,  704 ; 
Governor  Breedon's  Complaints,  and  Stuyvesant's  Interposition,  704;  Tracy 
Vioeroy  of  Canada,  706 ;  Progress  of  Quakerism  on  Long  Island,  706 ;  Banish- 
ment of  Bowne,  706 ;  The  West  India  Company  ei^ins  Toleration,  and  Perse- 
cution ceases,  707 ;  Temis  ofibred  to  Puritans  desiring  to  settle  themselves  on 
the  Raritan,  708 ;  C<nmeeticut  enforces  its  Claims  of  Jurisdiction,  709 ;  Earth- 
quake, 709 ;  SmaU-poz  at  Beverwyck,  and  non-intercourse  Regulations  of  Con- 
necticut, 710 ;  New  Village  at  Escpus ;  "  Ronduit"  on  the  Kifl,  710 ;  Wiltwyck 
surprised  by  the  Savages,  711 ;  Expedition  sent  from  New  Amsterdam,  712 ;  In- 
vasion of  the  Esopus  Country,  and  Destruction  of  Indian  Forts  on  the  Shawan- 
gunk  Kill,  712,  718 ;  Party  sent  to  the  Sager's  Kill,  718,  714 ;  Tlie  South  River 
ceded  to  the  City  of  Amsterdam,  714-716 ;  Calvert  at  New  Amstel  and  Altona, 
717 ;  Hinoyossa  and  Beeckman,  717 ;  Stuyvesant  visits  Boston,  and  negotiates 
with  the  CoBomissioners,  718 ;  Dificulties  on  Long  Isktnd,  719 ;  Dutch  Commis- 
sioners sent  to  Hartford,  720 ;  Unsatisfiu^tory  Negotiation,  721 ;  Act  of  Connecti- 
OQt  req)ecting  the  West  Chester  and  Long  Island  Towns,  722 ;  Convention  called 
at  New  Aiinterdam,  722 ;  Remonstrance  to  the  West  India  Company,  723 ;  Names 
of  Eagliflb  Villages  on  Long  Island  changed,  728 ;  Stuyvesant  surrenders  them 
and  West  Chester  to  Connecticut,  723 ;  Enghsh  Party  on  the  Raritan ;  Purchase 
of  the  Nevoamek  Lands,  724 ;  Baxter  and  Soott  in  London,  726 ;  Scott  on  Long 


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CONTENTS.  XV 

Island,  726 ;  Combmation  of  Eni^ish  Villages ;  Soott  chosen  President,  726 ;  Cod 
dltional  Arrangement  at  Jamaica,  727 ;  Agreement  between  Stuyresant  and  Scott, 
728 ;  General  Provincial  Assembly  at  New  Amsterdam,  729 ;  Charter  of  the  West 
India  Company  explained  and  confirmed  by  the  States  General,  730 ;  Letters  to 
the  Towns,  730 ;  ArriYal  of  Huguenots,  730 ;  Treaty  of  Peace  with  the  Esopus 
Savages,  731 ;  Beeckman  Commissary  at  Esopus,  732 ;  Settlement  at  Schaen- 
hechstede,  or  Schenectady,  732 ;  The  Mohawks  and  the  Abenaqois,  732 ;  Ravages 
of  the  Mahicans,  and  Alarm  at  Fort  Orange,  733 ;  Winthrop's  Proceedings  on 
Long  Island,  734 ;  Stuyresant  still  hopeful,  734 ;  Royal  Patent  to  the  Duke  of 
York  and  Albany,  736 ;  Royal  Commissioners,  736 ;  Colonel  Richard  Nicolls  dis- 
patched with  a  Squadron  to  surprise  New  Netherland,  736 ;  Grant  of  New  Jersey, 
736 ;  Preparations  to  defend  New  Amsterdam,  786 ;  Stuyvesant  goes  to  Fort  Or- 
ange, 737 ;  Royal  Commissioners  at  Boston,  737 ;  Squadron  anchors  in  Nyack 
Bay,  738;  Manhattan  summoned  to  surrender,  739 ;  Stuyresant  tears  Nicolls's 
Letter,  739 ;  Ships  anchor  before  Fort  Amsterdam,  740 ;  Condition  of  the  City, 
741 ;  Capitulation  agreed  to,  742 ;  Surrender  of  New  Amsterdam,  742 ;  Nicolls  pro- 
claimed Governor ;  his  opinion  of  the  City  called  "New  York,"  743 ;  Surrender 
of  Fort  Orange ;  named  Fort  Albany,  744 ;  Reduction  of  the  South  River,  744 ; 
New  York,  Albania,  and  Yorkshire  named,  746 ;  Review ;  Character  and  Influ- 
ence of  the  Founders  of  New  York,  746-780. 


APPENDIX. 

Note  A Page  751 

NoteB 752 

Note  C 763 

NoteD 763 

NoteE 754 

NoteF 755 

NoteG 766 

NoteH 766 

Note  1 767 

NoteK 768 

NoteL 768 

NoteM 759 

NoteN 760 

NoteO 760 

NoteP 760 

Note  Q 761 

NoteR 761 

Vote  S 762 

GxNEBAL  Index 765 


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HISTORY 

OF  TBB 

STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 


CHAPTER  I. 

In  Ae  beginmng  of  ike  seventeenth  century,  moment-  chap.i. 
(ma  events,  which  had  been  agitating  Europe,  led  the  way : 


to  the  pemmnent  od(mization  of  the  northern  regions  of  ^•^ 
Ammca.  Thb  art  of  printing  had  gradually  difiused  tiie 
learning  of  the  dbiater  tiirough  the  marts  of  commerce ; 
a  venerable  but  abused  faith  no  longer  shackled  emanci- 
pated mind ;  a  recent  inductive  philosophy  was  teaching 
mankind  to  seek  tiie  fruits  of  careful  experiment ;  and  an 
irrepressiUe  spirit  of  adventure,  growing  with  the  prog- 
ress of  knowledge,  prompted  enterprise  in  the  New  World 
which  the  genius  of  Columbus  had  given  to  the  Old. 

The  immortal  Genoese,  who,  in  those  late  years  fore-  1492. 
told  at  Rome,  had  verified  the  sublime  prophecy  of  Sene- 
ca, and  made  the  ocean  reveal  the  long-mysterious  earth 
beyond  the  furthest  Thule,  had  worked  out  his  grand  dem- 
onstration in  the  service  of  Spain.  By  her  tiie  splendid 
prixe  was  claimed.  But  Portugal,  having  afaready  ex- 
plored the  Azores,  boldly  asserted  a  superior  right  The 
question  was  referred  to  the  Pope ;  and  Alexander  the  p«p«i  ^ 

*,  .i.i-M.        1        11111   tloooftlie 

Sixth  decided  that  the  sovereigns  of  Spain  should  hold,  Newworid 
as  a  gift  in  perpetuity,  all  the  heathen  lands  found  or  1493. 
to  be  discovered  to  the  west  of  a  meridian,  one  hundred  ^thiuy. 
leagues  westward  of  the  Azores.    The  apostolic  decree  did 

A 


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1493. 


2  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

ciup.  L  not  satisfy  Portugal ;  and  it  was  agreed  that  the  line  of 
'partition  should  be  advanced  two  hundred  and  seventy 
leagues  further  to  the  west.  Still,  nearly  all  the  New 
World  remained  actually  included  in  the  papal  donation 
to  Spain.* 

But  the  Pontiff's  sweeping  grant  was  not  universally 
respected.    Leaving  Spain  and  Portugal  to  push  their  con* 
B^iiaii     quests  in  the  rich  and  sultry  regions  of  the  south,  England 
.and  France  commenced  an  early  rivalry  in  exploring  the 
rugged  and  picturesque  territories  of  llie  north.     Disre- 
garding the  edict  of  the  Vatican,  almost  simultaneously 
they  began  their  grand  career  of  transatlantic  enterprise, 
ctbot.      While  the  Cabots,  under  commissions  of  Henry  the  Sev- 
enth, after  discovering  Newfoundland,  sailed  along  the 
1497-8.  continent,  from  Labrador  to  the  parallel  of  Gibraltar,  and, 
1517.  in  a  succeeding  reign,  perhaps  entered  the  Arctic  Seas 
westward  of  G-reenland,the  fishermen  of  Normandy  visit- 
1504.  ed  Cape  Breton,  and  made  rude  charts  of  the  great  gulf 
1506.  within ;  and  Verazzano,  under  a  commission  of  Francis 
veraxuno.  ^^  Fiygt,  coastiug  uorthward  fipom  the  Carolinas,  explored, 
1524.  with  his  boat,  the  "most  beautiful"  Bay  of  New  York,t 
and  anchored  awhile  in  the  "  very  excellent  harbor"  of 
Newport.     But,  though  plans  of  colonization  were  sug- 
gested in  England  and  France,  permanent  occupation  was 

*  Hazard*!  Hittorieal  CaUeettoDS,  1.,  8-6 ;  Cbaliiien*a  PoUtieal  Annala,  10 ;  Herrera, 
L,  %  10;  Irrinc'a  Colambaa,  1.,  185-200;  Preacott'i  FeitL  and  laab.,  li.,  116,  174,  181 ; 
Thorne,  in  Hakluyt'a  "  Divera  Voyagea,'*  &c.,  4»-47,  reprinted  by  Uie  Haklnyt  Society 
of  London,  1850. 

t  VaraxKano  thoa  deacrlbea  the  Narrowa,  and  the  Bay  of  New  Tork :  **  After  proeeed- 
iBf  one  hundred  leagnea,  we  Ibond  a  Tery  pleaaant  situation  among  aome  ateqi  billa, 
throng  which  a  Tery  large  river,  deep  at  ita  month,  Ibreed  ita  way  to  the  aea.  From  the 
•ea  to  the  estoary  of  the  river,  any  ship  heavily  laden  might  paas,  with  the  help  of  the 
tide,  which  riaea  eight  ftet.  But  as  we  were  riding  at  anchor  in  a  good  berth,  we  would 
not  venture  mp  in  our  veaael,  without  a  knowledge  of  the  mouth ;  therefore  we  took  tiM 
boat,  and  enuning  the  river,  we  found  the  country  on  ita  banka  well  peopled,  the  inhab> 
itanta  not  differing  BBOch  (Vom  the  othera,  being  dresaed  out  with  the  foathera  ofbirda  of 
variooa  colore.  They  came  toward  us  with  evident  delight,  raising  loud  shouu  of  admi- 
ration, and  ahowing  us  where  we  could  most  securely  land  with  our  boat.  We  passed 
up  this  river  about  halfa  league,  when  we  found  it  formed  a  moat  hetaUifid  lake^  three 
leaguea  in  circuit,  upon  which  they  were  rowing  thirty  or  more  of  their  email  boala,  fttm 
one  ahore  to  the  other,  filled  with  mnltit9dea  who  came  to  aee  ua.  All  of  a  audden,  aa  la 
wont  to  happen  to  navigators,  a  violent  contrary  wind  blew  in  (hm  the  aea,  and  ftxoed  ua 
to  return  to  our  ahip,  greatly  regretting  to  leave  thia  region,  which  aeemed  so  commodious 
and  deilghtftil,  and  which  we  auppoeed  must  also  contain  great  riches,  aa  the  hiUa  ahowed 
many  indicationa  of  minerala.*'— Letter  to  King  Francis  L,  of  July  8, 1594,  tranalatsd  by 
Mr.  CogsweU,  In  N.  Y.  H.  8.  CoU.,  i.  (seoond  series),  45, 46. 


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1 


THE  FRENCH  IN  CAHADA  3 

t]«)Iayod.     Not  a  solitary  emigrant  established  his  home  CBAr.  t. 
along  all  tho  indented  line  of  ooast,* 

Jacques  Cartier,  an  experienced  mariDer  of  Saint  Male,  oanierm 
followiog,  a  few  years  after  Verazzano's  adventurous  voy- 
age, discovered  the  mouth  of  the  ^'  Great  River  of  Can  a-  153*^, 
da."    The  next  year,  returning  with  three  well- fitted  ves- 
sels, C artier  passed  v\restward  of  Newfoundland  on  the 
festival  of  Saint  LawVfihce,  andj  in  honor  of  the  martyr,   1535. 
gave  his  name  to  the  noble  gulf  which  atretehed  beyond.  ***  ^^*<**^ 
Parsuing  his  way  up  the  great  river,  and  holding  friendly 
intercourse  with  the  Hurons  and  Algonquina  along  itti 
banks,  the    enterprising  explorer   visited  the    island  of 
Hochelagn,  the  fertile  hill  on  which,  he  named  **  Mont  a  ociofrw. 
Real."     After  wintering  his  ships  in  the  little  river  juat 
north  of  the  present  city  of  Quebec,  C artier  solemnly  erect-   1536* 
od  a  cross,  and,  claiming  the  surrounding  regions  as  the       *^* 
rightful  [x>ssessions  of  his  sovereign  king,  Franois  I.,  set 
sail  once  more  for  Saint  Malo. 

Cartier*s  reports  on  his  return  to  France,  though  they 
did  not  arouse  a  general  spirit  of  enterprise  among  his 
countrymen,  stimulated  Francois  do  la  Roque,  lord  of  Ro-  Robervii, 
brirval,  a  nobleman  of  Pieardy,  to  obtain  from  the  king  a  1540* 
patent  as  viceroy  over  the  newly- discovered  French  tar*  ^^-^^^^n^- 
rttories  on  the  Baiot  Lawrence.     With  Robervai  was  as- 
sociated Cartier,  as  captain  and  pilot- in-chief.     Return- iftoetntwr. 
ing  to  the  Baint  Lawrence,  Cartier  built  a  rude  fort,  not 
far  from  the  site  of  Quebec,  and  thus  gave  to  his  country 
the  prc-emiDenoe  of  having  erected  the  first  European  post  1541, 

*  tlusA];  L.  9,  Ift;  ChaJmcT!*,  4,  ',  8  ;  Ilnlmes**  AtintlHt  i-t  I3-M ;  nancroft,  i.,  8^17, 
T*,  tS;  Bt4dlQ''t  "Memoir  ol  Calxitj**  C.  RDtuneou'R  "  ViiyogcB  to  An^erica  ^**  HaMuy^i 
**  tllvt?ra  Vo],  Ai;e>,^*  In  ISCM^  CorterenJi,  a  Porttii^acsOp  vlaitexl  Ntiwfoundlnnil  tiFid  LAbrn- 
(ler,>m  hla  foyvgEs  pro^mxi  na  prKCtlcal  roaului,  Venuiano'^  letter  to  King  Francli 
t.f  of  Jdlf  8,  15(34,  (TiTlng  an  account  of  hi»  dJaroTcriBii,  in  tho  rartifst  wlKiim]  dedPTlption 
'Umrm  ciumi,  of  tlir  Adainie  txiimi  af  ttie  rtiltdd  Sutc5.  Tranflrlationn  of  ttint  tetter  afe  l)i 
W.  V.  ir.  S-  Collpctiofin,  I.,  4S-flCI  [Cram  Rstnunioh  and  in  *.  (Mreond  Kriofljt  3iM5T  tttom  tbe 
UnSt^tbeet^mn  MSS  J .  1 1(  th«  HaMuy t  Soelel  y 'A  r cpr  111  t  of  "  HakI  ii}t*ff  Di vers  Voy a^c*," 
^km  maataiK'n  nf  Verastatio'*  Lcttor  (n-om  RhiduhIo^  ib  Becotnpaiiled  by  n  ^'Simil?  of  ttm 
rw  WBfi  «lu€!b  Mkhii?t  LocIe,  or  LanJon.  mneL^  and  etmltcaLtMl  to  Sir  PItillp  Sydneyp  la 
ISA  TbiB  rr»p>  ii  npEH!S).ni,  wmt  i!uifRirnetH  purtly  fVoin  "an  old  ttxrrJJiMit  mapiw,^ 
wtMEll  Vernf^ano  ti^/nflctf  bad  fivcn  to  King  Henry  V[|t.,  and  wtijch.  vthr^n  Uukluyt  pub- 
TMeA  ^Iv  wafk  rtn  1583^  wns  *'  yet  in  the  ciratodjo  of  Moater  Loeke."  Tim  nurw  by 
wlbdktlM  N«w  World  tH  now  unwonbily  known  „  wns  not,  at  tbe  llnw  of  VerusaDo's 
vfl9«|i^  uppliMt  to  the  Nortbent  ContLnvnt ;  U  nil  fivenla,  Y#ra7,uno  il««  DM  use  Mm 
a"  ID  bii  letter. 


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4  fflSTORY  OF  THE  STTATE  OP  NEW  TORK. 

csAP.  I.  in  llie  northern  territory  of  America.    Bat  divided  aatiior- 

"~~ity  frustrated  the  discordant  enterprise;  and,  for  a  long 
*  generation,  no  further  American  disooveries  were  prose- 
cuted by  the  subjects  of  France.* 

Frobtehcr'8  Forty  years  aft«  Cartier  first  ascended  ihe  Saint  Law- 
rence, Martin  Frobisher,  "  one  of  the  boldest  men  who  ever 
ventured  upon  the  ocean,"  encouraged  by  the  favor  of  Eliz- 
abeth to  search  for  a  northwest  pftM^  to  China,  made  his 
1576.  way  to  a  group  of  islands  off  tiie  coast  of  Labrador.  A 
few  stones  brought  back  to  London,  from  the  desolate 
abode  of  the  Esquimaux,  were  supposed  to  contain  gold; 

1577-8.  and  new  expeditions  were  sent  to  ihe  imaginary  Dorado. 

But  Frobisher'fi  voyages  were  all  unsuccessful.    While 

credulous  avarice  was  signally  disappointed,  the  coasts  of 

Northi  Am^ica  remained  unexjdored  by  the  English.! 

With  more  definite  purpose,  and  with  sounder  views, 

patent! '    ^^  Humphrey  Gilbert,  a  knight  of  Devonshire,  obtained 
1578.  a  royal  patent,  authorizing  him  to  discover  and  occupy 

iijune.  jmy  remote,  heathen,  and  barbarous  lands,  "not  actually 
possessed  of  any  Christian  prince  or  people."  Gilbert's 
purpose  was  to  begin  that  actual  occupation  of  American 
territory  which  England  had  entirely  n^lected  during  the 
eighty  years  that  followed  the  voyage  of  Cabot.  The  pat- 
ent gave  Gilbert  abundant  powers ;  but  various  obstacles 
postponed  the  execution  of  his  design.!  Meanwhile,  Eliz- 
abefli  was  stoutly  denying  the  exclusive  pretensions  of 
1580.  Spain  to  the  New  World,  in  virtue  of  first  visitation,  and 
of  the  Pope's  donation,  and  was  distinctly  affirming  the 

^sdSi^  principle  that  discovery  and  prescription,  unless  aocom- 

SUnrine.    pauicd  by  possession,  are  of  no  avail.i     Thus  the  Queen 

*  Hakluyt,  iit,  950-997 ;  Hazard,  i.,  10-91 ;  Chalmers,  81,  89 ;  Bancroft,  i.,  19-94. 

t  Hakluyt,  Ui.,  99-33, 47-199 ;  Purebas,  t.,  811 ;  Bancroft,  i.,  81-86 ;  RundaU'a  Narra- 
tives, Ac,  9-84,  publiabed  by  the  Haklnyt  Society,  1849. 

t  Hazard,  i.,  94-38 ;  Bancroft,  i.,  88,  89. 

^  "  Pr«terea  illam  non  intelligere,  cur  soi  et  alionm  Principum  subditi  ab  Indiis  {hv- 
hibeantor,  quae  Hiapanici  Juria  ease  persuadere  aibi  non  poaset  ex  Pontillcia  Romani  do- 
natione,  in  quo  prsrogatiyam  in  ejuaroodi  cauaais  agnorit  nuilam,  nedum  auctoritatem  ut 
Prindpea  obligueC,  qui  nuilam  ei  obedientiam  debent ;  ant  Hiapanum  novo  illo  orbe  quaai 
v^eudarety  et  poaseaaione  inrestiret.  Nee  alio  quc^iam  jure  quam  quod  Hlapani  hlnc  illinc 
appulerint,  eaaulaa  poauerint,  flumen  ant  Promontorinm  denominarerint,  qua  proprietatem 
acquirere  non  poatunt.  Ut  hec  rei  aliens  donatio  que  ex  Jure  nihUi  eat,  et  iraag inaria  hec 
proprietaa  obatare  non  debeat,  quo  minua  ceteri  Principea  commereia  in  illia  regionibua 
exerceant,  et  coloniaa  ubi  Hiapani  non  inc<dunt.  Jure  gentium  nequaquam  violato,  dedn- 


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Tin^  xnGUffi  IN  vmamiA.  5 

o!  Baghuid,  Miiiie  eke  relosed  to  reeognize  the  dotible  cxiup.  i. 
S^Mnidi  title  by  exploration  and  investitare,  at  the  saoie  ^-^^ 
time  virtaally  rencmiioed  any  English  daim  founded  sole*  l^^W. 
ly  upon  Cabot's  voyage. 

After  a  few  year's  delay,  Gilbert,  aided  by  the  resoarees 
of  his  half-brc^r,  Sir  Walter  Raleigh,  equipped  an  ex-cutortat 
pedition,  and  sailed  direotly  to  Newfoundland,  where,  toi  land. 
the  first  time,  he  set  up  tiie  arms  of  England  and  pro-  158S. 
claimed  the  queen.     On  his  return  voyage,  the  intrepid  *^'*'**^ 
adventurer  perished  at  sea.    But  tiie  English  right  to  the  g  sepcemb. 
island  '^  first  seen"  by  Cabot,  was  now  formally  published 
to  the  world  "  by  the  voice  of  a  herald."* 

The  untimely  fete  of  his  kinsman  did  not  dishearten 
Raleigh,  who  readily  procured  from  Elizabeth,  whose  fe-  ^Jf^^it. 
vorite  he  had  become,  a  new  patent  to  discover  and  occu*- 
py  any  remote,  heathen,  and  barbarous  lands,  <'not  act-  1584. 
oally  possessed  of  any  Christian  prinoe,  nor  inhabited  by  ***'"^' 
Christian  people."    Up  to  this  time  the  English  had  lim- 
ited their  views  to  the  bleak  regions  near  the  fisheries  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Saint  Lawrenae.     Raleigh's  enterprise 
was  now  directed  to  a  more  genial  climate.    Two  vessels 
were  soon  dispatched  toward  Florida,  under  the  oom-sTApru. 
mand  of  Philip  Amidas  and  Arthur  Barlow.     Sailing  by 
the  circuitous  route  of  the  Canaries  and  the  West  Indies, 
they  safely  reached  the  island  of  Wocockon,  at  the  Ocra- 
coke  inlet,  in  North  Carolina,  where  they  took  formal  pos-  is  Joiy. 
session  of  the  oounlTy  in  behalf  of  their  sovereign.     On 
their  retnm  to  England,  the  adventurers  made  such  glow- 
ing reports  of  tiie  regions  they  had  visited,  that  Elizabeth 
gave  to  the  wilderness  the  name  of  Virginia,  to  oommem-  J[]^^ 
orate  its  occupation  in  the  reign  of  a  maiden  queen.t 

But  the  time  for  permanent  English  settlements  beyond  ck>iomu- 
the  Atlantic  had  not  yet  fully  come.  The  colonists  whom  tempuMi, 
Raleigh  sent  to  the  island  of  Roanoke  in  1585,  under  1585. 

ant,  fmm  prsserlpclo  tliie  poMMsioM  band  ▼tleat^^—Ounden,  Renmi  Ang.  ac  Hfb.  Reg. 
flUs.  AbbsIm,  laeO,  edit.  Heorne,  1717,  p.  380 

*  "Bechmem  iUam  [Hewftmndlaiid}  AngHoi  Jnrie  eeee,  Tooe  prwoenle  pvMieMset'* 
—Onttm,  Annalee  EUs.,  1MS>  P-  403 ;  HeUnyt,  i.,  071MW0,  tit,  14t-166 ;  Porehas,  ilL, 
008 ;  Bmard,  I.,  SS ;  Bancroft,  i.,  90, 01. 

t  Bastfd. L, S»-« ;  BiJdayt,  Ui.,  940-951 ;  Bancroft,  1.,  99-05;  ClialaMni»  4, 0. 


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6  HISTORY  OP  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap,  l  Grenville  and  Lane,  returned  the  next  year,  dispirited,  to 

England.     A  seoond  expedition,  dispatched  in  1587,  un- 

'  der  John  White,  to  found  ^^  the  borough  of  Raleigh,  in 

Virginia,"  stopped  short  of  the  unexplored  Chesapeake, 

whither  it  was  bound,  and  onoe  more  ocoupied  Roanoke. 

1590.  In  1590,  the  unfortunate  emigrants  had  wholly  disappear- 
ed ;  and,  with  their  extinotion,  all  immediate  attempts  to 
establish  an  English  oolony  in  Virginia  were  abandoned.* 
Its  name  alone  survived.  After  impoverishing  himself  in 
unsuccessful  efforts  to  add  an  ef&ctive  American  planta^ 
tion  to  his  native  kingdom,  the  magnanimous  patriot  was 

1603.  consigned,  under  an  unjust  judgment,  to  a  lingering  im« 
prisonment  in  the  Tower  of  London ;  to  be  followed,  after 

1618.  the  lapse  of  fifteen  years,  by  a  still  more  iniquitous  exe- 
SJJ?*****'   oution.     Yet,  returning  justice  has  fully  vindicated  Ra- 
leigh's fame ;  and  nearly  two  centuries  after  his  death, 

1792.  the  State  of  North  Carolina  gratefully  named  its  capital 
after  that  extraordinary  man,  '^  who  united  in  liimself  as 
many  kinds  of  glory  as  were  ever  combined  in  an  indi- 
vidual."t 

The  reign  of  Elizabeth  did  not  terminate  before  anoth- 
er step  had  been  taken  in  the  path  of  American  adventure. 
Shakspeare's  liberaUminded  patron,  the  Earl  of  South- 
ampton, <<  having  well  weighed  the  greatness  and  good- 
ness of  the  cause,"  contributed  largely  to  fit  out  a  vessel 
^JJjw**  under  the  command  of  Captain  Bartholomew  Gosnold  and 
Captain  Bartholomew  Gilbert,  to  discover  a  ''  convenient 
place  for  a  new  colony"  to  be  sent  to  North  America. 

1602.  Early  in  1602,  Gosnold  sailed  from  Falmouth  in  a  Dart- 
MBUreh.  jjj^u^  bwk,  named  the  Concord,  '<  holding  a  course  for 
the  north  part  of  Virginia."  Rejecting  the  usual  circui- 
tous route  by  the  Canaries  and  the  West  Indies,  Gosnold, 
after  being  driven  by  an  unfavorable  wind  ^'  as  far  south- 
ward as  the  Azores,"  boldly  steered  his  small  vessel  di- 

*  Hasard,  i.,  Sfr-i5 :  Haklayt,  iU.,  S51-S6&,  S8(^405 ;  Chalmers,  514,  515 ;  Baneroft,  1., 
95-106.  The  attention  of  Europe  waa  attractady  in  1580,  to  the  charactwriatics  of  the  North 
American  aaTagea,  by  the  beantiftil  plates  with  which  Theodoras  de  Bry,  of  Franktet, 
fflastrated  hla  coUoetioos  of"  Voyagea."  These  were  engrayed  tttm  the  aketchea  mads, 
wider  Raleigh'a  direeiion,  by  the  draughtsman  Wythe,  who  Sfeoompanied  Lane  in  1565. 

t  Bancroft,  L,  111. 


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QOSNOLD  AT  CAPE  OOD.  ^ 

reotly  across  the  Atlantic,  by  whidi  he  made  the  voyage  chap.  i. 
'^ shorter  than  heretofore  by  five  hundred  leagues."*     In  ^^^ 
seven  weeks  the  Concord  safely  made  the  land,  about  the  14  ^  ' 
latitude  of  43^,  in  the  neighborhood  of  Portsmouth,  New 
Hampshire.    Here  the  adventurers  were  visited  by  several 
Indians  in  a  French-built  shallop,  with  '^  mast  and  sail, 
iron  grapples,  and  kettles  of  copper."   From  tiieir  explana- 
tions, it  appeared  that  some  French  vessels  from  the  Basque 
Provinces  '<  had  fished  and  traded  at  this  place."     But 
seeing  no  good  harbor,  Gosnold  stood  again  to  sea  south- 
wardly, and  soon  ''  found  himself  imbayed  with  a  mighty 
headland."    Here  he  went  ashore  in  his  shallop,  while  hia 
men,  during  the  six  hours  he  was  absent,  caught  so  many 
*^  excellent  codfish,  that  they  were  compelled  to  throw 
numbers  of  them  overboard  again."     Naming  this  head- 
land ''  Cape  Cod" — a  designation  which  it  has  ever  since  cy  cod 
retained — Grosnold  coasted  to  the  southward  as  fieur  as  theandnaoM^ 
mouth  of  Buzzard's  Bay,  where  he  prepared  to  plant  a 
colony  on  the  westernmost  island,  which  was  called  '<  Eliz-  ss  May. 
abeth,"  in  honor  of  the  queen.     Three  weeks  were  spent 
in  building  a  house,  where  G-osnold  proposed  to  remain 
during  the  winter,  with  eleven  of  his  men,  and  mean- 
while send  the  Concord  home,  in  charge  of  Gilbert,  ''  for 
new  and  better  preparations."     But  his  men,  filled  with 
<<a  covetous  conceit  of  the  unlooked-for  merchandise" 
which  had  rewarded  their  traffic  with  the  Indians,  '<  would 
not  by  any  means  be  treated  with  to  tariy  behind  the 
ship;"  and  Gosnold  returned  to  England,  after  an  absence 
of  five  months,  with  the  most  favorable  reports  of  '<  thess  Juiy. 
benefit  of  a  plantation  in  those  parts."t 

Elizabeth's  timid  successor  now  sat  on  the  throne  of  1603. 
Great  Britain.     At  the  time  of  James's  accession,  Spain  ac«*^' 
was  the  only  European  nation  that  possessed  any  fixed  ^^' 
tettlements  in  all  the  northern  continent  to  which  Colum- 

•  flBitk*!  Hist  oTVlTflDta,  i.,  106. 

t  **  Blalory  of  Travail  into  Virginia  Britannia,''  bj  William  Stradiey,  15S-158 ;  Por- 
fltaa,  iv.,  1M7 :  Smith'a  HIM.  of  Viifinia,  1.,  105-108.  Straebey**  imarMling  work  has 
jMtb>>apttbliali6d  (1850)  tor  the  flrat  time,  Jhantho  original  MS.  til  the  BrttirtiMawiWB, 
kylhefiaklmytSoelaiy. 


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8  fflSTORY  OP  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

GtoAF.  I.  bus  had  led  the  way,  more  than  a  oentury  before.  South 
"ifirw  of  the  Saint  Lawrence,  not  a  foot  of  American  territory 
'  had  yet  been  permanently  occupied  by  England  or  Prance. 
Bat  the  time  was  now  near  at  hand  when  these  rival  na- 
tions were  to  commence  a  long-enduring  struggle  for  ul- 
timate dominion  over  vast  regions  far  across  the  sea.  Ra- 
leigh's enterprises,  and  G-osnold's  successful  voyfige,  had 
given  a  strong  impulse  to  the  national  spirit  of  Great 
Britain ;  for  Uie  development  of  which  the  anticipated 
termination  of  hostilities  with  Spain,  in  consequence  of 
James's  accession  to  the  throne,  was  soon  to  offer  the  most 
&vorable  opportunities.  The  south  of  England  already 
felt  the  pressure  of  a  redundant  population ;  and  English 
adventurers  foresaw  that  they  would  no  longer  be  allow- 
ed to  despoil,  at  pleasure,  their  enemies'  rich  West  India 
possessions.  Enterprise  must  soon  pursue  more  honest 
paths,  and  commerce  and  colonization  must  supplant  pi- 
racy and  rapine.  The  thoughts  of  the  intelligent  were 
naturally  turned  toward  the  North  American  Continent, 
where,  between  Mexico  and  Florida  and  the  mouth  of  the 
Saint  Lawrence,  not  a  solitary  European  family  was  yet 
established.  Among  the  foremost  of  these  intelligent  men, 
and  the  one  to  whom  ''  England  is  more  indebted  for  its 
American  possessions  than  to  any  man  of  that  age,"*  was 
wgMd^the  distinguished  historian  of  maritime  enterprise,  Richard 
UAorun.  Hakluyt,  a  prebendary  of  Saint  Au^stine's  at  Bristol,  and 
afterward  of  Saint  Peter^s  at  Westminster.  Influenced  by 
his  enlightened  zeal,  some  Bristol  merchants  fitted  out  two 
small  vessels,  manned  with  experienced  crews,  several  of 
whom  had  accompanied  Gosnold  the  year  before ;  and,  a 
10  April,  few  days  after  the  death  of  the  queen,  dispatched  them 
f^J^  from  Milford  Haven,  under  the  command  of  Martin  Pring, 
to  explore  the  northern  coasts  of  Virginia.  Falling  in  with 
the  land  near  Penobscot  Bay,  Pring  coasted  southerly  along 
the  mouths  of  the  Eennebeck,  Saco,  and  Piscataqua,  un- 
til he  reached  the  waters  of  Massachusetts  Bay.  After 
iOvi^twr.  an  absence  of  six  months,  he  returned  to  England,  with 

*  RolMrtMm,  ix. 


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WEYMOUTH  IN  MAINE.  9 

a  valuable  cargo  of  sassafras,  and  a  biroh  bark  canoe,  as  a  chaf.  i. 
specimen  of  Ae  ingenuity  of  the  native  savages.* 

Pring's  voyage  stimulated  afresh  the  awakened  enter- 
prise of  England.     James  had,  meanwhile,  signalized  his 
aooession  to  the  British  throne  by  declaring  himself  fttP«j«  wim 
peace  "  with  all  the  princes  of  Christendom,"  and  by  re-  afjuM. 
calling  all  letters  of  marque  and  reprisal  against  Ihe  Span- 
iards.!    This  step  was  followed  the  next  year  by  a  fcnrmal 
treaty  witii  Spain,  which  by  degrees  re]Nressed  the  preda-  1604. 
lory  expeditions  that  English  mariners  had  so  long  carried      ^''^ 
en  against  the  American  possessions  of  their  recent  foes. 
The  ncNTthem  voyage  across  the  Atlantic  was  now  divested 
of  its  terrors,  and  experience  had  abundantly  demonstrated 
its  advantages  over  the  more  circuitous  route  by  the  West 
Indies.     The  liberal  Earl  of  Southampton,  ^^  concurrent 
ibe  second  time  in  a  new  survey  and  dispatch,"  in  concert  wey- 
with  his  brothw-in-law.  Lord  Arundel,  of  Wardour,  fitted  ▼oyaite" 
out  a  ship,  in  which  Captain  Greorge  Weymouth  was  dis- 
patched from  the  Downs  to  visit  the  coast  of  Maine.     In  1605. 
six  weeks  Weymouth  found  himself  near  the  shoals  of  Nan-  **  ***"^ 
tucket ;  whence,  running  northward  about  fifty  leagues,  ig  nay. 
he  landed  upon  an  island  between  the  Penobscot  and  the 
Kennebeck,  which  he  named  Saint  G^OTge.     Pursuing 
''  his  search  sixty  miles  up  the  most  excellent  and  bene- 
ficial river  of  Sac€uiehoc,"  which  he  found  "  capable  of 
shipping  for  traffic  of  the  greatest  burden,"  Weymouth 
set  up  a  cross,  and  took  possession  in  the  name  of  the  king. 
After  four  months  absence,  Weymouth  returned  to  En-isjniy 
gland,  bringing  with  him  five  native  savages,  whom  he 
had  decoyed  on  board  his  ship.    Three  of  these  were  im- 
mediately '^seized  upon"  by  Sir  Ferdinando  G-orges,  the 
governor  of  Plymouth,  who  afterward  declared  that  "  this 
accident  must  be  acknowledged  the  means,  under  G-od, 
of  putting  on  foot  and  giving  life  to  all  our  plantations."^ 

•  fmduM,  tr.,  1654^  t  Ryner,  F«dara,  xtL,  Sit. 

t  Sir  F.  Gorges,  **  Brief  NarraUon,**  Ac,  in  Maae.  Hist  CoU.,  xxtI.,  90,  51 ;  zzrUi., 
lIMfT ;  StnOmj,  199 ;  PorehM^  !▼.,  1090 ;  Smitk,  i.,  100 ;  Prlnoe,  100.  Sone  <^ow  U»< 
torian*  bare  anppoaed  that  Weymouth  ascended  the  Penobacot.  Bat  Strachey*a  antlMir^ 
tty  ■wwaa  to  ba  eoosloaiTe  la  Orror  of  the  Safadahoe  or  Keanebaak. 


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10         HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OP  NEW  YORK. 

CHAf.  L  Upon  Weymouth^s  retura  to  England,  "  his  goodly  re- 
"~~  port  joining  with  Captain  Q-osnold's,"  and  being  oonfirm- 
AnewViiwOd  by  the  accounts  given  by  the  native  Indians  he  had 
£?^A^  brought  over,  kindled  the  ambition  of  "many  firm  and 
**•  hearty"  British  adventurers  to  oolonize  domains  in  the  New 

World.  Next  to  Richard  Hakluyt,  the  most  prominent 
among  these  master  spirits  of  an  enterprising  age  were  Sir 
John  Popham,  the  chief  justice  of  England,  and  Sir  Fer- 
dinando  Gorges,  the  governor  of  Plymouth.  Raleigh  was 
now  lying  attainted  in  the  Tower,  and  his  Virginia  patent 
had  been  forfeited.  But  isince  the  grant  of  Raleigh's  pat- 
ent, extensive  discoveries  had  been  made  far  to  the  north- 
ward ;  and  within  the  limits  of  these  new  discoveries  it 
was  proposed  that  English  emigrants  should  now  be  set- 
tled, simultaneously  with  a  renewed  attempt  to  colonize 
Virginia.  To  accomplish  these  purposes,  a  royal  charter 
was  thought  necessary ;  and  all  questions  of  rivalry,  it  was 
supposed,  could  best  be  avoided  by  combining  both  objects 
in  the  same  instrument.  The  moment  seemed  favorable, 
and  was  improved.  The  world  was  aroused.  A  mighty 
intellectual  revolution  was  just  beginning ;  the  era  of  suc- 
cessful American  colonization  had  come.  About  the  very 
time  that  Bacon  was  putting  forth  his  noble  treatise  on  the 
"  Advancement  of  Learning,"  some  of  the  most  influential 
men  of  England,  including  Hakluyt  the  historian,  Popham, 
Ae  chief  justice.  Gorges,  Somers,  Gates,  and  Smith,  went 
to  the  king,  and  besought  him  to  encourage  an  undertak- 
ing whereby  "  God  might  be  abundantly  made  known,  his 
name  enlarged  and  honored,  a  notable  nation  made  fortu- 
nate," and  themselves  famous.* 

Obeying  England's  sublime  destiny,  to  ''  make  new  na- 
tions"— 

"  Wherever  the  hright  stm  of  heaven  shall  shiiie— **t 

1606.  James  I.  readily  granted  a  new  and  ample  charter  for  the 

cJtnw     colonization  of  "  that  part  of  America  commonly  called 

g^  ^y  Virginia,  and  other  parts  and  territories  in  America  eiiher 

appertaining  unto  us,  or  which  are  not  now  actually  pos- 

*  Strachey,  101 ;  Gorges, "  Brief  Narration,**  63.       t  Cnuuner  in  Henry  vm.,  Aet  T. 


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KING  JAMES'S  PATENT  OP  1606.  H 

sessed  by  any  Christian  prince  or  people,"  between  the  chaf.  l 
thirty-fourth  and  the  forty-fifth  degrees  of  latitude.  The 
grant  included  all  the  North  American  coast  from  Gape 
Fear  to  Nova  Scotia.  Two  separate  companies  were 
named  as  grantees  of  the  patent  To  the  first  of  these, 
composed  of  Grates,  Somers,  Hakluyt,  and  Wingfield,  with 
their  associated  adventurers  residing  at  London,  was  grant-  cS^fJ^^ 
ed  the  privilege  of  occupying  and  governing  a  space  of  one 
hundred  miles  along  the  coast,  in  any  pcui  of  the  country 
between  the  thirty-fourth  and  the  forty-first  degrees.  The 
second  company,  whose  leading  members,  Hanham,  Gil- 
bert, Parker,  and  George  Popham,  with  their  associates, 
lived  in  and  near  Plymouth  and  Bristol,  the  chief  com- Piymovth 
mercial  towns  in  the  west  of  England — ^for  Liverpool  was 
then  only  an  inconsiderable  village,  and  the  northern  coun* 
ties  almost  entirely  pastoral — ^was  invested  with  similar 
privileges  for  any  part  of  the  territory  between  the  thirty- 
eighth  and  the  forty-fifth  degrees  of  latitude.  Thus  the 
whole  of  the  region  between  the  thirty-eighth  and  the  for- 
ty-first degrees — ^from  the  sea-coast  of  Maryland  to  Mon- 
tauk  Point — ^was,  by  the  terms  of  James's  patent,  nomin- 
ally open  to  colonization  by  either  company.  Yet,  to  pre- 
vent collision,  the  charter  expressly  provided  that  the  col- 
oay  which  should  be  planted  last  should  not  approach  its 
boundary  within  one  hundred  miles  of  that  of  the  prior 
establishment.^  But  at  the  time  the  patent  was  sealed, 
no  Ei^Ush  navigator  had  searched  the  Americcm  coast 
further  south  than  Buzzard's  Bay,  nor  further  north  than 
Roanoke.  The  almost  unknown  intermediate  region  was 
entirely  unoccupied  by  Europeans ;  the  Chesapeake  itself 
was  yet  unexplored,  nor  had  its  Capes  been  discovered  or 
named.t 

The  summer  passed  away  in  preparations,  on  the  part  of 
the  patentees  of  the  Southern  or  London  Company,  to  or-^^ 
ganize  an  expedition  to  Virginia ;  and,  on  the  part  of  ihe  JJJJiJJj^^ 
pedantic  king,  in  drawing  up  a  code  of  laws  for  the  colony,  viiitoi*. 

*  8m  charter  at  tongth  in  Hasard,  1.,  61-56;  Chalmera,  IS ;  Bancroll,  L,  IIT-ISI. 
t  De  Bry :  Haklnyt,  UL,  S55 ;  Smith,  i.,  151 ;  C.  Robinaon^a  **  Voyagea  to  Amerioa,** 
48S,  484.    Cabot*a  and  Veraziano^a  diaearariaa  have  aliwdy  been  oonaidered. 


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12  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

CHAP.  I.  Late  in  the  winter,  a  little  squadnm  of  three  ships  sailed 

"~~from  England,  under  the  oommand  of  Christopher  New- 

19  Dec.  *  P^^  J  ^^^y  following  the  dd  roundabout  route  by  the  Can- 

1607.  aries  and  West  Indies,  it  arrived  safely,  the  next  spring 

96  April,    ^^jj^  j^Q  Chesapeake  Bay.    The  headlands  at  the  mouth 

of  this  bay  were  immediately  named  Cape  Henry  and  Cape 

Charles,  in  honor  of  the  two  sons  of  King  James.     A  few 

days  afterward,  the  colony  of  Virginia — ^the  "  Old  Domin- 

jljjjl^'^  ion"  of  the  United  States — ^was  founded  at  Jamestown ; 

13  May.     and^  duriug  the  two  following  years,  Captain  John  Smith, 

'^  the  adventurer  of  rare  genius  and  imdying  fame,"  un- 
remittingly exerted  the  most  strenuous  efforts  to  sustain, 
amid  constant  discouragements,  an  enterprise  which,  but 
for  his  sagacity  isind  devotion,  must  soon  have  utterly  and 
disgracefully  failed.* 
^^*y-        The  simultaneous  attempt  of  CJiief-justice  Popham,  Sir 
^'JJJ^yj.  Ferdinando  Grorges,  and  other  members  of  the  Plymouth 
nebeck.     qj  Northcm  Company,  to  establish  a  colony  upon  the  Sag- 
adahoc or  Kennebeck,  which  Weymouth  had  visited  in 
1605,  was  unsuccessful.    Soon  after  the  charter  was  seal- 
ed. Gorges  and  some  others  of  the  Plymouth  Company 
1606.  sent  out  a  ship  under  the  command  of  Captain  Henry 
19  August,  challons,  to  make  further  discoveries  on  tiie  coast  of 
Maine.    But  instead  of  taking  the  northern  course,  accord- 
chauons,   ing  to  his  orders,  Challons  sailed  by  way  of  the  West  In- 
and  PrinJir-  dics,  whcrc  he  was  captured  by  a  Spanish  fleet  cmd  ceurried 
into  Spain.     Meanwhile,  Chief-justice  Popham  had  dis- 
patched another  ship,  under  the  ccmimcmd  of  Captains 
Thomas  Hanham  and  Martin  Pring,  to  join  Challons  on 
the  coast  of  Maine.     Failing  to  meet  him  there,  Hanham 
and  Pring  carefully  explored  the  shores  and  harbors,  and 
brought  home  with  them  the  most  accurate  descriptions 
of  the  country.     "  Upon  whose  relations,"  says  the  mani- 
festo of  the  Plymouth  Company,  "  afterward  the  lord  chief 
justice  and  we  all  waxed  so  confident  of  the  business,  that 
the  year  following,  every  man  of  any  worth,  formerly  in- 
terested in  it,  was  willing  to  join  in  the  charge  for  the 

,L,lM»lft];  BtMNft»i.,  118-190. 


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COUONY  AT  THE  SAGADAHOC.  13 

sending  oTer  a  oo]iq)6tent  number  of  people  to  lay  tibe  chap.  i. 
^[romid  of  a  lu^)eful  plantation."* 

Under  such  auspices,  a  fly-boat,  called  the  "  Gift  of  ^otibam 
God,"  commanded  by  George  Popham,  the  brother  of  theSiSST 
diief  justice,  and  a  ship  called  the  "  Mary  and  John,"  com-  ^**yinomh. 
manded  by  Raleigh*  Gilbert,  a  nephew  of  Sir  Walter  Ra- 
leigh, sailed  from  Plymoutii  in  the  summer  of  1607,  with  si  litoy. 
one  hundred  and  twenty  persons,  to  found  a  colony  on  the 
Kennebeck.     Both  the  commanders  were  patentees  of  the 
new  (diaarter,  and  they  now  carried  home  with  them  two 
of  the  native  savages  whom  Weymouth  had  taken  to  En- 
giand.t 

The  adventurers  arrived  oflf  Penobscot  Bay  early  in  Au-7  Angiw. 
gust.     Thence  running  westward,  they  anchored,  a  fewitfAngmt. 
days  afterward,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Sagadahoc.     Popham  ^  sag«d» 
and  Gilb^  then  manned  their  boats  and  '^sailed  up  into 
tile  river  near  forty  leagues,"  to  find  a  fit  place  for  their 
settlement     On  the  return  of  the  explcxring  party,  <'  they  i8  August. 
all  went  ashore,  and  made  choice  of  a  place  for  their  plant- 
ation at  the  mouth  or  entry  of  the  river,  on  the  west  side." 
The  next  day,  Richard  Seymour,  theit  chaplain,  preached  lOAugoM. 
them  a  sermon ;  after  which  tiie  commission  of  George 
P<^ham,  their  president,  and  their  colonial  laws,  were  read. 
The  next  two  mcmtiis  were  diligently  employed  in  build- 
ing a  fort  and  store-house ;  while  Gilbert,  with  twenty-two 
of  his  men,  explc^red  the  adjacent  coasts,  between  the  Pe- 
nobscot and  Gasco  Bay.     Before  long,  the  ship  was  sent 
home,  in  charge  of  Captain  Davies,  with  news  of  their  prog- 
ress, and  with  letters  to  Chief-justice  Popham,  asking  for 
a  8U{^ly  of  necessaries  to  be  sent  to  them  betimes  the  next 
year.t 

After  ihe  departure  of  Davies,  the  remaining  colonists 
finished  their  intrenched  fort,  which  they  named  '^  Saint 
George,"  and  armed  it  with  twelve  pieces  of  ordnance. 

*  Mms.  Hist.  Coil, zix.,  3,  Prasident  and  Coancil'i  "Brief  ReUtkm,**  1023;  PurcfaaB, 
tr.,  1897 ;  Prinee,  118 ;  StneH^jr,  lOS,  168. 

t  StradMy,  164 ;  F.  Ooigos,  Brief  NamtlOB,  Mass.  Hist.  ColL,  xxvi. 

t  Straditfy,  165-170 ;  Gorget,  Brief  NwrratlOD,  M.  Aocording  to  Gorgee  and  Purcbas, 
both  the  TeoMls  aaOed  tor  England  on  the  15th  of  December,  1607,  learlng  forty-flre  per- 
Mos  only  in  the  colony.    Prince,  117. 


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14  fflSTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OP  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  I.  Fifty  houses,  besides  a  church  and  store-house,  were  also 

constructed  within  the  intrenchments ;  "and  the  carpen- 

Pi^^^ters  framed  a  pretty  pinnace  of  about  some  thirty  tons, 

gJJJ^,  which  they  called  the  Virginia ;  the  chief  shipwright  be- 

uilitS  ^  "^  ^^^  Dig^y>  of  London."    Q-ilbert,  meanwhile,  endeav- 

^^*'~-      ored  to  explore  more  fully  the  neighboring  coasts ;  but  the 

winter  proved  so  very  severe,  that  "  no  boat  could  stir  upon 

any  business."    To  add  to  their  distress,  their  store-house 

took  fire,  and  their  provisions  in  part  were  burned.    Early 

1608.  in  the  new  year,  their  president,  G-eorge  Popham,  died. 

5FM>.       Jq  i\^Q  mean  time,  the  colonists  on  the  Eennebeck  had  not 

been  forgotten  by  their  principals  at  home.     In  the  course 

of  the  next  summer,  Davies  returned  from  England  with  a 

ship  "  laden  full  of  victuals,  arms,  instruments,  and  tools." 

On  his  arrival,  he  foimd  that,  notwithstanding  the  death 

of  the  president,  the  colony  had  prospered ;  "  all  things  in 

good  forwardness,"  large  quantities  of  fiirs  obtained,  a  good 

store  of  sarsaparilla  gathered,  and  "  the  new  pinnace  all 

finished."     The  "  Virginia,"  of  Sagadahoc,  was  thus  the 

first  vessel  built  by  Europeans  within  the  limits  of  the 

original  United  States. 

1607.  But  with  welcome  supplies,  the  mournful  intelligence 
i£^^  now  reached  the  colony,  tiiat  its  liberal  patron,  Chief-jus- 
2J^"^^  tice  Popham,  had  died  just  after  the  first  ships  left  En- 
**^*'**°**    gland  ;*  and  Gilbert  also  learned  that,  by  the  decease  of 

his  brother,  he  had  become  heir  to  a  fair  estate  which  re- 

1608.  quired  his  presence  in  England.  As  Popham,  their  pres- 
ident, was  dead,  and  Gilbert  was  about  to  leave  them;  as 
no  mines,  'Hhe  main  intended  benefit  to  uphold  the  charge 
of  this  plantation,"  had  been  discovered ;  and  especially, 
as  they  feared  that  all  the  other  winters  would  prove  like 
the  firsts  "the  company  by  no  means  would  stay  any  lon- 
ger in  the  country."   They  therefore  "  all  embarked  in  this 

*  Sir  John  Popham  died  oo  the  10th  of  Jane,  1007.  He  wns  a  *<  hnge,  beary,  ogly 
nan,"  and  in  his  yoonger  days  had  aotnally  been  a  highwayman.  In  1599  ho  was  made 
Chief  JoaUoe  of  England,  and  in  1603  presided  at  the  trial  of  Sir  Walter  Ralei^  whon 
be  sentenced  to  death.  Lord  CampbeU,  in  his  biography  of  Popham,  entirely  omits  any 
reference  to  his  esrly  xeal  in  the  canse  of  American  dlsoorery  and  ooloniaation,  which— 
88  much  as  any  other  inddent  In  his  lil^-gtres  Ivstre  to  his  tens.~CaflBpbeU»s  Litres  «r 
tiM  Chief  Jnstioes,  1.,  »6. 


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NEW  VIRGINIA  CHARTER  OP  1609.  16 

new-arrived  ship,  -and  in  the  new  pinnaoe,  tiie  Virginia,  chap.  i. 
and  set  sail  for  England."    Thus  ended  the  Northern  En- 
glish  oolony  upon  the  Sagadahoo.     On  the  return  of  the 
fitultoring  emigrants  to  England,  their  disappointed  prin-S|^^ny 
oipals,  vexed  with  their  pusillanimity,  desisted  for  <<  a  long 
time  after"  from  any  further  attempts  at  American  oolo-   1608 
nization ;  though  a  few  vessels  were  still  annually  employ-  1514 
ed  in  the  prosperous  fisheries,  and  in  trafficking  with  the 
Indians  on  the  coast  of  Maine.* 

The  year  after  the  failure  of  the  Plymouth  Company's  g;SJ»^ 
oolony  at  the  Kennebeck,  the  London  Company  obtained  ^'i^qq 
a  more  ample  charter  from  the  king,  by  which  the  affairs  »  May. 
of  Virginia  were  placed  upon  a  much  better  footing.  The 
new  grant  essentially  modified  the  first  charter  of  1606. 
"  The  treasurer  and  company  of  adventurers  and  planters 
of  the  city  of  London  for  the  first  colony  in  Virginia"  were 
made  a  corporate  body,  to  which  the  political  powers,  be- 
fore reserved  to  the  king,  were  now  transferred.  An  abso- 
lute title  was  also  vested  in  the  company  to  all  the  terri- 
tory extending  two  hundred  miles  north  from  Point  Com- 
fort, and  the  same  distance  to  the  south,  and  stretohing 
from  the  Atlantic  westward  to  the  South  Sea.t  Thud, 
while  the  limits  of  Virginia  were  expanded  westwardly, 
across  the  continent,  to  the  Pacific,  they  were  curtailed  one 
degree  of  latitude  on  the  north.  Their  first  charter  of 
1606  gave  the  Virginia  Company  the  right  to  plant  colo- 
nies as  far  north  as  the  for^-first  degree.  The  second 
charter  of  1609  fixed  their  northern  boundary  at  two  hund- 
red miles  north  of  Point  Comfort,  or  about  the  fortieth  par- 
allel of  latitude.  The  Plymouth  Company  continued  to 
enjoy  a  nominal  existence  for  eleven  years  longer,  under 
their  first  charter ;  but,  though  Smith  and  Gorges  several 
times  during  that  period  endeavored  to  form  new  settle- 
ments, not  a  single  English  colony  was  permanently  plant- 
ed north  of  Virginia,  until  1620. 

Meanwhile,  France  had  continued  to  look  across  the  At- 1 

*  Stndwy,  170, 180 ;  PnrcIiM,  It.,  18S8 ;  GorgM,  N.  E.,  19 ;  Utm.  Hist.  CoO.,  xix.,  4 ; 
BaMwid,  Sfr-M.  t  SUth's  Virg.,  App.  U. ;  Chalmen,  39 ;  Haxard»  1.,  SS-Tt. 


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16  fflSTORY  OP  THE  STATE  Or  NEW  YORK. 

cbap.  l  la&tio.     Nearly  eighty  years  after  Verazzano  liad  reported 

"to  Francis  I.  iie  deep  river  he  had  found  opening  into  **  a 

most  beautiful  lake,"*  within  the  headlands  forming  the 
"  Narrows,"  in  New  York  harbor,  and  nearly  seventy  years 
after  Cartier  had  first  adoended  the  Saint  Lawrenoe,  a  oom- 

1602.  f^^y  of  merchants  was  organized  at  Rouen,  to  develop  the 
resources  of  Canada.  An  expedition  was  soon  fitted  out, 
under  the  command  of  ihe  Sieur  du  Pont  Q-rav6,  a  wealthy 
merchant  of  Saint  Male,  who  had  already  made  several 
voyages  to  Tadoussac,  at  the  mouth  of  the  deep  and  gloomy 

MdChMtt?  Saguenay.     By  command  of  the  king,  Pont  Grrav6  was 

^JSl.     accompanied  by  Samuel  de  Ghamplain,  of  Saint  Onge,  a 

captain  in  the  French  navy,  who  had  just  before  retum- 

1603.  ed  firom  the  West  Indies.  Early  m  1603,  Pont  Grav^  and 
Ghamplain  roa<^ed  Tadoussac,  where  leaving  their  ships 
to  trade  with  the  natives  for  peltries,  they  pudied  boldly 
up  the  Saint  Lawrence  in  a  small  skiff  with  five  sailors, 
following  the  track  of  Cartier  as  &r  as  the  Sault  de  Saint 
Louis  at  Montreal.t   On  their  return  to  France,  they  found 

8  Noremb.  that  Hcmy  lY.  had  granted  to  the  Huguenot  Sieur  de 
Honts,  <Hie  of  his  gentlemen  of  the  bedchamber,  who  had 
DeMontoj^ rendered  him  great  services  during  the  wars,  a  patent  for 
amry  TV.  planting  a  permanent  colony  in  America,  between  the  for- 
tieth and  the  f(»rty-sixth  degrees  of  north  latitude.!  The 
king  aooa  after  granted  to  De  Monts  and  his  associates  a 
monthly  of  the  fiir  trade  in  Acadia  €md  the  Gtdf  of  Saint 
Lawrence.^ 

1604.  ^  ^®  ^ing  of  the  next  year,  a  new  expedition  was 
7  March,    accordingly  organized  and  dispatched  firom  Dieppe.     Pi- 
loted by  Ghamplain,  and  accompanied  by  the  Sieur  de 
Poutsrincourt,  De  Monts  safely  reached  the  shores  of  Aca- 

pmitrin-  dia.  The  beautiful  harbor  <rf  Port  Royal,  now  Annapolis, 
tiementat  plcasiug  the  tastc  of  Poutrincourt,  he  obtained  permission 
to  establish  himself  there.  De  Monts,  however,  by  Gham- 
SJony^*  plain's  advice,  selecting  for  his  own  colony  the  island  of 
g{^       Saint  Groix,  in  the  river  which  now  divides  Maine  from 

*  **  BeUiMimo  Lago  ;**  aee  Terauano's  Letter,  in  N.  Y.  H.  S.  CoH.,  L  (leeond  Mriat), 
p.  M,  qoMed,  tmU,  p.  S.  t  Voyages  de  Champlaiii,  p.  40  (edit.  163S). 

t  dtasBptain,  49 ;  Hasard,  i.,  45.  4  Leaearbot,  i. ;  Ctaaimera,  83. 


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OflAHPLAIN  IK  GANAQA.  1^ 

New  BrnnawidCf  built  a  ivt,  and  paased  tlie  winteor  there;  cbat.  l 
•Ad  thus,  "  at  a  time  wh^a  th«re  existed  no  English  «ub."^^ 
jeots  in  America^  the  first  pennanent  settlement  was  made  -'-^^^^* 
in  Canada  daring  the  year  1604."* 

But  the  situation  of  Saint  Cn^  proving  inocmvenient,  1605. 
Pe  Mmts,  the  next  spring,  transferred  his  diminished  ool-  ^^i^"^' 
mj  to  Port  Royal ;  and,  sailing  along  the  coasts  of  Maine  JJj;{;^J|^^ 
and  Massachusetts,  oontranporaneously  with  Weymouth,  ^^ 
he  claimed  for  France  the  sovereignty  of  the  country  as 
far  as  Cape  Malebarre.    The  following  autumn  he  return- 
ad  to  Europe,  leaving  his  colony  in  charge  of  Pont  Grrave, 
as  his  lieutenant,  who,  with  Champlain  and  Champdore, 
reeeived  instaruotioais  to  ex{dore  the  adjacent  territory  more 
aeourately,  and  trade  among  the  hostile  savages.t    On  his 
arrival  in  France,  De  Moots  entered  into  a  new  engage- 
ment with  Poutrincourt,  who,  accompanied  by  Marc  Les- 
carfaot  the  historian,!  returned  to  Port  Boyal  with  welcome  1606. 
supplies,  just  as  the  dispirited  colonists  were  about  embark- 
ing for  home.     The  Frendi  cabins  remained  at  Acadia ; 
and  under  judicious  muiagement  the  colcmy  prospered, 
uiitil  it  wae  surprised  and  broken  up  by  Sfunuel  Argall 
with  a  Virginian  force,  in  1613.     Meanwhile,  Henry  IV., 
urged  by  the  complaints  of  the  French  traders  and  fisher- 
laen,  who  were  dq^ved  of  their  accustomed  {Hivileges  on 
the  coast,  revoked  the  noonopoly  which  he  had  conferred^^ 
on  De  Monts,  to  whom,  however,  he  granted  a  small  in- J5^J"*»' 
demnity  for  his  loss.    But  the  king  soon  afterward  ratified  1607. 
and  confirmed,  by  his  letters  patent,  the  quiet  possession 
of  Pcwt  Royal  to  Pout3rincourt.4 

After    four   years   absence,    Champlain   returned   tochampiain 
France,  filled  with  the  ambition  of  founding  a  French  ool-  Canada. 
eny  upon  the  River  Saint  Lawrence.     Moved  by  Cham^ 
plaints  eaiTiest  representations,  De  Monts  succeeded  in  ob-  1608. 
taining  from  the  king  a  new  commissicm  to  plant  a  settle- 

*CMnHn,«t;  Clniiiitaiii,«0.  t  CtemiililB,  M^M ;  LMMibot. 

t  iMMitM^  wbo  palOlahMl,  in  18M,  Ida  *«Hlfllelre  de  la  RoareOe  Pmie^»  la  d^^ 
by  CtaBliTaix  a.» Vv  U«)  aa ''in  a^iwat  da  Paria,  TO  aaiev  «■ac9^'el Jvdiclaaz,  «B  li^^ 
fHait  M  aaaai  eayaMa  d*«caMfr  ina  oakmte,  que  d^a  «erife  ntfatotoa.** 

«  Ckaniiialm  M. 

B 


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18  fflSTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  I.  ment  in  Canada,  and  a  monopoly  of  the  for  trade  for  cme 
"~~year.*     Two  ships  were  promptiiy  equipped  at  Honfleur, 
IS  April.    ^^^  dispatched,  under  the  command  of  Ohamplain,  to  the 
Saint  Lawrence.     On  the  3d  of  June,  the  expedition  an- 
chored at  Tadoussac.     After  a  short  delay,  Champlain  as- 
cended the  great  river,  examining,  as  he  went  along,  the 
shores  on  both  sides,  for  the  most  appropriate  spot  on  which 
Qneb6o     to  cstabUsh  the  future  capital  of  New  France.     Finding 
3  July.      none  '<  more  commodious  or  better  situated  than  the  point 
of  Q,uebec,  so  called  by  the  savages,"  the  rude  founda- 
tions of  a  town  were  laid,  near  the  spot  where  Cartier 
had  passed  the  winter  about  three  quarters  of  a  century  be- 
fore.t     For  five  dreary  months  the  secluded  colonists  en- 
dured  the  inhospitable  climate,  and  saw  the^face  of  nature 
all  around  continually  covered  with  a  deep  snow.    A  bright 
spring  again  opened  the  streams ;  and  in  the  following 
summer,  Champlain,  accompanied  by  two  of  his  country- 
men, boldly  ascending  the  River  Richelieu  or  Saurel  with 
a  war-party  of  Hurons  and  Algonquins  on  an  expedition 
2609.  ftgcLinst  tiie  Iroquois,  gave  victory  to  his  allies  by  his  Eu- 
»jjjy-     ropean  fire-arms,  and  discovered  tiie  beautiful  lake  on  our 
of  Lake     northcastem  fix)ntier,  which  will  ever  commemorate  lus 

*  -iminpifiini 

illustrious  name.t 
The  Dutch      While  England  and  France  were  liius  quietly  appropri- 
compeutora  atiug,  by  royal  charters,  nearly  all  the  northern  territory 
Engiwi     of  the  New  World,  a  firesh  competitor  in  American  discov- 

Freoch. 

*  Champlain,  114.  t  IMd.,  118-194. 

t  Champlain  (edit.  Paris,  1039),  page  149,  states  that  on  the  night  of  July  99, 1009,  his 
party,  wliile  passing  up  the  lake  in  their  canoes,  disoovend  their  Iroqoois  enemies,  ^at 
the  point  of  a  cape  which  runs  oat  into  the  lake  ttam  the  west  side."  The  enemy  barri- 
caded themselves  with  trees  on  this  cape ;  and  the  next  morning,  Champlain,  advancing 
at  the  liead  of  the  inTaders,  killed  two  oT  the  Iroquois  cliiefii  with  a  dlschairge  of  his  arque- 
buse,  and  put  their  frightened' followers  to  flight.  He  adds  (p.  152),  that "  the  place  where 
this  attack  was  made  is  in  A»ty-three  degrees  and  some  minutes  of  latttnde,  and  I  naned 
it  the  Lake  of  Champlain.''  On  the  map  which  accompanies  liis  work,  Champlain  marks 
the  place  "  where  ine  Iroquois  were  defeated,'*  as  a  pnnnontory  a  little  to  the  northeast  of 
*'  a  small  lake  by  which  one  goes  to  the  Iroquois,  after  having  passed  that  of  Champtain." 
These  particulan  seem  to  identity  Tiopnderoga,  in  Essex  county,  as  the  spot  where  the 
flrst  encounter  took  iriaoe,  between  the  white  man  and  the  red  man,  on  the  soil  of  New 
York.  Champlain  dtsOnetly  states  that  he  "  afterward"  saw  the  **  waterihll"  or  outlet  of 
''another  lake,  which  is  three  or  fbur  leagues  long."  This  lake,  now  known  as  Lake 
Qsorge,  was  flrst  named  "  Saint  Sacrement,"  by  the  Jesuit  Father  Jogues,  in  1040.  Trans- 
lated extracts  of  Champlain's  work  have  Just  been  published  in  iii.  Doc  Hist.  N.  T.,  1-9. 
See  also  Tates  and  Monlton's  History  of  New  York,  L,  177-181. 


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THE  DUTCH  REPUBLIC.  19 

ery  suddenly  appeared,  to  divide  with  them  the  magnifi-  citap.  i. 
oent  prize.     The  red  flag  of  England  waved  over  Virginia, 
and  ttie  white  banner  of  Franoe  floated  over  Canada,  as  the 
triooloar  of  a  new  nation  was  first  nnexpeotedly  displayed 
in  the  unknown  intermediate  region.* 

A  generation  of  men  had  lived  to  see  a  powerfdl  repub-  1579. 
lie  result  jfirom  the  confederation  at  Utrecht  of  the  North-  ^IrSowT* 
em  Provinces  of  the  Netiierlands  against  the  bigotry  and  JiSJ^f*" 
despotism  of  Spain.     These  provinces,  whose  whole  popu- 
lation scarcely  exceeded  two  millions  of  souls,  aninfiated 
by  a  spirit  which  Sir  Philip  Sydney  said  to  Q,ueen  Eliz- 
abeth, ^^  is  the  spirit  of  G-od,  and  is  invincible,"  after  a 
long  and  desperate  conflict  against  a  powerful  adversary, 
finally  triumphed  over  their  vindictive  oppressor,  and  com-  1609. 
pelled  him  to  acknowledge  their  independence  and  sever-  •  ^^^ 
dgnty. 

The  "Union  of  Utrecht,"  Originally  a  league  which 
bound  the  provinces  together  for  mutual  defense  and  pro- 
tection, became  the  Constitution  of  a  Confederated  Repub-  Their  re- 
lic. This  Constitution,  though  complex  and  not  entirely  Smsum- 
popular,  was  nevertheless  a  decided  and  memorable  step 
in  human  progress ;  and  it  enabled  the  Dutch  to  establish 
and  nmintain  a  system  of  universal  toleration,  which,  while 
contributing  materially  to  the  fireedom  of  their  own  coun- 
try, made  it  an  inviting  asylum  for  the  oppressed  of  other 
land8.t 

Providence  early  indicated  to  that  singular  country  her  Maritime 
destiny.     While  fiNreign  despotic  power  inflamed  the  pa-  Houand. 
triotism  of  her  peq)le,  and  forced  them  to  struggle  for  civ- 
il and  religious  fireedom,  the   natural  disadvantages  of 
her  geographical  position  stimulated  their  enterprise,  and 

*  TiM  natkwal  endgn  of  the  United  Prorinoes  was  adopted  about  the  year  1588,  at  tlio 
■■miarinn  of  William  L,  prince  of  Naasaa  and  Orange.  It  was  composed  of  tbe  princess 
ertora,  orange,  wliite,  and  blue,  arranged  in  three  eqnal  horizontal  stripes.  After  the 
teCh  of  WilUam  n.  (1650),  a  red  stripe  was  snbstitQted  fbr  the  orange ;  and  the  Dutch 
SMigB,  at  the  present  day,  remains  what  it  was,  as  thos  modified,  two  oentnrles  ago.— 
J.  C  de  Jei^e,  ^Khrer  den  Oovsprong  der  Nedeiiandsehe  Vlag,»  1831, 20-68. 

1 1  sbaU  inrariably  use  the  term  "  Dutch,**  in  iu  legitimate  English  sense,  as  referring 
SKfliasbnty  to  tlia  inhsbitanu  of  the  Seven  United  Prorinoes  of  the  Nethertands  and  their 
jerimtiatB.  A  btunder  is  flreqoently  eommitted  in  applying  the  name  **  Doteh,''  instead 
sftlMir  pnpsr  denomlnatkoa  **  GenBaas,**  to  the  people  of  Germany  hi  general. 


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SfO  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

cukr.  I.  taught  them  oontiimal  lessons  of  perseveranee.  A  ^aat 
morass,  protruding  into  the  sea,  and  ift^med  by  the  aooa- 
*  mulations  which  the  Rhine  ocmtinually  brings  down  from 
the  foot  of  the  Alps,  the  Low  Countries  are  cMily  saved  from 
the  encroaching  ocean  by  the  eeasdiess  and  irrepressiUe 
energy  of  their  inhabitants.  But  the  very  ooeaa,  which 
^  the  untiring  industry  of  the  Dutdi  drives  back  from  their 
narrow  shores,  was  destined  to  be  their  widest  scene  cf 
triumph,  and  their  qpen  avenue  to  wealtL  A  few  fidier- 
men^s  huts  at  the  mouth  of  the  Amatol,  at  a  period  when 
the  cities  of  Fknders  had  attained  edblnrity,  soon  beeame 
the  *< Venice  of  the  North;"  the  sea,  subdued  by  skillfal 
toil,  flowed  quietly  Hurough  her  splendid  canals,  and 
brought  treasures  from  the  ends  of  the  aajrth  to  tiie  very 
doors  of  her  cosmopolitan  burghers ;  and  crowded  streets, 
and  rich  warehouses,  and  stately  palaces,  and  magnificent 
churches,  usurped  the  fincient  abode  of  the  stork  and  the 
heron.  Well  might  Fenelon  describe  the  Tyre  of  his  day 
as  the  '^  queen  of  all  the  seas.'^ 

Energetic,  undaunted,  and  persevering  at  home,  tiie 
Dutch  could  not  fail  to  pudi  their  enterprising  commerce 
The  way  of  into  cvcry  zone.  The  very  legend  on  Iheir  earliest  ooin- 
«*iii^tiie  age  predicted,  in  hdy  words  borrowed  from  the  Vulgate, 
the  maritime  destiny  of  that  peq>le,  whose  ^<  way  is  in  the 
sea,"  and  whose  '^  paths  are  in  many  waters."t  Accus- 
tomed from  childhood  to  play  fearlessly  with  the  waves, 
the  natives  of  Holland  and  Zealand  were  foremost  in  ad- 
venture ;  and  the  capital  of  the  merchants  of  Amsterdam 
and  Middleburg  found  abundant  employment  for  the  hardy 
crews  which  their  own  cities  readily  furnished.  Even 
while  its  political  existence  was  yet  uncertain,  the  upstart 
republic  "  grasped  the  whole  conunerce  of  the  world  as  its 

*  "  Cette  crude  ville  eeiobto  nager  M-desfiw  dee  eaax,  et  Aire  la  relne  de  toot  la  laar. 
Lee  mardiande  y  abordeiU  da  tootes  lee  iMtfUea  da  mmde,  et  eea  lubiuota  soot  eox-mteaee 
lee  pine  ftmeux  marchande  qoMl  y  ait  daaa  I'nniveffa.  Qoaad  om  eotre  dana  eette  riUe  oa 
eroit  d'abord  que  ce  n'eet  point  one  Tille  qoi  appartienne  A  un  people  partteaUer,  nafti 
qn*ene  eet  la  ville  coBMnane  de  tone  lee  peopleeiet  le  eentre  de  leor  eoiiiiMroe.'*->TM^ 
maqne,  Ut.  ill. 

t  In  1589,  tbe  mint  of  Zealand  iaeaed  a  penny,  elainped  with  the  efllgy  of  a  eeeptei-ed 
king  riding  a  eea-horae  over  the  wavee,  and  aantmnded  by  the  wofde  "  In  aMil  Tla  taa, 
et  eemits  taa  in  winia  moUia."    See  BiMt>a'*JiedallNiMHMorie,**lS;  VaBLooa,i.,9a 


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MARITIME  EMTBIIPRISE  OP  THE  DDTCH.  21 

portion,  and  thus  supplied  itself  witii  resources  for  a  strug*  cmap.  i. 
gle  which  was  longer  and  more  de^rate  than  that  of 
Greece  with  Pebia.'^  ^^^• 

While  Charles  V.  was  yet  their  sovereign,  Ihe  Dutch  ap- 
pear to  haw  become  familiar  with  part  of  the  New  World,  e^t  ▼"y- 
which  the  Pontiff  had  granted,  as  a  perpetual  donation,  to 
the  kings  of  Spain.     But  the  Bevdution,  which  followed 
the  accession  of  Philip  IL,  interrupted  for  awhile  the  dis- 
tant y6  jages  of  the  insurgent  Batavians.t    The  same  sum- 
mer that  the  United  Provinces  declared  their  independence 
of  Spain,  Thomas  Buts,  an  En^dsh  captain,  who  had  five 
times  visited  the  Spanish  American  islands,  proposed  to  1581. 
the  states  of  Holland  to  conduct  an  expedition  to  i^e  West  *®  ^^"" 
Indies.    But  though  the  projected  adventure  seems  to  have 
been  viewed  with  fav(Nr,  no  results  are  recorded.    All  the 
while,  commerce  flourished  at  home ;  and  in  spite  of  edicts, 
the  Dutch  maintained  the  command  of  the  nearer  seas.  1585. 
One  thousand  new  vessels  w^e  annually  built  in  Holland. 
Prom  the  Cape  de  Verd  Islands  to  the  White  Sea,  a  profit- hoba  mm- 
aUe  coasting  trade  was  carried  on ;  out  of  the  Vlie  alone  tSe^ucn. 
sailed  nearly  six  hundred  ships,  in  one  year,  to  bring  com  1587. 
from  the  Baltic    Before  long^  William  Usselincx,  a  native 
of  Antwerp,  who  had  spent  many  years  in  Castile,  Portu- 
gal, and  the  Azores,  suggested  the  advantage  of  an  assooi-  1591. 
ation  for  trading  to  the  West  Indies.     The  views  of  Usse^ 
lincx  were  listened  to  with  respect,  but  his  counsels  were 
not  immediately  foUoweA     Yet  they  were  not  without 
their  effect.     A  few  years  afterward,  Q-errit  Bicker  Peters- 
zoon,  of  Amsterdam,  and  Jan  Comeliszoon  Leyen,  of  Enck-  ^®y^  ^ 
huysen,  under  the  patronage  of  the  States  of  Holland,  indies- 
organized  separate  companies  for  the  West  India  trade.  1597. 
Their  enterprise  was  the  forerunner  of  eventual  success.1 

Meanwhile,  the  Dutch,  sharing  largely  in  the  carrying 
trade  of  Europe,  had  sought  distant  regions  for  a  more  lu- 
crative traffic.  .  In  1594,  Cornelius  Houtman,  the  son  of  a 

*  Heeren.  t  Sir  John  Carr'  on  the  C<Hnnierce  of  the  Dutch. 

t  Van  Meleron,  ziU.,  960, 901 ;  zIt^  S8S,  9M  ;  zix^  410 ;  Wagmaar,  Aawt,  I.,  407, 408, 
410 ;  Vad.Btflt.,  Ix.,  158,  IM ;  Dsrlea'a  HoUand,  h.,  181, 189, 900, 901 ;  If oUkark  (Berg  Van 
DoMen),  Bydragen  tot  de  Geaeoiedenia  onzer  Koloniiatie  ia  Noord  Aoiailka,  A.,  9-7. 


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First  Toy- 
ages  to 
East  In- 


22         HISTORY  OP  THE  STATE  OP  NEW  YORK. 

chap.l  brewer  of  Ooada,  retaming  from  Lisbon,  where  he  had 
"T~~  spent  the  previous  year,  brought  back  tempting  aooounts 
of  the  gorgeous  products  of  the  East,  whidi  he  had  seen 
crowding  the  quays  of  the  Tagus.     His  glowing  descrip- 
tions provoked  emulation ;  and  nine  merchants  of  Am- 
sterdam, forming  an  association,  equipped  a  flotilla  of  fdur 
ships,  equally  fitted  for  war  and  for  trade,  of  which  Hout- 
jj°^;  man  undertook  the  command.    Following  the  track  of  the 
Portuguese,  he  doubled  the  Cape  of  Qtxxi  Hope,  and  in  two 
1596.  years  returned  to  Amsterdam  with  rich  cargoes  of  Eastern 
products.*    And  thus  began  the  marvelous  Indian  com- 
merce of  the  Dutch.     The  edicts  of  Philip  could  not  ex- 
dude  the  independent  Nethorlanders  from  the  free  navi- 
gation of  the  seas.    Thenceforth  they  determined  to  vindi- 
cate, by  force  of  arms,  tiieir  right  to  participate  freely  in 
that  commerce  which  despotic  selfishness  was  vainly  at- 
tempting to  monopolize.     The  privateers  of  the  Batavian 
Provinces  were  every  where  victorious;   and  the  ware- 
1598.  houses  of  their  owners  were  soon  filled  with  the  choicest 
Sj!Sf2i.^productions  of  the  Indies,  and  ornamented  with  the  ensigns 
iS^E^Stl^  of  the  conquered  galleons  of  Spain.     And  while  the  cir- 
cuitous voyage  round  the  Cape  of  Qtxxi  Hope  thus  gave 
ample  returns,  mercantile  enterprise  sought  shorter  ave- 
nues to  the  East.     Under  the  influence  of  the  vigorous 
Balthazar  Moucheron,  of  Middleburg,  expeditions  were  dis- 
*  1594.  patched  from  Zealand  and  Holland  to  explore  a  more  direct 
Bxpadi-     passage  to  China,  and  Cathay  or  Japan,  by  way  of  Nova 
poul^aS!?  Zembla  and  the  Polar  Seas.     Again,  and  a  third  time,  un- 
1595-6.  successful  attempts  were  repeated ;  and  the  daring  enter- 
prise, in  which  Barentsen,  Comelissen,  and  Heemskerk  en- 
dured almost  unparalleled  trials,  and  won  a  renown  as  last- 
ing as  that  of  Willoughby  or  Davis,  was  at  length  aban- 
doned in  despair.! 
1600.       The  woaltii  of  the  East,  which  soon  began  to  pour  into 
Holland,  naturally  produced  competition  among  the  partic- 
ipants in  the  open  traffic.     Influenced  by  the  representa- 

*  Richene  dt  la  HoUande,  L,  35 ;  Van  MaCaren,  xxUt,  fiOS. 

t  VaiiMat«raii,XTUl.,S71,S76i  six.,  404, 419 ;  LnnteaalMeA,  7, 6 ;  Da:vtai,  it,  SM- 
1M,SS8;  MoUkark,  A^  18, 10. 


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DUTCH  EAST  INDIA  COMPANY.  23 

tioDB  of  the  merohants,  who  feared  in  an  unrestrained  rival-  ciup.  i. 
ry  a  diminution  of  their  individual  profits,  and  looking  also 
to  the  political  advantages  which  the  republic  itself  might 
gain  in  its  conflict  with  Spain,  the  States  G-eneral  now  re- 
solved that  the  various  adventurers  engaged  in  copojneroe 
with  the  East  should.be  united  in  one  corporate  body.    A 
charter  was  accordingly  granted  in  the  spring  of  1602,  by  1602. 
which  those  merchants  were  incorporated  for  a  period  of  ***•"***• 
twenty-one  years,  under  the  name  c^  the  ''East  India  The  Dmch 

Rsflt  India 

Company,"  with  a  capital  of  6,600,000  of  livres,  the  ex-  compuy. 
elusive  privilege  of  trading  in  the  Eastern  Seas  beyond 
the  Cape  of  Good  Hope  on  the  one  side  and  the  Straits  of 
Magellan  on  the  other,  and  large  powers  for  conquest,  col- 
onization, and  govenmient  within  those  limits.* 

While  this  powerful  commercial  monopoly  was  covering  1607. 
the  Eastern  Ocean  with  its  fleets,  and  returning  to  its  share-  • 
holders,  in  a  single  year,  three  fourths  of  their  invested  cap- 
ital,! men's  minds  had  been  earnestly  considering  whether 
the  Western  World  might  not  also  ofier  a  tempting  field 
for  Dutch  mercantile  enterprise.  William  Usselincx,  who 
had  already  suggested  an  association  to  trade  in  the  W^^t  Aw^in- 
Indies,  was  again  among  the  most  zealous  to  urge  the  im- nypro- 
mediate  establishment  of  a  company  in  the  Netherlands, 
modeled  after  the  one  which  had  proved  so  successful  in 
the  East.  He  r^resented  his  project  as  an  additional 
means  of  humbling  tiieir  arrogant  enemy  on  the  very  seas 
from  which  Philip  was  endeavoring  to  shut  out  the  com- 
merce of  the  republic ;  and  besides  the  mercantile  advant- 
ages which  would  result  from  securing  the  traffic  with 
those  affluent  regions,  he  pressed  the  higher  motive  of  the 
conversion  of  their  heathen  inhabitants  to  the  Christian 
faith.  The  proposals  which  Usselincx  circulated  won  gen- 
eral assent ;  and,  aided  by  the  influence  of  Plancius,  Lin- 
schoten,  and  other  leading  scholars  and  merchants  of  Hol- 
land and  Zealand,  an  application  was  made  to  the  States 

*  Van  Meteran,  zxiv.,  51S.  Cape  Hom  was  not  known  to  Boropeana  at  tbia  period. 
Schonten,  wbo  named  it  after  his  native  city,  "  Hoorn,'*  in  North  Holland,  llrst  aailed 
roand  tbe  Cape  in  1010. 

t  In  the  year  1000,  tlie  Bast  India  Company  divided  75  per  oent.    Moottoo,  IM. 


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24  fflSTOKT  OF  THE  STilTE  (MP  KEW  YORK. 

Chap,  l  Q-enend  lor  the  inoOTporatian  of  a ''  West  India  Company,'^ 
——"to  trade  exclusively,  for  thirty^ix  yeara,  to  ihe  ooast  of 
'  AMoa,  finsn  the  trq>ic8  to  the  Ci^pe  of  Grood  Hope,  and  to 
J^iJfJj;^;.  America,  fix)m  the  Siaraits  of  Magellan  to  Newfoundland.  \ 
poned.       -Q^i  jj^Q  Dutch  govemment  was  now  engaged  in  negotia- 
tions for  a  peace  with  Spain,  which  Girotius  and  Bame- 
veldt  feared  the  proposed  charter  might  prejudice ;  and  the 
truce,  which  was  finally  concluded  in  1609,  suspended  for 
several  years  any  definite  action  on  the  subject.* 
Henry  ^         Moauwhile,  a  shorter  passage  to  China  and  Cathay,  ty 
voytM     way  of  the  Northern  Seas,  continued  to  be  a  favorite  the- 
doBtoUM  cry  in  England,  as  well  as  in  Holland  and  Denmark.     A 
company  of  wealthy  and  enei^etic  men  in  London,  not  d  is- 
couraged  by  the  ill-luck  of  all  previous  efforts,  determin.ed 
to  attempt  agedn,  in  1607,  ike  enterprise  in  which  so  many 
others  had  fjGiiled.     Contributing  the  necessary  means  for 
an  expedition,  they  intrusted  the  command  to  a  skillful 
and  experienced  mariner,  Henry  Hudson,  a  native  of  En- 
gland, and  a  firiend  of  the  famous  Captain  John  Smil^,  who 
had  just  before  sailed  with  the  first  colony  for  Virginia, 
and  whom,  in  boldness,  energy,  and  perseverance  Hudson 
strongly  resembled.     But  the  expedition  was  unsucoess- 

1608.  ful,  as  was  also  a  second  voyage  in  the  following  year,  and 
the  London  Company  suspended  further  efforts.t 

Not  disheartened  by  his  two  failures,  Hudson  now  re- 

1609.  solved  to  go  to  Holland,  in  the  hope  of  meeting  there  encour- 
mtoHoi-  agement  to  attempt  again  the  ventures(Hne  enterprise  he 
^^        was  so  ambitious  to  adiieve.     He  was  not  disappointed. 

His  proposition  to  the  East  India  Company,  though  opposed 

by  the  Zecdand  department,  where  Balthazar  Houcheron's 

long  experience  in  former  firuitless  voyages  influenced  his 

colleagues,  found  favor  with  the  more  liberal  Amsterdam 

The  Dutch  dii^ctors.     By  their  orders,  a  yacht,  or  Vlie-boat,  called 

pinyftoatthe  " Half  Mook,"  belonging  to  the  company,  of  forty 

Moon.       lasts  or  eighty  tons  burden,}  was  equipped  for  the  vqy« 

•  VanMftereB,fi«7,fiS8,M3,S56,«01,<Mtt;  OraUiu^TU;  BtnUTOglio,  L,  S7 ;  Bucroft, 
IL,  SdB,  S6S ;  Moilkerk,  A.,  10-17 ;  PsTios,  iL,  404,  405. 
t  Pnrdiai,  iii.,  507 ;  N.  T.  H.  8.  CoU.,  L,  01-102 ;  Yates  and  Monlton,  U,  lOB-aOO. 
t  **8Up  book**  Ibuid,  ia  1841,  in  Uie  AroliiTio  of  tlw  old  Eaot  India  Conptny  at  An* 

■     *  Vt-  '* 


*>v-V*-       X    V 


i^*  ^^u ;  •    V  '.  >^  w   .       ^  .v^4h\  ]j. 


J 


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THB  HALF  MOOK  SAILS  FROM  HOLLAND.  25 

ige,  and  manned  by  a  orew  of  twenty  sailors,  partly  Dutch  cbap.  l 
and  partly  English.    The  oommand  was  intrusted  to  Hud-  "717^" 
son ;  a  Dutoh  "  under-schipper"  or  mate  was  appointed ; 
and  instruotions  were  given  to  explore  a  passage  to  China 
by  the  nortiieast  or  northwest.* 

The  Half  Moon  left  Amsterdam  on  tiie  fourth  of  April, 
1609,  and  on  ihe  sixth  took  her  departure  from  the  Texel. «  v^ 
Doubling  the  Cape  of  Norway  cm  the  fifth  of  May,  Hudson  "**^^ 
found  the  sea  so  full  of  ioe,  that  he  was  obliged  to  aban* 
don  his  purpose  of  penelrating  eastward  of  Nova  Zembla. 
Some  of  his  motley  crew,  who  had  been  used  only  to  the 
East  India  service,  oould  ill  endure  the  severity  of  the  cold, 
and  now  began  to  murmur.  Upon  this,  Hudson  proposed 
to  them  two  alternatives.  The  first  was  to  sail  directly 
to  America,  in  about  latitude  40^,  where,  according  to  the 
ktters  and  charts  which  Smith  had  sent  him  from  Yir- 
ginia,  he  would  find  a  sea  affording  a  passage  to  the  East 
round  the  English  colony.  The  other  proposition  was  to 
penetrate  westward,  through  Davis's  Straits ;  and  this  be- 
ing generally  approved,  Hudson  sailed  toward  the  island 
of  Faro,  where  he  arrived  on  the  last  of  May,  and  remain-  3i  May. 
ed  a  day  to  water.  Thence  he  stretched  westward  across 
the  Atlantic ;  but  failing  to  see  the  islands  which  Frobish- 
or's  ships  had  visited  in  1578,  he  shaped  his  course  for 
Newfoundland.  After  a  stormy  and  perilous  voyEige,  in 
which  he  lost  his  foremcust  overboard,  Hudson  arrived,  ear- 
ly in  July,  on  the  Banks,  where  he  was  becalmed  long 
enough  to  catch  more  cod  than  his  ^'  small  store  of  salt" 
oould  cure.     He  then  stood  farther  to  the  west,  and  run- 

■tordam.  A  "  Vlie-boat^  ia  so  called  firam  its  being  bailt  expressly  fin*  the  dilBcnlt  nsri* 
gBtfcm  of  the  Vlie  and  the  Texel.  It  is  a  very  flwt-saillng  vessel,  with  two  masts,  and 
wnally  of  abeut  one  hundred  tons  burden.  The  name,  as  well  as  the  model  of  thiaDvtah 
eraft,  was  soon  adopted  In  other  countries.  The  French  called  it  "  Flibot ;"  the  English, 
**  Fly-boat ;"  and  the  Spaniards^  **  TVSbtMe.**  Some  of  our  writers  have,  imibrtimatdy,  al- 
tered the  historical  Qi|gie  of  the  V  RAlf  Moon**  to  the  AmctAil  name  of  the  "  Cresoent.** 
Hndson^B  vessel  was  Really  calleH  by  her  owners  "  de  Halve-Maan,"  and  not  "  de  Was- 
ssads-Maan,**  of  whtofa  latter  phrase  only  la  **  Crescent"  the  proper  English  eqnlvalent. 

*  Van  Meteren,  xxxi.,  674  ;  N.  Y.  H.  S.  CoU^  iL  (second  series),  36ft-37e ;  LambrecbU 
sen,  9, 10,  and  in  N.Y.  H.  S.  Coll.,  i.  (second  series),  84,  85 ;  Mullkerk,  18, 19.  Robert 
Joet,  of  LimehoQse,  England,  who  wfote  the  Journal  printed  by  Purchas,  acted  aa  Hud- 
sM's  own  elerk,  but  not  as  ^nder-schtop^  of  the  Half  Blbon.  Van  Meteren  expressly 
says  that  Um  offieer  was  «  NedMiiaBdsr. 


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26  fflSTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OP  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  I.  ning  along  the  coast  of  Nova  Sootia,  arrived  at  Penobeoot 
Bay,  where  he  remained  a  week,  cutting  a  new  foremast 
18  July.  *  *^^  mending  his  tattered  rigging*     While  there,  he  was 
Pmwib2«  visited  by  two  French-built  shallops  full  of  Indians,  some 
^*-        of  whom  even  "  spake  some  words  of  French,"  and  pro- 
posed  to  traffic.     But  Hudson,  suspicious  of  his  visitors, 
kept  a  vigilant  watch ;  while  a  part  of  his  ship's  compa- 
ny seized  one  of  the  shallops,  with  which  they  landed,  and 
wantonly  despoiled  the  cabins  of  the  friendly  natives. 
Fearing  that  the  lawless  conduct  of  his  turbulent  crew 
«e  July      might  provoke  retaliation,  Hudson  set  sail  the  next  day  to 
the  soutiiward,  and  kept  at  sea  for  a  week,  until  he  made 
3  AofoA.  the  land  again,  and  sent  his  shallop  in  to  sound  the  shore. 
The  next  morning  he  anchored  at  the  northern  end  of  a 
headland,  where  his  boat's  crew  landed,  and  found  the  na- 
tives rejoicing  to  see  them.     Supposing  it  to  be  an  un- 
known island,  Hudson  named  the  region  New  Holland, 
in  honor  of  his  patrons'  fatherland.     But  after  trying  in 
vain  to  find  an  opening  to  the  westward,  he  put  about,  and 
AiCmw     passing  the  southern  headland,  which  he  now  perceived 
was  the  one  which  Grosnold  had  discovered  in  1602  and 
named  ^^  Cape  Cod,"  he  stood  off  to  sea  again  toward  the 
southwest. 
18  August.      In  a  fortnight  Hudson  arrived  off  the  mouth  of  the  Ches- 
apeake Bay,  which  he  recognized  as  ^<  the  entrance  into 
At  the       the  King's  River  in  Virginia,  where  our  Englishmen  are." 
c«^of  the  g^^  ^^  temptation  to  meet  his  friend  Smith,  who,  disgust- 
'**^®'       ed  with  the  distractions  in  the  colony  at  Jamestown,  and 
maimed  by  accidental  wounds,  was  preparing  to  return  to 
England,  did  not  divert  Hudson  from  the  great  object  of 
his  voyage.     Contenting  himself  with  a  few  soundings,  he 
stood  again  to  sea,  and  passing  northward  along  the  coast 
28  August,  of  Maryland,  he  ran  into  a  "  great  bay  with  rivers" — aft- 
SISJ??™   erward  called  the  "  South  River,"  and  "  New  Port  May" 
iw«^  by  the  Dutch,  and  "  Delaware"  by  the  English— where 
^^*        the  Half  Moon  anchored.* 

*  Van  der  Donck,  p .  7,  adds,  and  "took  the  first  possession.**    This  bay  and  riTer  tte 
Dnteh  called  the  South  RiTer,  to  distinguish  It  from  the  North  or  Hudson  RiTer;  aadalso 


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HUDSON  AT  SANDY  HOOK.  27 


1609. 


Finding  the  navigation  so  diffioolt,  that  '^  ha  that  will  chap.  l 
thoroughly  discover  this  great  bay  must  have  a  small  pin- ' 
naoe  that  must  draw  but  four  or  five  feet  water,  to  sound 
before  him,"  Hudson  stood  out  to  sea  again,  and,  running 
northward  several  days   along  a  low  sandy  coast,  with 
"  broken  islands,"  arrived,  on  the  evening  of  the  second  of  s  sept. 
September,  in  sight  of  the  '^  high  hills"  of  Navesinck,  then, 
as  now,  '<  a  very  good  land  to  fall  in  with,  and  a  pleasant 
land  to  see."    The  next  morning  he  sailed  onward  until  s  s«pt 
he  came  to  "  three  great  rivers,"  the  most  northerly  of 
which  he  attempted  to  enter,  but  was  prevented  by  tie 
"  very  shoal  bar  before  it."*    So,  sending  his  boat  before 
him  to  sound  the  way,  he  went  in  past  Sandy  Hook,  and 
on  the  evening  of  the  third  of  September,  1609,  anchored  Anciwn  in 
the  Half  Moon  in  the  bay,  where  the  waters  were  alive  Hook  Bay. 
with  fish.t 

For  a  week  Hudson  lingered  in  the  lower  bay,  admiring  Hodaoo  m 
the  "  goodly  oaks"  which  garnished  the  neighboring  shores,  .eyT  "* 
and  holding  frequent  intercourse  with  the  native  savages 
of  Monmouth,  in  New  Jersey.     The  Half  Moon  was  visit- 
ed in  return  by  the  wondering  Indians,  who  flocked  on 
board  the  strange  vessel,  clothed  with  mantles  of  feath- 
ers and  robes  of  fur,  and  adorned  with  rude  copper  neck- 
laces.    Meanwhile,  a  boat's  crew  was  sent  to  sound  theosepc 
river,  which  opened  to  the  northward.    Passing  through 
the  Narrows,  tiiey  found  a  noble  harbor,  with  "  very  good 
riding  for  ships."     A  little  further  on,  they  came  to  "  the 
Kills,"  between  Staten  Island  and  Bergen  Neck,  "  a  narrow 
river  to  the  westward,  between  two  islands."     The  lands 

New  Port  May,  aftor  CorneUs  Jseobsen  May,  of  Hoorn.  Many  of  our  writtra  assert  that 
Lord  Delawarr  tooched  at  this  bay,  on  his  way  to  Virginia  in  1010.  Bnt  this  is  an  error. 
On  that  oeeaslon  Lord  Delawarr  sailed  by  way  of  the  West  Indies,  and  approached  Vir- 
flnla  ttom  the  soothward.  Indeed,  there  is  no  evidence  that  Lord  Delawarr  ever  saw  His 
waters  which  now  bear  his  name,  as  will  be  shown  in  a  note  (D)  in  the  Appendix. 

*  Two  of  these  were,  no  donbt,  the  Raritan  and  the  Narrows ;  and  the  third  one,  to  the 
northward,  with  the  shoal  bar  befbre  it,  probably  Rockaway  Inlet. 

t  "  So  we  weighed  and  went  in,  and  rode  in  five  (hthoms  oote  ground,  and  saw  many 
salmons,  and  nnillets,  and  rays  very  great.  The  height  is  ffarty  degrees  thirty  rainutes.'* 
This  statement  in  Jnet's  Journal  agrees,  very  nearly,  with  the  actual  latitude  of  Sandy 
Hook,  which  is  Ibrty  degrees  twenty-eight  ndnntes.  Doctor  Mitehlll,  in  N.  T.  H.  S.  CoU.,  t, 
41,  however  doobta  the  correetness  of  the  aeeoants  in  the  Journal  respectinf  the  abond* 
ance  of  salmon  in  the  North  River  when  llrst  visited  by  Hudson,  though  he  admits  that 
that  fish  has  been  taken  there. 


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28         HISTORY  OP  THE  STATE  OP  NEW  YORK. 

CHAP.  I.  on  both  sides  were  ^^  aa  pleasant  with  grass,  and  flowers, 
"7~~  and  goodly  trees,  as  erer  they  had  seen,  and  very  sweet 
^^^*  smells  eame  from  them."     Six  miles  np  this  rirer  they 
saw  **  an  open  Be€^"  now  known  as  Newark  Bay.    In  ti» 
evening,  as  the  boat  was  retoming  to  the  ship,  the  explore 
ing  party  was  set  upon  by  two  canoes  full  of  savages ;  and 
Death  of    one  of  the  English  sailors,  John  Colman,  was  killed  by  an 
£1?.^"  arrow  shot  in  his  throat.     The  next  day  Hudson  buried, 
7  Sept.      upon  the  adjacent  beach,  the  comrade  who  had  shared  tii^ 
dangers  of  his  polar  adventnres,  to  become  the  first  En* 
ropean  victim  of  an  Indian  weapon  in  the  placid  waters  he 
had  now  reached.     To  commemorate  the  event,  Sandy 
9  Sept.      Hook  was  named  "  Colman's  Point.*'     The  ship  was  soon 
visited  by  canoes  fall  of  native  warriors ;  but  Hudson,  sue* 
pecting  their  good  faith,  took  two  of  the  savages  and  "  put 
red  coats  upon  them,"  while  the  rest  were  not  suffered  to 
approach. 
The  Half       Cautiously  souuding  her  way  through  the  lower  bay, 
SXSKT-tJi©  Half  Moon  at  length  "went  into  the  river"  past  the 
nllept.     Narrows,  and  anchored  near  the  mouth  of  the  Kills  in  "  a 
very  good  harbor  for  aU  winds."    The  native  savages  came 
at  once  on  board,  "  making  show  of  love ;"  but  Hudson, 
remoDfibering  Colman's  fate,  "duret  not  tarust  them."    The 
jssept.     next  morning  twenty-eight  canoes,  "made  of  single  hol- 
lowed trees,"  and  crowded  with  men,  women,  and  chil- 
dren, visited  the  yacht.     But  none  were  suffered  to  come 
on  board,  though  their  oysters  and  beans  were  gladly  pur- 
chased.    In  the  afternoon  the  Half  Moon  ran  six  miles 
farther  up ;  and  the  crew  were  enraptured  by  the  loveli- 
ness of  the  surrounding  country.     "  It  is  as  beautiful  a 
land  as  one  can  tread  upon,"  said  Hudson,  "  and  abounds 
in  all  kinds  of  excellent  ship  timber."* 
Hudson  be-     ^®  ^*  ^^  Europeans,  Hudson  now  began  to  explore 
SiSd^^T"  *^®  great  river  which  stretched  before  him  to  the  north. 
North  Riv-  opening,  as  he  hoped,  the  way  to  the  Eastern  Seas.    Slow- 
13  Sept.     'y  drifting  upward  with  the  flood-tide,  he  anchored  over 
night  just  above  Yonkers,  in  sight  of  "  a  high  point  of 

*  '*!■  aoo  schoonen  landt  ale  men  met  Toeten  betreden  madL**— Hodeon't  Report, 
quoted  by  De  Laet,  cap.  x. 


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HUDeOtr  EKPIiOEES  'TOE  NO&TH  iaYER.  S9 

kod,  wliich  showed  oat''  five  leagaee  off  to  the  ncNrth.*  gh^.  i. 
The  next  day,  a  soatbeast  wind  carrying  him  rapidly  up  ^^^ 
Tappan  and  Havecstraw  Bays,  and  beyond  the  ^  strcdt"  14  ^^^  ' 
between  Stony  and  Yerplanok's  Points,  Hudson  sailed  on- 
ward Hirough  the  majestic  pass  guarded  by  the  frowning 
Donderb^g,  and  at  nightfall   anchored  his  yadit  near 
West  Point,  in  the  midst  of  the  sublimest  scenery  of  the 
^^  Hatteawan"t  Mountains. 

The  nesxi  morning  was  misty  until  the  sun  arose,  and  isa^t. 
the  grandeur  of  tiie  overhanging  highlands  was  again  re- 
vealed. A  fair  south  wind  sprung  up  as  the  weather  be- 
came clear ;  and  while  the  Half  Hocm  was  getting  und^ 
way,  the  two  savages  who  had  been  detained  captives  on 
hoard  at  Sandy  Hook,  watching  their  opportunity,  leaped 
out  of  a  port-hole  and  swam  asbcHre,  scornfully  deriding 
the  Cffcw  as  the  yacht  sailed  onward.  A  l»right  autumnal 
day  succeeded  the  misty  m<»ming.  Running  sixty  miles 
up  along  the  varied  shcures  which  lined  the  de^  channel, 
And  delighted  every  mcHuent  with  the  ever-changing  scen- 
ery, and  Uie  magnificent  virgin  forests  which  clothed  the 
river  banks  with  their  gorgeous  autumnal  hues,  Hudson 
arrived,  toward  evening,  opposite  the  loftier  ^  mountains  tiw  hut 
which  lie  firom  the  river's  side,"$  and  anchored  the  Half  catakui. 
Moon  near  Gatskill  landing,  where  he  found  a  '^  very  lov- 
ing people  and  v^  dd  men." 

The  friendly  natives  flocked  <m  board  the  yacht,  as  she  i«  s«pi. 
remained  lazily  at  anchor  the  next  morning,  and  brought 
the  crew  '^  ears  of  Indian  com,  and  pumpkins,  and  tobac- 
co," which  were  leadily  bought  ^^  for  trifles."    In  the  aft- 

*  Tke  North  Bivar  MUppen  afltrwud  BHMd  Uiia  wdMoMvi^  tandnark,  jut  imIIi 
tt  Nyack,  tn  Roekland  ooanty,  **  Vtrdrietig  Hook,^  or  ToUoua  Pimt.  U  is  about  oeren 
fcaadrod  iwt  higit»  aad  o>tai— d  to  naiao  Utmm  U  w—  gontially  eo  toof  to  aigK  of  the 
Mow-nUtog  sloops  of  fomwr  days.  Tbe  nama,  Ibnksrty  ao  exproaatva,  ia  atlU  ntainad ; 
ttMmf  h  our  flitting  modarn  eoOTeyanoes  hardly  allow  it  now  to  tire  tbe  eye. 

t  Tbe  Indian  nana  ftr  the  HI|hlaiMls,aaaofdiiig  to  8paiaTd,aadMoelto«,i.,  p.  aia. 

t  The  **  Kaataberga,**  or  Cataldll  Moontaina,  the  moat  elevated  range  along  the  rtrer, 
are  about  eight  nSea  inland  fronti  the  weat  bank,  and  extend  nunhwaid  from  baek  of 
the  town  efSangertlea,  in  Utotareounty,  to  the  town  of  Dwhan,  in  Greene  eountj.  Aa- 
oording  to  Captain  Partridge'e  meaanreoient,  In  1818,  '*  Roond  Top,"  the  highest  point  in 
the  chain,  ia  S8M  ftet  above  tide  water;  <<Hlgh  Feak,**  tha  nett  to  aMtade,  la  tliB  ibet. 
««Pine  Orchard,'*  the  fhrnona  aonnner  reaort  of  touriata,  ia  a  lerel  tract  of  abont  aevso 
aerea,  on  the  edge  ofa  predplee  about  ttl4  fbet  abore  tha  rtTer,  of  which  It  commanda  n 
t  Tiew  te  alzty  milaa. 


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30  mSTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  TORK. 


1609. 


lands  at 


Chap.  I.  ernoon,  Hudson  went  six  miles  further  up  the  river,  and 
'anchored  over  night  near  the  marshes  which  divide  the 
channel,  opposite  the  flourishing  city  which  now  bears  his 

17  Sept.     name.     Early  the  next  morning  he  set  sail  again,  and 

slowly  working  his  way  through  the  shoaling  channel  and 
among  the  <<  small  islands"  which  embarrassed  navigation, 
anchored,  toward  evening,  about  eighteen  miles  further 
up,  between  Schodac  and  Castleton. 

18  Sept.         Here  the  Half  Moon  remained  at  anchor  all  the  next 
uadwm     day.     In  the  afternoon,  Hudson  went  ashore  ''with  an  old 

savage,  a  governor  of  the  country,  who  carried  him  to  his 
house  and  made  him  good  cheer."  The  visit  is  graphic- 
ally described  in  the  original  Journal  preserved  by  De 
Laet.  "I  sailed  to  the  shore,"  says  Hudson,  " in  one  of 
their  canoes,  with  an  old  man  who  was  the  chief  of  a  tribe 
consisting  of  forty  men  and  seventeen  women.  These  I 
saw  there,  in  a  house  well  constructed  of  oak  bark,  and  cir- 
cular in  shape,  so  that  it  had  the  appearance  of  being  b^iilt 
with  an  arched  roof.  It  contained  a  great  quantity  of 
maize  or  Indian  com,  and  beans  of  the  last  year's  growth ; 
and  there  lay  near  the  house,  for  the  purpose  of  drying, 
enough  to  load  three  ships,  besides  what  was  growing  in 
the  fields.  On  our  coming  into  the  house,  two  mats  were 
spread  out  to  sit  upon,  and  some  food  was  immediately 
served  in  veil-made  red  wooden  bowls.  Two  men  were 
also  dispatched  at  once,  with  bows  and  arrows,  in  quest  of 
game,  who  soon  brought  in  a  pair  of  pigeons  which  they 
had  shot.  They  likewise  killed  a  fat  dog,  and  skinned  it 
in  great  haste,  with  shells  which  they  had  got  out  of  the 
water.  They  supposed  that  I  would  remain  with  them 
for  the  night ;  but  I  returned,  after  a  short  time,  on  board 
the  ship.  The  land  is  the  finest  for  cultivation  that  I  ever 
in  my  life  set  foot  upon,  and  it  also  abounds  in  trees  of  ev- 
ery description.  These  natives  are  a  very  good  people ; 
for  when  tiiey  saw  that  I  would  not  remain,  they  supposed 
that  I  was  afraid  of  their  bows ;  and,  taking  their  arrows, 
they  broke  them  in  pieces  and  threw  them  into  the  fire."* 

*  Jnet,  in  hi*  aeooant  of  Um  Toyage,  aayt  that  the  peraon  who  went  ashore  with  dM 


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tfAl- 


THE  HALF  MOON  AT  ALBANY.  31 

With  the  early  flood-tide  on  the  following  morning,  the  ckaf.  i. 
Half  Moon  "  ran  higher  up,  two  leagues  atove  the  shoals,"  '^TZZZ' 
and  anchored  in  deep  water,  near  the  site  of  the  present  ,9  ^^  ' 
city  of  Albany.     The  people  of  the  country  came  flocking  jKSJT 
on  board,  and  brought  grapes  and  pumpkins,  and  beaver  ^^^' 
and  otter  skins,  which  were  purchased  for  beads,  knives, 
and  hatchets.    Here  the  yacht  lingered  several  days.    The 
carpenter  went  ashore,  and  made  a  new  foreyard ;  while  21  sepi. 
Hudson  and  his  mate,  <<  determined  to  try  some  of  the 
chief  men  of  the  country,  whether  they  had  any  treachery 
in  them,"  took  them  down  into  the  Half  Moon's  cabin,  and 
^^  gave  them  so  much  wine  and  agim  viice  that  tiiey  were 
all  merry."    An  old  Indian,  stupefied  with  drink,  remain- 
ed on  board  to  the  amazement  of  his  simple  countrymen, 
who  '^  could  not  tell  how  to  take  it."     The  traditions  of  RereioB 
the  aborigines  yet  preserve  the  memory  of  this  first  revel,* 
which  was  followed,  the  next  day,  by  another  visit  fircan 
the  reassured  savages,  one  of  whose  chiefs,  addressing  Hud- 
son, ^'made  an  oration,  and  showed  him  all  the  country 
round  about." 

Ev^y  thing  now  seemed  to  indicate  that  the  Half  Moon  Bnd  orow 
had  reached  the  heed  of  ship  navigation.     The  downward  voyage, 
current  was  firesh  and  clear,  the  shoaling  channel  was  nar- 
row and  obstructed ;  yet  Hudson,  unwilling,  perhaps,  to 
abandon  his  long-cherished  hope,  dispatched  the  mate,  with  »  sopc 
a  boat's  crew,  to  sound  the  river  higher  up.     After  going 
"  eight  or  nine  leagues"  further — probably  to  some  dis- 
tance above  Waterford — and  finding  ^^  but  seven  feet  wa> 

*'old  nrage,"  was  Um  "  master's  mate,"  or  onier  acUpperf  wbo,  aceording  to  Van  Mete- 
reo,  was  a  Dutchman.  On  the  other  hand,  De  Laet  eipresaly  states  that  it  was  nadaon 
Umseir,  and  he  quotes,  flrom  Hudson's  own  Journal,  the  passage  which  I  have  inserted 
in  the  text.  The  place  where  Hudson  landed  is  stated  by  De  Laet  to  have  been  in  latl- 
t«de  4S^  18^.  This  would  seen  to  fix  the  scene  of  the  erent  at  about  fire  or  six  raliss 
abofve  the  present  city  oTHndsoo,  which  is  in  48°  14'.  But  latitudes  were  not  as  accurately 
determined  in  those  days  as  they  are  now ;  and  a  oaref\il  computation  of  the  distances  run 
by\lie  Half  Moon,  as  recorded  in  Just's  log-book,  shows  that  on  the  18th  of  September, 
when  the  landing  occurred,  she  must  have  been  "  up  six  leagues  higher"  than  Hudson,  or 
In  the  neighborhood  of  Schodae  and  Castleton. 

*  **  It  is  Tory  remarlcaMe  that,  among  the  Iroquois  or  Six  Nations,  there  ia  a  tradltloB, 
still  Tory  distinctly  preserred,  of  a  scene  of  intoxication  whieh  occurred  with  a  company 
of  the  natlTes  when  the  first  ship  arrived.'*— Rer.  Dr.  Millei^  Discourse,  In  N.  T.  H.  8. 
CoQ.,  t,  p.  16 ;  Heekewelder,  In  Moulton*s  N.  Y.,  L,  p.  d61-t54  ^  ii.,  N.  Y.  H.  S.  Coll.,  L, 
71-7S.    See  Note  A,  Appendix. 


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1609. 


as  fflSTOBY  OF  THE  8TATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

CH4P.  1.  tor,  ftiid  inoonstant  soundings,"  <he  ezploriBg  party  return- 
'ed  late  at  night,  and  reported  that  th^y  had  ^^ fcnnd  it  to 
be  at  an  end  for  idiipping  to  go  in«"* 
HndMMi  ra-     Hudson  now  reluctantly  prepared  to  return.    His  aeoent 
the  riTOT.   of  the  rirer  had  occupied  eleven  days ;  his  descent  con- 
93  sepc     snmed  as  many  more.     Bidding  adieu  to  liie  friendly  say* 
ages  among  whom  he  had  tarried  so  pleasantly,  and  slow- 
ly descending  the  difficult  channel  for  nine  or  ten  leagues, 
M  s«pi.     he  ran  aground  again,  tiie  next  aftemocm,  on  the  ^'  bank 
of  ooze  in  the  middle  of  tiie  river,"  opposite  liie  present  city 
of  Hudson.     Hero  ha  remained  wind-bound  for  two  days, 
which  wore  occupied  in  wooding  the  vessel,  and  in  visit- 
to  sopc.     ing  the  neighboring  shores.    While  the  yadit  was  lying  at 
anchor,  two  canoes  full  of  savages  came  \xp  the  river  six 
miles  from  Catskill,  where  the  crew  had  ^  first  found  lov- 
ing pec^e"  on  their  upward  voyage.     In  one  of  these  ca- 
noes was  the  old  man  v^  had  reveled  on  board  the  Half 
ICoon  ^'  at  the  other  jdaoe,"  and  who  had  fidlowed  by  land 
the  yacht's  progress  down  Ihe  river.     H^  now  brought 
"  another  old  man  with  him,"  who  gave  "  stropes  of  beads" 
to  Hudson,  and  '<  showed  him  all  the  country  thereabout, 
as  though  it  were  at  his  command."     The  visitors  were 
kindly  entertained ;  and  as  they  departed,  made  signs  that 
the  Europeaas,  who  were  now  within  two  leagues  of  their 
dwelling-place,  '^  riiould  ccmie  down  to  them." 

But  the  persuasions  of  the  friendly  old  chief  were  of  no 
r  Sept.  avail.  Weighing  anchor  the  next  day  with  a  feur  ncnrth 
wind,  Hudson  ran  down  the  river  eighteen  miles,  past  the 
wigwams  of  the  "  loving  people"  at  Catskill,  who  were 
"  very  sorrowful"  for  his  departure,  and  toward  evening 
anchored  in  deep  water  near  Red  Hook,  where  part  of  the 
M  Sept.  crew  went  on  shcnre  to  &aii.  The  next  two  days  were  con^ 
sumed  in  slowly  working  down  to  the  "  lower  end  of  the 
long  reach"  below  Pokeepsie,  where  the  yadit  was  ag&in 
visited  by  friendly  Indians ;  and  then  proceeding  onward, 

*  De  Laet,  in  cap.  tU.,  elatat  tliat  Hndaon  explored  Hie  riTer  ''to  neariy  iSP  of  neob 
taSMDde,  wlMre  tt  beeane  eo  narrow  and  of  to  little  depth,  tbat  be  ftmnd  it  neceeaary  to 
ncom.'*  An  Albany  is  in  43^  KT,  the  boat  maat,  therelbre,  hnre  fone  abtre  that  ylaea 
**  eight  ornine  leafoeO"  Airther— the  diatance  giren  In  Jiiet*a  JonraaL 


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RETURN  OF  THE  HALF  MOON.  33 

Htidson  anohored  in  the  evening  under  fhe  nortiiem  edge  cmat.  i. 
of  the  Highlands.     Here  he  lay  wind-bonnd  ftir  a  day,  in  ^^^ 
a  rery  good  roadstead,  admiring  the  magnific^it  mount-  30  3^  ' 
ains,  i^iiich  looked  to  him  ''  as  if  wme  metal  or  mineral 
were  in  them." 

Early  the  next  morning  a  fair  wind  sprung  up,  and  the  1  < 
Half  Moon,  sailing  rapidly  through  the  winding  Highlands, 
anchored,  at  noon,  near  Stony  Point.  Here  some  of  Hie 
^^  people  of  the  mountains"  came  on  board,  wondering  at 
the  '<  ship  and  weapons."  The  same  afternoon,  a  thievish 
native,  detected  in  pilfering  some  articles  through  the  cab- 
in windows,  was  shot  without  mercy  by  the  mate ;  and  i 
the  stolen  things  were  promptly  recovered  from  the  canoes  stony 
of  the  frightened  savages,  who  lost  another  life  in  their 
flight.  This  was  the  first  Indian  blood  shed  by  Europeans 
on  the  North  River.  Afker  this  sanguinary  atonement  had 
been  exacted,  the  yacht  drc^ped  down  two  leagues  frurther, 
through  EEaverstraw  Bay  to  Teller's  Pointy  near  the  moutii 
of  the  Croton. 

The  next  day,  a  brisk  northwest  wind  carried  the  Half  s  odobw. 
Moon  seven  leagues  frurther  down,  through  Tappan  Sea  to 
the  head  of  Manhattan  Island,  where  one  of  the  captive 
Indians,  who  had  escaped  from  the  yacht  in  the  Highlands, 
on  the  upward  voyage,  came  off  from  the  shore  with  many 
other  savages.  But  Hudson,  "perceiving  their  intent," 
would  suffer  none  of  them  to  enter  tiie  vessel.     Two  ca-  The  luir 


noes  ftdl  of  warriors  then  came  under  the  stem,  and  shot  ««»*•«  aw 
a  flight  of  arrows  into  the  yacht.     A  few  muskets  weretn<ton- 
discharged  in  retaliation,  and  two  or  three  of  the  assail- 
ants were  killed.     Some  hundred  Indians  then  assembled 
at  the  point  near  Fort  Washingtcm,  to  attack  Ihe  Half 
Moon  as  she  drifted  slowly  by ;  but  a  falcon-shot  killed 
two  of  them,  "  whereupon  the  rest  fled  into  the  woods." 
Again  the  assailants  manned  another  canoe,  and  again  the 
attack  was  repulsed  by  a  falcon  shot,  which  destroyed  Iheir 
frail  bark ;  and  so  the  savages  "went  their  way,"  mourn- 
ing the  loss  of  nine  of  their  warriors.    The  yacht  Ihen  "  got  Hndwn  tn- 
down  two  leagues  beyond  that  place,"  and  anchored  over^i^m 

C 


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34        HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OP  NEW  YORK. 


1609. 


CBAP.  L  night  ^^on  the  other  side  of  the  river,"  in  the  bay  near  Ho- 
'boken.     Hard  by  his  andiorage,  and  upon  ''that  side  of 
the  river  that  is  oalled  Jlfanna-Aa^a,"  Hudson  noticed  that 
"  there  was  a  olifF  that  looked  of  the  color  of  a  white 
green."*   Here  he  lay  wind-bound  the  next  day,  and  **  saw 
4  oecobtr.  uo  people  to  troublc"  him.     The  following  morning,  just 
one  month  after  his  arrival  at  Sandy  Hook,  Hudson  weigh- 
ed his  anchor  for  the  last  time,  and  coming  out  of  the 
"  great  mouth  of  the  great  river"  into  which  he  "  had  run 
saus  flrom  SO  far,"  he  set  all  sail,  and  steered  off  again  into  the  main 
ifook.       sea.t 

The  Half  Moon's  company  now  held  a  council,  and  were 
of  various  minds.     They  were  in  want  of  stores,  and  were 
not  on  good  terms  with  each  other,  "  which,  if  they  had 
been,  they  would  have  accomplished  more."     The  Dutch 
mate  wished  to  vrinter  at  Newfoundland,  and  then  explore 
the  northwest  passage  through  Davis's  Straits.    But  Hud- 
son, fearing  his  mutinous  crew,  who  had  lately  begun  to 
"threaten  him  savagely,"  opposed  this  proposition,  and 
suggested  their  immediate  return  to  Holland.   At  last  they 
The  Half   all  agreed  to  winter  in  Ireland.     So  they  sailed  eastward 
rt^S'   for  a  month,  without  seeing  any  land  by  the  way,  and  on 
DMtroaatiL  ^^  geveuth  of  November,  1609,  arrived  safely  at  Dart- 
mouth, in  Devonshire. 
HadMD         Thence  Hudson  immediately  sent  over  an  account  of 
^totbe  his  voyage  to  the  Dutch  East  India  Company,  at  Amster- 
'. '  dam,  proposing  to  renew  the  search  for  the  northwest  pas- 
sage in  Ihe  following  spring,  after  refitting  the  Half  Moon 
in  England,  and  superseding  several  of  the  most  turbulent 
of  her  crew.     But  contrary  winds  prevented  his  report 
from  reaching  Amsterdam  for  some  time.    When  at  length 
the  East  India  directors  heard  of  Hudson's  arrival  at  Dart- 
mouth, they  instructed  him  to  return  with  his  vessel  to 
HoUand  as  soon  as  possible.    As  he  was  about  complying 

*  The  mineralofiflt  may  spend  an  agreeable  day  in  Tisltinf  thia  dUr,  near  the  <*  Blyiian 
Fields'*  at  Hotraken.    Hudson  supposed  it  to  be  a  copper  or  silrer  mine. 

t  See  Juet's  Journal  of  Hudson's  third  royage,  in  Purdias,  and  in  i.  N.  T.  H.  S.  Coll., 
1, 1(»-146 :  and  De  Laet,  in  second  series  of  same  ooUections,  i.»  S«^16.  An  interesting 
analysis  of  the  Half  Moon's  Toyage  up  and  down  the  riTer,  is  in  Yates  and  Moulton's  His- 
tory of  New  Tofk,  toI.  i.,  p.  901-871. 


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THE  RIVER  OF  THE  MOUNTAINS,  IN  1609  35 

with  these  orders  early  in  the  following  year,  he  was  ar-  chap.  i. 
bitrarily  forbidden  to  leave  his  native  country  by  the  En-     Ti 
glish  authorities,  who  were  jealous  of  the   advantages  j^^^' 
which  the  Dutch  had  gained  by  reason  of  Hudson's  dis- 
coveries while  in  their  service ;  and  the  Half  Moon  was 
detained  for  several  months,  quietly  at  anchor  in  Dart- 
mouth harbor.* 

The  American  territory,  which  had  thus  been  discover-  The  dbujh 
ed  by  the  agents  of  the  Dutch  East  India  Company,  though  *»  Nojth 
included  within  James's  first  Virginia  patent  of  1606,  was 
actually  unoccupied,  and  unpossessed  "  by  any  Christian 
prince  or  people."  In  the  south,  John  Smith's  exploring 
parties  were  visiting  the  upper  waters  of  the  Ghesapecdce, 
and  far  off  in  the  north  the  arquebuses  of  Samuel  Cham- 
plain  were  dealing  death  to  the  aborigines  on  the  *'  Lake 
of  the  Iroquois,"  when,  with  extraordinary  coincidence, 
Henry  Hudson  was  about  piloting  the  first  European  ves-  1609. 
sel  through  the  unknown  **  River  of  the  Mountains"  which 
flowed  between.  No  stranger  but  Yerazzano  seems  to  have 
passed  the  "  Narrows"  before  thosfe  wondering  mariners 
who  navigated  the  Half  Moon  of  Amsterdam  up  that  ma- 
jestic stream,  to  which  the  assent  of  the  world  has  given 
the  name  of  its  illustrious  explorer.!  All  above  was  new 
and  undiscovered.  The  lethargy  of  uncivilized  nature 
reigned  throughout  the  undisturbed  solitude.  The  wild 
game  sprung  firom  their  familiar  retreats,  startled  by  the 

*  N.  T.  H.  S.  GoU.  (MCODd  aeriee),  ii.,  170.  *'  Et  comme  Hndson  «tait  prtt  de  partir 
avec  la  nayire  et  aea  gens,  pour  alter  fUre  rapport  de  son  Toyage,  U  (Xlt  arrets  en  Angle- 
terro,  et  re^nt  commandement  de  ne  point  partir,  mais  qu'il  devait  fktre  aerrice  A  aa  pa- 
trie  ;  ce  <ia'on  commanda  anaai  anx  autrea  Anglaia  qoi  ^taient  an  vaiaaean.  Ce  <ine  i^n- 
aieura  tronverent  (brt  Strange,  de  ce  qu'on  ne  peimettait  pas  au  patron  d'aller  (kire 
compte,  et  de  fUre  npport  de  aon  voyage  et  de  qa*il  arait  lUt,  i  tea  raalOva,  qol  I'ayaiant 
enToy^  en  ce  Toyage ;  poisqne  eela  ae  ftiaait  ponr  le  bien  oonmran  de  tovtea  aortea  de 
naTigations.  Cod  se  fit  en  Janrler.  1610.  On  eetlmalt  que  lea  Anglaia  le  voolaient  en- 
▼oyer  arec  qadqoea  navires,  vera  Virginia,  poor  rediercber  ptna  avant  la  anadite  Riviere." 
«-Van  Meteren,  xxxi.,  674, 675,  edit  1618.  Emanuel  Van  Meteren,  tbe  antbor  of  tbia  ex- 
e^ent  History  of  the  Netherlanda,  was  for  many  years  Dutch  oonsol  in  Enj^and,  and 
died  in  London,  at  the  age  ofaerenty-aeTen,  on  the  18th  of  April,  161S. 

t  It  is  atated,  indeed,  in  tlie  "  Ri^Knrt  and  Advice**  preaented  by  the  Chamber  of  Ac- 
eoimta  of  the  West  India  Company,  on  the  15th  of  December,  1644,  that  New  Natberland, 
"  atretching  from  the  Sooth  River,  aitnated  in  thirty-ei^t  and  a  half  degreea,  to  Cape  Blal- 
ebarre,  in  the  latitude  of  forty-one  and  a  half  degrees,  was  first  visited  by  the  inhabitanta 
of  thia  country,  in  the  year  1598,  and  especially  by  those  of  the  Greenland  Company,  bat 
without  malOng  fixed  habitatioiia,  and  only  as  a  reAife  in  the  wtater.**— HoUaad  Docq- 
menta,  ii.,  968.    Thia  atatement*  however,  needs  eonftrmatlon.    See  Appendix,  note  A. 


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36  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

csAP.  I.  unusual  echoes  whioh  rdled  through  the  ancient  forests, 
as  the  roar  of  the  first  f)utch  cannon  hoomed  over  the  si- 
*  lent  waters,  and  the  first  Dutch  trumpets  blew  the  inspir- 
ing national  airs  of  the  distant  Fatherland.     The  simple 
Indians,  roaming  unquestioned  through  their  native  woods, 
which  no  sounding  axe  had  yet  begun  to  level,  and  pad- 
dling their  rude  canoes  along  the  base  of  the  towering  hills 
which  lined  the  unexplored  river's  side,  paused  in  solemn 
amazement,  as  they  beheld  their  strange  visitor  approach- 
ing firom  afar,  and  marveled  whence  the  apparition  came.* 
Thus  the  triumphant  flag  of  Holland  was  the  harbinger 
of  civilization  along  the  banks  of  the  great  river  of  New 
York.     The  original  purpose  of  the  Half  Moon's  voyage 
had  failed  of  accomplishment ;  but  why  need  Hudson  re- 
pine ?     He  had  not,  indeed,  discovered  for  his  employers 
the  long-sought  passage  to  the  Eeistem  Seas ;  but  he  had 
led  the  way  to  the  foundation  of  a  mighty  state.t    The  at- 
tractive region  to  which  accident  had  conducted  the  Am- 
sterdam yacht,  soon  became  a  colony  of  the  Netherlands, 
where,  for  half  a  century,  the  sons  and  daughters  of  Hol- 
land established  themselves  securely  under  the  ensign  of 
the  republic;  transplanted  the  doctrines  of  a  Reformed 
faith ;  and  obeyed  the  jurisprudence  which  had  governed 
their  ancestors.    In  the  progress  of  events,  a  superior  pow- 
er took  unjust  possession  of  the  land ;  and  nearly  two  hund- 
red years  have  rolled  by  since  the  change  came  to  pass. 
Yet  the  hereditary  attributes  of  its  earliest  settlers  have 
always  happily  influenced  the  destinies  of  its  blended  com- 
munity ;  and  many  of  the  noblest  characteristics  of  its  Ba- 
tavian  pioneers  have  descended  to  the  present  day,  unim- 
paired by  the  long  ascendency  of  the  red  cross  of  Saint 
Q-eorge,  and  only  more  brightly  developed  by  the  inter- 
mingling of  the  various  races  which  soon  chose  its  invitixig 
territory  for  their  home. 

The  picturesque  shores,  along  which  Hudson  lingered 
with  enthusiastic  delight — and  the  magnificence  of  which 

*  See  Appendix,  note  B. 

t  TiM  popolation  ofUie  Stale  of  New  York,  in  1850,  was  3,097,358 ;  about  equal  to  that 
oftbe  United  States  when  the  Deflnithre  Treaty  ofPeaee  was  signed  in  1783. 


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THE  HUDSON  RIVER.  8? 

drew  from  him  the  bold  ealogimn,  '^  it  is  as  beautiful  a  chap.  i. 
land  as  the  foot  of  man  can  tread  upon" — ^have  become  the  "TI7T" 
favorite  seat  of  elegance  and  refinement,  and  have  witness-     ^^' 
ed  the  resistless  rise  of  ''  empire  and  of  arts."     The  silent 
iver  o^^e  Mountains  is  now  the  highway  of  a  bound- 
tram^  and  bears  upon  its  bosom  the  teeming  wealth 
lidR  grand  ar^cial  channels,  connecting  it  with  the 
iterranean  seas  of  a  broad  continent,  bring  down  to  its 
tides,  from  coasts  of  vast  extent  and  illimitable  resources. 
\  Swift  steamers  now  crowd  those  waters,  where  Fulton's 
native  genius  first 

^bj  flame  oompelled  the  angry  sea, 

To  Yapor  rarefied,  his  bark  to  drive 

In  triumph  prond,  through  the  loud  sounding  surge ;" 

while  the  yet  more  ''  rapid  car"  rushes  incessantly  along 
the  iron  road  which  science,  obeying  the  call  of  enterprise,  w^-  -vv^-^^  ^^ 
has  stretched  along  the  river's  bank.  The  rights  and  in-  CU^ft^i  v^oa-^v. 
terests  of  i&illions  are  now  secured  by  equal  laws,  (»rdain- 
ed  by  freely  chosen  agents,  and  enforced  by  the  common 
consent.  And  while,  at  the  head  of  tide- water,  the  political 
affiurs  of  the  pommonwealth  are  watched  and  administer^ 
ed,  and  the  pec^le  declare  their  sovereign  will,  the  ocean- 
washed  island  of  Manhattan,  at  the  river's  mouth,  is  the 
oosmc^litan  emporium  of  an  eagw  commerce  which  whit- 
ens every  sea. 


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38  HISTORT  OF  THK  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 


CHAPTER  II. 
1609-1614. 


; 


/ 

Chap.  n.  At  the  time  of  Hudson's  grand  discovery,  the  United 
.j^j^^^  Netherlands  had  just  taken  the  rank  of  an  independent 
»n^*^^^  nation.  For  more  than  forty  years  tibey  had  maintained 
H^diJ?^  an  unequal  strife  against  the  bigotry  and  despotism  of 
JJJJjj^^  Spain.  The  confederation  of  the  Provinces,  in  1579,  had 
toSf'  **^"  heen  followed,  in  1581,  by  the  noblest  political  act  which 
the  world  had  then  ever  witnessed — ^the  declaration  of  their 
national  independence.  Queen  Elizabeth,  who  fiad  warm- 
ly espoused  the  cause  of  the  revolted  provinces  the  year  be- 
fore the  Union  of  Utrecht,  formally  opened  diplomatic  re- 
lations with  the  States  General  in  1585,  and  even  sent 
troops  to  their  succor,  under  the  command  of  her  favorite, 
the  Earl  of  Leicester.  In  1604,  James  I.  not  only  re- 
ceived ambassadors  from  the  states,  but,  in  conjunction 
with  Henry  IV.  of  France,  agreed  to  use  his  best  efforts  to 
procure  the  recognition  of  their  independence  by  Spain. 
A  large  number  of  the  people  of  England,  at  the  same  time, 
were  warmly  in  favor  of  an  alliance  with  the  Netherlands. 
The  naturally  unambitious  character  of  the  Dutch  and  the 
convenience  of  their  country  for  trading,  rendered  them 
safe  and  profitable  allies ;  while  the  difficulty  of  securing 
the  English  coast  firom  their  attacks,  and  the  English  mer- 
chant vessels  from  their  privateers,  would  have  rendered 
them  equally  mischievous  and  formidable  enemies.  Yet 
James  himself,  though  he  agreed  to  permit  contingents  of 
troops  to  be  raised  within  his  kingdom  for  their  defense, 
heartily  disliked  the  Dutch;  and  the  more  so,  because  he 
found  that  the  English  soldiers  who  served  in  the  Nether- 


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/  TRUCE  BETWEEN  SPAIN  AND  THE  NETHERLANDS.  39 

lands,  returned  home  filled  with  notions  of  popular  rights  chap.  n. 
and  civil  liberty  which  they  had  imbibed  in  itie  repnb-  ^^^ 
Uoan  provinces.*  But  Providence  had  determined  that 
the  soldiery  of  England  were  to  learn  in  HoUand,  during; 
the  reign  of  James,  lessons  in  human  freedom  and  govern- 
ment, which  were  soon  afterward  to  receive  a  stem  appli- 
cation in  the  reign  of  James's  unfortunate  son. 

Three  years  more  of  varied  war,  in  which  the  success- 
es of  Spinola's  armies  on  land  were  splendidly  overbalanced 
by  the  victories  of  the  Dutch  fleets  at  sea,  and  the  King 
of  Spain,  wearied  with  an  apparently  interminable  contest, 
which  had  baffled  all  his  calculations,  and  nearly  drained 
his  treasury,  sent  ambassadors  to  the  Hague  early  in  1607, 
to  open  negotiations  for  a  peace  with  the  Netherlands. 
But  the  Dutch  were  not  yet  unanimous  for  a  cessatioif  of 
hostilities.  Since  their  triumphs  over  the  Spaniards,  they 
had  begun  to  imbibe  a  spirit  of  ambition  and  conquest 
alien  to  their  former  sober  national  character ;  and,  from 
being  patient  traders  and  brave  defenders  of  their  country 

J'  ast  invasion,  they  had  become  adventurous  and  victo-  w 
I  aggressors.  Perceiving  these  changes  in  the  habits 
e  people,  and  fearing  still  greater  and  more  inconven- 
ient modifications,  Ba^jfeveldt,  the  Advocate  of  Holland, 
and  many  Aher  patriotic  stateiAen,  ardently  wished  for 
peace.  But  the  clergy,  wno  mistrusted  the  bigotry  of  Phil- 
ip, deemed  an  equitable  treaty  with  Spain  impracticable ; 
and  tlf)  stadtholder.  Prince  Maurice  of  Nassau,  naturally 
opposed  the  termination  of  a  war  in  which  he  was  gaining 
both  laurels  and  emolument  as  general-in-chief.  A  large 
party  sided  with  Maurtce,  urging  that  war  was  more  safe 
and  advantageous  for  the  provinces  than  peace,  which 
would,  at  any  rate,  throw  out  of  employment  vast  num- 
bers of  people ;  and  many  of  the  merchants  feared  that 
with  the  end  of  hostilities  the  trade  and  commerce,  -^^ch 
had  been  transferred  to  Amsterdam,  would  return  to  more 
oommodiously-situated  Antwerp.  Fortunately  the  coun- 
sels of  peace  prevailed,  and  the  negotiations  which  were 

*  DttTies,  il.,  384,  385. 


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40        HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 


1609. 


» 


cujLf.  II.  opened  by  the  Spaniah  ambassadors,  requesting  a  temporal 
'  ry  truce,  received  udexpected  emphasis  from  Heemdkerk's 
splendid  victory  over  D^Avila,  before  Q-ibraltar,  on  the 
twenty.fifth  of  April,  1607.  But  Philip,  though  he  agreed 
to  acknowledge  the  sovereignty  and  independence  of  the 
provinces,  refused  to  grant  them,  by  treaty,  a  freedom  of 
trade  to  India ;  while  the  states,  on  the  other  hand,  were 
determined,  at  all  hazards,  to  insist  upon  their  right  to  a 
commerce  in  which  they  employed  upward  of  one  hund- 
red and  fifty  ships  and  eight  thousand  men,  and  the  an- 
nual returns  of  which  were  estimated  at  forty-three  mill- 
ions of  guilders.  With  the  acknowledgment  of  their  po- 
litical independence,  they  claimed  the  recognition  of  the 
consequence  of  independence — ^the  free  navigation  of  the 
seas.  Upon  this  tender  point,  the  progress  of  the  negotia- 
tions was  arrested.* 

At  length,  after  two  years  of  discussion  and  vicissitude, 
the  conferences  which  had  kept  Europe  in  suspense  re- 
9  April,  suited  in  the  signing,  at  the  Town  Hall  at  Antwerp,  on 
%  the  ninth  of  April,  1609,  of  a  truce  for  a  term  of  tw^e 
years,  instead  of  a  definitive  peace.  The  fulfillment  d^Bb 
treaty  was  guaranteed  by  England  and  France ;  the  UnSraP 
Netherlands  were  declared  to  Be  ''4|de  countries,  provinces, 
and  states,"  upon  whichf  hilip  and  the  archd||kes  had  no 
claim ;  mutual  freedom  of  trad^  between  the  contracting  . 
pajrties  was  established ;  and,  by  a  secret  article,  the  King 
of  Spain  engaged  to  offer  no  interruption  to  the  coiynerce 
of  the  Dutch  with  India.  The  truce,  after  being  ratified 
by  the  archdukes  at  Brussels,  and  by  the  States  General, 
who  were  specially  convened  at  Bergen-op-Zoom,  was  pub- 
is April,  licly  proclaimed  at  Antwerp  and  the  other  chief  towns  of 
Flanders,  amid  demonstrations  of  universal  joy,  the  ring- 
ing of  bells,  and  salvos  of  artillery.  The  great  bell  at  Ant- 
werp, which  had  not  sounded  for  nmny  years,  was  rung  by 
twenty-four  men,  and  its  glad  peal  was  heard  twelve  miles 
oif,  at  Ordam  and  Lillo.    The  priests  chaunted  ^'  Te  Deum 

*  Groans,  XV.,  710 ;  Van  Metaren,  xxrlii.,  606 ;  xxix.,  OSO-030;  Watson's  PhiUp  IL, 
UL,  S17,  Ml ;  Davies,  il.,  40&-4f7. 


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INDEPENDENCE  AND  SOVBREieNTY  OP  THE  DUTCH.         41 

Laudamos ;"  the  inhabttants  of  the  towns  {NKHnenaded  ciup.  u. 
outside  of  the  walls,  like  newly-Uberated  prisoners;  and  ^^^ 
boat-loads  of  passengers  came  throngh  the  oanak,  from  ^^^^- 
Zealand  and  Holland,  to  visit  friends  whom  they  had  not 
seen  for  a  long  generation.    But  the  now  martial  people 
of  the  Northern  United  Provinoes  tempered  tlieir  triumph 
by  a  reoollection  of  the  sufferings  which  they  and  their 
fathers  had  undergone.     The  States  General  proclaimed  a 
solemn  fast;  and  the  day  was  religiously  celebrated  in  all 6  May. 
the  churches  of  the  United  Netherlands  by  hearty  prayers 
''  that  the  Provinces  might  be  maintained  and  preserved  in 
a  firm  union,  amity,  and  correspondence,  under  a  properly 
authorized  government,"* 

By  foreign  nations,  the  publication  of  the  truce  was  re- 
ceived with  astonishment  and  admiration.  They  could 
scarcely  persuade  themselves  that  the  haughty  Spaniard 
could  ever  be  forced  to  acknowledge  the  independ^ce  and 
sovereignty  of  his  rebel  subjects,  and  tacitly  allow  them  a 
free  trade  to  India.  But  no  sooner  had  the  ratifications 
of  the  treaty  been  exchanged,  than  the  powers  of  Europe 
and  Asia  formed  new  estimates  of  the  resources  of  the 
Dutch,  and  of  the  wisdom  and  energy  of  their  counsels, 
and  immediately  began  to  vie  with  each  other  in  courting 
their  alliance  and  invoking  their  support  Soon  after  the 
signature  of  the  treaty,  the  States  General  sent  the  Sieur 
de  Schoonewalle  on  an  embassy  to  England.  The  king 
received  him  at  once  ^^as  ambassador  of  a  free  country  is  juiy. 
and  state,"  and  immediately  commissioned  his  Master  of 
Requests,  Sir  Ralph  Winwood,  to  reside  in  Holland  as  his 
ordinary  ambassador.  Thenceforward,  the  Dutch  were 
universally  esteemed  "as  a  free  and  independent  people. 
Having  gained  immortal  honor  by  the  magnanimity  which 
they  had  displayed  during  the  continuance  of  the  war, 
they  were  now  considered  as  having  obtained  the  reward 

*  Corps  Dip.,  T.,  9^108 ;  GrotinS)  xYiii.,  819 ;  Van  Meteren,  xxx.,  058.  The  prodama- 
tion  by  gorernment  authority,  in  this  state,  of  days  of  fluting  and  days  of  thanksgiving, 
was  a  cnstom  derived  Ihmi  Holland.  Frequent  instances  in  which  the  directora  of  New 
Netherland  imitated  the  pious  example  of  the  Fatherland,  will  be  finmd  in  the  Ibllowing 
pages. 


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42         HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OP  NEW  YORK. 

CHAP.  u.  which  their  virtue  merited,  and  were  every  where  respeot- 
■""  od  and  admired.  Their  ministers  at  foreign  courts  were 
now  received  with  the  same  distinction  as  those  of  other 
sovereign  powers."*  It  is  a  somewhat  singular  coinci- 
dence, that  the  treaty  was  signed  just  three  days  after 
Hudson  had  sailed  from  the  Texel  on  his  voyage  of  dis- 
covery.  So  far,  therefore,  as  England,  France,  and  Spain 
were  concerned,  the  nationality  and  sovereignty  of  the 
United  Provinces  were  recognized  with  sufficient  distinct- 
ness at  the  period  of  Hudson's  voyage ;  and  the  Dutch  were 
certainly,  from  that  time  forward,  abundantly  competent 
to  take  and  enjoy  any  rights  derived  from  discovery  under 
the  law  of  nations.t 
ifudsont        Hudson  himself  never  revisited  the  pleasant  lands  he 

iMst  voyage.      it  ,  •.  hi         mt        <■        i 

loihc       had  discovered  and  extolled.     The  hardy  marmer,  still 

north,  in      .  i    •  i  114.1  % 

EnjEiish  intent  on  solving  the  problem  of  the  northern  passage  to 
China,  and  prevented  by  the  jealousy  of  English  authority 
from  leaving  his  native  country  to  engage  again  in  enter- 
prises for  the  benefit  of  foreigners,  re-entered  the  service 
of  his  early  London  patrons,  and  sailed  from  the  Thames 
in  "  The  Discovery,"  on  his  last  and  fatal  voyage  to  the 
1610.  north,  in  the  spring  of  1610.     Passing  Iceland,  where  he 

17  April,  saw  the  famous  Hecla  "  cast  out  much  fire,"  he  doubled 
the  southern  Cape  of  Greenland,  and  penetrated  through 
Davis's  Straits  into  the  vast  and  gloomy  waters  beyond. 
While  Hudson's  recent  companions  in  the  Half  Moon  were, 
under  another  chief,  renewing  a  happy  intercourse  with 
the  native  savages  along  the  River  of  the  Mountains,  the 
intrepid  navigator  himself  was  buffeting  with  arctic  tem- 
pests, in  fruitless  efforts  to  explore  the  "labyrinth  without 

*  Van  Metcren,  xxxi.,  662;  Watson,  Ui.,  278;  Darles,  U.,  427-439. 

t  Chalmers,  Pol.  Ann.,  568,  intimates  doubts  on  this  subject.  But  this  biased  annal- 
ist, though  a  standard  authority  on  many  points,  must  be  read  wUh  great  caution  in  all 
that  he  writes  with  reference  to  the  early  history  of  New  York.  His  strong  English  prej- 
udices constantly  led  him  into  serious  misstatements  in  regard  to  the  discoveries  of  other 
nations.  The  shores  <^  New  Jersey  and  New  York  had  certainly  not  been  **  often  ex- 
plored" before  Hudson's  Toyage.  Cabot  can  not  strictly  and  fluriy  be  said  to  have  "  ex- 
plored'' a  coast  which  be  seems  to  have  seen  only  occasionally.  And  what  is  the  erl- 
dence  that  he  took  "  formal  possession"  of  any  part  south  of  Newfoundland  ?  Of  Euro- 
peans, Yerazzano  alone,  who  merely  looked  into  the  beautiftil  harbor  of  New  York,  was 
really  the  predecessor  of  Hudson.  Holmes,  i.,  135,  136,  foOows  Clmlmers,  and  repeats 
his  errors. 


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THE  FUR  TRADE  OP  HOLLAND.  43 

^d"  in  which  he  had  become  involved.    At  length,  after  chap.  n. 
spending  a  dreary  winter  of  suffering  and  privation  on  the  ^^^^ 
frozen  coast,  he  was  basely  abandoned  by  his  mutinous 
crew  on  midsummer's  day,  1611,  in  a  forlorn  shallop,  in  1611. 
the  midst  of  fields  of  ice,  to  perish  miserably  in  that  sullen  Hadmn's 
and  inhospitable  Bay,  the  undying  name  of  which  perpet- 
uates the  memory  of  his  inflexible  daring.* 

The  Half  Moon  having,  as  we  have  seen,  been  detained  The  Hair 
eight  months  in  England,  did  not  reach  Amsterdam  until  tans  to 
the  summer  of  1610,  and  the  directors  of  the  East  India  dam. 
Company,  indisposed  to  continue  efforts  in  a  quarter  which  j/ju,y 
did  not  seem  to  promise  the  coveted  passage  to  Cathay, 
and  which  was  not  strictly  within  the  limits  of  their  char- 
ter, took  no  farther  steps  to  make  available  the  discoveries 
which  their  yacht  had  effected.! 

But,  meanwhile,  if  the  glowing  account  of  the  country  Dutch  en- 
he  had  visited,  which  Hudson  sent  from  England  to  his  died. 
Dutch  patrons,  corroborated  by  his  companions  in  discov- 
ery, on  the  Half  Moon's  return  to  Amsterdam,  did  not  at 
once  induce  active  efforts  to  transfer  to  those  pleasant  re- 
gions permanent  colonies  from  the  over-populated  Father- 
land, it  did  not  fail  to  stimulate  commercial  adventure  in 
a  quarter  which  promised  to  yield  large  returns. 

Toward  the  end  of  the  sixteenth  century,  in  the  midst 
of  their  war  with  Spain,  the  Dutch  had  opened  a  prosper-  Their  rur 
ous  commerce  at  Archangel ;  and,  in  1604,  they  had  ob-  rwa7. 
tained  from  the  Czar  concessions  of  such  a  liberal  charac- 
ter as  to  attract  to  that  port  from  sixty  to  eighty  Holland 
ships  every  year.  From  Archangel,  their  traders  had  in- 
tercourse with  Novogorod  and  the  great  inland  towns,  and 
carried  on  a  large  traflic  in  the  furs  of  ancient  Muscovy. 
The  wise  simplicity  of  the  first  Russian  tariff  laid  a  duty 
of  five  per  cent,  on  all  imported  goods,  and  allowed  an 

•  N.  Y.  H.  S.  Con.,  i.,  146-188. 

t  The  rabaequent  career  of  the  Half  Moon  may,  perhaps,  interest  the  enrioos.  The 
small  "  ship  book,**  before  referred  to,  ^hich  I  (bund,  in  1841,  in  the  company's  ardilres 
at  Amsterdam,  besides  recording  tlie  retom  of  the  yacht  on  the  15th  of  Jaly,  1610,  states 
that  on  the  Sd  of  May,  1611,  she  sailed,  in  company  with  other  vessels,  to  the  East  Indies, 
under  the  command  of  Laurens  Reael ;  and  that  on  the  6th  of  March,  1615,  she  waa 
**  wrecked  and  lost^  on  the  island  of  Mauritius. 


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44         HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap,  il  equivalent  amount  to  be  exported  duty  free.    Whoever  ex- 
ported  more  than  he  imported,  paid  a  duty  of  five  per  cent 
*  on  tiie  diiferenoe  * 

A  new  temptation  was  unexpectedly  offered  to  the  ex- 
panding oommeroe  of  Holland.     Vast  regions  in  North 
America,  which  Hudson  had  seen  abounding  in  beaver 
and  other  valuable  frurs,  and  where  native  hunters,  unre- 
strained by  arbitrary  regulations  of  excise,  furnished  ready 
and  exhaustless  cargoes,  were  now  open  to  Dutch  mercan- 
tile enterprise.     The  tempting  opportunity  was  not  neg- 
Another     lectcd.     Another  vessel  was  immediately  fitted  out,  and 
Manhattan,  dispatchcd  from  the  Texel  in  the  summer  of  1610,  to  the 
great  River  of  the  Mountains,  with  a  cargo  of  goods  suit- 
able for  traffic  with  the  Indians.    The  new  adventure  was 
undertaken  at  the  private  risk  of  some  merchants  of  Am- 
sterdam,t  who,  perhaps,  as  directors  of  the  East  India 
Company,  had  read  Hudson's  report  to  his  Dutch  employ- 
15  July.     ers.     The  Half  Moon  had  now  just  returned  to  Amster- 
dam after  her  long  detention  in  England.     A  part  of  h^ 
old  crew  manned  the  new  vessel,  the  command  of  which 
was  probably  intrusted  to  Hudson's  Dutch  mate,  who  had 
opposed  his  early  return  ;t  and  the  experienced  mariners 
soon  revisited  the  savages  oa  the  great  river,  whom  tbey 
Tradiuon  had  left)  the  autumn  before.     Tradition  relates,  that  wh^n 
Hgf  n-     the  Europeans  arrived  again  among  the  red  men,  '*  they 
her  voyage,  were  much  rejoiccd  at  seeing  each  other."i 

Meanwhile,  the  occupation  of  Virginia  by  the  English 

had  become  well  known  in  Holland,  and  the  States  Gren- 

eral,  through  Caron,  their  ambassador  at  London,  had  even 

Overtures  made  ovcrturcs  to  the  British  government  *^for  joining 

Dutch  to    with  them  in  that  colony."     A  proposition  had  also  been 

respecting  made  to  uuitc  the  East  India  trade  of  the  two  countries. 

But  the  statesmen  of  England  would  not  favor  either  of 

*  RieheMe  de  la  HoUande,  i.,  51 ;  MeCollagh'a  Induatrtal  Hlftory,  U.,  196. 

t  De  Laet,  book  UL,  cap.  vlL ;  Albany  Racorda,  xxhr.,  1«7.  It  U  acarody  aooe— try  to 
add,  that  the  statementa  in  Smith'a  ffiatory  of  New  York,  1.,  9,  3,  respecting  Hudaon 
having  "sold  the  eountry,  or  rather  hia  right,  to  the  Doloh,*'  dtc,  are  otterly  Ihbolima. 

t  MuUkerk,  A.,  10. 

i  Hoi.  Doe.,  i.,  Sll ;  Heckewelder,  in  U.  N.  Y.  H.  8.  CoU.,  i.,  p.  7S ;  and  in  Yates  and 
Mottlton,  i.,  p.  354.    See  also  Appendix,  note  C. 


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CHRISTIAENSEN  AND  BIX)CK  AT  MANHATTAN.  4r) 

the  Dutch  projects.     They  feared,  they  said,  "that  in  case  chap,  n 
of  joining,  if  it  he  upon  equal  terms,  the  art  and  industry 
of  their  people  will  wfear  out  ours."*  lolU. 

The  liieory  of  a  northern  passage  to  China  hy  way  of  Tha  Dmch 
Nova  Zembla  had  continued,  in  the  mean  time,  to  bewttotoex- 


warmly  supported  by  many  learned  men  in  Holland,  nonharn 
Among  these  was  Pet^  Plancius,  of  Amsterdam,  who,  like  cuina. 
his  contemporary  Hakluyt,  was  distinguished  no  less  as 
a  clergyman  than  as  a  promoter  of  maritime  enterprise. 
Plancius  insisted  that  Heemskerk  had  fetiled  in  1596,  be- 
cause he  attempted  to  go  through  the  Straits  of  Weygat, 
instead  of  keeping  to  the  north  of  the  island.     In  compli- 
ance with  Plancius's  opinion,  the  States  General,  early  in 
1611,  directed  that  two  ressels,  the  "Little  Fox"  and  the  1611. 
"  Little  Crane,"  should  be  furnished  with  passports  for  voy-  **  ^^* 
ages  to  discover  a  northern  passage  to  China.     But  the  ice 
arrested  the  vessels  long  before  they  could  reach  the  80th 
degree  of  latitude,  to  which  they  were  ordered  to  proceed.t 

About  the  same  time,  Hendrick  Christiaensen,  of  Cleef,  christiaen- 
or  Cleves,  near  Nymegen,  returning  to  Holland  from  a  voy-  T^aU  to 
age  to  the  West  Indiesj  found  himself  in  the  neighborhood 
of  the  newly-discovered  river,  which  the  Dutch  had  already 
begun  to  call  the  "  Mauritius,"  in  honor  of  their  stadthold- 
er.  Prince  Maurice,  of  Nassau.     But  deterred  by  the  fear 
of  lodng  his  heavily-laden  vessel,  and  remembering  that  a 
ship  from  Monichendam,  in  North  Holland,  had  been  cast 
away  on  that  coast,  Christiaensen  did  not  venture  into  the 
river  at  that  time,  reserving  Hie  enterprise  for  a  friture  oc- 
casion.    On  his  arrival  in  Holland,  Christiaensen,  in  com-  ciuriatiaeQ 
pany  with  another  "  worthy"  meuriner,  Adriaen  Block,  ac-  Block's 
cordingly  chartered  a  ship,  "with  the  schipper  Ryser,  and  «ge.  ^*'^ 

*  Wi]iwood*a  Mamorial,  ilL,  ttf ;  Extract  of  a  latter  ftom  Mr.  John  More  to  Sir  Ralph 
Wmwood  (EngUah  nIn^n^aado^  at  the  Hague),  dated  Londoa,  15tb  December,  1010.  **  So 
aoon  aa  the  Hector  (now  ready  to  hoiat  aail)  ahall  be  act  Ibrth  of  this  haren  towarda  Vir- 
finia.  Sir  Thomaa  Gates  wlU  hasten  to  the  Hagne,  where  he  will  eonftr  with  the  Statea 
about  the  orertore  that  Sir  Noel  Caron  hath  made  (br  Joining  with  na  in  that  colony.  Sir 
Noel  hath  alao  made  a  motion  to  join  their  East  India  trade  with  oora ;  bat  we  fbar  that 
in  caae  of  joining,  If  It  be  npon  equal  terma,  the  art  and  indnatry  of  their  people  wiU 
wear  oat  oora.** 

t  Hoi.  Doc,  i.,  19 ;  Van  Materen,  xzxU.,  715  {  Darlea,  «.,  tM,  74S ;  Neg .  de  Jeaanin, 
lil.,t94. 


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46         HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  h.  aooomplished  his  voyage  thither,  bringing  back  with  him 
two  sons  of  the  chiefs  there."* 

The  reports  which  the  comrades  made  on  their  return 
to  Holland,  and  the  personal  presence  of  the  two  young 
savages,  named  "  Orson  and  Valentine,"  whom  they  had 
brought  over  as  specimens  of  the  inhabitants  of  the  New 
World,  added  a  firesh  impulse  to  the  awakened  enterprise 
Pubuc  ai-  of  the  Dutch  merchants.     Public  attention  in  the  Nether- 
uouand     lands  soon  became  alive  to  the  importance  of  the  newly- 
discovered  regions  in  North  America.     A  memorial  upon 
the  subject  was  presented  to  the  Provincial  States  of  4Iol- 
7  sepu      land  and  West  Friesland  by  "  several  merchants  and  in- 
habitants of  the  United  Provinces ;"  and  it  was  judged  of 
sufficient  consequence  to  be  formally  communicated  to 
the  cities  of  Amsterdam,  Rotterdam,  Hoom,  and  Enck- 
huysen.t 
1612.       The  experience  which  Christiaensen  and  Block  had  now 
gained,  naturaUy  recommended  them  for  further  employ- 
ment.    Three  influential  and  enterprising  merchants  of 
Ships  aent  Amsterdam,  Hans  Hongers,  Paulus  Pelgrom,  and  Lam- 
sterdam  to  brccht  vau  Tweenhuvsen— of  whom  Honirers  was  a  di- 
under       rcctor  m  the  Bast  India  Company — soon  determmed  to 
sen  and     avail  thcmselvcs  of  the  favorable  opportunity  thus  offered 
to  their  enterprise.    Equipping  two  vessels,  "the  Fortune" 
and  "  the  Tiger,"  they  intrusted  the  respective  conmiands 
to  Christiaensen  and  to  Block,  and  dispatched  them  to  the 
island  of  Manhattan,  to  renew  and  continue  their  traffic 
with  the  savages  along  the  Mauritius  River. 

Other  merchants  in  North  Holland  soon  joined  in  the 
other  ahipa  trade.     The  "  Little  Fox,"  under  the  charge  of  Captain 
"•"'  °^'*    John  De  Witt,  and  the  "  Nightingale,"  under  Captain  Thys 
1618.  Volckertsen,  were  fitted  out  by  the  Witsons  and  other  prom- 
inent merchants  of  Amsterdam ;  while  the  owners  of  the 

♦  WaneDaar*a  "  HistoriM^he  Verhael,"  *c.,  Ylii.,  85 ;  MuUkerk,  A,  SI.  Wassenaar^s 
work  has  hitherto  been  unknown  to  oar  historians.  In  1848, 1  was  fortonate  enough  to 
procure  a  copy  in  London,  flrom  which  a  short "  Memoir  of  the  Early  Coloniution  of  New 
Netherlands*  was  prepared  and  puUished  in  N.  Y.  H.  S.  ColL  (second  series),  ii.,  855.  A 
translation  of  some  extracu  from  Wasoenaar  has  just  appeared  in  Doc.  Hist.  N.  Y.,  iii., 
i7-48.    The  precise  date  of  Christiaensen's  first  Toyage  is  not  glTen. 

t  Hoi.  Doc,  i.,  14 ;  Wassenaar,  ix.,  44. 


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CONDITION  OF  MANHATTAN  ISLAND.  47 

slrip  "  Fortane,"  of  Hoom— the  city  which  was  soon  to  give  chap,  il 
its  immortal  name  to  the  southern  Cape  of  America — dis- 
patched  their  vessel,  in  charge  of  Captain  Comelis  Jacob- 
sen  May,  to  participate  in  the  enterprise  of  their  metropol- 
itan firiends,  on.  the  Mauritius  River.* 

The  admirable  commercial  position  of  Manhattan  Isl-  commer- 
and  soon  indicated  it,  by  common  consent,  as  the  proper  uieeT^' 
point  whence  the  iurs  collected  in  the  interior  could  bepercewed. 
most  readily  shipped  to  HoUand.     To  secure  the  largest 
advantages  from  the  Indian  laraffic,  it  was,  nevertheless, 
perceived  that  inland  depots  would  become  indispensable. 
Thus,  cargoes  of  furs  could  be  collected  during  the  winter, 
so  as  to  be  ready  for  shipment  when  the  vessels  had  been 
refitted,  after  their  arrival  out  in  the  spring.     Manhattan 
Island,  at  this  time,  was  in  a  state  of  nature ;  herbage  was  condition 
wild  and  luxuriant ;  but  no  cattle  browsed  in  its  fertile  uul 
valleys,  and  the  native  deer  had  been  almost  exterminated 
by  the  Indians.     The  careful  kindness  of  the  Dutch  mer- 
chants  endeavored  to  remedy,  as  well  as  possible,  the 
want  of  domestic  animals  for  the  use  of  their  solitary  trad- 
ers ;  and  Hendrick  Christiaensen,  by  his  ship-owners'  di- 
rection, took  along  with  him,  in  one  of  his  voyages,  a  few 
goats  and  rabbits  to  multiply  at  Manhattan.     But  these 
animals — ^the  first  sent  from  HoUand  to  New  York — ^were 
soon  poisoned  by  the  wild  verdure,  to  which  they  were  un- 
accustomed.! 

Up  to  this  time,  the  Dutch  traders  had  pursued  their  The  Dutch 
lucrative  traffic  in  peltry,  without  question  or  interruption,  ^nted 
No  European  vessels  but  theirs  had  yet  visited  the  regions  Nortb  or 
around  the  Mauritius  River.    Their  ships  returned  to  Hoi-  Riw.  *** 
land  freighted  with  large  cargoes  of  valuable  furs,  which 

*Bol.Doe.,i.,39;  Mnilkerk,A,»4.  The  *«  UtUe  Fox"  was  probably  tbe  tame  T«Mel 
which  had  been  aent  to  Nora  Zembla  In  1011. 

t  Waaaenaar,  Ix.,  44.  It  aeema  fhNn  Wasaenaar's  aceoont,  that  the  native  apeciea  of 
daga,  in  New  Netheriand,  waa  qnite  amall ;  ttx  when  Lambraeht  Tan  Tweenhnyaen,  one 
of  the  ownera  of  Chriatiaenaen  and  Block'a  abipa,  gare  one  of  these  eaptaina  a  "  large  dog^ 
to  take  OQt  with  him,  the  Indians,  coming  on  board  the  ahip,  wwe  very  much  aflraid  of 
the  animal,  and  called  him  ^*  the  aaehem  of  the  dogs,"  beoanae  he  waa  one  of  the  largest 
they  had  erer  seen.  The  tranaiation  in  Doe.  Hist.  N.  T.,  iii.,  40,  ia  inaccurate.  Van 
lireenhnysen  gSTe  the  dog  to  his  schipper ;  he  waa  not  a  **  achipper**  himself,  bat  a 
<•  reader,"  or  ship-owner,  and  ha  does  not  appear  erer  to  hare  viaited  Manhattan 


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48         HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  n.  yielded  enarmoas  profits  to  their  owners.     From  Manhat- 
tan,  small  trading  shallops  were  dispatohed  into  the  neigh- 
•  boring  creeks  and  bays  of  "  Soheyichbi,"  or  New  Jersey, 
and  up  the  Hauritins  River,  as  £eu*  as  the  head  of  naviga- 
tion.   The  Dutch  had  been  the  first,  and,  hitherto,  the  only 
Europeans  to  visit  the  Indian  tribes  in  these  regions,  witih 
all  of  whom  they  had  continued  to  maintain  a  friendly  and 
cordial  intercourse.    But  while  the  Holland  merchants  pro- 
moted new  explorations,  they  do  not  appear,  as  yet,  to  have 
directed  the  construction  of  permanent  defenses ;  although 
it  has  been  said  that,  ^^  before  the  year  1614,"  one  or  two 
small  forts  were  built  on  the  river  fox  the  protection  of  the 
growing  peltry  trade.* 
Loss  of         By  accident,  Adria^i  Block's  ship,  the  Tiger,  was  bum- 
su^tad   ed  at  Manhattan,  while  he  was  preparing  to  return  to  Hol- 
a  yacht  at  land.   Undismayed  by  his  misforttmc,  the  perscvering  mar- 
iner set  about  building  a  small  yacht,  out  of  the  admirable 
ship  timber  with  which  the  island  abounded.     This  work 
occupied  Block  during  the  winter  of  1613,  and  imtil  the 
spring  of  1614.     To  accommodate  himself  and  hb  com- 
Firat  cab-  pauious  duriug  their  cheerless  solitude,  a  few  huts  were 
tile  laian^  now  first  crectcd  near  the  southern  point  of  Manhattan 
Island ;  and,  in  the  absence  of  all  succor  from  Holland,  the 
friendly  natives  supplied  the  Dutch,  through  a  dreary  win- 
ter, "  with  food  and  all  kinds  of  necessaries."! 

*  In  a  memorial  to  tlie  States  Genend,  dated  95th  of  October,  1684,  tlie  West  India  Com- 
pany say,  that  "nndsr  the  ehief  command  of  your  Hi«h  Mightinesses,  befbre  the  year 
1614,  there  were  one  or  two  little  forts  built  there,  and  prorided  with  garrisons  fbr  the 
protection  of  the  trade."— Hoi.  Doc,  ii.,  1S8.  De  Laet,  howerer,  who  wrote  in  1694— ten 
years  beibre  the  ooapany*B  memorial— distinctly  states  that  one  small  ft«t  was  bnilt "  in 
the  year  1614,"  npon  an  island  in  the  upper  part  of  the  river.  In  another  place  he  says  it 
was  bant  in  1615.— De  Last,  book  lii.,  cap.  TiL,  ix.  For  Tarioos  reasons,  which  will  be 
exhibited  Anther  on,  I  think  there  was  only  one  ftnt  boflt ;  that  it  was  on  **  Castle  Island,** 
near  Albany «  and  that  it  was  erected  in  1614. 

t  De  Laet,  book  iii.,  cap.  x. ;  De  Vries,  181 ;  **  Breeden  Raedt  aen  de  Vereeinghde  N»- 
dertandsehe  Piorintien,'*  Ac.,  p.  14, 15.  This  latter  rery  rare  tract  (fbr  the  use  of  which 
I  am  ind^ited  to  the  kindness  of  Mr.  Campbell,  the  deputy  librarian  at  the  Hague)  is  now 
Ibr  the  first  ttane  quoted  in  our  history.  The  statement  in  the  Breeden  Raedt,  of  the  In- 
dians themsetres,  is  that  **  when  our  people  (the  Dutoh)  had  lost  a  certain  ship  thsre,and 
were  buflding  another  new  ship,  they  (the  ssTages)  assisted  our  people  with  fbod  snd  all 
kinds  of  necessaries,  and  prorided  (br  them,  through  two  umtenf  until  the  ship  was  fln- 
tshed."  De  Laet,  in  his  later  editions  of  1633  and  1640  (book  iii.,  cap.  TiL),  says,  that  to 
carry  on  trade  with  the  natives,  **  our  people  remained  there  during  winter."  Dt  Vriss, 
p.  161,  repeats  the  same  statement.  The  aoeonnt  In  the  Breeden  Raedt,  that  Bloefc  built 
his  yacht  dvfMg- f*«  «D«iler,  seems  thus  to  be  fWy  eonflrmsd.    Thsc  fte  tssssI  was  hrilt 


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THE  OOLOKT  OF  VIRGINIA.  49 

The  in&nt  ocixmy  of  Yirginia  had,  meanwhile,  suffered  ohap.  n. 
strange  vioissitades.    Under  the  second  charter  of  King  ^^^ 
James,  which  passed  the  great  seal  early  in  1609,  Thomas  y,,^}^^^. 
Lord  Delawarr  was  appointed  governor  for  life;  Sir  Thomas  ^^^^ 
Gates,  lieutenant  goy^mor ;  Sir  G-eorge  Somers,  admiral ; 
and  Christopher  Newport,  vice-admiral.    An  expedition, 
consisting  of  nine  vessels,  was  equipped  and  dispatched  for 
Virginia,  with  five  hundred  emigrants,  a  few  days  before 
the  charter  was  actually  sealed.     Lord  Delawarr  himself  is  luy. 
did  not  leave  England  with  ihe  expedition ;  but  he  dele- 
gated the  command,  in  the  interim,  to  Gates,  S<»ners,  and 
Newport.* 

When  near  the  end  of  their  voyage,  a  hurricane  sepa- 
rated the  ship  in  which  the  three  commissioners  had  em- 
barked fix>m  the  rest  of  the  squadron,  and  wrecked  it  oa  shipwreck 
B0rmuda.t  The  remnant  of  the  fleet  reached  Yirginia  to-  Sa. 
ward  the  end  of  the  summer ;  and  to  avoid  anarchy,  John  11  AngMt. 
Smith,  who  had  now  been  two  years  in  the  colony,  assumed 
the  chief  command,  in  the  absence  of  the  newly-commis- 
sioned officers,  whose  fate  was  yet  unknown.  But  the  new 
colonists  consisted  of  ^'  many  unruly  gallants,  packed  hither 
by  their  firiends  to  escape  ill  destinies.'^  Against  every  pos- 
siUe  discouragement,  Smith  resolutely  maintained  his  au- 
thority, and  his  influence  introduced  sometiiing  like  order 
among  the  unruly  emigrants.  At  length,  an  accidental  ex- 
plosion of  gunpowder,  which  mangled  his  person,  disabled 
him  from  duty,  and  obliged  him  to  return  home  for  surgical 
aid.     Disgusted  at  the  opposition  he  had  met  with  in  the  { 


colony,  which  owed  him  so  much,  the  '^  Father  of  Yirginia"  sodu^ 
delegated  his  authority  to  George  Percy,  and  embarked  for  o<nober. 
England,  a  few  weeks  after  Hudson  had  set  sail  for  Eu- 
rope with  the  news  of  his  grand  discovery.^ 

Li  the  mean  time.  Gates  and  his  companions,  who  had 
been  cast  away  on  Bermuda,  had  subsisted  upon  the  nat- 

dnliif  Um  winter  of  IMS,  and  was  (Iniilied  and  lued  In  tbe  fpriag  of  1014,  ieei^ 
tain  flrom  Hoi.  Doc.,  1.,  47, 58. 

*Smltl^l.,S33;  Purehaa,  It.,  17S9. 

t  Stracbey'a  aooonnt  of  this  shipwreck  In  Pnrchas,  It.,  1734,  is  supposed  by  Malone  to 
be  the  fbondatioii  of  Shak^eare's  "  Tenpest.!'  This  opinion,  howerer,  has  reeeotty  bean 
eontrorerted.  t  Smith,  1.,  SS9 ;  11.,  l€t. 

D 


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aO         HISTORY  OP  THE  8TATB  OP  MEW  YORK. 

0H4r.  n.  ural  prodoote  a£^mt  fcrtile  island,  liie  InxmianM  of  wliioh 

^^•ifemaid  won  ftom  Walkr  ito  «mtoUe«  p«..gyr«, 

CMMvaaUt  <*Heav6a8trt  had  left  tiiis  spot  ofearthuiMism'd, 

'^Bf^  Ta  show  how  bXL  thiage  w«w  eroBted  fin*." 


^''^**'    Dajjag  the  anttunn  and  winter,  witii  admirable  per«o««r^ 
anoethejeonstrnofod  two  small  pnuiaoes  outoftbewrectk 
of  tlifiir  old  ship  and  the  eedara  wlii<^  tliay  felled  on  the 
island.     After  a  nine  months'  sojonm  in  their  delightibl 
abode,  thej  embarked  in  these  vesBels,  in  Ihe  spring  crt 
1610.  1610,  and  in  a  few  days  arrrred  safely  at  Jamestown, 
"  ^'^'     Bat  isfitead  of  a  haj^y  weloome,  they  met  a  soene  ^f  mis* 
Ti»«*atwpv-  ery,  and  famine,  and  death.    The  four  hundred  and  ninety 
iAirginia.  persons  whom  Smith  had  left  in  the  oolony,  had,  in  six 
monthsi,  through  Yioe  and  starratioii^  dwindled  down  to 
sixty.     In  tiieir  extremity  of  distress,  they  edi  now  determ- 
ined to  desert  Virginia,  and  seek  safety  and  food  among 
the  English  fishermen  at  Newfoundland.     Embarking  in 
«iaiM.      fomr  pinnaoes,  the  oobnists  bade  adieu  to  Jamestown. 
<^  None  droj^ped  a  tear,  for  none  had  enjoyed  a  day  of  hap« 
piness*''* 
Arrivaior      But  unoxpeoted  relief  was  at  hand.    After  nearly  a 
wwr.     '  year's  delay  in  England,  Lord  Dolawacr  embarked  at 
Oowes  on  the  first  of  April,  1610,  and  set  sail  for  Yirgima 
widi  three  vessels  kden  witii  supplies.    The  squadron  fol- 
lowed the  old  roote,  by  the  roundabqpt  way  of  Teroeiraand 
Giiatiosa;  and,  early  in  June,  LordDelawarr  first  made  the 
land  ^^  to  the  southwaid  of  the  Chesapeake  Bay."  Running 
« jiML      in  toward  ihe  diore,  he  anohcHred  over  night  at  Cape  Hen- 

7  jMM.      ry?  where  he  landed  and  set  iqp  a  cross.     The  next  morn- 

ing he  sailed  up  the  Chesapeake  to  Point  Comfort,  ^diere 
ha  heard  the  sorrowful  tale  of  <<  the  starving  time."  At 
that  very  moment,  the  pinnaoes  oonveying  ibs  remnant  of 
the  dispirited  oolony  VTere  slovdy  falling  down  the  James 
Biver  vritii  the  tide.  The  governor  instantly  dispatched  a 
boat  with  letters  to  Grates  announcing  his  anivaL     The 

8  Joat.     next  day,  the  pinnaoes  were  met  desoending  the  river;  and 


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AMALL  AT  DGLAWARB  BAY.  gf 

6hilet  immediately  potting  abovt,  relanded  his  men  the  oair.  n. 
same  nigkt  at  Jamestown.  ' 

Lord  Delawanr  wjon  anmred  before  ike  town  with  hisj^jjljl;' 
■hip;  and,  after  a  sermon  by  the  chaplain,  ecanm^noed  the 
task  of  regenerating  the  ookmy.    A  ooiuhhIwes  sworn  in; 
^^the  evils  of  &ction  were  healed  by  the  unity  of  the  ad- 
minis^tkMi^  and  ihe  dignity  and  virtues  of  the  governor;" 
and  the  rejoimng  colonists  now  began  to  attend  to  their 
itotioB  with  energy  and  good-will.     To  supply  pressing  10  jvw. 
wimt,  Sir  George  Somers  was  promptly  diq[>atohed  withsonenwd 
Sunuel  Argall,  '< a  young  sea-captain  cf  coarse  passions ^^dto 
and  arbitrary  temper,''  in  two  pinnaces,  to  procure  6A  and 
turtle  at  Bermuda.* 

After  being  a  montli  at  sea,  Ihe  pinnaces  parted  com* 
panyinafog;  and  Argall^  despairing  of  rejoinmg  his  com- srjaiy. 
rade,  made  the  best  of  his  way  back  to  Virginia.    Palling 
in  with  Gape  Cod,  he  sailed  to  tiie  soathward,  and  in  a  19  August, 
week  found  himself  again  within  twelve  leagues  of  the 
riunre.    Early  the  next  morning,  he  andiored  '<  in  a  very  S7  Aogwt. 
great  bay,"  where  he  found  "  a  groat  stcwre  cf  pec^e  which  s^gjj*" 
were  very  kind."    The  same  evening,  Argall  sailed  for  the  "^^ 
Chesapeake,  after  naming  the  soutiiem  point  of  the  bay  in 
which  he  had  anchored,  <^  Cape  La  Warre."     This  Cape 
is  now  known  ae  Cape  Henlopen.     The  bay  itself,  whidi 
Hudson,  in  the  Half  Moon,  had  discovered  just  one  year 
before,  was  soon  commonly  called  by  the  English  <<  Dela- 
warr's  Bay,"  in  honor  of  the  Q-ovemor  of  Virginia ;  but, 
notwithstanding  received  statements,  there  is  no  evid^iceLordDeia. 
that  Lord  Delawarr  himself  ever  saw  tiie  waters  which  th^S^ 
now  bear  his  name.t 

Prosperity  at  length  began  to  smile  <m  Vii'ginia.     But 
Lord  Delavrarr,  finding  his  health  sinking  under  the  cares 
of  his  office  and  the  effects  of  Ihe  climate,  sailed  for  En-38Mareb. 
gland  in  the  spring  of  1611 ;  and  Gtttes  having  previously  ntans  to 
returned  to  hondonjt  the  administration  of  the  colonial  gov- 

*  Lord  Ddttwarr's  letter  of  Tth  of  Joly,  1010,  In  MS.  Htri.  Brit  MiMwiin,  700Q,  M.  SB, 
prInlaA  bj  the  Haldoyt  Soeiety ;  PwcIim,  tf^  17M ;  Bancroft,  L,  141. 

t  Argnll's  Joomal,  in  Porchu,  iv^  1709 ;  Strtehoy**  Virginia  Britannia,  43 ;  Pe  Vriea, 
MO,  IM.    See  Afpendlz,  nete  D.  t  Winwood**  Menwritt,  W.,  SM. 


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52         HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

ctur.  u.  emn^ent  was  oonunitted,  during  his  absence,  to  Ciqptain 

Q-eorge  Percy.   Soon  after  Delawarr's  departure,  Sir  Thqm- 

*  as  Dale,  '^  a  worthy  and  experienced  soldier  in  the  Low 

Countries,"  to  whom,  at  the  request  of  the  Prince  of  "Wales, 

so  January,  the  States  Greneral  had  just  granted  a  three  years'  leave 
of  absence  from  their  service  to  go  to  Virginia,*  arrived  at 

»  May.  Jamestown,  and  assumed  the  government.  Finding  that 
the  colony  needed  more  assistance,  he  wrote  at  once  to 
England.  Lord  Delawarr,  on  his  return  home,  confirmed 
Dale's  accounts ;  and,  with  unusual  promptness,  ihe  coun- 
cil at  London  dispatched  six  ships  to  Virginia,  with  three 
hundred  new  emigrants  and  large  supplies. 

Adminia-        Sir  Thomas  Gates,  who,  like  Dale,  had  served  in  the 

Gates.  Netherlands,  and,  in  1608,  had  been  allowed  by  the  States 
General  to  resign  the  commission  he  held  in  Holland,  ^^  to 
take  command  in  the  country  of  Virginia,  and  to  colonize 
the  same,"t  was  now  sent  out  with  the  new  expedition, 
invested  with  full  authority  as  lieutenant  governor,  and 

Aofuat.  arrived  safely  at  Jamestown  in  August.  .  Under  his  care- 
ful administration,  the  English  settlements  on  the  Chesa- 
peake rapidly  prospered,  and  soon  c^)peared  to  be  firmly 
1613.  established.  In  the  smnmer  of  1613,  Captain  Argall,  who 
had  been  sworn  by  Lord  Delawarr  one  of  the  colonial 
council,  while  on  a  fishing  voyage  trom  Virginia  to  Nova 

Argall  on    Scotia,  was  Overtaken  by  a  storm,  and  driven  ashore  on  the 

the  ooaat  of  j  f 

Maine.      ooast  of  Maine.     Here  he  learned  frcmi  the  Indians  that 
some  French  colonists  had  just  arrived  at  the  island  of 
Mount  Desert,  a  little  to  the  eastwiurd  of  the  Penobscot. 
On  this  island,  the  Jesuit  missionaries  in  the  company,  aft* 
er  giving  thanks  to  the  Most  High,  had  erected  a  cross,  and 
celebrated  a  solenm  mass.     The  island  itself  they  had 
Hiiipiratip. named  '^ Saint  Sauveur.''     Ascertaining  the  weakness  of 
S^T*'***^  the  French,  Argall  hastened  to  their  quiet  retreat,  and  soon 
Franeh      ovcrpowercd  them  by  his  superior  force.     De  Thet,  one  of 
ariea.  '    the  Jcsuit  fathers,  was  killed  by  a  musket-ball ;  several 
others  were  wounded ;  "  the  cross  round  which  the  faith- 
ful had  gathered  was  thrown  down;"  and  Argall  returned 

*  Hoi.  Doc.,  i., «.  t  Ibid.,  i.,  5.    See  al«>  amU,  page  45,  sola. 


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ARGALL  ON  THE  COAST  OF  MAINE.  53 

to  Virginia  with  eighteen  prisoners,  and  the  plunder  of  a  chaf.  ii. 
peaoefdl  colony,  which  the  pious  zeal  of  Madame  de 
Gnercheville  had  sent  to  America  to  convert  the  savages 
to  Christianity. 

Gates  no  sooner  i^eceived  the  report  of  this  piratical  ad-  ^***^ 
venture  of  hb  subordinate,  than,  by  the  advice  of  his  coun-  mSjw  tnd 

•^  Noir*  BCD' 

cil,  he  determined  to  undertake  a  new  enterprise  agamstiia. 
the  French  in  Acadia,  and  destroy  all  their  settlements 
south  of  the  forty-sixth  degree  of  latitude.  Three  armed 
vessels  were  immediately  dispatched,  under  the  command 
of  Argall ;  who,  returning  to  the  scene  of  his  former  out- 
rage at  Mount  Desert,  set  up  the  arms  of  the  King  of  En- 
gland, in  place  of  the  broken  cross  of  the  Jesuits.  Argall 
next  visited  St.  Croix,  and  destroyed  the  reitmants  of  De 
Monts'  former  settlement.  Thence  he  sailed  to  Port  Roy- 
al. Meeting  no  resistance  there,  Argall  loaded  his  ships 
with  the  spoil  of  the  ruined  town;  and  having  thus  effect-9  not. 
ed  all  his  purposes,  he  returned  to  Virginia  about  the  mid- 
dle of  November.* 

The  pretext  under  whidi  Areall  had  been  dispatched  to  Pretexts  ror 

His  niratif^ 

gather  inglorious  laurels  on  the  coasts  of  Acadia,  was  thcaipr 
alleged  encroachment  of  the  French  settlers  there  upon  the 
territory  comprehended  within  Jameses  sweeping  grant, 
in  1606,  to  the  London  and  Plymouth  adventurers.  Gates 
naturally  leaned  toward  the  most  grasping  interpretation 
of  an  instrument  in  which  he  was  named  first  among  the 
original  grantees  of  an  enormous  monopoly.  But  James's 
patent,  nevertheless,  distinctly  excepted  from  its  purview 
all  lands  '' possessed  by  any  other  Christian  prince  or  peo- 
ple ;"  and  the  French  had  unquestionably  been  in  quiet 
possession  of  the  neighborhood  of  Acadia  two  years  before 
the  first  English  charter  passed  the  great  seal.  By  hb 
second  charter  of  1609,  James  had  also  expressly  restrict- 
ed the  Virginia  Company's  northern  boundary  to  a  line 
two  hundred  miles  north  of  Point  Comfort,  or  about  the 
fortieth  parallel  of  latitude.  The  predatory  proceedings 
of  Q-ates  and  Argall  were,  therefore,  entirely  unwarranta- 

•  ChamiilAiD,  10M09;  Lfetibat;  Bucraft,  i.,tf4& 


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S4  HisremT  op  the  otatb  op  new  york. 

cbap.  sl  ble ;  and  tiiey  were  piompity  reflented  hj  the  court  of 

Franoe.    As  soon  as  intelligence  of  the  outrage  reached 

coniptoints  E'^UTopc,  flic  French  amba88ad(»r  at  Ii<HMlon  made  a  formal 

F^cham-  complaint  to  the  English  government.     The  privy  council 

jJ^JI^^  immediately  demanded  explanations  firom  the  Virginia 

1614,  Company ;  who  excused  themselves  by  stating  in  reply, 

ttjuiBirjr.^j^^  they  had  received  no  information  from  Virginia  "of 

any  such  misdemeanc^s."* 

1613.  On  his  return  voyage  from  Acadia  to  Virginia,  late  m 
Norember.  NovembcT,  Ajgall  is  Said  to  have  "  landed  at  Manhatas 
A^jjFwi^*. Isle,  in  Hudson's  River,"  where,  finding  "four  houses 
jjManhai-  fcuilt,  and  a  pretended  Dutch  governor,"  he  forced  the  HoU 

landers  to  submit  themselves  to  the  King  of  England  and 
to  the  government  of  Virginia.  But  this  favorite  story  is 
v^  suspicious;  it  is  inconsistent  with  authentic  state 
papers ;  it  has  been  deliberately  pronounced  to  be  "  a  pure 
fiction ;"  and  it  certainly  needs  to  be  sustained  by  better 
authority  than  any  that  has  yet  been  produced,  before  it 
can  be  received  as  an  historical  truth.! 

1614.  In  the  s{»ring  of  1614,  explorations  began  to  be  vigor- 
5JjSi*Jl^ously  prosecuted  around  Manhattan,  by  the  several  trading 

vessels  which  had  been  dispatched  from  Holland.  De  Witt, 
sailing  up  the  Mauritius  River,  in  the  ^'^Little  Fox,"  gave 
his  name  to  one  of  the  islands  near  Red  Hook.  May,  in 
the  "  Fortune,"  coasting  eastward,  beyond  the  Visscher's 
Hook,  or  Montauk  Point,  visited  a  large  "  white  and  clay- 
ey" island,  around  which  Gx»snold  had  sailed  twelve  years 
before.  This  island,  the  Indian  name  of  which  was  Ca- 
packe,  Uie  Dutch  for  awhile  called  "  the  Texel;"  but  it  is 
now  known  as  Martiia's  Vineyard.^ 

By  this  time,  it  was  perceived  that,  to  secure  the  larg- 
est return  from  the  peltry  trade,  a  &ctor  should  reside  per- 
manently on  the  Mauritius  River,  among  the  Maquaas, 
or  Mohawks,  and  Uie  Mahicans,  at  the  he£ul  of  tide-water. 

*  Champtein,  U9 ;  Lcmd.  Doe.,  I.,  1,  S ;  N.  Y.  Colonial  MuiiueripCs,  UL,  1,  t. 

t  See  Appendix,  note  £. 

i  De  Laet,  book  iii.,  eap.  Tiii.  On  ViB8clier*a  and  Van  der  Donek'e  maps  of  New  NeCh< 
aiUuid,  tbera  is  an  island  in  tbe  North  RiTer,  marked  "  Jan  de  Witt's  Bylant,**  juat  noaii 
of  Magdalen  Island.  Jan  de  Witt*s  Island  is  the  small  one  Jnst  south  of  Upper  Red  Hook 
landing,  or  TiToU ;  Hggdalen  lalnd  Is  the  laiger  cne  next  below. 


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THB  TAOHT  RESTUSaS,  OP  MANHATTAN.  95 

Hendriok  Chriatiaetuuiix^  who,  after  his  fiist  Qxperimoit  in  c^u*.  a 
oampany  with  Adriaen  Blooky  is  stated  to  ha^e  made  "ten 
voyages"  to  Manhattan,  aoooidingly  constrncted  a  trading  chUMOMi^- 
heme  on  "  Castle  Island,"  at  the  west  side  of  the  riyer,  ^lV^^!!^ 
little  below  the  present  city  of  Albany.     This  building,  ^^"^ 
vdiich  was  meant  to  0(HnUne  the  double  purposes  of  a"**^**""*^ 
warehouse  and  a  military  defense  for  the  resident  Dutoh 
traders,  was  thirty*six  feet  long,  by  twenty*six  feet  wide, 
ittolosed  by  a  stockade  fifty-eight  feet  square,  and  the 
whole  surrounded  by  a  raoat  eighteen  feet  in  width.     To 
compliment  the  fBimily  of  the  stadtholder,  the  little  post 
^  was  immediately  named  '<  Fort  Nassau."     It  was  armed 
with  two  large  guns,  and  eleyen  swivels  or  patereros,  and 
garriscmed  by  ten  or  twelve  men.     "  Hendriok  Cbristiaen- 
sen  first  commanded  liere ;"  and,  in  his  absence,  Jaoob 
Belkens,  formerly  a  clerk  in  the  counting-house  of  an  Am- 
sterdam merchant.* 

It  has  been  confidently  afltened  that  the  year  after  the  Nomn  at 
erection  of  Fort  Nassau,  at  Oastle  Island,  a  redoubt  was 
also  thrown  up  and  fortified  "  on  an  elevated  spot,"  near 
the  southern  point  of  Manhattan  Island.    But  the  assertion 
does  not  appear  to  be  confirmed  by  sufficient  authoiity.t 

Adriaen  Block  had,  meanwhile,  completed  the  building  siock  eom- 
of  his  yacht,  which  he  appropriately  named  the  Onrw^/,  ya^'<UM 
ot  "  Restless."    With  this  small  vessel,  about  sixteen  tons 
in  burden,  and  the  first  ever  constructed  by  Europeans  at 
Manhattan,^  Block  proceeded  to  explore  the  bays  and  riv- 
ers to  the  eastward,  into  which  the  larger  ships  of  the  Dutch 

*  FifuratiTe  Map,  fhmi  the  archires  at  the  Hafoo ;  Doe.  Hiat.  N.  Y.,  1U.,S7, 38 ;  Waaae- 
naar,  tL,  144  ;  iriiL,  85;  Da  Laet,  book  iiL,  cai>.  ix. ;  De  Vrte%  US;  Hoi.  Doc,  fk^  110; 
Alb.  Reo.,  xxli.,  817 ;  xxlr.,  167 ;  SmttVa  Hist.  N.  T.,  L,  SS.  Caatie  laland  waa  the  flrat 
below  Albany,  and,  aAer  1630,  was  known  a>  Van  Renaaelaer'a,  or  Patroon'a  laland. 
The  rapid  progreaa  of  imprtnremeat  has,  howerer,  now  nearly  oUiterated  ita  ftmnar  inaa- 
lar  eharaoter,  and  "  annexed"  it  to  the  thriTing  capital  oToor  atata. 

t  See  Appendix,  note  F. 

t  The  **  BeaUeaa"  waa  fbrty-ftwr  and  a  half  feat  long,  eleven  and  a  half  feet  wide,  and 
of  about  eight  laata  or  aixteen  tone  borden.— Da  Laot,  book  Ul.,  eq).  x. ;  Hoi.  Doe.,  i.,  5S. 
Mr.  Cooper,  in  hia  Naral  Hiatory  (i.,  p.  41),  apeaka  of  Block*a  yacht  aa  **the  flrat  decked 
▼eaael  bnUt  within  the  old  United  Statea."  Bat  the  honor  of  praeedence  in  Ameriean  na- 
val ardkiteetnre  auiat,  Ihirly,  be  yielded  to  Popham's  nnfliftimate  colony  on  the  Kaona- 
beek.  The  '^Virginia,  of  Sagadidioe,''  waa  the  flrat  Saropean-boUt  veaael  wlthla  the 
original  Thjiteen  Statea  If  MaincbeeottaJdered  aapart  of  Maaaaehaaatta.  Tha««Baal- 
Uaa,  of  Manhattan,**  waa  the  pioneer  craft  of  New  Tcik 


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56         HISTORY  OP  THE  STATE  OP  NEW  YORK. 

Coat.  n.  traders  had  not  yet  ventured.  Sailing  boldly  iimyngh  the 
then  dangerons  strait  of  "  the  Hell-gate,"*  into  "  the  G-reat 
j5,ii,  *  Bay,"  or  Long  Island  Sound,  he  carefully  *'  explored  all  the 
n^^  plaoes  thereabout,"  as  far  as  Cape  Cod.  Coasting  along 
iSiMd  "*  the  northern  shore,  inhabited  by  ihe  Siwanoos,  Block  gave 
^""***  the  name  of  "  Ajchipelagos"  to  the  group  of  islands  oppo- 
Di«cover»  site  NwTwalk.    At  the  present  town  of  Stratford,  he  visit- 

the  Hoosa-  *■ 

ionic  ed  the  "  River  of  Roodenberg,"  or  Red  Hills,  now  known 
as  the  Housatonic,  which  he  described  as  about  "  a  bow- 
shot wide,"  and  in  the  neighborhood  of  which  dwelt  the 
indolent  tribe  of  Quiripey  Indians.  Passing  eastward 
along  the  bay  at  the  head  of  which  New  Havwi  now 
stands,  and  which,  on  account  of  the  red  sandstone  hills 
in  its  neighborhood,  the  Dutch  also  soon  called  the  "Roo- 
Ej^MM^denberg,"  Block  came  to  the  mouth  of  a  large  river  run- 
lieut  River,  nuig  up  northerly  into  the  land.  At  its  entrance  into  the 
Sound  it  was  "  very  shallow ;"  and  Block,  observing  that 
there  were  but  few  inhabitants  near  its  mouth,  ascended 
Uie  river  to  the  rapids,  at  the  head  of  navigation.  Near 
Wethersfield,  he  found  the  numerous  Indian  tribe  of  Se- 
quins. At  the  latitude  of  41^  48' — ^between  Hartford  and 
Windsor — he  came  to  a  fortified  village  of  the  Nawaas 
tribe,  who  were  then  governed  by  their  Sagamore  Mora- 
hieck.  Here  he  heard  of  "  another  nation  of  savages,  who 
are  called  Horikans,"  dwelling  "  within  the  land,"  proba- 
bly near  the  lakes  west  of  the  upper  part  of  the  river, 
and  who  navigated  the  waters  "in  canoes  made  of  bark." 
From  the  circumstance  that  a  strong  downward  current 
was  perceived  at  a  short  distance  above  its  mouth,  Block 
immediately  named  this  beautiful  stream  the  "  Versch," 

*  "  Our  people  (the  Dutch)  call  tUa  I^femi  o$,  or  the  Helle-fat,**  aaya  the  accurate  De 
Laet.  According  to  Block'a  account,  as  stated  by  De  Laet,  the  Dutch  likewiae  oriflnally 
called  the  whole  of  what  waa  soon  more  fluniliarly  known  aa  the  "  East  River,**  by  the 
name  of  the  **  Hell-gate  River ;"  and  the  currents  from  that  river  and  from  the  North  Riv- 
er are  described  as  "meeting  one  another  near  Nutten  (Governor's)  Island."  A  braneh 
of  the  Scheldt,  near  Hulst,  in  Zealand,  is  called  the  "Hellegat,"  after  which  Blodi  proba- 
bly named  the  whiripool  through  which  he  was  the  first  known  European  pilot.  Mod- 
em sqneamiahneas  has  endeavored  to  improve  this  expressive  hi  torioal  appdlation  into 
**  Hurl-gate."  But  while  modem  science  has  overcome  the  nautical  terrors  of  old  Hell- 
gate,  it  is  to  be  hoped  that  a  vicious  modem  conceit  will  not  prevail  to  rob  us  of  one  oftha 
Ibw  remaining  memorial  names  of  early  New  York. 


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BLOCK  EXPLORES  LONG  ISLAND  SOUND.  57 

<nr  Fresh  Water  River.     By  the  native  savages  it  was  oall-  cuap.  11 
ed  the  **  Connitteoook,"  or  Quonehtacut ;  and  the  aborig- 
ioal  appellation  survives  to  the  present  day,  in  the  name 
of  the  river  and  the  state  of  Connecticnt* 

Continuing  bis  course  eastward  from  the  mouth  of  the  Block  di»- 
Gonnectiout,  Block  came  to  the  <'  River  of  the  Siccana-  iwni 
moe,"  afterward  called  by  the  EDglish  the  Pequod  or 
Thames  River,  where  he  found  the  powerful  tribe  of  Pe- 
quatoos  or  Pequods,  who  were  "  the  enemies  of  the  "Wapa- 
noos,"  in  possession  of  the  country.     From  there,  stretch- 
ing "over  across  the  Sound,"  he  visited  the  "Visacher's 
Hoeck,"  01  "  Cape  de  Baye,"  now  known  as  Montauk 
Point,  which  he  discovered  to  be  the  eastern  extremity  of 
"  Sewan-hacky,"  or  Long  Island,  "  on  which  a  nation  of 
savages,  who  are  called  If  atouwacks,  have  their  abode." 
A  little  to  the  northeast  of  Montauk  Point,  he  next  visited  visiui 
a  large  island,  to  which  the  Dutch  immediately  gave  the  and.** 
name  of  "  Block's  Island,"  in  honor  of  their  countryman.! 

Thence,  following  the  track  of  Yerazzano,  Block  ran 
across  to  Nassau,  or  Narragansett  Bay,  which  he  thorough- 
ly explored.  The  western  entrance  was  named  "  Sloup 
Bay,"  and  the  eastern  "  Anchor  Bay ;"  while  "  an  island 

*  Do  LMt,  TUi. ;  HoL  Doe.,  tU.,  73 ;  VeriMel  tin  BeVttnlnek,  007 ;  Winthrop,  i.»  9L 
Trumbull,  in  hia  History  of  Connecticut  (I.,  p.  31),  afflmw  that  **none  of  the  ancient  ad- 
▼ontivera,  'who  discovered  the  great  continent  of  North  Amerioa,  or  New  England,  made 
any  discovery  of  this  river.  It  doea  not  appear  that  it  was  known  to  any  civiUsed  nation 
until  some  years  after  the  settlement  of  the  English  and  Dutch  at  Plymouth  and  New 
NeCherland."  Tet  Huhbard  (Maas.  ColL,  xv.,  18,  170)  disUncay  states  that  the  Dutoh 
first  discovered  it ;  and  if  Trumbull  had  consulted  the  accurate  details  of  De  Laet,  he 
would  have  fbund  the  dearest  evidence  that  Block  explored  not  only  the  river,  but  the 
whols  coast  of  Conneetieut,  in  1014,  or  six  years  beibre  the  first  Puritan  English  colonists 
landed  at  Plymouth  Rock.  Bancroft,  il.,  S73,  following  Hubbard,  says  that  "  the  discov- 
ery of  Conneetieut  River  is  undoubtedly  due  to  the  Dutch.'*  b  would  have  been  safe  to 
have  added  that  Block  was  **  its  first  European  navigator." 

t  b  has  been  usual  to  consider  Kock  as  the  first  discoverer  of  the  island  which  still 
bears  his  name.  But  while  we  thus  honor  the  mBiuaaj  of  the  sxploier  of  Long  Island 
Sound,  we  should  not  forget  to  do  Justice  to  his  predecessor  Veraaxano,  who,  in  1534,  after 
saUing  along  the  Atlantic  coast  of  Long  Island  (which  he  took  to  be  the  main  land),  for 
fifty  leagues  eastward  ft-om  Sandy  Hook,  **  diseoveted  an  island  of  a  triangular  firna, 
about  ten  leagues  fnm  the  main  land,  in  sixe  about  equal  to  the  island  of  Rhodes."  This 
Island,  which  was  undoubtedly  Bloek  Island,  Veraxxano  named  **  Claudia,"  In  honor  of 
the  mother  of  King  Francis  I.  It  is  so  Isid  down  in  Lock's  map  of  1583.— Hakluyt  So- 
ciety's •*  Divers  Voyages,"  55, 04 ;  N.  Y.  H.  S.  CoU.,  1.,  58 ;  t.  (second  series),  40, 49.  The 
editor  of  Hakluyt,  however,  though  he  seems  unable  to  reconcile  Veraxzano's  aooount 
with  the  supposition  that  **  Claudia"  was  Martha's  Vinsyard,  does  not  sppear  to  have 
thought  of  Block  Island. 


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58  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OP  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  u.  of  a  redd^i  appearance''  was  observed  lying  wiiliin.    This 
waa  soon  known  by  the  Dutch  as  "  Roode"  or  Red  Island, 
ExpiorJ'  ^^  which  is  derived  the  name  of  the  present  State  of 
l^iiMttSiV  Rl^^®  Island.     Along  the  western  shore  of  tiie  bay  dwelt 
J3i5^  the  tribe  of  Wapanoos,  whom  Block  described  as  "  strong 
of  limb  and  of  moderate  size,"  but  somewhat  shy,  ^' since 
they  are  not  accustomed  to  trade  with  strangera."     Ban- 
ning out  of  the  Narragansett,  he  stood  across  the  mouth 
of  Buzzard's  Bay  to  the  southward  of  the  Elizabeth  U- 
ands,  formerly  visited  by  G-osnold,  and  sailed  by  the  lai^ 
"  white  and  clayey"  island,  cconmonly  called  "  Texel"  by 
tiie  Dutch,  and  "  Capacke"  by  others,  and  which  is  now 
known  as  Martha's  Vineyard.     South  of  the  Texel,  Block 
viaits  Mar- observed  another  small  island,  which  he  immediately 
ytrd^     ^  named  ''  Hendrick  Christiaensen's  Island,"  in  conq>liment 
to  his  early  comrade.     This  island,  which  Q-osnold  had 
discovered,  and  named  Martha's  Vineyard,  is  now  called 
"  No  Man's  Land ;"  while,  with  a  happier  fate.  Block  Isl- 
and, retaining  to  this  day  the  name  which  the  Dutch  first 
gave  it,  preserves  the  memcnry  of  the  hardy  pioneer  of 
Long  Island  Sound. 

Sailing  onward  through  the  "  Zuyder  Zee,."  to  die  north 
of  the  island  of  "Vlieland,"  or  Nantucket,  Block  passed 
near  the  "  Vlacke  Hoeck,"  or  Cape  Malebarre,  and  ran 
along  the  shore  of  Cape  Cod,  until  he  reached  its  northern 
Block paas- point,  wWoh  he  named  "Cape  Beveohier."     Thence  he 
cJ^     coasted  along  the  "  Fuyck,"  or  "  Wyck  Bay,"  or  "  Staten 
Bay" — ^which  names  the  Dutch  gave  to  the  waters  now 
known  as  Cape  Cod  Bay — and  explored  the  shore  of  Mas- 
sachusetts as  for  north  as  "  Fye  Bay,  as  it  is  called  by  some 
of  our  navigators,  in  latitude  42°  30',  to  which  the  limits 
of  New  Netherland  extend."    This  Pye  Bay  is  now  known 
visito  Boo-  as  Nahant  Bay,  just  north  of  Boston  harbor,  and,  at  the 
and  Na-     time  Block  first  visited  it,  "  a  numerous  people"  dwelt 
there,  who  were  *^  extremely  well-looking,  but  timid  and 
shy  of  Christians,"  so  that  it  required  "  some  address  to 
approach  them."* 

*  De  LMt,  book  Ui.,  cap.  tIU.;  anie,  p.  M;  ii.  N.  T.  H.  S.  CoU.,  i.,  SOS-997.    It  U 


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BLOCK  RETUIUY0  TO  HOLLAND.  59 

On  his  return  from  Fye  Bay  to  Cape  Cod,  Blook  fell  in  chap.  11 
witii  the  ship  of  Hendriok  Christiaensen,  which  seems, 
meanwhile,  to  have  been  Beat  around  from  Manhattan  to  gio^ 
the  northward.     Leaving  there  his  yaoht,  the  Restless,  *^J2JJJ^ 
whieh  had  already  done  suoh  good  service,  in  charge  of  ^S^JSraB 
C<Nmelis  Hendrioksen,  to  make  further  explorations  on  the '^  "**•*"**• 
ooast,  Block  embarked  in  his  old  companion's  ship,  the  For- 
tune, and  returned  with  her  to  Holland,  to  report  &e  dis- 
ooveries  which  he  and  his  fellow-navigators  had  made  in 
the  New  Wwld  * 

In  the  mean  time,  the  States  General,  anxious  to  enoour- 
age  the  foreign  oommeroe  of  Holland,  had  granted,  early  srjtButry. 
in  1614,  a  liberal  charter  to  an  assooiattion  of  merchants.  The 
for  prosecuting  the  whale  fishery  in  the  neighborhood  of  company^* 
Nova  Zembla,  and  the  exploration  of  a  new  pessaiTe  tobythe 

SUitoa  Con- 

China.  Of  this  association,  which  was  named  "  the  North-  erai. 
em  Company,"  Lambreoht  van  Tweenhuysen,  one  of  the 
owners  of  Block's  ship,  was  an  cariginal  director;  and 
among  his  subsequent  associates  were  Samuel  Godyn, 
NicholiMs  Jaoobsen  Haringoarspel,  and  Thyme'n  Jaoobsen 
Hinlopen,  whose  names  have  also  become  historical  in  our 
annals.t 

The  importanoe  of  a  similar  concession  of  privileges  in 
favor  of  the  merchants,  at  whose  expense  new  avenues  of 
trade  were  now  being  explored  in  the  neighbcorhood  of  Man- 
hattan, was  soon  perceived;  and  the  States  of  HdlandaoMarcb. 
were  petitioned  to  recommend  the  general  government  to 
pass  an  ordinance  which  should  assure  to  all  enterprising 
adventurers  a  monc^ly,  for  a  limited  time,  of  the  trade 

desr  that  Bloek  Milled  beyond  Cape  Cod  to  Pye  Bay,  m  he  ^aa  i»M  diatanee  fltxn  tte 
Uiardbyhiaobaerradoiia.  See  alto  the  "Fifaratire  Map,*' or  chart,  ftnind  in  the  anhiTea 
at  the  Hagne  (no  donbt  the  one  to  which  De  Laet  refera  on  page  8M),  upon  which  Plym- 
oath  harbor  la  marked  aa'^Cme  Bay,"  and  Beaton  harbor  aa  '*Fox  Haven,"  while 
Salem  Bay  ia  called  **  Count  Hendrick's  Bay"  (Appendix,  note  G).  The  same  designa- 
tkma  are  retained  upon  Vlaacher'a  and  Montanna'a  mape,  which  alM  lay  down  "  Pye  Bay** 
aa  Bear  Nahant.  The  latitude  of  Nahaat  la  49P  W,  which  eorreaponda  pseciaely  with 
that  of  **  Pye  Bay,"  aa  given  by  De  Laet. 

*  De  Laet,  book  iU.,  cap.  x. ;  Hoi.  Doc,  1.,  9S-M.  De  Laet,  after  atating  Block'a  ex- 
ptoration  of  the  neighborkood  of  Cape  Cod,  in  the  Beatleaa,  adda,  '*  whence  he  returned 
home  with  the  ahip  of  Hendrick  Chriatiaenaen,  and  left  the  yacht  there  on  the  ooaat  Ibr 
fhrtlMir  uae."  The  tranalation  in  N.  T.  H.  S.  CoU.  (eecond  aeriea),  t,  301,  ia  inexaei. 
Muilkeik,  A,  93,  anggetta  that  Coneaa  Handriekaea  waa  awn  oTHeodriek  Chriatiaensen. 

t  GrootPlaeaatbeok,L,«70;  WaManaar,  vU^  M ;  vML,  M ;  Ix.,  1S4. 


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60  HISTORY  OP  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  II.  with  the  landfi  they  might  discover.     The  States  G-eneral 

aooordingly  passed  the  desired  ordinance,  declaring  it  to 

27  March*  ^  "  honorablc,  useful,  and  prc^table,"  that  Hie  people  of 

General     the  Netherlands  should  be  encouraged  to  adventure  them* 

ordinance 

lor  the  en-  sclvcs  In  discoveriug  unknown  counlries ;  and,  for  the  pur- 
mem  of     pose  of  making:  the  inducement "  free  and  common  to  ev- 

ncw  die-      *  " 

roveries.  ery  one  of  the  inhabitants,"  granting  and  conceding  Ihat 
"  whosoever  shall  from  this  time  forward  discover  any  new 
passages,  havens,  lands,  or  places,  shall  have  the  exclusive 
right  of  navigating  to  the  same  for  four  voyages."  The 
ordinance  also  required  that  reports  of  such  discoveries 
should  be  made  to  the  States  Greneral  witiiin  fourteen  days 
after  the  return  of  the  exploring  vessels,  in  order  that  the 
promised  specific  tradmg  privileges  should  be  f(»rmally  pass- 
ed, in  each  case,  to  the  adventurers  ap^aring  to  be  enti- 
tled to  them ;  and  that  if  simultaneous  discoveries  should 
be  made  by  different  parties,  the  promised  monopoly  should 
be  enjoyed  by  them  in  common.* 

September.  Upou  Block's  arrival  at  Amsterdam  with  ihe  details  of 
the  Dutch  explorations  on  the  coast  of  America,  the  mer- 
chants of  North  Holland,  whose  enterprise  had  been  re- 
warded by  such  interesting  results,  hastened  to  appropriate 
to  themselves  the  advantageous  trade  c^ned  to  them  there, 
and  to  exclude  all  other  rivalry.     Uniting  themselves  into 

Ameterdam  a  compauy,  they  took  the  necessary  st^s  to  obtain  the 

compaSy  spccial  privileges  which  were  promised  in  the  Greneral  Or- 
dinance of  the  27th  of  March.  A  skillful  draughtsman 
was  employed  to  construct  an  elaborately  finished  ^'  Fig- 
urative Map"  of  their  transatlantic  discoveries,  which  was 
{probably  prepsured  under  Block's  iirmiediate  supervision, 
and  from  the  data  that  he  furnished.t  The  associates 
then  deputed  some  of  their  number  to  go  to  the  Hague, 
and  lay  before  the  States  Greneral  an  account  of  their  dis- 
coveries in  America,  and  to  obtain  the  desired  special  and 
exclusive  license  to  trade  to  those  regions. 

October.         The  dcputics,  probably  accompanied  by  Block,  accord- 

•  Hoi.  Doe.,  i.,  15, 10 ;  Oroot  Flaeaatbook,  L,  56S. 
t  See  Appendix,  note  O,  Ibr  a  deseription  oTtUs  map. 


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THE  BINNBNHOF  AT  THE  HAGUE.  61 

in^j  prooeeded  to  the  oapital.  Unlike  other  Dutoh  cit^  chap.  n. 
ies,  the  Hague  owed  its  importanee,  not  to  eommeroe  or 
manofaotores,  but  to  having  eariy  been  made  the  seat  of  Deputies' 
govemment  of  the  United  Provinces,  and  to  the  constant  gjjjjg '*^" 
presence  of  the  officers  of  istate  and  the  foreign  ministers 
ao(»redit6d  to  tiie  republic.  For  four  centuries  the  abode 
of  the  counts  of  Holland,  it  derives  its  name  firom  the 
^<  Haeg"  or  hedge  encircling  the  magnificent  park  which 
formed  their  ancient  hunting*  ground,  and  the  majestic 
trees  in  which,  at  this  day,  attract  the  admiration  of  En- 
rope.  On  an  artificial  island  in  the  centre  of  that  beauti- 
ful town — ^its  long  facade  bordering  the  quiet  lake  which 
fronts  the  Yyverberg*— stands  a  straggling  pile  of  build- 
ings, of  irregular  forms  and  of  various  eras,  surrounding  a 
vast  quadrangle,  quaintly  paved  with  small  yellow  bricks, 
and  inclosing  a  lofty  and  venerable  hall,  the  rival  of  West- 
minster, formerly  hung  round  with  trophies  of  the  victo- 
rious confederacy,  and  in  which  were  held  the  solemn  and 
extraordinary  meetings  of  the  States  Q-eneral.  Spacious 
galleries  and  corridors,  now  consecrated  to  the  preservation 
of  the  archives  of  the  Netherlands,  stretch  over  long  ar- 
cades and  gilded  apartments,  the  faded  magnificence  of 
which  yet  attests  the  former  splendor  of  the  republic,  when 
her  calm  statesmen  sat  there  in  the  days  of  her  pomp  and 
power.  This  is  the  "  Binnenhof,"  or  inner  court — ^the  an-  Tha  Bin- 
cient  palace  of  the  counts  of  Holland.  Here  the  States '^^ 
General  constantly  held  their  ordinary  meetings,  in  a  su- 
perbly-decorated apartment  facing  the  old  Gothic  Hall ; 
theii  clerk  or  '^  greffier"  occupying  a  small,  meagerly-fiir- 
nished  adjoining  closet,  where  ambassadors  were  frequent- 
ly received,  and  the  weightiest  afiairs  of  state  transacted. 

Hither  came  the  deputies  of  the  Amsterdam  Company  interview 
to  tell  their  story  of  adventure  and  discovery,  and  to  ask  states  oen- 
the  reward  promised  to  ihext  successful  enterprise.  Around 
the  oval  council-table  sat  twelve  "  high,  mighty  lords"  of 
tiie  States  General.  One  of  the  assembly  was  John  van 
Olden  Bameveldt,  the  Advocate  of  Holland.  Spreading 
upon  the  council-board  the  '^  Figurative  Hap"  of  their 


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62  fflSTORY  OP  THE  SPTATB  W  nSW  YORK. 

ciiAP.n.  transatlantio  discaveries,  the  petitioiierft  related  to  tbib 
statesmen  of  Holland  the  adTentores  of  their  agents  in 
the  New  World ;  and,  detailing  the  "  heavy  exp^ises  and 
damages"  they  had  suffered  during  the  current  year 
^<  from  the  loss  of  ships  and  other  great  risks,"  they  asfced 
a  special  and  exdusiye  tioense  to  trade  to  the  i^egions 
which  they  had  explored.  The  assembled  statesmen  list- 
ened to  the  nsmrative  with  interest  and  favor.  Dutch  ccmi- 
mercial  enterprise  had  now  achieved  the  exploration  of 
unknown  and  extensive  regions  in  North  America,  whidi 
might  soon  become  of  great  political  importance  to  the  re- 
public. These  regicms  were  sparsely  inhabited  by  various 
roving  tribes  of  aboriginal  savages,  who  had  already  shown 
kindness  to  the  Hollanders.  No  Europeans  but  the  Dutch 
ia^ers  were  in  possession  of  any  part  of  the  territory. 
Why  should  not  the  Amsterdam  Company  now  receive 
their  promised  charter?  The  States  G-eneral  promptly 
complied  with  the  prayer  of  their  countrymen ;  and  the 
11  October,  greffier,  Cornelius  Aerssen,  at  once  drew  up  the  minute  of 
«ian?^  a  special  trading  license  or  charter,  the  original  of  whidh 
S^bySw^y^  records,  in  almost  illegible  characters,  the  first  ap- 
smesGen-  p^^rancc  of  thc  term  "  New  Netheriand"  in  the  annals  of 
the  world.  The  formal  instrument,  bearing  date  the  11th 
of  October,  1614,  was  immediately  afterward  duly  sealed 
and  attested ;  and  thus  the  government  of  the  United 
Provinces,  by  its  solemn  act,  officially  designated  the  un- 
occupied regions  of  America  lying  between  Virginia  and 
Canada  by  a  name  which  they  continued  to  bear  for  half 
a  century,  until,  in  the  fullness  of  time,  right  gave  way  to 
power,  and  the  Dutch  colony  of  New  Netherland  became 
the  English  province  of  New  York.* 

*  HoUind  DoeunwBts,  i.,  4S,  47.  •  This  ■peoial  ohartor  was  brao^  to  Uflit  by  Uh  m- 
MurehM  made  in  the  archives  at  the  Hague,  in  1841,  by  direction  of  the  goremnient  of 
this  state.  De  Laet,  however,  wtio  wrote  in  1634,  reltara  to  it  in  diapter  vii.,  in  gtneial 
tenna,  and  without  glring  ita  exact  date,  aa  granting  an  "exclnaiTe  prlviiefe^  of  navi- 
gating to  and  trading  at  New  Netheriand.  Yet  Chalmsra,  in  the  teeth  of  De  Laet'a  atate* 
nanis,  aaaerta,  that  when  Uie  Dotch  Weat  India  OomiMny  was  flnaUy  eatabllaiMd  in  MSU 
"  neither  any  plantation  nor  the  name  of  New  Netherland  at  that  time  had  any  exial- 
eiiBe.'*-^Pol.  An.,  560.  Buthe  whole  of  the  llrat  part  of  thia  Uaaed  aathor^  ehaplerra> 
latingto  Now  York,  aa  haa  already  been  intimated,  ahoonda  in  groaa  miarapTOaantnioaa, 
acme  of  which  have  been  too  eagerly  adopted  by  American  writer*. 


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THE  NEW  nBTHERLAND  CHARTER  OF  leU.        (3 

The  speeial  cbaitar  thus  grantad  by  the  States  G^enerfl  ckaf.  ii. 
loansed  the  memorialistB  ^'  exolaflively^  to  vimt  and  navi- 
gate  to  tiie  aforesakl  newly-difloovered  lands  lying  in  Aineri^ 
aa,  between  New  France  and  Virginia,  the  8ea^x)aats  where- ^J^^^ 
of  extBoad  firom  ihe  fortieth  to  the  forty-fifth  degree  of  lati-''''*^* 
tude,  now  named  New  NErmBRLAiin  (as  is  to  be  seen  on 
the  Figurative  Map  prepared  by  them),  for  four  Toyages 
wiiUn  tiie  period  of  three  years,  oommencing  on  the  first 
day  of  January,  1615,  next  ensuing,  or  sooner ;"  and  it  ex** 
pnssly  interdicted  all  other  persons,  directly  or  indireotly, 
from  sailing  o«t  of  the  United  Profinces  to  those  newly- 
diseovered  regions,  and  from  frequenting  the  same  within 
tlM  three  years  reserved,  under  pain  of  confiscation  of  ves- 
sels and  cargoes,  and  a  fine  of  fifty  thousand  Netherland 
ducats  to  ike  benefit  of  the  grantees  of  the  charter.* 

At  the  time  the  Dutdi  government  perfected  the  Newviewaor 
Netherland  charter,  the  discovery  and  possession  of  Canada  oetMni  la 
and  Acadia  by  the  French  was  not<»ious ;  and  the  patentSe^. 
vriiich  James  I.  had  granted  to  the  London  and  Plymouth  ^' 
Oompanies  had  likewise,  for  eight  years,  been  known  to 
the  world.    British  colonists  bad  already  partially  ooco- 
pied  Virginia,  the  titie  of  England  to  which  the  Dutch 
never  questioned.     The  States  General  themselves  had 
officially  recognized  it,  in  permitting  Gates  and  Dale  to 
leave  tiieir  service  to  go  ihither,  and  in  making  overtures 
to  yAa  with  England  in  that  colony.     Upon  the  Figura- 
tive Map  of  New  Netherland,  referred  to  in  the  charter  of 
1614,  New  France  was  represented  as  extending  northr 
ward  of  tiie  forty^fiftii  degree,  and  Virginia  southward  of 
the  fortieth  degree.     The  Dutch  discovncies  were  defined 

*  The  charter  sete  Ibrth  the  ntmee  of  the  grantees,  aod  of  their  Teaeels  and  eapcaina,  at 
Ml0wa:  •<GeiTttJaeobMiiWUMii,fbfiiMrh«rgonaalerorttaeeltyorAiMt«xIam;  JoBM 
WItaen,  and  Staioo  M oniaen,  ownera  of  the  ship  the  'Little  Fm,'  Captain  Jan  de  Witt ; 
Bana  Hongert,  Panlna  Pelgrom,  and  Lambreeht  van  Tweenhnyaen,  ownera  of  the  two 
aUpa  nanMd  the  *  7^(f«f'  and  the  *Wfrtm9t*  whoae  eaptaina  are  Adriaea  Bk»ok  and  Bei- 
dridc  Chriatiaenaen ;  Amoodt  van  Lybergen,  Weaael  Schenck,  Hana  Claeaaen,  and  Barent 
Swaetaeo,  owmn  of  the  ahip  naaied  the  *Nig1itmgaky*  whoae  eaptain  ia  Thy  VolelMfl- 
aas,  narvhanta  of  the  atamNM  city  of  Awaterdam;  and  Pieter  Clenentaen  Brouwer,  Jan 
Cleinentaen  Kiea,  and  Cornelia  Volckertaen,  BMrohanta  of  the  dty  of  Hoorn,  ownera  of 
tka  aUp  naond  llw  *  Jtiftaii/  whaaa  eaptata  la  ConMtta  Jaeobaen  May.**— HoL  Doe^  U, 
47.  See  alao  Addieaa  befbre  N.  Y.  Hiatorlcal  Sodety,  1644,  Appendix,  p.  AS ;  and  O'Cal- 
l^han^  Nir  Wathartand,  ^  n. 


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64        HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

ciAP.  u.  in  that  oharter,  as  lying  between  New  Franoe  and  Yir- 
ginia,  and  the  sea-ooasts  of  New  Netherknd  were  dedaied 
'^  to  extend  finom  the  fortieth  to  the  forty-fifth  degree  of  lat- 

itude. This  intermediate  region,  which.  Block  and  his 
comrades  had  described  as  inhabited  only  by  aboriginal 
savage  tribes,  was  yet  ^^  unoccupied  by  any  Christian 
prince  or  state.''  The  Plymouth  Company,  by  the  pat- 
ent of  1606,  were  merely  authorized  to  begin  a  colony  at 
any  convenient  place  between  the  thirty-eighth  and  forty- 
fifth  degrees  of  latitude ;  were  prcmiiaed  all  the  land  ex- 
tending along  the  sea-coast,  fifty  miles  on  each  side  of 
<'  the  first  seat  of  their  [dantation,"  and  one  hundred  miles 
into  the  interior ;  and  were  assured  that  they  should  not 
be  molested  by  any  British  subjects.  After  the  return  of 
their  dispirited  colonists  finom  the  Sagadahoc,  in  1608,  that 
company  had  seemed  to  relinquish  any  farther  attem];ri» 
to  settle  emigrants  within  the  limits  assigned  to  them  by 
the  patent ;  under  which,  in  fiu^t,  no  subsequent  English 
colonization  ever  took  place.  Though  British  fishing  ves- 
sds  continued  to  resort  to  that  neighborhood,  the  country 
N«w  En-  itself  was  esteemed  as  ''  a  cold,  barren,  mountainous,  rocky 
iMfliedft^  desart,"  and  was  declared  to  be  '^ not  habitable"  by  En- 
glishmen.* In  the  same  summer  that  Block  was  explor- 
ing Long  Island  Sound  and  the  regions  to  the  north  and 
east,  Smith  was  visiting  the  bays  and  coasts  of  Maine  and 
Massachusetts ;  and  the  Crown  Prince  of  Great  Britain  was 
ccmfirming  the  name  of  ^'  New  England,"  which  Smith 
had  given  to  the  territories  north  of  Cape  Cod,  about  the 
very  time  that  the  States  G-eneral  were  passing  their  first 
charter  of  trading  privileges  to  the  "  Directors  of  New 
Netherland."  But  New  England,  though  it  had  a  nom- 
inal existence,  was  yet  uncolcmized  in  any  part  Its  re- 
cent name  had  not  even  reached  the  ears  of  the  Butch 
statesmen  at  the  Hague.  They  mi^t  justly  have  ocm- 
New  Neth- sidered  the  territory  which  they  now  formally  named 
^^"JSJii  "New  Netherland"  as  a  ^^ vacuum  domiciliumy^^  fnxAy 
nm'^opeii  GpNi  to  Dutoh  enterprise  and  ocoupaticm.     In  granting 

to  Um 

DQ'ch.  •  Huard,!.,  50-58 :  S«iltli,G«ii.  Hlat^iL,  174;  Mm*.  Hii«.CQlL,ZZTL,S«w 


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BLOCK  IN  THE  ARCTIC  OCEAN.  ($5 

the  diarter  of  1614,  the  States  General  certainly  exer-  chaf.  n. 

oised  a  distinct  act  of  sovereignty  over  that  territory  by 

giving  it  the  name  of  New  Netherland.  But  while  they  •*'^^^- 
specifically  defined  the  boundaries  of  their  grant  as  in- 
cluding the  regions  "  between  New  France  and  Virginia," 
they  only  assured  to  the  associated  merchants,  whose  en- 
terprise had  been  rewarded  by  important  discoveries,  a 
monopoly  of  the  trade  of  that  coimtry  against  the  compe- 
tition of  other  Dutch  subjects,  without  for  the  present  as- 
serting the  right  to  exclude  the  rest  of  the  world. 

After  the  procurement  of  the  New  Netherland  charter, 
Block's  connection  with  American  discovery  ceased.  Van 
Tweenhuysen,  who  had  been  one  of  the  joint  owners  of 
''  the  Tiger,"  was  anxious  to  secure  the  services  of  his  en- 
terprising captain  for  the  newly-organized  "  Northern  Ccnn- 
pany,"  and  ofiered  him  the  ccmimand  of  some  vessels  to  be 
employed  in  the  whale-fishery  near  Spitzbergen.  Block 
accepted  his  patron's  proposition,  and  sailed  for  the  Arctic  noek  «iii 
Ocean  early  in  1615.*  He  does  not  appear  to  have  ever  tic  < 
revisited  the  scenes  of  his  successful  adventures  on  the 
coasts  of  America.  Of  all  the  early  followers  of  Hudson 
in  the  exploration  of  New  Netherland,  ihe  honored  names 
of  only  two  are  now  commemorated  by  Block  Island  and 
Cape  May ;  yet  the  anncdist  of  commercial  New  York  will 
ever  gratefully  record  the  "  Restless"  as  the  pioneer  ves* 
sel  launched  by  white  men  upon  her  waters,  and  as  her 
first  ship-builder,  Adriaen  Block. 

*  WaiMDMr,  TUi.,  95. 

E 


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HISTORY  OF  TSE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 


CHAPTER  in. 

1616-1620. 

Chap.  in.      Thb  Holland  m^rohants,  who  had  obtained  from  the 

States  General  the  exclusive  right  of  trading  for  three 

The  New  7^^^  ^  New  Nothorland,  though  united  together  in  one 
gj^«»'i  company  to  secure  the  grant  of  their  charter,  were  not 
strictly  a  corporation,  but  rather  <<  participants"  in  a  spe- 
cific, limited,  and  temporary  monopoly,  which  they  were 
to  enjoy  in  common.  No  Dutch  vessels  might  visit  the 
coasts  of  America,  between  Bamegat  and  Nova  Scotia, 
except  those  belonging  to  the  grantees  of  the  charter,  who 
resided  at  Amsterdam  and  Hoorn,  in  North  Holland.  But 
these  grantees  were  intrusted  with  no  political  powers  fot 
Ae  government  of  New  Netherland.  The  objects  they 
had  chiefly  in  view  were  traffic  and  discovery ;  and  to  pro- 
mote these  objects  the  States  G-eneral  had  sealed  their 
(diarter.  Agricultural  colonization  was  not  their  present 
purpose ;  and  their  few  men  in  garrison  at  Castle  Island 
were  rather  armed  traders,  holding  formal  possession  of  an 
unoccupied  territory,  than  emigrants  to  subdue  a  wilder- 
ness. 
Murder  or  Not  long  after  Christiaensen  had  completed  Fort  Nas- 
christiaen- sau,  the  first  murdcr  recorded  after  Hudson's  voyage  oc- 
**"*  ourred  in  New  Netherland.  The  two  young  savages,  Or- 
son and  Vfidentine,  who  had  been  carried  to  Holland,  were 
soon  afterward  safely  restored  to  their  native  country. 
They  were  described  as  "  very  stupid,  yet  adepts  enough 
in  knavery."  Of  the  two,  Orson  seems  to  have  been  the 
most  mischievous:  "an  exceedingly  malignant  wretch, 
who  was  the  cause  of  Hendrick  Ghristiaensen's  death,"  is 


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I«ATH  OF  HBNDRiaC  CHRI87IAENSEN.  (ff 

Waawaaart  qaaint  reoovd.    No  motiTe  is  amgned  for  tiie  Otup.  m. 
mvadeTy  whioh,  however,  the  Hollanders  speedily  avenged ; 
and  the  treachNrons  Orson  ^'  was  repaid  with  a  hnllet  as  ^^^^' 
his  reward."* 

Meanwhile,  Jacob  Eelkens  oontinaed  actively  employed  gBn<M^_ 
m  proaeonting  a  qoiet  traffic  with  the  Mohawk  and  Mahi*^»in<^ 
can  Indians  about  Castle  Island,  and  in  collecting  valu- 
able cargoes  of  fturs,  which,  from  time  to  time,  were  sent 
in  shallops  down  the  river  to  Manhattan,  for  shipment  te 
Holland.  Scouting  parties  were,  at  the  same  time,  oon^ 
stantiy  engaged  in  exploring  all  the  neighboring  country, 
and  in  becoming  better  acquainted  with  Ihe  savage  tribes 
T^oh  surrounded  them;  with  all  of  whom  it  was  the  0(m«> 
stant  policy  of  the  TkxUAi  to  coltivate  the  most  friendly 
relations.  N^ 

While  the  sober  smrit  of  commercial  Hc41and  was  thus  THiitaiA  ^ 

'  on  LakM 

quietly  searching  out  new  avenues  for  trade  along  ^^^i'g^ 
coasts  of  Long  Island  Sound,  and  on  the  bordfflis  of  the<iH^ 
Mauritius  River,  the  more  impetuous  spirit  of  chivalrous 
France  was  intrepidly  exploring  the  waters  of  Lake  Onta- 
rio, and  invading  the  territories  of  the  <'  Konoshioni,"  or 
Iroquois,t  near  the  valley  of  Onondaga.    After  discovering 
the  lovely  inland  waters  which  perpetuate  his  name,  Cham* 
[dain  thrice  revisited  France ;  and  having  engaged  some 
wealthy  merchants  of  Saint  Male,  Bouen,  and  Rochelle>  1614. 
te  form  an  associaticHi  for  the  cobniiation  of  Canada,  he 
obtained,  through  the  influence  of  the  viceroy.  Prince  de 
Conde,  a  ratification  of  the  contract  by  the  king.    Setting 
sail  from  Honfleur  early  in  the  spring  of  1615,  he  soon  1615. 
reached  Tadoussac,  accompanied  by  four  Recollet  mission^  *  ^^' 
aries,  Yrbo  were  the  first  ministers  of  Christianity  settled 
in  Canada.1    On  his  arrival  at  Montreal,  Champlain  found 

*  WasMnur,  Tltt.,  85 ;  tx.,  44 ;  Doc.  HUt,  N.  T.,  Ui.,  88,  41. 

tThePiTeOonlMentoaNattoiMorNewTorttliidUai.  ^'LenottdlBoqvaivaMiiv*- 
ment  Pran(oi«,  ec  a  AtA  tatnA  da  tenne  ffiro,  on  Jliero,  que  ^gaUinfmMt;  et  par  laqoel 
aaa  wnngm  flaiaaeiic  toaa  kon  diaeoara,  aomme  laa  Latina  lUaoiant  antreMa,  par  lent 
dim;  ec  de  KotUt  qui  aat  on  erl,  tantAc  de  trtsteaae,  loraiia'oii  le  prononoe  en  tralnant,  eC 
tantAt  de  joie,  loraqn'on  le  prononee  (daa  eooit.  Lenr  nom  propre  eat  Agomumtiommj  qid 
mot  diia  Fai$mn  4t  Ca»amm.**"-ChartaTolx,  t.,  p.  »71.  AaeordtngtACllirtcmaadSohael' 
eraft,  tbair  name  waa  Kennnettonl,  «r  gowartrianl. 

t  Champliia,  1S1-M8.   Jia«li  MJnlwiriii,  ai  W€  Iwv*  aaatt  (anCt,  p.  OS),  wata  aM- 


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08         HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Cbat.  m.  the  HuroQs  and  their  allies  preparing  for  an  expedition 
'  againtst  their  ancient  enemies,  the  Iroquois.     Anxious  to 

reoonnoitre  the  hostile  territory,  and  also  to  secure  the 
friendship  of  the  Canadian  savages,  the  gallant  FrenchmaD 
resolved  to  acoorapany  their  warriors.  After  visiting  the 
tribes  at  the  head- waters  of  the  Ottawa,  and  discovering 
Lake  Huron,  which,  because  of  its  <'  great  extent,"  he 
named  ^^  La  Mer  Douce,"  Champlain,  attended  by  an  arm- 
ed  party  of  ten  Frenchmen,  accc^ingly  set  out  toward 
isapt  the  south,  with  his  Indian  allies.  Enraptured  with  the 
*'very  beautiful  and  pleasant  country"  tlirough  which 
they  passed,  and  amusing  themselves  with  fishing  and 
hunting,  as  they  descended  the  chain  of  '^  Shallow  Lakes,'' 
which  discharge  their  waters  through  the  River  Trent,  the 
expedition  reached  the  banks  of  Lake  Ontario.* 
w  Oitatar.  Crossing  the  end  of  the  lake  '^  at  the  outlet  of  the  great 
River  Saint  Lawrence,"  and  passing  by  many  beautiful 
islands  on  the  way,  the  invaders  followed  the  eastern  shore 
of  Ontario,  for  fourteen  leagues,  toward  their  enemy's  couup 
try.  In  the  vicinity  of  the  present  village  of  Henderson, 
in  the  county  of  Jefferson,  the  party  landed,  and  the  sav- 
ages hid  all  their  canoes  in  the  woods  near  the  bank  of 


the  lake.  After  proceeding  about  four  leagues,  over  a 
sandy  tract,  Champlain  remarked  ^<  a  very  agreeable  and 
beautiful  country,  traversed  by  several  small  streams  and 
two  little  rivers  which  empty  into  the  lake."  These  riv- 
ers were  the  Big  and  Little  Sandy  Creeks,  and  the  ''beau- 
tiful country"  was  the  northern  edge  of  the  present  coun- 
ty of  Oswego.  Leaving  the  shores  of  the  lake,  the  in- 
vaders continued  their  route  inland  to  the  southward,  for 
twenty-five  or  thirty  leagues.  For  four  days  they  pressed 
onward,  meeting  no  foes,  and  crossing  in  their  way  a  num- 
ber of  rivulets,  and  a  river  forming  the  outlet  of  Oneida 
Lake;  which  Champlain  described  as  "twenty-five  or  thir- 
ty leagues  in  circuit,  in  which  there  are  beautiful  islands, 

IM  in  Maine  and  Nora  Scotia  aeToral  yean  betoe  thia ;  bM  ChamplaiB  now  flnl  imv^ 
Aneed  the  RecoUet,  or  Praneiacan  Auhera,  into  Canada. 
*  *'ULaade8Ento«lMHiorona,»Cliaii|plain»SM;  fioiiehatt0*8  Brttlah  Anerlen,i.,8A. 


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CHAMPLAIN  IN  ONONDAGA.  Q9 

and  where  our  Iroqnois  enemies  catoh  their  fish,  which  tire  ouv.m. 
very  abundant."     Here  the  Canadians  captured  eleven  Ir*  ^^^- 
oquois,  who  had  come  about  four  leagues  from  their  (ortgocttibm. 
to  fish  in  the  Oneida  Lake.     Among  the  prisoners  were 
four  squaws.     Preparations  were  immediately  made  fiir 
the  usual  savage  tortures ;  but  Champlain  humanely  pn>> 
testing  against  the  cruelty  of  his  allies,  as  '^  not  the  act 
of  a  warrior,"  succeeded  in  saving  the  lives  of  the  womeo, 
though  the  men  all  suffered  death. 

In  the  afternoon  of  the  next  day  the  expedition  arrived  Tueir*- 
before  the  fortified  village  of  the  Iroquois,  on  the  northern  at  onwii- 
bank  of  the  Onondaga  Lake,  near  the  site  of  the  present  ml 
town  of  Liverpool.*     The  village  was  inclosed  by  four 
rows  of  paliseuies,  made  of  large  pieces  of  timber  closely 
interlaced.     The  stockade  was  thirty  feet  high,  with  gal« 
leries  running  around  like  a  parapet,  which  were  garnish- 
ed with  double  pieces  of  wood,  arquebuse-proof ;  and  the 
fortification  stood  close  by  a  **  pond  where  water  was  nev- 
er wanting." 

Some  skirmishing  took  place  as  soon  as  the  invaders 
reached  the  Onondaga  Fort ;  though  their  first  design  was 
not  to  discover  themselves  until  the  next  morning.  But  ^ 
the  impatience  of  the  savages  overcame  their  prudence. 
They  were  anxious  to  see  the  effect  of  the  fire-arms  of  their 
French  allies ;  and  Champlain,  advancing  with  his  little  de- 
tachment against  the  Onondagas,  quickly  *'  showed  them 
what  they  had  never  seen  or  heard  before."  As  soon  as 
the  Iroquois  heard  the  reports  of  the  arquebuses,  and  felt 
the  balls  ^^listling  about  their  ears,  they  nimbly  took  ref- 
uge within  their  fort,  carrying  with  them  their  killed  and 
wounded.  The  assailing  party  then  fell  back  upon  their 
main  body,  wilii  five  or  six  wounded ;  one  of  whom  died. 

*  **TtU8  IroqnoiB  ton  wm  on  tbe  Bhoro  of  Onondaga  Lake ;  and  it  is  higUy  protMMa 
that  it  was  on  the  ground  subsequently  occupied  by  Sieur  Dupuis^  in  IM5,  and  also  bj 
Coant  Frontenac  in  his  expedition  against  the  Onondagas,  in  IdM,  and  by  Colonel  Vaa 
Schaicli  in  1770.*'-- Clarices  Hist,  of  Onondaga,  1.,  250.  The  spot  is  marlied  on  Chan^ 
plain*a  Map  Tery  distinctly.  Every  geographical  detail  in  Champlain*s  worit  seems  to 
eonAnn  the  opinion  of  dark  and  Marshall  that  the  lake  must  have  been  the  Ooondaga; 
and  thai  it  could  not  have  been  the  Canandaigua,  as  aasumed  in  a  note  on  page  10,  ilL 
Doe.  Hist.,  N.T. 


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90  fflSTORT  OF  'ran  STATE  OP  NEW  YORK. 

mujt.m.  Contrary  to  Chamfdaia's  advioe,  tkud  invadars  now  t^ 
'TTrr'ti^aiod  a  eaazum's  shot  from  the  fort.  This  proToked  hia 
7^  oameat  remonstranoes ;  and  hia  genina  soon  suggested  a 
plan  of  attadc,  borrowed  from  the  ancient  modes  of  war- 
Sure.  A  movable  tower,  in  which  fbnr  Frendb  marksmen 
could  be  placed,  was  to  be  constnicted^  safl&oiently  high 
lo  command  the  palisades ;  and  while  ihe  besieged  Iro- 
qpiois  were  thus  securely  picked  off,  the  stockade  itself  was 
to  be  set  on  fire.  The  plan  was  promptly  approyed  of  by 
the  Canadians,  who  commenced  Ihe  work  the  next  day, 
and  labored  with  sudi  diligence  that  the  tower  was  com- 
pleted in  four  hours.  They  then  wished  to  wait  for  a  re- 
inforcement oi  five  hundred  men  which  they  expected; 
but  Ghamplain,  judging  that  delay  in  most  cases  is  prej- 
udicial, pressed  them  to  attack  the  fort  at  once, 
t  oetoiier.  The  iuvaders,  yielding  to  his  arguments,  followed  his 
advice.  The  tower  was  carried,  by  two  hundred  men,  to 
within  a  pike's  lengtii  from  ihe  stockade;  and  four  arque- 
busiers,  well  protected  from  arrows  and  stones,  began  to  fire 
on  Ihe  invested  Iroquois.  The  besieged  savages  at  first 
answered  wil^  warm  discharges  of  arrows ;  but  the  fotal 
balls  of  the  Frendi  marksmen  soon  drove  them  fixHn  their 
galleries.  Champlain  now  directed  the  Hurons  to  set  fire 
to  the  stockade.  But  instead  of  obeying,  they  began  to 
shout  at  the  enemy,  and  discharge  ineffec^ve  flights  of  ar- 
rows into  the  fort.  Ignorant  of  discipline,  and  impati^it 
of  oontrdi,  each  savage  did  as  he  liked.  At  length  they 
lit  a  fire,  tm  the  wrong  side  of  the  fort,  eontrary  to  the 
wind,  ao  tiiat  it  produced  no  effect.  The  besiegers  then 
began  to  pile  wood  against  the  palisades,  though  in  such 
small  quantity  that  it  did  little  good.  The  noise  now  be** 
came  overpowering.  Champlain  attempted  to  warn  the 
savages  against  the  results  of  their  bad  judgment ;  but  the 
great  confrision  prevented  him  from  being  heard.  Per- 
ceiving that  he  was  only  <<  splitting  his  head  by  drying 
out,"  he  directed  the  remainder  of  his  French  party  to  fire 
npon  the  besieged.  Many  of  ihe  Iroquois  were  killed;  but, 
observing  the  disorder  of  their  assailants,  they  poured  wa- 


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THE  OANAIXAN  INVABER8  REPULSED.  71 

ter  from  the  gatten  in  snoh  abnndanoe,  that  erery  spark  qkap.  m. 
of  fire  was  soon  extingnished.    Meanwhile  they  discharged 
inoessant  flights  of  anows,  which  fell  upon  tiie  besiegers 
like  haiL    The  combat  lasted  about  four  hours.     Two  of 
Ihe  Huron  chiefs  and  fifteen  warriors  were  wounded,  tim  cana- 
Ohamplain  himself  was  twice  sererely  injured  by  arrows;  < 
and  the  repulsed  besiegers  retreated  to  their  encampment. ' 

Here  ihey  remained  inactive  seyeral  days.  No  argu- 
ments of  Champlain  could  induce  the  Hurons  to  renew 
the  attack  until  their  expected  re-enlbrcement  of  five  huiid^ 
red  men  should  arrive  firom  Canada.  A  few  skirmishes 
occurred ;  but  whenever  the  Iroquois  saw  the  French  ar- 
quebusiers  approaching,  they  promptly  retreated  witiiin 
their  fort.  At  length  the  invaders,  tired  of  vraiting  for 
their  re^enforcements,  broke  up  the  siege,  contrary  to  Cham- 1«  ootobw 
plain's  earnest  remonstrance,  and  began  their  retreal  The 
gallant  Frenchman,  himself  disabled  by  his  wounds  from 
walking,  was  }daced  in  a  frame  of  wicker-vrork,  and  car- 
ried for  several  days  on  the  backs  of  the  savages.  The 
Iroquois  pursued  their  enemies  fcnr  hidf  a  league,  but  Uka 
retreat  was  conducted  in  such  good  order  that  the  invaders 
sufiered  no  loss. 

In  a  few  days  the  party  reached  the  spot  where  they  so  oeiobw 
bad  hidden  their  canoes  on  the  shore  of  Lake  Ontario,  and 
were  overjoyed  to  find  that  they  had  not  been  discovered 
a^d  destroyed  by  the  Iroquois.     Champlain  was  now  anx- 
ious to  return  to  Montreal  by  way  of  the  Saint  Lawrence,  lumar 
over  the  upper  vraters  of  which  no  European  had  yetuoa?*^ 
passed.    But  his  savage  allies  refused  to  furnish  him  with^^***^ 
a  prcnoised  guide  and  canoe ;  and  he  was  obliged  to  ao- 
o(»npany  them  home,  an  unvnlling  guest,  and  pass  a 
dreo^  winter  in  the  Huron  country.     The  foUo¥ring 
spring  Champlain  set  out  on  his  return,  and,  after  forty  1616. 
days  travel,  reached  the  French  settlements  toward  the*****^ 
end  of  June.     His  countrymen  received  him  with  joy,  as  jvm. 
one  risen  from  the  grave ;  for  the  savages  had  long  belbre 
reported  him  dead.* 

*Vo]raCMdeChnB|il«tii,MO-a0e:1>aB.mti.N.T.»iil.,lO.IT.    8m  alw  n  talMWl- 


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78  raSTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

011^.  la  Thus  the  French  were  ihe  first  Europeans  wlio  visited 
"^Tr7"two  of  the  magnificent  lakes  which  partiallj  boand  ihB 
territories  of  New  York.  Abnost  contemporaneously  with 
Hndson's  exploration  of  the  great  River  of  the  Mountains, 
Ghamplain  had  discovered  those  beautiful  waters  on  our 
northeastern  firontier  which  now  bear  his  brilliant  name. 
Six  years  later,  the  adventurous  Frenchman,  again  the  first 
of  Europeans,  was  coasting  along  the  southern  shore  of 
Lake  Ontario,  and  penetrating  the  valley  of  Onondaga. 
But  the  progress  of  French  discovery  was  the  progress  of 
French  arms.  The  exploring  voyages  of  Hudson  and  his 
followers  were  visits  of  peaceful  agents  of  commercial  Hol- 
land in  search  of  new  avenues  for  trade,  and  intent  chief- 
ly on  its  rewards.  No  predatory  movements  marked  their 
onward  way.  Enterprising  and  patriotic,  they  were  dis- 
creet and  humane.  If  blood  was  early  shed,  it  was  shed 
in  retaliation,  or  to  repel  attack.  But  the  expeditions  of 
Champlain  were  incursions  of  bold  adventurers  from  gal- 
lant France,  seeking  trophies  of  victory  in  the  unknown 
territories  of  the  Iroquois.  The  placid  waters  of  Lakes 
Champlain  and  Onondaga  were  alike  stained  by  unoffend- 
ing native  blood ;  and  the  roar  of  the  few  French  arque- 
buses which  first  echoed  through  the  frtmtier  forests  of  New 
Netherland,  but  preluded  the  advance,  in  after  years,  of 
serried  battalions  over  northern  New  York,  bearing  to  bat-^^ 
tie  and  conquest  the  triumphant  lilies  of  the  Bourbon.  ^ 
AkerigiiMi  The  valley  of  the  '^  Cahohatatea,"*  or  Mauritius  River, 
cteNor^at  the  time  Hudson  first  ascended  its  waters,  was  inhab- 

Slvir.  • 

ited,  chiefly,  by  two  aboriginal  races  of  Algonquin  lineage, 
afterward  known  amcmg  the  English  colonists  by  the  ge- 
neric names  of  Mohegans  and  Mincees.  The  Dutch  gen- 
erally called  the  Mohegans,  Mahicans ;  and  the  Mincees, 

inc  pftper  on  tbis  rabjtet,  by  O.  H.  Marshall,  of  Boffldo,  tn  N.  Y.  H.  S.  Pxocoedings  for 
1840,  p.  00-103 ;  and  Clark*a  Onondaga,  i.,  251-356. 

*  The  Iroquola  naoM  of  the  North  or  Hudson  RItot,  upon  the  anthority  oC  Mr.  John 
Bleeeker,  of  Albany,  "the  ancient  Indian  interpreter,  now  (1810)  in  the  70th  year  of  hit 
ace.**  See  letter  of  Dr.  Mitchill  to  Dr.  Miller,  dated  Albany,  3d  March,  1810,  in  N.  Y.  H. 
8.  CoU.,  i.,  p.  43.  See  alao  Schoolcraft,  in  N.  Y.  H.  S.  Proe.,  1844,  p.  04.  The  Mahicans 
called  it  the  "  Shatemuc ;"  while  the  Delawares  and  other  southern  tribes,  according  to 
Hsskswsldar,  namsd  It  tba  "  Mahican-itlok,'*  or  plaee  oT  the  Mahicans. 


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LONG  ISLAliD  AND  NEW  JERSEY  TRIBES.  73 

SaDhBcans.  These  two  tribes  were  sabdivided  into  nu-  ciup.iil 
meroos  minor  bands,  each  of  wUoh  had  a  distinctive  name. 
The  tribes  on  the  east  side^  of  the  river  were  generally 
Mohegans;  those  on  the  west  side^Mincees.  They  were 
hereditary  enemies ;  and  across  the  waters  which  formed 
die  natural  boondary  between  them,  war-parties  frequent- 
ly passed,  on  expeditions  of  conquest  and  retribution.  But 
however  much  the  tribes  of  River  Indians  were  at  va* 
riance  among  themselves,  they  were  sympathetic  in  their 
enmity  against  the  powerM  Iroquois,  or  the  Five  Gonfed* 
erated  Nations,  whose  hunting-grounds  extended  over  the 
magnificent  regions,  as  yet  unexplored  by  the  Dutch,  west- 
ward and  northward  from  Fort  Nassau.* 

Long  Island,  or  ^^  Sewan-hacky,"  was  occupied  by  the  Lone  u. 
savage  tribe  of  "  Metowacks,"  which  was  subdivided  intodian*. 
various  clans,  each  having  a  separate  appellation,  and 
whose  lodges  extended  from  "the  Visscher's  Hook,"  or 
Montauk  Point,  to  ^^Ihpetcmga,''  or  "the  high  sandy 
banks,"  now  known  as  Brooklyn  Heights.  Staten  Island, 
on  the  opposite  side  of  the  bay,  was  inhabited  by  the  Mon- 
atons,  who  named  it  Monacknong,  or  Eghquaous.t  In- 
land, to  the  west,  lived  the  Raritans  and  the  Hackin-NewjV' 
sacks ;  while  the  regions  in  the  vicinity  of  the  well-known  <u«m. 
"Highlands,"  south  of  Sandy  Hook,  were  inhabited  by  a 
band  or  sub-tribe  called  the  Nevesincks,  or  Navisinks, 
whose  name  denotes  their  intermediate  position  between 
the  Atlantic  and  the  Raritan  Bay.$  To  the  south  and 
west,  oovering  the  centre  of  New  Jersey,  were  the  Aqua- 
machukes  and  the  Stankekans ;  while  the  valley  of  the 
Delaware,  northward  from  the  Schuylkill,  was  inhabit- 
ed by  various  tribes  of  the  Lenape  race,  who  were  col- 
leotively  known  to  the  Dutoh  as  "  the  Minquas,"  and  by 
their  hereditary  northern  foes,  the  Iroquois,  were  named 
"  Ogehage."* 

The  "  Island  of  the  Manhattans"  was  so  called  "  after  Maatat- 

taiw. 
«  Sehoolermft,  In  N.  T.  H.  S.  Proo.,  1844,  60-01. 

t  Alb.  Rar.,  tUI.,  101 :  Smith's  N.  Y.,  I.,  SSI ;  CUnton,  In  N.  T.  U.  S.  CoU.,  U.,  41 ; 
TftompMo's  L.  I.,  1..  87-Oft;  Sclwolermfl,  07,  06 ;  mnU,  p.  57  ;  pott,  p.  17). 
I  Schooleraft,  10ft,  106.  «  FiforatiT*  Map,  ae*  AppMdU,  bocm  O  and  L 


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74         HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

chuF.  UL  the  ancient  name  of  the  tribe  of  savages  among  whom  the 

Butoh  first  settled  thwoMelves."*   This  tribe,  whioh  inhab- 

'  ited  the  eastern  shore,  was  always  <'  very  obstinate  and  un- 

friendly'^  toward  the  Hollanders.     On  the  west  side  of  the 

suibikans.  bay,  and  of  the  river  above  Bergen  Point,  lived  the  Sanhi* 
kans,  who  were  ^^the  deadly  enemies  of  the  Manhattans, 
and  a  muoh  better  people."t  North  of  the  Sanhikans,  on 
the  broad  bay  between  the  Palisadoes  and  Yerdrietig  Hook, 

Tappuit.  dwelt  the  tribe  of  Tappans,!  whose  wigwams  extended 
back  from  Nyack  toward  the  hilly  regions  of  Rockland  and 
Orange  counties.  This  unexplored  territory,  the  early  im- 
perfect maps  of  New  Netherland  transmitted  to  Hdland, 
erroneously  represented  as  an  ^^  eflfen  veldt,"  or  a  level, 
open  country. 

The  eastern  bank  of  the  river,  north  of  Manhattan,  and 
the  valley  of  the  Nepera  or  Saw-mill  Creek,  was  possessed 

WMk-      by  the  tribe  of  Weckquaesgeeks.    The  region  above,  as  £Eur 

Smu.      as  the  Oroton,  or  Kitchawan,  was  inhabited  by  another 

sint-sings.  band  called  the  Sint-Sings,  whose  chief  village  was  named 
Ossin-Sing,  or  "  the  Place  of  Stones ;"  and  the  fieunous  mar- 
ble quarries  now  worked  near  *'  Sing-Sing,"  while  they 
commemorate  the  name,  vindicate  the  judgment  of  the  ab- 
origines.4 

The  Highlands  above  were  occupied  by  a  band  called 

pwbami.  the  Fachami,  beyond  whom  dwelt  the  Waoranacks.  Nortti 
of  these,  and  in  what  is  now  the  county  of  Dutchess,  lived 

wtppin-  the  tribe  of  Wappingers,  whose  name  is  still  presetved  in 
that  of  the  picturesque  stream  which  empties  into  the  riT- 
er  near  New  Hamburg.  Their  chief  locality  was  the  vat 
ley  of  the  Fishkill,  or  "  Matteawan"  Creek,  the  aboriginal 
name  of  which,  according  to  the  popular  traditions  of  the 
country,  signified  ^^  good  furs,"  for  which  the  stream  was 
anciently  celebrated.     But  modem  etymology  more  accu- 

*  Alb.  Reo.,  XTlU.,  348 ;  N.  Y.  H.  S.  CoU.,  iU.,  375 ;  O'CalL,  i.,  48.  The  Dutch  them- 
MtTM  mamed  At  Idaad  after  the  Indian  tribe  of  *<  Manhattana."  Heckewelder*»  tradi- 
tionary aeeoont  that  the  name  of  the  island  was  derired  ttom  the  "  general  intoxication" 
which  is  said  to  have  occurred  there,  is  eensidered  in  note  A,  Appendix. 

t  De  Last,  book  ill.,  eap.  ix. ;  FiguratiTe  Map. 

t  According  to  Heekewelder,  the  name  tfTvppaA  is  derired  Arom  *'Tuphanne,"  a  Dei- 
•wue  word,  slgniiyinc  "  eold  stream.'*— Mo«]lon*8  N.  Y.,  p.  3S7.       k  Schooteraft,  101. 


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THE  NORTH  NVm  TRI1IB0.  70 

rately  deriving  the  term  from  ^^  metal,"  a  magioian  <ir  Cbur.  nt 
medicine  man,  and  "wian,"  a  skin,  it  would  seem  tiiat 
the  neigh,lK»ring  Indians  esteemed  the  peltries  of  the  Fish- 
kill  as  <^  charmed"  by  Ibe  incantations  of  the  aboriginal 
enchanters  who  dwelt  along  its  banks ;  and  the  beautiful 
scenery  in  which  these  ancient  priests  of  the  wild  men  of 
the  Highlands  dwelt  is  thus  invested  with  new  poetical 
associations.  A  few  miles  north  of  the  <'  Wahamanessing," 
or  Waj^inger's  Creek,  was  a  sheltered  inlet  at  the  mouth 
of  the  Fallkill,  affording  a  safe  harbor  for  canoes  navigat- 
ing the  <<  Long  Reacdi,"  between  Follepel's  Island  and 
Crom  Elbow  *  The  aboriginal  designaticm  of  this  inlet 
was  Ap(^eepsing,  <<  a  i^ace  of  shelter  from  storms ;"  and 
the  memory  of  this  once  famous  harbor  for  the  canoes  of 
tiie  river  tribes  is  perpetuated  in  the  name  of  the  flourish- 
ing city  of  Fokeepsie.  Still  fortiier  north,  near  Red  Hook  pokeepne. 
landing,  lived  another  clan  of  the  Wappingers.  Here  tnt- 
dition  aaserts  a  great  battte  was  fought  between  the  river 
Indians  and  the  Iroquois  confisderates ;  and  the  bones  of 
the  slain  were  said  to  be  yet  visible,  when  the  Dutch  first 
settled  themselveis  on  the  spot.  The  wigwams  of  the  Wap- 
pingers and  their  sub-tribes  extended  eastward  to  the 
range  of  the  Tachkanic,  or  Taconick  Mountains,  which 
separate  the  valley  of  the  North  Biver  firom  that  of  tiie 
Housatonict 

On  the  west  side  of  the  river,  northward  bom  Verdrie- 
tig  Hook  and  the  Kumochenack,  or  Haverstraw  Bay,  the 
tribes  were  remarkably  mixed  and  subdivided.  Farts  of 
the  present  county  of  Rockland,  and  nearly  the  whole  of 
the  county  of  Orange,  were  inhabited  by  the  Waronawan-  wironaw. 
kcmgs,  whose  hunting-grounds  extended  along  the  Shaw- 
angunk  mountain  range.l    Further  north,  and  occupying 

*  PoU«pel'«  IrtAsd  te  the  oMe  ia  llie  nUdfi*  oTtbe  riTer,  Jwl  norOi  of  tbe  HigUaads. 
Iti  name  ie  derived  traat  its  tuppDeed  roMinblanoe  to  the  oonTez  side  of  a  ladle,  which  in 
Dtteh  ia  "  PoUepel."  The  abnqit  bend  in  the  rtrer,  betweea  Pokeepeie  and  Hyde  Paik, 
fbnneriy  called  '*  Krom  EUeboof,"  or  crooked  elbow,  ia  now  known  aa  Crom  Elbow. 

t  Scfaooleraft,  lOl-Utt. 

t  Theae  BMrnntaina  are  aaid  to  have  obtained  flialr  naoM  ftomthe  predoarinaUag  while 
•r  gray  color  of  their  rocks ;  the  word  "  Shawan-gnnk^  behig  explained  by  the  Indiana 
ortheeoantrytomean"whiteiocka.>'— SeeMathw'aGeetogyorN.T^SM.    iihoolcwa, 


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76         HISTORY  OP  THE  STATE  OP  NEW  YORK. 

CHAP.m.  the  present  counties  of  Ulster  and  Greene,  were  tiie  Min* 

-    qua  clans  of  Minnisincks,  Nantiookes,  Minoees,  and  Dela^ 

Kj^nj.   *  wares.     These  clans  had  pressed  onward  from  the  upper 


valley  of  the  Delaware,  which  the  Dutch  expressively 
named  "  the  Land  of  Baca,"*  and,  following  the  course  of 
the  Nevesinck  River  and  the  valley  of  the  "  Great  Esopus 
Creek,"  had  at  length  reached  the  tides  of  the  North  River. 
BeopM  In-  They  were  generally  known  among  the  Dutch  as  the  Eso- 
pus  Indians.  The  doubtful  etymology  of  this  name  is 
l^raced  to  "  Seepus,"  a  river ;  and  the  Esopus  Creek,  hav- 
ing long  been  celebrated  as  the  aboriginal  channel  of  com* 
munication  with  the  upper  waters  of  the  Delaware,  it  was 
probably  called  "  the  Seepus,"  or  river,  by  way  of  emi- 
nence.t  The  word  was  soon  modified  into  "  Sopus,"  or 
Esopus,  in  which  form  it  has  ever  since  been  in  use.  At 
an  early  period,  the  Dutch  are  said  to  have  erected  a  ^^Ron* 
duit,"  or  small  fort,  near  the  mouth  of  the  creek,  whichi 
from  this  circumstance,  obtained  its  present  name,  the 
"  Rondout."  Part  of  the  adjoining  region  was  afterward 
named  "  Wiltwyck,"  or  Indian  village ;  but  the  familiar 
term  Esopus  continued  in  popular  use  long  after  the  pres- 
ent legal  designation  of  Kingsrton  was  adopted.l 

The  name  of  the  Minnisinck  tribe  was  derived  from  the 
islapd,  or  "  Minnis,"  in  the  upper  waters  of  the  Delaware, 
where  the  self-denying  missionary  Brainerd  afterward  en- 
dured so  many  trials.  Their  wigwams,  with  those  of  the 
other  clans  of  Esopus  Indians,  extended  over  the  area  of 
the  present  counties  of  Ulster  and  Greene,  along  the  banks 
of  the  river,  and  through  the  valley  of  the  Catskill,^  to 
Coxackie,  or  Kuxakee.  This  word,  in  their  dialect,  sig- 
nified "  the  place  of  the  cut  banks,"  where  the  current| 
deflected  against  the  western  shore,  had  gradually  worn 
away  the  land.  Beyond  the  Minnisincks  and  Esopus  In- 
dians, the  west  side  of  the  river,  near  Castle  Island,  was 

however  (p.  108),  Memt  to  deriTe  dieir  name  (h>m  their  poeition  to  the  south,  or  '*  Shaw* 
•nong"  of  the  Catakille.  *  VlMeher*e  and  Van  der  Donck*a  Mapa. 

t  Schoolcraft,  106.  t  llol.  Doe.,  xi.,  80 ;  see  Appendix,  note  H. 

^  Thia  ItiU  or  creek,  and  the  m^eatlc  nxMintain  chain  inland,  were  ao  named  ftom  tha 
•aiamoant  or  panther,  which  fonnerty  abounded,  and  ia  now  freqvently  found,  in  this  wiM 
and  pietweaqne  region.— Schoolcraft,  109, 110 


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THE  MOHAWKS  AND  MAHICAN8.  77 

inhabited  by  the  fierce  Maquaas,  or  Mohawks,  whose  hunt-  ciup.  m. 
ing-grounds  extended  northward  to  the  "  Lake  of  the  Ir-     ^ 
oquois,"  or  Lake  Champlain,  westward  through  the  val-.j^K^* 
ley  of  the  Mohawk,  and  southward  to  the  sources  of  the  ***''^* 
Susquehanna. 

Above  the  Wappingers,  on  the  east  side  of  the  river,  the 
lodges  of  the  Mahicans,  or  Mohegans,  extended  northward  TiwM»hi. 
and  eastward  from  Roelof  Jansen's  Kill,  and  occupied  the 
whole  area  of  the  present  countieis  of  Columbia  and  Rens- 
selaer. The  ancient  seat  of  their  council-fire  was  near 
Schodac ;  and  opposite  to  the  present  city  of  Albany,  they 
had  early  fortified  a  village  against  the  dreaded  attacks 
of  their  hereditary  enemies,  the  Mohawks.*  Beyond  the 
Mahicans  dwelt  the  tribe  of  Horikans,  whose  hunting- Thej 
grounds  appear  to  have  extended  from  the  waters  of  the 
Connecticut,  across  the  G-reen  Mountains,  to  the  borders 
of  that  beautiful  lake  which  might  now  well  bear  their 
sonorous  name.t 

From  the  time  that  Hudson  first  passed  the  Mahicannw] 
villages  at  Schodac  and  Castleton,  and  Block  visited  thQtmmwSL 
upper  waters  of  the  Connecticut,  a  friendly  intercourse  had  diana. 
been  maintained  between  the  Dutch  and  the  native  tribes 
on  the  east  side  of  the  North  River.     With  the  fierce  Mo- 
hawks on  the  west  side,  upon  whose  territory  they  had  built  " 
Fort  Nassau,  they  were  careful  to  keep  on  the  best  terms; 
and  from  them  the  Dutch  learned  that  the  Canadian  French 
were  in  the  habit  of  coming  in  boats  from  Quebec,  to  trade 
m  the  upper  part  of  their  territories,  adjoining  the  Lake  of 
the  Iroquois,  or  Lake  Champlain.l     But  the  inland  tribes, 
toward  the  south  and  west,  had  as  yet  been  unvisited  by 
Europeans ;  though  Champlain  had  just  carried  death  and 

*  Wuaensar,  x\\.,  38 ;  Doc.  Hist.  N.  T.,  iii.,  43. 

t  De  Laet,  Till.,  anU^  p.  56 ;  Vls»dier*8  Map ;  Van  der  Donek's  Map ;  Map  in  Montanus. 
Thia  chanuinf  lake— the  Como  of  America— and  which  the  French,  in  1040,  firal  called 
**  Saini  Sacrement,**  because  ihey  Tiaited  ii  on  the  ftNtiral  oT  Corpus  Chrisii,  was  named 
07  General  (afterward  Sir  William)  Johnson,  in  September,  1755,  **Lahb  Gbokob.  not 
•a^  m  koncr  of  Um  majaty^  but  to  aacertcoM  kia  undoubted  domvnan  Acre."  —  London 
Ducnmenu,  xxxii.,  100.  The  reaaooa  which,  in  1755,  prompted  the  Britiah  general  to  giT* 
c  mew  name  to  the  lake,  should  certainly  not  prevail  at  the  present  day ;  nor  shoold  they 
prerent  the  rerlTal  of  the  aboriginal  term  anggeated  by  our  own  Cooper,  *'  Hokixaii.* 

t  De  Laet,  U. ;  Parchment  Ma|«.    See  also  nota  O,  Appendix. 


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78  fflSTORT  OP  THE  STATE  OP  NEW  YORK 

CHAP.m.  the  terror  of  the  Frenoh  armg  to  the  Iroqaoia  oastle  at 
Onondaga. 

Anxious  to  explore  the  unknown  regions,  of  which  ooly 
a  vagae  idea  had  been  gathered  from  the  imperfect  expla* 
nations  of  the  Mohawks,  three  traders  in  the  service  of  the 
New  Netherland  Company  seem  to  have  adventurously  set 
BzpiOTiiig  out  from  Fcnrt  Nassau,  on  an  expedition  '^  into  the  interior, 
Krt  Ni».  and  downward,  along  the  New  River,  to  the  Ogehage,"  at 
the  Hinquas,  <<  the  ^aemies  of  the  northern  tribes.'^*"  The 
route  of  the  party  is  not  accurately  defined ;  but  they,  p^- 
haps,  followed  the  trail  of  the  Esopus  Indians  to  the  sources 
of  the  Delaware,  the  waters  of  wluch  they  descended  to 
the  Schuylkill.  At  this  point  of  their  progress,  they  ap« 
pear  to  have  been  taken  prisoners  by  the  Hinquas ;  and 
the  news  reaching  the  Dutch  on  the  Mauritius  River,  ar- 
rangements were  promptly  made  to  ransi^ti  the  captives, 
as  well  as  undertaJce  a  more  thorough  examination  of  the 
country  where  they  were  detained. 
itoT^  Accordingly,  the  yacht  <<  Restless,"  which  Block,  on  his 
«aqpiorMtiM  return  to  Holland,  had  left  in  charge  of  Comelis  H^idrick> 
sen,  was  dispatched  from  Manhattan  southward,  along  the 
coast  of  New  Jersey,  to  explore  the  "  New  River"  from 
its  mouth  to  its  upper  waters.  The  voyage  was  entirely 
successltd.  Sailing  into  the  bay  which  Hudson  had  first 
discovered  seven  years  before,  Hendricks^i  explored  the 
adjoining  coasts,  and  discovered  <<  three  rivers,  situated  be* 
tween  the  thirty-eighth  and  fortieth  degrees  of  latitude."t 
The  fertile  land  v^as  full  of  majestic  fcarest  trees,  '<  which 
in  some  places  were  covered  with  grape-vines ;"  and  tur- 
keys, partridges,  harts,  and  hinds  abounded  along  the  pleas- 
ant shores.  The  climate  of  the  country,  which  was  ^^  the 
same  as  that  of  Holland,"  delighted  the  crew  of  the  Rest- 
less, as  they  trafficked  with  the  natives  for  seal-skins  and 
saUes.  Proceeding  up  the  channel  of  the  main  river,  be- 
yond the  confluence  of  the  Schuylkill,  Hendricksen  opened 

*  Bol.  Doe^  1.,  M ;  Ptper  ICap.    See  A]»pendlx,  note  I. 

t  Theee  *'tkree  riTen*  were  probebly  tbe  Ddamoe  ItMU;  tbe  Selraylldll,  and  p6ilii|lft 
the  HoHfcfll,  or  Bnwdkffl  Creek,  in  the  State  of  Delswarei  npcm  Which  Lewlaton  nam 


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ILENDRICKSEZf  CXFLORE8  THE  SOUTH  RIVER.  79 

a  friendly  interoourae  with  the  Minqoas  who  inhahited  its  ckLk*.  m. 
banks ;  and  ransomed  from  these  savages  his  three  cap- 
tive  ooontrymen,  giving  in  exchange  for  them  "  kettles,  •^^'*"^- 
beads,  and  other  merohandise."* 

To  Cornelis  Hendricksen  unquestionably  belongs  thegmdriek. 
honor  of  having  been  the  first  to  explore  the  bay  and  river  explorer  or 
which  now  unjustly  bear  the  name  of  Lord  Delawarr.    The  1 


light  draught  of  the  Restless  enabled  her  to  penetrate  very 
easily  where  Hudson  did  not  venture  to  pilot  the  Half  Moon, 
and  where  Argall  made  no  explorations.t     Hendricksen 
•eems  to  have  coasted  up  along  the  western  shore  of  the 
bay,  and  to  have  been  the  first  European  navigatcnr  who 
set  his  foot  on  the  soil  of  Delaware  and  Pennsylvania.    He 
probably  ransomed  the  Dutch  captives  near  the  very  spot 
where  Philadelphia  was  founded,  just  sixty-six  years  aft-  1682. 
erward.t     The  river  above  now  received  the  name  of  the 
"  New,"  or  "  South  River,"  to  distinguish  it  from  the  Mau-  sootn  rit- 
ritius,  which  soon  became  better  known  as  the  North  Riv- "' 
er.     Before  long,  the  southern  cape  of  the  bay  was  named 
<^  Cape  Cornelius,"  after  its  ''first  disooverer ;"  and  anoth-  cu«  cor- 
er  point,  about  twelve  miles  to  llie  southward,  was  called  ^ 
Cape  Hinlopen,  {Hrobably  aftw  Thymen  Jaoobeen  Hink>>c«peHiB- 
pen,  of  Amsterdam,  and  also  Cape  Inloqpeni  because  it 
seemed  to  vanish  on  being  a{^roaohed.i 

On  the  return  of  llie  Restless  to  Manhattan,  Hendrick-Htndrkk. 
sen  proceeded  to  Holland,  to  assist  his  employers  in  ob- u>  Houand. 
taining  a  separate  exclusive  charter  to  trade  to  the  newly- 
explored  territory,  which  extended  two  degrees  south  of 
&ke  limits  assigned  to  New  Netherland  in  the  grant  of  Oc- 
tober, 1614.  The  associated  merchants  dispatched  him 
immediately  to  the  Hague,  acccnnpanied  by  an  Amster- 
dam notary,  to  report  his  discoveries  to  the  States  Q-eneral, 
and  procure  for  them  the  desired  special  trading  privilege. 
Taking  with  him  a  manuscript  map,  he  explained,  orally,  is  AngM. 

•  Sol.  Doe.,  I.,  50.  t  S6eairti,]Mcw*7aa<U,aBdJMHNiidiz,MleD. 

t  SanMMl  Hax«rd*v  Aninto  •rPMBsylvuiia,  879, 504. 

«  De  Last,  book  iU.,  emp.  tx. ;  11.,  N.  T.  H.  8.  ColL,  I.,  301,  n5 ;  WtMeii«r,U.,  IM^ 
«nte,  p.  50 ;  Me  aloo  YleeciiCT**  aiid  Moatairaa^  Hapo*  Tbo  name  of  Hlnlopeii  Mem  to 
tare  been  im  applied  to  FdM  Cave,  JoiilMVtli  of  EabobolkBqr;  bat  it  has  aiSM  bean 
tranafemd  to  the  origiMi  Capo  CanMlliii.    8m  Dw  Bim^  alHBt ;  liwriat,  M^  tt«  «i 


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80  raSTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  HEW  YORK. 

cmap.  m.  to  their  High  Mightinesses  the  situation  and  nature  of  the 
"77""  newly-explored  region^.     The  States  General,  however, 
requiring  a  formal  report  in  writing,  Hendricksen  submit- 
9  Ancoat.  ted,  the  next  day,  a  short  statement  of  his  proceedings  on 
the  South  River,  and  asked,  on  behalf  of  his  employers,  a 
special  charter  for  trading  there.* 
\«w  ehuw      But  the  Dutch  government  hesitated  to  comply  with  the 
South  Riv.  application  of  the  Amsterdam  merchants  for  new  special 
privileges.   Their  original  trading  charter  of  October,  1614, 
which  specifically  defined  New  Netherland  as  '^  situated 
between  New  France  and  Virginia,"  had  yet  a  year  and  a 
half  to  run.     The  grantees  of  that  charter  now  desired  a 
similar  monopoly  for  the  territory  between  the  thirty-eighth 
and  fortieth  degrees.     But  this  region  seemed  to  be  with- 
in the  acknowledged  limits  of  Virginia,  according  to  the 
boundaries  which,  the  States  Greneral  had  themselves  as- 
signed to  New  Netherland.    If,  under  these  circumstances, 
they  were  now  to  pass  the  new  special  charter  for  which 
their  subjects  had  applied,  it  might  give  rise  to  difficulties 
with  James,  which,  in  the  present  condition  of  public  af- 
fairs, would  be  extremely  embarrassing.    The  J$tates  Gren- 
eral, accordingly,  after  two  more  deliberations  upon  the 
t  Hof       subject,  softened  their  adverse  decision  by  adopting  the 
mild  form  of  an  indefinite  postponement.! 

The  Amsterdam  "  Directors  of  New  Netherland,"  find- 
ing that  the  States  General  were  unwilling  to  counten- 
ance their  project  of  seeming  enc^roachment  upon  Virginia, 
now  confined  their  attention  more  particularly  to  the  re- 
gions drained  by  the  North  River.  Fort  Nassau,  which 
Ghristiaensen  had  originally  built  on  Castle  Island  in  1614, 
Fort  nm-  having  been  several  times  overflowed  by  the  waters  from 
^roya*.     the  upper  country,  was  almost  swept  away  by  a  freshet 

*  Hoi.  Doe.*  Im  53,  99.    See  also  Appendix,  note  1. 

t  Hot.  Doc.,  1.,  03,  04.  The  year  1610  will  ever  be  memorable  In  the  annuls  of  tte 
worid,  as  that  In  which  William  Comelis  Schouten,  a  merchant  orHoorn,  in  North  Hol- 
land, firat  sailed  around  the  southern  prorooMtory  sf  America,  which,  in  honor  of  Ms  na> 
tlTo  city,  he  named  **  Cape  Iloom.**  Before  Sohooien's  voyage,  the  only  known  passage 
to  the  Padfle  was  through  the  Straits  of  Magellan.  Sohout«n  also  discovered  the  Straits 
of  Le  Maire,  which  he  so  called  aAer  Jacob  le  Maire,  of  Anuterdam,  one  of  his  partneML 
fitaten  Land  was  thus  named,  in  honor  of  the  Suies  of  Holland.  Few,  probably,  of  those 
who  nowadays  talk  of**  the  Horn,!*  know  the  origin  of  the  name 


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THE  ROMANS  OF  THE  WESTERN  WORLD.  81 

on  l^e  breaking  up  of  the  ioe,  in  the  spring  of  lOl?.*"    The  oxap.  m. 
oompany's  traders  were,  therefore,  obliged  to  abandon  it, 
and  seek  a  more  secure  position  on  the  west  bank  of  the 
river,  at  tiie  mouth  of  the  <*  Tawasentha,"  or  Norman's 
KiU.t     The  new  situation  was  well  chosen.     The  portage 
path  of  the  Mohawks,  coming  firom  the  west,  terminated 
about  i^iTo  miles  above,  at  Skanektad6,  <<  beyond  the  pine 
plains,"  or  "  beyond  the  q)enings,"  on  the  North  River— 
the  site  of  the  {wresent  city  of  Albany.^    It  was  impcnrtant 
to  keep  the  trading-house  of  the  company  as  near  as  pos- 
sible to  the  eastern  termination  of  this  great  Indian  thor- 
oughfare ;  and,  on  the  commanding  eminence  whidi  the 
Mohawks  called  Tawass-gunshee,  overlooking  the  river  a*  JJfJ^i. 
the  mouth  of  the  Tawasentha,  a  new  fortified  post  was  ''•••ntha. 
erected  by  EeUtens.     Here,  tradition  alleges,  was  soon  aft- 
erward concluded,  with  the  chiefs  of  the  Five  Confederated 
Nations  of  North  American  Indians,  the  first  formal  treaty 
of  alliance  between  the  red  man  and  the  Hollander ;  and 
which,  after  its  renewal  by  Kieft  in  1645,  was  observed 
witii  general  respect,  until  the  surrender  of  Fort  Orange 
to  the  English.     A  new  league  of  friendship  was  then  eur  1664. 
tered  into  between  Colonel  Cartwright  and  tiie  sachems  of  **  ^^ 
the  Iroquois,  which  continued  without  violation  <m  either 
side  until  the  commencement  of  the  Revolutionary  war.4 
At  the  time  of  the  treaty  of  the  Tawasentha,  the  fairest 
regions  of  North  America  were  inhabited  by  "  the  Romans 
of  the  Western  "World."!!     Around  the  elevated  table-lands 

*  WasMiiaar,  rLy  144.  Stayreeant,  In  writing  to  the  General  Court  ofMaflnehusetls 
on  aotli  April,  1060,  tays  that  ftom  the  amali  fort  which  the  Dutch  originally  built  there, 
"  an  island  near  Fort  Orange  yet  bears  the  name  of  Castle  Island,  €md  the  mtmununit  qf 
tehich  can  yet  be  shown ;  which  amall  fort  was  tiiree  years  qfUrward  serionaly  injured  by 
high  water  and  ice,  so  that  at  length  it  decayed  entirely."— Alb.  Ree.,  xxiv.,  167. 

t  Moulton,  346.  The  original  and  beaatiAilly-expremiye  Mohawk  name  of  this  stxean 
was  "  Tawasentha,'"  meaning  the  placs  qf  the  rnany  dead.  It  was  an  ancient  Mohawk 
village,  and  the  borial-plaoe  of  many  of  the  tribe.— Schoolcraft  and  G.  F.  Yates.  The 
Dutch  appellative  of  the  "  Norman's  Kiir  is  said  to  have  been  derived  troai  Andries 
Bradt,  a  native  of  Denmark,  and  therefore  snrnamed  "  the  Norman,"  who  settled  himaelf 
there  in  1630.--O'CaU.,  i.,  78,  433,  434. 

t  Schoolcraft,  in  I^roc.N.  Y.  H.  S.,  1844,  p.  91,111 ;  L.  H.  Morgan's  "League  of  the  In»- 
qooto,"  415. 

«  Golden,  L,  34 ;  De  Witt  Clinton's  Address,  in  N.  Y»H.  S.  CoU.,  ii.,  68 ;  Smith's  Hi«. 
N.  Y.,  i.,  S3;  Mottlton,  346 ;  Schoolcraft,  91 ;  O'Call.,  I.,  78;  Lond.  Doc,  i.,.186;  N.T. 
Col.  MSS.,  iii.,  67,  68 ;  post,  p.  744.  >  Volney,  476 ;  CliatOB,  U. 

F 


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Si  HlbTORY  or  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  TOKK. 

Our.  in.  whence  flow  waterts  which  disoharge  thdmselves  through 
— TJ —  Ihe  HudBon,  the  Delaware,  the  Susquehaona,  and  the  Saint 
Lawrence  into  the  Atlantic,  and  through  the  Alleghany, 
the  Ohio,  and  the  Miasissippi  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico^ 
were  then  clustered  five  nations  of  warlike  savages,  whose 
forefiBithers,  expelled  from  Canada  hy  the  Adirondacs,  in 
early  days,  had  penetrated  into  the  centre  of  New  York. 
There  they  multiplied  ;  were  subdivided  into  tribes  or  na- 
tions ;  and  then  formed  themselves  into  a  Federal  Re{Hib- 
The  iio-  lie  of  independent  cantons.  Of  the  precise  period  of  this 
nSra^.  confederation  history  has  no  record.  But  modem  research 
into  conflicting  tradition  places  the  event  about  the  year 
1539 ;  forty-seven  years  after  Columbus's  first  voyage ; 
four  years  after  Cartier  ascended  the  Saint  Lawrence  to 
Ho(^elaga ;  and  seventy  years  before  Hudson  discovered 
the  North  River.* 

The  Lroquois,  or  Five  Nations,  preserving  their  several 

specific  names  of  Mohawks,  Oneidas^  Onondagas,  Cayugas, 

ajid  Senecas,  when  they  formed  their  confederation,  todc 

ihe  name  of  "  KoNosHi<»n,"t  the  "  cabin  makers,"  or  "  peo- 

fle  of  the  long  house."     That  long  house  reached  firom 

the  banks  of  the  Norlh  River  to  the  shores  of  Lake  Erie. 

The  eastern  door  of  the  sky-canopied  abode  of  the  L^uois 

was  guarded  by  the  Kayingehagas,  or  Maquaas  or  Mo- 

Triditionai  hawks  ]t  the  western  door  by  the  Senecas.     Poetical  tra- 

^!u^    dition,  recorded  by  one  of  their  own  people,^  deduces  their 

"*"***       origin,  like  that  of  the  Athenian  "  Autochthones,"  firom 

the  <^  earth  itself."    In  remote  ages,  they  had  been  confined 

*  8initb*8  Hlat.  N.  T.,  I.,  M ;  Sehooleraft**  Notes  on  the  Iroquois,  118 ;  dait'e  Onon- 
daga, i.,  10 ;  L.  H.  Morgan's  "  League  of  the  Iroqaots,**  5-8.  G.  F.  Yates  thinks  that  the 
period  of  the  Iroquois  eonflsderaey  was  still  more  remote. 

t  Clinton's  Address ;  SchoolcralVs  Notes.  The  eommon  Frendi  orthography  of  this 
t«rm  is  **  Aqoinoshioni,**  or  Agonnotutotmij  which,  aeoording  to  CharleYolx,  i.,  S7],  sig- 
tttOed  Fnaeurt  de  Oakmuut;  see  anU^  p.  07,  note.  In  their  own  language,  the  Five  Na- 
tkms  also  ealled  tbeoMelTes  **  HotinnoBchiendi'*— that  Is,  La  Cahtmme  AckeoU;  Relation, 
105S-4,  p.  64.  Morgan,  p.  51,  however,  says  that  the  Iroqnois,  after  their  league,  called 
tlMnselTes  **  IToHle-fio-MiMice,''  which  signilles  **■  the  people  of  the  long  house.** 

X  "  We  commonly  call  them  Maquaas,  but  they  call  tbemselTes  Kagingduiga}*  Letter 
sT  Domine  Megapolensis  to  the  Classis  of  Amsterdam,  S8th  September,  1058 ;  Moulton, 
388.  Morgan,  p.  53,  writes  the  word  *'  Ga-ns-ga-ha-ga,**  meaning  "  the  possessor  of  the 
Hill.*  According  to  M.  de  Joncaire,  the  deriee  of  the  Mohawks,  in  17M,  was  a  st««el  and 
flat.  Faris  Doe.,  Till.,  167 ;  Doe.  Hist.  N.  T.,  i.,  tt ;  Ibid.,  Ui.,  Mt,  where  the  name  it 
given  as  Qmingtkngt.  I  Cusiek. 


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THE  laOQUOIS  CONFEDERATION.  gS 

littder  a  mouditaiB,  near  the  &U0  of  the  ^^  Osh^wah-kee,"  cbap.  m. 

m  Osvregp  River,  whenoe  they  were  released  by  Thabo^ 

BrjtAiMic, "  tiie  Holder  of  thue  Heavens."  Bidding  them  go  ^®^''- 
foth  toward  the  east,  he  guided  them  to  the  valley  of  Ihe 
Mohawk.  Foltowing  its  stream,  they  reaehed  the  Oaho- 
halaie%or  North  Biver,  which  some  o(  them  descended  to 
die  sea.  Thettoe,  retracing  their  path,  toward  the  west, 
tiiey  ov^iaaied,  as  they  passed  along,  the  tribes  (tf  Mo- 
hawks, Oneidas,  Onondagas,  Cayngas,  Seneoas,  and  Tus- 
eaioras.*  But  the  Tnsearoras,  wandering  4o  the  south, 
eroned  the  Allegkanies,  and  fixed  their  home  on  the  hanks 
of  tha  Cautaao,  or  Neuse  Biver,  in  North  Cardina ;  where 
Thaionhyjagon,  leaving  them  tb  hunt  and  prosp^,  re- 
timed wffthward,  to  direct  the  ccmfed^ration  of  the  re- 
maining Five  Nations.t  Such  is  ooe  of  the  bold  fetblee 
by  which  the  traditions  of  the  Kcmoshioni  assert  their 
aboriginal  existenee. 

The  several  tribes  or  eantoifes  were  ind^ndent.     As  tim  Mver. 
they  grew  in  numbers  and  in  valor,  they  began  to  quaiTehndqMm!? 
among  themselves;  and,  living  in  perpetual  fear,  they^'* 
built  fortresses  for  defense,  or  else  continually  shifted  their 
villages.    Finding  that  they  were  gradually  wasting  away, 
the  wise  men  of  the  Oncmdagas  proposed  that  the  kindred 
tribes  should  no  longer  war  against  each  other,  but  diould 
unite  in  a  conmion  lei^e  for  offense  and  defense  against 
all  other  nations.     The  advice  was  adopted,  and  eadi  Iro- 
quois tribe  or  canton  deputed  representatives  to  a  general 
oooneiL    By  these  plenipotentiaries  the  Confederation  of 
the  Five  Nations  was  organized  on  the  shores  of  the  On- 
oodaga  Lake,  where  the  great  central  council-fire  was 
originally  kindled,  and  for  centuries  permanently  remain- 
ed.    When  the  league  was  formed,  Atotarho,  the  dreaded 

*  In  tlM  Seneca  dialect,  the  mam  of  the  Toecaiorva  was  Dutgrnouek-^m,  ''the  ahlit- 
wwiftM  people  ^  that  of  the  Senecae»  IfmmimtmHmo,  or  "the  great  hOl  peepie  ,•*»  i»m  ot 
ike  Oajn^B"**  Otttmgwek  eno, or  "the  peepie  at  the^maeky  land;"  that  ofthe  OnendaffM, 
fti—inifi  mi,  or  *  *  people  on  the  bUla ;"  and  that  of  the  Oneldaa,  Owapotdto-ona,  or  **  te 
psBpla  of  the  fraailo  atone.**— Morfan,  M,  M.    The  name  of  the  Mohnwka  haa  already 

t  Magapelenaie>  In  Hund,  U  Mft  t  Sehoekraft^a  Noiee,  0»-10»;  Glayk'a  Oooni^p, 
i^  Sl-aO,  97-43 ;  Morgan,  7. 


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SA  HISTORY  OP  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

chap.ui.  ohief  of  the  Onondagas,  was  anxiously  sought  by  the  Ho- 

"77~"hawk  embassy,  which  was  specially  deputed  for  the  pur- 
pose. Atotarho  was  found  sitting  in  a  swamp,  oaLmly 
sonoking  a  pipe,  and  rendered  invulnerable  by  living  ser- 
pents which  hissed  around  his  body.  Approaching  the 
chief  in  awe,  the  embassy  invested  him  with  a  broad  belt 
of  wampum,  and  solemnly  placed  him  at  tihe  head  of  their 
leagne.  The  dignity  which  popular  veneratkm  thus  ^)oi»- 
taneously  conferred  on  their  great  sachem  always  remani- 

Atotarho.  ed  iu  the  Onondaga  tribe ;  and  the  name  of  "Atotarho," 
after  his  death,  became  the  distinctive  hereditary  titie  of 
the  most  illustrious  chief  of  the  Iroquois  Confederation.* 

Character       The  Confederation  of  the  Five  Iroquois  Nations  was  sim- 

andpowera  i-  -.., 

of^^grandply  a  league  for  common  defense,  not  a  perfect  pohtieal 
union.t  The  general  council  of  sachems,  elected  accord- 
ing to  the  laws  of  each  n^ition,  exercised  only  a  delegated 
power,  and  expressed  only  the  popular  will  of  their  con- 
stituents. What  these  senatorial  sachems  in  tike  grand 
council  deliberately  pronounced  to  be  proper,  the  venera- 
tion of  the  constituent  cantons  supported  and  maintained. 
Thus,  besides  the  union  of  the  Netherland  Provinces,  ike 
league  of  the  Iroquois  nations  was  early  set  before  the 
American  colonies  as  an  example  for  their  consideration. 
Gorcrn-  Each  nation  or  canton  was  a  sovereign  republic,  divided 
•cverai  na-  mto  claus ;  and  each  contmueu,  notwithstandmg  the  con- 
federation, to  be  governed  by  its  own  political  chiefe  or 
sachems.  The  original  clans,  or  families,  into  which  each 
tribe  was  subdivided,  were  eight  in  number,  and  were  dis- 
tinguished from  each  other  by  different  and  peculiar  de- 
vices or  "  Totems."  The  most  important  of  these  were 
the  Tortoise,  the  Bear,  and  the  Wolf.  These  totems,  or 
family  symbols,  denoting  original  consanguinity,  were 

*  Schooloraft,  91 ;  Morgan,  «7, 68,  caUa  Wm  *'  T6-<kHla-bo.»» 

t  "  The  term '  Five  Nations/  used  by  Golden,  and  In  popular  uae  daring  Uie  earlier  pe- 
riod of  the  colony,  eeased  to  be  appropriate  after  ttwTuacarora  rarolt  in  North  Carolina,  aad 
the  revBion  of  thia  tribe  with  the  parent  stock  anbaeqaent  to  1719.  From  that  period  they 
were  called  the  *  Six  Natlona,'  and  continued  to  aoqoire  Increased  reputation  aa  a  oeoM- 
eracy  under  thia  name,  until  the  termination  of  the  American  ReYolation  in  I7SI,  and  the 
tight  or  the  Mohawka  and  Cayngaa  to  Canada."— Schoolcraft,  40 ;  Morgan.  94, 44 ;  Ban- 
croft, lU.,  245,  321, 392. 


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QOYERNMENT  OF  THE  IROQUOIS.  85 

universally  respeoted.  The  wandering  savage  appealed  CBip.ni. 
to  his  totem,  and  was  entitled  to  the  hospitality  of  Ihe 
wigwam  whioh  bore  the  oorresponding  emblem.  The  dd- 
est,  most  sensible,  best-speaking,  and  most  warlike  men 
of  the  tribe  were  generally  ohosen  to  be  its  chiefs  or  sa^  SMbemt. 
chems.  '<  These  commonly  resolve,  and  the  young  and 
warlike  men  ceurry  into  execution ;  but  if  the  common 
people  do  not  approve  of  the  resolution,  it  is  lefi;  entirely 
to  the  judgment  of  the  mob.  The  chiefe  are  generally 
the  poorest  among  them ;  for  instead  of  their  receiving 
from  the  common  people,  as  among  Christians,  they  are 
obliged  to  give  to  them."  The  war  chiefs  derived  their 
authority  from  their  approved  courage.  Military  service  Miuury 
was  demanded  (Hily  by  custcxn  and  opinion.  But  the 
penalty  of  a  coward's  name  kept  the  ranks  of  the  Iroquois 
war-parties  always  full.  All  able-bodied  mailes  above  the 
age  of  fourteen  were  judged  capable  of  taking  the  field ; 
and  no  title  was  more  honorable  than  that  of  warrior.  To 
join  in  the  war-dance  was  to  enlist  for  an  expedition. 
Elaoh  warrior  furnished  his  own  arms  and  provisions,  and 
no  cumbersome  baggage  impeded  the  rapid  march  of  an 
Iroquois  army.* 

Oratory  distinguished  the  Five  Nations  as  much  as  Eloquence 
bravery  and  political  vnsdom.  In  all  democracies,  elo-iroqaSs/ 
quence  is  one  of  the  surest  ro6uls  to  popular  favcnr  and  pub- 
lic honors.  Among  the  Iroquois,  oratory  was  as  sedulous- 
ly cultivated  as  at  Athens  or  Rome.  Their  children  were 
taken  to  the  council-fires,  where  they  listened  to  the  words 
of  the  wise  men  as  they  talked  of  peace  and  war.  The 
sublime  scenery  in  which  they  lived  constantly  suggested 
rich  images ;  and  while  the  criticism  of  their  sages  re- 
strained the  luxuriance  of  youthful  rhetoric  to  the  stand- 
ard of  approved  taste,  their  eloquence  became  a  model 
vrhich  other  Indian  nations  were  proud  to  imitate.  Thus 
peculiar  and  extraordinary  by  great  attainments  in  gov- 
ernment, in  negotiation,  in  oratory,  and  in  war,  ^<  the  su* 

*  Parte  Doe.,  1.,  153  ;Megapotoiiite,  in  HMWd,L,tt5, 080;  Sehoolcraft,lS8,130;  Itai^ 
gMh  01-108 ;  CUrk,  i.,  S1-S4. 


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96         HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  MEW  YORK. 

Obatv  ul  pmot  qualities  of  tiie  Ifoqnob  may  be  ascribed  as  irel!  tb 
the  8uperi(»rity  of  their  origin,  as  to  the  advantages  of  po- 
sitic^y  the  maxims  of  polioy,  and  the  principles  of  educa- 
tion which  distinguished  Ihem  from  the  other  red  inhab- 
itants of  this  Western  World.''* 
The  fiCo-  Of  all  the  confederated  nations,  <iie  Mohawks  were  the 
•nyitient.  bravcst  and  the  fiercest.  No  hunter  warriors  tm  the  Norfb 
American  continent  ever  filled  a  higher  measure  of  heiro- 
ism  and  military  renown.  Their  very  name  was  a  syno- 
nym for  bkxxLt  From  their  propinquity  to  the  Dutch  set- 
tlements, and  their  superior  martial  exploits,  the  name  of 
this  nation  was  frequently  applied,  by  way  of  eminence, 
to  the  whole  Iroquois  confederaticm ;  among  all  the  nations 
of  whidi  the  Mohawks  were  held  in  tile  highest  venera- 
tion. Standing  at  the  eastern  door  of  the  '^  Long  House," 
the  Mohawk  warriors  were  the  chief  agents  in  (hurrying 
to  the  sea  the  conquests  of  the  Iroquois.  Far  across  the 
hills  of  Massadmsetts,  and  through  the  valley  of  the  Con- 
necticut, the  dreaded  name  of  Mohawk  enfOTced  an  abso- 
lute submission ;  and  their  annual  envoys  collected  tribute 
and  dictated  laws  with  all  the  arbitrary  authority  of  Ro- 
man proconsuls.  From  their  ancient  fortresses,  war  par- 
ties of  the  Iroquois  continually  went  forth  to  victory ;  and 
the  tribes  on  both  banks  of  the  North  River  quailed  before 

*  De  Witt  CUnton's  Address,  In  N.  Y.  H.  S.  CoU.,  U.,  79.  "  Begret  has  been  expnssed 
tbat  some  one  of  the  sonoroos  and  appropriate  Indian  names  of  the  West  had  not  been 
ohosea  to  desifnate  the  state.  The  eolooiau  were  b«  little  regarded  of  qnestions  of  this 
kind.  Both  the  Dutch  in  1609,  and  the  English  in  1664,  came  with  precisely  the  same 
fbree  of  national  prepossesstoa— the  first  in  (hvor  of  Amsterdam,  and  the  second  in  tkror 
of  Nsw  York— both  connected  wUh  the  belittling  atUectire  *^fiowJ*  *  *  *  *  Ix  would  b» 
wen,  Indeed,  if  their  descendants  in  America  had  been  a  little  more  alive  to  the  inflaenec 
of  this  trait.  Those  who  lote  the  land  and  cherish  lU  nationalities,  would  at  least  haTe 
been  spared  *  *  the  oontinned  repetition  of  foreign,  petty,  or  rulgar  names.  *  *  *  while 
sQch  names  as  Saratoga  and  Ticonderoga,  Niagara  and  Ontario,  Iosco  and  Owasco,  are 
nSTsr  thought  of.'*— Sohooleraft,  to  N.  Y.  H.  S.  Proo.,  1644,  p.  9S. 

t  "  The  word  *  Mohawk*  itself  is  not  a  term  of  Mohawk  origin,  but  one  imposed  upon 
them,  as  It  is  beUeved,  by  the  Mohegan  or  Mahican  race,  which  inhabited  the  borders  of 
the  sea.  Among  this  race  the  Dutch  and  English  landed ;  and  they  would  natursliy 
adopt  the  term  most  In  vogue  (br  so  celebrated  a  tribe.  The  Dutch,  indeed,  modified  it  to 
*JiafiMni,'  a  modilloalion  -whldi  helps  us  to  decipher  its  probable  origin  in  MmtquOt  a 
bear.  *  *  *  The  Mohawk  sachems,  who  presented  their  condolence  at  Albany  in  IMO,  on 
the  taUmg  of  Schenectady,  said, '  We  are  all  of  the  race  of  the  bear— and  a  bear,  you 
know,  never  yields  while  one  drop  of  blood  is  left.  We  must  all  be  bears.'  ''—Schoolcraft's 
NetMfTl.  dark,!.,  SI,  says,  ttiat  the  Mohawks  fhmislked  the  *'Te>kar-a-bo.gea,'' or  war 
captain  of  the  league.    But  this  has  been  denied  by  Morgan. 


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BMPIRE  OF  THB  IKOQUOI8.  87 

their  lormidable  {oe.    .Long  before  Earope«i  diaooYery,  cb^f.  hi. 
the  qQestiozL  of  dATage  sapromaoy  had  been  settled  on  the 
waters  of  the  Cahohatatea.  ^^ ' ' 

Such  were  the  famous  Indian  nations  among  which  the  Emoin  or 
Datoh  first  established  themselves  on  the  upper  waters  of  quota. 
the  North  Rxtot.  Under  the  inflnenoe  of  tiwt  spirit  of  ag- 
gression, and  tiiirst  for  aggraiuliaement  which  the  ocm- 
soim^ess  of  power  excites,  the  Iroquois  confederates  soon 
reduced  the  neighboring  tribes  into  yassalage;  and  exact* 
ed  a  universal  tribute,  firom  the  Abenaquis  on  the  Bay  of 
Pundy,  to  the  Miamis  on  the  Ohio.  The  weaker  nations 
trembled  when  they  heard  the  awful  name  of  the  Konosh* 
ionL  Their  war-cry  sounded  over  the  great  lakes,  and  was 
heard  in  the  Chesapeake  Bay.  They  quenched  the  fires 
of  the  Bries,  and  exterminated  the  SuBquehannas.  The 
Lenapees,  the  Metowacks,  and  the  Manhattans  were  sub- 
jogated.  The  terror  of  the  Iroquois  went  wherever  their 
war-oanoes  were  paddled ;  and  the  streams  which  flowed 
from  the  summit  lands  around  their  grand  counoil*fire  at 
Onondaga,  were  the  channels  which  conducted  their  war- 
riors to  triumphant  expeditions  anM>ng  the  neighboring 
tribes.  Their  invincible  arms  humbled  every  native  foe, 
and  their  national  pride  grew  with  every  conquest.* 

But  when  the  progress  of  the  French  along  the  Saint  Fim  bum. 
Lawrence  had  introduced  the  knowledge  of  European  <^uBpi«in 
weapons  among  the  Hurons  and  Algonquins  of  Canadai 
the  war-parties  of  the  far-ccmqu^ing  Iroquois  suffered  se- 
verely in  Iheir  encounters  with  enemies  who  were  aided 

•  Smitta>h  N.  T.,  i.,  51-68 ;  Bancroft,  1.,  1)4 ;  li.,  416 ;  flL,  945 ;  Schoolcnft'a  KoCm,  Si « 
MMrgaa,  »-17.    I  e«i  nol  fortgo  the  pLaunn  of  extracting  a  ftw  lines  deMrivdrs  of  tta 
■opramacy  of  the  Irdquois,  fVom  Mr.  StreU'a  metrical  romance,  *'  Frontenac." 
**  The  fierce  Adirondacs  bad  fled  from  their  wrftth. 

The  Harana  been  swept  from  their  merciless  path ; 

Around,  the  Ottawas,  like  leaves  had  been  strown, 

And  the  Lake  of  the  Eries  strack  silent  and  lonsb 

The  Lenape,  lords  ones  of  valley  and  hill, 

Made  women,  bent  low  at  their  conqnerort'  win. 

By  the  flur  Misaissippi  the  lUini  shrank. 

When  the  trail  of  the  Tohtoisb  was  seen  on  the  bank ; 

On  the  hills  of  New  England  the  t*eqaod  tnmed  pale. 

When  the  howl  of  the  Wolp  swelled  at  nif^t  on  the  gale ; 

And  the  Cherokee  shook  In  his  green  sndling  bowers, 

WhsB  the  fboc  or  the  Bbai  stao^sd  his  saipsC  of  flvwan." 


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88         HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  ui.  by  the  military  skill  of  Champfadn.     The  lesson  whidi  he 
had  first  taught  to  the  Mohawks  in  1609,  had  heea  re- 
peated to  the  Onondagas  in  1615.     His  unenring  arque* 
'  buse  had  struck  down  the  ohiefs  who  were  thou^t  invul- 

nerable  in  their  arrow-proof  native  armor ;  and  the  terri* 
fied  confederates  had  twice  fled  before  their  unusual  foe.* 
Anxious,  to  wipe  off  the  disgrace  of  unexpected  defeat, 
the  Iroquois  sought  the  alliance  of  those  whose  friendship 
might,  perhaps,  enable  them  to  recover  their  ancient  su* 
Tj»«y^  periority ;  and  the  treaty  of  the  Tawasentha  was  soon 
wntba.  concluded  between  the  chiefe  of  the  aborigines  and  the 
representatives  of  the  Amsterdam  merchants,  in  all  the 
solemn  forms  of  Indian  diplonmcy.  Besides  the  Iroquois, 
the  Mahicans,  the  Mincees,  the  Minnisincks,  and  the  Len* 
ni-Lenapees  w^e  represented  at  this  grand  council,  which 
the  Mohawks,  who  were  the  prime  movers  of  the  treaty, 
invited  the  other  tribes  to  attend.  Under  the  supervise 
ion  of  the  Dutch,  a  general  peace  and  alliance  was  nego* 
tiated ;  and  the  supremacy  of  the  Five  Confederated  Na* 
tions  was  affirmed  and  acknowledged  by  the  other  tribes. 
The  plenipotentiaries  of  the  Iroquois  were  five  chiefai, 
each  representing  his  nation,  and  each  bearing  a  hered* 
itary  name,  which,  nearly  a  century  before,  had  distin- 
guished the  delegates  who  formed  the  grand  confedera- 
tion. The  belt  of  peace  was  held  fast  at  one  end  by  the 
Iroquois,  and  at  the  other  by  the  Dutch ;  while  in  the  mid- 
dle it  rested  on  the  shoulders  of  the  subjugated  Mahicans, 
Mincees,  and  Lenni-Lenapees,  as  a  nation  of  women.  The 
calumet  was  smoked,  and  the  tomahawk  was  buried  in 
the  earth,  over  which  the  Dutch  declared  they  would  erect 
a  church,  so  that  none  should  dig  it  up  again  without  de- 
stroying the  building  and  incurring  their  resentment.t 
coii»e-  Thus  the  fectoars  of  the  Amsterdam  Company  gained 

tCetHMty.  for  the  Hollanders  the  lasting  friendship  of  the  Iroquois. 
Their  traders  fearlessly  visited  the  wigwams  of  the  red 
men ;  and  in  exchange  for  the  peltries  of  New  Netherland, 

*  Voyages  de  ChampUin,  151, 103, 268. 

t  Blooltoa,  846;  Seluwlcnft,  91 ;  Heekewelder,  Morgan. 


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EXPIRATION  OF  THE  NRW  NBiraERLANO  CHAPTER.         89 

the  Dutdi,  at  first  anxious  to  limit  their  payments  to  dui-  chap.iu. 
fels  and  toys,  before  many  years  began  to  supply  their  In- 
dian  allies  with  weapons  which  had  oonquered  a  peace 
with  Spain^*  To  both  parties  the  treaty  was  advanta- 
geous. The  tranquil  monopoly  of  the  fur  trade  filled  the 
oofiers  of  the  Amsterdam  adventurers ;  while  the  posses- 
nixm  of  Eur<^)ean  fire-curms  eventually  enabled  the  confed- 
erated nations  to  reassert  and  maintain  their  former  su- 
par^nacy  over  the  neighboring  savage  tribes.  But  the  in- 
troduction of  these  weapons  was,  in  the  end,  fatal  to  the 
peace  of  the  firontier.  The  Indian  warrior  soon  became 
more  expert  with  the  firelock  than  the  European  who 
manufactured  it.  For  more  than  a  century,  the  confed- 
erated nations  were  alternately  courted  as  allies  and 
dreaded  as  enemies  by  the  rived  statesmen  of  England 
and  France ;  and  no  sooner  did  the  news  of  the  battle  of 
Bunker  Hill  reach  Londcm,  than  Lord  Dartmouth  com- 
municated the  king's  orders  to  Colonel  G-uy  Johnson,  the  177d. 
Supmntendent  of  Indian  Afiairs  in  New  York,  to  "lose**"'"*^" 
no  time  in  Aking  such  steps  as  may  induce  them  to  take 
up  the  hatchet  against  his  majesty's  rebellious  subjects  in 
America,  and  to  engage  them  in  his  majesty's  service."t 

On  the  first  of  January,  1618,  the  exclusive  charter  of  1618. 
the  Directors  of  New  Netherland  expired  by  its  own  lim-  N^h^Hand 
itation.     Year  by  year  the  value  of  the  returns  from  the  pSSf'  **' 
North  River  had  been  increasing ;  and  the  hope  of  larger 
gains  incited  the  factors  of  the  company  to  push  their  ex- 
plorations further  into  the  interior.     Besides  visiting,  and, 
perhaps,  establishing  a  post  among  the  Esopus  Indians, 
Dutch  traders  had  partially  explored  the  rich  and  extens- 
ive vale  of  Talpahockin,  drained  by  the  upper  channels 
of  the  Delaware ;  and  it  has  been  asserted  that  a  settle- 
ment was  now  commenced  on  the  shores  of  the  river  op* 
posite  to  Manhattan,  at  Bergen,  in  Scheyichbi,  or  New 

*  This,  bowever,  was  not  tlie  case  notU  after  1630.  In  1620,  it  would  seem  that  the  Mo- 
iMwfcs  liad  only  bows  and  arrows,  and  other  native  tmplenients,  and  did  not  yet  poMSas 
the  flre-arms  of  Europe.— Wassenaar,  xii.,  38 ;  Doc.  Hist.  N.  T.,  iii.,  48. 

t  Letter  of  Lord  Dartmonth  to  Colond  Gay  Johnson,  dated  S4th  Jnly,  1779,  in  London 
Documenta,  xlv.,  ail ;  W.  W.  CampbeU,  in  N.  T.  H.  8.  Proc.,  1845,  AppandlXt  M7. 


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90  HlSTOltY  OF  THE  STATE  OP  NEW  TORK. 

caAP.ni.  Jersey.*  But  l^ongh  ike  Daixh,  xmqaestioaMj  had  (i 
jtiBt  title  to  New  Netherland  by  first  diBOovery  and  anV 
'  sequent  possession,  no  systematic  agricultnral  colonization 
of  tiie  ootintry  had  yet  been  undertaken.  The  scattered 
agents  of  the  Amsterdam  Company  8<ili  looked  merely  to 
peacefiil  traffic,  and  the  cultivation  of  tiK>se  friendly  rela- 
tions which  had  been  covenanted  with  their  savage  allies 
on  the  banks  of  the  Tawasentha. 

Upon  the  expiration  of  Iheir  special  charter,  the  mer* 
<^ants  who  had  formed  the  United  New  Netherland  Com- 
pany appHed  to  the  government  at  the  Hague  for  a  renew- 
al  of  their  privileges,  the  value  of  which  they  found  wa« 
daily  increasing.  But  the  States  General,  who  were  now 
contemplating  the  grant  of  a  comprehensive  diarter  finr  a 
4  October.  Wost  India  Company,  avoided  a  compliance  with  the  pe- 
refiased  by  titiou.     This  circumstancc,  however,  did  not  cause  even  a 

Um  States 

General,  temporary  abandonment  of  New  Netherland,  nor  weaken 
the  tiiie  of  tiie  Dutch  to  their  Americem  discoveries; 
though  it  may  have  delayed,  for  a  short  time,  the  devel- 
opment of  the  various  Resources  of  the  territory.  The 
government  still  continued  to  encourage  trade  and  com- 
merce on  the  North  River.  A  few  days  after  a  renewal 
of  the  first  New  NetherlaJid  charter  had  been  refused, 
Hendrick  Eelkens,  and  other  participants  in  the  late  ccnn- 

0  October,  pauy,  petitioned  to  be  allowed  to  send  Iheir  ship,  "  the 
ScAeldt,"  on  a  voyage  to  Manhattan,  without  any  preju- 
dice to  or  from  their  former  associates;  and  the  States 
(General  promptly  complied  with  their  prayer.t 

Smith  in        Up  to  Ihis  period  the  Dutch  were  the  only  Europeans 

cund.  who  had  any  accurate  knowledge  of  the  regions  about  the 
North  and  South  Rivers,  and  of  the  coasts  of  Connecticut, 
Rhode  Island,  and  Long  Island.  English  fishing  vessels 
had,  however,  continued  to  resort  to  the  coasts  of  Maine ; 
and  notwithstanding  the  failure  of  Popham's  enterprise  at 
the  Sagadahoc  in  1608,  the  active  perseverance  of  Gorges 
had  kept  alive  the  drooping  spirits  of  the  old  Plymouth 
1614.  Company.     Early  in  the  spring  of  1614,  John  Smith,  dis- 

3  March.  ^ 

•  HooltoD,  847.  t  Hot  Doe.  i.,  0]»  Ml 


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JOHN  SMITH  m  NEW  CNGLAMD.  91 

gnsted  with  his  nndeserred  treatment  in  Yiiginia,  set  Bajiy  o«ap.iii. 
with  two  Bhips^  for  the  r^oos  allotted  in  James's  <^^^<^'^'T77T~ 
of  1606  to  the  Plymouth  or  Northern  Company.     In  an  ^^^*' 
dpea  boat,  with  ei^t  men,  he  explored  the  ooasts  from 
Penobsoot  to  Cape  Cod,  while  the  rest  of  his  oompany  re- 
mained emfdoyed  in  firiiing.     Returning  to  Englemd  in 
July,  Smith  left  one  of  his  ships  behind,  in  charge  of  isjoiy. 
Dwmas  Hunt,  to  eomplete  a  oargo.     Bat  Hunt,  perfid- 
ioaily  entraining  twenty-seven  of  the  natives  on  board 
his  vessel,  carried  them  to  Malaga,  and  Bcld  them  as 
slaves  to  the  Spaniards.     Hunt's  baseness  naturally  eX" 
oited  against  his  oountrymen  the  enmity  of  the  savages. 
A  ship  whidi  had  been  dispatched  by  G-orges  and  Lord 
Southampton,  under  the  command  of  Captain  Hobson,  to 
settle  a  plantation,  arriving  soon  after  Hunt's  departure, 
was  attacked  by  the  natives,  and  was  forced  to  return  to 
England,  with  Hobson  and  several  of  his  crew  wounded. 

On  his  return  home  after  a  profitable  voyage,  SmilhNewSn- 
presented  a  map  of  the  coasts  of  Maine  and  Massachusetto  nuMdby 
to  Prince  Charles,  who,  in  the  warmth  of  his  admiration,  chartM. 
bestowed  upon  the  adjoining  oounlry  the  name  proposed 
by  ihe  enterprising  explorer — "  New  Ehgland."    By  a  to- 
mariuible  coincidence,  &nitii  was  exhibiting  his  map,  and 
exfdaining  his  adventures  to  the  son  of  King  James,  in 
Loodon,  ahnost  at  the  very  moment  that  Block  was  ex-  u  October. 
hibiting  the  <<  Figurative  Map"  of  New  Netherland,  andli^kMn- 
detailing  the  discoveries  of  the  Dutch  to  the  States  Gen- 1?'%^.^ 
era!  at  the  Hague.     Thus  the  names  of  "  New  Nether-  ^^' 
land"  and  <<  New  England"  took  their  places,  contempo- 
raneously, in  History. 

The  Plymouth  Company,  moved  by  Smith's  represenia-  16ir). 
tioos,  now  attempted  to  plant  again  a  small  colony  on  the  gilTd^r^' 
ooast  of  recently-named  New  England.     But  the  enter- SJinlSS] 
prise  resulted  in  another  disappointment.     Smith,  while 
on  his  way  to  America,  was  captured  at  sea  by  a  French 
squadron,  and  detained  a  prisoner  on  board  the  admiral's 
ship.     Escaping  in  an  open  boat,  he  recfcohed  Rochelle ; 
whence,  returning  to  London,  he  published,  the  next  year, 


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98         HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

chap.ui.  hia  <<  Desoription  of  New  England."     Not  cMsoonraged  by 

repeated  faUuies  and  difficulties,  he  then  spent  aeyetal 

'  months  in  vending  copies  of  his  book  and  map,  and  in 

1617.  constant  efforts  to  excite  the  merchants  and  noblemen  in 
the  west  of  England  to  new  culventares  in  America. 
Plans  of  colonization  on  a  large  scale  were  soon  formed ; 
Smith  was  appointed  admiral  for  life ;  and  the  Plymouth 

1618.  Company  applied  to  the  king  for  a  new  oharter,  similar  to 
the  one  which  had  proved  so  advantageous  to  Virginia. 
But,  for  two  years,  the  proposition  was  strenuously  and 
successfully  opposed,  not  only  by  the  Virginia  Company, 
which  desired  to  retain  a  monopoly  of  commerce,  but  also 
by  private  traders,  who  pressed  the  importance  of  pre- 
serving the  freedom  of  the  North  American  fisheries. 
Meanwhile  New  England  remained  uncolonized.* 

X619.  An  English  vessel  was  now  to  sail,  for  the  first  time, 
^nner»8  through  Loug  Island  Sound,  and  to  visit  the  coasts  which 
Block  had  thoroughly  explored  five  years  before.  In  the 
summer  of  1619,  Captain  Thomas  Dermer,  ^'employed 
by  Sir  Ferdinando  Gorges  and  others,  for  discovery  and 
other  designs  in  these  parts,"  after  dispatching  to  En- 
86  May.  glaud,  from  the  Island  of  Monhegan,  near  the  Kennebeck, 
a  vessel  laden  with  fish  and  furs,  set  out  on  a  voyage  to 
Virgini€^  in  a  small,  open  pinnace,  of  about  five  tons  bur 
Jane.  dcu,  <'  determining,  with  Grod's  help,  to  search  the  coast 
along."  In  rounding  Cape  Cod,  he  ^<  was  unawares  taken 
prisoner"  by  the  Indians,  from  whom  he  ransomed  him- 
self by  giving  several  hatchets.  After  passing  Martha's 
Vineyard,  Dermer  "  discovered  land  about  thirty  leagues 
in  length,  heretofore  taken  for  main,t"  where  he  feared  lie 
would  be  embayed ;  but,  by  the  help  of  an  Indian  pilot, 
he  reached  the  sea  again  at  Sandy  Hook,  ^<  through  many 
crooked  and  straight  passages."  Near  Throg's  Neck,  "  a 
multitude  of  Indians  let  fly"  at  Dermer  from  the  bank ; 
but  he  came  off  victorious.    In  passing  through  Hell-gate, 

*  "  A  Brief  Relation,"  Ac,  in  Mass.  Hirt.  Coll.,  xix.,  5-11 ;  Gorges,  "Brief  Narration,'^ 
in  tame,  xxvi.,  56-60 ;  SmHh,  ii.,  174-S18 ;  Bancroft,  i.,  90»-871. 

t  Long  Island,  whicti  Block,  in  1614,  had  ascertained  to  be  insular,  and  }iad  laid  down 
as  sucb  on  tlie  '*  Fignratiye  Mai^'  presented  to  the  States  General  In  that  year. 


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DERMER'S  VOYAGE  TO  VIRQINIA.  93 

^^  a  most  dimgerons  cataract  among  small  rocky  islands,"  chap.  m. 
lie  lost  his  anchor  by  the  strength  of  the  corrent,  which 
harried  him  on  throagh  the  East  Riv^  with  snoh  swift- 
ness, that,  without  stopping  at  Manhattan,  he  passed,  '^  in 
a  shcNrt  space,"  into  the  lower  hay,  which  gave  him  '<  light 
of  the  sea."  Prom  Sandy^Hook,  Dermer  coasted  safely  to  7  sept. 
Gape  Chartes,  and  the  James  Riv^ ;  whence  he  sent  an  ac- 
count of  his  adv^tures  to  his  friend  Purchas  at  London.*  sr  Due. 
.  Having  finished  his  business  in  Virginia,  ^^  where  he  was 
kindly  welcomed  and  well  refreshed,^'  Dermer  put  to  sea 
again,  early  the  next  spring,  ^'  resolving  to  accomplish,  in  1620 
his  journey  back  to  New  England,  what  in  his  last  dis- 
covery he  had  omitted.  In  his  passage,  he  met  with  cer- 
tain Hollanders,  who  had  a  trade  in  Hudson's  River  some 
years  before  that  time,  with  whom  he  had  a  conference 
about  the  state  of  that  coast,  and  their  proceedings  with 
those  people,  whose  answer  gave  him  good  content."  This 
"  ccmference"  was  held,  no  doubt,  with  the  Dutch  traders 
who  were  th^i  settled  at  Manhattan  Island.  Availing 
himself  of  the  ixdotmatiaa  which  he  thus  obtained,  Der- 
n^r  *'  betodL  himself  to  the  following  of  his  business,  dis- 
covering many  goodly  rivers,  and  exceeding  pleasant  and 
firuit&d  coasts  and  islands,  for  the  space  of  eighty  leagues 
from  east  to  west ;  for  so  that  coast  doth  range  along," 
fifom  the  North  River  to  Cape  Cod.  But,  before  he  left 
Manhattan,  Dermer  tbok  care  to  warn  the  Dutch,  whom 
he  found  there  in  quiet  possession,  not  to  continue  their 
occupation  of  what  he  claimed  as  English  territory.  Meet- 
ing, says  Gorges,  with  ^'  some  Hollanders  that  were  settled 
in  a  place  we  call  Hudson's  River,  in  trade  with  the  na- 
tives," Dermer  "  forbade  them  the  place,  as  being  by  his 
majesty  appointed  to  us."  The  Dutch  traders,  however^ 
replied  that  ^^  they  understood  no  such  thing,  nor  found 
any  of  our  nation  there  ;  so  that  they  hoped  they  had  not 
offended."t 

*  Denner's  letter  of  97th  Deeember,  1619,  in  Pnrehae,  It.,  1778, 9,  tnd  In  il.,  N.  Y.  H. 
S.  Con.,  L,  p.  39t ;  Morton's  Memorial,  50 ;  Prince,  154 ;  Hotmee,  i..  190. 

*  8lBltl^  11.,  tl9;  "▲  Brief  Relation,"  Ac.,  in  MaM.  HM.  Coll.,  zlx.,  11 ;  Oorgea, 
•*BriefNamtion,'>tnMaa«.Htat.Con.,zinrl.,7S;1)eUet,bookUl.,e«|i.tT.    Itfle«ns 


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94  fflSTORY  OF  THE  8TATK  (H*  NBW  YORK. 

ciuv.oL      On  reaohing  New  En^aiHi,  Dermer  transmitted   to 
Gorges  ^^a  journal  of  hie  prooeediag,  with  tbe  deecriptien 
sojum!^'  of  the  coast  all  along  as  he  passed.'^    Upon  the  receipt 
of  this  joomal,  and  tiie  previoos  letter  to  Porohas,  the 
Dermer  an- Plymouth  Gouotpony  soom,  most  unjostly,  to  haim  con- 
£*  E^  ydi  ^^^^'^  DenoBt  as  the  original  disoovermr  of  Long  Island 
as  uie  flrtt  Soond  and  of  the  adjacent  coaeta.     Bat  thoo^  Dermer 
^soond  ^^99^^^  ^  ^^^^  ^^^^  ^^  ^^  En^ishman  that  ever  sailed 
through  the  Sound,  he  had  been  preceded,  several  years,  by 
Block  and  his  Dutch  associates ;  with  the  details  cmd  re- 
sults of  whose  earlier  enterprise  he  was  made  fully  ac- 
quainted, in  the  ^^confneooe  about  the  state  of  that  coasts 
which  he  had  with  those  Hollanders,  whom,  on  his  retiv' 
from  Virginia,  he  found  <^  settled"  at  Manhattan. 

The  first  account  of  his  adventurous  voyage  to  Virginia, 
which  Dermer  had  sent  to  Purcdias,  from  his  winter  quar- 
ters on  the  James  Biver,  seems  to  have  quickened  the  ef- 
Patent  for  forts  of  Gorges  and  his  associates  to  obtain  from  tihe  king 
firad.  ^'   the  new  privileges  for  which  they  had  so  long  pined. 
Constant  appeals  were  addressed  to  the  court  for  a  new 
patent-*-^^  such  as  had  been  given  to  Virginia."     The  old 
8  Mtreii.    Flyiuouth  advcnturcrs  petitioned  tbe  king  tiiat  liie  terri- 
tory  might  be  called  New  England,  ^^  as  by  the  Prince  his 
Highness  it  hath  been  named,"  and  asked  that  its  {nrqiosed 
bomkbries  should  be  settled  ^^  from  forty  to  forty-five  de- 
grees of  nordiorly  latitude,  and  so  from  sea  to  sea  thjrough 
tiie  main,  as  tbe  coast  lyetii."t 

At  length,  after  two  years  entreaty,  the  king  yi^ed,  and 

»  jaiy.     the  sdiicitc^  general  was  directed  by  the  Privy  Council  to 

prepare  a  patent  for  the  limite  '^  between  the  degrees  of 

dkmr  dm  tb*  Dutch,  wtam  Denner  oonArred  widi  a^d  **  fbttede  tlM  plaev,"  w«r«  tfcOM 
**  wtUed"  at  Manhattan,  thoagh  they  do  not  appear,  as  yet,  to  have  built  any  flirt  there. 
.  Denner  sayt  nothing  about  ascending  the  rtrer,  while  he  speaks  distlnetly  of  his  explera- 
II^M  eighty  lei4«M  eastward  ftom  the  Nordi  Elver  io  Cape  God.  It  likewise  appears  to 
me  very  prob^le  that  Dermer's  account  was  the  only  foundation  flir  "  Beauchamp  Plantag- 
enet's**  ftbulous  story  of  ArgaU's  visit ;  see  Appendix,  Note  E. 

*  Morton's  Memorial,  56-M ;  Gorges, "  Brief  Narration,^  in  Mass.  Hist.  Soc.  Coll.,  uvL, 
•I;  Prince,  157.    Holnes,  i.,  158,  misled  by  Prince, ernNMOOsly  asserts  that  Dermar  was 
**  the  first  person"  who  ascertained  LoBf  Island  to  be  an  Island.    Bancroft,  in  a  n«ls,  IL, 
ffl,  eorresis  Belknap's  similar  emr. 
t  IxmdoB  Doe.,  i.»  e ;  N.  Y.  CoL  MS8.,  itf.,  3 ;  Mass.  Hist.  CoU.,  xia.,  11,  U 


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THE  MBW  metAH&  PATSNT  OF  If 20.  95 

kfitf  and  forty-eighf  ^  The  original  charter  of  1606  had  ciup.  lu. 
fixed  the  north^ni  boundary  of  British  territory  in  America 
at  the  parallel  of  £D(rty*five  degrees ;  and  to  that  line  the 
prayer  of  tiie  petitmiers  had  be^i  limited.  Now,  the  £n- 
glidb  government  boldly  instructed  their  law  officer  to  in* 
dude  in  the  new  patent  all  Ihat  part  of  Canada  compre- 
hended between  die  fi»rty-fifth  and  the  forty*eighth  de- 
grees. While  the  details  of  the  proposed  instrument  were 
yet  nndei  advisement,  Grorges  and  his  associates  probably 
received  Dormer's  second  journal.  By  this  they  were  in-3ojan«. 
Ibnned  that  the  Hollanders  were  fitirly  ^'  settled  in  a  place" 
which  the  English  called  ^'  Hudfion^  River,  in  trade  with 
the  natives ;"  and  that,  upon  those  Hollanders  being  for- 
bidden the  place  as  British  territory,  they  had  answered 
that  '*  ihey  understood  no  such  thing,"  nor  had  they  feund 
any  English  nibjeots  there.  In  truth,  since  the  return  of 
the  Sagadahoc  colonists,  no  English  subjects  had  perma- 
nently occupied  any  part  of  what  was  called  New  England. 
On  the  other  hand,  it  waa  certain  that  the  Dutch  were 
actually  in  qui^  possession  of  the  region  ^^  between  New 
France  and  Virginia,"  and  that  they  had  been  so  for  at 
least  six  years  after  the  building  of  their  fort  at  Castle 
Uand  in  1614,  and  the  grant  of  the  New  Netherland 
charter  by  the  States  Q-eneral.  The  ^plicants  for  the 
New  England  patent  deprecated  any  further  delay.  The 
tedious  forms  of  English  official  law  were  at  length  com- 
pleted ;  and  a  royal  charter,  which  included  three  degrees 
of  latitude  mor^  than  had  been  originally  comprehended 
in  the  patent  of  1606,  or  been  petitioned  for  by  the  Plym- 
outh adventurers,  was  finally  engrossed.  Late  in  the  au-  ^  Nov 
tunm,  the  important  instrument  duly  passed  the  great 
seal,  by  which  Ihe  Duke  of  Lenox,  the  Marquises  of  Buck- 
ing^bam  aiid  Hamilton,  the  Earls  of  Arundel,  Southamp- 
ton, and  Warwick,  Sir  Ferdinando  Gorges,  Sir  Francis 
Piqpham,  and  their  associates  and  successors,  forty  in  all, 
were  incorporated  by  the  kingi  as  ''  the  council  estaUished 

*  londmi  Doc,  U,  6;  N.T.  Cd.  IfSS.,  Ui.,  4;  Itexard,  h,  W;  Mkn.  Hlift.  CoSiBtNa» 


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96  mSTORT  OP  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  HI.  at  Plyitiouth,  in  the  ootuity  of  Devon,  for  l^e  planting, 
ruling,  and  governing  of  Nefw  England  in  Amerioa." 

The  political  powers  granted  to  the  new  eoq>oratioii 
were  immense.     Emigrants  who  might  beo<Hne  inhabit- 
ants of  New  England  were  to  be  subject  to  the  plenary 
authority  of  the  Plymouth  council.     By  tiie  terms  of  the 
patent,  the  corporation  was  invested  widi  the  absolute 
propriety  and    exclusive  jurisdiction   of  the  territories 
thenceforth  to  be  known  as  "  New  England  in  America," 
extending  from  forty  to  forty-eight  degrees  of  ncnrtherly 
latitude,  <<and  in  length,  by  all  the  breadth  aforesaid, 
throughout  the  main  land,  from  sea  to  sea."     It  was  dis- 
tinctly alleged,  in  the  preliminary  recitals  of  the  instru- 
ment, that  the  king  had  "  been  certainly  given  to  under- 
stand" that  Hiere  were  "no  other  the  subjects  of  apy 
ChristiEin  king  or  state,  by  any  authority  from  their  sever* 
elgns,  lords,  or  princes,  actucdly  in  possession"  of  any  of 
the  lands  or  precincts  "  between  the  degrees  of  forty  and 
forty-eight,"  whereby  any  right  or  title  might  accrue  to 
them ;  and  this  bold  allegation  was  made  a  leading  induce- 
ment to  the  patent.     Yet  the  French  occupation  of  Cana- 
da, as  far  south  as  the  forty-fifth  degree  of  latitude,  was 
notorious  to  the  world ;  and  Gtnrges  and  his  associates, 
before  their  patent  was  sealed,  must  have  received  from 
Dermer  the  clearest  evidence  that  the  Dutch  were  "  set- 
tled" in  actual  and  quiet  possession  of  New  Netherlands 
The  conveying  clause,  however — as  if  friture  embcmrass- 
,  ment  was  anticipated — expressly  provided  that  the  premi- 
ses intended  to  be  granted  "be  not  actually  possessed 
or  inhabited  by  any  other  Christian  prince  or  estate,"  nor 
be  within  the  bounds  of  Virginia.* 

Thus  the  weak-minded  King  of  England  attempted  to 

affirm  a  dishonest  dominion  over  nearly  all  the  American 

The  Dutch  territory  north  of  Virginia.     Meanwhile,  the  Dutch  re- 

Spiore*  ***  mained  in  possession  of  their  original  discoveries,  and  con- 

otfM<r*^^**' tinued  to  explore  New  Netherland.      Comelis  Jacobsen 

Slay,  who  had  been  among  the  first  to  visit  the  neighbor- 

*  S«e  the  patent  at  length,  in  Hazard,  i.,  103->1 18 ;  and  in  Tnunboll's  ConneeticiK,  t,ftl4 


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MAT  AT  THE  SOUTH  lUTER.  97 

hood  of  Montank  Point,  in  the  ''  Fortune/'  oame  out  again  chap.  ui. 
in  a  new  vessel,  the  "  Blyde  Boodschap,"  or  Glad  Tidings. 
On  this  voyage  he  seems  to  have  directed  his  attention  Mgy^jj  the 
ohiedy  to  the  coasts  and  rivers  southward  of  Manhattan.  ^^  ^*^ 
Besides  examining  the  regions  which  Hendricksen  had  ex- 
plored four  years  before,  Hay  also  visited  the  Chesapeake, 
and  ascended  Hie  James  River  as  hi^  as  Jamestown.* 
The  bay  at  Hie  mouth  of  the  South  River  was  soon  called 
by  the  Dutch  "  New  Port  May ;"  and  the  point  at  the 
southern  extremity  of  New  Jersey  still  retains  the  nan^  of 
<^  Cape  May."     Returning  to  Holland  in  the  summer  of  copeifar- 
1620,  May  reported  that  he  had  discovered  ^'certain  new, 
populous,  and  firuitful  lands"  on  the  South  River.     The 
owners  of  the  Glad  Tidings  accordingly  applied  to  thewAugaat. 
States  General  for  a  special  charter  in  their  &vor.    At  the 
same  time,  Hendrick  Eelkens  and  his  partners  presented 
an  opposing  petition,  alleging  their  prior  discovery  of  the    * 
regions  which  May  had  only  recently  visited,  and  praying 
that  the  exclusive  right  to  trade  there  might  be  granted  to 
them.    Upon  this,  the  States  General  called  both  parties 
into  their  presence,  and  directed  them  to  meet  together  and  spedai 
arrange  their  differences.     These  differences,  however,  ap-  toato.  ^ 
peared  to  be  irreconcilable.     After  nearly  three  months' o  Nor. 
faivestigation,  a  ccnnmittee  of  the  States  General  reported 
that  they  had  vainly  attempted  to  adjust  the  c(»iflicting 
olaima ;  and  their  High  Mightinesses  peremptorily  refused 
the  prayers  of  both  memorials.f    But  tiie  importance  of  the 
regions  around  Manhattan  was  now  becoming  more  fully 
appreciated  at  the  Hague.    In  less  than  seven  months  firom 
the  rejection  of  May's  ship-owners'  petition,  the  long-pend-  company 
ing  question  of  a  grand  commercial  organization  was  final-  hj  the 
ly  settled;  and  an  ample  charter  gave  the  West  India «rai.    ^' 
OcHupany  almost  unlimited  powers  to  colonize,  govern,  and  1621. 
defend  New  Netiierland.  ™*** 

•n«LMC,zitt.,p.M.  tHi)l.Doc.,l.,lO4-]06;  WaMMmar,lz.,l$l. 

G 


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98  HISTORY  OP  THE  STATE  OP  NEW  YORK. 


CHAPTER  IV. 

1620. 

Crap.  IT.      The  United  Netherlands  now  ranked  among  the  fore- 
~~~  most  nations  of  the  world.     They  had  signalized  the  com- 
gjj^       mencement  of  their  newly-reoognized  sovereignty  by  es- 
puhuc.      tabUshing  diplomatio  relations  with  most  of  the  neighbor- 
ing courts  of  Europe ;  and  distant  powers  had  begun  to 
1610.  seek  their  alliance.     The  King  of  Morocco  early  sent  am- 
•    bassadors  to  the  states,  and  negotiated  a  liberal  treaty ; 
1612.  while  the  sultan  opened  to  the  Dutch  the  commerce  of  the 
Levant,  which  before  had  been  monopolized  by  England 
and  France.     With  Wurtemburg  and  Brandenburg  a  mu- 
tual freedom  of  trade  was  soon  adjusted ;  and,  in  a  me- 
morial to  King  James,  Raleigh  bore  eloquent  testimony  to 
the  large  policy  of  the  early  tariffs  of  the  Netherlands,  de- 
claring that  ^^  the  low  duties  of  these  wise  states  draw  all 
traffic  to  them,  and  the  great  liberty  allowed  to  strangers 
makes  a  continual  mart."    As  sagacious  as  he  was  patri- 
otic. Olden  Bameveldt  had  consolidated  the  independence 
1616.  of  his  country  by  procuring  from  the  weakness  of  James 
the  restitution  of  the  Brielle,  YUssingen,  and  Rammekens, 
which  had  been  pledged  to  Elizabeth  as  a  security  for  the 
repayment  of  her  advances  to  the  United  Provinces.     The 
surrender  of  these  "  cautionary  towns" — a  measure  which 
excited  murmurs  and  discontent  in  England,  and  aston- 
ishment in  other  nations — gave  intense  satisfaction  to  the 
people  of  the  Netherlands,  and  added  a  new  impulse  to  the 
commercial  prosperity  which  seven  years  of  peace  had  es- 
tablished and  confirmed.     The  flag  of  the  republic  floated 
on  every  sea — ^from  Japan  to  Manhattan,  from  Nova  Zem- 


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THE  REFORMATION  IN  THE  NETHERLANDS.       99 

bla  to  Cape  Hoom — her  ports  Were  crowded  with  richly-  chap.  iv. 
laden  shipping ;  her  warehouses  were  filled  with  the  costly 
products  of  the  East ;  and  the  markets,  which  formerly 
knew  only  the  furs  of  Muscovy,  had  already  become  famil- 
iar with  the  peltry  of  New  Netherland.* 

But  while  Europe  was  watching  with  jealous  interest 
the  triumphant  progress  of  the  United  Provinces,  a  cause 
was  secretly  at  work  within,  which  threatened  more  evil 
to  the  nation  than  all  tiie  might  of  foreign  foes.  During 
the  greater  part  of  the  war  with  Spain,  religious  differences  adigtooB 
had,  more  or  less,  prevailed  in  the  Netherlands.  When  the  «ioDt!^ 
truce  was  finally  signed,  men's  minds,  relieved  firom  the 
absorbing  consideration  of  martial  affairs,  were  soon  eager- 
ly engaged  in  fierce  debates  on  articles  of  &ith ;  and  the 
tiieological  controversy  waxed  as  bitter  in  spirit  as  the  po- 
litical contest  which  had  just  been  settled. 

Early  in  the  fifth  century.  Saint  Augustine  opened  thepeiaciaii- 
famous  controversy  upon  the  '^  heresies''  which  the  En- 
glish monk  Pelagius  had  just  broached.  Augustine  main- 
tained the  doctrines  of  original  sin,  and  the  predestination 
of  the  elect  to  salvation.  Pelagius  denied  them.  The 
Churches  of  the  East  generally  supported  Pelagius ;  those 
of  the  West,  Augustine.  Luther,  a  disciple  of  Augustine, 
affirmed  the  doctrines  of  the  patron  of  his  order ;  and  Cal- 
vin, following  the  great  Father  of  the  Reformation,  with  caiTiniim. 
severe  logic  carried  them  out  to  their  extreme  conse- 
quences. Besides  their  distinctions  in  doctrine,  the  two 
Reformeirs  differed  also  in  their  views  respecting  church 
government  and  the  ceremonies  of  worship;  the  some- 
what conservative  opinions  of  the  leader  of  the  G-erman 
Protestants,  upon  these  points,  contrasting  strongly  with 
the  more  thorough  system  of  the  G-enevese  theologian. 

Wessel  GJ-ansevoort  and  Rudolf  Agricola,  of  Groningen,  Theiuftir. 
had  fidready  begun  to  teach  evangelical  faith.     WhenSouand. 
the  writings  of  Luther  were  printed  in  Friesland,  and  1518. 
circulated  in  Holland,  Erasmus,  though  at  heart  not  op- 
posed to  many  of  the  views  of  the  German  Reformer, 

*  Van  Meteren,  xzzL,  OM;  zzzlL,0M,  707;  DaTies,  U.,440, 4M;  MeCuIlaffh,  it, 951 


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100  raSTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OP  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  IV.  thooght  that  the  oaiise  of  truth  would  be  better  promoted 
by  less  violent  prooeediogs.     Inteqxxsing  betwewi  the  fok- 
'  lowers  of  Luther  and  the  adherents  of  the  Pope,  Erasmus 
drew  ^ppn  himself,  for  a  time,  the  ill  will  of  both  parties. 
The  mild  impartiality  of  Adrian  IL,  however,  saw  and  ad- 
mitted the  neeessity  of  oorreoting  the  abases  in  tiie  Church ; 
1532.  and  the  Rotterdam  scholar  was  invited  to  Rome  to  assist 
the  Pontiff  with  hi9  advice.     But  Erasmus,  remaining  in 
Holland,  devoted  his  admirable  talents  to  the  cause  of  Re- 
form in  his  own  land.     The  seeds  of  truth,  ^wdiioh  had 
germinated  there,  could  not  be  rooted  jout  by  all  the  efforts 
of  the  in(][uisitor8  of  Charles  Y.  and  Philip  II.     The  suc- 
cessive edicts  of  the  kings  of  Spain  but  planted  more  deep- 
ly in  the  hearts  of  the  people  the  emancipating  principles 
of  the  Reformation.     Persecution  but  confirmed  their  be- 
lief, and  invigorated  their  zeal.     The  old  nobility  and  tiie 
beneficed  prelates,  dreading  a  change  which  might  dam- 
age their  secular  interests,  generally  adhered  to  the  Pope ; 
The  Re-    but  the  popular  movement  carried  along  with  it  the  infe- 
Datch       nor  clergy.     Mind  acted  on  miiid,  and  prescription  yielded 
^^  '     to  the  irresistible  impulse.    A  Confession  of  Faitii,  modeled 
after  that  of  the  Calvinistic  Church  of  France,  was  adopted, 
1561.  in  1561,  by  the  Protestants  of  the  Netherlands,  who  thence- 
forward went  by  the  name  of  "  the  RsFORMEn."* 
Pint  The  first  public  meeting  and  preaching  of  the  Reformed 

orthe  Re-  lu  Holland  took  place  in  a  field  near  the  city  of  Hoom,  on 
^66.  ^®  fourteenth  of  July,  1566.     The  rumcnr  of  this  bold  step 
soon  spread  over  the  province,  and  Protestants  at  Haerlem, 
Leyden,  and  otiier  towns,  followed  the  example  of  tiieir 
brethren  at  Hoom.     Ministers  were  presentiy  settled  in 
the  chief  cities ;  and  the  Reformed  doctrine  was  openly 
preached  in  the  grand  cathedrals  which  tiie  Vandal  fervor 
The         of  Iconoclasts  had  despoiled.     The  Psalms  were  translated 
tnineiated.  iuto  Low  Dutch,  and  suug  by  great  congregations.    Thus, 
by  degrees,  the  minds  of  the  people  were  folly  prepared  tat 
1573.  the  important  step  which  tiie  states  took,  in  tiie  year  1573, 

*  Brandt's  History  of  tbe  Reftmnotioii,  ii.,  64,  64 ;  r.,  S54 ;  Dtviee,  L,  354-356,  446 ; 
1L,4 


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.^LISHMENT  OF  THE  BJaTORIIED  RELIGION.  101 

of  expelling  the  Roman  Caiholies  from  the  cbuiohes.    Yet  gsap.  iv. 
diis  measure  waa  oairied  with  gre&i  diffiouttjr,  and  after 
much  opposition ;  and  it  was  justified  only  by  the  oonsid- 
orations  of  pressing  political  neoesaity,  and  of  the  .danger 
of  trusting  too  much,  during  the  war  wi&  Spain,  to  ec- 
clesiastics who  had  sworn  allegianoe  to  the  Pope,  and  who 
remained  firm  in  that  allegianoe.    The  RefcHrmed  religion,  Eocabush- 
as  taught  in  Geneva  and  elsewhere,  was  pubKcly  estab-  SSfor^ed  ^ 
lished  in  Hollaml  about  the  close  of  the  year.     At  &e 
same  time,  and  notwithstanding  the  acts  of  scTerity  which 
liiey  felt  themselves  compelled  to  use  agaiiffit  ike  Papists, 
the  people  were  of  opinion  ^'  not  only  that  -  all  religions 
ought  to  be  tolerated,  but  that  all  restraint  in  matters  of 
religion  was  as  detestable  as  the  Inquisition  itself.''* 

Two  years  after  Ihe  letmous  Union  of  Utrecht,  in  1579, 
the  Prince  of  Orange,  on  accepting  the  office  of  stadthold-  1581. 
er,  which  was  formally  ccmfirmed  to  him  by  the  States  of  ^^^^' 
Holland,  proclainied  that  he  would  ^'  maintain  and  promote 
the  Reformed  religion,  and  no  other  f^  but  ^'  that  he  should 
not  su£kr  any  man  to  be  called  to  account,  molested,  or 
injured,  for  his  fstitii  and  conscience."     In  a  few  days,  the 
noble  manifesto  of  the  States  Q-eneral  announced  to  thesojoiy. 
world  that  the  Dutdi  had  openly  rejected  Philip  as  their 
king,  and  that  the  p6q)le  of  tiie  Netherlands  were  absolved 
fircHn  all  allegiance  to  tiieir  former  sovereign.    This  obliged 
the  stadtholder  to  issue  a  proclamation  prohibiting  the  pub-  so  Dee. 
lie  exercise  of  the  Romish  religion ;  nevertheless,  the  same 
instrument  declared  that  it  was  not  intended  ^'  to  impose  Freedom  or 
any  burden,  or  make  inquisition  into  any  man's  con-^rooiaimetL 
science."     While  Calvinism  was  thus  established  as  the 
national  religion  of  Holland,  the  followers  of  all  other  modes 
of  faith  were  freely  allowed  to  conduct  their  worship  in 
private  houses,  which  were  frequency  as  spacious  as  the 
churches  themselves.     Under  this  system,  there  was,  in 
fEust,  an  entire  liberty  in  the  use  of  diverse  services.    Hooft, 
the  burgomaster  of  Amsterdam,  in  a  public  address  to  his  1598. 
colleagues,  declared  that  magistrates  should  not  "  pretend  ^^"'* 

*  Brandt,  ▼!.,  318 ;  x.,  M9,  550 ;  Darlee,  i.,  59^-580,  641. 


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102  fflSTdRY  OP  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

ciup.  IV.  to  build  up  living  temples  to  the  Lord  by  foroe,  and  by 
external  arms ;"  for,  in  their  oonflict  with  Spain,  the  Dutoh 
had  openly  maintained  that  ^<  no  prinoes  nor  magistrates 
had  any  authority  over  the  oonseienoes  of  their  subjects 
in  matters  of  religion."* 

Thus  religious  freedom  was,  from  the  first,  reoognized 
as  a  universal  right,  and  aooompanied  the  spread  of  the 
Toieratum  Reformation  in  Holland.  If  Germany  nursed  the  infiGLnoy 
religions,  of  the  Protostaut  faith,  the  Netherlands  developed  its  true 
proportions,  and  defended  its  maturer  growth.  While  the 
Duteh,  with  dauntless  courage,  were  breasting  the  power 
of  Spain,  Hiey  habitually  extended  to  every  sect  the  same 
liberty  in  matters  of  belief  which  ihey  had  claimed  of 
Philip  as  their  own  right.  Though  Calvinism  was  their 
established  religion,  Calvinism  was  not  their  exclusive  re- 
ligion. Battling  against  a  foreign  bigot,  it  was  only  nat- 
ural that  the  people  of  the  Netherlands  should  generally 
have  repudiated  bigotry  at  home.  And  this  policy  pro- 
duced the  happiest  effects.  Occasional  instances  of  sect- 
arian excess  were  not,  indeed,  wanting.  Yet,  by  degrees, 
Papists  learned  to  think  that  Lutherans  and  Calvinists 
might  be  in  the  way  of  salvation ;  Protestants  fcnrbore  to 
call  the  Pope  anti-Christ,  and  Romanists  idolaters ;  the 
Calvinist  and  the  Lutheran  emulated  each  other  in  large 
Christian  charity ;  and  the  Jew,  stopping  his  wandering 
steps  and  forgetting  his  exdusiveness,  rested  in  Holland, 
Holland  an  a  fkithful  and  patriotic  citizen.  The  Low  Countries  soon 
^^^^'  became  an  asylum  for  frigitives  from  persecution  in  other 
^^^^  lands ;  and  the  Dutch  won  the  honorable  distinction  of 
European  reproach  for  their  system  of  universal  religious 
toleration.  Amsterdam  was  called  ^'a  common  harbor  of 
all  opinions,  of  all  heresies."  Holland  was  stigmatized  as 
''  a  cage  for  unclean  birds."  The  Netherlands  became 
notorious  among  the  bigots  of  Christendom  tot  such  com« 
prehensive  liberality  in  conscience  and  opinion,  that  it  was 
observed  that  ^*  all  strange  religions  flock  thither."     In- 

*  Brandt,  xUi.,  07^-077 ;  XTi.,  835-834 ;  Van  Meteren,  x.,  909 ;  BentirogUo,  U.,  S ;  Da- 
nes, ii.,  65, 141. 


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THE  REFOBMED  DUTCH  CHURCH  CALVINISTIC.  108 

deed,  to  sneh  an  unlimited  extent  was  charity  displayed  chap.  nr. 
towiml  all  methods  of  religious  belief,  that  a  liberal-mind- 
ed  English  statesman,  ccmtrasting  the  narrow  sectarianism 
of  his  own  land  with  the  enlarged  Catholic  spirit  of  Hol- 
land, could  not  help  declaring  that  '^  the  uniyersal  Church 
is  only  there."* 

This  magnanimous  system  of  toleration  remained  axxm- 
stant  and  remarkable  characteristic  of  the  people  of  the 
Netherlands,  except  upon  one  memorable  occasion,  when 
the  Dutch  forgot,  for  a  space,  tiieir  cherished  maxim.  Yet, 
while  religions  differences  grew  warm  among  the  Protest- 
ants of  Holland,  neither  G-omarists  nor  Arminians,  in  their 
bitterest  strife,  thought  of  shutting  the  gates  of  the  Low 
Countries  against  the  persecuted  of  other  lands ;  and  the 
consequences  of  that  feimous  theological  controversy  gave 
all  parties  among  the  Butch  so  terrible  a  warning,  that 
the  suggestions  of  bigotry  ever  afterward  remained  un- 
heeded. "  It  is  certain,"  says  De  Witt,  "  that  freedom  of 
religion  having  always  been  greater  in  Holland  than  any 
where  else,  it  hath  brought  in  many  inhabitants,  and 
driven  out  but  few."t 

From  the  first,  the  majority  of  the  ministers  qf  the  Re-  caiTinimi 
formed  Dutdx  Church  were  Calvinistic.  At  the  earliest  Dutch  ciar 
synod  which  the  clergy  of  Holland  and  Zealand  held  in 
1574,  at  Dordrecht,  upon  their  own  call,  and  without  the 
approbation  of  the  States  of  Holland,  it  was  agreed  that 
the  Heidelberg  Catechism  should  be  taught  in  all  the 
churches,  and  that  all  the  ministers  should  subscribe  the 
Netherland  Confession  of  Faith,  and  promise  obedience  to 
the  Classes.  The  preaching  of  free  will  was  soon  consid- 
ered to  be  heresy ;  it  nearly  produced  a  schism  at  Utrecht,  1593 


*  DaTlei,  lii.,  883;  Bishop  Hall,  rl.,  180;  687116*8  DiaiaasiTe;  Owen  FeltlMm.    An- 
drew Marrell,  iu  his  "  Character  of  Holland,"  has  theee  quaint  linee : 

'*  Henoe  Amsterdam,  Toik,  Christian,'  Pafan,  Jew, 
Stai^e  of  sects  and  mint  of  schism  grew ; 
That  bank  of  oonscienoe,  where  not  one  so  strange 
Opinion,  bnt  finds  credit  and  exchange ; 
In  vain  for  Catlu^cs  omselTee  we  bear— 
The  nnlYersal  Ctraroh  is  only  there.'* 
t0eWttt,l.,19. 


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104        HISTORY  (XP  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  TORK. 

CH^.nr.  which  was  healed  only  by  the  zealous  exeitioDs  of  Uyten- 

"7TT~bogart  and  Junius.* 

tL  Gomk-     When  Jacobus  Arminius  was  reoonunended  for  ihe  Pro- 

Armi^ans.  fessorsUp  of  Thedogy  at  Leyden,  made  yacant  by  the 
death  of  Junius,  in  1602,  his  appointment  was  opposed  by 
Franciscus  G-omarus,  who  filled  another  theological  chair, 
and  who  hesitated  to  receive  as  a  colleague  a  person  whose 
orthodoxy  was  doubted.  The  scrufdes  of  GtMuartB  were, 
however,  overcome ;  and  the  next  year  Arminitis,  upon 
promising  to  teach  nothing  but  the  ^^  received  doctrine" 
of  the  Church,  became  ^fessor.  At  first  his  pnblio 
preaching  was  xmexceptionaUe ;  but  in  private,  he  at* 
tacked  some  of  the  prominent  points  of  tiie  established 
1604.  creed.  At  length,  in  the  spring  of  1604,  he  openly  and 
boldly  set  forth,  doctrines  at  variance  with  those  of  Calvin 
respecting  election  and  predestination.  This  aroused  the 
warm  opposition  of  his  colleague  Gt)maTUs,  who  published 
a  thesis  in  which  the  distinctive  tenets  of  Calvinism  were 
vehemently  urged.  The  strife  between  the  professors  soon 
led  to  exasperating  disputes  between  their  pupils,  who,  as 
it  offcen  happens,  surpassed  their  teachers  in  zeal  and  an- 
imosity, as  much  as  they  fell  short  of  them  in  knowledge. 
The  feud  extended  as  the  Arminian  sentim^ts  spread. 
The  ministers  of  the  churches  took  ihe  one  side  or  the 
other ;  and  the  controversy,  which  at  first  was  carried  on, 
in  Latin,  within  the  walls  of  the  university,  by  degrees 
reached  the  ears  of  the  people  in  furious  vernacular  from 
the  pulpits.t 

*  Brandt,  xi.,  5M ;  xir.,  713 ;  xr.,  786 ;  Acta  Synodi  Dord.  Tho  ftmn  of  ecclMiastical 
gOfTemment  established  by  the  Refbnned  Church  of  the  Netheriands  resembled,  in  some 
respeets,  that  of  a  representatiTe  republic.  The  spiritual  and  temporal  aflSUrs  of  eaeli 
congregation  were  managed  by  its  permanent  minister,  and  by  elders  and  deacons,  elect- 
ed fbr  limited  terms  of  serrice,  by  the  members  of  the  chnrch.  The  minister,  elders,  and 
deacons  formed  the  **  Consistory"  or  goYeming  council  of  each  congregation.  A  "  Clas- 
sis**  was  OHnposed  of  all  the  ministers,  and  of  an  elder  delegated  from  each  consistory 
within  a  cortain  district.  It -had  large  original  and  appellate  Jurisdiction ;  it  exainined 
and  ordained  candidates  in  thexAc^ ;  and,  generally,  decided  In  cases  (rf*  discipline.  Su- 
perior in  authority  were  the  "  Synods,"  which  were  composed  of  ministers  and  elders  de- 
puted by  the  sereral  classes  within  psotleular  bounds,  llie  supreme  power  of  the  Chnrch 
was  Tested  in  a  <*  Genersl  Synod,"  consisting  of  derieal  and  lay  delegates  flrom  the  several 
dasses  oomposing  the  particular  synsds.  This  system,  substantially,  preralls  in  the  Re- 
Ibnned  Protestant  Dutch  Church  in  North  America. 

t  Hist.  Synod.  Dord.,  translated  by  Dr.  Scott,  9»-106,  edit.  Philad.,  1841.    The  cbarge 


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TRB  OOllARiSTS  AlIB  REU(»9STItANTS.  105 

Anoiber  dispute  aaski^  befiire  long,  irespeoting  the  Hei-  ciup.tT. 
delberg  Cateohism  and  the  Cosifeasion  of  Faith,  which 
had  been  adopted  by  the  synod  held  at  Dordrecht  in  1674.  •'^"^• 
The  Gomariste  regarded  these  as  unalterable  formnlaries 
of  bdief ;  the  Anninians  demanded  their  revision.  Things 
so(m  came  to  snch  a  pass  that  the  States  of  Holland  in- 
t^ered,  and  c^pointed  a  conferttioe  between  the  rival 
{NTofessorst  to  be  held  at  the  Hagoe^  before  their  Supreme  1608. 
Gonncil,  assisted  by  fonr  ministers.  The  meekness  of 
Arminins  gained  him  an  advantage  in  debate  over  the 
sterner  Gomams,  who  injured  iiis  oaose  by  violent  de- 
nnnoiation.  Upon  the  report  of  the  oonncil,  Bomev^ddt 
recommended  mutual  forbearance  to  the  disputants,  prom- 
ising that  their  differ^Eioes  should  be  reconciled  by  a  na- 
tional S3rnod.  Little  good,  however,  followed  the  confer- 
ence. The  elassis  of  Alckmaer  soon  afterward  resolved, 
that  all  the  ministers  within  its  jurisdiction  should  sign  a 
declaration  that  the  Catechism  and  Confession  of  Faith 
agreed,  in  every  particular,  with  the  word  of  God ;  and 
five  ministers,  who  refused  to  subscribe,  were  forthwith 
suspended.  The  censured  ministers  appealed  to  the 
States  of  Holland,  who  required  ihe  dassis  to  report  its 
proceedings  to  them,  and  meanwhile  to  vacate  its  sen- 
tence of  suspension.  But  the  Synod  of  North  Holland 
confirmed  the  action  of  its  subordinate  dassis,  and  disre- 
garded the  reiterated  injunctions  of  the  states.* 

Thus  the  dispute  finally  assumed  a  political  aspect,  inediqmte 
The  Arminians,  acknowledging  the  right  of  the  civil  pow-  pouucai. 
er  to  decide  points  of  religious  doctrine,  invoked  its  pro- 
of tu^ttritaMeneM  bas  been  made  so  oooatantly  againat  Ckmiania  and  bla  ftienda,  tliat  It 
is  only  Jnstice  to  tbem  to  inaert  an  extract  fkom  a  poathnmooa  tractate  of  Armiatiia  liini* 
sdf,  tat  the  oomnranication  of  wbich  I  am  indebted  to  the  Rev.  Dr.  Forsyth,  of  Princeton, 
k  ahowa  that  the  aynod'a  Mendly  uvertiirea  wen  peremptorily  rejected  by  Aiminina. 
'*  On  the  90th  of  Jone^  1(K)5,  there  came  to  me,  at  Leyden,  three  depotiea  of  the  Synod  of 
Sooth  Holland,  and  declared,  in  preoence  of  two  depmiea  ttom  the  Synod  of  North 
Holland,  that  the  Leyden  stndenta,  in  their  examinationa  for  bcensoie  belbre  aereral 
of  the  classes,  were  obserred  to  give  new  answers  upon  aome  qoestions,  contrary  to 
the  doctrtaes  of  the  Qutfch,  and  whldi  answers  the  students  deelared  they  had  learned 
from  me.  They  therefore  asked  me  to  meet  them  in  a  friendly  conference,  in  order  to  un- 
derstand what  there  was  in  It,  and  how  the  thing  could  be  remedied.  Hereupon  I  gave 
them  for  answer,  that  I  regarded  such  an  expedient  as  unflt.^— Verdaringhe  Jacobi  Ar- 
BlBii,p.  S.    Leyden,  1610. 

«  Brandt,  xvii.,  07-00 ;  Hist.  Syn.  Dord ,  107-138 ;  Davles,  IL,  49»-4a0. 


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106  HISTORT  OP  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  TORE. 

Chap.  IV.  teotion  and  support.  The  Gt>marist8  insisted  tiliat  eocle- 
"7T~"siastical  authority  belonged,  solely  and  exclusively,  to  the 
'  consistories,  the  classes,  and  the  synods  of  the  Church. 
The  municipal  governments  generally,  and  yery  naturally, 
sided  with  the  Arminians,  who  had  thus  adroitly  iSattered 
them;  but  the  G-omarists,  who  formed  a  large  majority 
among  the  clergy  and  the  people,  retained  the  almost  en- 
tire control  of  the  judicatories  of  the  Church.  Other 
classes  followed  the  example  of  that  of  Alckmaer,  and  re- 
quired all  their  ministers  to  subscribe  to  the  Catechism 
and  Confession.  And  now,  the  truce  with  Spain  having 
exempted  the  nation  from  the  dangers  of  war,  those  minds 
which  had  been  chiefly  occupied  by  the  great  contest  for 
civil  and  religious  liberty  were  soon  engaged  in  a  vehe- 
ment conflict  on  abstruse  points  of  metaphysical  theology. 
Every  where  the  pulpits  echoed  denunciations  against  the 

1609.  Arminians,  which  even  the  death  of  their  amiable  leader 
w  October,  ^j  j^^^  abate.     To  relieve  themselves  from  misrepresenta^ 

1610.  tions  of  their  &ith,  the  Arminians,  the  next  year,  present- 
ed a  formal  remonstrance  to  the  States  of  Holland  and 
West  Friesland,  setting  forth  the  five  prominent  points  of 
doctrine  in  which  they  diffiwred  from  the  Reformed  Church, 

The  Re-     and  whioh  soon  obtained  for  theni  the  name  that,  down 

mon-  -  ^7 

itrants.     to  the  present  day,  has  distinguished  them  in  Holland^ 
"  the  Remonstrants."* 

The  chair  of  Divinity  at  Leyden,  made  vacant  by  the 
death  of  Arminius,  was  soon  proposed  to  be  filled  by  the 
appointment  of  the  lecu^ed  Conrad  Yorstius,  who,  having 
been  suspected  of  Socinianism,  was  even  more  obnoxious 
Interta^-  than  his  predecessor.  The  pedantic  King  of  England,  to 
King  whom  the  candidate  for  the  professorship  had  given  great 
oflense  by  the  publication  of  a  theological  treatise,  could 
not  resist  the  temptation  to  meddle  as  a  polemic.     He  in- 

1611.  structed  his  ambassador,  Winwood,  to  press  the  States 
Greneral  for  the  banishment  of  Yorstius ;  and  even  hinted, 
in  a  letter  to  their  High  Mightinesses,  that  the  <<  arch  her- 

*  Brandl,  zrlii.,  03 ;  six.,  130;  Hist.  Syn.  Dord.,  189-154 ;  DaTiet,  tL,  461-481 ;  Ifo- 
Bheim.T.,444,446. 


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MAURICE  AND  BARNEVELDT.  107 

etio"  deserved  a  crown  of  martyrdom.  The  king's  perti-  okap.iv. 
nacious  d^aands  were  warmly  opposed  by  Bameveldt, 
bat  strongly  supported  by  Prince  Manriee,  ike  stadthoider, 
who  thus  conciliated  the  good-will  of  James.  The  States, 
unwilling  to  oifeiid  their  powerful  English  ally,  consented 
that  Yorstius  should  retire ;  and  Simon  Episcopius  was 
appointed  in  his  place.^ 

The  leading  statesmen  of  the  ^Netherlands  could  not 
avoid  taking  part  in  the  religious  dispute  which,  by  this 
time,  had  begun  to  distract  all  ranks  of  their  countrymen. 
Bameveldt  and  G-rotius,  desiring  to  curb  the  ambition  of  sarnereidt 
the  stadtholder  by  the  influence  of  the  towns,  naturally  Sqs  side 
sided  with  the  Remonstrants,  whose  views  were  generally  nemon- 
favored  by  the  municipal  governments.     But  the  clergy, 
excluded  from  political  office,  had  generally  been  in  active 
opposition  to  the  civil  authorities  'f  and  haA  always  been 
zealous  partisans  of  the  stadtholders.     Maurice,  remem- 
bering tlus,  and  knowing  that  a  large  majority  of  the 
ministers  of  the  Reformed  Church  were  hostile  to  the 
tenets  of  Arminius,  naturally  sided  with  the  Gomarists. 

From  the  period  of  the  truce  with  Spain,  the  prince  had  prinM 
borne  ill  will  against  Bameveldt,  whose  influence  in  theud Bame- 
governments  of  most  of  the  towns  was  enough  of  itself  to^**** 
arouse  the  jealousy  of  a  less  ambitious  politician.  Soon 
after  the  stadtholder's  splendid  victory  over  the  Spanish 
forces  at  Nieuport,  some  of  ihe  wisest  patriots  of  Holland, 
among  whom  were  Bameveldt  and  Qrotius,  began  to  en- 
tertain suspicions  that  Maurice  would,  endeavor  to  use  his 
popularity  with  the  army  as  a  means  of  enabling  him  to 
grasp  more  political  power  than  would  be  consistent  with 
the  liberties  of  his  country.  When  proposals  were  soon 
afterward  made  for  an  accommodation  with  Spain,  the  ad- 
vocate, vnth  many  other  enlightened  Dutch  statesmen,  be- 
came as  active  promoters  of  a  peace  as,  not  long  before, 
they  had  been  ardent  supporters  of  the  war.  The  martial 
successes  of  the  Butch  had  begun  to  modify  their  sober 

*  Wlnwood'8  Memorial,  ili..  317,  340 ;  Hist.  Syn.  Dord.,  lft»-182 ;  Dtvias,  tt.,  403-467 ; 
Netl*8  PoritaiM,  L,  909,  Hoipen^  editton. 


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108  HISTORY  OP  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

CHiip.iv.  national  habits,  and  honest  patriotism  feared  a  oontino- 
ance  of  the  t^npting  strife.  The  burdens  of  a  war-tax 
*  had  beoome  almost  insupportable,  and  industry  was  crip- 
pled, while  gallantry  alone  was  rewarded.  But,  above  all, 
it  was  ajqurehended  that  a  well*organized  army,  flushed 
with  ocmtinual  yict(»ries,  and  led  by  so  ambitious  a  general 
as  Maurioe,  might  soon  read  to  the  Dutch  Republic  the 
lessons  ^^ch  prsBtorian  cohorts  had  read  to  Rome.  Bar- 
neveldt  and  his  friends,  therefore,  eagerly  desired  a  peace, 
and  the  truce  of  1609  was  signed.  As  stadtholder,  Mau- 
rice was  the  commander  of  the  miUtary  force  of  the  re- 
public ;  an  end  of  hostilities  would,  he  foresaw,  deprive 
him  of  a  large  share  of  his  authority  and  influence ;  he, 
therefore,  opposed  the  truce.  Finding  himself  thwarted 
an  every  side  by  Bameveldt,  he  did  not  disguise  his  hatred 
of  the  patriotic  advocate ;  who,  in  turn,  could  not  OMiceal 
his  suspicions  that  the  prince  desired  to  prolong  the  wur 
frc»n  motives  of  private  interest  and  personal  ambition. 
Hence  arose  a  mutual  antipathy,  which  soon  deepened,  on 
the  side  of  the  stadtholder,  into  a  sentiment  of  intense  an^ 
imosity  against  Bameveldt,  and  which  the  eacfn&os  of  its 
hated  object  at  length  could  scarcely  appease.^ 

Swayed  by  such  feelings  of  jealousy  and  hatred,  it  was 
only  natural  that  the  prince  should  take  a  side,  in  the  great 
religious  controversy  which  was  distracting  the  country^ 
opposite  to  that  upheld  by  those  statesmen  who  had  thwart- 
ed his  political  views.    Other  reasons  besides  his  sympathy 
with  the  established  clergy,  and  his  inveterate  personal 
1616.  detestation  of  the  advocate,  induced  Maurice  to  espouse 
•SSrSSth  ^^  zeal  the  cause  of  the  Gt)marists,  or  Gontra-Remon- 
1^2^     strants ;  which,  from  the  time  of  the  stadtholder's  open 
accession,  daily  gained  ground.     Sir  Dudley  Oarieton,  who 
had  succeeded  Winwood  as  English  ambassador  at  the 
Hague,  also  used  the  influence  of  his  high  position  very 
unscrupulously  against  the  Remonstrants,  and  took  every 
occasion  to  strengthen  the  prejudices  which  had  already 
seriously  afiected  the  political  standing  of  Bameveldt. 

*  Grattau,  is. ,  571 ;  ST.,  71« ;  Drriee,  U.,  866, 40ft,  407, 409, 471. 


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THE  SYNOD  OP  DOBDRECHT.  109 

One  of  Carleton's  motives  for  1^  conduct  was,  no  doubt,  cbap.  iv. 
the  chagrin  of  his  sovereign  for  his  weakness  in  yielding 
to  the  advocate's  diplomatic  skill  in  the  negotiation  for  th^ 
sorrender  of  the  cautionary  towns.    The  nobles,  the  states, 
and  the  municipal  governments,  which  sided  with  the  ad- 
vocate, were  libeled  without  stint ;  Bameveldt  himself  was 
vindictively  attacked ;  and  the  King  of  England  again  in-  contimied 
flamed  the  mischief  by  his  officious  personal  intermed- enee  of 
dling.     Aware  that  the  question  of  a  national  synod  hadJanSs. 
now  well-nigh  replaced  the  other  points  in  dispute,  James, 
in  March,  1617)  wrote  a  long  letter  to  the  States  Greneral,  1617. 
in  which  he  strongly  urged  the  measure  as  the  most  ef- 
fectual means  of  establishing  the  Reformed  faith — the 
(^  only  solid  cement"  of  a  good  ^nderstanding  between  the 
two  countries.     The  arguments  of  the  king  were  warmly 
supported  by  his  ambassador ;  a  national  synod  was  ap- 
pointed to  be  held  at  Dordrecht ;  and  Maurice,  now  be- 
come Prince  of  Orange  by  the  death  of  his  elder  brother 
Philip,  made  a  tour  through  the  towns  of  the  Netherlands 
to  gain  their  unanimous  consent  to  the  m^easure.* 

The  Sjrnod  of  Dordrecht  assembled  on  the  thirteenth  of 
November,  1618.  It  sat  for  more  than  seven  months,  at  a  1618. 
cost  to  the  republic  of  a  million  of  guilders.  Foreign^DS^** 
Churdies  were  invited  to  commission  delegates  to  the  syn-  ****^ 
od,  and  they  all  complied  with  the  request.  The  Churches 
of  the  Palatinate,  Hesse,  Switzerland,  Bremen,  and  Emb- 
den,  and  the  King  of  Great  foitain,  as  the  head  of  the  En- 
glish and  Scotch  establishments,  were  all  represented.  The 
Reformed  Church  of  France  appointed  delegates;  but  they 
were  forbidden  by  Louis  XIII.  to  go  to  D<»rdreoht,  and  the 
jdaoes  appropriated  for  them  were  left  vacant  during  the 
sessions  of  the  synod.  The  head  of  the  Church  of  En- 
gland was  represented  by  George  Carletcm,  bislu^  of  Llan- 
daff;  Joseph  Hall,  dean  of  Worcester ;  Samuel  Ward,  arch- 
deacon of  Taunton;  and  John  Davenant,  professor  of  The- 
ology at  Cambridge ;  while  Walter  Balcancall  was  dele- 
gated by  the  king  in  tiie  name  of  the  Church  of  Scotiand. 

*  Cvl0Uai's  Lectwi,  87,  86, 183 ;  HiM.  SyB.  Dovd.,  16»-tt9 ;  Dcftoe,  IL,  487-4B0L 


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110  fflSTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OP  NEW  YORK. 

ctuT.  TV,  After  one  hundred  and  fifty-four  sessions— in  the  course  of 
which  the  Heidelberg  Catechism  and  the  Confession  of 
'  Faith  were  fiilly  approved  and  ratified,  and  the  Remon- 
strants pronounced  innovators,  disturbers  of  the  Church 
and  nation,  obstinate  and  rebellious,  leaders  of  faction, 
teachers  of  fiBilse  doctrine,  and  schismatics— -the  business 
of  this  famous  Assembly  was  closed  on  the  ninth  of  May, 
1619.  1619 ;  and  Bogerman,  its  president,  dismissed  the  foreign 
*^*  members  with  the  startling  declaration  that  "  its  marvel- 
ous labors  had  made  Hell  tremble."* 
The  syn-  That  the  proceedings  of  the  Synod  of  Dort  against  the 
eei^  Arminians  were  inexorably  severe,  ought  not  to  be,  and 
can  not  be  denied.  They  formed  a  singular  and  memo- 
rable exception  to  the  characteristic  system  of  toleration 
which  so  nobly  distinguished  Holland  among  the  nations 
of  the  eeurth.  It  would  be  difficult  to  repeat  similar  pro- 
ceedings at  the  present  day.  At  the  same  time,  it  must  be 
candidly  admitted  that  the  synod  exercised  upon  the  Re- 
monstrants only  tiiat  ecclesiastical  discipline  which  any 
Church  may  lawfully  exercise  upon  those  under  its  juris- 
diction, who  reject  or  depart  firom  its  standards  of  doctrine. 
The  Synod  of  Dort,  in  its  supreme  function,  constitution- 
ally declared  that  the  RemcHistrants,  who  formed  a  very 
smedl  minority  among  the  clergy,  and  whose  followers 
were  scarcely  one  in  thirty  among  the  body  of  the  people, 
should  not  teach  &lse  doctrine  and  heresy  within  the  pale 
of  the  National  Church,  and  under  its  apparent  sanction. 
It  was  in  their  claimed  diaaracter  of  members  of  the  es- 
tablished Reformed  Dutch  Church,  that  the  Remonstrants 
received  the  censures  of  that  Church.  If  they  could  not 
approve  of  its  standards  of  religion,  and  could  not  teach 
in  conformity  to  them,  they  should  have  resigned  their  liv- 
ings and  professorships,  and  have  preached  and  taught  else- 
where. Though  the  Dutch  had  a  national  religion,  they 
had  no  Statute  of  Uniformity.  Had  the  Remonstrants  hon- 
estly and  openly  separated  themselves  fi^m  the  Established 
Church,  whose  doctrine  they  could  not  maintain,  they 

*  Brandt,  zU.*  6U,  **  Een  recbt  wondeitaarlyek  w«rck  *t  welck  do  heUe  doet  berea.** 


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DEATH  OP  BARNEVELDT.  HI 

would  undoubtedly  have  found,  readily  and  at  once,  the  chaf.  ty. 
same  toleration  which  other  sects  enjoyed  in  Holland,  and  "7171" 
which,  after  they  had  been  judicially  pronounced  schismat- 
ics, they  did  enjoy,  and  do  notoriously  enjc^,  to  this  day. 

The  fette  of  Bajmeveldt  was  soon  sealed.  He  had  been 
arbitrarily  arrested,  by  order  of  the  Prince  of  Orange,  in 
August,  1618,  as  he  was  entering  the  Assembly  of  the  Pro- 
vincial States  of  Holland.  The  arrest  of  their  own  advo- 
cate drew  from  the  states  an  earnest  remonstrance  against 
such  an  open  invasion  of  their  privileges.  But  remon- 
strance was  unavailing.  The  stadtholder  was  determined 
to  gratify  to  the  utmost  his  personal  jealousy  and  revenge ; 
and  Bameveldt  was  illegally  detained  three  months  in 
prison,  to  insure  the  appointment  of  an  adverse  tribunal. 
After  forty-eight  interrogatories,  the  advocate  was  con- 
demned to  death,  upon  a  series  of  political  charges,  the 
only  capital  one  of  which,  and  the  one  which  before  his 
trial  his  enemies  had  most  vehemently  urged — ^that  he  had 
treasonably  corresponded  with  Spain — ^was  entirely  aban- 
doned. On  tiie  morning  of  the  thirteenth  of  May,  1619,  is  May. 
in  the  seventy-second  year  of  his  age,  Bameveldt  was  be-  saneTeidt 
headed  on  a  scaffold  erected  in  the  hollow  square  in  front 
of  the  great  hall  of  the  States  G-eneral.  As  he  walked 
calmly  to  his  place  of  execution,  and  looked  around  upon 
the  buildings  which  had  witnessed  his  triumphs  as  a 
statesman,  the  contrast  of  his  unworthy  doom  with  the 
glorious  recollections  of  his  career,  wrung  from  him  the 
memorable  exclamation,  "  Oh  Q-od !  what,  then,  is  man  !"* 
Popular  tradition,  though  its  truth  is  doubted,  to  this  day 
asserts  that  the  insatiate  vengeance  of  Maurice  demanded 
a  sight  of  the  blood  of  his  venerable  victim ;  and  the  vis- 
itor at  the  Hague  is  still  shown  a  little  window  in  one  of 
the  turrets,  overlooking  the  quadrangle  of  the  Binnenhof, 
fit)m  which  the  prince  is  said  to  have  witnessed  the  exe- 
cution of  one  of  the  truest  patriots  and  most  upright  states- 
men that  ever  fell  a  sacrifice  to  tiie  violence  of  party  rage, 
or  the  unscrupulousness  of  political  ambition. 

*  DaTiM,  it,  400-015 ;  Van  der  Kamp'a  "Maorloe,"  It.,  ll^-llO,  S17 ;  Orattan,  941-«. 


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112  HISTORY  OP  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 


1608. 


ojum.  nr.      In  the  luidst  of  tbe  religions  and  political  differences 
'  which  were  thus  distracting  all  classes  in  the  Netherlands, 
a  number  of  English  Puritans,  weary  of  hierarohal  op- 
pression, and  smarting  under  the  vulgar  insults  of  their 
bigoted  king,  resolved  to  emigrate  to  Holland, 

At  the  command  of  Henry  YHI.,  who,  for  apposing  Lu- 

1521.  ther,  had  received  from  Leo  X.  the  title  of  ^^  Defender  of 
the  Faith,"  the  English  clergy  had  been  obliged  to  abjure 

1534.  the  supremacy  of  the  Pope.  Yet  the  Anglican  Church, 
under  Henry,  though  forced  to  substitute  the  sujuremacy 
of  the  King  for  tiiat  of  the  Pontiif,  retained,  to  a  great  ex- 
tent, the  peculiar  doctrines  and  the  g(»rgeous  ceremonial 
of  Rome.    As  the  Reformation  advanced,  further  chaises 

1548.  became  necessary ;  and,  \mdes  Edward  YI.,  Cranmar  ar- 

1552.  ranged  the  terms  of  a  compnmuse,  which  produced  the 

^2^^  present  GhUrch  of  England.     Like  all  compn^nises,  the 

England,    new  cstabUidmittit  rejected  extremes.     A  hierarchal  con< 

stitution  was  retained,  £md  those  beautiful  collects,  which 

had  ^^  soothed  the  grie&  of  forty  generations  of  Christians," 

were  transla^^ed  into  the  English  tongue ;  while  Articles 

1562.  of  Religion  were  adc^ted,  and  afterward  twice  deliber- 

1571.  ately  revised  and  ratified,  in  which  the  most  zealous  Cal- 
vinist  might  find  his  own  doctrines  affirmed.  Thus  the 
Established  Church  of  England  took  a  middle  position  be- 
tween the  immutable  Church  of  Rome  and  the  Reformed 
Churches  of  the  C<mtinent. 

But  when  the  English  version  of  the  Bible  was  {urinted, 

1539.  and  began  to  be  generally  read  by  the  people,  there  were 
numbers  of  persons  who  thought  that  the  founders  of  the 
Anglican  Church  had  not  gone  fax  enough  in  tiieir  re- 
forms. Those  persona,  regarding  the  Holy  Scriptures  with 
the  veneiration  due  to  a  divinely-inspired  book,  looked 
upon  them  as  alone  furnishing  a  complete  manual  in  the- 
ciogyj  in  mcnrals,  and  in  political  science.  Relying,  per- 
haps too  confidentiy,  upon  their  own  interpretations,  they 
judged  that,  by  the  staildaid  of  those  Scriptures,  the  En- 
glish Church  was  not  a  pure  Church ;  and  that,  in  retain- 
ing prelacy,  ceremcHiies,  and  other  ^'  remains  of  anti-Christ '' 


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TH£  FUBTTANS  IN  ENGLAND.  113 

die  was  atten^pting  to  aerve  botti  Ood  and  BaaL     They  okat.  nr. 
found  no  wairant  in  the  Bible  for  weaniig  the  sorplioe ;  ^^^ 
they  thought  that  the  Book  of  Obiranon  Prayer  saiisred  ^^^^• 
too  much  of  the  Hiaeal  and  the  Breriary ;  and  they  in* 
aisted  that  the  interests  of  a  pure  religion  demanded  the 
extremest  simplicity  in  all  its  external  services.     Hence 
they  obtained  the  namte  of  <<  PuarrANs."     The  term  event-  1564. 
nally  designated  all  those  '^  who  endeavoffed,  in  their  de-^^*'^ 
votions,  to  accompany  the  minister  wkh  a  pure  heart,  and 
who  were  remarkably  holy  in  their  conversations."* 

Betnming  to  England,,  after  the  accessicHi  of  EUzabeth,  viewi  or 
from  their  exile  cm  the  Continent,  where  they  had  em-uuw. 
braced  the  most  rigid  views  of  Calvin,  the  Puritan  leaders 
seemed  to  believe  tiiat  the  Reformation  woold  not  be  com- 
plete unless  every  thing  that  might  cruggest  a  single  reo- 
oUection  of  Romanism  should  be  discarded.  They  reject- 
ed, as  unscriptoral,  the  daims  of  tile  bifihops  to  eeelesi- 
astical  superiority.  They  abhcorred  priestly  .garments  as 
badges  of  popery.  They  denounced  the  Prayer  Book  and 
<'  other  pi^ish  and  anti-Chriatian  /rtuff"  df  the  English 
establishment.  They  felt  themselves  called  upon  to  re- 
form the  Reformatimi  in  England,  and  destroy  all  ^^rdks 
of  the  Man  of  Sin."  Forms  and  ceremonies,  by  degrees, 
became  as  important,  in  their  eyes,  as  creeds  and  <foe- 
trines.  Things  indiiferent  became  things  essential  They 
seemed  to  think  that  a  sour  austerity  on  earth  would  win 
for  them,  more  certainly,  an  eternal  inheritance  in  heaven. 
They  ajqpeared  to  ftincy  thwnselves  God's  special  and  pe- 
culiar people,  and  more  holy  than  their  neighbors.  They 
seemed  to  prefiur  the  Old  Testament  and  the  argmtmita^ 
tive  Epistles  of  Paul,  to  the  Gospels  and  the  nulder  Epis- 
ties  of  John.  In  the  end,  many  of  them  conceived  that 
the  same  polity  which  Gknl  had  ordained  for  Israel  before 
the  coming  of  the  Messiah,  should  govern  both  Church  and 
State  under  the  Christian  dispensation.  More  than  most 
sectarians,  they  were  sincere  and  vehement  in  their  belief, 

*  Neal'«Paritanii,L,PnftM,z,Haipera^od.i  Lfiifard,BaiBdnr'«ad.,TL,SI9,9«8,aM{ 
▼IL,  81-33, 103-106, 897-300,  360;  tUL,  70 ;  MmoMday,  L,  40^46;  Bn«roll,  t, S7»-a6ii 

H 


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114  fflSTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

objlp.  iv.  and  severe  and  inflexible  in  their  practice.  More  than 
~~~mo8t  enthusiasts,  they  were  intrepid  and  persevering  in 
•  their  fervid  zeal.  With  intense  earnestness,  they  labored 
to  subject  political  power  to  the  supreme  control  of  an  as- 
cetic religion.  Confident  that  they  elcme  were  right,  they 
acted  out  their  part  with  consistent  energy.  In  a  country 
which  was  not  distinguished  for  toleration,  they  claimed 
for  themselves  immunities  which,  afterward,  they  seemed 
unwilling  to  yield  to  others.  Eventually  they  grasped  the 
authority  for  which  they  longed,  and  retorted  upon  their 
adversaries  the  wrongs  of  their  old  oppressors.  Yet  the 
controversy  which  the  Puritans  commenced  was  only  "  the 
wind  by  which  truth  is  winnowed."  Their  spirit  of  in- 
quiry and  dissent  added  a  significant  impulse  to  the  grand 
cause  of  civil  liberty.  Their  earnestness  may  have  carried 
them  beyond  just  limits ;  but  their  very  fanaticism  was 
decreed  to  be  one  of  the  instruments  of  Providence  in  work- 
ing out  great  good  to  man.  And  though  we  may  not  all 
applaud  their  singularities  or  justify  their  intolerance,  we 
should  not  withhold  our  respect  for  the  sincere  fervor  with 
which  they  advocated  their  system,  the  unfaltering  con- 
stancy with  which  they  endured  persecution,  and  the  firm 
will  and  «i;em  resolution  with  which  they  maintained 
tiieir  principles.* 
1582.  Before  long,  the  Puritans,  who  seem  to  have  embodied 
2^«^  ratiier  the  Saxon  than  the  Norman  type  of  the  English 
the^Q^iiOharacter,  began  to  separate  themselves  openly  from  tiie 
orEngund.  Qhurch,  whose  government  and  ritual  they  condemned, 
but  whose  doctrines  they  could  not  wholly  disavow.  They 
refused  to  conform  to  the  statutes  of  the  realm ;  and  the 
law  was  severely  enforced.  Penalties  which  the  Puritans 
had  advocated  against  the  Roman  Catholics  were  exacted 
from  themselves.     Brown,  the  leader  of  the  Separatists, 

*  ThoM  who  desire  deUUed  iDftmnation  reepectlDg  the  Puritans,  may  eonsult  Neal't 
History ;  Macaulay's  Enay  on  Milton,  in  the  Edinburgh  Reyiew,  No.  84,  ftn-  Augnst, 
18S5 ;  Home,  r.,  87^tt ;  lingazd,  yUi.,  7%  139-308 ;  ix.,  31, 170,  351 ;  Macaolay's  Bnglud, 
L,  48-03,  74-«S,  160-100 ;  Bancroft,  i.,  S74-30G,  400-409 ;  Hildreth,  i.,  153-150 ;  Toang>a 
"Chronides  ofthe Pilgrims,^  and  "Chronicles  ofMassachaaetto;"  Winthrop;  Morton; 
Htf)bard ;  The  Massachusetts  Historical  CoUeotions ;  The  North  American  Review ;  Colt's 
"  Pnrttanism ;"  and  HaU*s  **  Puritans  and  their  Principles.'* 


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PURITANS  EMIGRATE  TO  HOLLAND.  HQ 

Teoanted  his  ofHiiions ;  and  the  baoksliding  apostate  was  chap.  iv. 
again  reoeiyed  into  the  bosom  of  the  Established  Church.  — TT" 
Nevertheless,  most  of  the  Non-conformists  earnestly  main-  ^^^' 
iained  their  gromid.     Opposition  became  one  of  their  car- 
dinal maxims.    Persecution  soon  followed  non-conformity. 
But  persecution  in  England  odIj  oonfiimed  the  fiedth  and  venetm- 
brightened  the  zeal  of  the  Puritans,  as  persecuticm  in  the*'^ 
Netherlands  had  oonfiimed  the  fBiith  and  brightened  the 
2eal  of  the  Reformed. 

The  accession  of  James  increased  the  severities  of  the  1603. 
hierarchy ;  and  the  Puritans,  obstinate  in  their  opposition 
to  the  rigorous  law,  began  to  look  for  an  asylum  in  other 
lands.     They  had  long  heard  that  in  Holland  there  was 
^^  freedom  of  religion  for  all  men ;"  and  thither  some  of 
them  determined  to  fly.    Early  in  1608,  a  number  of  these  1608. 
self-exiled  Non-conformists,  under  Jdm  Robinson,  their  ^'flBSj? 
minister,  and  William  Brewster,  their  ruling  elder,  left  the 
fens  of  Lincolnshire,  and  arrived  at  Amsterdam.     In  Hol- 
land they  found  <^many  goodly  and  fortified  cities,  strongly 
walled,  and  guarded  whh  troops  of  armed  men.    Also,  they 
heard  a  strange  and  uncouth  language,  and  beheld  the 
diffiarent  manners  and  customs  of  the  people,  with  their  , 

strange  feshions  and  attires;  all  so  fieur  differing  from  that 
of  their  plain  country  villages,  wherein  they  were  bred  and 
bom,  and  had  so  long  lived,  as  it  seemed  they  were  come 
into  a  new  world."  The  next  year,  they  removed  to  the  1609. 
"  &ir  and  beautiM  city"  of  Leyden,  and  organized  their 
congregation  under  the  ministry  of  Robinson.  Here  they 
throve  apace,  and  at  length  ^^  came  to  raise  a  competent 
and  conifortable  Ihdng."  The  Dutch  allowed  them  full 
tderation,  and  diowed  them  good-will  and  hospitality  cm 
every  hand ;  and  the  emigrants  repaid  this  kindness  by  the 
most  decorous  observance  of  the  municipal  law.* 

*  Bmlftird,  In  Yoong*!  **  ChitmlclM  of  the  Pngrims,"  10-90.  The  treatment  of  the 
Piritaae  in  Holland  haa  been  mlarepreaented  by  writera  with  Engllah  prejndloea.  Their 
eoDdiiloii  waa,  onqneatlonably,  neeeaattona— <br  they  were  Ihgitivea ;  and  their  Urea  were 
toflaome— fbr  their  Dntoh  boata  were  themaelTea  eminently  indoatriooa.  But,  by  their 
own  ahowinf,  the  Pnrttana  had  "good  and  eoorteona  entreaty"  in  Holland,  and  **IiTed 
there  many  yeara  with  freedom  and  good  content.'*— Maaa.  ffiat.  CoU.,  iU.,  M ;  ii.,  N.  T 
H.  8.  CoU.  L,  Ml. 


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116  HISTORy  OF  THE  STATE  OP  NEW  YORK. 

CBAP.rr.  The  Puritan  refogees  in  HoUmid  found  that  their  doo- 
trinal  opinions  agreed,  essentially,  mth  those  held  by  a 
Bym^j  ^^  ^^  oontroUing  majority  of  the  Datoh  clergy  and 
]^^£^  people.  Robinson  himself  (xwld  not  re£rain  from  taking  a 
^J^  part  in  the  controversy  which  was  then  raging  between 
the  Cromarists  and  the  Remonstrants.  He  published  sev- 
eral polemical  dissertations;  and  even  disputed  in  publioi 
at  Leyden,  with  such  ability,  zeal,  and  "  good  respect,^ 
that  he  soon  ^^  began  to  be  terrible  to  the  Aiminians*'  as 
a  champion  of  Calvinistie  (Mrthodoxy.*  The  intolerance  of 
the  English  hierarchy,  and  not  the  heterodoxy  of  the  En* 
glish  Articles  of  Religion,  had  indiiced  &e  Puritans  to  de- 
sert their  native  kmd.  Their  o(qposition  was  not  so  muoh 
to  the  doctrines  of  the  Andean  establishment,  as  to  the 
eeremooials  of  her  worship,  and  the  aristo(»ratio  exclusive- 
ness  of  her  domineering  prelacy.  In  Holland  they  found 
an  Established  Church,  whose  canons  of  bdief  agreed,  es» 
sentially,  with  those  of  the  Church  of  England ;  whose 
chief  difference  regarded  tiie  details  of  ecclesiastical  gov- 
emment.t  As  earnest  and  as  venerable  in  her  renuncna- 
tion  of  Rome,  the  Reformed  Dutch  Chur<^  in  her  Litur- 
gy and  her  Articles  of  Religion,  also  rivaled  h&r  English 
contemporary  in  the  drthodoxy  of  her  faith  and  the  stabil- 
ity of  her  forms.  The  most  eminent  pillars  of  the  English 
establishment  with  Christian  candor  affirmed,  that,  in  for- 
eign Reformed  countries,  those  Churches  whidi  did  not 
recognize  a  Prelacy  ^  lost  nothing  of  the  true  ess^iee  of 
a  Church."t   When  English  jHcelates  and  English  chureh- 

*  BradltaBd,  ia  Yoong^  ChnmielM,  41. 

t  *'  Whatever  doabts  may  be  raised  aa  to  the  Calrlnism  of  Cranmer  and  Ridley,  there 
ooa  sorely  be  no  room  ftv  any  aa  to  the  ohtefk  oftlM  AagUeaM  Chvcli  nndar  XUu^wOl" 
*'  The  works  (tf  Calvin  and  Bnmnger  became  text-books  in  the  English  universities." 
Toward  the  end  of  the  reign  of  James  I.,  Calvinism  gradually  became  onpopnlar  at  eomt. 
In  the  reign  of  Chailea  I.,  Land's  influence  beoams  so  great  that  "to  preach  in  ftnror  oC 
Calvinism,  though  commonly  reputed  to  be  the  doctrine  of  the  Church,  incurred  punish- 
ment in  any  rank.  Davenant,  bishop  of  Salisbury,  one  of  the  divines  sent  to  Oort,  and 
feckened  anM»g  the  principal  theologians  of  that  age,  was  reprimanded,  on  his  knees,  be- 
fbre  the  Privy  Council  Ibr  this  offense.  But  in  James's  reign,  the  University  of  Oxfbrd 
was  decidedly  Calvinistie ;  and  I  suppose  it  continued  so  in  the  next  reign,  so  fhr  as  the 
imiversity's  opinions  could  be  manifested."— Hallam,  Const.  Hist.,  cap.  vii.,  and  note. 

t  Bishop  Hall,  x.,  340;  Bishop  Davenant's  "Adhortatio  ad  flratemam  Communionem 
inter  Evangelicas  Ecolesias  restaurandam,'*  1640. 


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THE  DUTCH  AND  THE  ENGLISH  CHURCHES.      117 

men  went  to  Holland,  they  oonfonned,  without  somple,  to  chat.iv. 
her  estaJblishfid  religion.     At  the  oommand  of  James,  a 
bishop,  a  dean,  an  arohdeaoon,  and  a  professor  of  Theolo-^j^' 
gy  in  the  Ghmch  of  En^and,  attended,  as  we  have  seen,  g^ 
a  Synod  at  Dort,  <^of  doctors  not  episoopally  ordained,  sat^^^'"'^ 
with  those  doctors,  preaohed  to  them,  and  voted  with  them 
on  the  gravest  questions  of  theology,"*    And  so  highly 
was  that  <^  honorable,  grave,  and  reverend"  Assembly  es* 
teaned,  that  the  Dean  of  Worcester,  afier  his  elevation  to 
the  bishopric  of  Norwich,  constancy  wore  thp  golden  med- 
al which  the  States  General  presented  to  the  foreign  dele- 
gates attending  the  Synod.     Not  only  did  ike  head  of  ihe 
English  Church,  and  the  most  enlightened  English  theo- 
logians under  James,  thus  distinctly  recognize  the  validity 
of  the  ordination  of  tiie  ReCormed  clergy  abroad,  but  they 
readily  admitted  them  to  livings  in  the  Church  of  En- 
gland, without  re-ordination  by  a  bishop.! 

In  truth,  the  priesthood  of  the  Netherlands  was  ordain-  ita  flvm  of 
ed  by  the  imposition  of  as  holy  hands  as  was  the  priest-n^T^ 
hood  of  England,  and  it  traced  as  unbroken  a  line  of  de- 
scent from  the  Aposties.  But  -&e  BefiNrmation  in  the 
Netheriands  was  essentially  a  spontaneous  movnnent  of 
the  people.  The  political  droumstances  of  tiie  country 
Miooaraged  the  spread  of  tiie  new  doctrines.  Yet  there 
was  not  an  entire  unanimity.  Among  the  laity,  the  no- 
bles remained,  generally,  attached  to  the  Papal  Church ; 
the  advocates  of  the  Reformed  religion  were,  chiefly,  the 
infericHr  gentry,  the  merchants,  the  artisans.  In  the  body 
of  the  {nriesthood  the  same  difference  occurred.  The  rich- 
ly-beneficed  prelates  adhered  to  the  Pontiff;  the  more 
pc^ular  clergy  revolted.  Not  so  in  England.  There  the 
movement  began  at  the  throne ;  and  prelate  and  priest,  with 
significant  accord,  obsequiously  repudiated  the  supremacy 
of  the  Pope,  and  submissively  acknowledged  the  suprema- 

*  MaetnUy,  i.,  70 ;  Hallam,  Conat.  Hist.,  tU.,  note.  *<  I  shall  take  leare  oftlila  ▼ener- 
aUe  bo47  witli  tbia  futhor  nMBik,  that  King  Jamaa  aeBdiaf  orer  diTiaaa  to  jolii  tUa 
Aaaeaibty  waa  aa  open  adknowtodsnent  of  the  Taildltj  ofocdlsation  by  BMra  prMibytera; 
here  being  a  biahop  of  the  Chnreh  of  Bngland  aitting  aa  a  prirate  membar  In  a  aynad  af 
dtriaea,  of  whleh  a  men  praabytar  waa  the  praaUent.''— I^Teirfe  Pnritaiia,  1.,  969. 

t  Biahop  Hall,  L,  n ;  Xn  Ml ;  LiBfard,  lin  147. 


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118  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Ciup.iv.  07  of  the  King.     The  religion  of  the  sovereign  was  estab- 
lished  as  the  religion  of  the  kingdom ;  but  the  hierarchy, 
'  under  royal  protection,  continued,  none  the  less  than  of 
old,  to  grow  aristocratic,  courtly,  supercilious,  and  des- 
potic.    In  the  Dutch  provinoes,  however,  the  plebeian 
priesthood,  deserted  by  the  patrician  prelacy,  was  re- 
strained to  the  G-alilean  platform  of  apostolic  equality.* 
Reimbuouk  Thc  Episcopacy  of  the  Reformed  Dutch  Church,  foUow- 
«y.  ing  the  popular  impulse,  naturally  resumed  a  republican 

£;>rm;  and  each  minister  of  that  Church  claims  to  be, 
and,  by  its  canons,  he  is,  the  <<  bishop"  or  <^  overseer"  of 
his  own  congregation,  in  subordination,  alone,  to  the 
classes  and  synods  of  his  peers.t  Before  the  Reforma- 
tion, the  fEuthfiil  of  Amsterdam  had  daily  gathered  around 
the  four-and-thirty  splendid  altars  which  decorated  the 
old  cathedral  church  of  Saint  Nicholas.  There  the  faith- 
fal  worship  now ;  but  those  altars  have  all  disappeared. 
The  bishop's  throne  no  longer  stands  within  the  venerable 
choir.  The  only  thrones  which  remain  to  the  republicsm 
bishops  of  the  Reformed  Protestant  Dutch  Church  are 
thrones  ^^  not  made  with  hands."  But  the  monuments 
of  the  Admirals  of  Holland  remain ;  and  the  magnificent 
brazen  gates;  and  the  wonderful  windows  of  painted 
glass ;  and  the  organ  continues  to  roll  its  notes  through  Hie 
ancient  aisles  of  Saint  Nicholas  at  Amsterdam,  as  deep- 
toned  as  through  the  arches  of  Saint  Peter  at  Westminster. 
The  Democratic  element,  which  the  controlling  influ- 
ence of  national  circumstances,  in  spite  of  the  individual 
leanings  of  many  of  the  clergy,  had  thus,  from  l^e  first, 
infdsed  into  the  government  of  the  Reformed  Church  of 
the  Netherlands,  was  its  chief  characteristic  distinction 
firom  the  Church  of  England.^    But  in  almost  every  oth- 

*  '*  As  for  the  ministera  of  God's  word,  they  hsye  equally  the  same  power  and  authori- 
ty wheresoerer  they  are,  as  they  are  aU  ministers  of  Christ,  the  only  onlTersal  Bishop, 
and  the  only  head  of  the  Church."— Article  XXXI.  of  the  Confession  of  Faith  of  the  Syn* 
odoTDort 

t  **  The  pastors  are  in  Seriptnre  ealled  SCnosrds  of  Ood  md  Bitkop$t  that  is,  orerseen 
•Ad  watchmen,  fin*  they  hare  the  orersigfat  of  the  boose  orGod.**— Litm^y  of  the  R.  D.  C. : 
Fonn  of  Ordination. 

t  "There  is  witness  enoogfa  of  this  in  the  late  Synod  ofDort  When  the  Bishop  of 
XJandaff  had,  in  «  speech  of  his,  touched  upon  spiseopal  forsmaisiit,  and  showed  that 


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THE  DUTCH  AND  ENGLISH  CHURCHES  SYMPATHETIC.   119 

er  respect,  there  was  a  remarkable  and  sympafhetio  simi-  ciup.  iv. 
larity.     Both  adhered  to  Liturgies;  both  used  liie  clerical 
gown ;  both  preserved  the  Creeds  of  the  AposUes,  of  Nice,  gympauiy 
and  of  Saint  Athanasius.     Christmas,  Easter,  Ascension,  ^^^"ch 
and  Whitsunday  were  high  holidays,  alike  in  the  Dutch  ^jf "' 
and  the  English  Churches.     Their  Articles  of  Religion  ^"*^*^- 
were  nearly  identical.     Their  almost  only  difference  was 
prelacy ;  for  prelacy  won  no  popular  favor  in  tolerant  but 
republican  Hdland.     And  to  ike  present  day,  tiie  same 
essential  harmony  in  doctrine  and  in  Liturgy  continues  to 
assimilate  these  two  equally  venerable  Churches.    Trans- 
planted to  the  New  World,  tiie  ^^  Reformed  Protestant 
Dutch  Church"  and  the  ''Protestant  Episc(^  Church" 
have  both  preserved  their  time-honored  forms  of  worship, 
and  their  almost  coincident  Articles  of  Religion.     Social 
circumstances  alvmyv  bound  them  closely  together ;  and 
they  now  differ  in  scarcely  any  important  point,  save  the 
original  disagreement  respecting  prelatic  superiority.* 

The  refugee  Puritans  at  Leyden,  finding  the  Estab-  conuaiuy 
lished  Church  of  Holland  orthodox  in  its  fBiith,  and  thetana. 
government  of  the  Netherlands  tolerant  in  its  policy, 
seemed  to  have  secured,  without  effort,  a  hafqpy  home. 
It  is  not  surprising  that  they  should  have  entered  into  a 
cordial  ccNnmunion;  and  that  Robinson  himself  should 
have  declared  '^  before  Gtod  and  men,  that  we  agree  so 
entirery  with  the  Reformed  Dutch  Churches  in  the  matter 

the  want  tbareor  gaTe  oppoitimltiea  to  thoae  diTistona  whicti  were  then  on  fbot  In  the 
Netherianda,  Bogermannna,  the  prealdent  of  that  AaaemUy,  atood  up,  and.  In  a  good  al» 
lowanoe  oTwhat  had  been  apoken,  aaid,  ^DomkUf  not  mom  tuimu  ad^/tUcMf* '  Alaa,  nqr 
Lmd,  we  are  not  ao  happy.' "— Biahop  Hall,  x.,  151.  * 

*  The  Reftyrmed  Dotch  Ctniroh  waa  the  Mother  Chnreh  of  thia  atate ;  and  a  apirtt  of 
tiberal  eoorteay  early  prevaUed  between  Ita  mlniatera  and  thoae  of  the  Epiaoopal  Church. 
The  Rererend  Mr.  Veaey,  the  flrat  Rector  of  Trinity  church,  in  the  city  of  New  York,  waa 
Indaeted  into  ofllee  in  Deoember,  1007,  in  the  Dnteh  ehwch  in  Garden  Street.  On  that 
oecaaion,  two  Dutch  clergymen,  the  Reverend  Mr.  Selyns,  the  paator  of  the  church,  and 
'he  Rererend  Mr.  Nuoella,  of  lEing8ton,aaaiatod  in  the  aerrloea.  Mr.  Veaey  aAerward  ef> 
Mated  fbr  aome  time  in  the  Garden  Street  church,  altomately  with  the  Dutoh  dergymeni 
utU  the  building  of  Trinity  church  waa  completed.  When  the  Ifiddle  Dutch  church 
araa  deaecrated  by  the  Brltiah,  during  the  Revolutionary  war,  the  vaatry  of  Trinity  ehnreh 
-taaaed  the  (bUowing  Reaolution,  In  1770 :  "  It  being  repreaented  that  the  old  Dutch  ehnreh 
a  now  used  aa  a  hoapital  fbr  hla  m^featy'a  troops,  thia  eorporatioD,  impraaaed  with  a 
gratelU  remaoUn^noe  of  the  ibnner  kindneaa  of  the  menibera  of  that  andant  church,  do 
oAr  them  the  uae  of  Saint  George'a  church  to  that  congregation,  fbr  celebrating  Divina 
worahip.'*    Tha  aourtaoM  oflbr  waa  frankly  aeeaptad. 


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130        HISTORY  or  THE  STATE  OP  NEW  YORK. 

csAP.iv.  of  religicHif  HkKk  we  are  ready  to  eubsoribe  to  all  and  ev« 

fiiy  one  oC  iSie  Aitiofes  of  FaiHi  of  those  ahuroheB,  as  they 

^^^^'  are  contained  in  tiie  HaniMmy  of  Coofessioas  (tf  FaitiL"* 

The  Pari.      Bot  there  wore  elements  3B  Pimtaaism  wbidli  wei8  not 


tefiedin  fovorabie  to  oonteiitmeDt.  Its  inflexible  self-wiU  sor- 
paased  ordinary  pertinaoity ;  its  notions  of  religion  and  of 
govenanent  were,  perhaps,  b^ond  example  dogmatioal. 
Its  own  waa  tike  only  standard  of  pnqpriety.  Rath^  than 
obey  the  law  of  tiieir  own  land,  the  Paritaas  had  endured 
its  penalties.  Beginning  with  qqpositien,  th^  ended  with 
authority.  Pemeoutioa  made  them  impoartant  in  En* 
gland ;  and  perseoution,  in  the  end,  rievated  its  snbjeots 
to  tiie  seatB  of  their  judges.  In  their  asylum  in  HoUand^ 
the  refugees  enjoyed  full  titration ;  yet  ihey  were,  eom- 
paratively,  unimportant  and  obsoure.  There  they  w^re 
treated  with  perhiqps  rather  more  consideration  than  were 
some  odh^  seots ;  fnr  their  Calvinism  aoooorded  with  tiiat 
of  the  established  Dutch  Ghuroh.  Still,  even  that  Church, 
though  tJiey  themselves  had  pronounced  her  fidtii  to  be 
thoroughly  orthodox,  came  to  be  regarded  by  thetn  aa 
scarcely  a  pure  Church;  for  Ab  used  a  Liturgy,  and  dung 
to  the  memory  of  holy  days,  tjie  obeervance  of  whidi.  the 
Puritans  denounced  as  idohttrous.  Sunday,  too,  was  less 
austerely  observed  in  Holland  than  they  thoogfat  it  should 
have  been.  And,  indeed,  tlie  Butch  delegates  to  the  Syi^ 
od  of  Dort  had  themselves  lamented  this  evil.  The  Pur 
ritans,  therefore,  attempted  to  bring  the  Hollanders  ^<  to 
reform  the  neglect  of  observation  of  the  Lord's  day  as  a 
Sabbath,"  and  other  things  '<  funiss  among  tiiem.'^  But  it 
could  baldly  have  been  expected  that  censcnious,  though 
well-meaning  foreigners,  themselves  enjojring  full  tolera- 
tion, should  have  had  much  encouragement  in  their  self- 
imposed  undertaking  to  modify  the  cheerful  national  hab- 
its of  the  warm-hearted  people  by  whom  they  Imd  been 
courteously  sheltered.  Few  proselytes  were  made.  The 
self-exiled  Puritans  began  to  grow  '<  restless"  and  uneasy 
in  their  unmolested  home.    Time  was  thinning  their  num- 

•  Robtafon't  Apology,  •;  Tong,  4M>,  186,  not* ;  Nod,i.,M4. 


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THE  PURITANS  PROPOSE  TO  EMIORATB.  121 

ben,  end  fern  oame  from  Engkad  to  Btreagthen  them,  ciup.iv. 
The  langaage  of  the  Dutch  was  not  their  mother  tongae. 
Fugitives  from  their  native  kingdom,  Aej  still  cheriahed  -'^^^ '  * 
dlegianee  to  the  crown  of  G^reat  Britain.  Finn  in  their 
En^ish  natioimlity,  they  feared  that  a  long  sojonm  in 
Holland  woold  wear  away  their  homogeneoumess.  Many 
ci  ihi6ak  had  married  Dutch  wives,  and,  in  a  few  genera- 
tkniB,  their  postmty  would  beoome  Dutch.  Their  youth 
were  already  enlisting  as  soldiers  and  sailors  in  the  Dutch 
s^rfioe.  Besides,  they  were  moved  by  '^  a  great  hope  and 
inward  zeal"  to  advance  the  kingdom  of  Christ  in  the  ^re- 
mote parts  of  the  world."  They  ecosidered,  said  Winalow, 
^^  how  hard  the  ooontry  was  where  we  lived ;  how  many 
spent  their  estate  in  it,  and  were  foroed  to  return  for  En^ 
gland ;  how  grievous  to  live  from  under  liie  protection  of 
the  State  of  England;  how  like  we  were  to  lose  our  Ian* 
guage  and  our  name  of  English ;  how  little  good  we  did, 
or  were  likely  to  do,  to  the  Dotdi  in  reforming  the  Bab- 
bath  ;  how  unable  there  to  give  such  eduoation  to  our 
children  as  we  ourselves  had  reoeived."* 

Notwithstanding  they  were  enjoying  ^^  much  peace  and  Tbe  Pori- 
liberty"t  in  Holland,  these  considerations  had  great  weight  MiTelto 
with  the  Puritans,  and  made  them  dissatisfied  with  theirs 
abode.  The  results  of  European  discovery  in  America 
having  now  become  geaierally  known,  they  determined  to 
seek  anoth^  home  in  the  New  World.  At  first,  tiiey 
thought  of  going  to  Gxdana,  the  fabulous  wealth  of  which 
had  been  eloquently  described  by  Raleigh.  But  upon  ma- 
turer  consideration,  their  desire  was  ^'to  live  in  a  distinct 
body  by  themselves,  under  the  general  government  of  Vir- 
ginia," as  near  neighbors  of  ^^  the  Engliah  which  were 
there  planted,"  but  entirely  independent  of  tiie  cdimy  at 
Jamestown,  which,  under  Argall's  rapacious  administra* 
tion,  was  fieist  fiEdling  into  disrepute.  They  were  led  to 
hope  that  tiie  king  would  grant  them,  there,  ^<  finee  liber- 
ty, and  freedom  of  religion."     John  Carver  and  Robert 

*  Bradftnrd,  in  Tonng,  45-48 ;  Window,  881 ;  Morton't  Mcmoriid,  18-91 ;  Nm1*8  Fori- 
ttniyiMSOO.  .    t  WIMloW,  nt  flap. 


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122  fflSTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OP  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  IV.  Cushmaii  Were  aooordin^y  sent  to  London  ^^  to  6(dioit 
this  matter."  They  found  the  Virginia  Company  "  very 
Negotia-*  desirous  to  have  them  go  thither,"  and  willing  to  grant 
lS55o*S.  ^^^  an  ample  patent.  But  as  to  their  suit  with  the 
king,  ^<  it  proved  a  harder  pieoe  of  work  than  they  took  it 
for."  James,  anxious  Plough  to  enlarge  the  dominions 
of  England,  consented  to  ^^  connive  at  them,  and  not  mo- 
lest them,  provided  they  carried  themselves  peaceably." 
But  he  refuped  to  tolerate  liberty  of  religion  "  by  his  pub- 
lic authority  under  his  seal ;"  and  Carver  and  Cushman 
returned  to  Leyden,  to  report  that  all  efforts  to  overcome 
the  scruples  of  the  king  had  been  vain. 

The  report  of  their  messengers  damped  for  a  time  the 
ardor  of  the  Puritans,  and  ^^  caused  some  distraction." 
But  further  reflection  led  them  to  set  a  higher  value  on.tiie 
king's  informal  promise  of  connivance.  A  royal  charter 
of  religious  freedom  need  not  be  considered  so  essential, 
for  <<  though  they  had  a  seal  as  brocd  as  the  house-floor,  it 
would  not  serve  the  turn,  for  there  would  be  means  enough 
1619.  found  to  recall  or  reverse  it."  So  Robert  Cushman  and 
Pcbnitry.  "^jji^i^j^  BrcvTstcr  wcro  sent  on  another  mission  to  Lon- 
d(m,  to  make  €urremgements  with  the  Virginia  Company, 
and  procure  as  good  conditions  as  they  could.  But  dis- 
sensions in  the  company  hindered  the  agents'  proceedings. 
PatwtflromAt  length,  "a  large  patent"  was  granted  them,  under  the 
la  Com-  company's  seal,  to  settle  themselves  in  the  ^<  northern  parts 
of  Virginia,"  southward  of  the  fortieth  parallel  of  latitude. 
By  the  advice  of  some  friends,  tiiis  patent  was  not  taken 
in  the  name  of  any  of  their  own  company,  but  in  that  of 
Mr.  John  Wincob,  ^^a  religious  gentieman,  then  belonging 
to  the  Countess  of  Lincoln,  who  intended  to  go  with  them." 
Wincob,  however,  never  went.  But  the  pat^it  having 
been  sent  over  to  the  Puritans  at  Leyden,  ^'  for  them  to 
view  and  consider,"  in  connection  wiih  the  propositions  for 
their  emigration  made  by  Thomas  Weston  and  others  of 
London,  they  were  '^  requested  to  fit  and  prepare  them- 
selves with  all  speed."* 

*  Bndftrd, in Touif , »-7«i  Windofw, S8II, 383;  Prinoa,  158. 


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THE  PURITANS  PROPOSE  TO  GO  TO  NEW  NETHERLAND.   123 

Meanwhile,  Ohe  Furilans,  disooaraged  at  the  yarions  dif-  gmj^.  vr. 
ficnlties  which  had  embarrassed  their  negotiations  in  £n- 
gland,  had  been  entertaining  serious  thoughts  of  emigra-  cooditioB 
ting  to  America  nnder  the  auspices  of  the  United  Provinces.  2,U"i/°* 
Their  Holland  hosts  had  treated  ihem,  from  the  first,  with  °****^ 
constant  kindness.     '^  Although  it  was  low  with  many  of 
tiiem,  yet  their  word  would  be  taken  among  the  Dutch 
when  they  wanted  money,  because  they  had  found  by  ex- 
perience how  careful  they  were  to  keep  their  word,  and 
saw  them  so  painful  and  diligent  in  their  callings,  that 
they  strove  to  get  their  cust(»n  and  to  employ  them  above 
others  in  their  work,  tar  tiieir  honesty  and  diligence.^    Nor 
did  the  state  become  <<  weary  of  Ihem,"  or  think  of  driving 
them  out.     It  was  "  their  own  free  choice  and  motion*' 
which  led  them  to  seek  a  new  home;  and  when  Ihe  magis- 
trates of  Leyden  heard  of  their  purpose,  they  bore  spontane- 
ous testimony  to  the  good  conduct  of  their  guests.   ''  These 
English, "said  they,  <<have  lived  among  us  now  this  twelve 
years,  and  yet  we  never  had  any  suit  or  accusation  come 
against  any  of  tiiem."* 

It  is  not  surprising  that  the  Puritans,  thus  treated  with  Their  par- 
good- will,  toleration,  and  hospitality  in  the  Fatherland, wNew*^ 
should  have  purposed  to  emigrate  to  New  Netherland,  if  land. 
they  could  obtain  sufiicient  encouragement  from  the  Dutch 
government.     Bameveldt  was  now  dead,  and  one  great 
obstacle  in  the  way  of  the  formation  of  a  general  Dutch 
West  India  Company  was  removed.     But  various  ques- 
tions of  detail  embarrassed  the  States  G-eneral,  and  pro- 
tracted the  settiement  of  the  question.     The  Amsterdam 
Trading  Company,  whose  special  charter  had  expired  two 
years  before,  in  the  mean  time  continued  to  send  their 
ships  thither,  and  other  merchants  had  begun  to  participate 
in  the  trade.     Colonization,  however,  had  been  postponed, 
until  the  proposed  powerful  monopoly  should  be  able  to 

*  BrtdA>rd,  88,  SO ;  Morton's  Memorial,  91.  Mr.  GoOrge  Snomer,  In  Mass.  Hist.  CoU., 
xxiz.,  4S-03,  tabors  to  prore— what  was  clearly  tlie  ease— that  the  condition  of  the  Part- 
tans  at  Leyden  "was  one  of  poverty  and  ohsenrity.**  But  his  attempt  to  exhibit  the  natch 
as  wanting  in  hospitality  and  good-will,  is  not  sastalned  by  evidence,  end  is  eontnuUot- 
ory  to  the  testimony  of  the  Puritans  themselTes.    8««  sste,  p.  115»  note. 


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134  fflSTORT  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  TORK. 

ciuF.  nr.  undertake  it  with  saooeas.     In  Hub  oonjnnotiire,  Rolimacai 
began  to  soond  the  Amsterdam  merohants  respecting  the 
.pjp^  inunediate  £>rmati(»i  of  a  colony  on  tiie  Nortii  River.    Be- 
^PJ^ing  "  well  versed  in  the  Dutch  language,"  he  rq>resonted 
^^j^to  them  that  he  was  himself  £i.voiably  inclined  to  go  and 
"*"**•      settle  in  New  Netherlands  and  that  over  firar  hundred  fam- 
ilies would  go  with  him,  not  (mly  from  Leyden,  but  also 
bom  England,  provided  ihey  could  be  ascnued  tiiai  the 
government  of  the  United  Provinces  would  protect  and  de- 
fend them  there  from  the  assaults  of  other  powers.    They 
desired  to  go  to  New  Netherland,  said  Robinson,  ^'to  plant 
there  the  true  and  pure  Christian  religion,  to  conv^  tiie 
savages  of  those  countries  to  the  true  kno¥rledge  and  un- 
derstanding of  the  Christian  &itih,  and,  through  the  grace 
of  the  Lord,  and  to  the  glory  of  the  Netherlands  govern^ 
ment,  to  colonize  and  establish  a  new  empire  there,  under 
the  carder  and  command"  of  the  Prince  of  Orange,  and  the 
High  Mighty  Lords  States  General.* 

The  Amsterdam  Company  gladly  listened  to  these  over- 
tures. They  saw  at  once  that  so  many  families  going  in 
^^u^  a  body  to  New  Netherland  could  hardly  fail  to  form  a 
^Seo^ suocessfrd  colony ;  and,  accordingly,  they  made  ^< large 
l^'^^^offi^rs"  to  the  Puritans,  promising  to  transport  them  free 
of  cost  to  the  North  River,  and  to  fnmidi  every  &mily 
with  cattie.t  The  political  part  of  the  questicm,  however, 
tiie  Dutch  merchants  could  not  decide.  They  were  ready 
to  expend  their  capital  in  ccmveying  the  emigrants  to  New 
Netherland,  and  in  supplying  them  with  necessaries ;  but 
they  had  no  authority  to  promise  that  the  Dutch  govern- 
ment would  affi>rd  to  tiie  colonists  that  special  protection, 
after  their  arrival  there,  which  Robinson  required  for  his 
followers  as  an  indispensable  condition.  They,  tfaerefoiie, 
determined  to  apply  directiy  to  the  general  government 
at  the  Hague. 

The  Prince  of  Orange  was  now  at  tiie  zenith  of  his 

*  UtOMad  Dtaaatmm,  i.,  M(  N.  Y.  tout*  1>otnmnft»,  IMft,  No.  Ill,  p^w  19,  M; 
AddnMtwftnN.T.  H.8.,1844,AppMdU,p.64;  0H>dL,L,84. 
t  Bndftnd,  In  Touf,  4S;  WIimIow,  S85. 


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HZXORIAL  TO  THE  DUTCH  GOYERimENT.  135 

power.     To  himy  as  stadtholder,  the  Amstflrdam  mer*  ciur.  nr. 
obftnta  aooofdiagly  presented  a  memorial,  setting  forth  ^^^ 
their  first  diseovery  of,  and  oontinuoos  trade  to,  NeWj/^;  ' 
Netbwland,  "  situated  between  New  France  and  Virginia,  ^S?*"* 
in  the  latitude  of  firwn  forty  to  Irarty-five  degrees,"  and  de-  SSSinf '' 
tailing  the  overtures  whioh  the  <^  En^h  preaoher  at  Ley- 
den"  had  made  to  them  to  ocdonize  that  country  with  his 
Puritan  followers,  <<  prorided  that^  by  the  authority  and 
under  the  protection  of  your  Princely  Excellency  and  the 
High  Mighty  Ixsrds  States  General,  they  may  be  defend- 
ed and  presenred  there  firom  the  attacks  of  other  powers." 
The  memorialists  expressed  Hieir  apprehension  that  the 
King  of  Ghreat  Britain  would  colonize  New  Neth^land 
widi  English  subjects,  and  '^  with  .violence  render  fruit- 
less the  discoveries  and  possession"  of  the  Dutch  in  that 
country,  and  probably  surprise  their  ships  then  trading 
there.     They,  thearefcHre,  prayed  that  <<  the  aforementioned 
preacher  and  four  hundred  fomilies  may  be  taken  under 
the  protection  of  the  United  Provinces,  ai^  that  two  ships 
of  war  may  be  s^it  to  secure,  provisionally,  the  said  lands 
to  this  government,  since  such  lands  may  be  of  great  im- 
portance whenever  the  West  India  Company  shall  be  <«- 
ganized."* 

The  stadtholder  expressed  no  opfaiion  upon  this  maaoo-viewtor 
rial;  he  merely  referred  it  to  the  States  General  Butoenend. 
the  Twelve  Years'  truce  with  Spain  had  now  nearly  ex- 
pired ;  and  the  statesmen  of  the  Netherlands  were  med- 
itating too  large  and  ambitious  designs  to  aUow  them  to 
listen  with  favor  to  the  petition  of  ^le  Amsterdam  Com- 
pany. They  had  now  in  view  the  establishment  of  a 
grand  commercial  mcNOopoly,  whose  concentrated  capital 
and  eneigy  should  not  only  direct  the  colonization  of  the 
Dutch  discoveries  in  America,  but  should  also  assist  the 
states  in  crushing  the  power  of  their  hereditary  enemy. 
To  that  company,  when  it  should  be  organized,  would 
properly  belong  the  ec«isideration  of  all  the  details  con- 

*  HoOand  DoeoiMnts,  L,  05^.  The  Mily  New  Englaiid  dutmielen  do  mC  atanlkai 
Chie  application  to  ttie  Dutch  govemment,  and  its  Ate,  though  they  apeak  of  the  "large 
oArs"  which  were  made  to  the  Paritana  in  Holland. 


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126  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

chap.iv.  neoted  with  emigration.  Besides,  the  memorial  whidi 
"~~~  placed  Robinson's  views  before  the  States  G-eneral, 
views  of'  l>ro^ht  officially  to  their  knowledge — ^what,  indeedi  by 
oeiimi?'  ^^  time,  had  perhaps  become  notorious — ^that  James  was 
disposed  to  colonize  the  northern  regions  of  America  with 
English  subjects ;  it  also  positively  alleged,  that  he  in- 
tended to  dispossess  the  Butch  of  their  foothold  in  New 
Netherlands  If  such  were  really  the  king's  intention,  it 
would  be  folly  for  the  States  G-eneral  to  assist  his  design 
by  aiding  in  the  transportation  thitixer  of  emigrants,  whose 
liege  services  might  soon  be  demanded  by  royal  proclama- 
tion. The  limits  of  New  Netherland,  as  at  first  defined 
by  the  States  G-eneral,  extended  from  the  fortieth  to  the 
forty-fifth  parallel  of  latitude,  from  Virginia  to  Canada. 
There  were  unoccupied  lands  enough  in  Virginia,  south 
of  the  fortieth  degree,  where  the  Furitcms  might  settle 
themselves  in  peace  and  good  neighborhood,  between 
Jamestown  and  Manhattan,  and  thus  preserve  wi&out 
inconvenience  their  national  identity.  But  for  them  to 
occupy,  under  the  express  authority  and  with  the  formal 
protection  of  tixe  Dutch  government,  any  portion  of  New 
Netherland,  might  give  rise  to  embarrassing  international 
questions.  And  when  that  region  should  be  colonized,  it 
would  be  better  that  Butch  subjects,  of  undoubted  loyal- 
ty, should  themselves  first  plant  there  the  laws  and  the 
venerated  customs  of  the  Fatherland. 
Theap^i-  Such  wcrc  probably  some  of  the  arguments  which 
tbePari-    Weighed  with  the  States  General  in  their  consideration 

ftMed.       of  the  memorial  of  the  12th  of  February,  1620.     The  sub- 
so  Feb.  "^ 

loMarcb.   ject  was  scvcral  times  before  them  during  the  two  follow- 

10  April. 

ing  months ;  and,  finally,  after  repeated  deliberations  and 
consultations  with  the  Board  of  Admiralty  and  the  stadt- 

11  April,    holder,  they  resolved  peremptorily  to  reject  the  prayer  of 

the  memorialists.* 

Thus  the  hopes  of  the  Puritans  were  again  disappointed. 
New  ne^  Refuscd  the  solicited  assistance  of  their  government,  the 
Bngiaiid.   Amsterdam  merchants,  who  had  made  the  <<  large  offers," 

*  Hoi.  Doe.,  L,  H  100-108. 


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THE  PURITANS  EMIGRATE  FROM  LEYDEN.  12? 

were  not  in  a  position  to  carry  out  by  themselves  the  CHAP.r^. 

ocmditions  demanded  by  Robinson,  the  zeal  of  whose  fol- 

lowers  to  leave  Hieir  home  at  Leyden  was  by  this  time  ^^^^' 
qoickened  by  a  growing  feeling  of  apprehension.    Throngh- 
out  Holland  there  was  now  <' nothing  bat  beating  of  drums 
and  preparing  for  war."    Fearful  that  <<  the  Spaniard  might 
prove  as  cruel  as  the  savages  of  America,"*  the  Puritans  ' 

GDoe  more  turned  their  thoughts  to  England.  About 
this  time,  they  were  informed,  *'by  Mr.  Weston  and  oth- 
ers," that  James  had  determined  to  grant  a  large  patent 
'^  for  the  more  northerly  parts  of  America,  distinct  from 
the  Virginia  patent,  and  wholly  excluded  from  their  gov- 
ernment, and  to  be  called  by  cmother  name,  to  wit,  NeW 
England."!  The  proposed  patent,  however,  was  still  in 
its  preliminary  stages ;  but  Weston  and  his  associates  in 
London  urged  the  Puritans  to  go  to  New  England,  in  hope 
of  ^^  present  profit  to  be  made  by  fishing  on  that  coast." 
Embarrassments  still  hindered.  Some  of  the  London  cap- 
italists were  vexed  that  they  "  went  not  to  Guiana ;"  oth- 
ers would  do  nothing  "  unless  they  went  to  Virginia ;" 
while  many,  <<  who  were  most  relied  on,  refused  to  ad- 
venture if  tiiey  went  thither."  Jn  the  midst  of  these  dif- 
ficulties, "  they  of  Leyden  were  driven  to  great  straits ;" 
and  Hie  New  England  patent  ^^  not  being  folly  settled," 
Aey  determined  ''  to  adventure  with  that  patent  they  had" 
from  the  Virginia  Company.t 

But  the  means  provided  by  their  London  friends  wereThePnri. 
not  sufiicient  to  convey  them  all  at  once.  The  congrega-  L^dm!^* 
tion  was,  therefore,  divided  into  two  parts.  The  greater 
number  and  the  least  robust  were  to  remain  at  Leyden 
with  Robinson;  the  younger  and  abler-bodied  were  to 
emigrate,  as  pioneers,  under  Brewster.  After  a  solemn 
fast  and  a  stirring  discourse  from  Robinson,  tiie  selected 
emigrants  were  accompanied  to  Delft-Haven,  two  miles  aijoiy. 


,  in  Tonng,  ftl. 

t  Hobbard,  in  Toong,  80.  The  royal  warrant  to  the  sOlieitor  general  is  dated  93d  Jaly» 
lOO;  tiie  patent  Itself  did  not  pees  the  great  aeal  nntU  3d  November,  1690.— Lond.  Doe., 
i.,8;  N.T.  Col.  If 88., ill., 4;  ICaaa. Hiat.  CoU., zxri., 64 ;  Haurd,  1., 99,  lOS. 

I  Hritbud,  in  T«mc  81. 


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128  fflSTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

chjup.  IV.  below  Rotterdam,  by  <<  the  bretibiren  that  staid  at  Ley- 
den."     Embarking  in  the  "  speedwell,"  a  small  vessel  <rf 
sixty  tons,  they  passed  over  to  Southampton.     Th«e  they 
found,  '^  lying  ready  with  all  the  rest  of  their  oon^Mtny,'' 
a  larger  ship,  the  ^<  Mayflower,"  of  one  hundred  and  eighty 
tons,  whioh  had  oome  round  directly  from  Loiidon.     T1»d 
sAQcust.  two  vessels,  filled  with  passengers,  soon  set  sail  in  oom^ 
Thepu.    pany.     But  the  leaky  Speedwell  belied  her  name;  and 
S^Ss^-  the  expedition  put  back  into  FlymoutL     Dismissing  here 
"'''****     her  battered  conscnrt,  which  returned  to  London  with  Ou^- 
6  Sept      man  and  a  part  of  the  company,  the  Mayflower  recom- 
From       menced  her  Icmely  voyage  across  the  Atlantic,  crowded 
with  one  hundred  emigrants,  who,  in  tears  and  sadness, 
had  left  ^^  that  goodly  and  pleasant  city  which  had  been 
their  resting-place  near  twelve  years.     But  they  knew 
they  were  Pilgrims,  and  looked  not  much  on  those  things, 
but  lifted  up  their  eyes  to  heaven,  their  dearest  country, 
and  quieted  their  spirits."* 
Patentfrom     The  patent  with  which  the  Pilgrims  sailed  for  America 
pompii^rwas,  as  we  have  seen,  the  one  which  they  had  obtained 
wMeh  thty  from  the  Virginia  Company.     It  authorized  them  to  aettie 
themselves  in  the  northerly  parts  of  Virginia,  which  ex- 
tended to  the  fortieth  degree  of  latitude.     North  of  that 
parallel,  their  grant  would  have  availed  them  nothing. 
This  they  knew  when  they  set  sail ;  and  they  were  also 
aware  that  the  projected  New  England  patent  was  yet  un- 
der the  advisement  of  the  law  officers  of  the  British  crown. 
With  the  proposed  grantees  of  that  patent  they  had  not 
negotiated.    After  the  government  of  tiie  United  Provinces 
had  refused  the  prayer  of  the  memorial,  which  had  been 
presented  in  their  behalf,  they  did  not  seem  to  have  felt 
sufficientiy  encouraged  to  settie  tiiemselves,  under  Dutch 
auth(»rity,  in  New  Netherland.     Having  by  that  memorial 
recognized  and  admitted  the  Dutch  titie  to  the  territory, 
"situated  between  New  France  and  Virginia,"  they  would 
very  justly  have  been  considered  as  intruders,  if  tiiey  had 

*  Bradford,  in  Toug,  77,  W^;  Wiiudow,  881, 300 ;  Morton's  Memorial,  91-48;  Neal*a 


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THE  MAYFLOWER  AT  CAPE  COD.  129 

deliberately  undertaken  to  establisk  an  independent  foreign  chap.  iv. 
colony  there,  without  the  patronage  of  the  States  General, 
which  they  had  solicited.  But  the  ge<^raphy  of  the  Amer- 
ican coast,  between  Cape  God  and  the  Chesapeake,  was, 
at  that  time,  accurately  known  only  by  the  Dutch,  and  by 
Dermer,  whose  accounts  had  not  yet  been  made  public. 
The  intention  of  the  Pilgrims,  accordingly,  s^ems  to  haveTbeirdM- 
been  to  sail,  by  the  northern  passage,  directly  to  Manhat- 
tan, where  they  could  gain  lie  exact  information  which 
they  needed  respecting  the  precise  position  of  their  future 
home.  And  so  they  left  Europe,  "  on  a  voyage,"  as  they 
themselves  described  it  in  their  famous  compact  on  board 
the  Mayflower,  <^  to  plant  the  first  colony  in  the  northern 
parts  of  Virginia,"  beyond  the  limits  of  New  England,  on 
the  shores  of  Delaware  or  Maryland,  and  outside  the  then 
claimed  southern  frontier  of  New  Netherland.* 

Historians  have  reiterated  a  tale  that  the  Mayflower 
was  taken  to  Cape  Cod  through  the  treachery  of  Jones,  her 
master.  The  story  was  first  broached  by  Nathaniel  Mor-  Morton's 
ton,  secretary  of  the  New  Plymouth  colony,  who,  in  his  bSSS^ 
"  Memorial,"  alleging  "  late  and  certain  intelligence," 
charges  "  some  of  the  Dutch"  with  having  "firaudulently 
hired  the  said  Jones  *  *  *  to  disappoint"  the  Pilgrims  in 
their  intention  to  go  "  to  Hudson's  Eiver."  Mcwrton  was 
not  a  passenger  by  the  Mayflower  in  1620.  He  came  to 
New  Plymouth  in  1623,  when  he  was  a  boy  only  eleven 
years  old.  He  did  not  publish  his  "  Memorial"  until  1669, 
nearly  half  a  century  after  the  alleged  <'plot,"  when  most 
of  the  passengers  in  the  Mayflower  were  dead,  and  when 
the  coveted  territory  of  New  Netherland  had  been  for  five 
years  subjected  to  British  rule.  If  the  secretary's  "  intel- 
ligence" had  been  early,  instead  of  "late,"  it  might,  per- 
haps, have  been  called  "  certain."  The  Mayflower  does 
not  appear  ever  to  have  been  in  Holland ;  nor  do  Jones, 
her  master,  nor  Coppin,  her  mate  and  pilot,  seem  to  have 
had  any  communication  with  the  Dutch.  But  Coppin  had 
certainly  been  on  the  coast  of  New  England  at  least  once 

*  Bradlbrd,  in  Yoang,  191 ;  Morton*8  M€BM»rial,  37 ;  Baaoralt,  L,  809. 
I 


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180  HISTORY  or  THB  STATE  OP  NEW  TORK. 

ciup.  TV.  before  ;*  and  in  navigating  the  Mayflower  by  the  nor&era 
passage,  toward  Cape  Cod,  he  only  jGoUowed  his  former  tTaok, 
and  adhered  to  the  usual  English  praotk^e  since  Goanold^s 
time.  Neither  Bradford  nor  Winslow,  in  their  eontem* 
porary  histories,  questicm  the  fidelity  of  the  miurter  or  the 
pilot  of  the  ship,  both  of  whom  seem  to  have  been  English- 
men,  in  the  interest  of  their  L(»idon  employers ;  and  the  si^ 
lenoe  of  Bradford  and  Winslow  onght  to  be  oonclosive  on  s 
point  "vdiich,  if  true,  must  unquestionably  have  had  a  ooii- 
spieuous  place  in  every  faithfol  acoount  of  the  <^  old  odiony.'' 
No  allusion  is  made  to  the  story  in  the  early  correspondenoe 
betwe^i  New  Netherland  and  N«w  Plymouth  in  1^7. 
Dudley,  in  his  letter  to  Lady  Lincoln  in  1631,  is  silent. 
If  the  tale  had  been  true,  the  Dutch  would  assuredly  have 
been  taunted  with  it  in  1633,  and  afterward,  when  the  New 
Plymouth  colonists  quarreled  with  them  about  the  title  to 

The  story  the  vallcy  of  the  Connecticut.    In  short,  Morton's  Parliiian 

ny."  "  calumny"  seems  to  be  a  sheer  &lsehood,  too  eagerly  re- 
peated by  more  recent  writers.  After  a  boisterous  voyage 
of  more  than  two  months,  and  <<  long  beating  at  sea,"  say» 

jJttoT.  Bradford,  "iiiey  fell  in  with  the  land  called  Cape  Cod ; 
tiue  which  being  made,  and  certainly  known  to  be  it,  they 
were  not  a  little  joyful."  A  consultation  wtus  held,  and 
the  ship  was  tacked  to  the  southward,  ^^to  find  some  place 
about  Hudson's  River,  according  to  their  first  intenti(«s.'^ 

10  Nov.  But  they  soon  fell  among  the  '^peribus  shoals  and  break- 
ers" of  Cape  Malebarre,  which  ^nbarrass  the  navigator 
to  this  day ;  and  they  bore  up  again  for  Cape  Cod.  Neither 
Dutch  intrigue  nor  a  bribed  pilot  had  brought  the  May- 
jBower  there— it  was  the  Providence  of  Gtxi.t 

Pinding  that  Aey  were  now  far  beyond  "  the  nortiiem 

*  "Bradfonl  and  Winrtow^s  Jonnud,  in  Tonng ,  148, 159.  *'  Robert  Coppin,  onr  pUoc, 
made  relation  of  a  great  navigable  river  and  good  tiarbor  on  tlie  ottier  beadland  of  the  bay, 
ilment  ri^  oiver  against  Ca|»e  Cod,  being  in  a  right  Hne  not  mneh  above  eight  taagnea 
diatant,  in  which  he  had  been  onoe.**  Tonng  auppoaea  the  "  other  headland"  to  be  Ma- 
noRiet  Point,  and  the  "  great  navigable  river"  to  be  the  North  River,  in  Seitoate. 

t  Mforum'a  ICeaMrlal,  84 ;  Bradlbrd,  in  Tonng,  100-lOS,  117 ;  De  LaM,  lit,  eap.  iv^  p. 
80 :  Dudley,  in  Yoang*a  Mass.,  308 ;  Holmee'a  Annals,  1.,  161 ;  Moolton,  359-357.  Gra 
tattne,  in  his  History  of  the  United  States  (Am.  ed.),  L,  IM ;  tt.,  Kl,  IflS,  records  and  em- 
bellishes the  story.  See,  however.  Dr.  Young's  admirable  remarka  at  the  **  Old  Colony" 
(beUval  at  Bosloa,  DeseortMr,  1644,  in  N.  T.  H.  8.  Free.,  1814,  App.,  p.  108. 


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THE  COMPACT  OT  THE  PILGRIMS  AT  CAPE  COD.  131 

parts  of  Virginia,"  and  that,  oonseqnently,  tiieir  patent  ghap.  iv. 
firom  the  Virginia  Company,  under  which  they  had  left 
Holland,  expecting  <^  to  become  a  body  politic,"  was  '<  meule 
void  and  asekfls,"*  the  emigrants,  the  day  be£Dre  they 
came  to  harbor,  '^  observing  some  not  well  affeoted  to  unity 
and  concord,"  and  ''  some  appearance  of  faoti^m"  among 
thek  company,  signed  an  agreement,  combining  them-  compMt  at 
selves  tc^cyther  into  ^^  a  civil  body  politic,"  for  their  *^  bet- 
tear  ordering  and  preservation."     This  instniment,  which  n  not 
the  pressure  of  disaffecting  circumstances  made  suddenly 
expedient,  has,  by  degrees,  become  magnified  into  '^  the 
birth  of  popular  constitutional  liberty,"  and  the  exclusive 
elaim  k  now  distinctly  set  up  that  '^  in  the  cabin  of  the 
Mayflower  humanity  recovered  its  rights."! 

No  class  of  persons  in  the  world  has,  perhaps,  on  the 
(me  hand,  been  loaded  with  more  extravagant  eulogy,  and, 
on  the  other,  been  covered  with  more  undeserved  ridicule 
than  the  English  Puritans,  and  their  descendants  in  Amer- 
ica. An  incessant  repetition  of  stereotyped  panegyric  may, 
indeed,  be  excused  on  those  periodi<»Ll  occasiims  when  a 
large  posterity  is  accustomed  to  commemorate,  with  filial 
pride,  the  many  worthy  attributes  of  a  devout,  active, 
acute,  independent,  and  resolute  ancestry.  The  honest 
reputation  of  that  renowned  ancestry  no  candid  mind  can 
d^reciate ;  and  the  real  services  which  the  Furitcms  ren- 
dered to  the  cause  of  civil  liberty  it  is  grateful  to  ap- 
plaud.   But  there  is  danger  lest  zeal  should  outrun  knowl- 

*  It  may  caute  miflapprebtntloii  to  aay  that  the  paa«en««r»  In  the  Mayflower  left  Eoropo 
'*wiliioatsiqrQMl%lehartOTfram^oonK>MUl>ody.»  Tba  only  mwon  why  tbalr  "  laige 
patent'*  from  the  Virginia  Company,  with  which  they  adventured,  "  waa  never  made  nae 
or,**  as  staled  by  Bradfbrd,  was,  beeanse  lliey  settled  tliefluetves~«oiitra>y  to  thair  intea- 
tkm  when  they  sailed-«<mt  of  the  bounds  of  Virginia.  Ssreral  years  afterward,  they  ob- 
tained a  charter  from  the  New  England  Coancil,  within  the  limits  of  whose  patent  they 
iMift  wsldeatany  sstablisbsd  their  plantatisik 

t  BradAvd  and  Winslow,  in  Yoong,  95, 120, 131 ;  Morton's  Memorial,  28, 37 ;  Bancroft, 
i.,  S06-310.  Young,  in  a  note  to  his  "  Chronides  of  the  PUgrtas,**  p.  1»,  acys,  **  Hers, 
fir  the  first  time  In  the  world's  history,  the  philosophical  fiction  of  a  social  compact  was 
realized  in  practice.  And  yet  it  seems  to  me  that  a  great  deal  more  has  been  discerned  in 
this  dseoment  than  the  sipien  contemplated.  It  is  evident  that  when  tliey  left  Hottaad* 
they  expected  *  to  become  a  body  politic,  using  among  themselves  dvil  government,  and 
to  choose  their  own  mlers  from  among  themselves.'  Their  purpose  in  drawing*  np  and 
signing  this  esmpact,  was  stanply,  as  they  state,  to  restrain  osrtcin  of  tbelv  mmiber  whs 
had  maniflBsted  an  unruly  and  Ihettous  disposition.  This  was  the  whole  philostqihy  of  the 
instrmnent,  whsievar  may  slnea  hsre  keen  dlseovsisd  and  dsinosd  ftan  tt.** 


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132        HISTORY  OP  THE  STATE  OP  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  IV.  edge,  and  lest  ideal  piotores,  drawn  by  self-adtdatory  rhet- 
one,  should  gradually  come  to  be  received  as  faithAil  por- 
traits  of  reality.     And  while  naught  should  be  set  down 
in  malice,  no  temptation  to  flatter  self-conceit,  nor  anxiety 
to  demonstrate  hypotheses ;  no  reluctance  to  oppose  the 
most  eloquent  ability,  nor  fear  of  provoking  cherished  prej- 
udice which  unwelcome  candor  may  offend,  should  ever 
warp  those,  who  assume  the  responsible  task  of  reccnrding 
the  annals  of  their  race,  from  the  duty  of  dearly  exposing 
historical  truth. 
sxunpie  of     Howcvcr  ample  may  have  been  the  true  scope  of  their 
rvpubiic.    compact  on  board  of  the  Mayflower  at  Cape  Cod,  it  can 
not  be  denied,  and  it  ought  not  to  be  concealed,  that  tiie 
Pilgrims,  before  they  left  their  asylum  in  Holland,  had 
seen,  in  her  tolerant  government,  an  early  and  illustrious 
assertion  of  the  rights  and  the  power  of  the  people,  and  a 
noble  protest  against  oppression  and  tjnranny.     While  the 
fugitive  Puritans,  unmolested  at  Leyden,  observed  the 
popular  principle  of  majorities  triumphant,  even  in  severe 
ecclesiastical  decisions,  they  found  that  sublimest  element 
of  all  in  civil  liberty — freedom  of  ocmscience — ^more  fully 
realized  in  the  United  Netherlands  than  in  any  other 
country  in  the  world.     The  same  immunities  which  the 
Dutch  had  won  from  Spain  were  freely  granted  to  the 
non-conforming  refugees  from  England.     In  the  Batavian 
Republic,  too,  they  saw  the  happy  working  of  that  Federal 
system  which  afterward  bound  together  the  American  col- 
onies.    And,  in  the  Constitution  of  self-governing  Holland, 
those  refagees  had  before  them  the  practical  example  of  a 
representative  administration,  imperfect,  indeed,  but  nev- 
ertheless a  marvel  of  the  age ;  founded  on  large  principles 
of  popular  liberty ;  maintaining  those  principles  with  splen- 
did success ;  and  deserving  the  lasting  gratitude  of  man- 
kind kr  it&  earnest,  consistent,  and  magnanimous  vindi- 
cation of  the  rights  of  humanity.     All  this  was  observed 
in  the  United  Provinces,  at  a  period  when  James  I.  was 
king  of  Great  Britain,  Louis  XIII.  king  of  Prance,  and 
Philip  in.  king  of  Spain.     Such  lessons  could  not  possi- 


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THE  LANDING  OF  THE  PILGRIMS.  133 

bly  have  been  lost  upon  the  Pilgrims ;  to  their  value  they  chaf.iv. 
had  themselves  borne  testimony,  in  soliciting  encourage- 
ment  to  emigrate  to  New  Netherland  "  under  the  order 
and  command"  of  the  Prince  of  Orange  and  the  States 
General ;  and  when  they  are  found  affirming,  in  New  En- 
gland, some  of  substantially  the  same  principles  as  those 
which  they  had  seen  operative  in  the  Dutch  republic,  and 
which  at  that  time  were  developed  no  where  else,  it  can 
not  be  just  to  monopolize  for  tliem  the  glory  of  having 
originated  "  popular  constitutional  liberty."* 

Several  weeks  were  spent  by  the  emigrants  in  examin- 
ing the  concave  shores  behind  Gape  God.     At  last,  a  mareiuMUnf  at 
advantageous  harbor  than  any  they  had  seen  was  found  omh. 
on  the  west  side  of  the  bay ;  and  an  exploring  party  land- " 
ed  at  New  Plymouth,  on  the  spot  which  Block  and  Smith 
had  visited  several  years  before,  and  marked  on  their  maps, 
and  which  Dermer,  just  five  months  previously,  though 
without  their  knowledge,  had  indicated  as  a  fitting  place 
for  "  the  first  plantation."t     In  a  few  days  the  Mayflower  |4  d«. 
was  brought  up  from  the  Gape,  and  the 

"  band  of  exiles  moored  their  bai^ 

On  the  wild  New  England  shore." 

Thus  the  Puritan  pilgrims  left  their  home  at  Leyden, 
and  sought  the  New  World  under  the  banner  of  Saint 
Greorge ;  and  thus  they  came  to  plant  on  the  bleak  bor- 
ders of  eastern  New  England  the  institutions  which  it  had 
once  been  their  purpose  to  cultivate,  under  the  protecting 
flag  of  Holland,  in  the  genial  regions  of  New  Netherland. 

*  This  ■obJ«eC  will  be  ftirtlMr  eoiurtdered  In  lalweqiwiit  ehapten. 
t  Morum'a  Memortali  50, 57. 


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IJH  HIBTOBT  CXP  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 


CHAPTER  V. 

1621-1626. 

Chap.  v.      The  proJ6ot  (cx  a  general  Dntoh  West  India  Oompany, 
whiok  Usselinox  had  so  early  and  zealously,  yet  unsac- 
J^  •  oeesftdly,  urged  upon  the  attention  ^of  the  statesmen  of 
JJJJ^**  Holland,  at  lei^h  obtained  its  aooomplishment.     It  was 
I^JI'n****'  the  age  of  great  monopc^es  and  grasping  charters.     The 
East  India  Company  had,  since  1602,  pursued  a  prosper- 
ous career;  and  its  fiiiooess  had  provoked  emulation.    The 
Twelve  Years'  truce  with  Spain  had  expired  in  the  spring 
of  1621 ;  and  the  United  Provinces  were  warned  to  pre- 
pare &r  a  renewed  slxnggle  with  their  mighty  enemy. 
The  obstacles  vrhioh  had  hindered  the  consummation  of 
Usselincx's  views  were  not  only  now  cleared  away,  but 
opposition  was  succeeded  by  encouragement;   and  the 
long-pending  charter  was  hurried  to  completion,  within 
three  months  after  the  termination  of  the  Spanish  truce. 
sjuiM^  On  the  third  of  June,  1621,  the  States  General  passed 

a  formal  patent  und^  their  great  seal,  declaring  that  the 
welfiBLre  and  hairiness  of  the  United  Netherlands  depend- 
ed mainly  upon  their  foreign  l^ade  and  navigation,  and  that 
those  great  interests  could  be  properly  encouraged  in  dis- 
tant regions  only  by  the  combined  and  united  action  of  a 
general  incorporated  company.  For  these  and  other  rea- 
sons, they  accordingly  ordained  that,  for  the  term  of  twen- 
ty-four years  from  the  first  of  July,  1621,  none  of  the  in- 
habitants of  the  United  Provinces  should  be  permitted  to 
sail  thence  to  the  coasts  of  Africa,  between  &e  tropic  of 
Cancer  and  the  Cape  of  Grood  Hope,  nor  to  the  coasts  of 
America  or  the  West  Indies,  between  Newfoundland*  and 


Extant  or 
temtory. 


vA' 


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THE  DUTCH  WEST  BSOMA  0Q1HPA19T.  I35 

the  StraitB  of  Hagdlan,  exeept  in  the  smne  or  by  the  con*  chap.  v. 
sent  of  the  West  India  Company,  npcm  pain  of  fcsrftitait 
of  diips  and  oargoee.  At  the  same  time,  it  was  provided  -^^^' 
ihat  snoh  parties  as  had,  before  the  granting  of  Ihe  oharw 
ter,  be^i  engaged  in  oommeroe  with  those  ooontries, 
^^  might  oontinne  their  trade  for  the  sale  of  iheir  goods," 
and  make  Iheir  homeward  voyages. 

The  West  India  Company  was  invested  with  enormons  Poiitieai 

powert  of 

powers.  In  tiie  name  of  the  8tatea  General,  k  might  make  tbecompa- 
oontraots  and  aUianoes  with  the  prinoee  and  natiipes  of  the 
countries  comprehended  within  the  limits  of  its  charter ; 
build  forts ;  appoint  and  discharge  governors,  sokLiecs,  and 
public  officers;  administer  justice;  and  promote  tzade. 
It  was  bound  to  ^^  advance  Ihe  peo{ding  of  those  fruitful 
and  unsettled  parts,  and  do  all  that  the  servine  of  those 
c  untries,  and  the  profit  and  increase  of  trade  diall  re- 
quire." It  was  obliged  to  oommnnicate  to  ihe  States  Gen- 
eral, from  time  to  time,  all  the  treaties  and  alliances  it 
might  make,  and  also  detailed  statements  of  its  forts  and 
settlements.  All  governors  in  chief^  and  the  instruotmis 
proposed  to  be  given  to  them,  ware  to  be  first  approved  of 
by  the  States  General,  who  would  then  issue  formal  com- 
missions ;  and  all  superior  officers  wwe  held  to  take  oaths 
of  allegiance  to  their  High  Hightinesses^  and  also  to  the 
company. 

llie  government  of  the  company  was  vested  in  five  sep-  chambers. 
arate  diambers  of  managers ;  one  at  Amsterdam,  managr 
ing  four  ninth  parts ;  one  at  Hiddleburg,  in  Zealand,  two 
ninth  parts ;  one  at  Dordrecht,  on  the  Maeze,  one  nin& 
part ;  one  in  North  Holland,  one  ninth  part ;  and  one  in 
Friesland  and  Groningen,  one  ninlh  part.  General  exec- 
utive povirers  for  all  purposes---except  that,  in  case  of  a  dec- 
laration of  war,  the  approbation  of  tiie  States  General  was 
to  be  asked— -were  intrusted  to  a  board  of  NniBTBBif  dele-  couefe  or 
gates.  Of  these,  eight  were  to  come  firom  the  Chamber  at 
Amsterdam,  four  from  Zealand,  two  from  the  Maeae,  two 
from  North  Holland,  and  two  from  Friesland  and  Gron- 
ingen ;  while  one  delegate  was  to  represent  the  States  G«n- 


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lae  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

ciup.  V.  eral,  for  the  purpose  of  '^helping  to  direct  the  affairs  of  the 
company  to  tiie  best  advantage  in  the  aforesaid  meeting." 
intoTMt  of  '^^  States  ftfflieral  likewise  promised  to  "  defend  this  com- 
oeiSS!"  P*°y  against  every  person,  in  free  navigation  and  traffic, 
and  assist  them  with  a  million  of  guilders ;"  and  also,  in 
case  of  war,  to  '^give  them  for  their  assistance"  sixteen 
ships  of  war  of  three  hundred  tons  burden,  and  four  yachts 
of  eighty  tons,  all  fully  equipped.  These  vessels,  however, 
were  to  be  manned  cmd  supported  by  the  company,  which 
was  also  obliged  to  provide  and  maintain  an  equal  num- 
bw.  The  whole  fleet  was  to  be  under  the  command  of  an 
admiral  appointed  by  the  States  G-eneraL  All  the  inhab- 
itants of  the  Netherlands,  '^  and  also  of  other  countries," 
might  become  stockholders  of  the  company  during  the 
year  1621 ;  after  which  time  no  new  members  were  to  be 
admitted.* 

Thus  the  Dutch  government,  leaving  to  the  East  India 
Company  the  consolidation  of  a  magnificent  empire  in  Asia, 
gave  to  a  new  mercantile  corpcuration  almost  boundless 
powers  to  subdue,  colonize,  and  govern  the  unoccupied  re- 
New  Neui-gions  of  Africa  and  America.     New  Netherland,  though 
daded  '  not  specifically  named  in  Hie  charter,  was  clearly  compre- 
chirter.  ^  bended  within  its  purview ;  and  though  the  Dutch  gov- 
ernment did  not  formally  guarantee  any  absolute  title  to 
the  territory,  it  nevertheless  expressly  bound  the  compa- 
ny to  promote  the  colonization  of  those  ^'  fruitful  and  un- 
settled parts."     The  charters  of  Henry  for  the  colonization 
of  Canada,  and  the  patents  of  James  for  the  settlement  of 
Virginia  and  New  England,  were  no  more  favorable  to  co- 
lonial freedom  than  was  the  grant  of  the  States  Greneral  to 
Powmandthe  Wcst  India  Company.     While  that  corporation  might 
tiMeompa-  couqucr  provinccs,  and  form  alliances  with  native  princes, 
at  its  own  risk,  it  was  bound  to  submit  the  instructions  of 
its  governors  to  the  approval  of  the  states ;  and  the  para- 
mount authority  and  appellate  jurisdiction  of  the  central 
government  at  home  was  affirmed  and  maintained  by  the 

*  See  charter  at  length  in  the  Groot  Placaatbook,  i.,  560 ;  De  Laet's  Jaerlyck  Verhad  ; 
Hasaid,  i.,  191 ;  0*C8U.,  L,  SM. 


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PRIVATE  SHIPS  SENT  TO  NEW  NETHERLAND.  137 

oath  of  allegiance  to  the  States  Q-eneral,  which  was  re-  chap.  v. 
quired  from  all  superior  officers  of  the  company. 

/The  leading  objects  of  the  incorporation  of  this  annedL,,,^^^ 
c(Mumercial  mcmopoly  were,  nevertheless,  "  the  profit  and^^'*** 
increase  of  trade,"  and  the  humbling  of  the  power  of 
^pain  emd  Portugal  in  Africa  and  America*  How  suc- 
cessfully Hiese  purposes  were  accomplished,  the  annals  of 
the  Netherlands  proudly  telL  Yet  triumph  eventually 
led  to  «disast^ ;  and  the  intoxication  of  brilliant  success 
was  followed,  before  long,  by  the  mortification  of  over- 
whelming bankruptcy.  And  it  was  an  evil  day  for  New 
Netherland,  when  the  States  General  committed  to  the 
guardianship  of  a  close  and  grasping  mercantile  corpora- 
tion, the  ultimate  fortunes  of  their  embryo  province  in 
America. 

Various  impediments,  however,  delayed  for  two  years  organiia. 
the  final  organization  of  the  West  India  Company.     The  d!  w.  1. 
original  diarter  was  twice  amplified  in  some  points  of  de-  ^^^""'*"^ 
tail;  and  the  managers  having  adopted  articles  of  internal 
regulation,  which  were  formally  approved  by  the  States 
General  on  the  twenty-first  of  June,  1623,  closed  their  1623. 
books  of  subscription,  and  prepared  with  energy  to  prose- *^  ^**^* 
cute  their  designs.* 

In  the  mean  time,  the  merchants,  who  had  lately  formed  Private 
the  United  New  Netherland  Ajssociation,  continued  to  send  to  Kw  " 
separate  trading  ventures  to  the  North  and  South  Rivers,  land "' 
Hendrick  Eelkens,  Adriaen  Jansen  Engel,  and  Hans  Joris 
Houten  of  Amsterdam,  who,  the  year  before,  had  so  stren- 
uously opposed  the  grant  of  any  exclusive  privileges  to 
May's  ship-owners,  obtained  from  the  States  General  a 
special  license  to  send  their  vessel,  the  "White  Dove,"  to  1621. 
"  New  Virginia,"  under  the  command  of  Captain  Joris  ^*  ^p'* 
Houten.     The  next  week,  Dirck  Volokertsen,  Doctor  Ve- 
rus.  Doctor  Carbasius,  and  others,  of  Hoom,  in  North  Hol- 
land, some  of  whom  were  the  owners  of  May's  first  ship, 
the  Fortune,  obtained  a  similar  permission  to  send  a  ves-  34  sept. 
sel  to  trade  "  in  the  Virginias."     A  few  days  afterward, 

*  Do  Uet,  Jaeriyck  Verfaael ;  Haxard,  1.,  14Q,  174, 181 :  O^CaU.,  L,  408, 411. 


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138  BISTORT  OF  THE  STATE  OP  NEW  YORK. 

cmxp.  v.  upon  the  petition  of  ^^  CSaes  Jacobsen  Haringoarspel,  oonn- 

selor  and  fonner  schepen  of  Amsterdam,  Peter  Plancius,* 

minister  of  the  word  of  Grod,  Lambreoht  van  Tweenhuy- 
sen,  Hans  Glaessen  and  Company,  trading  to  eertain  lands, 
ooasts,  and  rivers  discovered  by  tiiem,  lying  between  Vir- 
ginia and  New  France,  in  the  latitude  of  from  forty  to 
forty-five  degrees,  named  New  Netherland,  and  also  to 
the  adjacent  lands  and  a  great  river,  lying  in  Ihe  iatitode 
of  from  thirty-eight  to  forty  degrees,"  tiie  8tates  G^en^^l 
38SeiH.  authorized  them  to  dvsphtck  two  ships,  to  trade  on  the 
North  and  South  Rivers.t  These  special  licenses  wei»e 
granted  under  the  proviso  in  i3ae  dmrter  of  tJie  West  In- 
dia Compcuiy.  But  in  order  to  prevent  any  interference 
with  its  privileges,  tlie  grantees  of  Hiese  special  licenses 
were  required  to  complete  their  voyages,  and  have  all 
tiaeir  vessels  back  in  flG^and,  by  the  first  day  of  July,  1622. 
Brttiflb  Mt-  Meanwhile,  the  King  of  England,  notwithstanding  the 
England,  actual  posscssiou  of  Canada  by  ihe  French,  and  New  Neth- 
erland by  the  Dutdi^  had,  as  we  have  seen,  asserted  a 
claim  of  sovereipity  over  the  regions  lying  between  Vir- 
1620.  ginia  and  Newfoundland.  The  New  England  patent,  by 
which  James  granted  to  the  council  at  Plymoutli  an  ab- 
solute property  in  all  the  American  territory  extending 
from  the  fortieth  to  the  forty-eightii  degree  of  latitude,  and 
bom  the  Atdantio  to  the  Pacific,  passed  ihe  great  seal  about 
a  week  before  ihe  Mayflower,  with  the  first  Puritan  emi- 
grants, arrived  at  Cape  Cod.  The  monopoly  <K)nferred  by 
the  charter  was  immense.  "  "Without  the  leave  of  the 
Council  of  Plymouth,  not  a  ship  might  sail  into  a  harbor 

*  Planchit  was  m  eminent  Calrinlstlc  clergyman  of  Amsterdam,  and  a  menrt>er  of  Hie 
flunooB  Synod  of  Dort,  wbere  be  waa  chosen  one  of  the  rerisers  of  the  new  translation  of 
the  Bible.  (Brandt,  xxxlii.,  53.)  He  was  no  less  distinguished  as  a  geographer ;  and,  as 
has  been  stated  (ante,  p.  28,  49),  was  an  earnest  promote  of  Dotoh  maritime  enteriniae. 
Flancios  constructed  the  charts  by  which  the  first  Holland  ships  sailed  to  the  East  Indtos ; 
he  also  counseled  the  expeditions  to  discover  a  new  passage  to  China  by  way  of  Nora 
Zembla.  In  1608  and  1600,  Joanaln,  the  French  ambassador  at  the  Hague,  wishing  ts  ta- 
duoe  his  king  to  embark  in  the  East  India  trade,  (Veqnently  consulted  Plancins,  ^*  tron 
whom  be  procured  the  most  light.**  (Wagenaar,  Hist.  Amst.,  iK.,  S19.)  Witsen,  one  of 
the  original  grantees  of  the  New  Netherland  charter  of  1014,  wlioae  coat  of  arms  is  patnt- 
ed  in  a  window  in  the  old  church  of  Saint  Nicholas  at  Amsterdam,  was  no  doubt  an 
Inttanate  ftiend  of  his  liberal*minded  pastor,  whom  we  now  And  asiiooiated  with  Van 
Tweenbuysen  and  others,  in  sending  an  expedition  to  the  North  and  South  Hirers. 
Planchis  died  on  the  SMkofMay,  l«tt.  t  Hoi.  Dee.,  i.,  10»-11S. 


3N«r. 


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THE  NEW  ENGLAND  PATE.VT  A  '^  GiaBVANCE."  189 

from  NowfouidlaiKl  to  lite  latitode  of  Philadelphia;  not  a  chap.  t. 

riun  might  he  puarchased  in  the  interior ;  not  a  fish  might '. — 

be  oaoght  on  Ihe  ooast;  not  an  emigrant  might  i^ead  iHie  *'^'^^* 
soil."  The  only  qoalifioation  which,  even  nominally,  lim- 
ited the  enormous  grant,  was  the  proviso  which  excepted 
any  territories  '<  actually  posseesed  or  inhabited  by  any 
other  Ghricitian  j^rince  or  state.''  But  the  grant  was  so 
sweeping  and  exdxisive,  that  its  very  extent  impaired  its 
¥ahie,  by  awakening  the  jecdousy  of  ParlicLment.  The 
next  sjmng,  aft^  the  patent  was  sealed,  the  House  of  Com-  ts  aphi. 
mons  turned  its  attention  to  the  ^^  grievance ;"  and  Sir  Ed- 
ward (kke,  from  the  diair  of  the  House,  informed  Grorges 
of  the  complaints  *^  in  respect  of  mapy  particulars  therein 
contained,  contrary  to  the  laws  and  privileges  of  the  sub- 
jects, as  also  that  it  was  a  monopoly,  and  the  colcnr  of 
planting  a  colony  put  upon  it  for  particular  ends  and  pri- 
vate gain."  Before  its  dissolution,  the  House  presented 
liie  patent  as  "  the  first"  of  "  the  public  grievances  of  the 
kingdom ;"  and  the  Frendb  ambassador  protested  cigainst 
it,  ms  unwarrantably  induding  Canada  within  its  assigned 
iimits.* 

The  king,  however,  determined  to  roaintcdn  the  monop-  S8  8«pc 
oly  which  he  had  granted ;  and,  at  the  solicitation  of  the  tnotn  to 
Pl3rmouth  Company,  the  Privy  Council  directed  the  mayors  rtraiied. 
of  Bristol,  and  other  sea-pon;  towns  in  the  south  and  weM; 
of  the  kingdom,  to  prohibit  all  perscms  from  attempting  to 
trade  to  New  England  <^  contrary  to  his  majesty's  said 
grant."t    Domestic  interferenoe  being  thus  prevented,  the 
watchful  jealousy  of  the  grantees  of  the  charter  was  awak- 
ened to  the  movements  of  the  Dutch  in  New  Netherland. 
The  intelligence  communicated  by  Denner  of  what  he  \mi 
observed  while  at  Manhattan,  was  now  confirmed  by  the 
news  which  came  from  Amsterdam,  of  the  equipment  and  October, 
dispatch  of  several  private  ships  to  New  Netherland,  in  an- 
ticipation of  the  more  definite  arrangements  of  the  West 

*  ?«n.  D«ib.,  1«0-1, 960, 118,  no ;  CommoiM'  loonMl,  1.,  001,  Ml,  «4»-600 ;  Ctatfmera, 
SS,  too,  IM  ;  GorgM,  Brief  NcmtioB,  in  Mms.  BiBt  CeB.,  xxH.,  «6,  71, 7S ;  Banerafl,  i., 
«7S,  3S7 ;  Orahane'iHIM.  V.  8.,  i.,  100;  tt.,  101, 101,  Am.  ed. ;  OInliMra'e  Revolt  of  die 
ColoBiee,  i.,  35, 96 .  t  London  Dtte.,  L,  13;  H .  T.  CoL  M8S.,  itt.,  f . 


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140  ffiSTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

chxp.  v.  India  C!ompany.    Notwithstanding  the  fnoviao  in  their  pat> 
ent,  the  Plymouth  Company  resolved  to  lose  no  time  in 
vindicating  their  olaim  of  English  title  agcdnst  the  Hd- 
landers,  who,  they  alleged,  '^  as  interiopers,  fell  into  the 
middle  between"*  Virginia  and  New  England. 
compiaintA     Avarioo  and  self-interest  "rarely  right"  adjust  the  "  wap 
Dntchoo.  vering  balance;"  and  the  ethics  of  oorporations  are  pro> 
New  Ncui-  verbially  convenient  and  pliable.    The  policy  of  the  Plym- 
outh Company  was,  from  the  first,  grasping  and  arrogant 
Finding  the  king  on  their  side,  they  determined  to  main- 
tain the  exclusive  privileges  which  they  had  won  from  the 
crown.    A  formal  complaint  was,  therefore,  presented  by 
the  Earl  of  Arundel,  Sir  Ferdinando  Grorges,  Sir  Samuel 
Argall,  the  superseded  governor  of  Virginia,  and  Captain 
John  Mason,  against  the  "  Dutch  intruders"  into  New 
Netherland.     Three  days  before  the  dissolution  of  Parlia- 
ment, James  accordingly  directed  the  lords  of  his  council 
to  instruct  Sir  Dudley  Carleton,  the  British  ambassador 
at  the  Hague,  to  bring  the  subject  to  the  special  notice  of 
LetMrof    the  States  Greneral.     The  council  at  once  addressed  a  dis* 
cm!?eu  to  patch  to  Carlotou,  in  which  the  English  government,  for 
LmbsMi.   the  first  time,  distinctly  asserted  the  unlawfulness  of  the 
Hague.      Dutch  occupation  of  New  Netherland.    "  Whereas,"  said 
15  Dec.     their  lordships,  ^'  his  majesty's  subjects  have  many  years 
since  taken  possession  of  the  vAiole  precinct,  and  inhabited 
some  parts  of  the  north  of  Virginia  (by  us  cedled  New  En- 
gland), of  all  which  countries  his  majesty  hath,  in  like  man* 
ner,  some  years  since,  by  patent,  granted  the  quiet  and  frdl 
possession  unto  particular  persons ;  nevertheless,  we  under- 
stand that,  the  year  past,t  the  Hollanders  have  entered  upon 
some  part  thereof,  and  have  left  a  colony,  and  given  new 
names  to  the  several  ports  appertaining  to  that  part  of  the 
country,  and  are  now  in  readiness  to  send  for  their  supply 

*  Letter  of  Captain  John  Mason,  in  Lond.  Doc,  i.,  47,  and  In  N.  T.  Col.  MSS.,  iii., 
16, 17 ;  Gorges,  in  iii.  Mass.  Hist.  ColL,  Ti.,  7S. 

t  Tliis  allegation  certainly  does  not  support  Plantagenet*s  story  of  Argall's  visit  to  Man> 
battan  in  1613.  If  Aigall  bad  actually  been  tbereUiat  year,  and  fimnd"  a  pretended  Dmoh 
gorenior,'^  Ac,  ^tc,  he  woold  hardly  bsro  Joined  in  a  representation  to  the  king,  in  th« 
aotomn  of  16S1,  which  alleged  that  the  Hollanders  had  settled  tbenselTss  thers  only  **  the 
year  past,"  that  1%  in  IMO;  see  Appendiz,  Note  E. 


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JABIES  LAYS  CLAIM  TO  NEW  NETHERLAND.  141 


1621. 


six  or  eight  ^ps ;  whereof  his  majesty  being  advertised,  cbap.  v. 
we  have  received  his  royal  oommandment  to  signify  his" 
pleasure  that  yon  should  represent  these  things  to  the 
States  General  in  his  majesty's  name  {who^jure  prinuB 
occupationiSy  hath  good  and  sufficient  title  to  those  parts), 
and  require  of  them  that  as  well  those  ships  as  their  further 
prosecution  of  that  plantation  may  be  presentiy  stayed/'* 

But  the  Plymouth  Company,  in  their  overreaching  zeal,  Piutcious. 
betrayed  the  Privy  Council  into  serious  errors  in  this  im-  English 

•^  •'  claim. 

portant  state  paper.  After  the  fiEiilure  of  the  Sagadahoc 
colony,  we  have  seen  that  no  English  subjects  inhabited 
any  part  of  the  deserted  territory  north  of  Virginia,  until 
the  arrival  of  the  Mayflower  at  Cape  Cod.  The  interme- 
diate region,  between  that  Cape  and  the  Chesapeake,  was 
unexplored  by  the  English,  and  was  almost  unknown  to 
them,  until  Dermer  sailed  through  Long  Island  Sound  in 
1619.  Yet,  in  contradiction  to  Dormer's  statements,  that 
the  Dutch  were  quietly  '<  settied"  at  Manhattan  in  the 
spring  of  1620,  and  that  they  had  ^^  had  a  trade  in  Hud- 
son's River  some  years  before  that  time,"  the  Plymouth 
Company  induced  the  Privy  Council  of  England  to  affirm, 
at  the  close  of  1621,  that  the  Hollanders  had  <^  entered" 
into  occupation  there  only  "  the  year  past." 

Carleton,  on  the  receipt  of  the  Privy  Council's  dispatch,  1622. 
proceeded  to  make  inquiries  on  the  subject,  before  he^*""^" 
brought  it  to  the  notice  of  the  States  G-eneral.     All  hcRMuitof 
learned  was,  that  about  four  or  five  years  previously,  twoinqnirietin 
'<  particular  companies  of  Amsterdam  merchants"  Imd  be- 
gun a  trade  to  America,  between  the  fortieth  and  forty- 
fifth  degrees  of  north  latitude,  to  which  regions  they  had, 
"  after  their  manner,"  given  the  names  of  New  Nether- 
land,  North  and  South  Sea,  Texel,  Ylieland,  and  the  like, 
and  had  ever  since  continued  to  send  there  vessels  of  six- 
ty or  eighty  tons  burden,  at  most,  to  fetch  furs,  which 
was  "  all  their  trade."     For  this  purpose,  they  had  kept 
^^  factors  there,  continually  resident,"  to  trade  with  the 
savages.     But  Carleton  could  not  learn  that  any  colony 

*  London  Doc,  L,  17, 47.i  N.  T.  Col.  M S8.,  iU.,  6^  16, 17 ;  Habbud,  SM. 


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142  HLSTOKT  OP  THE  STATE  OP  NEW  YORK, 

Chap.  V.  had  fts  y^t  been  {danted  there  by  the  Dutch,  or  Was  <<  so 
"7~~niuoh  as  intended."* 

carteton*!      Fortified  with  this  partial  infiHrmation,  the  ambassadoi 
^th  ^    asked  an  audience  of  the  States  G-eneral,  and  presented  a 
sujesG6n-,^^jj  memorial,  in  which  he  claimed  that  the  "tran- 
^  ^®^'       quil  and  {denary  possession''  of  the  whole  country  north 
of  Virginia  was  vested,  by  patent,  "  in  several  private  per- 
sons," subjects  of  the  Kmg  of  England,  whose  title,  <<  by 
right  of  first  occupation,"  he  boldly  affirmed  was  ^^  not  to 
be  contradicted."    And,  in  the  name  of  the  king,  he  per- 
emptorily demanded  that  the  States  General  should  not 
only  arrest  the  Aips  already  equipped  for  v(^ages  to  ike 
Dutch  plantation,  but  should  also  expressly  prc^bit  any 
further  {nrosecution  of  the  enterprise.! 
9  Feb.  When  Carleton's  memorial  was  read  in  the  meeting  of 

the  States  G-eneral,  the  deputies  from  die  Province  of  Hd- 
land,  professing  to  be  igoorant  of  the  circumstances,  re- 
quested that  it  might  be  referred  to  them.     But  no  repcnrt 
16  Mardi.  camc  from  tiie  Holland  delegation.    A  mon&  afterward, 
die  ambassador  having  asked  definite  action,  the  States 
Q-eneral  directed  Burgomaster  Pauw,  one  of  their  mem- 
bers, to  write  to  the  **  participants  in  the  trade  to  New 
Netherland"  for  information.    Carleton  continuing  to  press 
37Aprti.    the  States  for  a  decisive  answer,  they  resolved  that  in- 
quiries should  be  made  <^  for  what  had  been  jMrinted  at 
Amsterdam  on  this  subject."     Here  the  whole  question 
seems  to  have  ended.     The  States  General,  engrossed 
with  waiiike  preparations  against  Spain,  knew  little  about 
New  Netherland ;  which,  besides,  was  now  placed  under 
Result  or   the  cxclusive  jurisdiction  of  the  West  India  Company.    It 
interfer-    docs  uot  appear  that  any  answer  was  ever  returned  to  the 
British  government,  either  through  Carleton,  or  through 
Caron,  the  Dutch  ambassad(»r  at  London.     Captain  John 
1632.  Hason,  it  is  true,  in  writing  to  Secretary  Coke,  t^i  year» 
^^^^     afterward,  asserted  that  Caron  had  disclaimed,  on  the 
part  of  the  States  General,  ^^  any  such  act  that  was  done 

*  London  Doc,  t,  10;  N.  T.  Col.  MSB.,  UL,  7. 
t  LoDdoa  Doe.,  i,  il ;  N.  T.  Gal.  1188.,  ill.,  0. 


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THE  BRITISH  CLAIM  TO  NBW  NETHERLAND  mVALm.      143 

by  tiwir  people  with  thek  authoiity.'^    Bttt  nothing  to  c&ap.  v. 
tibat  e£Eect  has  been  found  after  recent  diligent  searches, 
both  in  the  Archives  at  the  Hague  and  in  the  State  Pap^ 
Office  at  London.'**' 

With  respect  to  the  claim  of  sovereignty  over  NewFutuuyor 
Netherlands  which  James  directed  his  ambassador  to  as-eiaim. 
sert  so  boldly,  it  is  remarkable  that  the  Parliament  of  En«  1621. 
gfatnd^  somewhat  earlier  in  the  same  year,  insisted  that 
''  oooapanoy  confers  a  good  title  by  the  law  of  nations  and 
Nature  ;"t  and  upon  this  principle  the  right  of  Spain,  un- 
der the  gift  of  Pope  Alexander  VI.  was  again  denied,  be- 
eaase,  if  admitted,  it  would  have  defeated  tiie  EngliA 
title  to  Virginia  and  Bermuda.  In  this  the  Parliament 
only  reaffirmed  the  position  taken  1^  Queen  Elizabeth  in 
1580,  when  she  refused  to  recognize  the  Spcmish  claim, 
and  insisted  that  '^  presoriptitm  without  possession  is  of  no 
avaiL"t  Under  this  rule,  thus  formally  confirmed,  it  is 
dear  that  the  <'  prescription"  of  England,  by  reason  of  Ca* 
bot's  voyage,  was  entirely  annulled,  so  far  ae  regards  those 
parts  of  North  America  which  were  not  actually  possessed 
er  oocc^ied  by  English  subjects. 

The  Blritish  ri^t  to  Virginia  and  Bermuda  was,  nev-LawoTBa- 
ertheless,  readily  admitted  by  other  European  nations ;  im^k« 
among  which  it  had  become  the  established  law,  that  oc- udp 
oupation  is  the  '^  primary  mode  of  acquiring  a  title  to 
unowned  territory .'*i     This  law  was  recognized  and  acted 
upon  by  Prance  with  respect  to  Canada,  and  by  Holland 
with  respect  to  New  Netherland.     The  title  of  England 
to  Virginia  was  never  questioned  by  the  Dutch;  tiieir 
government  had  distinctly  admitted  it  in  1608  and  1610.11 
In  the  original  trading  charter  granted  by  the  States  Gen- 
eral in  1614,  the  regions  which  the  Dutch  had  first  ex- 
plored, and  named  New  Netherland,  were  unambiguously 

*  Hoi.  Doc,  1.,  117, 110 :  Lend.  Doc.,  i.,  31,  47 ;  N.  Y.  Col.  MSB.,  Ui.,  11, 16 ;  OorsM, 
la  Mam.  Hial.  CoD.,  xxri.,  73 ;  Address  before  N.  Y.  H.  8.,  1844,  p.  Sft,  96. 

t  Chalmere,  6 ;  Pari.  DelMtaa,  1630-1, p.  S50.  tAnit,p.4. 

^  Orotiufl,  U.,  9.  ^  PriniQi  acquirendi  moduB  qui  Juris  gentinm  •  Romanit  didtor,  eat 
OTBiprtff  eoram  qam  iralllas  aont.'*  Cbalmara,  6,  bowerer,  states  tbs  law  to  be,  "tiat 
the  ooontries  which  each  should  eaplort  shaU  be  deemed  the  absolate  property  of  the  di^ 
eorarer.**  II  Hoi.  Doe.,  i.,  5,  6,  35, 38 ;  Wlnwood's  Mem.,  iii^  330 


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144        HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OP  NEW  YORK. 

cnap.  v.  declared  to  be  between  Virginia  on  the  souHi  and  Canada 
on  the  nortL     The  actual  occupation  of  the  coasts  of 
Maine  by  the  English  as  early  as  1607 — though  it  was 
.  soon  discontinued  for  several  years — gave  England  a  suf- 
ficient title  to  that  quarter ;  and  the  Hollanders  never  at- 
tempted to  interfere  with  the  British  claim  to  the  territo- 
ry north  of  Cape  Cod.     But  with  respect  to  the  regions 
between  that  Cape  and  Virginia,  which  they  had  them- 
selves so  thoroughly  explored  before  any  other  Europeans, 
The  Dutch  the  Dutch  iusbtcd  upon  the  validity  of  their  own  rights. 
N«theriuHi  When  the  Amsterdam  Company  built  their  Fort  Nassau 
***"*  ****   on  the  North  River  in  1614,  it  is  quite  certain  that  there  had 
bjeen  no  English  "occupancy"  of  any  portion  of  New  Neth- 
erland  south  of  Cape  Cod,  so  as  to  confer  a  title  according 
to  the  opinions  of  Q^ueen  Elizabeth  and  of  Parliament.   The 
English,  in  fact,  until  Dormer's  voyage,  were  entirely  ig- 
norant even  of  the  geography  of  that  part  of  the  coast. 
Holland  vessels  alone  had  explored  it ;  Hollanders  alone 
had  occupied  it.     By  British  law,  and  by  the  law  of  na- 
tions, the  Dutch  title  to  New  Netherland  was  complete. 
The  New  England  patent  of  King  James,  so  &r  as  it  in- 
terfered with  the  rights  of  the  Dutch,  might,  therefore, 
according  to  the  judgment  of  Queen  Elizabeth,  and  of  the 
Parliament  of  Grreat  Britain  itself,  be  at  least  as  fairly  de- 
rided, as  was  the  Pontiff's  earlier  grant  to  the  Spaniards. 
1622.       The  Plymouth  Company,  however,  if  they  did  not  suc- 
SJ?ilJ35itCeed  in  obtaining  from  the  States  General  a  renunciation 
tSSSSTto  of  the  right  of  the  Dutch  to  New  Netherland,  had  influence 
gilnA^^'  enough  to  procure  from  King  James  a  further  measure  of 
protection  against  the  acts  of  British  subjects.    Complaints 
were  made  to  the  crown  that  "  sundrie  interlopers"  into 
New  England  had  committed  "intolerable  abuses,"  inter- 
fered with  "  some  of  the  planters  there,"  "  ruined  whole 
woods,"  traded  promiscuously  with  the  savages,  supplied 
them  with  fire-arms,  and  overthrown  the  trade  and  com- 
merce, which  were  "  the  principal  hopes  for  the  advance- 
ment of  that  plantation,  next  unto  the  commodities  that 
t3  oetober.  ooast  affords  for  fishing."    An  order  in  council  was  prompt- 


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UOTCH  TRADERS  IN  LONG  ISLAND  SOUND.  I45 

ly  made  for  the  issuing  of  a  royal  {m>clamation  against  ir-  ciuf.  v. 
regnlar  traders  to  New  England.  A  few  days  afterward, 
the  king  acoordingly  proclaimed  and  commanded  that /^^' 
none  of  his  subjects  whatsoever^  ^'not  adventurers,  inhab* 
iters,  or  planters  in  New  England^  presume  from  h^ice- 
fixrdi  to  frequent  those  coasts,  to  trade  or  traffic  with  those 
people,  or  to  intermeddle  in  the  woods  or  freehold  of  any 
of  ^e  planters  or  inhabitants,"  except  by  the  license  of 
the  Plymouth  Company,  or  acccnrding  to  the  orders  of  the 
Privy  CounciL* 

Meanwhile,  the  Amsterdam  ships  had  beeh  quietly  pur-  spedai 
suing  their  voyages  to  New  Netherland,  under  the  special  New  Neth. 
hoenses  of  the  Dutoh  government ;  and  aoate  of  them  de- 
layed their  return  to  Hdland  so  long,  that  their  owners 
were  obliged  to  ask  of  the  Stetes  General  an  extension  of  18  Jwm. 
the  time  limited  for  their  arrival  home.t     The  trade  in  P«itrytra<ie 

of  the 

peltry  was  industriously  prosecuted,  not  only  on  the  North  notch  in 
and  South  Rivers,  but  on  the  <^  Fresh"  or  Connecticut  Riv-  •««  Bity. 
er;  and  Ihitoh  shallops  constantly  visited  the  shores  of 
Long  Island  Sound,  and  trafficked  vntii  the  native  Indian 
tribes  as  frir  east  as  Narragansett  and  Buzzard's  Bays. 
Their  frivorito  resort  was  Manomet,  at  the  head  of  Buz- 
zard's Bay,  and  within  about  twenty  miles  of  the  recent 
Puritan  settlement  at  New  Plymouth.^    But  the  pioneers 
of  New  England,  occupied  witii  the  pressing  cares  of  tibeir 
infant  colony,  were  not  yet  prepared  to  interfere  with  the 
lucrative  trade  which  their  more  ancient  neighbors  in  New 
Netherland  were  now  carrying  on,  almost  at  their  very 
doors.     With  the  native  tribes  the  Dutoh  generally  culti-  Reiatioiis 
vated  the  most  amicable  relations.     The  treaty  made  on<ii«w. 
the  banks  of  the  Tawasentha  continued  to  be  faithfrilly 
observed  with  the  Mohawks,  the  Hahicans,  and  the  North 
River  Indians,  who  wexe  the  immediate  neighbors  and  al- 
lies of  the  Dutoh.    At  Esopus,  a  large  traffic  was  main- 
tained with  boats  and  shallops.     But  the  more  distent 
laribes  were  treated  with  less  consideration.     Jacob  Eel- 

*  Load.  Doo.,  f.,  SS;  N.  Y.  Col.  MSB.,  iii.,  11 ;  Rymer  Federa,  ztU.,  410;  Mortoi't 
MeoMrial,  96 ;  Prinee's  Annals,  918.  t  Hoi.  Doc.,  L,  190.     .        t  Prinee,  908. 

K 


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146  HISTORY  OP  THE  STATE  OP  NEW  YORK. 

ciup.  V.  kens,  who  had  remained  in  snperintendenoe  of  the  tnM 
'near  Casde  Island,  made  frequent  visits  to  the  eastern 
ooasts  and  rivers  of  New  Netherland ;  and  in  the  somm^ 
of  1622,  having  ascended  the  Connectioat  to  traffic  with 
tiie  Seqoins,  near  the  present  town  of  Wethersfield,  he 
treaoh^xmsly  imfnrisoned  their  diief  on  board  his  yaoht, 
and  would  not  release  him  until  a  ransom  of  one  hundred 
and  forty  fethoms  of  wampum  had  been  exacted.  This 
outrage  naturally  alienated  ihe  eastern  Indians ;  and  the 
Sequin  chief,  refused  to  have  any  more  dealings  with  Hie 
treacherous  Eelkens,  who  was  soon  afterward  discharged 
by  his  offended  fifuperiors  from  the  post  he  had  dishonored.* 

.       The  Fatherland  was  now  preparing  to  send  permanent 

emigrants  to  subdue  the  wilderness  of  New  Netherlands 
Early  in  this  year,  while  Garleton  was  engaged  in  obtain* 
ing  the  preliminary  information  which  he  desired  before 
presenting  his  memorial  to  the  States  General,  he  had 
Hmmuj.  been  appUed  to  by  some  families  of  Walloons,  settled  at 
Amsterdam,  for  permission  to  emigrate  to  Virginia  and 
establish  a  colony,  to  be  governed  by  magistrates  of  thw 
own  election.t  These  Walloons,  whose  name  was  de- 
rived from  their  original  "  Waalsche,"  or  French  exlatu)- 
tion,l  had  passed  through  the  fire  of  persecution.  They 
inhabited  ttie  Southern  Beljgic  Provinces  of  Hainault,  Na- 
mur,  Luxemburg,  Limburg,  and  part  of  the  ancient  Bish* 
oprio  of  Liege ;  and  spoke  the  old  French  language.  When 
the  northern  provinces  of  the  Netherlands  formed  their  po- 
litical unfon  at  Utrecht  in  1579,  the  southern  provinces^ 
which  were  generally  attached  to  the  Roman  Church,  de- 
olined  joining  the  Confederaticm.  Many  of  their  inhabit- 
ants, nevertheless,  professed  the  principles  of  the  Reforma- 
Hoa.  Against  these  Protestant  Walloons  the  Spanish  gov- 
emment  exercised  the  most  rigid  measures  of  inquisitorial 
vengeance;  and  tiie  subjects  of  an  unrelenting  persecution 


ir,  zii.,  so ;  Doc.  Hiflt.  N.  7.,  iU.,  45 ;  De  VrtM,  118. 

t  Lond.  Doc.  i.,  94 ;  N.  Y.  Col.  MSS.,  iU..  9, 10. 

t  "  Bordering  on  France,  and  speaking  the  French  langnage,  they  were  termed  OaOoU, 
wirieh  waa  changed,  in  Low  Dutch,  into  WaaUdUf  and  in  Bngllah  into  ITaZfeofi.**— Rot. 
Dr.  De  Witt,  in  N.  T.  H.  8.  Proc.,  1848,  p.  75. 


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THE  WALLOONS  IN  HOLLAND.  I47 

emigfttted  by  thoogaHcb  iid»  Holland^  where  they  Jmew  our.  t. 
ttiat  streageni  of  every  race  and  oreed  were  sore  of  am 
asylum  and  a  weloome.     Carrying  with  ihem  a  knowlt  ^^^^ 
edge  ci  the  arts,  in  which  they  were  gveat  profieieiKta, 
tiiey  were  distingaished  in  tiieir  new  home  &t  tbeyfar  taai^ 
M  and  persevering  indcurtry.     To  the  Walloons  the  Dutidi 
were  prdbaUy  indebted  lor  much  of  the  repute  whiidi  they 
gained  as  a  nation  in  many  branohes  of  manufaetarea.*^ 
Finding  in  Holland  a  &ee  scope  for  Ihe  enjoyment  of  thw 
religions  apjpions,  the  Walloons  soon  introduced  the  pab* 
he  use  of  thdr  chnrdi  service,  whioh^  to  this  day,  bears 
vntness  to  the  characteristic  toleration  and  liberality  of 
flie  Fatherland.    By  degrees,  the  fame  of  the  New  World  whdom 
reached  the  ears  of  the  artisans  of  Amsterdam;  andsomeoeaMtofB 

to  l^ginuiu 

of  the  Belgian  refugees  applied  to  Carleton  for  formal  ^n^ 
oooragement  to  emigrate  to  Virginia.  The  ambesaadori 
having  no  powers  to  make  arrangements  with  them,  oom« 
municated  their  application  to  the  king,  by  whom  it  was 
ordered  to  be  refsn^  to  the  Virginia  C<»npany.  But  the 
conditions  which  the  ccnnpany  offered  did  not  ajqiear  toArenocaA- 
have  been  8atis£Bict(»ry  to  the  Walloons ;  and  the  abortive 
negotiation  ended.t  Thus  Virginia  bst  the  advantage  of 
having  an  ingenious,  brave,  and  industrious  race  added  to 
her,  periiaps,  too  homogeneous  population. 

What  Virginia  lost  New  Nelherland  gained.  Cosmo- 
politan Amsterdam  was  to  impress  its  character  up(m  cos* 
xDopolitan  Manhattan.  In  liie  New  World,  a  metropolis 
soon  arose,  giving  a  home  to  emigrants  from  all  climes 
and  of  all  races ;  and  where  the  lavish  gifts  of  beneficent 
nature  are  enjoyed  in  o(»nmon  by  the  multi£Burious,  enter- 
prising, and  prosperous  inhabitants  who  crowd  its  busy 
streets.  The  city  which  Amsterdam  cnriginated  can  n^ver 
forget  the  magnanimous  policy  and  liberal  example  of  its 
sagacious  founder. 

The  Provincial  States  of  Holland,  ascertaining  that  sev-  The  states 
eral  families  of  Walloons  had  applied  to  Carleton  for  per-  tkym  um 
mission  to  emigrate  to  Virginia,  thought  that "  they  should  m  Apnt 

MeCuIlagh,  ii.,  967.  t  I^mdoB  Doe.,  W ttt;  N.  T.  CoL  MSS.,  ilU  la 


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148  ffiSTORY  OP  THE  STATE  OP  NEW  YORK. 


1622. 


ohap.  y.  nttiieir  be  seotured  for  the  West  India  Company  f^  and  the 

'subject  was  referred  to  tiie  directors  of  that  corporation, 

to  consider  '^  what  could  be  therein  done  for  their  service.'' 

tiApru.    The  directors  promptly  reported  that  the  emigration  of 

these  Walloons  would  be  'Wery  advantageous''  to  the 

oompany ;  and  that  immediate  measures  should  be  taken 

to  secure  them,  and  to  give  them  employment^  until  the 

ccHnpany  should  be  formally  organized,  and  be  able  to 

send  them  out  as  cdcmists.     The  views  of  the  directcmi 

were  aj^roved  by  the  Provincial  States,  and  the  attention 

of  the  magistracy  of  Amsterdam  was  officially  directed  to 

the  subjeet.* 

1623.      At  length,  after  two  years  of  preliminary  prq)aration, 

FiniS^or-    the  West  India  Company  obtained  the  assent  of  the  States 

SrS^^^  Q^neral  to  its  articles  of  internal  government,  in  June, 

India  Com-  jggg^  and  bcgau  to  prosecute  witii  energy  the  objects  of 

its  incorporation.     The  same  month,  three  pioneer  ships, 

tile  Oraxkge  Tree,  the  Eagle,  and  the  Love,  were  dispatdied 

to  the  West  Indies,  ^'  to  maintain  the  course  of  traffic,  and 

in  the  hope  of  recdizing  their  first  retums."t 

New  Netii-      The  colonizatiou  of  New  Netherlands  however,  became 

crland 

■nade  a      the  first  carc  of  the  oompany.     That  somewhat  indefinite 

proviii06.  *^ 

territory  was  formally  erected  into  a  Province,  and  '^him- 
ored"  by  the  States  G-eneral  with  a  grant  of  the  armorial 
distinction  of  a  count.!    As  soon  as  the  stock  of  tiie  com- 
pany was  secured,  and  the  several  boards  of  directors  were 
^^jjfjj^  chosen,  the  College  of  the  XI£.  assigned  the  particular 
SuJ^m"*"  'ii^wJ^g©"^'^*  of  the  afiairs  of  the  province  to  the  Chambw 
Cbambar.  at  Amsterdam.     Among  the  prominent  members  of  tiiat 
chamber  were  Jonas  Witsen,i  one  of  the  grantees  of  the 
original  trading  charter  of  1614,  Hendrick  Hamel,  Samud 
GtKiyn,  Samuel  Blommaert,  John  de  Laet,  the  historian, 
Kiliaen  van  Rensselaer,  Michael  Pauw,  and  Peter  Evert- 

*  Hoi.  Doe.,  1.,  118 ;  Has.  Hoi.  and  West  FriMland ;  Mnilkerk,  Bydragen,  B.  11. 

t  De  Laet,  iaeriyek  Veriuel ;  Hasard,  I.,  174-176 ;  Waamiaar,  t.,  91. 

t  Hoi.  Doc,  ir.,  39.  The  Prorineial  aeal  of  New  Netberland  wat  a  ahield  beaiing  a 
beaver,  proper,  sormoanted  by  a  count's  coronet,  and  encircled  by  the  words  '*  SlgUlam 
NoTi  Belgii." 

«  Jonas  Witsen  died  at  Amsterdam  In  October,  18M:  Garret  Jaoobaen  Wllsen  died  tm 
Janiary  ofthe  same  year.— Wassenaar,  z.,  110. 


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THE  WEST  mDU  COBiPANY  POSSESS  NE^y  NETHERLAND.  149 

sen  Hulffc,  whoae  names  are  identified  with  the  first  Bo-  chap.  v. 
ropean  possession  of  the  five  states  of  New  York,  New"~~" 
Jersey,  Delaware,  Pennsylvania,  and  Conneotiout.*  loSd. 

Aware  of  the  jealousy  of  the  English  government,  tke  Tbe  wen 
West  India  Company  did  not  delay  arrangements  to  8e»p«iyt«kM 
cure  their  title  to  New  Netherland  by  more  extended  act-  Stn^ 
nal  occupation.     "  By  virtue  of  their  charter,"  and  before  i«nd-  " 
their  fined  organization,  they  <^took  possession  of  the  coun* 
try"  in  the  year  1622  ;t  and  trading  vessels  w0re  pronipt- 
ly  sent  out,  bearing  instructions  to  the  officers  at  Manhat- 
tan, and  on  the  North  Riv^.     The  voyages  of  the  Ikitch 
^ps,  at  this  time,  generally  occupied  about  seven  or  eight 
weeks.     On  clearing  the  channel,  they  laid  their  course  cirenftoiu 
for  the  Canary  Islands ;  whence  they  stretched  across  the  tb?^^ 
Atlantic  toward  Guiana  and  the  Carribees,  and  then  ran    ^' 
obliquely  toward  the  northwest,  between  the  Bahamas  and 
the  Bermudas,  until  they  made  the  coasts  of  Yirginia.t 
By  steering  this  circuitous  southern  course,  they  avoided 
the  severe  gales  of  the  North  Atlantic,  and  had  the  oppcnr* 
tunity  of  refitting,  when  it  was  necessary.     But  their  voy- 
ages  were  sometimes  protracted  by  the  temptation  to  lin- 
ger at  anchor ;  and  the  yacht  Hackarel,  which  sailed  firom 
the  Texel  in  June,  consumed  so  mudi  time  among  tb^isjuM. 
Carribee  Islands  in  unsuccessful  fishing,  that  she  did  not 
arrive  at  Manhattan  until  the  middle  of  December,  which  is  dm. 
was  "  somewhat  late,"  remarks  the  quaint  chronider.i 

The  situation  of  the  redoubt  on  the  Tawasentha  proving  a  new  Am 
inconvenient,  arrangements  were  now  made  to  build,  pnon'uie 
the  west  bank  of  the  river,  a  few  miles  further  mnrth,  aer. 
larger  and  more  permanent  fortification,  <^with  four  an- 
gles,"  and  to  be  named  ^^Fort  Orange,"  in  honor  of  tbe 
stadtholder.    At  the  same  time,  preparations  were  made 
for  the  permanent  occupation  of  the  genial  valley  of  the 
South  River ;  and  by  order  of  the  Amsterdam  Chamber, 

*  MoQlton,  309 ;  De  Laet,  Jaeriyck  Vertaael.  t  Hoi.  Doe.,  ii.,  870. 

I  Wacwnaar,  rU,  144.  Guiana  was  flreqaently  called  by  the  Dutch  "  de  Wilde  CoBta,'* 
and  the  Carribeea  "  de  Wilde  Eylanden."— De  Vriea,  Voyage*,  p.  ISO,  137 ;  Otto  Keyoai 
Kaitxer  EntwnrlT,  Ac. 

k  WaflMnaar,  tU.,  U  ;  De  Laet,  App.,  8 ;  Doc.  Hist.  N.  T.,  Ui.,  80. 


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150  fflSTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  V.  0MI0  of  tli6  tvadecs  6om  Manhattan  selected  a  position  on 
"TTTr"  to  east  bank,  at  a  spot  which  the  natives  called  **  Te- 
AtMm   kwwAo.^    It  was  near  the  present  town  of  G-lonoester,  in 
iuvJi?So  ^^  Jersey,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Timmer  Kill,  or  Thnber 
''*^'***^  Chreek,  then  called  "  Sassaokon*.''    Here,  among  the  reitl- 
tMdti  of  tiie  once  formidable  Lenni-Lenape  tribes,  a  feW 
Dutch  traders  {nrojected  the  first  European  fort  on  the 
fllulr6B  of  the  Delaware.* 
1623.       The  spring  of  the  year  16S3  was  the  era  of  the  first  per- 
£i!l^£t^.manent  agricultural  colonization  of  New  Netherland,  un- 
^^^  der  Ae  authority  of  the  West  India  Company.    Anxious 
Net^.     to  commence  their  colony  with  willing  and  active  emi- 
*"**        grimts,  the  Amsterdam  Chamber  equipped  the  "  New  Neth- 
erland,'' a  ship  of  two  hundred  and  sixty  tons  burden,  and 
embarked  on  board  of  it  a  company  of  thirty  femiilies.   The 
greater  part  of  these  colonists  were  Walloons,  who,  dis- 
lippointed  in  Iheir  first  application  to  Carleton,  now  emi- 
grated to  America  under  the  auspices  of  tiie  West  India 
Company.     The  superintendence  of  the  expedition  was 
comeiis    intrusted  to  the  experienced  Comelis  Jacobsen  May,  of 


May  and  Hoom,  who  was  to  remain  in  New  Netherland  as  the  First 
riB  miMrin.  Dircotor  of  thc  colony ;  while  Adriaen  Joris,  of  Thienpoint, 
podMoD.    Went  out  as  secoiKl  m  command.t 

The  New  Netherland  sailed  firom  the  Texel  in  the  be- 

u»T€h.      ginning  of  March;  and,  shaping  her  course  by  the  Canary 

Islands  and  the  coast  of  G-uiana,  arrived  safely,  in  the  be- 

iiy.        ginning  of  May,  at  the  North  River.     At  the  mouth  of  the 

anhSfia    Hver,  a  French  vessel  was  found  lying  at  anchor,  whose 

uioe^    Oi^frtain  wished  to  set  up  the  arms  of  the  King  of  France, 

and  take  possession  in  the  name  of  lus  sovereign.     But 

"ihe  HcJlanders,"  faithful  to  the  States  General  and  to  the 

^  Directors  of  the  West  India  Company,  whose  designs  Ihey 

were  unwilling  to  see  firustrated,  "  would  not  let  him  dd 

it.*'     The  yacht  Mackarel  having  just  then  returned  fipom 

up  the  North  River,  where  she  had  been  trading  with  tiie 

•  WaaMnatr,  tU.,  11,  19 ;  Doc.  Hist  V.  T.,  Ui.,  85,  36 ;  Moolton,  906-368;  BCieUe'f 
BiBiliiiMencM,  8 ;  S.  Hazard*!  Annala  ofPennaylTania,  13  ;  Appendix,  Note  K. 

t  Waaaonaar,  tU.,  U  ;  xii.,  38 ;  Doe.  Hiat.  N.  7.,  iii.,  85, 43 ;  Hd.  Doe.,  11.,  368 ;  m 
Baa.,  iztT.,  IVf. 


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FOET  ORANGE  BUILT.  Xj|| 

Indians,  was  armed  at  once  with  a  coui^  of  pieoes  of  oan-  okat.  ▼. 
Bon,  and  under  her  convoy  the  Frenchman  was  forced  to 
aea.     Unwilling  to  be  baUted  in  his  pertinacious  loyalty,  J^^^ig 
the  French  captain  immediately  sailed  to  the  South  Eiv-  ^^J**^ 
er,  and  attempted  the  same  experiment;  ^^but  he  was 
foiled  in  a  similar  manner  by  the  settlers  there."* 

This  a&ir  having  been  satisfiELctorily  accomplished,  tm  wm 
eight  men  were  left  at  Hanhattan  ^' to  take  possession" pwiytawi 
for  the  West  India  Company.     Several  families,  togetiieror 
with  a  number  of  sailors  and  men,  were  also  detailed  for 
service  and  colonization  on  the  South  River,  and  to  the 
eastward  of  Manhattan.     The  New  Netherland  then  went 
tqp  the  North  River  to  Castle  Island.     When  she  had  pro-  nIkiii^ 
oeeded  '<  as  far  as  Sopus,  which  is  half  way,"  her  draft  of  ^' 
water  was  found  to  be  a  serious  impediment     The  ship 
was,  therefore,  lightened  '^  with  some  boats  that  were  left 
there  by  the  Butch,  that  had  been  there  the  year  before,  a 
trading  with  the  Indians  upon  their  own  accounts,  and 
gone  back  again  to  Holland."     By  this  means,  they  at 
length  ''  brought  the  vessel  up."t 

On  the  west  shore  of  the  river,  just  above  Castle  Island, 
''  a  fort  with  four  angles,  named  Orange,"  which  had  been  Fott  or- 
projected  the  {nrevious  year,  was  immediately  ^'thrown 
up  and  completed."  The  colonists  forthwith  '^put  the 
spade  in  the  earth,"  and  began  farming  operations  so  vig- 
orously, that,  before  the  yacht  Mackarel  returned  to  Hol- 
land, their  com  '^  was  nearly  as  high  as  a  man,  so  that 
they  were  getting  along  bravely."  About  eighteen  fami- 
lies settled  themselves  at  Fort  Orange,  under  Adriaen  Jo- 
ris,  who  "  staid  with  them  all  winter,"  after  sending  his 


-  wT».o««u^,  Tii.,  11 ;  Doc  Hilt.  N.  Y.,  Ui.,  85. 

t  DeposiUoQs  of  CateUna  Trteo,  in  DMd  Book,  tU.,  and  In  N.  T.  Col.  M88.,  zzxr. ;  Doc 
Ok.  N.  Yn  Ui->  4»^1.  Tbeaa  iepoatoioof  wen  made  in  1685  and  1088)  in  wlklch  latter 
year  Um  deponent  was  eig liiy*three  yeaca  old.  Trico  atates  that  abe  was  born  In  Paria, 
and  llMt  alie  came  oat  to  New  Netlierland  In  tbe  year  1633,  in  tlM  "ahip  called  tbe  UnUy 
(Beadragt  7),  whereof  waa  commander  Arien  ioriai  belonginf  to  the  Weet  India  Company, 
helBf  the  firat  ahip  that  came  here  Ibr  the  aaid  company."  There  ia  a  aU(ht  diaerepaney 
between  Trled>a  teotimoay  and  Waaaenaar'a  account,  which  acatea  the  name  of  the  ahip 
«  the  <*  New  Netherland."  Waaeeaaar^t  account  waa  contemporaneooa,  and  it  ia  eoa- 
irmed  by  Hoi.  Doc,  11.,  370 ;  on  the  other  hand,  the  depoeiUona  of  Trico  were  awom  to 
when  ahe  waa  etftaiy-three  yeara  old,  and  they  deacribe  evenia  which  hapvaned  aixty-llTe 
yaara  balbra,  whan  aha  waa  only  alfhteen  yeaia  of  a<c 


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152  raSTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  y.  ship  hoHie  to  Holland  in  charge  of  his  son.     As  soon  as 

"~r~the  colonists  had  built  themsdves  "some  huts  of  bark^ 
1623 
New  am-  c^found  the  fort,  the  Hahikanders,  or  River  Indians,  the 

twS^  Mohawks,  the  Oneidas,  the  Onondagas,  the  Cayugas,  and 
SffJ."*  the  Senecas,  with  the  Mahawawa  or  Ottawawa  Indians, 
"came  and  made  covenants  of  friendship"  with  Joris, 
"bringing  him  great  presents  of  beaver  or  other  peltry, 
and  desired  that  they  might  come  and  have  a  constant 
free  trade  with  them,  which  was  concluded  upcm."  For 
several  years  afterward,  the  Indians  "  were  all  as  quiet  as 
lambs,  and  came  and  traded  with  all  the  freedom  imag* 
mable."* 
jjoobjBej^  Eelkens,  whose  base  conduct  the  year  before,  in  im- 
prisoning the  Sequin  chief  on  board  his  yacht,  had  pro- 
duced general  disgust,  was  no  longer  employed  by  the 
Dukid  van  Company ;  and  Daniel  van  Krieckebeeck  was  installed  as 
*"***■    Deputy  Commissary  at  Fort  Orange.     The  new  command 


Port^-"  er,  whose  name,  "  for  brevity's  sake,''  the  colonists  soon 

"**'       contracted  into  "Beeck,"  became  very  popular  among 

them,  and  executed  his  functions  so  satisfactcHily,  "  that 

he  was  thanked."     The  management  of  the  far  trade 

along  the  river,  and  in  the  neighborhood  of  MemhattaUi 

PetorBap  was  intrustcd,  after  Eelkens's  supersedure,  to  Peter  Ba- 

p«rtmend-  reutseu,  who,  for  several  years,  performed  his  duties  to  the 

^^      mutual  satisfaction  of  the  Indians  and  of  the  company.t 

After  the  construction  of  Fort  Orange,  the  colonists 

"  also  placed  upon  tiie  Prince's  Island,  formerly  cedled  the 

Murderer's  Island,  a  fort,  which  was  named  by  them 

p»rt*n¥u- <  Wilhelmus ;'  open  (plat)  in  front,  with  a  curtain  in  the 

rear,  and  garrisoned  by  sixteen  men  for  the  defense  of  the 

river  below."* 

*  WaMenaar,  Tii.,  11 ;  Trico'i  Depoaitioa,  in  N.  T.  Col.  MSB.,  xxxr. ;  Doe.  HIat.  N.  T., 
ill.,  35,  51.  Waasenaar  aays  that  Fort  Orange  waa  bnilt  on  the  ialand.  In  this  he  is  in* 
aecorate.  Fort  Nasaau,  which  was  swept  away  and  abandoned  in  1017,  was  on  Castle 
Ialand.  **  Fort  Orange  was  hoilt  on  the  allurion  ground  now  occnpied  by  the  bnsineaB 
part  of  the  city  of  Albany.  The  site  was  that  on  which  stands  the  building  lately  known 
as  the  *  Fort  Orange  Hotel/  Ibmierly  the  manidon  of  the  late  Simeon  De  Witt."— D.  D. 
Barnard's  Addresa  befbre  the  Albany  Institote,  18M.  The  Fort  Orange  Hotel  waa  de- 
8tro]red  in  the  great  lire  ori847. 

t  Waasenaar,  Tii.,  U  ;  zU.,  88,  S9 ;  De  Vriea,  113 ;  Doc.  Hist.  N.  T.,  iU.,  36, 44,  45. 

1 1  limit  the  text  to  the  exact  words  of  Wasaenaar,  Tii.,  11  (and  transtated  in  Doe.  Hist. 


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FORT  NASSAU,  ON  THE  SOUTH  RIVER.  158 

The  pertinaoions  attempt  which  the  French  captain,  caAr.v. 
who  had  been  convoyed  out  of  the  waters  of  Manhattan,  -tcno 
made  to  set  np  the  arms  of  France  on  the  South  River, 
tiiough  it  had  been  promptly  thwarted  by  the  Dutch  trad- 
ers whom  he  found  there,  showed  the  necessity  of  a  per- 
manent post  to  protect  the  rights  of  the  Dutch.     May, 
whose  previous  voyages  to  that  region  had  made  him  well 
acquainted  with  the  country;  now  hastened  to  construct  a 
log-fort,  on  the  point  at  the  mouth  of  the  ^'  Timmer  Kill," 
which  had  been  previously  selected.     This  post,  like  the  Port  Na^- 
first  Dutch  establishment  on  Castle  Island,  was  named  the  sooui 

RiTer. 

"  Fort  Nassau,"  in  compliment  to  the  family  of  the  Prince 
of  Orange.     About  three  weeks  after  the  arrival  of  the 
New  Netherland  at  Manhattan,  four  couples,  who  had  been  Jom. 
married  at  sea,  on  their  voyage  from  Holland,  together  with 
eight  seamen,  were  sent  in  a  yachf  to  the  South  River,  nm  Euro- 
"by  order  of  the  Dutch  governor,"  to  settle  themselves SS set?" 

1  nil  1  i.    1         .  1  tied  then. 

there.  The  new  home  of  the  pioneers  was  on  the  east,  or 
Jersey  shore,  near  G-loucester,  about  four  miles  below  the 
present  city  of  Philadelphia.* 

A  few  of  the  New  Netherland's  passengers,  consisting  of 
"  two  families  and  six  men,"  it  is  said,  were  sent,  directly 
the  ship  arrived  at  Manhattan,  to  the  Fresh  or  Connecticut  May. 
River,  to  commence  the  actual  occupation  of  that  part  of  or  coonee. 
the  Dutch  province.     A  small  fort,  or  trading  post,  theoeea|^b7 
^^  G-ood  Hope,"  is  said  to  have  been  also  now  projected  and 
begun ;  but  it  was  not  finished  until  1633,  ten  years  affc- 
erward.t 

Another  portion  of  the  colonists,  who  came  out  in  the  wauoou 
New  Netherland,  consisting  chiefly  of  Walloons,  soon  set-  Long  u? 
tied  themselves  at  a  '^bogt,"  or  small  bay,  on  the  west  wma^bogt- 

N.  T.,  iii.,  p.  35),  without  adding  any  afnggestions  of  my  own  as  to  the  poaition  of  Fort 
*'  Willielmaa.'*    The  anbjeet,  howerer,  ia  conaidered  in  note  K,  in  the  Appendix. 

*  Waaaenaar,  Tif.,  11 ;  Vertoogh  Van  N.  N.,  in  Hoi.  Doe.,  i^.,  71-407,  and  in  U.,  N.  T. 
H.  8.  CoU.,  it.,  979, 980 ;  Hoi.  Doe.,  11.,  370 ;  Till.,  73 ;  De  Yriea,  109 ;  i.,  N.  T.  H.  8.  CoU., 
Ul.,  375;  Depoaltlona,  in  Ui.,  Doc.  Hiat.  N.  T.,  40,  50,  51 ;  Monlton,  960;  Ferrla,  10; 
O^CaU.,  1.,  100 ;  Mnlfbrd'a  N.  J.,  40 ;  8.  HaaanPa  Ann.  Penn.,  19, 13 ;  Appendix,  note  K. 

t  DepoaiUon  of  CateUna  Trieo,  in  N.  T.  Col.  MS8.,  xxxv.,  and  in  iii..  Doe.  Hiat.  N.  T., 
p.  50 ;  Vertoogh  van  N.  N.,  in  HoL  Doc.,  iv.,  71-907,  and  in  U.,  N.  Y.  H.  8.  CoU.,  ii.,  970, 
977.  Trloo  aaya,  thai "  aa  aoon  aa  they  came  to  llannataaa,  now  called  New  York,  they 
aent  two  femiUea  and  alx  man  to  Haribrd  RlTar." 


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154  HISTORY  OP  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

OttAF.  v.  shore  of  JLong  Island,  nearly  oj^xwite  to  ^^  Neditonk,"  or 
Corker's  Hook,  on  Manhattan.  This  settlement,  which 
wafl  just  norih  of  "  Marechkawieck,"  or  Brooklyn^*  hetate 
long  beoame  familiarly  known  as  the  ^'  Waal-bogt,"  or 
Walloon's  Cove.  The  cokmists  throve  apaoe.  Other  em- 
igrants followed  the  first  adventurers  from  Holland ;  and 
here,  in  the  month  of  June,  1625,  Sarah  Rapeije  was  horn 
— ^the  first  ascertained  ofispring  of  £urq)ean  pare^tage  in 
the  province  of  New  Netherland.  These  early  oolonistB 
are  not  to  be  c(»ifounded  with  the  Waldenses,  who  subse- 
quently emigrated  from  Amsterdam.  The  descendants  of 
tihie  Walloons  socoi  spread  themselves  over  the  country  in 
the  vicinity  of  the  Waal-bogt ;  and  the  names  of  many  of 
the  most  respectable  families  on  Long  Island  to  this  day 
attest  their  French  and  Belgian  origin.! 
CjXjiuy,  Cornelis  Jacobsen  May  was  now  formally  installed  in 
rector  of    his  officc  as  the  First  Director  of  New  Netherland,  under 

New  N«th-     ,  .^  ,        -rr^  -r       , .  ^  TX.  -I         ....  • 

«rtand      the  Dutch  West  India  Company.     His  admmistration, 
1624.  however,  lasted  only  one  yeeur.     In  Holland,  it  was  hoped 
that  the  colony,  so  prosperously  begun,  would,  with  proper 
management,  go  on  thriftily.     Whoever  was  placed  as 
commander  over  the  colcuusts,  should  exercise  his  autibor- 
ity  '^as  their  father,  and  not  as  their  executioner ;  leading 
May**  ad-  ihem  with  a  gentle  hand.     For  he  who  governs  them  as  a 
tioo.         friend  and  associate,  will  be  beloved  by  them ;  but  he  who 
shall  rule  ihem  as  a  superior,  will  overthrow  and  bring  to 
naught  every  thing,  yea,  will  stir  up  against  him  the 
neighboring  provinces,  to  which  the  impatient  will  fly. 
'Tis  better  to  govern  by  love  and  friendship  than  by  force." 
During  May's  brief  directorship.  Fort  Orange  was  com- 
pleted (HI  the  North  River,  and  Fort  Nassau  on  the  SouHi 
River.    The  ftir  trade  was  more  systematically  prosecuted ; 

*  Tbe  name  oftUa  beaotlAil  and  proiperoaa  oity  ia  a  oorrnptkm  of  ito  original  Batch 
appellation, "  Breucltelon,''  whidi  waa  derived  (torn  Uiat  oftlie  pretty  viUage  about  aiglit- 
een  mika  (Vom  Amalerdanii  on  tbe  road  to  Utrecht.  The  Wailoona,  aa  hat  been  atatad 
(dale,  p.  146),  derived  their  name  fWm  their  "  Waaiache,**  or  French  origin.  In  the  prag- 
reaa  of  yeara,  their  old  <*  Waal-bogt''  has  become  Engliahed  into  the  preaeat  **  Walla- 
boat." 

t  Beaaoa'a  Memoir,  M ;  Moniton,  S70,  371 ;  Alb.  Ree.,  xL,  »S ;  Dr.  Do  Witt,  in  N.  Y. 
H.  S.  Proc.,  1844,  p.  55,  and  1848,  p.  75 ;  Holgate>8  Ameriean  Genealogy. 


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OQBN£LIS  JAC0B8BN  MAY,  DIRBOTQR.  150 

aod  the  West  India  Company  were  scxm  gladdened  with  ciur.  t. 
the  fiEivarable  intelligenoe  which  leaohed  them  from  their 
in&nt  colony.     On  his  return  to  Amsterdam,  Joris  repcnrt'  j  ^^^^' 


ad  that  ^^  all  was  in  good  condition"  in  New  Netherlands 
whore  the  colonists  were  ^^  getting  bravely  along/'  and  col* 
titating  friendly  relations  witii  the  savages.  All  trade  now 
tnnring  to  the  exclusive  benefit  of  the  West  India  Com- 
pany, the  cargo  of  valuable  liirs  which  Joris  brought  back 
to  Holland,  as  a  first  year's  remittance  firom  New  Nether* 
land,  on  its  public  sale  at  Amsterdam,  added  over  twenty* 
eight  thousand  guilders  to  their  treasury.* 

Meanwhile,  the  attention  of  the  direotcnrs  of  that  corpo-  waMiadiA 
ration  had  been  drawn  to  a  supposed  infiringement,  under wMta^ 
their  own  eyes,  of  their  dose  monopoly.     David  Pietersbn  at  hootb. 
4e  Yries,  an  enterprising  mariner  of  Hoom,  having  made 
several  voyages  to  the  Mediterranean  and  the  banks  of 
Nevtrfoundland,  procured  a  commission  firom  the  King 
of  Franoe,  and,  in  partnership  with  some  Rochelle  mw- 
chants,  bought  a  small  vessel,  for  the  purpose  of  going 
to  the  fisheries,  ^'  and  to  the  coast  of  Canada,  to  trade  in 
peltries."    The  directors  of  the  West  India  Company,  learn* 
ing  the  circumstance,  sent  a  committee  to  Hoom,  and 
seized  the  ship,  which  was  lying  there  ready  to  saiL     DeMiunb. 
Vries  protested  that  the  end  of  hb  proposed  voyage  was 
beyond  the  limite  of  the  company's  cheurter ;  but  he  pro- 
tested in  vain.    The  jealousy  of  the  directors  was  aroused; 
they  were  determined  to  prevent  any  vessels  but  their  own 
firom  sailing  out  of  Holland  to  the  coasts  of  North  Amer- 
ioa«     De  Yries,  however,  was  not  disheartened.     He  ap- 
pealed to  the  States  G-eneral,  and  laid  before  them  liis 
commission  firom  the  King  of  France,  countersigned  by 
Admiral  Mcmtmorency.     The  government  at  the  Hague6Apm. 
promptly  interfered.     A  letter  was  addressed  to  the  Col-  oeaand  ta- 
lege  of  XIX.,  warning  them  not  to  engage,  in  the  begin- 
ning of  their  career,  in  needless  disputes  with  neighboring 
European  powers,  especially  with  tiie  French;  and  advis- 

*  W««eiiur,TiL,ll;TiiL,85;  Doe.  HM.  N.  T.,  UL,  8e»  97;  BoL  Doo.^  IL,  368 ;  Dt 
LiM,  App.,  89;  BodwUas,  in  Doc  Hict.  N.  T.,  It.,  131, 138. 


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156  HISTORY  OP  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  t.  ing  them  to  arrange  the  affair  amicably  with  De  Yries,  whose 
proposed  voyage  was  to  Canada,  and  beyond  the  bounds  of 
Devrtai't  ^®  company's  charter.     The  directors,  after  great  delay, 
r^eST     relactantly  fireed  the  vessel  from  arrest,  enjoining  De  Yries 
^^  not  to  go  within  their  limits."     But  the  voyage  was  en- 
tirely frustrated  by  their  vexatious  proceedings ;  and  De 
Yries,  in  the  end,  sold  his  ship  to  the  Dordrecht  Chamber. 
The  jealous  directors  refused  to  make  any  compensation 
for  tibe  losses  De  Yries  had  suffered,  who  declared  to  them 
that  he  had  tmdertaken  his  enterprise  only  with  the  patri- 
otic design  <^to  make  our  Netherlands  nation  acquainted 
wiih  those  regions ;  since  our  trade  subsists  by  the  sea."* 
1625.       English  jealousy,  which  had  slumbered  for  three  years 
^'•l^^  since  Carleton's  first  application  to  the  States  G-^ieral  to 
to  nSJ/^^  restrain  the  Hollanders  from  trading  to  New  Netherlands 
il!^^.    was  now  again  aroused.     Information  was  COTomunicated 
fS^.  to  the  Privy  Council  that  a  Dutch  ship,  the  "  Orange  Tree" 
^^     of  Amsterdam,  had  arrived  at  Plymouth,  on  a  voyage  "to 
a  place  in  America  which  is  compreh^ided  in  a  grant 
made  by  His  Majesty,  upon  just  consideration,  to  divers 
of  his  subjects."     The  Lords  of  the  Council,  tirwefcnre, 
immediately  directed  Grorges  and  the  authorities  at  Plym* 
outh  to  arrest  the  ship,  and  send  the  captain,  "  wiih.  his 
commission  and  the  plat  which  he  hath,"  up  to  London. 
No  other  result,  however,  than  the  detention  of  the  Orange 
Tree,  appears  to  have  followed  tiie  action  of  the  Privy 
Council.    James  I.  was  drawing  near  the  end  of  his  days; 
and  though,  personally,  he  was  never  cordially  disposed 
toward  the  Dutch,  the  foreign  relations  of  England  had 
lately  become  so  critically  situated,  that  he  had  found  it 
1624.  expedient  to  form  an  alliance  with  the  States  G-eneral.t 
16  June.     Under  these  circumstances,  he  wisely  judged  it  impolitic 

*  Hoi.  Doc.,  1.,  136, 129,  IS3 ;  VoyagM  of  D.  P.  de  Tries,  41, 4S.  I  quote  ftom  tbe  oris- 
InalworkofDe  VrieSypQbUshedatAlckinaer  in  1855.  Thie  rery  rare  book,  in  its  eoni> 
plete  fbnn,  has  never  befbre  been  consulted  by  any  of  our  writers,  who,  relying  npon  tlie 
wretched  version  from  the  Da  Slxnitidre  MS8.  at  Philadeiphia  (pabUsbed  in  U.  N.  Y.  H. 
S.  Coll.,  i.,  SSO-373),  have  been  betrayed  into  grave  errors,  which  it  will  be  my  dnty  to 
notice  and  correct  A  MthM  translation  of  De  Tries,  by  Mr.  H.  C.  Mniphy,  wm  soon  \m 
published  by  the  New  York  Historical  Society. 

t  Lond.  Doc.,  i.,  M ;  N.  Y.  Col.  MSS.,  iU.,  12 ;  Wassenaar,  v.,  91 ;  Coipa.  Dip.,  v.,  % 
456 ;  Clarendon  State  Papers,  1.,  41 ;  Aitxema,  i.,  091. 


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CORNEUS  JAGOBSEN  MAT,  DIREOTOR.         1(J7 

to  offend,  in  any  way,  the  powerful  commeroial  company  obaf.  v. 
which  it  was  his  evident  interest  to  conciliate. 

Early  in  the  year  1626,  the  attention  of  the  inhabit-  ^^^^^ 
ants  of  the  United  Provinces  was  attracted  to  the  publica-  ff^^^^' 
tion,  at  Leyden,  of  a  black-letter  folio  History  of  the  "  New]^^/* 
World,  or  Description  of  the  West  Indies,"  by  John  de  Laet, 
<me  of  the  most  influential  directors  of  the  West  India 
Company.     This  work,  which  was  dedicated  to  the  States 
G-eneral,  was  composed  from ''  various  manuscript  jcmmals 
of  different  captains  and  pilots,"  whose  names  occur  in  the 
course  of  the  descriptions ;  and  from  this  circumstance  its 
historical  authority  is  nearly  equal  to  that  of  an  original 
record.     Among  others,  Hudson's  own  private  journal  is 
largely  quoted  from.     This  journal  was  probably  handed 
to  De  Laet  by  the  Amsterdam  directors  of  the  East  India 
Company,  to  whom  it  had  been  transmitted  from  En- 
gland.    It  is  a  very  reijfiarkable .  coincidence,  that  au- 
thentic extracts  of  Hudson's  own  report  of  his  adventures 
should  thus  have  appeared  in  HoUimd,  in  the  same  year 
that  Purchas  was  publishing  at  London,  in  his  <<  Pil- Pnnhu*! 
grims,"  the  formal  log-book  in  which  Juet,  the  mate  of  ini^<ioii- 
the  Half  Moon,  recorded  the  discovery  of  New  Nether- 
land.     Besides  Hudson's  private  journal,  De  Laet  appears 
to  have  had  in  his  possession  the  original  reports  of  Block, 
Christiaensen,  and  May.    Until  the  recent  reference  to  the 
earlier  ^^  Historical  Relation"  of  Wassenaar — ^which  con- wbsm- 
tains  a  general  statement  of  interesting  events  in  Europe  "Uisto- 
and  America  from  1621  to  1632 — ^the  work  of  De  Laethid^^^pub-' 
was  thought  to  contain  the  first  published  account  of  the  Amster- 
Dutch  province.     Its  authority  is  deservedly  very  high ; 
and  had  English  and  American  writers  consulted  its  ac- 
curate pages,  less  injustice  would,  perhafis,  have  been  done 
to  the  Hollanders  who  explored  the  coasts  of  New  Nether- 
land,  and  piloted  their  adventurous  yachts  along  the 
shores  of  its  bays  and  streams,  years  before  a  British  ves- 
sel ascended  the  North  or  South  Rivers,  or  passed  through 
Long  Island  Sound.* 

^Tliere  are  four  edUkmt  of  DeLMt's"N«w  World."    Tlit  flnt  wm  pobUited  by  tte 


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X0S  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  TORE. 


1625. 


oiur.T.      l%a  d^wmty  of  New  Netherland  fbr  oultivatioii  and 
'production  being  now  fieivorably  known  to  the  pablio,  the 
West  India  Company  determined  to  jMxweoate  vigorously 
the  work  of  ooknization.     The  ya<^t  Mackarel  was  again 
dispatched  to  ICuihattan,  with  a  cargo  of  ^^  necessaries" 
S5  April,    for  the  use  of  the  colonists  abready  there.     But  when  only 
S7  April,    two  days  out  from  the  Texel,  the  vessel  was  captured  in 
a  fag  by  some  of  the  enemy's  privateers,  and  carried  a  piiase 
into  Dunkirk.*     This  mischance,  however,  was  soon  re- 
Hoifttendi  paired.     Peter  Evertsen  Hulft,  one  of  the  directors  of  the 
toNeJf*^  Amsterdam  Chamber,  prcwnptly  undertook  to  convey  to  the 
«iiii« own  colony,  at  lus  own  risk,  such  necessary  articles  as  might 
be  provided.     Two  ships,  each  of  two  hundred  and  ei^iiy 
tons  burden,  were  acccnrdingly  fitted  out  in  the  same 
ApifL       spring,  and  loaded  with  (xie  hundred  and  tiuree  head  of 
cattle,  among  which  were  stallions  and  mares,  buUs  and 
cows,  for  breeding,  as  well  as  swine  and  Aeep.     The  an- 
imals w^re  carefully  provided  for  (m  Clipboard,  aknost  aa 
well  as  on  shore.     ^'  Each  beast,"  says  the  exact  Wasse- 
naar,  ^^  had  its  own  s^arate  stall,"  arranged  upon  a  floor- 
ing of  sand,  three  feet  deep,  which  was  laid  upon  a  dedk 
specially  constructed  in  the  vessel.     Under  this  deck  eadi 
ship  carried  three  hundred  tuns  of  fresh  water,  for  the  um 
of  tiie  cattle.    Hay  and  straw  were  provided  in  abundance 
for  the  voyage ;  and  all  kinds  of  seeds,  and  }dows  and 
other  farming  implements,  were  sent  on  board  for  the  use 
of  Ihe  colony.     Hulft  also  added  a  third  ship  to  the  ex- 
pedition, ''that  there  should  be  no  failure"  in  carrying  oat 
the  enterprise  he  had  undertaken.    Along  with  these  three 
AyjkJht  ^  vessels  went  a  fast-sailing  yacht  ot  "  fluyt,"  fitted  oat  by 
the  oooip*-  the  directors  of  the  company  on  their  ovm  account.    These 
vessels  carried  out  six  entire  families,  besides  severd  free 

Btaerien  oTLeydm,  In  Doieh,  ia  lOK ;  tbe  aeoond,  also  In  Dntcli,  re^iM^  md  eotaag^di 
in  1630 ;  the  third,  in  Latin,  in  1633 ;  and  the  fourth,  in  French,  in  1640.  Translations 
orextracta  fram  the  third  book  of  Da  Laet  hvra  been  pahlMtad  In  tba  aaoond  aertea  of  N. 
T.  R.  S.  CoUacUona,  1.,  S89-316 ;  ii.»  173.  ^e  Laot  alao  wrote  a  «*  Hiatory  of  the  Weat 
India  Company, *>  which  was  publiahed  by  the  ElxeTiera  in  1644 ;  bnt  it  haa  not  been  trans- 
lated. WhUeIwaainHoUandinl841,eflbruwereniadetoaaoaitaiathafluaofI>aIiaa(^ 
papera,  and  procore  the  original  documenta  flrom  which  he  wrote.  Bat  In  Tain. 
*  WMaaMBr,ii.,S7;iL.,ir.T.H.8.  0alL,U.,l61. 


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WILLIAM  VERHULST,  DIRECTOR.  159 

emigrants  ("  yrje  persoonen'^) ;  so  that  forty-five  new  set-  chap.  v. 
tiers  were  thus  added  to  4lie  population  of  New  Nether- 
land.     "  This  colony  has  a  great  scope,  lying  close  by  the  ^"*^* 
track  of  the  Spaniards  from  the  West  Indies,"  said  the  sa- 
gacious merchants  of  Amsterdam,  as  the  little  squadron 
sailed  gayly  into  the  Zuyder  SJee.* 

The  voyage  was  entirely  successful;  only  two  of  iiieJniy. 
beasts  died  at  sea.     On  their  arrival,  they  were  first  land- the  royage. 
ed  at "  Nutten,"  or  Gteverncwr's  Island ;  but  that  spot  fur- landed  on 
nishing  no  sufficient  pasture,  they  were  taken,  a  day  or  and. 
two  afterward,  by  shallops   and  barges,  to  Manhattan.  Transfer- 
There  they  eventually  throve  very  well  on  the  rich  grass,  hattan. 
*^  as  beautiful  and  long  as  one  could  wish,"  which  abound- 
ed in  the  valleys.     But,  being  at  first  allowed  to  run 
wild,  about  twenty  in  all  died,  from  eating  some  poison- 
ous herbage,  which  covered  the  fallow  soil  with  its  rank 
luxuriance.     In  the  same  summer  and  autumn,  the  Am-  joiy. 
sterdam  directors  were  gladdened  by  the  arrival  of  two  ves-  ^ 
sels  firom  New  Neljierland,  "loaded  mostly  with  peltries," 
and  bringing  news  of  the  "  great  contentment"  of  the  ad- 
venturers.! 

Strengthened  by  this  last  arrival,  the  growing  colony  wuuam 
now  numbered  over  two  hundred  souls ;  and  Comelis  Ja-  gaccee£ 
oobsen  May,  who  had  administered  its  simple  government  on?D?n^ 
during  the  year  1624,  was  succeeded  by  William  Verhulst,  Jfether-*'^ 
as  the  second  Director  of  New  Netheriand.    Verhulst's  ad- 
ministration, like  that  of  his  predecessor,  lasted,  however, 
only  one  year ;  at  the  end  of  which,  he  returned  to  Hoi-  1626. 
land.     He  seems  to  have  visited  the  South  River  in  per-  n*^*^^ 
son,  to  examine  into  the  state  of  affairs  there ;  and  his 
name  was  for  a  long  time  commemorated  by  "  Verhulsten  verimisten 
Island,"  near  the  bend  of  tKe  Delaware  at  Trenton.    Upon  the*i«n2o 
this  island,  which  is  described  as  being  "  near  tiie  falls  of 
fliat  river,  and  near  Hie  west  side  thereof,"  the  West  India 

*  Wmenaar,  is.,  40 ;  idl.,  37 ;  Doc.  Hlat.  N.  Y.,  iii.,  38, 89, 43. 

i  Wuwnnar,  ix.,  ISS ;  x.,  89 ;  xii.,  87 ;  Doc.  Hist.  N.  T.,  iil.,  41,  4S ;  Benson,  94.  De 
Laec,  etp.  ix.,  says  (hsi  the  Dutch  originally  gare  what  is  now  known  as  ''Gorernor^ 
Island,**  opposite  the  Battety,  in  N«w  York  harbor,  the  name  of  *<  Nntten  Island,  I 


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160  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

A 

Chap.  V.  Company  e8tal>lish6d  a  trading  house,  '^  where  Ihere  were 
~  three  or  four  fiimiliefl  of  Walloons."  These  families,  how- 
miiTOM  ®^®'>  ^^  ^^^  remain  very  long  in  their  lonely  frontier 
Sr      home* 

Death  of        The  year  1625  was  marked  by  two  important  publio 
JriJJ^    events  in  Europe,  which  incidentally  influenced  the  affairs 
saA^.    of  New  I^etherland.     After  thirty  years  of  active  military 
service,  Maurice,  Prince  of  Orange,  the  "  Fabius  of  the 
Netherlands,"  died  at  the  Hague.     Equal  to  the  most  cel- 
ebrated captains  of  any  age  or  nation,  Maurice  i^eared  to 
&r  less  advantage  in  his  political  capacity,  as  the  stadt- 
holder  of  the  United  Provinces.     Many  a  deed  of  glory  il- 
lustrates his  splendid  military  career ;  but  the  eye  of  pos- 
terity will  never  cease  to  look  with  reproach  upon  that 
darkest  spot  which  blots  his  checkered  escutcheon — ^the 
bTST^  blood  of  Olden  Bameveldt.     Upon  the  death  of  Maurice, 
^J^»^^  the  States  G-eneral  conferred  the  vacant  offices  of  captain 
Henry,      and  admiral  general  on  his  brother,  Frederick  Henry,  who 
succeeded  him  as  Prince  of  Orange,  and  who  was  also, 
soon  afterward,  created  Stadtholder  by  a  majority  of  the 
provinces.     The  new  prince,  who  far  excelled  his  brother 
in  prudence,  moderation,  and  capacity  for  government, 
entered  upon  the  administration  of  affaij^  under  circum- 
stances  which,  though  discouraging,  gave  promise   of 
brighter  days.     Religious  hostilities  were  soon  restrained 
to  the  precincts  of  the  consistories ;  and  the  voice  of  pa- 
triotism, which  for  awhile  had  been  stifled  by  the  clamor 
of  polemical  discussion  and  the  vehemence  of  party  strife, 

«  WasMnaar,  xil.,  S7,  88;  xvi.,  18;  xriii.,  04;  Doe.  Hist  N.  Y.,  iii.,  42,  48,  47,  48 
Van  der  Donok*8  Map  of  N.  N. ;  D«po6iUon  of  Peter  Laorenaen,  in  Deed  Book,  tU.,  ana 
in  Doe.  Hiat.  N.  T.,  ill.,  50.    Lattrensen'a  deposition  was  made  befbre  Governor  Dongan. 
on  tbe  34th  of  Mareb,  1685.    He  says  that "  he  eame  into  this  Provinee  a  senrant  to  thi" 
West  India  Company,  in  the  year  1628 ;  and  in  the  year  1080  (1631  ?),  by  order  of  tbe 
West  India  Company,  he,  with  seven  more,  were  sent  in  a  sloop  with  hoy  saile  to  Dela 
ware,  where  the  oompany  had  a  trading  house,  with  ten  or  twelve  servants  belonginf 
to  it,  whieh  the  deponent  himself  did  see  there  settled.    And  he  Airther  saith,  that  at 
his  retom  flrom  Delaware  River,  the  said  vessel  stopped  at  tbe  Horekill,  where  the  depo 
nent  did  also  see  a  settlement  of  a  briek  boose,  belonging  to  the  West  India  Company 
And  the  deponent  ftirther  saith,  that  upon  an  island  near  the  Ihlls  of  that  river,  and  near 
the  west  side  thereof,  the  said  company,  some  three  or  foor  years  afbre,  had  a  tradlnf 
house,  where  there  were  three  or  fbor  flunilies  of  Walloons.   The  place  of  their  settlenMok 
he  saw ;  and  that  they  had  been  seated  there,  he  vna  informed  by  some  of  the  said  Wal- 
loons themselves,  when  they  trere  retomed  ttam  thenoe.'*-^.  Thomas*  W.  Jenej,  p.  14. 


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WHXIAM  \rERHUL8T,  DIREOTOR.  161 

oiM>e  more  aroofled  men  of  all  sects  and  all  opinions  to  crap.  v. 

unite  in  defense  of  their  Fatherland.*  •" 

The  death  of  James  I.,  which  hBuppenei  about  a  month  yfj|^^' 
befinre  that  of  Maurice,  led  the  goyemment  at  the  Hague  Sil^i^ 
and  the  diiectcNTs  of  the  West  India  Company  to  hope  that^' 
the  hostilities,  which  had  just  broken  out  between  En- 
gland and   Spain,  would  be  vigorously  {nroseouted  by 
Charles  I.,  and  would  assist  the  military  (^rations  of  the  Aeoenioa 
republic  against  the  common  enemy.     They  were  not  dis- 1. 
appointed.     In  revenge  for  the  failure  of  the  Prince  of 
Wales's  intended  marriage  with  the  In&nta,  James  had 
been  hurried  into  a  war  vrith  his  former  ally.     Still  for* 
ther  to  humble  her,  he  had,  in  1624,  entered  into  a  de- 
fensive alliance,  for  two  years,  with  the  Dutch ;  and  had 
agreed  to  allow  the  States  General  to  levy  six  thousand 
men  within  his  kingdom,  and  at  his  cost,  upon  conditioi) 
that  their  expenses  should  be  repaid  at  tiie  conclusion  of 
a  peace  between  the  United  Provinces  and  Spain.    With- 
in six  months  afber  his  accession,  Charles  I.  took  a  still 
more  decided  step.     He  concluded,  at  Southampton,  ft;^rf«p^ 
treaty  with  the  States  Greneral,  by  which  he  entered  into  souu&am^ 
an  offensive  and  defensive  alliance  with  the  Dutch,  to  con-  t^^the 
tinue  as  long  as  the  King  of  Spain  should  prosecute  his  a^Dmeii. 
designs  "  against  ihe  liberty  and  rights  of  the  United  Prov- 
inces,*' and  occupy  the  Palatinate  with  his  troops..    The 
allies  bound  themselves  to  equip  fleets  for  the  purpose  of 
destroying  the  Spanish  commerce  in  the  East  and  West 
Indies ;  and  the  treaty  expressly  stipulated  that  the  ports 
of  the  two  countries  should  be  reciprocally  open  to  the  war 
and  merchant  vessels  of  both  parties.t     The  king,  how- 
ever, accompanied  his  ratification  of  the  Treaty  of  South- 
ampton with  a  protest  that  it  should  not  prevent  his  de- 
manding proper  satisfaction  for  the  injuries  which  the 
Dutch  were  alleged  to  have  done  the  English  at  Amboy- 
na,  the  year  before.     A  few  weeks  afterward,  Charles  dis-  n  October, 
patched  the  Duke  of  Buckingham  and  the  Earl  of  Hol- 

*  DtTies,  IL,  557,  SM. 

t  Corpfl.  Dip.,  ▼.,  S,  456, 478 ;  Clarendon  State  Papers,  i.,  41,  ftS ;  Aitxena,  i.,  Ml,  ItM , 
Load.  Doc,  i.,  M ;  HoL  Doe.,  Iz.,  99S ;  N.  T.  Col.  MS8.,  iiL,  IS. 

L 


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162  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OP  NEW  YORK. 

CBAP.  V.  land  as  ambassadors  extraordinary  to  the  States  G-eneral, 
charged  with  instructions  to  negotiate  a  still  closer  alli- 
ance ;  to  "  remember"  the  States  Q-eneral  **^that  tiie  only 
foundation  and  principal  cement  of  tiieir  estate  being  their 
unity,  they  must  by  all  means  conserve  that;"  and  to  as- 
sure them  of  the  king's  sincere  desire  to  interpose,  "  by 
way  of  mediation,  in  all  differences  within  their  state," 
and  continue  in  ^'  every  office  and  duty  of  a  good  neighbor, 
firiend,  and  ally."* 

These  circumstances  favorably  affected  the  rising  for- 
tunes of  New  Netherland.     G-reat  Britain  and  the  United 
Provinces  were  now  allies.     The  West  India  Company, 
presuming  that  the  same  causes  that  had  induced  Charles 
to  open  his  ports  to  their  vessels,  and  postpone  retaliation 
for  the  alleged  barbarities  at  Amboyna,  would  prevent  his 
interfering  with  their  design  to  found  a  stable  colony  in 
Peter  Min-  America,  immediately  commissioned  Peter  Minuit,  of  We- 
MedB  ver-  scl,  to  succced  William  Yerhulst,  in  the  chief  command  in 
Director    Ncw  Nethcrlaud,  as  its  Director  G-eneral.    Minuit  left  Am- 
New  Neth-  stcrdam,  accordingly,  toward  the  end  of  December,  in  tiie 
1»  Dw.     ship  "  Sea-Mew,"  Captain  Adriaen  Joris.     The  ship  sailed 
1626.  firom  the  Texel  on  the  ninth  of  January,  1626,  and  arrived 
l^VMst  at  Manhattan  on  the  fourth  of  the  following  May.t 

Menhattmn. 

*  Rymer  Federa,  zrUi.,  77,  MO. 

t  Wagwiiur,ziL,SO;  ztL,13;  De Laet,  App.,  4 ;  Doc.  HiM.  N.  T^ iiL»  40, 47. 


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PETER  MINUIT,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  163 


CHAPTER  VI. 
1626-1629. 

The  College  of  Nineteen  of  the  West  India  Company,  chap.vl 
immediately  on  its  organization,  intrusted,  as  we  have 
seen,  to  the  Amsterdam  Chamber  the  particular  manage-  pro^ciai 
ment  of  its  North  American  Province.     Sworn  to  thegJJ^ 
double  allegiance  which  the  charter  required.  Director  JJjJJ^^^' 
Peter  Minuit,  on  his  arrival  at  Manhattan,  commenced  MinuS*' 
an  administration  which  was  to  be  a  faithful  reflection  of  *  **'y- 
the  peculiar  commercial  policy  of  his  immediate  princi- 
pals.    Their  will,  as  expressed  in  instructions,  or  de- 
clared in  ordinances,  was  to  be  the  supreme  law  of  New 
Netherland :  in  cases  not  thus  specifically  provided  for, 
the  civil  law,  and  the  statutes,  edicts,  and  customs  of  the 
Fatherland  were  to  be  paramount.* 

To  assist  the  director,  a  council  was  appointed,  which  councu. 
was  invested  with  all  local,  legislative,  judicial,  and  ex- 
ecutive powers,  subject  to  the  supervision  and  appellate 
jurisdiction  of  the  Chamber  at  Amsterdam.  Criminal 
justice  was  administered  by  the  council  to  the  extent  of 
fine  and  imprisonment,  but  not  to  the  taking  away  of  life. 
If  any  person  was  capitally  convicted,  "  he  must  be  sent, 
with  his  sentence,  to  Holland."!  Next  in  authority  to 
the  director  and  council  was  the  chief  commissary  or 
"  Koopman,"  who  was  the  book-keeper  of  the  company's 
affairs,  and  also  acted  as  Secretary  of  the  Province.  Sub- 
ordinate to  these  was  the  ^'  Schout,"!  whose  responsible  schoat 

«  Momton,  S09.  t  WsMenaar,  xU.,  88 ;  Doe.  Htet.  N.  T.,  iU.,  4S. 

X  Aeoordlnf  to  Grotliis,  tbis  tenn  is  an  abbreTlatloii  of**  Solrald-reeliler,"  a  Judge  of 
erimes.— OroCioa,  Inleydinge,  1S7 ;  Dsriaa,  1.,  77. 


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164  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  VI.  offioo  Combined  the  double  daties  of  Public  Procurator 
and  Sheriff.  He  was  not  a  member  of  the  council,  but 
•  their  executive  officer;  and,  besides  his  other  ordinary 
functions,  he  was  specially  charged  with  the  due  inspec- 
tion and  enforcement  of  the  revenue  regulations  of  the 
Colonial  Custom-house.  During  Minuit's  direction  of  af- 
fairs, his  council  consisted  of  Peter  Byvelt,  Jacob  Elbert- 
sen  Wissinck,  Jan  Janssen  Brouwer,  Simon  Dircksen  Pos, 
and  Reynert  Harmenssen.     The  schout,  or  sheriff,  was 

ProTinciai  Jau  Lampo,  of  Cantelberg.     Isaac  de  Rasieres  was  book- 

****'***^*  keeper  and  provincial  secretary  for  about  two  years,  and 
was  then  succeeded  by  Jan  van  Remund. 

Minuit's  administration  began  vigorously.  Up  to  this 
period,  the  Dutch  had  possessed  Manhattan  Island  only 
by  right  of  first  discovery  and  occupation.  It  was  now 
determined  to  superadd  a  higher  title,  by  purchase  from 

!;uroiian*rthe  aborifidnes.     As  soon  as  Minuit  was  installed  in  his 

Manhattan  ^ 

tho^abortT  g^^®^^^'^®^**  ^®  opened  negotiations  with  the  savages ;  and 
inea.  a  mutually  satisfactory  treaty  was  promptly  concluded,  by 
which  the  entire  island  of  Manhattan,  then  estimated  to 
contain  about  twenty-two  thousand  acres  of  land,  was 
ceded  by  the  native  proprietors,  to  the  Dutch  West  India 
Company,  "for  the  value  of  sixty  guilders,''  or  about 
twenty-four  dollars  of  our  present  currency.*  This  event, 
one  of  the  most  interesting  in  our  colonial  annals,  as  well 
deserves  commemoration,  as  the  famous  treaty,  immortal- 
ized by  painters,  poets,  and  historians,  which  William 
1682.  Penn  concluded,  fifty-six  years  afterward,  under  tiie  great 
elm-tree,  with  the  Indians  at  Shackamaxon. 

A  short  time  after  Minuit  sailed,  another  ship^  the 

"Arms  of  Amsterdam,'^  was  dispatched  from  Holland, 

having  on  board  Isaac  de  Rasieres,  a  prot£g6  of  Samuel 

Blommaert,  one  of  flie  leading  directors  of  the  West  India 

1626.  Company.     De  Rasieres  reached  New  Netherland  in  July, 

^^^y-     and  immediately  entered  on  his  duties  as  ^'opper  koop- 

*  HoL  Doc,  i.,  IM;  Mr.  S.  Lawnaoe^a Baport  to  tl»  Sonata  oftba  Slato  oTN.  ¥.,  Id 
Fabniary,  1844,  No.  48,  p.  4,  6 ;  Mr.  O.  F01aom*a  Raport  lo  tba  Saoata,  Ml  May»  1645^ 
No.  Ill,  p.  6, 6. 


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PETER  MINUIT,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  160 

many"  or  chief  commissary,  and  secretary  of  the  proyinoe  gba».  vi. 
iind^  Director  Minuit*    As  yet,  no  anang^nents  had  \f^^ 
been  mad6  for  a  regular  clergyman ;  but  his  place  was,     ^^* 
to  a  certain  ext^it,  suj^lied  by  two  ^'Krank-besoec^ens," 
or  ^^  consolers  of  the  sick,"  Sebastian  Jansen  Krbl  and  Jan  comibrten 
Huyd^,  whose  particular  duty  it  was  to  read  to  the  peo- 
ple, on  Sundays,  '^  some  texts  oat  of  the  Scriptures,  to* 
gether  with  the  Creeds."t    FranpcHs  Mokmaeck^  was  also 
employed  in  building  a  horse-mill,  with  a  spcu^ious  room 
above  to  serve  for  a  large  congregation ;  and  a  tower  was 
to  be  added,  in  which  the  Spanish  bells  captured  at  Porto 
Rico,  the  year  before,  by  the  West  India  Company's  fleet, 
were  intended  to  be  hung.l 

The  island  of  Manhattan  having  now  become,  by  pur- 
chase, the  private  property  of  the  West  India  Company, 
no  time  was  lost  in  providing  for  its  pe^anent  security. 
A  large  fort,  ^<  with  four  angles,"  and  to  be  faced  with  Fort  oom- 
solid  stone,  was  staked  out  by  the  engineer,  Kryn  Fred- Manhatun 
eryoke,  on  the  southern  pomt  of  the  island.^     ^'This 
point,"  suggested  De  Rasieres,  ^^  might,  with  little  trouUe, 
be  made  a  small  island,  by  cutting  through  Blommaert's 
valley,  so  as  to  afford  a  haven,  winter  and  summer,  for 
sloops  and  ships."     Its  commanding  position  was  well  ap-  commnd. 
predated ;  and  its  future  destiny  prophesied.     <^  It  ought,  ti<m  ottht 
from  its  nature,  to  be  a  Royal  Fort,  so  that  it  could  bepredatML 
apfHToached  by  land  only  on  one  side ;  as  it  is  a  triangle 
bounded  by  the  two  rivers.     Three  angles  are  indicated 
by  nature.     The  most  northern  is  opposite  to,  and  com- 
mands within  the  range  of  a  cannon  shot,  the  Great  Man- 

*  De  Raflterm'B  Letter,  In  U.  N.  T.  H.  S.  CoU.,  U.,  349. 

i  In  the  Cbvrch  of  Holland,  tt  la  the  doty  of  the  **  Krudc-beaoeekera,*'  or  **  Zleken- 
trooatara,''  to  Yiait  and  pray  with  the  akk.  See  alao  litnvgy  ofthe  R.  D.  Ch«rch,i«rtTi. 
The  tranalation  of  Waaaenaar,  in  Doc.  Hiat.  N.  T.,  iil.,  42,  erroneooaly  rendera  "  met  de 
feloten,*  **UMtk  Ou  comment.**  The  "GelooT  really  ideana  "the  Creed;"  which  the 
*'  ▼oorleezera,'*  or  derka,  in  the  churches  in  Holland,  to  thia  day,  lead  from  the  **  Doop- 
hn^Je,**  or  baptiatery,  nnder  the  polpit.  Until  a  recent  period,  thia  coatom  waa  kept  up 
in  the  Reftnned  Dutch  ehnrehea  in  thia  country. 

t  Waraenaar,  xii.,  38 ;  Doc.  Hiat.  N.  Y.,  iU.,  43,  43. 

^  Waaaenaar,  xii.,  38 ;  XTi.,  13 ;  Hoi.  Doc.,  iL,  370.  Moolton,  907,  afflnna,  that  the  Ibrt 
'*  waa  a  mere  block-honae,  anrrounded  with  red-oedar  paliaadaa.**  IIm  otrcomatanoe  that» 
in  1790  and  1701,  aereral  cedar  paliaadea  were  dug  «p  under  tiie  raiaa  af  the  eld  flirt,  aeena 
to  bo  the  only  aothority  fl>r  thia  atatement. 


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166  fflSTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OP  NEW  YORK. 

Chap,  vl  rititifl  RiY6r  and  the  land.    The  sonthemmost,  oa  the  wa- 

*7~r"ter  level,  commands  the  channel  between  Nutten  Island 
and  the  fort,  together  with  the  Hell-gate ;  the  third  point, 
opposite  to  Bl<Hnmaert's  valley,  commands  the  low  land. 
The  middle,  which  ought  to  be  left  as  a  landmark,  is  the 
height  of  a  hillock  above  the  surrounding  land,  and  should 
always  serve  as  a  Battery y  which  might  command  the 
three  points,  if  tlie  streets  should  be  arranged  according- 

HooMwat  ly."*  The  "  Comptoir,"  or  counting-house  of  the  compa« 
'  ny,  was  kept  in  a  stone  building,  thatched  with  reeds. 
Some  thirty  other  "  ordinary  houses,"  constructed  chiefly 
of  the  bark  of  trees,  were  clustered  along  the  east  side  of 
the  river,  "  which  runs  nearly  north  and  south."  Each 
colonist  had  his  own  house.  The  director  and  the  koop« 
man  and  secretary  lived  together.  As  soon,  however,  as 
the  fort  should  be  built,  it  was  intended  that  all  the  set- 
tlers should  betake  themselves  within  its  walls,  so  as  to 
be  secure  from  any  sudden  attack  of  the  savages.t 

The  ibrt         In  advauoc  of  its  completion,  the  post  was  named  <<  Fort 


•*port  Am-  Amsterdam." J  While  it  was  in  progress  of  building,  an 
event  occurred  which,  though  its  criminal  authors  may 
have  escaped  detection  and  punishment,  was  destined  to 
cause  much  of  the  misery  which  afterward  visited  .the 
province.  A  Weckquaesgeek  Indian,  with  his  nephew, 
"  a  small  boy,"  and  another  savage,  came  down  from  the 
abode  of  their  tribe  in  West  Chester,  bringing  with  them 
some  beaver-skins  to  barter  with  the  Dutoh  at  the  fort. 
The  beaten  trail  of  the  savages,  coming  from  the  north  and 
east  to  Manhattan,  was  along  the  shore  of  the  East  River, 
from  which,  just  north  of  what  is  now  called  "  Kip's  Bay," 
it  diverged  to  the  westward,  and  passed  near  the  swampy 
ground  forming  the  "  Kolok,"  or  pond  of  fresh  water,  until 
Murder  of  recently  known  as  the  '^  Collect."  When  the  Indian  trad- 
anaeegeek  iug-party  reached  this  pond,  they  were  met  by  three  farm- 
the  Koiek.  servauts,  in  the  employ  of  Commander  Minuit,  who  robbed 

*  De  lUsierefe  Letter,  in  ii.  N.  T.  H.  S.  CoD.,  ti.,  345,  S46. 
t  WuMiiaar,  xU.,  S8;  ztL,  IS;  Doo.  WttL  N.  Y.,  UL, 4S,  47. 
X  Wasaenaar,  zrt,  IS. 


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PETER  mNUrr,  IMRECTOR  general.  107 

the  Weokquaesgeek  of  his  peltries,  and  then  murdered  oiap.  vi. 
him.     The  atrocious  deed  seems  to  have  remained  for  a~~" 

"tflOfi 

long  time  unknown  to  the  Dutch  au&orities ;  and  its  act- 
ual perpetrators  probably  escaped  punishment.  But  the 
young  savage,  who  witnessed  his  uncle's  murder,  vowed 
that,  when  he  grew  up,  "  he  would  revenge  himself  on  the 
Dutch."  And,  in  after  years,  the  duty  which  Indian  jus- 
tice  inexorably  imposed  was  awfully  executed.* 

Such  were  tiie  <<  rude  beginnings"  of  Manhattan.  Its 
first  settlers  brought  with  them  the  characteristics  of  their 
Fatherland.  ^^  They  were  as  busy  and  industrious  as  in 
Holland."  One  traded  with  the  natives,  southward  and 
northward ;  another  built  houses ;  a  third  cultivated  the 
land.  Bach  farmer  had  his  homestead  upon  the  compa- 
ny's land,  and  was  also  furnished  with  cows,  the  milk  of 
which  was  his  own  profit.t  "  The  island  of  the  Manha- 
tas,"  wrote  De  Rasieres  to  his  patron  Btommaert,  ''  is  full  DMeHpuon 
of  trees,  and,  in  the  middle,  rocky.  On  the  north  side,  tan  by  De' 
there  is  good  land  in  two  places,  where  two  farmers,  each 
with  four  horses,  would  have  enough  to  do,  without  much 
clearing  or  grubbing  at  first.  The  grass  is  good  in  the 
forests  and  valleys ;  but  when  made  into  hay,  it  is  not  so 
nutritious  for  the  cattle  as  the  hay  in  Holland,  in  conse- 
quence of  its  wild  state ;  yet  it  annually  improves  by  cul- 
tivation. On  the  east  side  there  rises  a  large  level  field, 
of  about  one  hundred  and  sixty  acres,  through  which  runs 
a  very  fine  firesh  stream  ;|  so  that  that  land  can  be  plow- 
ed without  much  clearing.  It  appears  to  be  good.  The 
six  farms,  four  of  which  lie  along  the  River  Hell-gate, 
stretching  to  the  south  side  of  the  island,  have  at  least 
one  hundred  and  twenty  acres  ready  to  be  sown  with 

*  De  Vrioe'i  Voyages,  164 ;  Journal  ran  N.  N.,  Hoi.  Doc.,  ill.,  105 ;  t.,  314.  The  "  Verwh 
Water,*'  or  tVeth  WaUty  mentioned  by  De  Vriea  as  tbe  scene  of  tills  morder,  was  the  large 
pond  fbrmerly  about  midway  between  Broadway  and  Chatham  Street,  known  as  **liet 
Kolck,''  or  "  the  Pond.**  From  this  Kolck  a  stream,  over  which  there  was  a  bridge,  near 
the  corner  of  Chatham  and  Rooserelt  Streets,  flowed  into  the  Bast  Rirer.  The  **  Kolck" 
was  afterward  An^cixed  into  **  Collect  ;**  and  Judge  Benson  afBrms  that,  as  H  coUecUd 
the  waters  from  the  adjacent  high  grounds,  <*  an  etymologist  not  long  since  chose  to  Im- 
agine the  true  original  name  to  hare  been  an  English  one.**— Menoir,  *c.,  p.  8S. 

t  Wsssenaar,  xii.,  38 ;  Doc.  Hist.  N.  T.,  Hi.,  U. 

%  The  Kolck. 


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168  HISTORY  or  THE  STATE  OF  N£W  YORK. 

cuAr  VI.  winter  aeed,  whiidiy  at  tke  most,  may  have  been  plowed 

——eight  times."* 

jji^i^       While  every  thing  was  thos  thriving  at  Manhattan,  the 

oJI^.  settlers  at  Fort  Orange,  who,  independently  of  ten  <xt 
twdve  sailors  in  the  oompany's  service,  forming  the  gar- 
rison, now  numbered  eight  families,  were  qoietly  pursa- 
ing  their  farming  operations,  and  maintaining  tiie  most 
friendly  relations  with  the  neighboring  savages.  This  was 
the  most  northern  point  at  whioh  the  Hollanders  had  trad* 
ed ;  and  Oommissary  Krieokebeeok,  who  had  now  been 
for  three  years  in  command  of  the  poet,  had  hitherto  giv* 
en  general  satisfootion,  both  to  the  cofonists  and  the  na- 
tives. The  superintendence  of  the  for  trade,  hovirever,  aft- 
er Eelkens's  supersedure,  was  oonducted  by  Peter  Barent- 
sen,  who,  from  time  to  time,  went  up  the  river,  and  along 
the  coasts  to  the  eastward,  visiting  all  ihe  neighboring  wa- 
ters in  hia  shallqfMi,  and  bringing  back  large  cargoes  to 
Manhattan.  Barentsen  soon  became  very  popular  among 
the  various  savage  tribes  to  the  north  and  east,  from  the 
M(diawks  and  Mahicans  to  the  Wapeooos  around  Nanra- 
gansett  Bay,  and  '^  traded  with  them  for  peltries  in  great 
Mendship."  The  chief  of  the  Sequins,  inhabiting  the  val- 
ley of  the  Connecticut,  and  '<  to  whom  all  the  clans  of  the 
north  coast  were  tributary,"  whom  Eelkens  had  treadi- 
etously  imprisoned  on  board  his  yacht  in  1622,  for  a  long 
ti(ne  would  have  no  intercourse  with  the  Dutdi.  Barent- 
sen at  l^igth  succeeded  in  making  a  treaty  with  the  chief; 
who,  however,  "  would  trust  no  one  but  him."t 

An  event  now  occurred  whioh  affected  very  materially 
the  prosperity  of  the  settlement  at  Fort  Onmge.  The 
stockaded  village  of  the  Mahicans  was  situated  on  the  east 
side  of  the  river,  nearly  opposite  the  Dutch  fort ;  and  a 
constant  intercourse  was  kq)t  up  between  the  two  parties. 
Since  the  Treaty  at  Tawasentha,  the  Mohawks  and  Ma- 
hicans  had  lived  in  harmony  ¥rith  each  other,  and  with 

*BtBMiw*«Letter,tatt.N.T.H.8.0olL,ii.,945.  TliBBttWor'<Hfllhgite,**wlMl 
if  now  eoaflaed  to  tlM  wliMpool  bmt  HaUeU^o  Cove,  ivm,  n  Iim  teen  itatod  <mli,p.O<K 
noU),  qipUed  by  Uio  Dmch  to  tlie  Baat  Blrcr  ginflraUy. 

t  WtMontar,  xiL,  M;  Doe.  Hiit  N.  T.,  lU.,  46. 


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PETER  MINUIT,  DiREOTOIl  QfiNERAL.  169 

the  Dutok  settlens  wlio  had  contiiiued  to  observe  a  etriot  caur,  vi. 
neutrality.    Peaoe,  however,  was  now  intenrapted ;  and  a 
war  party  of  the  Mahioans  orossing  the  river,  asked  the  command- 
Dutch  o(»tnmander  to  join  them,  with  six  of  his  men,  on  a^^^^ 
hostile  expedition  against  the  Mohawks.     Krieckebeec^iS^^,, 
inconsiderately  assenting,  accompanied  them  a  few  miles 
into  the  interior  firom  Fcnrt  Orai^,  where  they  met  the 
Hdiawks,  ^'who  fell  upon  them  ao  vigorously  with  a  dis- 
charge of  arrows,"  that  the  whcJe  parly  was  put  to  flight, 
and  many  of  them  killed.    Among  the  slain  were  Eriecke-  is  auan. 
beeok  and  three  of  his  men,  one  of  whom,  Tymen  Bou- 
wensen, ''  was  eaten  by  the  savages  after  he  had  been  well 
roasted."     The  bodies  of  the  commander  and  his  other 
two  men  were  buried  side  by  side.     Three  of  the  pcurty, 
two  of  whom  were  Portuguese,  and  one  a  Hollander  from 
Hoom,  escaped.     One  of  the  Portuguese  was  hit  in  the 
back  by  an  arrow  as  he  was  swimming  for  his  life.*"    A 
leg  cmd  an  arm  of  the  slain  were  carried  home  by  the  vic- 
torious Mohawks,  to  be  distributed  among  their  wigwams, 
''  as  a  proof  that  they  had  overcome  ikevt  adversaries." 

A  few  days  after  this  occurrence,  Peter  Barentsen  ar- 
rived at  Fort  Orcmge  in  his  leading  diallop.  The  Mo- 
hawks immediately  justified  their  conduct.  "  We  have 
done  nothing,"  said  the  red  men,  <^  against  the  whites — 
why  did  they  m^dle  with  us  ?  Had  it  been  otherwise, 
this  would  not  have  happened  from  us."t 

As  there  was  now  no  commander  at  Fort  Orange,  Di-  Barentwn 
rector  Minuit  ordered  Barentsen  to  take  charge  of  the  post.  tohu'Inace 
After  a  short  time,  having  succeeded  in  {dacing  aflairs 
there  once  more  upon  a  good  footing  with  the  Mohawks, 
he  was  relieved  by  Sebastian  Jansen  Krol,  one  of  the  '^  con-  succeeded 
solers  of  the  sick"  at  Manhattan ;  who,  for  several  years, 
continued  in  command  of  'Fort  Orange,  as  the  company's 
commissary  and  "  vice-director."    Soon  afterward,  Bartot-  23  sept. 
sen  embarked  for  Holland,  in  the  ^^  Arms  of  Amsterdam,"  retnrnt  to 
Captain  Adriaen  Joris,  in  charge  of  a  very  valuable  cargo 

*  The  Mohawks  do  not  appear  to  hare  been,  as  yeC,  prorided  wtth  flre-anni. 
t  Waaienaar,xli.,88;  Doc  mat.  N.  T.,  Ui.,  43, 44. 


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170  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 


1626. 


Crap.  ti.  of  foTs  and  sUp  timb^ ;  and  brought  to  the  Amsterdam 
■  Chamber  the  interesting  intelligence  of  the  purchase  of 
Mcmhattan  Island,  and  of  the  diligence  and  prosperity  of 
the  colonists  tiiere,  <<  whose  wives  had  hotme  them  chil- 
dren."* 

The  tragical  result  of  Erieokebeeck's  inconsiderate  eon- 
duct  interrupted  for  a  time  the  progress  of  colonization  at 
Fort  Orange.     Minuit,  distrustful  of  the  safety  of  the  set- 

coionirts   tiers  there,  who  were  so  far  off  from  the  succor  of  their 

'*""^<^  I-         11       •  1     i.     .1- 

from  Fort  countrymen,  now  directed  me  eight  famines  to  remove, 

Manhattan,  duriug  thc  couTsc  of  the  year,  down  the  river  to  Manhat- 
tan. A  geurrison  of  sixteen  men  only,  "  without  any  wom- 
en," was  left  at  Fort  Orange,  under  the  command  of  Ktol, 
who  was  assisted  by  Dirck  Gomelissen  Duyster,  as  under 
commissary. 

verhnurten      At  the  samc  time,  the  Wallocms  at "  Verhulsten  Island," 

laland  and 

Fort  Nas-  on  the  South  River,  seem  to  have  returned  from  their  lone- 

sau  desCTt- 

^by  the  ly  post,  to  Manhattan  and  Long  Island.  Fort  Nassau  was 
also  evacuated  by  its  small  garrison,  which  was  transfer- 
red to  Manhattan;  and,  for  ihe  sake  of  economy,  a  single 
yacht  only  was  employed  in  trading  in  that  region.  At 
this  early  period,  the  intermediate  regions  between  Man- 
hattan and  the  South  River  were  very  little  known  to  tlie 
colonists.  The  Indian  tribes  of  New  Jersey  were  in  a  state 
of  constant  enmity,  and  the  inland  passage  ^^was  seldom 
made."  When  the  Dutch  had  occasion  to  send  letters 
overland,  they  were  dispatched  "  across  the  bay,"  and  car- 
ried forward  from  tribe  to  tribe,  by  different  runners,  un- 
less '^  one  among  them  might  happen  to  be  cm  friendly 
terms,  and  might  venture  to  go  there."  The  chief  motive 
for  these  arrangements  was  to  concentrate  as  many  house- 
holders as  possible  at  the  chief  colony  on  Manhattan,  where 
the  natives  were  "becoming  more  and  more  accustomed 
to  the  presence  of  foreigners."! 
The  Pari-  The  Puritau  Pilgrims  had,  meanwhile,  been  quietly  set- 
piymouth.  tied  for  five  years  at  New  Plymouth.     During  this  period, 

*  Hoi.  Doc  ,  L,  155 ;  Waaaenaar,  xU.,  89. 

t  Waaaenaar,  xii.,  38 ;  xri.,  13 ;  Doc.  Hiit  N.  T.,  Ui.,  50 ;  De  Raaierea'a  Letter,  In  U., 
N.  T.  H.  S  CoU ,  U.,  344, 345;  anU,  page  100,  note. 


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PETEE  MINUrr,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  171 

their  attentkm  had  been  chiefly  confined  to  the  domestic  ckat.  \i. 
concerns  of  their  ccdony ;  and  ao  little  were  they,  at  first, 
aware  of  the  geograjdiy  of  the  country  directiy  around 
them,, that,  raying  upcm  the  vague  reports  of  the  Indians^ 
they  supposed  New  England  to  be  an  island.*  With  Mas- 
sasoit,  the  saohem  of  the  Wapanoos,  or  Wampanoags, 
around  Narragansett  Bay,  they  had  early  concluded  a 
treaty  of  friendship.  In  the  spring  of  1623,  intelligence  1623. 
reached  New  Plymouth  that  a  Dutch  ship  had  been  driven  ^"^ 
ashore  by  siaress  of  weather  in  Narragansett  Bay,  near  the 
residence  of  Massasoit,  who  was,  at  the  same  time,  re- 
ported to  be  dangerously  ill.  Governor  Bradford  accord- 
ingly determined  to  send  ^^  some  acceptable  persons"  to 
visit  the  sachem,  as  well  as  ^^  to  have  some  conference  with 
the  Dutch,  not  knowing  when  we  should  have  so  fit  an 
opportunity."  Edward  Winslow,  who  had  formerly  been 
in  Holland,  and  understood,  ^^  in  some  measure,  the  Dutch 
tongue,"  was  therefore  selected  lor  the  service.  But  the 
Dutch  ship  had,  meanwhile,  got  afloat,  and  sailed  away 
about  two  o'clock  of  the  day  that  Winslow  reached  the 
Narragansett  Bay;  ^^so  that,  in  that  respect,"  his  journey 
"  was  firustrate."t 

From  their  priority  in  discovery  and  their  commercial  commor. 
superiority,  the  Dutch  had  hitherto  enioyed  decided  ad-riorityor 

.  ii       -r.-!      .  Ai  .      11     1        4,  ,      .     the  Dutch 

vantages  over  the  FugrimS.  Almost  all  the  fur  trede  m  at  Manhat- 
the  neighborhood  of  Narragansett  and  Buzzard's  Bays  was 
monopolized  by  the  enterprising  schippers  from  Manhat- 
tan. This  the  Pilgrims  felt,  and  grieved ;  and  one  of 
Bradford's  chief  motives  in  hurrying  Winslow  off*  to  Mas- 
sasoit's  country,  was  to  endeavor  to  dissuade  the  Dutch 
from  interfering  with  a  trade  in  which  they  so  greatly 
overmatched  the  Plymouth  colonists.  These  enterprising 
rivals  of  the  Puritans  supplied  the  Indian  tribes  with  the 
various  fabrics  imported  from  Holland,  and  obtained  in 
return  the  furs,  com,  and  venison  of  the  savages.  When 
a  circulating  medium  was  required,  the  Indians,  reject- 
ing the  coins  of  Europe,  with  which  they  were  unac- 

*  Winslow,  in  Toong,  S71.  t  lUd.,  318, 817. 


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and 


172  HISTORY  OF  THE  fiTTATE  OF  NEW  YOBK. 

cuAT.  VI  quainted,  sabstttated  their  own  abodginal  money,  wfaioh 

r"tiiey  oalled  Sewan.    Of  this  there  were  two  kinds;  Warn' 

sewanor  ?**^>  ^'  white  beads,  made  of  the  st^m  of  the  periwinkle, 
wampum,  qj^^  Suckauhock,  or  blaok  beads,  made  of  a  part  of  the 
inside  of  the  clam-shell.  The  black  beads  were  the  gold 
of  the  Indians— K)f  doable  the  value  of  the  white ;  bat 
either  were  of  more  esteem  with  the  red  men  than  the 
coinage  of  Europe.  The  ascertained  value  of  Sewan,  or, 
as  it  was  usually  called  by  the  English,  Wampum,  ren- 
dered it  the  most  convenient  medium  of  trade,  not  only 
itflTaiue  between  the  Europeatn  and  the  savage,  but  between  ihe 
various  tribes  of  Indians  themselves.  It  was  not  <Mily 
their  money,  but  their  jewelry.  Universal  in  its  use 
and  unquestioned  in  its  value,  it  cnmam^ited  their  per- 
sons, distinguished  the  rich  from  the  poor,  paid  ransoms, 
satisfied  tribute,  sealed  ccmtracts,  atoned  for  injuries.  In 
the  form  of  a  belt,  it  entered  largely  into  the  ceremcmial 
of  Indian  diplomacy ;  and  it  recorded  the  various  public 
Long  lai-  transactions  of  the  tribes.*  The  chief  manufEicturers  of 
A.,  m,  .b»gl.al  »u««.y  ,e„  U.,  I»di.»  or  W  M^. 
or  "  Sewan-hacky ;"  and  the  jnimitive  colonial  mint  which 
the  Dutch  at  Manhattan  thus  early  possessed,  almost  at 
their  very  doors,  gave  them  an  immense  advantage  in 
their  trade  with  the  neighboring  savages.t  Of  this  they 
had  not  failed  to  avail  themselves.  Their  sloc^  contin- 
ually visited  the  Narragansett,  and  penetrated  the  adja* 
cent  rivers.  From  ihe  Indians  with  whom  they  traded, 
the  New  Netharland  settlers  had  often  heard  of  the  Pil- 
grims nestled  at  New  Plymouth ;  but,  hitherto,  they  had 
not  met. 

The  native  courtesy  of  the  Dutch  colonists  now  prompt- 

*  Moolton,  S76,  377 ;  Mm*.  Hist.  CoU.,  L,  19S ;  UL,  S31. 

t  **  Sewmn-hacky,"  the  name  frequently  applied  by  the  Dotch  to  Long  bland,  was  eom- 
peonded  fhm  *<  Sewan,**  and  tkei>elaware  word  "  tmeky,**  or  **luiekinf,"  "the  Und.**— 
MoQiton,  34S.  **  The  Mohawks,  the  Peqnods,  and  other  powerAil  tribes,  made  Arequnt 
wars  upon  the  Long  Island  Indians,  and  compelled  them  to  pay  trihote  in  this  almost  iiia> 
Teraal  article  of  trade  and  commeroe.  The  immense  quantity  thst  was  nanoflwtured  m- 
ooonu  for  the  Act  that,  in  the  most  extensire  shell-banks  left  by  the  Indians,  it  is  rare  to 
flad  s  whole  sheO,  an  harlng  been  brsken  in  the  pwcisss  oTmaking  wampum.  And  It  Is 
not  unlikely  that  many  of  the  largest  heaps  of  shells  still  existing  are  the  remains  of  a 
I  mannlbrtory.**— Thompson's  Long  Island,  i.,  87 ;  mtt,  p.  ST3. 


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PE'raR  MiNurr.  direotor  generax.  173 

ed  them  to  open  a  friendly  oorrespondenoe  -vnth  the  for-  chaf.vi. 
mer  guests  of  tiieir  Fatherland.     De  Rasieres,  the  secre- 
tary  of  New  Netherland,  by  Director  Minuit's  order,  aCgM^^h/ 
cordingly  drew  up  a  letter,  dated  at  «  Manhattas,  in  Fort^„^"^r^. 
Amsl^erdam,"  which,  with  a  counterpart  in  French,  "writ-  JXwIih 
ten  in  a  very  fair  hand,"  was  dispatched  to  Bradford,  the^S,^^' 
Governor  of  New  Plymouth.     This  was  the  first  commu- 
nication between  the  Pilgrims  and  their  Dutch  neighbors, 
"  of  whom,"  said  Bradford,  "  we  had  heard  much  by  the 
^latives,  but  never  could  hear  from  them  or  meet  with 
them,  before  Ihey  themselves  thus  wrote  to  us,  and  after 
sought  us  out."     The  New  Netherland  authorities  con- 
gratulated the  Governor  of  New  Plymouth  on  the  pros- 
perous conditicm  of  his  people ;   proffered  good-will  and 
reciprocity ;  alluded  to  the  propinquity  and  long-contin- 
ued friendship  of  their  native  countries;   and  inviting 
friendly  commercial  relations,  offered   to  acccxnmodate 
their  English  neighbors  with  any  commodities  or  mer- 
chandise they  might  want.* 

The  Governor  of  New  Plymouth  at  once  answered  ihe  Bradibrd 
•friendly  overture  from  Manhattan;  and,  unwilling  to  be^jMarch. 
outdone  in  courtesy,  translated  his  reply  into  the  Dutch 
language.  Deprecating  the  ^'  over  high  titles"  which  Ba- 
tavian  politeness  required,  and  whidi  Puritan  usage  re- 
jected, Bradford  recifHrocated  the  friendly  greetings  of  his 
neighbors  in  New  Netherland,  and  congratulated  them 
upon  the  recent  alliance  of  their  native  countries  against 
their  '^  common  enemy  the  Spaniards."  This  of  itself  . 
was  enough  to  unite  the  two  colonies  together  ^^  in  love 
and  good  neighborhood ;"  "  yet,"  he  added,  "are  many  of 
us  frurther  tied  by  Ihe  good  and  courteous  entreaty  which 
we  have  found  in  your  country,  having  lived  there  many 
years  with  freedom  and  good  content,  as  many  of  our 
friends  do  to  this  day ;  for  which  we  are  bound  to  be 
thankful,  and  our  children  after  us,  and  shall  never  f(»rget 
the  same."     The  Plymouth  colony  being,  for  this  year, 

«  Morton's  MMUorial,  133;  Priaoe;  Bndted't  Letter  Book,  in  Mmm,  Hlat.  CdL,  UL, 
51 ;  and  U.,  N.  T.  H.  S.  CoU.,  i.,  355,  360. 


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174  HISTORY  OP  THE  STATE  OP  NEW  YORK. 

Chap. VI.  "fully  supplied  "witii  all  neoessAries,"  Bradford  suggested 
that,  at  some  future  occasion,  they  might,  perhaps,  have 
'  dealings  with  their  Holland  neighbors,  if  their  "  rates  be 
reasonable."     At  the   same  time,  his  English  loyalty 
prompted  him  to  question  the  right  of  the  Dutch  "to  trade 
or  plant"  within  the  limits  of  New  England,  "  y^ch  ex- 
tend to  forty  degrees."     Yet  the  Plymouth  colonists,  de- 
sirous  to  continue  "  good  neighborhood  and  correspond- 
ence" with  the  Dutch,  would  not  "  go  about  to  molest  or 
Asks  the    troublc"  them  in  any  thing,  if  only  they  would  "  forbear 
fortear**    to  trade  with  the  natives  in  this  Bay  and  River  of  Narra- 
Narragan-  gausctt  and  Sowamcs,  which  is,  as  it  were,  at  our  doors."* 
The  claim  of  English  supremacy  over  New  Netherland, 
which  the  Q-ovemor  of  the  New  Plymouth  colony  thus  set 
up,  could  not  be  admitted  by  the  authorities  at  Fort  Am- 
May.        sterdam.     A  few  weeks  afterward.  Director  Minuit  ac- 
cordingly dispatched  a  letter  to  Bradford,  which,  though 
expressed  in  very  friendly  terms,  firmly  maintained  the 
Minuit      "  right  and  liberty"  of  the  Dutch  to  trade  with  the  Nar- 

maintains  °  iiiji*. 

the  right  or  ragansetts,  as  they  had  done,  for  many  years,  without 
question  or  interruption.     "As  the  English  claim  author- 
ity under  the  King  of  England,  so  we,"  said  Minuit,  "  de- 
rive ours  from  tiie  States  of  Holland,  and  will  defend  it."t 
Bradford        Thinking  that  this  correspondence  of  the  Plymouth  col- 
jMtofthe    onists  with  the  Dutch  would  give  their  enemies  at  home 
ence  to  En-  "occasiou  to  raisc  slanders  and  frame  accusations"  against 
them,  Bradford  took  care  to  send  copies  of  De  Rasieres's 
"  first  letter,  with  our  answer  thereto,  and  their  reply  to 
a  Jane,    the  Same,"  to  the  Council  of  New  England.     He  wrote,  at 
the  same  time,  another  letter  to  Sir  Ferdinando  Gorges, 
and  intrusted  his  dispatches  to  the  care  of  Isaac  Allerton, 
who  was  now  sent  out  a  second  time  to  London,  as  agent 

*  Bradford's  Letter  Book ;  Moolton,  379 ;  ii.  N.  T.  H.  S.  CoU.,  i.,  960, 361. 

t  iL,N.T.H.  S.  CoU.,i.,80».  Bradford,  tn  hia  Letter  Book,  does  not  gire  the  eeoond 
letter  fh«i  the  Dutch  in  Aill,  nor  eren  their  third  letter,  of  the  7th  of  Angnat,  by  the  handa 
of  Jan  Jaoobaen.  The  tenor  of  the  two  ia,  howerer,  gathered  flrom  Bradford'a  reply  to 
both,  of  the  14th  (94th)  Angnst  The  second  Dutch  letter  nnut  hare  been  written  about 
May,  for  Bradford,  along  with  hi*  letter  to  the  CoonoU  of  New  England,  of  15th  (SSth) 
Jnne,  aent  c^les  "  of  their  flrat  lettera,  of  oor  answer,  and  of  their  reply,**  to  which  he 
adds,  he  had  **  aa  y«t  no  opportontty  to  glre  answer.**— Mass.  Hist.  CoU.,  ill.,  56 ;  U.,  N. 
T.H.S.CoU.,i.,a0S,a66. 


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PETSR  MINUIT,  DIREOTOR  GENERAL.  175 

for  the  colony.  In  his  letters  to  England,  Bradford  stated  chat.  vi. 
that  the  Dutoh,  "  for  strength  of  men  and  fortifioation,  far 
exceed  us,  and  all  in  this  land."  ^^  They  have  used  trad- 
ing here,"  he  added,  ^^this  six  or  seven  and  twenty  years, 
but  have  begun  to  plant  of  later  time ;  and  now  have  re- 
duced their  iarade  to  some  order,  and  confined  it  only  to 
their  company,  which  heretofore  was  spoiled  by  their  sea- 
man and  interlq)ers,  as  ours  is,  this  year,  most  notorious- 
ly." And,  besides  spoiling  their  trade,  tiie  Dutch  still  con- 
tinued ^<  to  truck  pieces,  powder,  and  shot,"  with  the  In- 
dians, '<  which  will  be  the  overthrow  of  all,  if  it  be  not 
looked  into."* 

Meanwhile,  no  answer  was  returned  to  the  last  commu- 
nication from  Fort  Amsterdam.     Minuit,  after  waiting 
three  months  longer,  accordingly  dispatched  Jan  Jacob-TAocost. 
sen,  of  Wiringen,  the  captain  of  the  ship  ^'  Three  Kings,"  sends  a 
which  then  happened  to  be  in  port,  as  a  special  messen-^S^prSt' 
ger,  with  another  letter,  reiterating  the  most  friendly  sen-  £»ift>rd. 
timents,  and  inviting  the  English  to  send  an  authorized 
agent  to  Manhattan,  to  confer  ^^  by  word  of  mouth  touch- 
ing our  mutual  commerce  and  trading;"  or,  if  that  should 
be  inconvenient,  offering  ^<  to  depute  one"  themselves.   At 
the  same  time,  in  token  of  their  good-will,  the  Dutch  au- 
thorities sent '  *  a  rundlet  of  sugar  and  two  Holland  cheeses," 
as  a  present  to  the  governor  of  New  Plymoul^.  . 

The  Dutch  messenger  was  kindly  received,  and  hand- 
somely entertained  by  Bradford ;  and,  a  few  days  after- 
ward, brought  back  to  the  authorities  at  Fort  Amsterdam  f}  August, 
the  reply  of  the  Puritans  to  their  two  last  letters.    Ac- 
knowlec^ing  their  acceptable  presents,  and  reciprocating 
their  expressions  of  friendship,  Bradford  requested  that  the  tim  Pmi. 
Dutch  would  delegate  a  commissioner  to  New  Plymouth,  Dotehto 
and  excused  himself  from  sending  one  to  Manhattan,  be-^to 
cause  ^'  one  of  our  boats  is  abroad,  and  we  have  much  bus-  omb. 
iness  at  home."    With  friendly  zeal,  he  added  a  warning 
to  his  neighbors  against  '<  those  of  Virginia,  or  the  fishing 
ships  which  come  to  New  England,"  which  might  make 

*  Bndlbrd's  Letter  Book,  Hwm,  Hist  CoU.,  Ui,  46, 49,  M,  97. 


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176  HISTCmY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  VI.  prize  of  them^  f  ^  as  they  surpiiaed  a  colony  of  the  French 
^  not  many  years  since,  which  was  seated  within  these 
hounds."  And  against  the  Dutch  claim  of  rights,  by  rea- 
son of  their  early  and  long-continued  trade,  and  the  charter 
from  their  government,  Bradford,  pleading  prior  English 
title,  under  Elizabeth's  grant  -of  Virginia,  and  James's 
sweeping  patents,  suggested  that  the  States  G-eneral 
should  come  to  some  ^'agreement  with  the  king's  majesty 
and  state  of  England  hereabout,  before  any  inconvenience 
befall ;  {or  howsoever  you  may  be  assured  for  ourselves, 
yet  we  shoi^dd  be  sorry  to  hear  you  should  sustain  harm 
from  any  of  our  nation."* 

Minuit,  on  receiving  the  report  of  the  '^  kind  and  friend- 
ly entertainment"  with  which  Bradford  had  treated  his 
messenger,  determined  to  send  a  formal  embassy  to  New 
Plymouth,  conformably  to  the  governor's  request.   Isaac  de 
uue  de     Rasieres,  the  Secretary  of  the  Province,  and  second  in  rank 
dispatched  to  the  Director,  was  selected  as  the  first  ambassador  of  New 

on  ftn  ein~ 

bmytothe  Nethetlaud.  He  was  ^<  a  man  of  fair  and  genteel  behav- 
ior,"  and  well  fitted  for  a  mission,  which  was  of  as  much 
relative  importance,  in  the  inrimitive  days  of  the  Dutch 
and  English  colonies,  as  the  more  stately  embassies  of  Eu- 
rope. Freighting  the  "  barque  Nassau"  with  a  few  arti- 
cles for  traffic,  and  manning  her  with  a  retinue  of  soldiers 

September,  and  trumpcters,  De  Rasieres  set  out  from  Manhattan,  late 
in  September ;  and,  smiling  through  Hell<^ate,  and  along 
the  shores  of  Connecticut  and  Rhode  Island,  arrived,  early 
the  next  month,  off  '^  Frenchman's  Point,t  at  a  small  riv- 
er, where  those  of  Patuxet  (New  Plymouth)  have  a  house 
made  of  hewn  oak  planks,  called  Aptuxet ;  where  they 
keep  two  men  winter  and  summer,  in  order  to  maintain 

AvTiveeat  the  trade  and  possession.''^    This  was  Manomet,  near  an 

oiTboi.     Indian  village,  at  the  head  of  Buzzard's  Bay — the  site  of 

^'  the  present  village  of  Monumet,  in  the  town  of  Sandwi<A.* 

Hither  the  Dutch  and  Frendi  had  <<  both  used  to  come" 

to  traffic  with  the  natives.     It  was  about  eight  miles  from 


I  Letter  Book,  IfMi.  Hiot  CoU.,  til.,  5S;  iL,  N.  T.  H.  8.  CoO.,  i.,  Ml,  SIS. 
t  Morton's  Memorial,  61.  t  De  Raatorea'e  Letter,  iL,  N.  T.  H.  8  CoU.,  ii.,  tSO. 

«  IL,  N.  Y.  H.  8.  Coll.,  i.,  166. 


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#  PETER  MINUIT,  DIRECTOR  GENiOlAL.  Wjgh  ^ 

Cape  Cod  Bay,  into  which  flowed  a  creek,  affording  a  ready  c«ap.  vi. 
chmniiel  of  conunimicatioa  across  the  peninsula  *     **  For  i 

greater  convenience  of  trade,"  says  Bradford,  **  to  discharge 
our  engagements  J  and  maintain  ourselves,  we  build  a  small  I 

pinnace  at  Manomet,  a  place  on  the  sea,  twenty  milea  toManomei. 
the  south;  to  which,  by  another  creek  on  this  aide,  wemurr*  °  ■ 

transport  Ofur  goods  by  water  vrithin  four  or  five  miles^ 
and  then  carry  them  overland  to  the  vessel.  We  thereby 
avoid  compassing  Cape  Cod,  with  those  dangerous  shoals,  ! 

and  make  our  voyage  to  the  southward  with  far  less  time 
and  hazard.  For  tJie  safety  of  our  vessel  and  goods,  we 
there  atao  build  a  house,  and  keep  some  servants,  who  plant 
csom,  rear  swine,  and  are  always  ready  to  go  out  with  the  j 

bark,  which  takes  good  effect,  and  turns  to  advantage. "t 
The  Butch  trumpets  awoke  unusual  echoes,  as  they 
sialnted  tiie  advanced  poi^t  of  the  English  colony.  De  Ra- 
sieres  at  onoe  dispat^^hed  a  courier  with  a  letter  to  Brad-  i  ociubcr 
ford,  announcing  his  arrival  on  the  part  of  the  director  and 
council  of  New  Nether  land,  to  have  a  friendly  conference 
"  by  word  of  mouth  of  things  together,"  and  to  assure  him  j 

of  the  *^goc*d-wiH  and  favor"  of  the  Dntch  West  India 
Company*  Specifying  the  articles  which  composed  the 
Nassau's  cargo,  he  requested  Bradfonl  to  furnish  hini  with 
the  easiest  conveyance  to  New  Plymouth.  "  John  Jaeob- 
ien  aforesaid  hath  told  me,"  wrote  the  Dut-ch  envoy,  **that 
he  came  to  you  overland  in  six  hours ;  but  I  have  not  gone 
so  far  thi^  three  or  four  years,  wherefore  I  fear  my  feet 
will  fail  me."  Bradford  promptly  complied,  and  sent  a 
boat  to  the  head  of  the  Manonscnssett  Creek.  A  short 
portage  of  five  miles  divided  its  waters  from  those  of  theDt^Rn^ 
Hanomet  River.  Crossing  this  portage,  De  Rasieres,  with  re^chn 
**  the  chief  of  his  company,"  embarked  in  the  English  boat,  (wmi 

*  WiDftl&w^n  rdalitmi.  In  VanDjir'if  Ctiitjn^clf^,  900.  Prince,  Q06  ^wrlttJif  la  ITSO),  snjn^ 
''  tt&  crf«lc  nttis  out  caattTJI]^  mto  Capts  Cod  Day'i  at  Scriis-sett  Uatbdi' ;  and  (JiJtt  rivor  rubi 
tmt  WHicf Ijr  latD  MonmnrL  Buy,  T\w  {|isf:«iiC4;  overlajK)^  from  buy  to  buy,  1a  bui  nii  milpi. 
TVi  crmk  uid  n^er  nearly  mKt  in  ^  low  ^mnndl ;  «fid  ibi^  is  the  ylnfx  tbniigh  wjiioti 
llinv  ham  botin  a  ial^  oTioiAltini  *.  rAiial  tlib^  Cony  years^  wbieb  wcnUd  be  n  T»«t  ftdYsjitaiB 
t»^  UUie  coantriC9i,  by  a«Tln£  the  long  pnd  danff(^TOtlB  f]avlg:ii,UDn  roand  the  Cape^  bj^ 
Itraigll  thfB  flboulA  ndjoLfimij:." 

t  Btudftifdi  iQ  Frtnce^  S'ti ;  Old  Colony  B«:nrd9  ;  Bmik  QiOxn  OtdAV^  yoL  Ui~t  p,  &L 
Sttfl  ■In  Mr.  W.  s.  Rnweil^  *'PU£nm  MeoioiialA,"  p.  lOa^lM. 

M 


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178  HIBT<mY  OF  THB  tPTATT  OF  NEW  YORK. 

osAT.  YL  whioh  awaited  him  at  the  head  ei  tiie  oreek;  a2id  soon 
reached  New  Pljrmoath,  ^<  honorably  attended  witti  the 
•  noise  of  trampetoM."^ 
Deiu-  Here  Bradford  entertained  the  Dntoh  ambassador  sev- 

New  piym.  oral  days.  The  friendly  oolonists  of  two  allied  European 
nations  now  met,  lor  tiie  first  time,  in  the  solitude  of 
America.  That  first  meeting,  too,  was  ^the  joyful  meet- 
ing of  kindred  as  weH  as  friends ;  for  the  wives  and  diil- 
dred  of  some  of  the  Pilgrims  had  also  their  birUi-plaoe  in 
HoUand."t 

The  English  ookmists'  form  of  govemment ;  tiieir  an- 


tions.  nual  elections ;  their  abolition  of  primogeniture,  with  only 
a  small  diiference  in  favor  of  the  eldest  scm,  as  an  ^^  ao- 
knpwledgment  for  his  seniority  of  birth ;"  tiieir  stringent 
laws  on  the  subject  of  morality,  which  they  even  enfinroed 
am<mg  the  neighboring  Indian  tribes ;  the  example  whidi 
they  set  to  tiiose  savages,  of  <<  better  ordinances  and  a  bet- 
ter life,"  were  noted  with  interest  by  the  envoy  of  New 
Netherland.  ^^  Thoy  have  better  means  of  living  tiian 
ourselves,"  wrote  De  Rasieres,  ^<  because  they  have  the 
-fish  so  abundant  before  their  doors;"  but  then  ^'tiieir 
farms  are  not  so  good  as  ours,  because  tiiey  are  more 
stony."  With  these  fish  tiiey  manured  their  barren  soil, 
udiich  otherwise  would  produce  no  maize.  Quaintly,  but 
graphically,  the  representative  of  Manhattan  described  1^ 
DMehbM  rival  settlement  ^'New  Plymouth  lies  on  the  slope  of  a 
ment.  hill,  stretchiug  east  toward  the  sea-coast,  with  a  broad 
street  about  a  cannon-shot  of  eight  hundred  [paces  ?]  long 
leading  dovm  the  hill,  and  with  [another  street]  crossing 
in  the  middle,  nortiliward  to  the  rivulet  and  soutiiiward  to 
the  land.  The  houses  are  constructed  of  hewn  planks, 
with  gardens  also  inclosed  behind  and  at  the  sides  wiQi 
hewn  timber ;  so  that  their  houses  and  court-yards  are  ar- 
ranged in  very  good  OTder,  with  a  stockade  against  a  sud- 
den attack.  At  the  ends  of  the  streets  are  tiiree  wooden 
gates.  In  the  centre,  on  the  cross  street,  stands  the  govern- 
or's house ;  before  which  is  a  square  inclosure,  upon  which 

*  BndUlitd,io  PriiMM,M8;  tt^N.T.  H.  8.0oU.,U9M. 


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PETER  MINUIT,  DIBEOTOR  OEMUAL.  170 

jEiHir  Bwivels  are  nuMintedy  so  aa  to  flank  akmg  the  irtreetB.  0B4f.¥i. 
Upon  the  hiU  they  have  a  large  8qua3f6  house  with  a  flat  Kxrf,  "^^ 
made  of  thick  sawn  plank,  stayed  with  oak  heams;  upon  ^^^^* 
the  top  of  which  they  have  six  cannon,  whioh  shoot  iron 
balls  of  four  and  five  pounds  weight,  and  oommand  the  sisr- 
rounding  country.  The  lower  part  they  use  for  their  churdi, 
where  they  preach  on  Sundays  and  the  usual  holidays. 
They  assemble  by  beat  of  drum,  each  with  his  musket  or 
firelock,  in  front  of  the  captain's  door.  They  have  their 
cloaks  on,  and  place  themselves  in  order,  three  abreast,  and 
are  led  by  a  sergecmt,  yrithout  beat  of  drum.  Behind  ocones 
the  governor  in  a  long  robe.  Beside  him,  on  &e  tight  hand, 
comes  the  preacher,  with  his  cloak  on ;  and  on  the  left  hand 
the  captain,  with  his  side-arms  and  his  cloak  on,  and  witii 
a  small  cane  in  his  hand.  And  so  they  march  in  good  or- 
de^,  and  each  sets  his  arms  down  near  Imn.  Thus  they 
are  constantly  on  their  guard  night  and  day."* 

Having  '<  demeaned  himself  to  his  own  credit"  andneRa. 


that  of  his  government,  De  RaoiereB  pledged  to  the  Plym-  turns  to 
outh  colonists  ^'assistance  against  the  Freeneh^  if  need 
were,"  and  returned  to  his  bark  at  Manomet,  accompa- 
nied by  an  escort  of  the  Puritans.     And  now  they  readily  Tbe  Pan. 
purchased  9ome  of  his  wares,  especially  the  Sewan  oTdSm^ 
Wampum,  "which  was  the  beginning  of  a  profitable KSSh.  ^ 
trade."     The  Dutch  naturally  desired  to  retain  the  con- 
trol of  the  wampum  traffic  in  the  Narragansett,  because 
"  the  seeking  after  Sewan"  by  the  Puritans,  said  De  Ra- 
sieres,  '^  is  prejudicial  to  us,  inasnmch  as  they  would,  by 
ao  doing,  discover  the  trade  in  furs,  which,  if  they  were 
to  find  out,  it  would  be  a  great  trouble  for  us  to  main- 
tain ;  for  they  already  dare  to  threaten  that,  if  we  will 
not  leave  off  dealing  with  that  peq[>le,  they  will  be  obliged 
to  use  other  means."     The  chief  supply  of  this  universal- 
ly current  Indian  coin  came,  as  we  hate  seen,  from  Long 


*  D«  RaaiorM'8  Letter,  85],  Mi.  The  aeeonu^  afDe  Rasiine^  aoMVOt  is  < 
hy  Morton  in  bis  Memorial,  p.  82.  Mr.  W.  8.  Rusaeil,  in  hia  "  Pilgrim  Menorialai"  p. 
18,  aaya  that  Leyden  StraeC  at  Plyraootli  waa  orfglnrtly  named  Ftraf  Street,  and  after- 
ward Great  and  Broad  Street ;  and  that  U  reoeiTed  ita  poeaent  naaae  in  18S3,  in  grateftil 
memory  of  the  kindneaa  and  hoapitaUly  allows  to  the  POfrtaaa  intef  thair  eleit«B  years' 
reaftdoBee  in  Leyden. 


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180  fflSTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

CH&r.Ti.  Island ;  and  De  Rasieres  now  sold  a  large  quantity  to  the 

English,  "  telling  us,"  says  Bradford,  "  how  vendible  it  is 

at  their  Fort  Orange,  and  persuading  us  we  shall  find  it 
so  at  Kennebeok."  Nor  were  the  Puritans  disappointed. 
As  soon  as  the  neighboring  Indians  learned  that  tiie  Plym- 
outh oobnists  had  a  supply  of  wampum,  a  great  demand 
sprung  up,  which,  for  a  long  time,  yielded  them  large 
profits.  ^<  The  Massachusetts  and  others  in  these  parts 
had  scarce  any,  it  being  made  and  kept  among  the  Pe- 
quots  and  Narragansetts,  who  grew  rich  and  potent  by  it; 
whereas  the  rest,  who  use  it  not,  are  poor  and  beggarly."* 
Matuai  Thus,  whcu  tiic  wholc  tonnage  of  New  England  con- 

liahedat    sisted  of  ''  a  bass-boat,  shallop,  and  pinnace,"  a  mutually 
advantagepus  trcuie  sprung  up  between  the  neighboring 
European  colonists.    "  After  which  beginning,"  says  Brad- 
ford, ^^they  often  send  to  the  same  place,  and  we  trade 
together  divers  years,  sell  much  tobacco  for  linens  and 
stuffs,  &o.,  which  proves  a  great  benefit  to  us,  till  the 
Virginians  find  out  their  colony."t 
'  Oct.         On  his  return  to  Manhattan,  De  Rasieres  carried  with 
wJiJSto   bini  a  letter  firom  Bradford  to  Minuit,  in  which,  saving  al- 
ur^ui?**ways  their  allegiance  to  the  King  of  Great  Britain,  he 
SS?th!ir  pledged  the  Pilgrims  to  the  performance  of  all  good  offices 
New*Netii. toward  the  Dutch  colonists  in  New  Netherland.     "We 
*'^**"^*      acknowledge  ourselves  tied,"  wrote  the  Puritan  governor, 
"  in  a  strict  obligation  unto  your  country  and  state,  for 
the  good  entertainment  and  fi*ee  liberty  which  we  had, 
and  our  brethren  and  countrymen  yet  there,  have  and  do 
enjoy,  under  our  most  honorable  Lords  the  States."    With 
respect  to  the  question  of  trade  and  supplies,  he  expressed 
his  regret  that  it  had  not  been  "  propounded  at  the  begin- 
ning of  the  year,"  before  Allerton  had  gone  as  agent  to 
England  and  Holland,  until  whose  return  a  positive  de- 
termination must  be  postponed.     But,  in  the  mean  time, 
he  reiterated  the  desire  of  the  Puritans  that  the  Dutch 
should  "  clear  tlie  title"  of  their  planting  "  in  these  parts 

*  Bndftrd^s  Letter  Book,  304 ;  Prince,  948,  S40 :  De  Rasieree'e  Letter,  350. 
t  Bradflml,  nt  rap.,  304 ;  Prince,  348. 


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PETER  MINUIT,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  181 

whieh  Hifi  Majesty  hatii,  by  patent,  granted  to  divers  his  ohap.yl 
nohles  and  subjects  of  quality ;  lest  it  be  a  bone  of  divi- 
skm  in  these  stirring  evil  times,  whioh  Gkxl  forbid.  We  per- 
snade  ourselves,  that  now  may  be  easily  and  seasonably 
dcme,  which  will  be  harder  and  with  more  difficulty  ob- 
tained hereafter,  and  perhaps  not  without  blows.'"*^ 

Thus  earnestly  did  Bradford  maintain  the  English  title  to  spirit  or 
New  Netherland,  and  urge  the  Dutch  to  <<  clear"  Iheir  own.  claim. 
A  royal  charter,  of  doubtful  validity,  was  l^e  alleged  apol- 
ogy for  calling  in  question  those  territcarial  ri^ts  whidi, 
while  in  Holland,  the  Puritans  had  themselves  distinct- 
ly admitted,  when,  in  1620,  they  solicited  the  States  Gen- 
eral '^  to  protect  and  defend  them"  in  their  proposed  set- 
tlement within  the  Dutch  Province.  But  now  they  found 
it  convenient  to  insist  upon  the  paramount  authority  of 
a  patent  which  had  been  denounced  from  the  speaker's 
chair  by  the  highest  legal  authority,  as  a  monopoly,  con- 
taining <<  many  particulars  contrary  to  the  laws  and  priv- 
ileges of  the  subjects,"!  and  which  was  not  sealed  until 
nearly  a  year  after  the  application  to  the  States  G-eneral, 
by  which  they  had  virtually  affirmed  the  Dutch  title  to 
the  fullest  extent. 

Und^  these  circumstances,  the  director  and  council  at  Minnit 
Port  Amsterdam  felt  obliged  to  call  the  attention  of  thenouandito 
West  India  Company,  as  soon  as  possible,  to  the  somewhat  dtora. 
threatening  aspect  which  the  subject  had  assumed.    ^^  The 
last  ship  from  New  Netherland  brings  tidings,"  repcnrted  i6  Nov. 
the  College  of  XIX.  to  the  States  General,  in  November, 
"  that  our  settlers  there  were  menaced  by  the  English  at 
New  Plymouth,  who  (notwithstanding  the  people  of  this 
land  had  some  years  ago  commended  themselves  to  those 
very  English  in  all  good  correspondence  and  friendship) 
now  wish  to  hunt  Ihem  out,  or  disturb  them  in  their  quiet 
possession  and  infismt  colony.     They,  therefore,  ask  the  as- 
sistance of  forty  soldiers  for  their  defense."^ 

But  if  Bradford  was  pertinacious  in  urging  the  parch- 

•  Bndibrd,  m  snp^  aOft.  t  Sir  Bdwvd  Cok« ;  aee  M<e,  ^  110. 

t  Hoi.  Doc,  1.,  IM,  100;  CCalL,  1.,  100. 


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18t  HISTOBY  or  THE  STATE  OP  NEW  YORK. 

oiAr.  VL  ment  olainm  of  Bngland,  King  Charles  himself  was,  ap^ 
~~"p«reiitiy,  more  oonsiderate.    A  month  before  De  Rasieres 
^aft    ^^*^  New  Plymoutii,  an  order  in  connoil,  formally  re- 
cLriM  I.  oiting  the  terms  of  the  treaty  signed  at  Southampton  in 
D^^.L  1625,  declared  that  the  ships  of  tiie  West  India  (Tompany 
should  have  free  access  to  and  egress  from  all  En^ish 
ports ;  and  commanded  all  English  officers  to  treat  the  of- 
ficers of  the  company  "  with  that  respect  and  courtesy  as 
is  fitting  to  be  used  toward  the  subjects  of  a  state  with 
whom  his  majesty  is  in  firm  and  ancient  amity."*    Con- 
tenting  themselves  with  the  liberal  provisions  of  an  order, 
whidi,  by  throwing  open  to  them  all  the  English  ports, 
and  protecting  their  vessels  from  seizure  by  British  cruis- 
ers, virtually  recognized  their  trade  to  New  Netherland, 
the  West  India  Company  seemed  to  think  it  unnecessary 
to  take  any  immediate  steps  to  settle  the  question  of  title. 
1632.  A  hw  years  later,  when  the  question  was  distinctly  pre- 
sented, they  vindicated  their  title  with  ability  and  success. 
At  present,  the  quiet  advancement  of  their  colony  in  New 
Netiierland,  and  the  regular  prosecution  of  trade,  was  the 
company's  poticy.     The  value  of  that  trade  had  doubled 
during  the  four  years  succeeding  the  first  permanent  col- 
onizaticm  under  May.     In  1624,  tiie  exports  from  Amster- 
dam, in  two  ships,  were  worth  upward  of  twenty-five 
thousand  guilders,  and  the  returns  from  New  Netherland, 
inemsinf  tweuty-seveu  thousand  guilders.     In  1627,  the  value  of 
nTcmt     the  goods  vrhick  the  Amsterdam  Chamber  exported,  in  four 
Neciier.*^  ships,  had  risen  to  fifty-six  thousand  guilders,  and  that  of 
the  peltries  received  from  New  Netherland  had  increased 
to  the  same  sum.t 
1628.       The  prosperity  of  the  growing  colony  steadily  increased. 
19  Avgwc.  In  the  autumn  of  the  next  year.  Director  Minuit  dispatch- 
ed from  Manhattan  two  ships,  the  "Arms  of  Amsterdam,*' 
Captain  Adriaen  Joris,  and  ihe  "  Three  Kings,''  Captain 
Jan  Jacobsen,  of  Weiringen,  with  cargoes  of  ship  timber 
and  fiirs  for  the  West  India  Company,  the  aggregate 

*  Load.  Doe.,  i.,  SO ;  Hoi.  Doe.,  U.,  908 ;  N.  T.  Col.  HSS.,  IU.»  It,  IS. 
t  De  Ltot,  Jaeriyek  VerliAel,  Appendix,  p.  M,  99. 


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FBTER  IHNITIT,  DIRECTOR  QEMmAh.  18| 

value  of  which  exceeded  sitiy-one  tboosaod  guilders.*  ciur.  vi 
Strengthened  by  the  addition  of  the  settlers  who  had  fa-  ^^^ 
merly  resided  near  Fort  Orange,  and  by  the  garrison  of  the  -^^^^' 
deserted  Fort  Nassau,  on  the  South  Eiyer,  the  colony  at 
Manhattan  now  numbered  two  hundred  and  seventy  souls,  Poratatk» 
including  men,  women,  and  children.     Fearless  of  the  In-  um. 
dians,  with  whom  they  now  lived  in  happy  peace,  these 
families  all  continued  to  reside  outside  the  walls  of  Fort  Fort  Am- 
Amsterdam,  which  was  now  conq>leted,  with  four  bastions,  compiated. 
and  a  facing  of  stone. 

At  Fort  Orange  there  were  now  "no  families;"  they^JJJ^ 
had  all  been  brought  down  to  Manhattan.     That  poet  it-«nf«- 
self  was  occupied  by  only  twenty-five  or  twenty-six  trad- 
ers, under  the  vice-director,  Sebastian  Jansen  Krol,  who 
had  succeeded  to  the  command  two  years  before,  when 
Barentsen  returned  to  Holland.     In  the  spring  of  1628, 
hostilities  broke  out  between  the  Mahicans,  near  Fort  Or- 
ange, and  the  Mohawks ;  but  the  latter  killed  and  cap-  The  mo- 
tuied  most  of  the  Mahicans,  and  expelled  the  remnant,  driTa  um 
who  settled  themselves  toward  the  norUi,  near  the  "Freeh,"  ottu>  um 
or  Coimecticut  River,  where  they  began  to  cultivate  the«»^ 
ground ;  "  and  thus  there  was  now  an  end  of  war  in  that 
region." 

By  order  of  the  West  India  Company,  "  all  those  who 
were  at  the  South  River,"  at  Yerhulsten  Island,  and  Fort 
Nassau,  were  likewise  removed  to  Manhattan.  A  small  Tnde  on 
vessel  only  was  retained  there,  to  keep  up  the  fur  trade.  Rt^. 
That  trade,  however,  was  less  profitable  than  the  traffic  on 
the  North  River.  The  factors  found  that  the  inland  sav- 
ages, who  came  down  to  tide-water,  would  not  barter  the 
"  lion  skins  wi1&  which  they  were  cbthed^"  because  th^ 
were  "  much  warmer  than  other  fiors." 

The  colonists  at  Manhattan  subsisted  chiefly  by  their 
farming,  the  deficiency  in  their  crc^  being  made  up  by 
supplies  from  the  West  India  Company.     Their  winter  piMperur 
com  had  turned  out  very  well ;  while  the  summer  grain,  ni^^ 
being  prematurely  ripened  by  the  excessive  heats,  was  ^ 

*  WaMenatr,  zri.,  19 ;  DtLttt,  iff.,  S9. 


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184  fflSTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OP  NEW  YORK. 

Chap,  yl  vory  meagre.  But  the  cattle  and  beasts,  which  had  been 
sent  from  Holland  three  years  before,  had  thriven ;  and  ev- 
^^^*  ery  thing  wore  an  air  of  progress  and  improvement.* 

Narai  0110-      While  the  ships  which  brought  these  flattering  accounts 

tbe  Dotch.  from  Manhattan  were  yet  at  sea,  an  event  occurred  which 
materially  influenced  the  fortunes  of  the  growing  colony. 
The  renewal  of  hostilities  with  Spain  had  enabled  the 
Dutch  to  gain  the  most  brilliant  successes  at  sea,  and 
bring  ruin  and  dishonor  upon  their  enemy.  Swift  min- 
isters of  retributive  justice,  the  fleets  of  the  West  India 
Company  swept  the  ocean,  and  wrested  from  the  Span- 
iard the  rich  spoil  he  had  wrung  from  the  unoflending 
princes  of  Mexico  and  Peru.  In  1627,  Peter  Petersen 
Heyn,  a  native  of  Delft-Haven,  who,  by  reason  of  his 
courage  and  abilities,  had  been  raised  from  a  low  station 
to  ihe  rank  of  admiral,  distinguished  himself  in  the  con- 

20  Miy.  quest  of  Saint  Salvador,  and  the  destruction  of  twenty-six 
ships  of  the  enemy.  Heyn  now  received  orders  to  inter- 
cept and  capture  the  Spanish  "  Silver  Fleet,"  on  its  an- 

6  Sept.  nual  return  fix>m  the  West  Indies.  Sailing  to  Cuba,  he 
fell  in  with  ten  of  their  galleons  off  Havanna,  and  cap- 
tured them  in  a  few  hours.  The  next  day  the  remainder 
of  the  fleet  was  perceived  about  three  leagues  off".  Chase 
was  made  at  once ;  but  the  Spaniards,  carrying  a  press 
of  sail,  took  refuge  in  the  Bay  of  Matanzas,  where  nearly 

Hejn  cap-  all  ran  aground.  Heyn  instantly  following  them  in,  took 
nine  more  prizes ;  and  brought  all  the  captured  vessels, 
except  two,  safely  to  Holland.  The  booty  was  immense. 
Including  nearly  one  hundred  and  forty  thousand  pounds 
of  pure  silver,  it  was  valued  at  twelve  millions  of  guilders,  t 
The  enthusiasm  of  the  people  was  unbounded  on  Heyn's 
triumphant  return.  He  was  introduced  into  the  Assem- 
bly of  the  States  Greneral,  and  received  the  public  thanks 
of  the  nation.  As  modest  as  he  was  brave,  he  asked  for 
nothing  of  the  enormous  treasure  he  had  won.  Soon  aft- 
erward, the  vacant  office  of  Lieutenant  Admiral  was  forced 

*  Wassenair,  XTi.,  13 ;  Doc  Hiat.  N.  T.,  Ui.,  47,  48. 
t  De Laet,  147;  Altzema,  i.,  790. 


SilTer 
Floet. 
December. 


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PETER  MINUTT,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  185 

upon  him  in  spite  of  his  humble  protestations  that  it  chap.  vi. 
was  too  high  a  dignity  for  one  of  his  mean  birth  and 
unpolished  manners.*     The  next  year,  Heyn  dying  glo-^j,,^  * 
riously  on  the  deck  of  his  diip,  which  he  had  boldly  laid 
between  two  Dunkirk  pirates,  his  body  was  interred  in 
princely  state,  near  that  of  William  of  Orange,  in  the  old 
mausolean  church  at  Delft,  where  his  grateful  government 
erected  a  meignificent  marble  monument  to  his  memory.t 
Successful  war  thus  poured  infatuating  wealth  into 
the  treasury  of  the  West  India  Company.     In  one  year 
they  divided  fifty  per  cent.     In  two  years  they  had  cap- 
tured one  hundred  and  four  prizes.t     What  Barneveldt 
had  feared  soon  came  to  pass.     To  the  lust  of  lucre  was 
now  added  the  pride  of  conquest.     The  nation  shared  the 
glory,  while  the  company  secured  the  spoil  of  the  war.  infetaaung 
It  is  not  surprising,  therefore,  that  when  the  negotiation,  ^^^ 
which  the  King  of  Spain  opened,  in  1629,  to  renew  the  late  p«ny- 
truce,  became  public,  it  should  have  met  with  general  and 
determined  opposition.     The  West  India  Company,  covet- 
ous of  gain,  presented  a  strong  remonstrance  to  the  States  ss  October. 
G-eneral  against  the  proposition,  and  warmly  urged  the 
advantages  of  a  longer  war ;  the  clergy,  suspicious  of 
Philip's  sincerity,  opposed  the  truce,  as  detrimental  both 
to  Church  and  State  ;  and  a  large  majority  of  the  people 
themselves,  encouraged  by  the  late  naval  successes,  were 
disposed  to  continue  a  contest,  now  become  not  only  glori- 
ous, but  profitable.     The  opposition  to  the  proposed  treaty 
became  so  universal  and  so  strong,  that  the  negotiations 
were  necessarily  abandoned.     The  West  India  Company, 
continuing  ^^  a  prince-like,  instead  of  a  merchant-like  war," 
soon  added  Brazil  to  their  possessions ;  and  the  maritime  1630. 
supOTiority  of  Holland  no  longer  remained  a  problem.* 

*  Aitxama,  1.,  790. 

t  Tlw  States  General,  on  the  occasion  of  Heyn'a  death,  sent  a  meaaage  of  condolenoe  to 
Ida  mother,  an  honest  peasant,  who,  notwithstanding  her  son'a  elevation,  had  been  con- 
tent to  remain  in  her  original  station.  When  she  reoeiTed  the  message,  ahe  replied,  '*  Ay, 
I  thooght  what  would  be  the  end  of  him.  He  was  always  a  Tagabond— ^at  I  did  my  best 
to  correct  him.  He  has  got  no  more  than  he  deaerved.'*— C^reaier,  Tableau  dea  Pror. 
Unlea,  Ti.,  40 ;  Dariea,  iU,  571-478,  057. 

t  Wagenaar,  Vad.  HisC,  ix.,  70 ;  Monlton,  868. 

«  Hoi.  Doc.,  i.,  101, 107 ;  De  Wlu ;  Aitxema,  1.,  000, 900. 


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186  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  VI.  Yot  Oke  pieservotioii  of  the  Datoh  territories  in  Ameii* 
oa.  was  enormously  expensive ;  and  thus  far,  the  oolonisti 
cif  ^  who  were  settled  in  New  Netherlands  had  been  "  not  a 
^ZiH"^'  profit,  but  a  loss  to  tlie  company."  The  pellary  trade,  how- 
erer,  continued  to  be  '^r^ht  advantageous;"  but  it  could 
^<  at  the  utmost  return,  one  year  with  another,  only  fifty 
thousand  guilders."*  Duly  appreciating  the  importance 
of  the  island  of  Manhattan  as  a  permanent  commercial 
emporium,  the  company  had  purchased  it  for  their  own 
private  {property,  and  had  concentrated  in  its  neighborhood 
nearly  Ihe  whole  European  population  of  the  province.  To 
a  ccmtemporary  English  observer,  the  Dutch  cobny  ap- 
peared '^to  subsist  in  a  comfortable  manner,  and  to  prom- 
ise fairly  both  to  the  state  and  undertakers."  The  ^ause 
of  its  prosperity  was  evident.  The  emigrants  under  the 
West  India  Company,  ^<  though  they  be  not  many,  are 
well  chosen,  and  known  to  be  useful  and  serviceable ;  and 
they  second  them  with  seasonable  and  fit  supplies,  cdierish- 
ing  them  as  carefully  as  their  own  families."!  The  trad- 
ing post  at  Fort  Orange  was  garrisoned  by  military  Actors 
alone.  On  the  South  River,  a  single  vessel,  with  a  small 
crew,  sufficed  to  keep  up  the  trade  and  possession  of  the 
Dutch.  Still,  notwidistanding  their  apparent  prospmty, 
the  families  clustered  round  Fort  Amsterdam  hardly  sup- 
ported themselves;  and  the  annual  returns  firom  New 
Netherland  did  not  satisfy  Ihe  directors  of  a  victorious 
company,  flushed  with  the  easy  spoil  of  Spanish  fleets. 
Plans  for  This  statc  of  things  they  desired  to  improve ;  and  plans 
Mtion.  '  for  the  systematic  and  extended  colonization  of  the  whole 
province  were  earnestly  considered. 

De  Rasieres,  who  had  fidlen  into  disgrace  with  Minuit, 
had  now  returned  to  Holland.  Though  deprived  of  "  his 
things  and  notes,"  he  still  was  able,  firom  recollection,  to 
draw  up  a  statement  of  affairs  in  New  Netherland,  for  his 
patron,  Samuel  Blommaert,  one  of  the  leading  directors  of 

*  Hoi.  Doe.,  i.,  166 ;  LainbraektMB,  M,  t5. 

t  **  The  Planter's  Plea,"  London,  1630.  This  intorestinf  panpUet,  die  aothortUp  of 
whieb  ia  aacribed  to  the  Rev.  John  White,  of  Doroheater,  England,  waa  printed  aoan  ailar 
the  aaillng  of  Winthrop*8  fleet,  8th  of  Jvoe,  1630  —Yoonf,  Chroa.  Maaa.,  16. 


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FETER  MINOTr,  DQtSGTOR  GENERAL.  Ig7 

Ae  Amsterdam  Chamber.    Affc^  mtioh  deliberation,  it  chap.  vi. 
was  determined  that  the  manifold  resources  of  its  large 
territory  ooiild  be  beat  developed  by  the  establishment  of  ^^  ^^^ ' 
distinct  and  independent  Colonies,  at  various  points  on  the  [^niJl^j^,". 
North  and  South  Rivens.     The^^e  colonies  w^erc  to  be,  in ''^*^''"**^ 
some  re-speots,  analogous  to  the  lordships  and  seigneuries 
of  Europe,  yet  all  in  general  subordination  to  the  West  In- 
dia Company  ;  and  it  was  thought  that  their  succeas  could 
be  better  secured  by  private  enterprise,  than  by  the  com- 
pany itself,  v^hose  attention  was  now  almost  entirely  en- 
grossed by  the  affairs  of  the  Spanish  war.     The  fostering 
of  its  own  colony  on  tho  island  of  Manhattan,  and  the  ad- 
vancement of  the  fur  trade,  of  which  it  proposed  to  retain 
the  monopoly,  were  quite  sufficient  to  occupy  all  the  time 
and  capital  which  the  Amsterdam  Chamber  could  at  pres- 
ent devote  to  the  aubject. 

With  the  view  of  inducing  private  oapitalists  to  engage  charter  or 
in  the  proposed  plan,  the  College  of  XIX.  accord ingly  pre-Lp«t™i 
pared  the  draft  of  a  charter  conferring  certain  special  priv-^'" 
ilegea  upon  such  members  of  the  company  as  should,  at 
their  ovnx  expense  and  risk,  plant  colonies  in  any  part  of 
New  Netherland,  excepting  the  island  of  Manhattan.    More    i6'3H. 
than  a  year  was  spent  in  considering  the  details ;  and  in      '"*  - 
the  summer  of  1629,  the  plan,  as  revised  and  amended,  in   1629. 
thirty-one  articles,  was  finally  adopted  by  the  CoUc^e  of  Ad^Swi. 
K1X-,  and  was  approved  and  confirmed  by  the  States  Gen- 
eral.    In  the  following  autumn,  their  High  Mightinesses 
established  several  articles  for  the  government  of  the  Dutch  3 a  o.noftw. 
transatlantic  possessions,  and  published  a  decree,  author- 
ising the  different  Chambers  of  the  West  India  Company 
to  appoint  a  council  of  nine  persons ^  to  whom  the  general  rpmmiHSH^ 
direction  of  colonial  affairs  should  be  assigned.* 

While  the  West  India  Company  was  thus  maturing  its 
selfish  commercial  scheme  for  the  introduction  of  the  feud- 
al arvstem  into  its  American  province,  English  emigrants  cobniM- 
were  gradually  occupying  the  territory  on  the  north  and  Engiwd 


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188        HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 


1629. 


Chap.  VI.  east  of  New  Nefherland.     Straggling  plantations,  some  of 
them  but  single  fiamiliea,  were  already  settled  on  portions 
of  the  coast  between  New  Plymouth  and  Piscataqua.     A 
few  persons  began  a  plantation  on  Massachusetts  Bay, 
1626.  near  what  is  now  Quincy,  which  they  called  Mount  "Wol- 
Moant      laston.     The  settlement  soon  afterward  fell  under  the  con- 
or  "Merrj*  trol  of  Thomas  Morton,  who  changed  its  name  to  "  Merry 
Mount ;"  sold  powder  and  shot  to  the  savages ;  harbored 
runaways ;  and,  jetting  up  a  May-pole,  brocu^hed  a  cask  of 
wine  and  held  a  high  carousal.     But  the  New  Plymouth 
1628.  people,  at  the  solicitation  of  "  the  chief  of  the  straggling 
plantations,"  at  length  interfered  by  force ;  and  Morton 
was  taken  prisoner  and  sent  back  to  England.* 
Example  of     In  the  mcau  time,  the  Puritans  in  England  had  grown 
otu?pr^™'more  and  more  uneasy  under  the  restraints  of  English 
tan  emigra-  law,  and  the  intoler£mce  of  the  English  hierarchy ;  and 
the  example  of  the  New  Plymouth  colonists  had  inspired 
their  brethren  at  home  with  the  desire  of  emigrating  across 
the  Atlantic.     It  was  a  favorable  moment  to  execute  the 
design.     The  leading  members  of  the  council  for  New  En- 
gland, unable  or  unwilling  to  undertake  the  colonization 
of  the  country  which  had  been  granted  to  them  by  James 
I.,  were  limiting  their  ambition  to  the  sale,  of  subordinate 
Grant  of    patents.     At  the  instigation  of  John  White,  a  Puritan  cler- 
MMswhu-  gyman  of  Dorchester,  Sir  Henry  Rosewell,  John  Endicott, 

nctts  Bay 

obtained     and  scvcral  other  persons  of  distinction  in  that  neighbor- 
.ounciiof  hood,  obtained  from  the  New  England  corporation  the 
^iand.       grant  of  a  belt  of  land  on  Massachusetts  Bay,  extending 
from  three  miles  south  of  the  River  Charles  to  three  miles 
north  of  the  River  Merrimack,  and  stretching  from  the  At- 
lantic to  the  Pacific.     Other  associates  from  London  and 
its  vicinity — ^Winthrop,  Dudley,  Johnson,  Pynchon,  Eaton, 
Saltonstall,  and  Bellingham — soon  afterward  became  joint- 
ly interested  in  the  enterprise.    In  the  autumn  of  the  same 
year,  about  sixty  emigrants,  under  the  guidance  of  Endi- 
14  Sept.     cott,  were  dispatched  to  Naumkeair,  or  Salem,  where  they 

Endicottat  '  ,  ,  ,       ^i  ^  \  n     i  i.  -*t 

Salem,      wcrc  welcomcd  by  R'oger  Conant,  who,  expelled  from  New 

*  Bradfbrd,  In  Prince,  331,  S40,  S44,  S50, 258 ;  Morton's  Memorial,  135-141. 


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PETER  MINUrr,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  189 

Plymouth,  had  settled  himself  there,  two  years  before,  chaf.vi. 
This  was  the  first  English  emigration  to  Massachusetts 
Bay.   The  "Old  Colony,"  at  New  Plymouth,  had  preceded,   ^^^' 
by  about  eight  years,  Endicott's  settlement  at  Salem.* 

Early  in  the  following  spring,  a  royal  charter  passed  the  1629. 
great  seal,  incorporating  **  the  governor  and  company  of  A  *'"^- 
the  Massachusetts  Bay  in  New  England ;"  confirming  to  jjj^J»>^**a»- 
them  the  Plymouth  Company's  grant  to  Bosewell  and  his  ^y- 
associates ;  and  superadding  powers  of  government.     The 
territory  conveyed,  included  all  that  portion  of  New  Neth- 
erland  lying  north  of  Esopus  and  south  of  the  Mohawk  Riv- 
er ;  but  it  was  expressly  provided  that,  with  respect  to  such 
parts  or  parcels  as  had,  before  the  third  day  of  November, 
1620,  been  "  actually  possessed  or  inhabited  by  any  other  sxeepung 
Christian  prince  or  state,"  the  grant  should  be  "utterly***""*' 
void."     Nothing  was  said  in  the  charter  about  any  par- 
ticular religion :  there  was  no  suggestion  that  the  new 
colony  was  to  be  exclusively  Puritan.     Nevertheless,  it 
was  declared  and  granted,  that  the  colonists  themselves 
"  shall  have  and  enjoy  all  liberties  and  immunities"  of  Brit- 
ish subjects  ;  and  no  laws  or  ordinances  were  to  be  mcuie 
or  executed,  by  the  corporation  or  its  officers,  "  contrary 
or  repugnant  to  the  laws  and  statutes"  of  the  realm.! 

About  two  hundred  firesh  emigrants,  sent  out  at  the  ex- 
pense of  the  corporation,  joined  the  settlement  at  Salem  29  jnne. 
in  the  course  of  the  summer.     The  whole  population  of 
Massachusetts  Bay  now  numbered  about  three  hundred ;  setue- 
one  third  of  whom  soon  afterward  planted  themselves  a^i!^!nd 
little  south  of  Salem,  at  Cherton,  or  Charlestown.     Under  S^"*** 

*  Chalmen,  136 ;  Toong't  Ch.  Mass.,  13,  30 ;  Bancroft,  i.,  340,  341 :  HUdnCh,  L,  176, 
178. 

t  Original  Cbarter  in  the  State  House  at  Boston ;  copies  are  in  Ancient  Charters,  in 
Hotchinson,  and  in  Hazard ;  Chalmers,  137.  The  excepting  clause  in  the  patent  is  as  fid- 
lows  :  **  ProTided  always,  that  if  the  said  lands,  Ac,  were,  at  the  time  of  the  granting  of 
the  said  former  letters  patent,  dated  the  third  day  of  NoTember,  in  the  eighteenth  year  of 
oar  said  dear  (hther's  reign  afbresaid  (1630),  aetnally  possessed  or  inhabited  by  any  other 
Christian  prince  or  state,  or  were  within  the  boonds,  limits,  or  territories  of  that  sonthem 
colony  (of  Virginia),  that  then  this  present  grant  shall  not  extend  to  any  soch  parts  or 
parcels  thereof,  so  ft»rmerly  inhabited,  or  lying  within  the  boonds  of  the  sonthern  planta- 
tion as  aforesaid ;  but,  as  to  those  parte  or  pafoels  so  possessed  or  inhabited  by  snch 
Christian  prince  or  state,  or  being  within  the  boonds  afi>resaid,  shall  be  atterly  void ; 
these  presente  or  any  thing  therein  contained  to  the  contrary  notwtthstanding.''— Haz- 
ard, i.,  844. 


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190  HISTORY  OP  THE  STATE  OT  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  Yi.  Endicott's  influenoe,  a  ohuroh  was  immediately  orgaiuaed 
at  Salem,  by  the  signature  of  a  oovenant  by  thirty  persons 
6  AugiuL  ^^*  ^f  ^^  *^^  hundred  who  formed  the  settlement.  The 
polity  of  the  eoclesiastio  colony  rejected  the  Anglican  Lit> 
urgy,  and  even  denied  its  use  to  those  who  were  ^'  sincere 
in  their  affection  for  the  good  of  the  plantation."  This 
innovation  displeased  several  of  the  colonists,  who,  headed 
by  John  and  Samuel  Brown,  both  members  of  Endiootf  s 
council,  demanded  the  enj<^ment  of  the  right  of  all  BnU 
ish  subjects,  to  worship  G-od  according  to  the  ritual  of  the 
Reiigioas  Establbhcd  Church.  But  Endicott,  '^  whose  self-will  ¥ras 
UubUflhed  inflamed  by  fpmatioism,"  instantly  forbade  them  the  re* 
IntSSt  ligious  liberty  they  desired.  The  wrongs  whi^  the  hie- 
rarchy had  inflicted  upon  the  Puritans  in  the  Old  Wcnrld, 
were  now  retorted  upon  powerless  Episcopalian  emigrants 
in  the  wilderness  of  the  New.  The  Browns  were  arrested 
as  <^  fiEU)tiou3  and  evil-conditioned,"  and  immediately  s^t 
back  to  England,  because  they  adhered  to  an  ^^  immunity" 
which  the  charts  had  granted  and  declared.  But  they 
found  that  '<  the  blessings  of  the  jNromiaed  land  were  to  be 
kept  for  Puritanic  dissenters."  Thus  early  was  freedom 
of  conscience  bamshed  from  Massachusetts,  by  her  oolo* 
nists  themselves;  for  it  was,  indeed,  '^  an  age  of  much  lees 
charity  than  zeaL"* 

*  Yonng'f  Ch.  M&m.,  07, 89, 196, 987-893 ;  NeaPs  PurltaM,  1.,  999,  iMO ;  Neal<»  N.  B., 
t,  lil-144;  HntobiMMk,  L,  18;  Budroft,  t,  948-MO,  HttdreCk,  t,  169, 191;  Ghateop** 
R«Tolt  ofUw  ColonlBV,  i.,  41-0. 


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rSTER  MUfUIT,  DIRECTOR  QENJBRAL.  191 


CHAPTER  Vn. 
1630-1632, 

Whbn  Philip  of  Burgundy,  as  sovereign  of  the  Nether-  chap,  vil 
lands,  instituted  the  Order  of  the  Golden  Fleece,  he  gave 
to  it  the  expressive  motto  "  Pretium  non  vile  laborum."*^^^; 
The  legend  was  m<Mre  signifioant  than  Philip  imagined.  *"  "•^ 
Industry  had  at  last  received  heraldic  honors ;  and  ike 
ieoc«npense  of  labor  could  never  be  ignoble,  while  knight- 
hood wore  upon  its  glittering  collar  the  emblem  of  that 
valued  object  which  Argonautic  enterprise  had  sought 
and  found  in  Colchis. 

The  self-relying  spirit  of  the  Dutch  had  already  conse-  Jjj^^^ 
orated,  in  the  heart  of  the  nation,  the  sentiment  that  labor  ^i»- 
is  honorable.    In  Holland,  human  industry  and  human 
skill  early  won  their  most  splendid  triumphs.     The  whole 
land  was  a  monument  of  victorious  toil.    A  great  portion 
of  its  marshy  surftice  lying  below  the  levd  of  the  ocean, 
required  to  be  defended,  by  artificial  means,  against  the 
irruption  of  the  tides.     And  every  moment  was  a  moment 
c{  peril.     The  dikes,  which  had  been  built  by  hardy  in- 
dustry, could  be  maintained  only  by  ceaseless  vigilance. 
A  breach  in  an  embankment  might  flood  a  territory  which 
years  of  incessant  labor  could  scarcely  drain.    But  the  in- 
domitable spirit  of  the  nation  was  equi^  to  any  emergency. 
That  all-pervading  spirit  was  still  further  developed  by 
the  system  of  local  association,  which  the  genius  of  a  self- 
relying  people  introduced.     Hollan<i  was  rather  an  aggre-  rim  or  uie 
gate  of  towns,  than  a  state  in  whidi,  as  in  other  nations,  SS^ 
the  towns  we^re  of  less  relative  importanoe.    The  greater 

«  nvntf,  U  «0;  MeCHI^I^  tt.,  107,  IM. 


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\  92  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  VII.  part  of  its  land  was  originally  held  by  feudal  lords,  who 
were  bound  to  protect  and  defend  their  tenants  and  re- 
'  tainers,  in  return  for  their  allegiance  and  assistance.  But 
while  there  were  lords  and  vassals  in  Holland,  there  were 
No  serib  in  no  scrfs.*  By  degrees,  industry  sought  companionship, 
and  busy  hamlets  clustered  behind  the  rising  dikes.  These 
hamlets  gradually  expanded  into  towns ;  and  the  hum  of 
the  active  loom  was  never  intermitted.  The  towns  soon 
grew  rich  and  powerful ;  concessions  of.  franchises  were 
successively  extorted  from  the  necessities  of  feudalism; 
and  while  the  accumulating  wealth  of  manufacturers  and 
merchants  contributed  increasing  quotas  to  the  expenses 
of  the  construction  and  maintenance  of  the  dikes,  the  ter- 
ritorial nobles  avoided  raising  questions  of  their  waning 
Burgbar  authority.  On  the  other  hand,  the  thrifty  burghers,  from 
Semi?'  the  time  they  first  surrounded  their  towns  with  perma- 
nent walls,  insisted  upon  the  principle  of  self-assessment; 
for  they  felt  that,  ''  alHiough  the  same  tribute  and  tax, 
laid  by  consent,  or  by  imposing,  be  all  one  to  the  purse, 
yet  it  worketh  diversely  upon  the  oourage,"t  In  every 
vicissitude  of  affairs,  the  Dutch  burghers,  therefore,  clung 
to  their  essential  principle  of  self-taxation,  which  soon  be- 
came an  immunity,  by  usage  and  prescription ;  and  the 
territorial  lord  found  that  he  must  yield  to  the  progressive 
spirit  of  popular  freedom  many  of  the  attributes  of  feudal- 
ism, which,  in  other  lands,  were  jealously  maintained. 
The  rettdai  Thus  the  industrial  ideas  of  the  Dutch  people  and  the 
M.rdified.  growmg  mfluence  of  me  Dutch  tovms  curtailed  the  au- 
•  thority  of  the  feudal  chief.  Those  ideas  and  that  influence 
naturally  modified  the  rigorous  form  of  the  ancient  ten- 
ures of  land.  The  noble  owner  of  the  soil,  from  being  the 
predatory  head  of  an  armed  band  of  dependents,  soon  be- 
came the  careful  landlord,  drawing  his  revenue  bom  as- 
certained rent.  Living  in  the  hum  of  industry,  he  could 
not  help  unconsciously  imbibing  some  of  the  thrift  and 
prudence  of  the  laborious  classes  which  surrounded  him. 
Constant  intercourse,  in  the  relations  of  business  and  in  the 

*OroCiti«.  tLlifdBM»ii<ni*"nietnMOreatii0MorKingdoaM.'' 


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PETER  MINUrr,  IHREOTOR  GENERAL.  193 

meetings  of  the  Provincial  and  G-eneral  States,  at  length  cnup.  vu. 
broke  down  many  of  the  rusting  barriers  which  had  sep-  ^^.^^ 
arated  the  castle  and  the  coronet  from  the  counter  and  the 
loom.  Gradually,  the  nobles  began  to  unitate  the  mod- 
esty of  the  traders  and  working  people  in  garb  and  in  hab- 
it ;  and  frugality  and  industry  became  as  universal  and 
as  honorable  among  the  Dutch  landlords,  as  they  were  al- 
ways the  characteristic  attributes  of  the  operatives  in  the 
towns,  and  of  the  subordinate  tenants  pn  estates.  The  re- 
wards of  labor  had  lessened  the  distance  between  the  lord  i 
and  the  peasant;  and  the  rights  of  the  humblest  man  im 
Holland  could  not  fail  to  be  respected,  when;  by  the  cease- 
less toil  of  man  alone,  the  lands  of  Holland  were  preserved 
from  the  invasion  of  the  sea.  Common  interests  assimi- 
late humanity ;  and  distinctions  in  rank  must  necessarily 
become  less  marked,  when  all  must  work  or  drown.* 

Still,  the  lord  of  the  manor  continued  to  exercise  a  lim- 
ited jurisdiction  within  his  own  dcxnain.  The  inhabitants 
of  Holland  are  described  by  Grotius  as  being  early  di- 
vided into  the  three  classes  of  nobles,  well-bfflm  men,  and 
common  people ;  but  without  any  mention  of  serfs  as  hav- 
ing ever  existed.t  When  ocNOipared  with  the  social  condi- 
tion of  the  people  of  the  towns,  that  of  the  rural  popula-  < 
tion  was,  perhaps,  less  secure  and  happy,  and  was  less  fit-i 
ted  to  develope  the  self-relying  spirit  of  the  nation.  Yet, 
if  the  landlord  attempted  oppression,  the  tenant  had  but 
to  fly  to  the  next  town,  where  he  would  be  sure  to  find 
abundant  employment,  shelter,  and  protection.  Accus- 
tomed to  bear  arms  for  the  common  defense,  the  peasants 
of  Holland  had  learned  to  use  them  for  their  own.  Dutch 
feudalism  was  thus  shorn  of  many  attributes  which  ren- 
dered it  repulsive  in  other  lands.  Though  ihe  rustic  ten- 
antry certainly  enjoyed  much  less  political  influence  than 
the  inhabitants  of  the  towns,  they  still  possessed  a  large  Fmiar 
measure  of  popular  freedom.  They  were  happy  and  con-kma  aISS^ 
tented,  in  tilling  their  lands,  and  in  freely  worshiping  their 

•  OQiedanUni,  i.,  96 ;  RaT.  Dr.  Betlnine ;  McCnUtgh^  IL,  177. 
t  GfOltat,lBl«yding»,i.,  M;  Dwrtos,  1.,  10ft»  MM. 

N 


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194  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OP  NEW  YORK. 

ciTAF.  TH.  God  aoo^rding  to  tbeir  oonsoienoes.     No  religioas  pefse^ 
oution  drove  them  from  tiiat  Fatherland  which  they  loved 
to  veneration.     They  needed  stnmg  indnoements,  before 
iJiey  would  oonsent  to  emigrate  to  Hie  New  World. 
Charter  of      The  Charter  of  "  Privileges  and  Exemptions/^  by  whioh 
leges  and   an  armed  oommercial  monopoly  proposed  to  effect  the  per* 
lions"  for  manent  agricultural  colonization  of  New  Netherland,  while 
New  Neih-  it  naturally  embodied  the  peculiar  policy  of  its  mercemtile 
projectors,  encouraged  the  transfer,  across  the  Atlantic,  af 
the  modified  feudalism  of  the  Fatherland.     Reserving  to 
Manhatutt  themsclves  the  island  of  Manhattan,  which  the  company 
urn.*"      declared  it  was  tiieir  intention  to  people  first,  they  desig- 
nated it  as  the  emporium  of  their  trade,  and  required  that 
all  fruits  and  wares  "  that  arise  on  the  North  River,  and 
lands  lying  thereabouts,"  should  be  first  brought  there. 
To  private  persons,  disposed  to  settle  themselves  in  any 
other  part  of  New  Netherland,  the  company  offered  the  ab- 
solute property  of  as  much  land  as  the  emigrants  might  be 
able  "  properly  to  improve."    They  were  also  to  have  "  free 
liberty  of  hunting  and  fowling,"  according  to  the  regula- 
tions of  the  Provincial  director  and  council.     Exploration 
was  specially  encouraged.    Whoever  should  "  discover  any 
shares,  bays,  or  other  fit  places  for  erecting  fisheries,  or 
the  making  of  salt  ponds,"  was  promised  an  absolute  and 
exclusive  property  in  such  discoveries. 

But  it  was  obvious  that  the  rural  tenantiy  of  Holland 
did  not  possess  the  requisite  means  to  sustain  the  expenses 
of  emigration ;  and  the  associated  directcars  thought  that 
the  permanent  agricultural  settlement  of  their  American 
province  could  be  best  accomplished  by  the  organization 
of  separate  subordinate  "colonies,"  or  manors,  under  large 
proprietaries.  To  tempt  tiie  ambition  of  such  capitalists, 
peculiar  privileges  were  offered  to  them.  These  privi- 
leges, nevertheless,  were  careftiUy  confined  to  members  of 
the  "West  India  Compcuiy.  The  charter  provided  that  any 
such  member  as  should,  within  four  years^  plant  a  eolooy 
of  fifty  adults,  in  any  part  of  New  Netherland,  except  the 
reserved  island  of  Haiidiattan,  should  be  acknowledged  as 


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PETER  mNUIT,  DIREGTOR  GENERAL.  195 

%  ^^  Patroon,"  or  feudal  ctdef  of  the  territory  he  migiit  chap.  vif. 
dii»  colonize.  The  lands  selected  for  each  ociony  might  ^^ 
extend  sixteen  miles  in  length,  if  confined  to  one  side  of  a  pat^g..' 
nayigable  river ;  or  ei^t  miles  on  each  side,  if  both  hanks 
were  occupied ;  but  they  might  run  as  far  into  the  conn- 
try  "  as  the  situation  of  tiie  occupiers  will  permit.'*  If  a  , 
proportionate  number  of  additional  emigrants  should  be 
settled,  the  limits  df  the  colonies  might  be  proportionally 
enlarged.  Each  pairoon  was  prcmiised  a  fiill  title  by  in- 
heritance, with  venia  testandi,  or  the  right  to  dispose  of 
his  estate  by  will.  He  was  to  have  '^  the  chief  command 
and  lower  jurisdictions,"  and  the  exclusive  privilege  of  fish- 
ing, fowling,  and  grinding,  within  his  own  domain.  In 
case  any  patroon  '<  should  in  time  prosper  so  much  as  to 
found  one  or  more  cities,"  he  was  to  have  ^' power  and  au- 
thority to  establish  officers  and  magistrates  there."  The 
patroons  were  to  furnish  their  colonies  witii  "  proper  in- 
structions, in  order  that  they  may  be  ruled  and  governed 
conformably  to  the  rule  of  government  made  or  to  be  made 
by  the  Assembly  of  the  IIX."  From  all  judgments  in  tiie 
manorial  courts  of  the  patroons,  for  upward  of  fifty  guild- 
ers, an  Qf^peal  might  lie  to  the  director  and  council  in  New 
Netherland.  For  the  space  of  ten  years,  the  colonists  un-  coionitt* 
der  the  patroons  were  to  be  entirely  free  from  "  customs,  pJ^JS! 
taxes,  excise,  imposts,  or  any  other  contributions."  But 
none  of  these  colonists,  "  either  man  or  woman,  son  or 
daughter,  man-servant  or  maid-servant,"  could  be  allowed 
to  leave  tiie  service  of  their  patroons  during  the  period  for 
which  they  might  be  bound  to  remain,  except  by  the  writ- 
ten consent  of  such  patroon ;  and  the  company  pledged  it- 
self to  do  every  thing  in  its  power  to  apprehend  and  de- 
liver up  every  such  colonist  "as  shall  leave  the  service  of 
his  patiroon  and  enter  into  the  service  of  another,  or  shall, 
conti^ry  to  his  contract,  leave  his  service." 

The  patroons  themselves  might  trade  all  along  the  coast  PHTUege* 
firom  Florida  to  NewfoundlaiKl,  provided  the  cargoes  {nro-  troonsf*' 
cured  were  brought  to  Manhattan ;  whence  they  might  be 
sent  to  Holland,  after  paying  a  duty  of  five  per  cent  %o 


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196  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  VII.  tile  oompany.     The  patroons  were  also  promised  the  firee- 

dom  of  trade  and  traffic  "  all  aloiifi:  the  coast  of  New  Netii- 

1630  ^^ 

The Veitry  ©^'^^^'^  ^^^  placcs  (iircumjaoent,"  in  every  kind  of  mer- 

^^j^j  ohandise,  "  except  beavers,  otters,  minks,  and  all  sorts  of 
ui«  compa-  peltry,"  which  trade  the  company  reserved  to  itself.  The 
far  trade,  however,  was  permitted  to  the  patroons,  "  at 
such  places  where  the  company  have  no  factories,"  upon 
condition  that  all  peltries  thus  procured  should  be  brought 
to  Manhattan,  and  delivered  to  the  director  for  shipment 
to  Holland.  Freedom  of  the  fisheries  was^lso  promised : 
with  the  fish  they  caught,  the  patroons  might  trade  to  It- 
aly and  other  neutral  countries,  paying  to  the  company  a 
duty  of  three  guilders  for  every  ton. 
Raciprocai  All  thc  colonists,  whether  independent  or  under  patroons, 
•S^ri?.  were  positively  forbidden  "  to  make  any  woolen,  linen,  or 
**"*"■  cotton  cloth,  or  weave  any  other  stufis  there,  on  pain  of 
being  banished,  and  as  perjurers  to  be  arbitrarily  pun- 
ished." On  the  other  hand,  the  company  promised  to  pro- 
tect and  defend  all  the  colonists,  whether  free  or  in  serv- 
ice, '<  against  all  outlandish  and  inlandish  wars  and  pow- 
ers." The  company  likewise  agreed  "  to  finish  the  fort 
on  the  island  of  the  Hanhattes,  and  put  it  in  a  posture  of 
defense,  without  delay."  The  company  farther  promised 
to  supply  the  colonists  with  "  as  many  blacks  as  they  con- 
veniently could  ;"  but  they  were  not  to  be  bound  to  do  this 
"  for  a  longer  time  than  they  should  think  proper."  The 
charter  ako  distinctly  provided,  that  "  whoever  shall  settle 
any  colony  out  of  the  limits  of  the  Manhattes  Island,  shall 
be  obliged  to  satisfy  the  Indians  for  the  land  they  shall 
settle  upon,"  The  patroons  and  colonists  were  likewise 
enjoined  to  make  prompt  provision  for  the  support  of  ^^  a 
Minister  and  Schoolmaster,  that  thus  the  service  of  God 
and  zeal  for  religion  may  not  grow  cool,  and  be  neglected 
among  them ;  and  that  they  do,  for  the  first,  procure  a 
Comforter  of  the  Sick  there."  Each  separate  colony 
might  appoint  a  deputy,  to  confer  upon  its  affairs  with  the 
director  and  council  of  New  Netherland ;  and  every  col 
ony  was  q>ecially  required  to  make  an  annual  and  exact 


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PETER  MINUIT,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  I97 

leport  of  its  sitaation,  to  the  anthorities  at  Manhattan,  for  cbaf.  to. 
transmission  to  the  oompany  at  Amsterdam.*  -tftsin 

Such  were  tlie  chief  features  of  the  West  India  0<xn- 
pany's  famous  charter  of  '^Freedoms  and  Exemptions"  finr 
the  agricultural  colonization  of  its  American  province.  Tiweharter 
But  the  spirit  of  that  charter  was  adverse  to  the  true  in- Me  to  um 
t^rests  of  the  province,  and  its  effects  were  blighting  and  "^ 
unhappy.  It  encouraged  the  transfer  to  New  Netherland 
of  some  of  the  most  objectionable  elements  in  the  modified 
feudalism  of  the  Fatherland.  It  offered  the  most  attract* 
ive  inducements  to  the  ambition  of  stockholders  of  the 
oompany,  in  the  peculiar  privileges  which  were  to  be  en- 
joyed by  the  patroons  of  separate  colonies ;  and  it  sought 
to  allure  colonists  to  emigrate  under  such  patroons,  by 
promising,  to  them  alone,  a  ten  years'  exemption  firom  tax- 
ation. While  it  conferred  enormous  specific  powers  on 
these  patroons,  it  oareftdly  recognized  tlie  universal  com- 
mercial monopoly  of  the  oompany ;  and  it  aimed  at  main- 
taining an  unquestioned  political  su^nremacy,  by  requiring 
annual  reports  of  the  condition  of  each  subordinate  colony 
to  be  made  to  the  director  and  council  at  Manhattan.  It 
prohibited  colonial  manufactures  under  penalty  of  banish- 
ment, and  restrained  colonial  conmierce  by  the  threat  of 
confiscation.  It  pledged  the  company  to  a  qualified  sup- 
port of  the  slave  trade. 

Yet,  notwithstanding  all  the  blemishes  by  which  the  Redeemiof 
selfishness  of  monopoly  defaced  the  charter,  it  still  had 
many  redeeming  features.  It  solemnly  recognized  the 
rights  of  the  aboriginal  red  man,  and  secured  him  satis- 
&otion  for  his  land.  It  invited  the  emigration  of  inde- 
pendent flEurmers,  by  promising  to  every  one  a  homestead. 
It  provided  for  the  good  government  of  the  subordinate 
colonies,  and  for  the  right  of  appeal  fram  the  manorial 
courts.  It  promised  protection  and  defense  to  all  the  col- 
onists ;  and  it  encouraged  religion  and  learning,  by  enjoin- 
ing the  support  of  churches  and  schools. 

*  See  Charter  of  **  Privileges  and  Exemptions**  at  length,  in  Wassenaar,  JiTill.,  94 ; 
,  S80 ;  CCan.,  i^  lit ;  U^  N.  Y.  H.  8.  CoUeetkms,  i.,  S70. 


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IM  HISTORT  OF  THE  ATATE  OF  HEW  YORK. 

ckap.  vn.     The  mtiDduoticHi  of  the  feudal  system  into  New  Netfi^ 
~~"erland,  was  the  most  onfortuiiate  result  of  the  charter  4rf 
Feudaiin^  ex^nptioiLi.     In  the  Fatherland,  the  industrial  spirit  of  a 
intoNe^  sdf-relying  and  lib^ty-loving  people  had  shcnm  feudalism 
^t^'     of  many  of  its  worst  attributes ;  and,  practically,  there 
was,  perhaps,  now,  more  popular  freedom  in  Holland,  ihBM 
in  England,  or  in  any  other  country  in  tiie  Old  World. 
But  there  is  always  danger  in  delegating  political  pow- 
ers ;  and  the  danger  mcreases  the  further  tibe  exercise  of 
those  powers  is  removed  from  the  fountain  of  sujnreme  au- 
thority.    Feudalism,  which  in  Holland  was  made  to  bow 
before  the  spirit  of  a  people  long  accustomed  to  self-gov- 
ernment, had  less  restraint  in  the  distant  Province,  which 
was  itself  wholly  under  the  arbitrary  rule  of  a  conmiercial 
corporatioD.    The  free  ^irit  of  the  Netherlander  went  with 
him,  indeed,  to  his  new  home  across  the  sea.    But  his  po- 
litical freedom  was  less  secure  there,  than  in  the  Father- 
land.   It  was  only  by  degrees,  and  after  constant  struggles 
against  an  oppressive  colonial  government,  that  the  people 
of  New  Netherland  worked  their  way  to  some  of  those 
franchises  which  their  countrymen  were  enjoying  at  home. 
The  colonists  under  the  patrocms  were  subjected  to  the 
double  pressure  of  feudal  exaction  and  mercantile  mo- 
nopoly. 
SSTSSSb       'I^^^  it  was,  that  the  agricultural  colonization  of  New 
^S^'SSw  Netherland  was  begun  under  circumstances,  in  many  re- 
JJJJ^*  spects,  less  favorable  to  the  development  of  true  popular 
^Md.^*^   liberty,  than  was  the  colonization  of  New  England.     The 
feudal  system  of  Europe  was  never  introduced  into  the 
Puritan  colcmies ;  nor  were  their  magistrates  the  agents 
of  close  commercial  monopolies  in  the  mother  country. 
The  first  settiements  in  New  England  were  unembarrassed 
by  the  difficulties  which  paralyzed  the  prosperity  of  New 
Netherland.     The  Puritan  emigrants  to  America  had  a 
clear  field  and  a  fair  start.    No  political  incubus  oppressed 
them.    They  claimed  to  form  their  own  governments ;  and, 
to  a  great  extent,  they  did  form  them.     Every  advantage 
was  on  their  side ;  and  it  was  less  the  friult  of  circum- 


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PETER  MNUIT,  JXKSOTQIl  iHSlfEIUL.  199 

stance  iiian  of  will,  if  the  grand  priiu^iples  of  Denioeratio  omr,  vu. 
liberty  did  not,  at  once,  receive  a  noble  illustration  at 
their  hands.  If  religious  intolerance  smothered  p(q[Hilar  ^-^^^^ 
freedom  in  the  Puritan  colonies,  it  was  not  because  the 
Council  of  Plymouth  forced  an  involuntary  policy  upon 
their  inhabitants.  If  eivil  liberty  was  hampered  and  re- 
strained, it  was  not  because  the  people  of  New  England, 
like  the  people  of  New  Netherland,  were  constantly 
oUiged  to  wring  reluctant  concessions  of  popular  rights 
from  grudging  superiors  at  home. 

The  privileges  which  the  charter  offered  to  P&^^foons  ph^im 
were  peculiarly  attractive  to  the  aristocratic  sentiment  •ttnetiTe 
which  grew  with  the  acquisition  of  wealth  in  Republican  !>«<*"»•'- 


Holland.  Almost  all  the  land  outside  of  the  walls  of  the 
towns  was  already  the  property  of  old  and  noble  families, 
who  were  loth  to  part  with  any  portion  of  their  hereditary 
estates.  It  was,  therefore,  no  easy  matter  hr  a  Dutdi 
merchant,  who  had  grown  rich,  to  become  a  Butch  land* 
lord.  Though  much  of  the  prejudice  which  had  separated 
die  ancient  noble  from  the  wealthy  burgher  of  the  Father* 
land  was  worn  away,  ihere  still  remained  a  great  gulf  be- 
tween them.  But  now,  boundless  estates  might  easily  be 
secured  on  the  magnificent  rivers  of  New  Netherland,  and 
the  yearnings  of  successful  tradesmen  be  readily  gratified. 
From  the  middle  rank  of  enterprising  men  who  had  reared 
Dutch  commerce  and  trade  upon  the  basis  of  Dutch  liber- 
ty and  industry,  was  now  to  be  formed  a  specially-privi- 
leged class,  in  a  new  and  growing  world.  The  Holland 
i^reholder  might  now  become  the  colonial  patroon.  The 
lord  of  tiie  Amsterdam  counting-house  might  now  become 
the  lord  of  the  New  Netherland  manor. 

The  charter  of  Freedoms  and  Exemptions,  which  had  chanw 
been  adopted  by  the  College  of  XIX.  in  the  summer  of 
1629,  was  printed,  in  a  pamphlet  form,  early  the  follow-  March. 
ing  year,  and  circulated  throughout  the  United  Provinces. 
By  this  means,  the  attention  of  stockholders  in  the  com- 
pany, who  might  be  desirous  to  become  patroons,  as  well 
as  of  persons  of  all  classes  who  might  be  disposed  to  emi- 


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200  fflSTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

ciup.  Tu.  grate  from  the  Fatherland,  was  invited  to  the  temperate 
climate,  fertile  soil,  varied  resonrees,  and  advantageons 
'  oommercial  situation  of  New  Netherland.^ 

While  the  details  of  the  diarter  were  yet  under  adviae* 
PMTOon.    ment  in  the  meetings  of  the  company,  several  directors  of 
I  by    the  Amsterdam  Chsunber,  who  had  been  appointed  '^  corn- 


dam  dirao-  missaries  of  New  Netherland,"t  hastened  to  appropriate 
to  themselves  the  extensive  privileges  which  they  knew 
would  soon  be  publicly  guaranteed  to  colonial  proprieta- 
ries. The  most  prompt  in  action  were  Samuel  Godyn  and 
Samuel  Blommaert ;  the  latter  of  whom  had  befriended 
Isaac  de  Rasieres,  the  late  secretar}^  of  tiie  Province.  In- 
fluenced, perhaps,  by  his  representations,  Grodyn  and  Blom- 
maert dispatched  two  persons  to  the  South  River,  ''to  ex- 
amine into  the  situation  of  those  quarters,"  and  purchase 

1629.  a  trad  of  land  from  the  savages.     At  the  first  meeting  of 
If  jmom,    ^^  Amsterdam  Chamber  after  the  adoption  of  the  charter, 

Godyn  notified  his  associate  directors  that,  in  quality  of 
palaroon,  he  had  undertaken  ''  to  occupy  the  Bay  of  the 
South  River,"  and  that  he  had  ''  advised  the  director,  Pe- 
ter Minuit,  and  charged  him  to  register  the  same  thero."t 
The  agents  in  New  Netherland  faithfully  executed  the 
Godyn  and  orders  of  their  principals  in  Holland.     A  Ixact  of*land  on 

BkMnoMoit 

purchaseon  "  the  south  comer  of  the  Bay  of  South  River,"  extending 

Rwer.       northward  about  thirty-two  miles  "  from  Cape  Hinlc^n 

to  the  mouth  of  the  said  river,"  and  inland  about  two  miles 

in  breadth,  was  actually  purchased  from  the  native  In- 

I  June,      dians,  for  Godyn  and  Blommaert,  a  few  days  before  the 

adoption  of  the  charter  in  Holland.     The  formal  patent 

1630.  for  the  territory  thus  secured,  was  attested  in  the  summer 
of  the  following  year,  by  the  director  and  council,  at  Man- 
hattan.^  It  was  the  first  European  title,  by  purohase 
from  the  aborigines,  wiHiin  the  limits  of  the  present  State 

*  WtMsnaar,  xtUI.,  04 ;  LambroditMn,  29 ;  MoolUm,  380 ;  it,  N.  T.  H.  S.  Con.,  i.,  MO. 

t  De  Vries,  162.  t  Hawrd't  Ann.  Pcnn.,  82 ;  O'Ctll.,  1.,  470. 

^  H<d.  Doc.,  i.,  170 ;  0*CaU.,  i.,  122.  The  original  patent  to  Godyn  and  Blommaert— 
wUfih  I  foond  in  the  West  India  Honee,  at  Amsterdam,  in  1641— is  now  deposited  in  the 
Secretary's  Office  at  Albany.    It  has  the  only  signatures,  known  to  exist,  of  Mlnoit  and  his 


16  July. 


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PETER  MINUrr,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  201 

of  Delaware ;  and  it  bears  date  two  years  before  the  char-  chaf.  vu. 
ter  of  Maryland,  granted  to  Lord  Baltimore  by  Charles  I.  "TTTI" 
Another  director  of  the  Amsterdam  Chamber,  Kiliaengju^g^^ 
van  Rensselaer,  "  who  was  accustomed  to  polish  (rafinee«  ^y!^' 
ren)  pearls  and  diamonds,"*  had  his  attention  meanwhile  J^.^ 
directed  to  the  regions  adjacent  to  Fort  Orange,  on  the 
North  River ;  where  Sebastian  Jansen  Krol  had  now  been 
stationed  for  four  years,  as  undemlirector  and  commissa- 
ry of  the  West  India  Company.     At  Van  Rensselaer's  re- 
quest, Krol  purchased  for  him,  from  the  Indian  proprietors,  SApru. 
a  tract  of  land  on  the  west  side  of  the  river,  extending 
northward  from  Beeren  Islandt  to  Smack's  Island,  and 
"  stretching  two  days'  journey  into  the  interior."     In  the 
mean  time,  vigorous  preparations  for  colonization  had  been  sends  out 
made ;  and  several  emigrants,  well  provided  with  imple-  iL^Sa-  ^ 
ments  and  cattle,  were  sent  out  from  Holland,  early  in  the**"^^*^ 
spring,  under  the  supervision  of  Wolfert  Grerritsen,  as  "  op- 
per-bouwmeester,"  or  overseer  of  farms.    The  C)olonists  am-  si  Mven. 
barked  at  the  Texel,  in  the  ship  "  Eendragt,"  or  Unity, 
Captain  John  Brouwer.     In  a  few  weeks  they  arrived  at 
Manhattan ;  whence  they  proceeded  at  once  to  Fort  Or-  m  May. 
ange,  and  commenced  the  actual  settlement  of  the  '^  colo- 
nic of  Rensselaerswyck."     Krol's  first  purchase,  however, 
did  not  comprehend  the  lands  in  the  immediate  vicinity  of 
Port  Orange.     A  few  weeks  after  the  arrival  of  the  first 
colonists,  the  patroon's  special  agent,  Gillis  Hossett,  in  sail- 
ing up  the  river,  came  to  the  place  where  several  men  were 
busy  in  cutting  timber  for  a  new  ship  which  Minuit  was 
building  at  Manhattan.     Meeting  there  several  Indian  sa-  Additional 
chems,  Hossett  secured  for  Van  Rensselaer  the  cession  of  chase^on 
their  lands  ^^  on  the  west  side  of  the  North  River,  south  and^ 
and  north  of  the  Fort  Orange,"  and  extending  nearly  toriTw.** 
the  '^Monemins  Castle,"  on  a  small  island  now  called  '  ^^' 
Haver  Island,  at  the  confluence  of  the  Mohawk.    The  land 
on  the  east  side  of  the  North  River,  extending  northward- 

*  Da  Vriea,  p.  168. 

t  **  Baal's  Island,  aince  callad  Banen  lalaad,  abom  twalva  milea  aouUi  of  AUMtay."— 
lfoiilton,403. 


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202  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OP  NEW  YOEK. 

Chap.  vn.  ly  fix>m  Castle  Island  to  tfaa  Moliawk,  was  the  priTvte  {nop* 
"^r7~"erty  of  the  sachem  Nawanemitt.     Prom  him,  Van  Renn* 
'  selaer's  agents  also  purohased  the  territory  '^  called  86m- 
esseeck,  lying  on  the  east  side  of  the  aforesaid  river,  op* 
posite  the  Fort  Orange,  ad  well  above  as  below,  and  ftom 
Poetanock,  the  mill  creek,  northwards  to  Negagonoe,  being 
sAugast.  about  twelve  miles  large  measure.'^   These  purdiases  were 
13  August,  confirmed  a  few  days  afterward,  by  formal  patents,  signed 
Extent  or  by  ihe  director  and  council  at  Manhattan.*    Thus  a  large 
oTRenMcd-  portiou  of  thc  prcscnt  counties  of  Albany  and  Rensselaer 
aerewyc .  j^^^j^yj^^  ^^j^^  private  property  of  a  shrewd  member  of  the 
Amsterdam  Chamber.     Fort  Orange  itself,  ¥rith  the  land 
immediately  round  its  walls,  was  all  that  now  remained, 
in  that  neighborhood,  under  the  exclusive  jurisdiction  of 
the  West  India  Company. 
Michael         Au  iuvitiug  regiou  near  Manhattan  was  still  unajqpro* 
ch^%'  priated.     Another  director  of  the  Amsterdam  Chamb^, 
sttteniai-  Michael  Pauw,  of  Achtienhoven,  near  Utrecht,  finding 
that  Van  Rensselaer  had  already  monopolized  the  lands 
in  the  neighborhood  of  Port  Orange,  hastened  to  secure 
18  July,     for  himself,  the  tract  called  "  Hobokan-Hacking,  lying  op- 
posite the  Island  Manhatas,"  and  bounded  on  the  east  by 
the  North  River,  and  on  the  south  by  Ahasimus.t    A  few 
days  afterward,  Pauw  also  procured  firom  its  Indian  own- 
ers the  cession  of  the  whole  of  Staten  Island,  "on  the  west 
shore  of  HamePs  Hooffcden,"t  now  ccdled  the  Narrows. 
The  purchase  of  Staten  Island  was  succeeded,  in  the  fd- 
M  Nov.     lowing  autumn,  by  the  still  more  advantageous  investiture 
of  "Ahasimus"  and  "Aressiok,"  extending  "along  the 
River  Mauritius  and  Island  Manhatas  on  the  east  side, 
and  the  Islemd  Hobokan-Hacking  on  the  north  side,  and 
surrounded  by  marshes,  serving  sufficiently  for  distinct 
boundaries."     The  spot  was  a  favorite  resort  fw  the  In- 
dians, who  were  in  the  habit  of  conveying  their  peltries 

♦Hol.Doc.,1.,  181;  Alb.Rec.,l.,199;  O.G.,4-9«;  Deed  Book,  tIL  ;  Doc.  Htat.  N.  Y, 
ii.,  40 ;  Rensselaerewyck  MSS. ;  O'CaU.,  i.,  ISS-ISS,  310,  480 ;  Moolton,  403. 
t  Modern  usage  has  oonrerted  **  AhasiimiB**  into  *'  Horaimns." 
*  TlieM  **HooAden,''  or  he«nt]ida,  were  m  named  aHer  Hondrick  Hamel,  one  of  the 
memben  oTthe  Amsterdam  Chamber ;  see  anUf  p.  14S. 


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pirrER  MiNurr,  duiector  general.  203 

that  point,  directly  aerau  ihe  river  to  Fort  Amster-  cjult.  tii. 
dam.     This  desirable  pnrchase  indudad  tiie  whole  neigh-  ^^^ 
horiiood  of  "  Paulus'  Hook,"  or  Jersey  City ;  and  the  sa-  *^*^^' 
gaoions  Pauw,  Latinizing  his  patronymio,  gave  the  name 
of  "  Pavonia"  to  his  embryo  colony.* 

Thus  the  most  important  points  on  the  North  and  South  tim  best 
Rtrers  of  New  Netiierland  were  caught  up  by  astute  New  Netb 

ertand  mo- 

HMmagers  of  the  Amsterdam  Chamber.  But  in  all  mo-nopoii«4 
Bopolies  there  is  a  selfishness  which  repels  the  disinterest- 1 
ed.  What  lure  could  the  company  now  hold  out  to  inde- 
pendent emigrants  ?  Rich  directors,  forestalling  humbler 
OGonpetition,  had  made  prize  of  the  most  valuable  regions ; 
and,  the  company's  rigorous  protectire  impolicy  prohibit- 
ing all  colonial  commerce  and  manufactures,  individual 
enterprise  had  little  inducement  to  emigrate  to  a  new 
country  against  such  heavy  odds.  Where  was  ihe  good 
genius  of  the  liberal  republic,  when  trade  and  commerce 
wcNre  unworthy  shackles  in  the  American  province,  which 
Holland  merchants  claimed  to  govern?  For  engrossing 
cupidity  now  reigned  triumphant  in  the  councils  of  the 
Amsterdam  Chamber,  and  the  fortunes  of  New  Netherland 
awaited  the  issue  of  the  experiment  it  proposed. 

The  several  patnxHiships,  however,  had  been  acquired  J 
by  the  adroitness  of  a  few  directors  who  "  helped  them-  ^incumTwn 
selves  by  the  cunning  tricks  of  merchants;"  and  it  was**"*- 
soon  foimd  necessary  to  conciliate  the  good-will  and  co- 
operation of  those  less  wary  associates  who  had  been  an- 
ticipated by  their  prompt  proceedings. 

When  the  news  of  the  purchases  reached  Holland,  jeal- 
ousy of  the  fortunate  patroons  was  very  naturally  express- 
ed by  their  colleagues.    Dissatisfaction  was  also  felt  among 

*  Alb.  Ree,  O.  O.,  7-30 ;  De  Vriea,  IM ;  Moidtoa,  40S,  403 ;  O'Ctll.,  i.,  136.  Tbe  ptt- 
eal  to  Michael  Paaw  for  States  Island,  whieb  waa  attested  by  Ifimitt  and  hla  eooneil,  on 
tie  IStli  July,  1631,  reeitea,  that  tb»  Inhabitants,  owners,  and  heirs  of  the  land  **  called  by 
OS  (the  Dnteh)  the  Ststen  bland,  on  the  west  shore  of  Hamel's  Hooftden,**  appeared  before 
the  dtreotor  and  eouneil  of  New  Netherland,  and  declared  that, "  in  eonsideratton  ofoer- 
tain  raroels  of  goods,*'  they  had  sold  the  island  to  Michael  Panw,  in  whoss  behslTBfinnit 
and  his  eooncil  accepted  the  eonreyance.  This  patent  seems  to  hare  been  the  Arse  Indian 
convsyanes  of  the  island ;  and  it  would  scarcely  hare  been  sifned  by  Mlnoit,  if  the  island 
had  alrsady  been  bon^  by  hioo,  in  1686,  for  the  West  India  Cooapany,  as  afflrmed  by 
O'Callaghan,  L,  p.  104.  The  statements  in  Hot  Doe^  Tii.,  70,  and  in  BeTsminok,  606^ 
seem  to  be  too  ragne  to  warrant  that  assertion. 


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204  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

craf.  viLthe  shareholders  of  the  oompany,  that  individaal  direotim 
had  grasped  too  muoh  territory ;  and  Pauw's  purchase  of 
Favonia  was  especially  unpopular,  as  it  included  the  im- 
portant spot  where  the  Indians  had  been  accustomed  to 
assemble  for  trsuie,  and  whence  they  crossed  directly  over 
to  Manhattan  * 

To  appease  the  dissatisfied,  as  well  as  to  secure  more 

The  iM-     ample  capital  and  more  general  interest,  the  original  pa^ 

divided,     troons  werc  obliged  to  receive  other  members  of  the  oom- 
pany into  copartnership  with  themselves.     This  was  nec- 
1631.  essary,  in  order  to  insure  the  confirmation  of  the  patents 

•jaaauy.  j^^  ^^  patroouships  by  the  College  of  XIX.     But  even 
this  arrangement  did  not  entirely  allay  dissatisfaction,  nor 
relieve  the  charter  itself  from  criticism  and  attack.t 
1630.       Accordingly,  Van  Rensselaer  divided  his  estate  about 

I  October,  p^^  Orange  into  a  common  stock  of  five  shares.     Two  of 


these  shares  he  retained  in  his  own  hands,  together  with 

•Suli  the  title  and  honors  of  original  patroon ;  one  share  was  al- 
lotted to  the  historian  John  de  Laet,  another  to  Samuel 
G-odyn,  and  the  fifth  to  Samuel  Blommaert ;  all  of  whom 
were  directors  of  the  Amsterdam  Chamber.  "With  Blcun- 
maert  were  also  associated  Adam  Bissels  and  Toussaint 
Moussart.  By  their  articles  of  association,  the  six  partners 
became  co-directors  of  the  "  colonie"  of  Rensselaerswyck ; 
the  particular  management  of  which,  however,  was  in- 
trusted to  a  board,  in  which  Van  Rensselaer  controlled 
two  votes,  and  all  the  other  partners  two.t 
Godyn  and  Grodyu  and  Blommaert  also  shared  with  other  partners 
aieoihare  the  benefits  of  their  purchase  on  the  South  River.  It  hap- 
pened opportunely,  that  David  Pietersen  de  Vries,  the  en- 

*  De  Vries,  163 ;  Moalton.  404.  t  Hoi.  Doe.,  ii.,  100-103 ;  Moulton,  404. 

t  Hoi.  Doc.,  v.,  298 ;  Ti.,903 ;  Alb.  Rec.,  tUI.,  79 ;  Renss.  MSS. ;  De  Vries.  lOS ;  CCaU., 
i.,  137 ;  D.  D.  Barnard's  Sketch,  100.  On  the  ancient  map  of  the  colony,in  the  posses 
skm  of  Mr.  Van  Rensselaer,  at  Albany,  "  BkNunaerf  •  Burg"  is  laid  down  at  the  month 
of  **  Blommaert's  Kill,"  now  known  as  Patroon's  Creek.  "  De  Laet*s  Mand**  was  the 
original  name  crf'wbat  ta  now  known  as  Van  Rensselaer*!  Island,  opposite  Albany ;  and 
"  De  Laet's  Barg"  answers  to  the  present  Greenbush.  "  Oodyn's  Islands'*  are  laid  down 
a  short  distance  below,  on  the  east  shore.  Mr.  Barnard  intimates  that  the  articles  ofes- 
partnership  of  the  10th  of  October,  1090,  did  not  refer  to  Rensselaerswyck  ;  but  besldss  tbt 
prasnmptiTe  cTidenee  of  the  names  on  the  old  map,  there  ia  clear  proof  of  the  pamwahip 
in  the  Docnments  and  Records,  quoted  shore.  In  100ft,  howsrer,  the  estate  was  npmh 
1  flrom  the  heirs  of  the  original  partners. 


their  pur- 


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PETER  BilNUIT,  DIREOTOR  GENERAL.  206 

terprifliDg  mariner  of  Hoorn,  who,  in  1&24,  had  attempted  ohap.  yu. 
to  invade  the  West  India  Company's  monopoly,  had  just 
ratomed  from  a  three  years'  voyage  to  the  East  Indies,  ^^^' 
where  he  had  served  as  supercargo.     His  good  conduct 
gained  him  many  friends ;  and  Grodyn,  with  whom  he  had 
cid  acquaintance,  meeting  him  about  two  months  after  his  aucua. 
return,  asked  whether  he  would  like  to  go  to  New  Neth- 
erland,  as  "under  patroon"  and  commander?     De  Vriee 
assented,  upon  condition  that  he  should  be  made  a  patroon 
upon  an  equality  with  the  rest.     A  partnership  was  ac-  le  October 
oordingly  formed  between  Qtxiyn  and  Blommaert,  and  vriei  m^u 
Van  Rensselaer,  De  Laet,  and  De  Vries  himself.     Four***"***"' 
other  directors  of  the  West  India  Company — ^Van  Ceulen, 
Hamel,  Van  Haringhoeok,  and  Van  Sittorigh— were  soon 
afterward  admitted  as  additional  partners ;  and  the  ship 
"  Walvis,"  OT  Whale,  of  eighteen  guns,  and  a  yacht,  were 
immediately  equipped  to  prosecute  their  enterprise.     Oo- 
dyn  having  been  informed  that  whales  abounded  at  the 
mouth  of  the  South  Bay,  thought  that  a  profitable  fishery 
might  be  carried  on  there,  "  and  thereby  that  beautifrd 
country  be  cultivated."     So,  besides  a  number  of  emi- 
grants and  a  large  stock  of  cattle,  to  begin  a  colony  on 
the  South  River,  the  vessels  carried  out  whaling  equip- 
ments.    In  the  middle  of  December,  the  expedition  sailed  is  Dee. 
frran  the  Texel,  with  instructions  to  land  some  of  their  pas-  sent  to  tue 
sengers  at  the  island  of  Tortugas,  which  Grodyn  and  his  er  under 
partners  had  contracted  with  sixty  Frenchmen  to  hold  forHeyeo. 
them  as  a  colony,  under  the  States  General  and  the  West 
India  Company.    The  command  of  the  vessels  was  intrust- 
ed to  Pieter  Heyes,  of  Edam,  in  North  Holland;  De  Vries 
himself  remaining  at  Amsterdam.* 

The  expedition  was  unlucky  from  the  start.     A  week  90  Dee 

•  lIooltoD,  and  aU  the  writers  who  follow  him,  relying  on  the  intccnnte  tnnelatkm 
efthe  Dn  Shnitiire  MSS.,  erroneonaly  repieaent  De  .Vriee  as  accompanying,  In  person, 
ciM  int  expeditioB  to  the  Sonth  Rirer,  in  Deeember,  1680.  The  original  work,  whieh 
I  firBow,  shows  that  the  first  expedition  sailed  from  Holland  under  the  oommand  of  Pieter 
Osyss.  On  the  return  ofHeyes,  in  September,  16S],De  Vries  consented  to  go  out  to  New 
Wttherianil  in  person,  as  **  patroon  and  commander  of  the  ▼easels.'*  He  aecordlngly  left 
Om  TmsI,  Ibr  the  first  time,  on  the  94th  of  May,  1689 ;  and  being  detayed  two  months  at 
ftitsmsath,  and  fiMir  more  in  the  West  Indies,  he  did  not  rsaeh  the  Sooth  RiTer  ontU  Ds- 
twatir,  1639.— De  Vriett^s  Voyages,  p.  05-101 ;  Alb.  Rsc, x»rt,  87,  »ipo$i,  p.  919. 


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206  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

CHAP.  vu.  after  it  sailed,  Hie  partners  at  Amsterdam  reoeived  iatot 
iigence  that,  through  the  carelessness  of  the  large  sh^ 
*  the  yacht  had  been  captared  by  a  Dunkirk  priyateer. 
The  Walvis,  however,  pursued  her  course ;  and,  after  viB- 
iting  Tortugas,  which  was  found  in  possession  of  the  Span* 
iards,  conveyed  her  passengers  to  the  Soutii  River,  where 
1631.  abe  arrived  early  the  next  spring.     Running  along  the 
^p^'*'       west  shore  of  Hie  bay,  a  few  miles  within  Cape  Cornelius, 
Heyes  came  to  the  Horekill,  ^'  a  fine  navigable  stream," 
filled  with  islands,  abounding  in  good  oysters,  and  bor- 
dered by  land  of  "  exuberant  fertility."     Upon  the  beak 
of  this  beautiful  creek,  whidi  afibrded  a  roadstead  une- 
qualed  in  the  whole  bay  for  safety  and  convenience,  ^  a 
brick  house,"  to  serve  as  a  fort  as  well  as  a  residence,  was 
soon  erected  and  inclosed  with  palisades.     Grillis  HoaseCt, 
who  had  acted  as  Van  Rensselaer's  agent  in  the  purchases 
Colony  M-  around  Fort  Orange  the  previous  summer,  was  placed  in 
swaanen-  charge  of  the  settlement,  which  was  now  formdly  named 
^'  Swaanendael ;"  and  the  Dutch  title,  by  discovery^  pur- 
chase, and  occupation,  was  solemnly  asserted  by  the  erec- 
tion of  a  pillar,  surmounted  by  a  piece  of  tin,  on  wbioh 
were  emblazoned  the  arms  of  Holland.     Thus,  upon  the 
soil  of  Delaware,  near  the  present  town  of  Lewiston,  a 
Dutch  colony  of  about  thirty  souls  was  first  planted  in  tfao 
q^ring  of  1631.     The  voyage  of  Heyes  was  ^'  the  (^radUog 
of  a  state."* 
PMS&weof     -^^^  establishing  the  colony  at  Swaamndael,  HejM 
ctpe  May.  crosscd  over  to  the  Jersey  shore,  and,  in  behalf  of  Godyo 
and  Blommaert,  purchased  firom  ten  Indian  chiefs,  ^tli6 

*  D«  Vrles,  95,  IM ;  Korto  Verlnrt  rm  N.  N. ;  Vertoogb  iran  N.  N.,  in  Hoi.  Dor.,  tr., 
71,  and  in  ii.,  N.  Y.  H.  S.  Coll.,  ii.,  tei ;  MoulUMi,  406 ;  Baacroft,  U.,  981 ;  Ferrife^  tl,  tt; 
Hazard,  Ann.  Penn.,  25.  Wassenaar,  before  referred  to  (ante^  p.  183),  states,  that  in  the 
jMT  10S8,  tlie  West  India  Comptny  **  remored  all  tloM  who  were  on  the  Soatta  Rfever.*' 
Peter  Lanrensen,  however,  in  hiH  deposition,  made  in  1685  (quoted  on/e,  p.  160,  note), 
sa^a,  that  in  the  year  1630,  ha  went  to  the  Delaware,  **  where  the  company  had  stradfnf 
ba«ne,  ujM  <m  or  Iwete  «arMRte  Mtm^^  10  if,  tolkvcA  like  4^ 

mttied."  Ob  hiaretom  to  Maiihatta,LaRireneen  stopped  at  the  Horekill,  where  to*  Mr 
atao  sea  a  settlemeat  of  a  briok  haaae,  belonging  to  the  West  India  Company.**  This, 
howeiper„  moat  hsTcr  boo«  io  the  year  MSI.  ifthere  wervanyDvldh  tradenatVoitliw- 
saa  hi  1630  and  1631,  it  to  oartain  thaft  ihare  were  none  there  in  16».  De  'VHosj  wto 
aailod  ■»  tbkhar  on  tin  flth  af  January,  I633i»  »and  «*  the  Port  Niawm,  whwo  mumtfmiam 
tenUlea  mider  tJio  WaaH«<hr  CoBipMiy  h<t  #iwbH,"  fai  the  poweailatt  of  flto  awngm 
Voya0M,p.lOft;jMaf»p.m. 


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P£T£»  Mmurr,  director  general.  207 

rightfttt  owners,  propnetodra,  and  inhabitants,"  a  tract  of  chap,  vii 
land,  extending  from  Cape  May  twelve  miles  northward 
along  the  shore  of  the  bay,  and  twelve  miles  inland.  The 
bay  itself  Heyes  now  named  "  Grodyn's  Bay,"  in  oompli* 
ment  to  his  chief  patrcm.  A  few  weeks  afterward,  he  vis-  a  June. 
ited  Manhattan,  in  company  with  Hossett,  and  caused  a 
fi»rmal  record  of  the  new  purchase  to  be  attested  by  Minuit 
and  his  council.* 

Returning  to  Holland  in  the  following  autunm,  Heyes  September. 
reported  his  proceedings  to  the  patroons.     But  though  atii%^iioi^ 
colony  had  been  founded  at  Swaanendael,  the  whale-fish-  ^ 
ery  had  proved  a  failure.     Heyes  excused  his  ill  luck,  be- 
eaose  '<he  had  arrived  too  late  in  the  year."     But  his 
owners  attributed  their  losing  voyage  to  the  incapacity  of 
their  captain,  who  had  been  accustomed  only  to  three  or 
four  months'  absences  firom  home  at  Greenland,  and  who 
^dared  not  to  sail  alone  through  the  West  Indies  in  a 
ship  of  eighteen  guns."t 

It  is  somewhat  extraordinary  that,  in  all  the  appropria-  no  Dutch 
tions  of  territory  for  patroonships,  the  valley  of  the  Fresh  SSbitobMi mi 
River  should  have  been  neglected.     Up  to  this  period,  thcoMMJan' 
Dutch  were  the  only  Europecms  who,  since  Adriaen  Block's  ^^*'" 
first  discovery,  had  visited  that  region.     As  early  as  the 
year  1623,  the  West  India  Company's  agents  seem  to  have 
taken  actual  possession  of  the  river,  and  to  have  projected 
a  fort.     But  it  appears  to  have  been  their  policy  to  pre- 
vent the  establishment  of  independent  colonies  there;  and 
comiplaints  were  afterward  made  respecting  their  '<  injuri- 
oua"  conduct,  in  opposing  the  settlement  of  any  Dutch 
£Eunilies  upon  that  river.t. 

English  colonization  had,  meanwhile,  been  gaining  1630. 
ground  on  the  north  and  east  of  New  Netherland.     In  the  SSgwiSlJ 
summer  of  1630,  John  Winthrop,  the  newly-chosen  gov- SJfn?i  n^w 
emi»r,  arrived  in  Massachusetts  Bay,  with  a  fleet  of  fifteen  aJtSIS  oT 

*  Alb.  Rec,  27-30 ;  G.  O.,  S9 ;  ValaitiiM>s  Muniat  of  th*  N.  Y.  ComoB  CooneB  ir  ^^°^"^' 
1690,  p.  541.    This  purehase  is  staled  by  Moolton  (401),  and  by  0*CaIlaghan  (i.,  125),  wbo 
Mhrnsbim,  to  hare  been  made  in  1630;  butHaxard,  inliivAmialsorPuui.,  97,  oomcia 
Ui6  error.  t  Da  Vriea,  95. 

t  Vartoofh  van  N.  N.,  ia  Hoi.  ]laa;^iP.,  71,  and  ia  U.,  N.  Y.  H.  S.  CoU.,  U.,876, 277, 
280;flKe,p.  153. 


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208        HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OP  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  VII.  ships,  and  more  than  a  thousand  emigrants.     Wintiirop, 

who  had  the  charter  in  his  custody,  at  fi^rt  settled  him- 

self,  with  his  immediate  followers,  at  Charlestown.     But 

this  position  not  pleasing  them,  they  soon  afterward  took 

possession  of  the  opposite  peninsula,  of  which  the  Indian 

Boston      name  was  "  Shawmut."     At  first  it  was  called  "  Tri- 

7  Sept. '    mountain,"  on  account  of  its  three  contiguous  hills ;  but 

it  soon  received  the  name  of  Boston,  after  the  town  in 

Lincolnshire,  from  which  some  of  the  principal  emigrants 

Other       had   come.      Other  parties   settled   themselves   at  Dor- 
towns  Mt-  1  TkT  /^ 

*>«»•         Chester,  Watertown,  and  Newtown,  now  known  as  Cam- 
bridge.    In  imitation  of  the  example  of  Plymouth  and 
Salem,  the  new  settlements  established  among  themselves 
distinct  churches,  which  admitted  their  own  members  and 
1631.  chose  their  own  officers.     The  next  year,  a  form  of  gov- 
*'  ^*^'     emment  was  established  in  Massachusetts,  upon  the  the- 
ocratic basis  that  none  should  be  admitted  to  the  freedom 
of  the  body  politic,  ''but  such  as  are  members  of  some  of 
the  churches  within  the  limits  of  this  jurisdiction."     It 
was  not  easy,  however,  to  obtain  the  privilege  of  church 
membership.    Of  the  whole  adult  population,  not  a  fourth 
part  were  members.     Three  fourths  of  the  people  were 
oorern.     thus  practically  disfranchised.     As  among  themselves,  the 
MasMushn-  minority  of  church  members  seemed  thoroughly  imbued 
Ufiooaoii-  with  a  spirit  of  equality ;  **  but  toward  those  not  of  the 
Church,  they  exhibited  all  the  arrogance  of  a  spiritual  ar- 
istocracy, claiming  to  rule  by  Divine  right."     The  elect- 
ive franchise,  jealously  withheld  from  the  people,  vras  as 
jealously  confined  to  the  members  of  the  churches ;  and 
the  civil  polity,  which  Massachusetts  thus  deliberately 
adopted,  was  an  oligarchy  of  select  religious  votaries.* 
NeW  nym-      Thc  population  of  New  Pljrmouth  had,  by  this  time,  in- 
*^**'        creased  to  nearly. three  hundred;  and,  through  the  agency 
1630.  of  Lord  Warwick  and  Sir  Perdinando  Gorges,  the  colony 
H  iM-     had  obtained  a  new  and  ample  patent  from  the  council  for 
New  England.     This  instrument  defined  their  boundaries 

*  Ancient  Charters,  117 ;  Bftneroft,  i.,  30O ;  HUdreth,  i.,  190 ;  Story's  MiMdlwiiei,  M- 
^    Tlie  restriction  oftheftwieliiae  to  elnireliiiMinb«rswu  not  repeated  nntUlMii 


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PETER  MINUIT,  DIREOTOR  GENERAL.  2l09 

as  Qxtonding  from  the  Cohassett  River  on  the  nordi,  to  the  Chap.  vit 

Narragansett  River  on  the  south,  and  inland,  westwardly, 

to  "  the  utmost  limits  of  Pokenakut,  alias  Sowamset."*      l^w. 

The  complaints  which  Bradford  had  sent  to  England 
against  the  traffic  of  the  Dutch  and  other  strangers  with 
the  Indians,  had  already  attracted  the  attention  of  Grorges 
and  Mason.  ^Similar  complaints  from  Endicott  induced 
the  general  court  of  Massachusetts  to  petition  the  Privy 
Council  to  reform  "  so  fiireat  and  insufferable  abuses."   The  24  Nov. 
result  was  a  royal  proclamation,  '^forbidding  the  disorder- lamatkm 
ly  trading  with  the  savages  in  New  England."     No  per-  inreguiar 
sons,  except  those  authorized  by  the  council  for  New  En-  New  En- 
gland, were  to  frequent  those  coasts,  or  trade  with  the  na- 
tives, or  intermeddle  with  the  English  planters  or  inhab- 
itants, or  teach  the  Indians  the  use  of  fire-arms,  under  pain 
of  the  king's  high  displeasure,  and  the  penalties  expressed 
in  the  proclamation  (^  King  James,  in  1622.t 

Thus  frir^  the  New  England  colonies  had  not  encroach- 
ed upon  the  territories  claimed  by  the  Dutch.     The  Mas- Extent  or 
sachusetts  patent  included,  indeed,  within  its  sweeping  sngiud 
grant  of  land  as  far  west  as  the  Pacific,  a  portion  of  thenLnt^. 
northern  regions  of  New  Netherland.     But  the  infant  set- 
tlements at  Salem,  and  near  Boston,  were  confined  to  the 
sea-coasts  north  of  New  Plymouth;  and  the  Hollanders 
had  already  tacitly  admitted  the  jurisdiction  of  the  "  Old 
Colony"  to  extend  as  &r  south  and  west  as  Narragansett 
Bay.     All  the  coasts  and  inland  regions,  however,  from 
that  bay,  as  far  south  as  Cape  Hinlopen,  and  as  far  north 
as  Canada,  were  claimed  by  the  Dutch  as  rightfully  be- 
longing to  New  Netherland.     During  the  pleasant  inter- 
course which  was  opened  with  New  Plymouth  in  1627, 
the  Hollanders,  seeing  that  the  Puritans  were  there  seated 
"  in  barren  quarter,"  with  friendly  purpose  told  them  of  a  The  Dnteh 
river,  "  called  by  them  the  Fresh  River,  but  is  now  knowniSiriuwiof 
by  the  name  of  Conighticute  River,  which  they  often  com-  neeticut* 
mended  to  them  for  a  fine  place  both  for  plantation  and     ^' 

*  CbaliiMn,  97  ;  Prince,  100-196;  Haurd, !.« 398;  HHdraU^  1.,  174- 
t  Tounf,  Oil.  Ifaatn  M ;  Rymer  Federa, xix.,  210;  Hasard,  I.,  tU. 

0 


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210  HISTORY  OF  •nnS  state  of  hew  YORK. 

Chap,  vil  trade,  and  wiahed  them  to  make  use  of  it"  But  tin  lianda 
of  the  New  Plymouth  ooloQiste  "  being  full  otherwise,  tiwy 
iDou.  Yqj^  ^  paas."*  In  thus  inviting  the  Bngiish  to  fettle  them- 
selves within  the  territory  of  New  NetfaiwlaiM^  Minuit 
eouM  have  had  no  intenti<m  to  surrender  any  of  the  diar- 
tered  rights  of  the  West  India  Oompany,  or  to  raise  a  doubt 
resqpecting  their  title,  which  he  had  so  stoutly  maintained 
in  his  correspondenoe  with  BradfiDrd.  If  the  New  Plym- 
outh people  had  aooepted  Minuit's  proposition,  they  could 
have  settled  themselves  on  the  Ocnneotiout  only  in  due 
allegiance  to  the  States  General,  and  in  subordination  to 
the  Company's  authorities  at  Manhattan. 

The  fame  ot  the  <^  pleasant  meadows"  on  the  Fresh  Riv* 
er  soon  reached  the  young  hamlets  on  the  Massachusetts 

1631.  Bay.  In  the  first  spring  after  his  arrival,  Winthrop  was 
i^nee-  visitcd  by  one  of  the  Mahican  sachems  upon  the  ^'  River 
^"^ita  Q^uonehtacut,"  who  extolled  the  firuitfulness  of  his  coun- 
^^^*^'     try,  and  urged  the  English  to  cc^ne  and  plant  tii^nselves 

there.  But  Winthrop,  though  he  Ideated  the  sachem  kind- 
ly, would  send  none  of  his  people  to  explore  the  country, 
which  "  W€t8  not  above  five  days'  journey"  fix>m  Boston. 
The  intentions  of  the  sachem  were  soon  unveiled.  He  was 
at  war  with  the  Pequods,  and  desired  a  European  settle* 
ment  as  a  defense  against  hia  powerfiil  eliemies.t  At  New 
Plymouth  the  suggestion  was  better  appreciated.  The  sa* 
chem's  story  confirmed  the  accounts  which  they  had  be- 
fore received  from  the  Dutch ;  and  Edward  Winslow,  vis* 

1632.  iting  that  regi(»i  in  1632,  verified  these  favorable  reports 
^Bita^Sto   by  his  own  observation,  and  even  ^^  pitched  upon  a  place 
Sl!"'*^*"  for  a  house."*     But  the  people  of  New  Plymoufli,  know- 
ing tiiat  the  Connecticut  valley  was  beyond  tlie  bounds  of 
tlieir  patent,  took  no  itnmediate  measures  to  plant  a  set- 
tiement  tiiere. 

While  the  colonial  authorities  of  New  Netiierland  and 
New  England  were  thus  all  postponing  actual  occupation, 
a  questionable  English  titie  to  tiie  territory  was  diitaiiied 

*  Bradibrd,  MS.  in  Hnteb.,  U.,  App.,  416 ;  Prince,  434. 

t  Savage's  Wiatferop,  1.,  dS. 

t  Motton*t  IfeiiL,  App.,  S9ft;  HMb.,  i^  M8;  TraniMl,  1., M, 


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FETER  KONUIT,  IfflUBOTOR  OEIQ5RAL.  gH 

by  ofther  parties.    SattonstaU,  who  had  a<)oompaiiMd  Win-caAP.  m, 
tbn^  to  Masflcushusetts,  returning  to  Ei^land  in  the  spring 
of  1631,  carried  home  with  him  tiie  glowing  aooonnts,/^/ 
which  he  had  heard  of  the  fruitfulness  of  the  Conneeticat 
TtUeT.     Through  his  exertions,  the  Earl  of  Warwick  was  The  Eari  of 

.1111  1/^  -ri  Warwick»» 

induoed,  early  the  next  year,  to  grant  and  confirm  to  Lord  g^*^ 
Say  and  Seal,  Lord  Broc4c,  Saltonstall  himself,  and  others,  cm- 
all  tiie  territory  extending  forty  leagues  to  tile  southwest  ,g  M^lch! 
of  the  Narragansett  Ri^er,  and  by  the  same  breadth 
^^throo^ut  the  main  lands  there,  from   the  W^tem 
Ocean  to  the  South  Sea."     The  territcnry  thus  conveyed 
is  alleged  to  have  been  granted  to  Lord  Warwick,  by  the 
oonnoil  for  New  England,  in  1630 ;  and  Warwick's  sub- 
sequent ccmveyance  has  been  considered  by  American  his- 
torians as  the  original  English  charter  for  Connecticut. 
But  no  evidence  of  the  gr^t  to  Lord  Warwick  has  ever 
been  produced :  if  such  a  grant  was  really  made,  it  does 
not  appear  to  have  been  confirmed  by  the  king.     Thus 
stood  tiie  question  of  right  and  title  between  the  Dutdi 
West  India  Company,  by  virtue  of  Block's  first  discovery 
and  of  th^  charter,  and  the  En^h  proprietaries  of  Con* 
aeotieiit,  by  virtue  of  Lord  Warwick's  conveyance.    But 
no  steps  were  tak^i  by  these  proprietaries  to  coloni2?e  ^&^^,]|^*^ 
territory,  until  several  years  after  the  end  of  Minuit'sj^^^ 
government  of  New  Netiierland;  tiiough  the  commence- <>"»»**<«• 
meni  of  his  successor's  administration  was  destined  to  wit- 
ness the  first  disagreement  between  rival  Dutch  and  En- 
^ish  settlers  on  tiie  banks  of  the  Fresh  Biv^.* 

The  attention  of  BirectcHr  Minuit  had  been,  meanwhile,  Asun  at 
ddefly  cimfined  to  the  prosecution  of  the  ftur-trade  for  the 
benefit  of  the  West  India  Company,  and  to  tiie  domestic 
affiuiB  of  the  chief  colony  at  Manhattan.     No  subordinate 

*  Tbe  date  of  Lord  Warwick's  oonT«yanoe  to  Lord  Say  and  Seal,  andhia  aaaoeiatea,  has 
keen  erroneooaly  stated  to  belBtlie  year  len.  Its  sccoal  date,  aeeording  to  tlio  new  style, 
waa  1633.  Tbe  "severUk  year"  of  Cliaries  L,  in  which  it  is  attested,  was  from  the  S7tli  of 
lisvsk,  1631,  to  As  S7tk  orMareh,  1631  SaReiMlaB  was  not  in  England  on  the  1901  of 
MsMlk,  Idl.  WlHt  fWpsrts  to  be  a  eopy  of  Lord  Warwldi:*s  <*  charter^  Is  tn  the  Secre- 
«ry^sils9at]Ia«tiird,ft«mwMehwasiAenttoeopylnTirmnlmH,iMAiT^^^  lical 

tfHd  PsngM  sysak  of  a  pMVMQS  crane  iran  tbe  oonaeil  of  Rew  England  to  Lortf  War- 
mikv wMah  wm  eoiiiinwd  k^y  the  king.   Bof  CUlneM  (p.  9M)  shows  that  (her?  M  no 


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212  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OT  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  vu.  patarooiis  ever  exercised  any  jurifldioticm  over  tlie  reserved 

.^^      island :  the  West  India  Ccnnpany  alone  was  the  territoarial 

proprietary.    After  De  Rasieres  "  fell  into  disgrace"  with 

Minuit,  his  place  as  provincial  se<»retary  and  keeper  of  the 

company's  pay-books,  was  filled  by  Jan  van  Remund,  who 

continued  to  hold  these  offices  for  several  years.     In  1629 

inDorts     and  1630,  the  imports  from  Amsterdam  arose  to  the  value 

ports.       of  one  hundred  and  thirteen  thousand  guilders ;  while  the 

exports  from  Manhattan  exceeded  one  hundred  and  thirty 

thousand  guilders,  showing  a  considerable  balance  in  favor 

of  the  company.     Its  admirable  commercial  situation  in- 

Bariy  pro-  dicatcd  its  futuTC  rcuown ;  and  its  ships,  which  now  oar- 

•hip  boud-  ry  the  fame  of  its  naval  architects  to  the  ends  of  the  earth, 

even  at  that  early  day  had  begun  to  attract  the  attentkm 

and  excite  the  envy  of  England.     In  the  year  1631,  the 

oreatahip  "  Ncw  Ncthcrland,"  a  ship  variously  estimated  at  from 

Neuier-     "  600  tunucs,  or  thereabouts,"  to  eisrht  hundred  tons,  was 

Und*' built  '  °  ' 

MManhat.  built  at  Manhattan,  and  dispatdied  to  Holland.*  This 
ship  was  not  only  by  far  the  largest  that  had  ever  been 
built  in  America,  but  it  was  probably  <me  of  the  greatest 
merchant  vessels  at  that  time  in  the  vforld.  It  was  not 
until  nearly  two  centuries  afterward  that  the  ship-v^ights 
of  Manhattan  again  began  to  build  trading  vessels  whi<di 
rivaled  the  mammoth  proportions  of  the  pioneer  ship  '^  New 
Netherland." 
Port  Or-  At  Fort  Orange,  Vice-director  Krol  continued  to  super- 
*"'**  intend  tiie  frir-trade  of  the  company,  which  was  annually 
growing  more  important.  The  subdued  Mahicans  had 
three  years  before  been  expelled  from  the  valley  of  the 
N<Mth  River ;  and  the  victorious  Mohawks  were  glad  to 
cultivate  the  most  friendly  relaticms  vrtth  the  Dutch  set- 
tlers, by  whom  they  now  began  to  be  supplied  vntii  the 
fire-arms  of  Holland. 

While  the  new  patroons  were  vigorously  commencing 

«LetterorifuomSdApril»163S,Lond.Doo.,i.,47;  N.T.Gol.MSS.,iiL»17.  DeVries, 
p.  M,  ipetkc  of  the  "New  Nethertand'*  as  "tbe  fiMt  ahip  that  was  bailt  in  New  Nel^ 
ertand.*'  DeLaet,App.,  p.  4,  describes  her  as  offovr  hundred  laata,  or  eight  hundred  Com 
burden,  and  as  eanylnf  thirty  puis.  TbeboUdinf  orthisship,"atanezeesslTeo«liaj,** 
was  afterward  sererely  eritieised,  by  Van  der  Donck,  as  a  part  of  the  "  bod  man 
or  Ite  We«  India  Company.— Vertoof^  Tan  N.  N.,  in  IL,  N.  T.  fl.  S.  CoU.,  iL»  I 


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PETER  MINUIT,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  313 

agrionltoral  oolonization  on  the  North  and  South  RiyerS)  chap,  vil 
they  dotennined,  under  a  liberal  oonstrnction  of  the  ohax- 
ter  of  Freedoms  and  Exemptions,  to  participate  in  the  re-  Tuep*.  * 
served  traffic  with  the  Indians.    Pleading  that  the  Amster-  S^J^LST" 
dam  Chamber  "  had  no  factories"  at  certain  points,  the  pa-  J^.*^ 
troons  assumed  that  they  had  the  right  to  engage  in  the 
peltry  trade,  which  the  company  had  certainly  intended  to 
retain  in  its  own  hahds.    But  the  directors,  already  jealous  The  diroei- 
of  their  colleagues,  who  had  secured  such  ample  estates,  j^^  ^<r^ 
could  not  quietly  permit  their  darling  monopoly  to  be  thus  J^^^^J;^,^ 
invaded.     Articles  were  soon  prepared,  limiting  and  re- 
straining the  privileges  of  the  patroons,  i^  respect  of  the 
fur  trade,  to  an  extent  which  excited  their  bitter  com- 
plcdnts ;  the  charter  of  Freedoms  and  Exemptions  itself 
was  attacked,  and  ^'  drawn  into  dispute ;"  and  feeling  ran 
so  strongly  against  all  who  were  supposed  to  favor  the 
pretensions  of  the  new  colonial  proprietaries,  that  Minuit, 
with  whose  knowledge  and  approbation  these  large  appro- 
priations of  territory  had  been  secured,  was  recalled  from  Minuit  n- 
his  directorship.     But  no  successor  was  immediately  ap- 
pointed, and  the  post  of  director  remained  vacant  for  more 
tiian  a  year.     Lampo,  the  schout  at  Manhattan,  was,  bow- 
ever,  superseded  at  once  by  the  appointment  of  Conrad 
Notelman,  who  sailed  for  New  Netherland  late  in  the 
summer,  in  the  ship  Eendragt,  bearing  with  him  Hinuit's  August. 
letters  of  recall.* 

Upon  the  arrival  of  Notelman,  Director  Minuit  resigned 
his  government  into  the  hands  of  the  council,  at  the  head 
of  which  was  Van  Remund,  who  had  acted  as  secretary 
of  the  province  since  the  departure  of  De  Rasieres,     Em- 
barking on  board  the  Eendragt,  with  several  families  of  Minuii  re- 
colonists  who  Were  anxious  to  return  to  Holland,  the  re-  Houand. 
called  director  and  superseded  schout  set  sail  fit)m  New  «    ?^' 
Netherland  early  in  the  spring  of  1632. 

The  Eendragt  reached  the  channel  in  safoty,  but  stress  his  Hhipiir- 
of  weather  drove  her  into  Plymouth.     Her  arrival  there  pijmoatiL 
was  no  sooner  known,  than  the  watdiful  jealousy  of  Cap- 

*  JUL  Doe.,  i.,  185 ;  U.,  109, 103 ;  Renw  MSS. ;  0*CtiL,  i.,  130, 431. 


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tl4  marroftY  of  the  state  of  new  tork. 

oiup.  vn.  tain  Maaon  oaused  her  to  be  attached,  at  the  anit  of  the 
oovmcil  of  New  En^and,  on  a  oharge  of  illegally  trading 
s  Aprti.  '  ^^^^  ^o  king's  dominions.     Minuit  instantly  oommnni- 
oated  the  oircnmstanoeB  of  the  ship's  arrest  to  the  West 
India  C<Hnpany,  and  to  Joaohimi  and  Brasser,  the  Botch 
ambassadors  at  London.     The  court  was,  at  that  moment, 
8^ru.     at  Newmarket     Hastening  thither,  the  ambassadors  ob- 
g^       tained  an  immediate  aodi^ioe,  and  presented  to  the  king 
i»Mndora.  an  earnest  r^nonstranoe  against  the  proceedings  of  the 
Plymouth  authorities.     The  ship,  they  said,  had  come 
from  New  Netherland,  where  the  Dutch  had  peaceably 
traded  for  many  years,  and  had  established  a  colony  on  an 
island  purchased  from  the  savages,  in  the  River  Manhat* 
tans,  '^  now  called  the  Mauritius."  There  the  colonists  lived 
^  surrounded  on  all  sides  by  the  native  inhabitants  of  the 
land."     Hitherto,  their  ships  had  been  used  to  enter  and 
depart  from  the  English  ports  without  hinderance ;  but 
now,  a  vessel  coming  from  those  parts  had  been  seized  for 
an  alleged  trespass  within  his  majesty's  jurisdiction.    Un- 
der these  circumstances,  they  hoped  tile  king  would  order 
the  Eendragt's  immediate  discharge.* 
Rap^of        The  king  replied,  that  the  G-ovemor  of  Plymouth  had 
^     already  informed  him  of  the  arrest ;  and  that,  some  years 
ago,  upon  the  complaint  of  his  father,  James  I.,  the  States 
G^enei^  ^^  had  interdicted  their  subjects  from  trading  in 
those  regions."     He  could  not,  at  tiie  moment,  say  what 
was  the  exact  situation  of  the  affair,  but  would  inform 
himself  more  particularly.     The  ambassadors  persisted  in 
urging  a  provisional  release  of  tibe  ship.     The  king,  how« 
ever,  declined  complying  with  their  request,  '<  as  long  as 
he  was  not  quite  sure  what  his  rights  were." 
lOApru.        Returning  to  London,  the  ambassadors  detailed  their 
fodations.  proceedings  to  the  States  General,  and  asked  to  be  fhr« 
nished  with  documentary  evidence  in  support  of  the  right 
of  the  Butch  to  New  Netherland,  which  they  thought 
would  <<  undoubtedly  be  most  sharply  disputed  by  the  En* 
glish."t    Several  interviews  were  also  hekl  with  the  lead- 

*  Hot.  Doe.,!.,  167, MS.  tmd.,lW. 


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PETEB  lfINUIT»  DIB£CTC»t  GEN13UL.  215 

ing  in^ml>6D»  of  the  privy  oonnoil.     But  Mason  took  oare  cuArw  vu. 
to  write  a  strcmg  letter  to  Sir  Jrfm  Coke,  the  Seoretaryof 
State,  oomplaitting  of  the  Hollanders,  who,  he  affirmed,  / ^^' 
**  as  interlc^rs,"  had  fallen  ^'  into  the  middle,"  between 
Virginia  and  New  England.    Notwithstanding  the  alleged 
disolaimer  by  Garon,  in  1622,  the  Dutoh  had  fortified  MaMn'« 
themselves,  in  two  several  places,  on  the  ''River  of  Mana- Joim(>>ke. 
hata,"  and  had  built  ships  there,  ''  whereof  one  was  sent 
into  Holland  of  six  hundred  tonnes,  or  thereabouts."   And 
though  warned  by  the  English  at  New  Plymouth  ^'to  for- 
bear trade,"  and  to  make  no  settlements  within  the  terri- 
tories of  the  King  of  En^and,  the  Butch  had  persisted, 
and  had  made  ''  sundry  good  returns"  into  Holland,  whioh, 
during  the  last  year,  had  amounted  to  ''  fifteen  thousand 
beaver  skins,  besides  other  commodities."*    Mason's  un- 
scrupulous letter  effected  its  purpose.     English  jealousy 
was  thoroughly  aroused^  and  the  Privy  Council  were  deaf 
to  the  representaticuis  of  tiie  Butch  ambassadcMrs. 

In  the  mean  time,  the  West  India  Company  had  trans- 5  May. 
mitted  to  the  States  G-eneral  a  jEbrmal  deduction  of  their  ti-  tim  weac 
tie  to  !tf  ew  Netherland.     The  discovery  of  the  North  River  ^^*mS^ 
by  the  Butch  in  1609 ;  the  return  of  "  some  of  their  people"  titi*.  **" ' 
there  in  1610;  the  grant  of  tiie  special  trading  charter  of 
1614 ;  tlie  maintenance  of  a  fort  and  garrison  there,  until 
the  charter  of  the  West  India  Company  in  1621,  which 
included  that  country ;  the  &ilure  of  the  English  to  occu- 
py the  regions  between  Virginia  and  New  Plymouth;  and 
the  provisions  in  James's  patent  of  1606,  by  which  the  re- 
gion between  the  thirty-ninth  and  the  forty-first  degrees 
of  latitude  was  left  qpen  to  the  Butch,  were  the  main 
points  on  which  they  relied.     The  company  alleged  their 
entire  ignorance  of  tiie  demand  made  by  the  British  gov- 
ernment, in  1621,  and  of  its  results.     They  urged  that  the 
ambassadors  at  London  should  press  for  the  release  of  their 
vessel,  on  the  ftirtiier  ground  that  the  American  Indians, 

*  Lond.  Doc.,  i.,  47.  Mason  ttootly  nuOntalns  tbat  Caroa,  In  the  name  of  the  Statee, 
disEYowed  the  Dutch  "  intrnalon'*  into  New  Netherland.  Bm  nothing  to  thia  efltet  ap- 
pears la  any  of  Caron's  letters  that  I  saw  In  the  State  Paper  eOcs.    See  mti$t  p.  14t,  14S. 


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216  fflSTORY  OP  THE  STATE  OP  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  vn.  being  free,  might  trade  with  whomsoever  they  pleased. 

The  yi"g  of  England  might,  indeed,  grant  exoluBive  jwriv. 

^^^*  ileges  to  his  own  subjects,  and  so  might  the  States  Q-en- 
eral  to  theirs.  But  it  was  unjust  for  any  power  to  at- 
tempt to  exclude  all  the  rest  of  the  world  from  regions 
which  their  own  subjects  had  never  occupied }  and  still 
more  so,  for  England  to  claim  sovereignty  over  territories 
of  which  the  Dutch  had  obtained  the  title,  by  treaty  and 
honest  purchase  from  the  native  owners.  The  States  Gen* 
eral  must  maintain  their  own  sovereignty,  the  freedom  of 
the  seas,  and  the  validity  of  Hie  treaties  which  the  Hol- 
landers had  made  with  the  unsubjugated  tribes  of  North 
America.* 
ft  May.  This  able  vindication  of  the  Butch  title  was  immediate- 

ly sent  by  the  States  G^ieral  to  their  ambassadors  at  Lon- 
don, with  fresh  instructions  to  press  for  the  release  of  the 
ship,  and  an  intimation  that  the  right  of  the  West  India 
Company  to  trade  to  New  Netherland  should  be  main- 
tained.! 

But  English  nationality  was  now  thoroughly  aroused. 
n  May.     In  a  few  days,  the  Dutch  ambassadors  received  the  formal 
Answer  or  auswcr  of  the  British  ministry  to  their  memorial.     The 
forant-     roamiug  savages  of  America  were  not  ^'  bona  fide  possessors'' 
"*" '       of  the  land,  so  that  they  could  alienate  it ;  and  if  they  were, 
it  could  not  be  proved  '^  that  all  the  savages  had  contracted 
with  the  purchasers ;"  these  were  the  technical  objections 
to  the  Dutch  titie  by  purchase.     The  titie  of  the  English 
was  asserted  to  be  by  ^'  first  discovery,  occupation,  and  pos- 
session," and  by  charters  and  patents  from  tiieir  sovereigns. 
Such  patents  the  States  G-eneral  had  never  passed  to  their 
own  subjects,  as  was  proved  when  Carleton,  the  English 
ambassador,  made  his  remonstrance  in  1621.   If  the  Dutch 
now  settied  in  America  would  ^^  submit  themselves  as  sub- 
jects to  his  majesty's  government,"  they  might  remain  in 
New  Netherland ;  otherwise,  his  majesty's  interests  would 
not  allow  them  to  '<  usurp  and  encroach  upon  a  colony  of 

*  HM. Doe.,  1., 909.  tIbid.,Sia. 


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PETER  Mmurr,  wrector  general.  217 

saoh  importanoe,  and  whioh  he  has  strong  motives  to  oher*  chaf.  vii. 
ish  and  maintain  in  its  integrity."* 

Thus  the  British  ministry  boldly  denied  the  Dntdi  title 
to  New  Netherland,  and  claimed  it  as  English  territory. 
Their  strenuous  assertion  of  superior  British  right  was 
probably  the  last  important  American  State  Paper  prepared 
by  Sir  John  Coke,t  whom  Lord  Clarendon  describes  as  *'a 
man  of  a  very  narrow  education,  and  a  narrower  nature." 
Unwilling,  at  that  moment,  to  embarrass  his  foreign  rela- 
tions, already  suflSciently  complicated,  Charles  I.  content- 
ed himself  with  a  bold  claim  of  sovereignty  over  New 
Netherland,  and  did  not  appear  anxious  to  press  the  ques- 
tion of  title  to  a  settlement.  In  a  few  days,  the  confident 
note  of  the  British  ministry  was  followed  by  an  act  of  sr  May. 

•^  ''  Tbe  ship 

grace;  and  the  Lord  Treasurer,  quietly  yielding  to  thewiewed. 
reiterated  demand  of  the  Dutch  ambassadors,  released  the 
Eendragt  firom  arrest,  '^  saving  any  prejudice  to  His  Maj- 
esty's rights.''^ 

Notwithstanding  the  abuses  which  had  induced  Minuit's  Minutt's 
recall,  his  administration  of  the  government  of  New  Neth-  tnuon  or 
erland  was,  upon  the  whole,  prosperous  and  successful,  erund. 
Honest  purchase  had  secured  Manhattan  Island  to  the 
West  India  Company ;  industry  had  flourished  euround  the 
walls  of  Fort  Amsterdam ;  the  western  shore  of  Long  Isl- 
and had  become  studded  with  the  cottages  of  its  early 
Walloon  settlers ;  a  pleasant  intercourse  had  been  opened 
with  the  English  colonists  at  New  Plymouth;  jfiriendly 
relations  had  been  generally  maintained  with  the  Indian 
tribes;  the  colonization  of  Rensselaerswyck  and  Swaanen- 
dael  had  been  commenced ;  and  the  trade  and  conmierce 
of  the  province  had  largely  increased.     During  the  six 
years  of  Minuit's  directorship,  the  exports  from  New  Neth- 
erland were  trebled.     The  value  of  the  commodities  sent 

*  Hoi.  Doc.,  i.,  330.  The  correftpondence  on  this  subject  may  be  found  at  length  in  the 
Address  before  the  N.  T.  H.  S.,  in  1844,  p.  97-^1,  and  In  0*CaU^  i.,  18M30. 

t  Abont  a  month  after  this  dispatch— on  the  15th  of  June— Mr.  (afterward  Sir  Francis) 
Windebanke  was  appointed  Secretary  of  State,  through  the  interest  of  Bishop  Land.  Sir 
John  Coke  continued  to  be  one  of  the  secretaries  for  a  few  years  longer ;  but  the  concerns 
of  the  American  colonies  seem  to  hKfe  been  managed,  aftsr  this  time,  chiefly  by  Winde- 
baake.  t  Hoi.  Doc.,  i.,  944. 


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218  HISTORY  OP  THE  STATE  OP  NEW  YORK. 

CH4P.  vn.  home  in  16S6  was  about  forty-six  thousand  gaiUevs ;  in 
~~~'  1632,  it  had  increased  to  more  than  one  hnndred  and  for* 
'  ly-three  thousand  goilders.     Within  the  same  period,  the 
value  of  the  imports  from  Holland  was  a  little  over  two 
hundred  and  thirty-eight  thousand  guilders,  while  the 
gross  value  of  the  exports  from  New  Netherland  exceeded 
four  hundred  and  tiurty-five  thousand  guilders.    The  ship 
in  which  the  Director  returned  to  Amsterdam  brought  to 
the  company's  warehouse  a  cargo  of  five  liiousand  beaver 
skins.* 
continned      Miuuit's  rctum  to  Holland  did  not  quiet  the  unfortunate 
bHvni^  differences  between  the  West  India  Company  and  ih»  pa- 
oy  u?£  troons.     The  lu'ge  appropriations  of  territory  were  not  as 
'***^"*'   exasperating  causes  of  irritation  €is  was  the  pertinacions 
interference  of  the  patroons  vnth  the  frir  trade,  which  the 
company  had  intended  to  reserve  to  itself.  -To  arrest  the 
encroachments  of  the  new  manorial  lords,  who  claimed, 
under  the  charter,  the  largest  freedom  of  traffic  "  within 
s  Jam.     the  territories  of  their  patroonships,"  the  company  issued  a 
proclamation,  forbidding  all  <' private''  persons  in  New 
Netherland  from  dealing,  in  any  way,  in  sewan,  peltries, 
or  maize.     The  patroons  instantly  protested  against  this 
decided  step,  and  insisted  that,  according  to  the  charter, 
they  were  "  privileged,"  and  not  "  private"  persons.     But 
the  company,  resolute  to  maintain  its  superior  monopdy, 
18  Not.     8oon  aftcrward  dispatched  commissaries  into  ihe  different 
nurtfl  (br-   patroonships,  vnth  orders  to  post  the  proclamation,  and  to 
trade  In     oblige  all  the  colonists,  under  oath,  to  abstain  from  any 
interference  with  the  interdicted  traffic! 
1631.       Meanwhile,  the  colony  which  Heyes  had  established  at 
s^^en-  Swaanendael  had  gone  on  pleasantly,  for  a  time,  under 
**■**         the  superintendence  of  G-illis  Hossett ;  and  De  Vries  him- 
self had  prepared  to  visit  New  Netherland.     Heyes's  un- 
lucky voyage  damped,  for  awhile,  the  ardor  of  his  em- 
^^oo    ployers;  but  the  vision  of  a  profitable  whale-fishery  still 
II  Fab.  *  haunted  Godyn.     Early  in  the  year  1632,  a  new  arrange* 

*  D«  LMt«  ApPm  M-M  ;  Hoi.  Doe.,  i.,  tlO. 
t  Hoi.  Doc.,  IL,  05, 10^114 ;  0*C«U.,  L,  137. 


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PETER  iramTy  ratSCTCNEt  GBNEItAL.  fig 

meiit  was  made  between  the  part&er-patroons,  to  eqtdp  cmap.  vil 
another  ship  and  yadit,  with  ii4iioh  De  Vries  himself  was     ^^ 
to  go  cot  to  the  South  River,  as  '^  patroon  and  oommand*  -^^'^* 
w"  and  test  the  experiment  in  person,  daring  the  next 
winter.    The  expedition  aocordingiy  left  the  Texei  toward 
ikb  end  of  May.     But  just  before  it  sailed,  news  brought  m  May. 
by  Minuit,  from  Manhattan,  reaohed  Amsterdam,  that  thede>tnietio& 


edony  at  Swaanendael  had  been  destroyed  by  the  savages,  Houand. 
and  thirty-two  men  killed  outside  of  the  fort,  as  ihey  were 
working  in  the  fields.* 

In  sadness  and  disappointment  De  Yries  proceeded  oudo  vrtM 
his  way.     But  misfortune  still  attended  tile  enterprise  of  um  s^mii 
tiie  South  River  patroons.     An  unskillful  pilot  ran  the 
riiip  on  the  sands  off  Dunkirk ;  and  the  leaky  vessel  was 
navigated  with  difficulty  to  Portsmouth,  where  she  went  as  May. 
into  the  ^'  King's  Dock"  to  be  repaired.    After  two  months' 
delay,  De  Yries  set  sail  again,  in  company  wi&  the  '^  great  i  Aofiut. 
diip  New  Netherland,"  whidi  had  been  built  at  Manhat- 
tan, and  was  now  making  her  first  return  voyage  &om 
Holland.     Running  southwardly  by  Madeira,  and  linger- 
ing three  months  among  the  West  India  Islands,  De  Yries 
arrived,  early  in  December,  at  the  South  River,  and  an- 6  Dec 
ohored  qS  Swaanendael,  where  he  promised  himself  <<  roy- 
al work"  with  the  whales,  and  a  ^^  beautiful  land"  to  ctd- 
tivate. 

The  next  day,  a  well-armed  boat  was  sent  into  the  kill  ^  i>m. 
to  open  a  communication  with  the  savages.  Reaching  swaanen- 
the  spot  where  their  little  fort  had  been,  they  found  the 
house  itself  destroyed,  the  palisades  almost  all  burned,  and 
the  ground  around  bestrevm  with  the  skulls  and  bones 
of  their  murdered  countrymen,  intermin^ed  with  the  re- 
mains of  hi^rses  and  cattle.  The  silence  of  the  grave  hung 
over  the  desolate  valley.  Not  a  savage  was  seen  lurking 
about  the  ghastly  ruins.  G-loomy  and  sorrowful,  De  Yries 
returned  on  board  his  yacht,  and  ordered  a  gun  to  be  fired 
to  attract  the  inland  Indians. 

*  De  Vrlea,  05 ;  Depodtion  of  A.  D.  Ken,  in  Deed  Book»7U.  { and  in  Doc.  HlaC  N.  T., 
ttL,  40  ;an<i,  p.  905,  note. 


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290  fflSTORY  OP  THE  STATE  OP  NEW  TOWL 

CHAP.  vn.     A  smdte  was  seen,  the  next  morning,  near  their  devasta- 
ted  post.    Again  the  boat  was  sent  into  the  oreek,  and  two 

7  Dec    '  ^1"  three  savages  were  observied  prowling  among  the  ruins. 

But  mutual  distrust  prevented  any  intercourse.     Fearful 

8  D«c.       of  the  arrows  of  the  Indians,  De  Yries  now  took  his  yacht 

into  the  oreek,  to  give  a  better  shelter  than  the  open  boat 
af&rded.  The  savages  soon  came  down  to  the  shore ;  but 
none,  at  first,  would  venture  on  board.  At  last  one  made 
bcdd  to  come ;  and  De  Yries,  presenting  him  with  a  clotii 
dress,  sent  word  to  the  chief  that  he  wished  to  make  a 
An  Indian  pcaoc.  That  night  one  of  the  savages  remained  on  board 
•toryoruiethe  yacht,  and  was  prevailed  on  to  relate  the  catastrophe 
orswaan-  which  had  befallen  the  colony.  Pointing  out  the  spot 
where  Heyes  had  set  up  the  pillar  bearing  the  tin  {date 
with  the  arms  of  Holland,  he  said,  that  one  of  their  chiefs, 
not  thinking  he  was  doing  amiss,  had  taken  down  the 
glittering  metal,  to  make  it  into  tobacco  pipes.  But  Hos- 
sett,  who  was  then  in  charge  of  the  post,  made  such  an 
ado,  that  the  savages,  to  hush  up  the  affair,  slew  the  chief 
who  had  done  it,  ^'  and  brought  a  token"  of  their  deed  to 
the  Butch  commander.  Hossett  told  them  they  had  done 
wrong :  they  should  have  brought  the  chief  to  the  post, 
when  he  would  have  been  simply  forbidden  to  repeat  the 
offense.  But  the  mischief  was  already  done.  The  firiends 
of  the  slaughtered  savage  instigated  their  companions  to 
a  bloody  vengeance  on  the  unsuspecting  strangers.  A 
party  of  warriors  soon  visited  the  settlement,  where  they 
found  most  of  the  colonists  at  work  in  the  fields,  having 
left  one  sick  man  at  home,  and  a  large  English  mastiff 
chained  up.  Had  the  dog  been  loose,  *^  they  would  not 
have  dared  to  approach  the  house."  Hossett,  the  com- 
mander, stood  near  the  door.  Three  of  the  boldest  sav- 
ages,  under  pretense  of  bartering  some  beaver  skins,  en- 
tered the  house  with  him,  and,  as  he  was  coming  down 
stairs  firom  the  garret,  where  the  stores  lay,  struck  him 
dead  with  an  axe.  They  then  killed  the  sick  man-^  and 
going  to  the  place  where  the  dog,  "  which  they  feared  the 
most,"  lay  chained,  they  shot  him  ^'with  full  five^nd- 


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PETCR  MINUIT,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  221 

twenty  arrows,  before  he  was  dispatched.''    The  rest  of  crap.  vn. 
the  colonists,  who  were  scattered  over  the  fields  at  work,  TTZZ' 
were  then  approached  under  the  guise  of  friendship,  and, 
one  by  one,  all  were  mnrdered. 

Such  was  the  awful  narrative  which  one  of  the  spoilers 
of  Swaanendael  related  to  De  Vries.  The  bones  of  his 
oountrymen  marked  the  spot  where  the  patroon  had  hoped 
to  establish  a  flourishing  cokny.  Thus  early  was  the  soil 
of  Delaware  moistened  by  European  blood.  The  Dutch 
possession  was  ''sealed  with  blood,  and  dearly  enough 
bought"  But  what  could  now  be  done  ?  A  barren  venge- 
anoe  alone  could  follow  retaliation  against  the  roaming 
savages.  So  a  formal  peace  was  ratified  the  next  day,  by  o  !>«». 
presents  of  duffels,  bullets,  hatchets,  and  Nuremburg  toys ;  ^i'^  *• 
and  the  astonished  red  men  ''  departed  in  great  joy,"  to 
hunt  beavers  for  the  Hollanders,  who,  instead  of  exacting 
a  cruel  retribution,  had  quietly  let  pass  their  inhuman  of- 
fense.* 

*  De  Trim,  95-101 ;  Vertoogh  Yan  N.  N.,  in  Hoi.  Doe.,  ir.,  71 ;  and  in  U.,  N.  T.  H.  S. 
OoU.,U.,«l. 


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HISTORY  or  TBB  STATE  OF  lOW  YORK. 


CHAPTER  VIIL 

1683-1637. 

Chap.  VIIL     Nsw  Netherlam)  hftd  HOW  been,  for  mtxe  than  a  yeaor, 
withoat  a  director.    Thb  experiment  of  intiodnoing  a  mod* 
New  Netb-  ^^  foudal  Bystem  into  the  provinoe  had  just  be^i  oon- 
^tta^ta  menced;  jeidoosies  had  ahreadyqfnmng  up  between  the  pa^ 
'*'"'°*^-    trooDB  and  the  West  India  Company,  and  embarrassment 
was  evidently  in  store ;  the  British  government  had  agaa 
boldly  denied  the  Dntoh  title  to  any  part  of  New  Nether^ 
land ;  and  English  oolonists,  firm  of  purpose  and  zealons 
in  faith,  were  preparing  to  take  aotual  possessicm  of  por- 
tions of  the  territory,  over  the  whole  of  whioh  their  sovw- 
eign  claimed  an  exclusive  jurisdiction.     In  this  crisis,  the 
administration  of  the  affairs  of'  the  Dutch  province  should 
^  have  been  intrusted  only  to  the  ablest  hands.     But  when 

did  a  commercial  monopoly  ever  govern  a  country  wise- 
wouter  ly  ?  The  person  selected  to  succeed  Peter  Minuit  as  Di- 
ler  qvpoint-  rcctor  General  of  New  Netherland,  was  Wouter  van  Twil- 
eeedMin-  LER,  of  Nicuwkerke,  one  of  the  clerks  in  the  West  India 
Company's  warehouse  at  Amsterdam.  He  had  married  a 
niece  of  Van  Rensselaer,  and  had  been  employed  by  the 
patroon  in  shipping  cattle  to  his  colony.  These  were  Van 
Twiller's  recommendations;  the  influence  of  kinsmen  and 
Mends,  rather  than  acknowledged  administrative  ability, 
secured  for  him  the  most  important  colonial  office  under 
the  West  India  Company.  The  new  direotor  was  inexpe- 
rienced, except  in  the  details  of  trade  which  he  had  learn- 
ed in  the  counting-room.  Incompetent,  narrow-minded, 
irresolute,  and  singularly  deficient  in  knowledge  of  men, 
Van  Twiller  was  rashly  intrusted  with  the  command  of 


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WOUTER  VAN  TWILLER,  DIKEGTOE  GENERAL.  238 

ft  provinoe.  Bat  intercBt — ^whieh,  ra&fft  thaa  oonaidera-  ciup.  vin. 
turns  of  personal  fitness,  so  aStexi  oontiols  public  appoint- 
manto — ^tmimphed  over  all  objeotioas.  Embarking  in  the 
oon^Muiy's  ship  *'  Soutb^rg,''  of  twmity  guns,  with  a  mili- 
taiy  force  of  ohe  hundred  and  four  scddiers,  the  raw  Am* 
tterdam  derk  set  sail  to  assmne  the  goyemment  of  New 
Netherland. 

Van  Twiller  arrived  at  Manhattan  early  in  the  spring,  Apru. 
the  ship  haviog  captured,  on  her  voyage,  a  Spanish  oara-  ler  vrtTw 
vel,  the  Saint  Martin,  which  was  brought  safely  into  port.  tan. 
Amcmg  the  Soutberg's  passengers  were  Jacob  van  Oou- 
WMihoven,  and  his  brother-in-law,  Govert  Loookermans, 
both  of  whom  were  soon  taken  into  the  company's  service, 
and  afterward  roee  to  distinction  in  the  province.     Evw-  EYenrdo* 
ardus  Bogardus,  the  first  dergyman  at  Manhattan,  and  um  am^ 
Adam  Roelandsen,  sdioolmaster,  came  out  from  Holland 
at  the  same  time.* 

The  new  director  commenced  his  administration,  assist- 
ed by  the  expmence  of  Secretary  YanEemund  and  Sohout 
Notefanan.     The  council  consisted  of  Jacob  Jansen  Hesse,  Provincial 
Martin  Gerritsen,  Andries  Hudde,  and  Jacques  Bentyn. oaSm"^ 
Gomdis  van  Tienhoven,  of  Utrecht,  was  made  the  com^ 
pany 's  book-keqpear  of  monthly  wages  at  Fort  Amsterdam ; 
and  Sebastian  Jansen  Krol  was  succeeded  in  the  command 
at  Fort  Orange  by  Hans  Jorissen  Houtea,  who  had  trad- 
ed on  the  river  in  1621.     Michael  Paulusen  was  commick  commisM- 
sary  of  PauVs  "  colonie"  at  Pavoiiia.t  3». 

In  their  management  of  New  Netherland,  the  West  In-  unwise  co. 
dia  Company  se^m  to  have  looked  rather  to  the  immedi-  (^"ortfi?'' 
ate  profits  whk^  they  might  derive  firom  its  trade,  than  te  company. 
the  permanent  political  interests  of  the  province.     Those 
interests  would  have  been  best  secured  by  the  prompt  col- 
onizaticad  of  the  country  with  firee  agrieultnral  emigrants, 
bringing  along  with  ihtm  the  iinlustrious  habits  apd  the 
simple  virtues  of  their  Fatheriand.     During  Ihe  first  years 

*  Oe  VrlM,  lis ;  De  La«t,  Apt.,S;  Bel- Dm.,  v.,  8M,  S99;  Alb.  R«e.,  i^  5S,  107 ;  li, 
nS ;  RmiM.  MSS. ;  O'CaU.,  i.,  14S ;  IL,  N.  T.  H.  S.  Coll.,  il.,  838, 339. 

t  Se  VriM,Il«;H«L  D<MniinW;«iii.,3S;U.,187.  •*Panl]i£»  Hook,"  bow  Jmey 
ai7. 4enTod  lu  name  ttcm  ttti  MWhwi  PMlun,  Vm  iiMMnHMiy  it  Pcroiria. 


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224  HISTCMIY  OP  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

csAP.  vu.  of  their  organization,  the  company  had,  indeed,  done  some* 
thing  toward  the  agricultural  settlement  of  New  Nether- 
'  land.  But  their  policy  was  soon  changed.  Unwisely  sur* 
rendering  to  subordinate  patroons  the  care  of  subduing  and 
cultivating  the  soil,  the  company  seemed  to  limit  their 
own  views  to  the  improvement  of  their  revenue,  and  the 
jealous  maintenance  of  their  trading  monopoly.  They 
seemed  anxious  '^  to  stock  the  land  with  their  own  serv- 
ants."  This  was  the  cardinal  error  which,  for  so  many 
years,  retarded  the  progress  and  blighted  the  prosperity  of 
the  province. 

Revenne        The  temptation,  indeed,  was  strong.     During  the  year 

Nether-  1632,  the  cxports  of  fiurs  from  New  Netherland  had  ex- 
ceeded in  value  one  hundred  and  forty  tiiousand  guilders. 
This  revenue  formed,  it  is  true,  an  inconsiderable  item  in 
the  grand  total  of  ihe  company's  yearly  income.  But  it 
would  probably  improve  by  careful  management;  and  to 
this  end  the  efforts  of  the  Amsterdam  Chamber  .were  chief- 
ly bent.  Its  mercantile  directors  viewed  New  Netherland 
rather  commercially  than  politically,  and  exhibited  them- 
selves as  selfish  traders,  rather  than  enlightened  states- 
men. They  authorized  large  expenditures  in  building 
forts  and  mills,  and  for  ^<  unnecessary  things,  which,  un- 
der more  favorable  circumstances,  might  have  been  suit- 
able and  very  proper.''  But  in  making  these  expendi- 
tures, they  seemed  to  have  had  <^  more  regard  fi»r  their 
own  interest  than  for  the  welfare  of  the  country."*  Pow- 
erful and  successful  as  the  West  India  Company  had  now 
unquestionably  become,  its  directors  displayed  far  less  sa- 
gacity in  the  management  of  their  American  province, 
than  in  the  conduct  of  their  naval  war.with  ^pain. 

chvaeter       Yau  Twillcr's  ducf  obiects  seem  to  have  been  the  main* 

of  Veil 

Twuier'i  teuance  and  extension  of  the  commercial  monopoly  of  hia 
principals.  In  many  respects  he  was,  perhaps,  their  £Btith» 
fed  representative.  He  was  acquainted  with  trade ;  bat 
he  was  ignorant  of  public  afTaiip.    From  the  dealing  with 

*  Joorail  mn  N.  N^ tn  Hoi.  Doc,  Ui.,97;  Vertodgk  rm  N.  N.,  in  HoL  Dm.,tw^ 71 ; 
end  in  U.,  N.  T.  H.  S.  Con.,  U.,  188»  S9e{  De  Lael,  Afp.,  M. 


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WOUTER  VAN  TWILLER,  DIRECTOR  GENERAJ..  225 

wares,  and  the  shipping  of  oattle,  he  had  been  suddenly  caip.vnL 
exalted  to  the  oomuMind  of  men,  and  the  management  of  "TT^" 
a  province.     It  was  caily  natural  that,  from  the  moment  •'•™**" 
he  began  to  administer  the  government  of  New  Nether- 
land,  Van  Twiller  should  have  given  constant  proofs  of  the 
folly  and  danger  of  intrusting  to  inexperienced  and  ino(Hn- 
potent  hands  the  interests  of  a  community  and  the  well- 
being  of  a  state. 

In  the  mean  time,  De  Yries,  after  concluding  a  peace  DeVriMn 
with  the  savages  at  Swaanendael,  had  endeavored  to  re-  dad. 
trieve  his  damaged  fortunes,  by  establishing  a  whale-fish- 
ery on  the  South  River.     But  provisions  soon  began  touuiiary. 
run  short ;  and,  in  hopes  of  obtaining  supplies  of  beans 
from  the  savages,  he  went  up  the  river  through  the  float- 
ing ice,  in  his  yacht,  ^^  the  Squirrel,"  as  far  as  Fort  Nassau,  com  up  to 
That  post,  *  *  where  formerly  some  families  of  the  West  India  mil   *** 
Company  had  dwelt,"  was  now  deserted  by  the  Hollanders. 
Here  De  Yries  found  some  savages,  who  urged  him  to  'gosjaniary. 
up  the  Timmer  Kill,  or  Timber  Creek.    But  a  Sankitan  or 
Stankckan  Indian  warned  the  Dutch  not  to  venture  into  the 
creek ;  for  the  savages  were  only  plotting  to  destroy  them, 
as  they  had  a  little  while  before  murdered  the  crew  of  an 
English  shallop,  which  had  gone  into  ^'  Count  Ernest's  Riv- 
er."    The  Squirrel's  small  crew  of  s^ven  men,  therefore, 
stood  on  their  guard.     At  the  mouth  of  the  Timmer  Kill,  c  jnmary 
more  than  forty  savages  from  Mantes,  or  Red  Hook,  came 
on  board,  oifering  to  barter  beaver  skins,  and  playing  on 
reeds^  to  lull  suspicion.     But  De  Yries,  observing  that 
some  of  them  wore  the  jackets  of  the  slaughtered  English- 
men, ordered  them  all  on  shore,  declaring  that  their  ^'  Ha- 
neto"  had  revealed  their  treacherous  designs ;  and  the  yacht 
dropped  down  again  to  Fort  Nassau.     Here  the  chiefs  8  Janotry. 
of  nine  different  tribes  came  on  board ;  some  of  whom 
had  worn  English  jackets  at  the  Timmer  Kill.     These 
they  had  now  replaced  by  robes  of  fur.     Sitting  down  in  Tntny 
a  circle  on  the  yacht's  deck,  the  chiefs  declared  that  theyT'****** 
had  come  to  make  a  lasting  peace ;  and  a  present  of  ten 
beaver  skins,  each  accompanied  with  Indian  ceremony, 

P 


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228  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OP  NEW  YORK. 

QMjLP.vm.  ratified  their  formal  treaty  with  the  Dutdi.  After  obtain* 
ing  a  small  supply  of  beans  and  com,  and  purchasing  scone 

,3  ja^^  beaver  skins,  De  Vries  returned  to  his  ship  off  Swaan- 
endael.* 

isjannary.     A  fcw  days  afterward,  the  yacht  again  ascended  the 

reTisits     river.     After  remaining  a  fortnight  frozen  up  in  '^Yine- 

Mtt.  yard  Creek,"  the  beautiful  banks  of  which  abounded  in 
wild  grc^e-vines,  and  shooting  multitudes  of  wild  turkeys, 
**  weighing  from  thirty  to  thirty-six  pounds,"  De  Vries  at 

3  Feb.  length  reached  Fort  Nassau  once  more.  But  the  Hinquas 
were  now  at  war  with  tiie  Sankitans,  and  no  provisions 
could  be  obtained.  So  making  the  best  of  her  way  through 
the  floating  ice,  the  yacht  rejoined  the  ship,  whose  crew 

90  Feb.  were  overjoyed  to  meet  once  more  their  adventurous  com- 
rades. De  Vries  now  resolved  to  go  for  supplies  to  Vir- 
ginia, where  he  tiiought  that  com  could  be  more  readily 
obtained  than  at  Fort  Amsterdam.  Supposing  that  no 
Dutch  vessel  from  New  Netherland  tad  yet  gone  to  the 

5  March.    Chesapeake,  the  patroon  was  ambitious  to  be  <'  the  first 

Sails  tor  ^ 

Virginia.    Hollander  from  this  quarter  to  visit  that  region.^'t 
sMareh.        In  thrcc  days,  De  Vries  reached  Cape  Henry.     As  he 
sailed  up  the  James  River,  he  saw,  every  wh^re,  beautifril 
gardens  stocked  witii  Provence  roses,  ami  apple,  and  cher- 
ry, and  pecur,  and  peach  trees,  blossoming  around  the  houses. 
11  March.  Arrived  at  Jamestown,  he  was  welcomed  by  Sir  John  Hfur- 
by  GoTeni.  vey,  tii6  govcmor,  who  came  down  to  the  beach,  attended 
by  a  guard  of  halberdiers  and  musketeers.    ^^Whenoe 
come  you  ?"  was  the  friendly  challenge.    <^  From  the  South 
Bay  of  New  Netherland,"  the  prompt  reply.     "  How  fiur 
is  that  from  our  Bay  ?"  demanded  the  governor.    "  About 
mnety  miles,"  replied  the  Dutch  patroon.     Inviting  De 
Vries  into  his  house,  and  pledging  him  in  a  ^^  Venioe  glass 
of  sack,"  Harvey  produced  an  English  chart,  cm  which  he 
pointed  out  the  South  Bay,  ^*  named  by  them  my  Lord 

•  De  Vries,  101-104. 

t  De  Vriee,  104-107.  May»  however,  had  Tisited  Jamestown  in  1090  (anU,  p.  97} ;  and 
it  seems,  firom  an  entry  in  Wlnthrop's  jovnal,  that  in  t^e  month  of  April,  lon,  a  Du^ 
ahip  anlTed  at  Boston  from  Virginia,  bringing  two  thooaand  biahels  oToom,  whieh  were 
sold  at  Aiur  and  sixpence  a  bushel.— Winthrop,  1^  7S. 


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•     WOUTER  VAN  TWILLER,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  227 

Delaware's  Bay."     Some  years  before,  explained  the  gov-  chap.  Tin. 
emor,  Lord  Delaware  had  been  driven  into  this  bay  by 
fiml  weather,  but,  finding  it  full  of  shoals,  had  supposed  * 

it  unnavigable ;  and  therefore  they  had  not  looked  after  it 
since.*  "  Yet  it  is  our  king's  land,  and  not  New  Neth-  Harrey'a 
erland,"  insisted  the  loyal  knight.  De  Vries  replied,  thatSj^*'**^ 
the  South  River  was  a  beautiful  stream,  into  which  no' 
Englishman  had  been  for  ten  years;  and  that,  several 
years  before,  the  Dutch  had  built  a  fort  there,  which  they 
called  Fort  Nassau.  Harvey  was  surprised  w  hear  that 
he  could  have  had  such  neighbors  without  knowing  it. 
He  had,  indeed,  heard  that  the  Dutch  had  a  fort  upon 
'^Hudson's  River,  as  the  English  called  it;"t  and  only'  ^ 
in  the  previous  September,  he  had  sent  a  sloop,  with  sev- 
en or  eight  men,  to  Delaware  Bay,  "  to  see  whether  there 
was  a  river  there."  But  they  had  not  yet  returned ;  "he 
did  not  know  whether  the  sea  had  swallowed  them  up  or 
not."  De  Vries  then  told  Harvey  of  the  savages  he  had 
seen  in  the  South  River,  wearing  English  jackets,  and  re- 
lated what  he  had  heard  of  the  tragical  fate  of  the  sloop's 
company.  "  There  are  lands  enough — ^we  should  be  good 
neighbors  with  each  other,"  said  the  honest  knight ;  add- 
ing expressively,  "you  will  have  no  trouble  from  us — ^if 
only  those  of  New  England  do  not  approach  too  near  you, 
and  dwell  at  a  distance  from  you."t 

Thus  a  pleasant  intercourse  was  opened  between  the  intercoan« 
Dutch  and  their  English  neighbors  in  Virginia.    Harvey's  thelSlSb 
genial  frankness,  on  his  first  interview  with  De  Vries,  con- ^ginton*. 
trasts  significantly  with  Bradford's  querulous  pertinacity 
six  years  before.     The  Virpnia  governor's  warning  was 
prophetic.    From  "  those  of  New  England"  came  encroach- 
ment and  annoyance ;  until,  in  the  end,  the  coveted  pos- 
sessions of  the  Dutch  in  New  Netherland  were  seized  by 
an  overwhelming  British  force.     The  open-hearted  cava- 

*  See  note  D,  Appendix.  '    , 

i  This  seems  to  sustain  Chalinert's  position  (p.  S90),  that  by  the  phrase  *<  the  a4Joininf 
ptentations  of  the  Datcb,"*  in  aayborne's  trading  license  oflSlh  March,  1039  (N.  S.),Har- 
ytrf  meant  the  settlements  on  the  North  or  Hudson  Rlrer  only.  Moolton  (p.  41S}  aid 
Bancroft  (ii.,  p.  981),  however,  seem  tb  soppose  that  Hanrey  referred  to  De  Vries's  coloqj 
at  Swaanendael.  t  De  Vries,  110. 


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228  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OP  NEW  YORK. 


1633. 


CHAP.TiiLliers  of  the  '^  Old  Dominion,"  though  they  did  not  &il  to 
"insist  upon  the  paramount  English  tide  to  Delaware  Bay, 
were  always  more  amiably  disposed  toward  the  Holland- 
ers  on  the  North  River,  than  were  those  austere  neighbors 
who  soon  began  to  people  the  valley  of  the  Connectiout^ 
and  push  their  thriving  villages  west  and  south.  It  was 
only  natural  that  the  New  Netherland  Dutoh,  on  their 
part,  should  have  regarded  the  inhabitants  of  Virginia 
with  muoh  more  kindliness  than  they  did  the  oolonists  of 
New  Engl^ld.*^ 

leibrdi.       After  a  week's  sojourn  at  Jamestown,  De  Yries  took 

leave  of  the  hospitable  Harvey,  who,  understanding  that 

•   *^  there  were  ntf  goats  at  Fort  Amsterdam,"  sent  severed  on 

board  the  yacht,  as  a  present  to  the  governor  of  New  Neth- 

DevriM    erland.     Returning  to  Swaanendael  with  a  welcome  sup- 

oie  souui  ply  of  provisions,  De  Yries  found  that  his  ship  had,  mean- 

wlfordi.  while,  taken  a  few  whales.  But  he  was  now  satisfied  that 
the  fishery  could  not  be  prosecuted  to  advantage;  and 
preparations  were,  therefore,  made  for  a  final  departure 

14  ApriL  firom  the  South  River.  Once  more  Swaanendael  was  aban- 
doned to  its  aboriginal  lords ;  and,  for  a  space,  European 
colonization  paused  in  its  progress  on  the  banks  of  the 
Delaware. 

Wishing  to  explore  the  coast,  De  Yries  embarked  in  his 

wAprii.  yacht ;  and  after  a  pleasant  voyage  of  two  days,  arrived 
•  before  Fort  Amsterdam.!  Here  was  lying  at  anchor,  with 
her  prize,  the  diip  Soutberg,  in  which  Yan  Twiller  Ihid 
just  come  out  firom  Holland.  De  Yries  immediately  land- 
ing,  was  welcomed  by  tiie  new  director,  to  whom  he  re- 
ported his  disappointoient  in  tiie  whale-fishery  on  the 
South  River,  and  intimated  his  purpose  to  leave  his  large 
Bhip  at  anchor  near  Sandy  Hook,  and  dispatch  his  yacht, 
as  soon  as  possible,  to  trade  in  New  England  and  Canada.^ 

♦  N.  Y.  H.  S.  CoU.,  i.  (N.  S.),  p.  874. 

t  D«  Vries,  111-113.  The  Joarnal  speaks  of  hie  Tisitlng  "Eyer  HaTen,"  or  Efg  Har^ 
bor,  and  of  his  anchoring  in  a  fog,  on  the  15th  of  April,  off  **Barende>gat,>*  or  Breakorls 
Inlet,  where,  in  two  hours,  he  took  upward  of  eighty  codfish,  which  were  **  better  thui 
Chooe  of  Newfoundland.**  Theee  names,  to  this  day,  eomineinorate,  in  the  Temaeular  of 
BoUand,  the  early  exploration  of  the  ooasto  of  New  Jersey  by  Dutch  nsrigators. 

t  De  Yries,  113. 


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WOUTER  VAN  TWILLER,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  229 

A  few  day»  afterward,  the  "  William,"  a  London  vessel,  chaf.viil 
arrived  at  Fort  Amsterdam  firom  New  Plymouth,  whither" 
she  had  been  dispatched  to  set  up  a  fishery,  and  •*80  to,g^^' 
go  to  trade  at  Hudson's  River."*    The  supercargo^  or^l'j^ 
"  Koopman,"  on  board  this  vessel  was  Jacob  Eelkens^  ^'^^SiSJI* 
former  commisseiry  at  Fort  Orange,  whom  the  West  India  *''"^'"*' 
Company  had  superseded  in  1623.     After  his  dismission 
by  the  Dutch,  he  went  to  England,  and  was  engaged  by 
some  London  merchants  to  manage  for  them  an  adventure 
in  the  peltry  trade  in  New  Netherland.    Thoroughly  in 
the  interest  of  his  English  employers,  Eelkens  now  wished 
to  go  up  the  river,  and  traffic  in  the  neighborhood  of  his 
old  habitation.     But  Van  Twiller,  learning  his  purpose, 
demanded  his  commission,  which  Eelkens  refused  to  pro* 
duce.     He  was  now,  he  said,  in  English  service;  and 
New  Netherland  itself  was  British  territory,  discovered  by 
Hudson,  an  Englishman.     This  claim  of  sovereignty  was 
promptly  repelled  by  the  director  and  his  council.     Hud- 
son,  they  admitted,  had  discovered  the  river ;  but  the  dis- 
covery was  made  in  the  service,  and  at  the  cost,  of  the 
East  India  Company  at  Amsterdam ;  and  no  English  col- 
onists had  ever  been  settled  in  the  country.     The  river  it- 
self was  named  ^'  Mauritius  River,  after  our  Prince  of 
Orange." 

Eelkens,  intent  to  accomplish  his  object,  informed  Van  n  Aptu. 
Twiller,  after  a  few  days,  that  he  would  go  up  the  river, 
if  it  cost  him  his  life.     The  director  peremptorily  reftised 
his  assent,  and  ordered  the  Orange  flag  to  be  run  up  at 
Fort  Amsterdam,  and  a  salute  of  three  guns  to  be  fired  in 
honor  of  the  Prince.    Eelkens,  on  his  part,  caused  the  En- 
^ish  flag  to  be  displayed  on  board  the  William,  and  a  sim- 
ilar salute  to  be  fired  in  honor  of  King  Charles.    Afl»r  lin-  S»n»;5«o 
gering  a  week  before  Fort  Amsterdam,  and  failing  to  r^^^i^ 
oeive  a  license,  the  ship  weighed  anchor,  and  boldly  sailed 
up  to  Fort  Orange.     The  "  William,"  of  London,  was  the 
first  British  vessel  that  ever  ascended  the  North  River. 

Enraged  at  this  audacity.  Van  Twiller  collected  all  the 

*  WlnOirop,  1.,  100. 


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380        HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  vm.  people  in  the  £ort  before  his  door,  and,  broaohiDg  a  eask 
of  wine,  filled  a  bumper,  calling  on  thoee  who  loTed  the 
^luTwi^  Pr^noe  of  Orange  and  himself  to  imitate  him,  and  "  assist 
c^duct!^  in  proteoting  him  from  the  violenoe  whioh  the  Englishman 
haa  oommitted."    But  the  ship  was  already  out  of  sight, 
sailing  up  the  river ;  and  the  people  all  began  to  laugh  at 
their  pusillanimous  director.     De  Yries,  dining  with  Van 
Twiller  the  same  day,  told  him  Uuntly  that  he  had  "  own- 
mitted  great  folly."    The  Englishman  had  no  oommissicm, 
but  only  a  custom-house  clearance  to  sail  to  New  En- 
gland, and  not  to  New  Nethe^land.     ^<  If  it  had  been  my 
case,"  said  the  mortified  patroon,  ^^  I  ^uld  have  helped 
him  from  the  fort  to  some  eight-pound  iron  beans,  and 
Ihave  prevented  him  from  going  up  the  river."     The  En* 
glish  <^  are  of  so  haughty  a  nature,  that  they  think  eveiy 
thing  belongs  to  them."     '^I  should  send  tiie  ship  Sout- 
.berg  after  him,  and  drive  him  out  of  the  river."* 
A  Dutch        The  counsels  of  the  energetic  East  India  cs^tain  at 
pfttchedto  last  aroused  Van  Twiller  to  action.    A  few  days  after- 
ange.       ,'v^ard,  some  soldiers,  and  ^'a  pinnace,  a  caravel,  and  a 
hoy,"  were  dispatched  to  Fort  Orange,  with  a  protest 
against  the  intruders,  and  an  order  for  their  departure. 
In  the  mean  time,  Eelkens  had  pitched  a  tent  about  a 
mile  below  the  fort,  and,  for  a  fortnight,  had  been  carry- 
ing on  a  lucrative  trade  with  the  Indians,  with  whose  km- 
guage  and  habits  his  former  residence  had  made  him  fa- 
miliar.    Houten,  the  commissary  at  Fort  Orange,  had  also 
.set  up  a  rival  tent  beside  that  of  Eelkens,  and  used  every 
jBxertion  to  hinder  his  trade.     When  the  little  fleet  ar<- 
May.        rived  at  the  encampment,  the  intruders  were  ordered  to 
retire.     Eelkens  still  persisting,  his  tent  was  struck,  and 
his  goods  reshipped  by  the  Dutch  soldiers,  who,  as  th^ 
were  thus  engaged,  "  sounded  their  trumpet  in  the  boat 
m;*wfli.p  disgrace  of  the  English."     The  anchor  was  weighed  at 
broa«ht^    puoc,  and  the  ship,  accompanied  by  the  Dutch  vessels,  was 
MMittttan.  taken  down  to  Fort  Amsterdam.     Here  the  director  re- 
qnired  from  Eelkens  a  list  of  his  peltries.     This  was  fnr- 

•  D«  VriM,  US,  114 ;  B4iL  Docu,  ii.,  81-8ft. 


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WOUTER  VAN  TWILLER,  DIRECTOR  QENZ^ULL.  231 

nisbed;  Imt  Van  TwUlet  forbade  any  of  the  pecqple  at  Man*  cuAt.YUL 
hattan,  "  on  pain  of  death  and  loss  of  all  their  wages/'  to 
sigpi  any  certificates  respecting  Eelkens's  treatment.    Ln-  p^«edu^ 
mediately  afterward)  the  ^'  William"  was  convoyed  to  sea; "^ 
and  her  supercargo  returned  to  Liondon,  entirely  foiled  in 
his  purpose  of  interfering  with  the  I>atoh  fur  trade  on  the 
North  River,  the  annual  returns  firom  which  w^re  now  es* 
tinmted  at  about  sixteen  thousand  beaver  skins.* 

Eelkens's  intrusive  visit,  besides  damaging  tiie  fiir  trade 
of  the  Dutch,  did  tbem  a  much  more  serious  injury.  The 
friendly  relations  of  the  Hollanders  with  the  Indians  were  HoMiuty  or 


for  awhile  interrupted,  and  ^^  the  injurious  seed  of  discord"  towaid^' 
was  sown  between  them.     Peace  was  not  fully  restored,  fou  or- 
until  many  ^^  serious  mischiefo"  had  been  effected  by  the*"*^ 
savages,  and  the  colonists  at  Port  Orange  had  lost  several 
*'  men  and  cattle."t 

Van  Twiller  soon  had  another  oj^ttunity  to  enforce  the 
trading  monopoly  of  his  immediate  superiors.     Before  re-  van  twh- 
turning  with  his  large  ship  to  Holland,  De  Yries  wished  tunu  con- 
to  send  his  yacht,  the  Squirrel,  through  Hell-gate, ''  toward  ward  De 
the  north,"  to  trade  along  the  coasts.     The  director,  how- 
ever, refused  his  assent,  and  ordered  a  lighter  alongside,  so  May. 
to  unload  the  yacht  of  her  ballast ;  to  which  her  ovmer 
demurred,  and  produced  his  ^<  exemptions"  as  a  patroon. 
Van  Twiller,  however,  insisted  that  ^^  idl  princes  and  po- 
tentates" were  accustomed  to  seardb  vessels,  and  that  it 
was  his  duty  to  see  whether  there  was  any  thing  on  board 
tfie  yacht  subject  to  the  company's  tax.     He  then  ordered 
the  guns  of  Port  Amsterdam  to  be  trained  on  the  Squirrel. 
Seeing  this,  De  Yries  ran  to  the  angle  of  the  fort,  where 
stood  the  director,  with  the  secretary,  and  one  or  two  of 
the  council.     "  The  land  is  full  of  fools,"  exclaimed  the  in- 
dignant patro(Hi ;  "  if  you  want  to  shoot,  why  did  you  not 
thoot  at  the  Englishman  who  violated  your  river  against 
your  will  ?"    Upon  this,  "they  let  their  shooting  stand ;" 
and  the  Squirrel  sailed  through  Hell-gate,  followed  by  a 

*  Hoi.  Doe^  IL,  51-^ ;  CCaU.,  i.,  145, 146.  t  Hoi.  Doe^  ii.,  IM^ltf. 


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232  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

osAP.vm.  yacht,  whioh  Van  TwiUer  dispatched  from  Manhattan  to 
watch  her  moyements. 

The  accounts  which  De  Vries  brought  from  the  South 
River  indicated  the  necessity  of  prompt  m^sures  to  se- 
cure thefiir  trade  and  possession  of  liie  West  India  Com- 
pany there,  especially  as  Fort  Nassau  had  now  been,  for 
some  time,  deserted  by  the  Dutch.  Arendt  Corssen  was 
accordingly  appointed  oonmiissary,  and  was  instructed  to 
purchase  a  tract  of  land  on  the  Schuylkill,  which,  <<  for  its 
fitness  and  handsome  situation,  as  well  in  regard  of  trade 
as  of  culture,"  was  held  in  high  estimaticm.  The  beaver 
trade  with  the  Minquas  and  the  '^  wild  Indians"  could  be 
carried  on  very  briskly  at  that  point,  and  would  ^'  amount 
to  thousands"  annually.     In  the  course  of  this  year,  Cors- 

Sm  seiivTi.  sen  succeeded  in  purchasing,  ^'  for  certain  cargoes,"  from 
"  the  right  owners  and  Indian  chiefs,"  a  tract  of  land  call- 
ed "  Armenveruis,"  lying  about  and  on  the  Schuylkill. 
The  Indian  title  being  thus  secured,  formal  possession  of 
Pennsylvania  was  taken  by  the  Dutch,  who  erected  a 
trading-house  there ;  and  afterward  a  more  considerable 
post,  to  whioh  they  gave  the  name  of  "  Port  Beversrede."* 

Aflun  on       The  Dutch,  who  were  the  only  Europeans  that  had  thus 

ttMtRiTer.&r  actually  occupied  any  part  of  the  present  territory  of 
New  York,  New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania,  and  Delaware,  were 
now  to  assert,  against  a  pertinacious  rival,  their  right  to 
the  possession  of  Connecticut,  which,  from  the  time  of 
Block's  exploration,  and  long  <<  bejtA^  any  English  had 
dreamed  of  going  there,"  they^ad  constantly  visited,  and 
where  they  had  carried  on  an  exclusive  and  lucrative 
trade.  When  the  remnant  of  the  Mahicans  opposite  Fort 
1628.  Orange,  who  had  been  subdued  by  the  Mohawks,  were  ex- 
pelled from  their  ancient  abode,  they  settled  themselves 
cm  the  Fresh  River,  "called  Connittecock  by  the  natives," 
under  tiie  sachem  Sequeen,  who  claimed  the  aboriginal 
ownership  of  "the  whole  river,  and  the  lands  thereabouts." 
It  was  a  beautifrd  flat  country,  "  subject  in  the  spring  to 

*  Hoi.  Doe.  tUI.,  SS,  ft5;  Hodde'o  Report,  In  Alb.  Ree.,  xrU.,  and  in  U.,  N.  V.  H.  8. 
CoU.,  I.,  4tQ,  440 ;  CCalL,  i.,  IM ;  U.,  81,  Ml  i  HMvd,  Ann.  Penn.,  SS,  77, 78 ;  De  Vriea, 
101, 101, 10ft;poe«,  p.48t,  i». 


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WOUTER  VAN  TWIIXER,  DTRECTOR  GENERAL.  233 

inundations  like  those  of  tiie  Nile.'^     Bat  constant  ques-  chap.viu. 
tions  of  jnrisdietion  arose  between  Seqneen  and  the  Pe- 
quods,  who,  under  Meautinay,  their  ohief,  inhabited  the 
regions  east  of  the  river,  as  far  as  the  Narragansett  coun- 
try.   It  was,  therefore,  agreed  that  their  differences  should  tim  Pe- 
be  settled  by  arms, "  upon  condition  that  the  winner  should  vSrSiuk^ 
always,  for  himself  and  his  successors,  remain  the  true 
owner  of  the  Fresh  River."    After  three  different  battles 
in  the  open  field,  Meautinay  obtained  <'  the  victory  and 
the  land ;"  and  so  defeated  and  humbled  Sequeen,  that  he 
"  became  subject  to  the  Pequods."     With  the  consent  of 
the  victors,  Sequeen  placed  himself,  and  the  remnant  of  his 
tribe,  "  under  the  protection  of  the  Netherlanders."* 

F^om  that  moment,  the  relations  between  the  Dutch 
and  the  tribes  on  the  Connecticut  became  still  more  inti- 
mate. The  for  trade  was  carried  on  briskly,  and  to  mu- 
tual satisfaction.  But  the  humbled  warriors  panted  to  be 
revenged.  The  pdicy  of  the  Dutch  avoided  any  interfer- 
ence in  the  quarrel ;  and,  in  hopes  of  engaging  tlie  recent- 
ly-arrived English  on  his  side,  Wahginnacut,  the  sachem 
of  the  expelled  Mahicans,  made  a  journey  to  Boston,  as  1631. 
we  have  seen,  "  to  extol  the  fertility  of  his  country,  and  tV  ^p^- 
solicit  an  English  plantation  as  a  bulwark  against  tibe  Pe- 
quods."  But  neither  Massachusetts  nor  New  Plymouth 
would  then  become  parties  to  the  Indian  strife ;  nor  were 
any  steps  taken  by  the  English  to  plant  a  settlement ; 
though  Edward  Winslow  visited  the  river  the  next  year,  1632.  ' 
and  selected  a  site  for  a  house.  The  Dutch  remained  in 
quiet  possession  of  their  valuable  trade ;  but  before  the 
recall  of  Minuit,  no  purchases  of  lands  had  been  made, 
nor  had  any  patroonships  been  erected,  under  the  charter 
of  1629,  in  any  part  of  the  Connecticut  valley .t 

While  detained  in  England  by  the  negotiations  for  the 
release  of  the  Eendragt,  the  recalled  director  probably  be- 

*  Hoi.  Doc.,  TiL,  70-68 ;  Beverninck,  WI;  Wanenaar,  xri.,  13 ;  Benson'i  Memoir,  86. 
The  meaning  of  the  Indian  name  "  Conntetiooota,**  la  the  "  Long  RiTer.**  Sequeen  Is 
■tated  to  haive  been  the  Sagamore  of  Pyquang,  or  WettiOTsfleld,  and  to  ha^e  been  under 
Sowheag ,  tlia  great  aachem  at  Mattabeaick,  or  Middletown.—Tnrnibull,  1.,  40, 41. 

t  Wlnthrop,  i.,  53 ;  Bancroft,  1.,  301 ;  Hutchinson,  L^  148 ;  mUy  p.  907,  S10. 


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284  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OP  NEW  YORK. 

GKAF.vin.cam6  aware  of  Hm  grant  of  ComMoticut,  whidk  the  Bad 
"7~     of  Warwick  had  just  sealed.    The  West  India  Gampany 
The  WMt  ^^^  perceived  that  their  title  to  tiiat  part  of  N^w  Neih- 
^^^'  erland  would  be  "  sharply  contested"  by  the  English.     It 
iai^oftiM^^^>  therefore,  thought  expedient  that,  to  their  existing 
^^g22w."6^*®  ^y  discovery  and  exclusive  visitation,  should  be 
added  the  more  definite  title,  by  purdiase  from  the  ab* 
origines.     In  the  course  of  the  following  summer,  the 
Dutch  traders  on  the  Connecticut  were  accordingly  di- 
rected to  arrange  with  the  native  Indians  for  the  purchase 
of  <<  most  all  the  lands  on  both  sides  of  the  river."     This 
was  accomplished ;  and  ^<  Hans  den  Sluyj(,  an  officer  of 
the  company^"  also  purchased,  at  the  e^ame  time,  tiie 
"Kievit's  Hoeck,"  afterward  called  Saybrook  Pcant,  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Connecticut,  where  the  arms  of  the 
States  General  were  ^<  affixed  to  a  tree  in  token  of  pos- 
session."* 
1633.       One  of  the  most  important  duties  of  the  new  director 
was  to  secure  the  West  India  Company's  title  to  Eastern 
New  Netherland ;  and  Van  Twiller,  soon  afler  his  arrival 
CMjnOMWr  at  Manhattan,  dispatched  Jacob  van  Curler,  one  of  his 
^1^^  commissaries,  with  six  others,  to  finish  the  long-projected 
Ri^er-       fort  on  the  Connecticut  River,  and  obtain  a  formal  Indian 
deed  for  the  tracts  of  land  formerly  selected.    The  trading- 
house  which  had  been  projected  in  1623,  and  <'  had  been 
a  long  time  in  6^6,"  was  now  commenced  on  the  west 
bank  of  the  river,  about  the  site  of  the  pres^it  town  of 
6  June.      Hartford.     In  a  few  days.  Van  Curler  agreed  with  the 
Sachem  Tattoepan,  the  "owner  of  the  Fresh  River  of 
New  Netherland,"  for  the  purchase  of  the  "  flat  land  ex-. 
FmrohaMs  tending  about  three  miles  down  along  the  river  to  the 
next  little  stream,  and  again  upward,  a  musket-shot  over 
tibe  kill,  being  one  mile  broad  to  the  heights."     The  pur- 
chase was  made  "  witii  the  free  will  and  consent  of  the 
inhabitants  there,"  upon  condition  that  the  ceded  territo- 
ry, "  named  Sicajoock,"  should  always  be  a  neutral  ground, 

♦  Hoi,  Doc.,  It.,  71, 110 ;  Vertoogli  van  N.  N.,  ia  U.,  N.  Y.  H.  S.  CoU.,  iL,  p.  27«,  «77. 
Tbe  Kievit  is  a  bird  coaunonly  known  as  tbe  **  Pewit.*'  In  HoUand,  its  eggn  aro  oon. 
•idered  a  great  delieacy  in  tbe  spring. 


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WOUTER  VAN  TWILLER,  DIEfiCTOR  Gia«BRAL.  ^ 


1633. 


where  all  the  tribes  might  resort  for  purposes  of  trade,  and  CB^p.vm. 
where  no  wars  should  ever  be  waged.  With  the  consent' 
of  the  Pequod  sachem  Magaritinne,  "  chief  of  Sloup's  Bay," 
it  was  also  arranged  that  Sequeen  should  thereafter  Uve 
with  the  Dutch.  This  land  "  was  boijght  from  the  Pe- 
quods  as  conquerors,  with  the  good- will  and  assent  of  Se- 
queen."* 

Thus  the  Dutch  West  India  Company  obtained  the  In^ 
dian  title  to  the  territory  on  the  Connecticut  River,  of  the 
whole  of  which  they  "  had  previously  taken  possession." 
The  purchase  was  made  of  the  natives,  who  <'  declared 
themselves  the  rightful  owners ;"  Lord  Waiwick's  grantees 
had,  as  yet,  done  nothing  toward  the  occupation  of  the  re- 
gions which  they  claimed ;  and  the  people  of  New  Plym- 
outh had  made  no  attempt  to  plant  a  settiement  in  a  re* 
gion  which  they  knew  was  beyond  the  limits  of  their  pat- 
ent. Van  Curler,  the  Dutch  commissary,  soon  completed  a  ^■^-S^T 
redoubt "  upon  the  flat  land  on  the  edge  of  the  river,  ''''^thgMii"Good 
a  creek  emptying  at  the  side."  The  littie  post  was  fortified 
with  two  small  cannon,  and  named  the  '*  Good  Hope."t 

Van  Twiller  had  an  early  opportunity  to  acquaint  the 
West  India  Company  with  his  proceedings.     De  Vries  be-  inne. 
ing  about  to  sail  for  Holland,  came  up  from  his  ship  at 
Sandy  Hook,  to  take  leave  of  the  director,  and  receive  his 

«  HoI-DoCm  lx.,187,  180;  Hasard,  U.,  90S,  S6a ;  N.T.H;8.C<fll.,i.,S71,S7S;  CCoU., 
i.y  150, 151 ;  Verbael  ran  Bavernlnck,  007.  The  Sacbem  Tattoepan,  of  wham  Van  Cmler 
mde  tlM  poitliaae,  ia  aallod,  by  Winalow, "  Tatobom,  whoae  title  to  tba  rtrer  waa  by 
conqueat.**— Monon*8  Mem.,  App.,  308.  It  aeeim  Ibat  a  few  yean  afterward,  wbea  tbe 
Peqpioda  had  been  exterminated,  Seqnaaaon,  the  aon  of  Sequeen,  waa  induced  to  make  the 
fUlowing  declaration  before  the  HartfiNrd  aatkoritiea :  **  IMO,  «d  Inly,  Saqoeaton  tntiflea 
in  court  Uiat  he  nerer  aold  any  ground  to  the  Dutch,  neither  waa  at  any  time  conquered 
by  the  Pequoda,  nor  paid  any  tribute  to  tbem."— J.  H.  TrumbuH's  Colonial  Recorda  of 
Connecticut,  56. 

t  De  iriea,  150 ;  Hoi.  Doc.,  ii.,  368 ;  Alb.  Ree.,  XYiii.,  S80 ;  Hazard,  U.,  368.  "  In  1810/' 
faya  Dr.  Holinea,  the  aniallst,  **I  went  with  Mr.  PetUna,of  Hartited,  to  aee  tborenaina 
of  thii  Putch  fort,  which  were  then  diatin^y  yiaible  on  the  bank  of  the  Connecticut  River,  ^ 
not  for  below  the  aeat  of  the  WyUya  fomily.  There  were  eome  decayed  pieeea  of  timber  W 
and  bricka."— HoUnaa,  Am.  Ann.,  i.,  SIO,  note.  The  point  wliere  the  '*  Little  River,"  which 
now  runa  through  Hartford,  emptiea  into  the  Connecticut,  ia  atill  known  aa  "  Dutch  Point." 
On  a  map  of  Hartford  in  1640,  neenfly  prepai«d  by  W.  8.  Porter,  **  sorveyor  and  antiqua- 
rian,'' the  meadow  on  the  aouth  of  the  Little  River  ia  alao  marked  aa  "  Dntchman'a  land.** 
The  Fort "  Hope"  waa  built  at  the  northemrooat  point  of  thia  south  meadow.  Mr.  J.  H. 
TTumbaU,  the  able  oompfler  of  that  exceUeat  work,  the  '*  PobUe  Racerda  of  Connectfent,*' 
informa  me,  that  the  ruina  of  the  (4d  fort  have  been  traced  by  jAraona  now  living ;  and 
ttat  aeveral  of  the  yellow  Duleh  brteka  uaed  in  tta  eonatntetioD  are  atill  preaerred  by  ras- 
14|9nta  in  Hartford. 

/ 


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336  fflSTORY  OP  THE  STATE  OP  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  vra.  dispatches.     But  Van  Twiller,  renewing  his  ''vexatiouB 
'      conduct,"  objected  to  ihe  sailing  of  the  ship  until  she  had 
Van  Twu-  ^^^^  visitcd  by  the  officers  of  Fort  Amsterdam.     This  De 
Si^JSS?*  Vries  refused  to  allow.     "I  am  going,"  said  he,  "to  the 
SJJTiSJ"*  Fatherland ;  if  you  wish  to  prepare  letters,  you  can  send 
vSi.^    them  after  me ;  I  shall  return  with  my  boat."     The  di* 
rector  immediately  dispatched  a  dozen  musketeers  down  to 
the  beach,  to  prevent  his  departure ;  but  the  patroon  or- 
dered his  boat's  crew  to  row  away  at  once,  in  spite  of  the 
soldiers,  who  were  now  "  ridiculed  with  shouts  and  jeers 
by  all  the  by-standers."     Returning  to  the  fort,  De  Vriea 
reproached  Van  Twiller  for  his  "  buffoonery"  in  sending 
down  a  guard,  by  which  he  had  made  himself  a  lau^iing' 
stock  to  all  the  people.     He  then  joined  his  boat,  which 
had  been  waiting  behind  Nutten  (G-ovemor's)  Island,  and 
rowed  across  the  river  to  Pavonia,  where  he  was  "  well 
entertained"  by  Michael  Paulusen,  the  commissary. 
Jon*.  The  next  morning  De  Vries  reached  his  ship ;  which 

■wpTiiitwiwas  soon  afterward  visited  by  a  yacht  from  Fort  Amster- 
ft««tJ»  dam,  bringing  the  director's  letters  for  Holland,  and  Re- 
mund  and  Notelman,  the  provincial  secretary  and  schout, 
who  were  welcomed  on  board.  Remund,  however,  see- 
ing a  dozen  beaver  skins  lying  on  the  deck,  declared  them 
"  a  prize,"  because  they  had  not  been  entered  at  the  fort. 
De  Vries  told  him  that  he  might  seize  them ;  but  Notelman, 
the  schout,  interfered.  "  Let  them  lie,"  said  he;  "we  are 
not  now  at  the  fort.  If  there  is  any  thing  wrong,  the  pa^ 
troon  can  answer  for  it  in  Holland."  The  secretary,  more 
faithftd  to  his  trust,  threatened  to  send  the  ship  Soutberg 
after  De  Vries ;  who,  in  reply,  severely  censured  the  con- 
duct of  the  company's  officers  at  Manhattan.  "  They  know 
nothing,"  said  the  irritated  patroon,  "but  about  drinking: 
in  the  East  Indies  they  would  not  serve  for  assistants ;  but 
the  West  India  Company  sends  out  at  once,  as  great  mas- 
ters of  folks,  persons  who  never  had  any  command  before ; 
and  it  must  therefore  come  to  naught."  With  this  reproof, 
the  discomfited  officials  returned  to  Fort  Amsterdam.* 

*  De  VrlM,  VoyagM,  IIMIO.    The  journal  deMribea  Sandy  Hook  Bay,  in  IdSS,  aa  •«• 


ftivt. 


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WOUTER  VAN  TWILLER,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  237 

Setting  sail  for  Holland,  De  Yries  met  an  English  ves-ciur.Tin. 
sel  just  outside  of  Sandy  Hook,  ^<  running  directly  upon 
the  shoals,"  and  in  danger  of  shipwreok.     A  gun  was  fired  „  j„„g  ' 
to  warn  the  stranger,  and  a  boat  was  sent  to  point  out  the  ^ul^ 
channel.     The  English  captain  immediately  visited  De^^"^ 
Vries,  who  recognized  him  as  an  old  acquaintance  named 
Stone,  whom  he  had  met  in  the  West  Indies,  and  afterward 
at  Jamestown,  the  previous  spring.     Stone  was  carrying 
a  large  cargo  of  cattle  from  Virginia  to  New  England  ;• 
and  being  in  want  of  water,  he  was  anxious  to  run  up  to 
Manhattan.    But  no  one  on  board  knew  the  channel.    AtAnEngua 
Stone's  earnest  entreaty,  De  Vries  allowed  one  of  his  crew  virginiaai^ 
to  join  the  English  ship,  and  pilot  her  up  to  Fort  Amster-  MuiiMttu. 
dam.*"    The  first  British  yessel  that  ever  ascended  the 
North  River  had  been  navigated  in,  a  few  months  before, 
by  Eelkens,  a  discharged  officer  of  the  Dutch  West  India 
Company ;  a  second  English  ship  now  entered  the  harbor 
of  Manhattan  with  a  Dutch  pilot  furnished  by  De  Vries. 

While  Stone  was  lying  at  anchor  befcMre  Port  Amster- 
dam, a  trading  pinnace  arrived  iGrom  New  Plymouth;  and 
a  quarrel  soon  arose  between  the  Virginia  cq)tain  and  the 
master  of  the  New  England  craft.     Van  Twiller,  having 
been  drinking  with  Stone,  was  prevailed  upon  to  allow  him 
to  seize  the  pinnace,  ''upon  pretence  that  those  of  Plym- 
outh had  reproached  them  of  Virginia."    Watching  an  op-  ^'^J' 
portunity  when  most  of  the  New  Plymouth  people  werep»nn«» 
ashore,  Stone  boarded  the  pinnace  with  some  of  his  men,  tbe  capuui 
and  "  set  sail  to  carry  her  away  to  Virginia."     But  Bome«inia»wp. 
of  the  Dutch,  ''  who  had  been  at  Plymouth  and  received 
kindness,"  pursued  the  marauders,  and  brought  themRMa»<iby 
back.     The  next  day.  Van  Twiller  and  Stone  entreated 
the  master  of  the  pinnace,  who  was  one  of  the  New  Plym- 
outh council,  "  to  pass  it  by."     This  he  promised  to  do, 
''  by  a  solemn  instrument  under  hb  hand ;"  and  both  the 
English  vessels  set  sail  for  Massachusetts.     Stone,  how- 
great  bay  whare  fifty  or  sixty  shipa  could  easily  lie,  frotacted  flrom  tbe  sea  winda.    This 
Sandy  Hook  atretches  out  aboot  two  nilea  from  the  Highlands,  with  a  flat  aand  beaeh 
•bout  eight  or  nine  paoea  broad,  completely  corered  with  bide  plwn-treea,  which  grow 
wUd  thera"— P.  116.  *  De  Trias,  08, 110, 117. 


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238  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chip.  vm.  ever,  no  sooner  arrived  at  Boston,  tiian  he  was  arrested  at 

the  suit  of  the  New  Plymonth  people,  and  bound  over  to 

•  appear  in  the  Admirally  Court  in  England-     But  the  re- 

oognizanoe  was  soon  withdrawn ;  for  Ihe  prosecutors  found 

that  ^*  it  would  turn  to  their  reproach.*** 

On  the  return  of  their  pinnace  from  Manhattan,  the 
'        New  Plymouth  people  learned  that  the  New  Netheriand 
authorities  had  now  secured  an  Indian  title,  and  taken 
formal  possession  of  the  valley  of  the  Connecticut.     Gov- 
wwtfow   emor  Winslow  and  Mr.  Bradford,  therefore,  hastened  to 
ford  ▼uit'  Boston,  "  to  confer  about  joining  in  a  trade  to  Connecticut 
^juiy.    for  beaver  and  hemp,"  and  "to  set  up  a  trading-house 
there,  to  prevent  the  Dutch."t     But  Winthrop  again  de- 
f  olined  engaging  in  the  enterprise.     It  was  "doubtful 

whether  that  place  was  within  our  patent  or  not,"  thought 
the  Massachusetts  authorities ;  nevertheless,  they  assigned 
MaBfladm.  other  reasous  for  their  refusal.    "  In  regard,"  said  Winthrop, 
cunes  to     "  the  placc  was  not  fit  for  plantation,  there  being  three  or 
ffymouth  'four  thousaud  warlike  Indians,  and  the  river  not  to  be 
tag  Con-    gone  into  but  by  small  pinnaces,  having  a  bar  affording 
but  six  feet  at  high  water,  and  for  that  no  vessels  can 
get  in  for  seven  months  in  the  year,  partly  by  reason  of 
the  ice,  and  then  the  violent  stream,  &c.,  we  thought  not 
Jfjuiy.    fit  to  meddle  with  it."    After  a  week's  delay  at  Boston, 
Winslow  and  Bradford  returned  to  New  Plymouth,  with- 
out having  been  able  to  engage  the  co-operatk>n  of  the  Mas- 
sachusetts authorities,  but  with  their  "leave  to  go  on."t 
Probable        It  is  probable  that  the  reed  motive  of  Massachusetts  in 
S?MuM-  thus  declining  the  proposition  of  the  New  Plymouth  pec- 
pie  was  an  indisposition  to  interfere  with  the  colonization 
of  Connecticut,  under  the  charter  which  Lord  Warwick 
had  just  granted  to  Saltonstall  and  his  associates.     Not 
long  afterward,  the  authorities  at  Boston  distinctly  admit- 
ted that  the  lower  part  of  the  Connecticut  valley  was  "  out 

*  Winthrop,  I.,  104 ;  Morton's  Memorial,  170. 

t  Wtattarop,  i.,  105.  Wtaalow,  however,  In  a  letter  to  Wtathrap,  written  ten  yeara  aft- 
erward, on  the  0th  of  April,  104S,  alleges  that  "the  Dutch  came  In  by  way  of  prevention, 
and  stept  in  between  as  and  onr  people,"  &c.— Morton's  Hemorial,  App.,  p.  805. 

i  Winthrop,  i.,  105,  and  Savage's  note,  181 ;  Morton's  Memorial,  ITS ;  Hotehinson*t 
i.,U.,410. 


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WOUTER  VAN  TWILLER,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  239 

of  &e  daim  of  fhe  MasBaohueetts  patent."*    The  value  CHAP.vin. 
and  importaaoe  of  theupper  part  of  that  valley,  which  was  "T""" 
really  ocMnprehended  within  their  patent,  was,  however,  ^"*^" 
soon  made  known  to  the  G-eneral  Court.     John  Oldham,  Joimoid^ 
of  Watertown,  and  three  others,  in  the  oourse  of  the  sum-  landjtrai^ 
mer,  penetrated  one  hundred  and  sixty  miles  through  the  n^em. 
wilderness,  to  trade  with  the  native  tribes  on  the  upper 
waters  of  the  Conneotiout.    The  travellers  were  hospitably 
entertained  at  all  the  Indian  villages  through  which  they 
passed ;  and  the  sachem  whom  they  visited,  near  the  pres- 
ent town  of  Springfield,  ^'used  them  kindly,  and  gave 
them  some  beaver."     Early  in  the  autumn  of  1633,  the  September. 
first  British  explorers  returned  to  Boston,  with  glowing 
aooounts  of  the  luxuriant  meadows  which  bordered  the  riv- 
er, and  bringing  samples  of  hemp  which  ''  grows  there  in 
great  abundance,  and  is  much  better  than  the  English."! 

Though  Winthrop  would  not  join  with  the  New  Plym-  winturop 
outh  authorities  in  their  projected  epterprise  of  opposition  v&nTwu- 
to  the  Dutch,  he  nevertheless  thought  it  necessary  to  as-ciainu 
sert,  promptly,  the  superior  title  of  the  English  to  thecnifbrttw 
whole  of  the  Connecticut  valley.     Accordingly,  he  dis- 
patched his  hoik,  the  ^'  Blessing  of  the  Bay,"  on  a  trading 
voyage  through  Long  Island  Sound,  with  a  "  Commis-  ^^^'*°**- 
sion,"  to  signify  to  the  New  Netherland  government  "that 
the  King  of  En^and  had  granted  the  river  and  country 
of  Connecticut  to  his  own  subjects,"  and  that  the  Dutch 
should  therefore  "  forbear  to  build  there."     On  their  way, 
the  bark's  company  visited  Long  Island,  where  they  found 
the  Indians  had  "  store  of  the  best  wampampeak,"  and 
"  many  canoes  so  great,  as  one  will  carry  eighty  men." 
They  also  visited  "the  River  of  Connecticut,  which  is 
barred  at  the  entrance,  so  as  tiiey  could  not  find  above  one 
fathom  water."     At  Manhattan,  Winthrop's  messengers 
"  were  very  kindly  entertained,  and  had  some  beaver,  and 
other  things,  for  such  commodities  as  they  put  ofr."t 

After  five  weeks^  absence,  tiie  bark  returned  to  Boston,  .,1^  oot 

*  Wlntltfop,  L,  396,  App.  t  Wloihrapi,  I,  111 ;  Tnunbnn,  i.,  M. 

t  Winthrop,  i.,  Ill,  US. 


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240  raSTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  vm.  with  a  ^'very  ooorteous  and  rdspeotful"  letter  ftom  Yan 
Twiller  to  Winthrop.  The  Director  of  New  Netheriand,  in 
33^^*  turn,  desired  the  Massachusetts  authorities  to  defer  their 
4  October.  <<  pretenco  or  claim"  to  Connectiout,  until  the  King  of  En- 
van  Twii.  gland  and  the  States  General  should  agree  about  their  Urn- 
andiuiaertsits,  SO  that  the  colouists  of  both  nations  might  live  '^as 

the  Doteh  '  ° 

title.         good  neighbors  in  these  heathenish  countries."    <<  I  have," 
added  Van  Twiller,  ^'  in  the  name  of  tiie  Lords,  the  States 
Greneral,  and  the  authorized  West  India  Company,  taken 
possession  of  the  forementioned  river,  and  for  testimimy 
thereof  have  set  up  an  house  on  the  north  side  of  tiie  said 
nver,  with  intent  to  plant,  &c.     It  is  not  the  intent  of  the 
States  to  take  the  land  from  the  poor  natives,  as  the  ICing 
of  Spain  hath  done  by  the  Pope's  donation,  but  rather  to 
take  it  from  the  said  natives  at  some  reasonable  and  con- 
venient price,  which,  Grod  be  praised,  we  have  done  hith- 
erto.    In  this  part  of  ihe  world  are  divers  heathen  lands 
that  are  empty  of  inhabitants,  so  that  of  a  little  part  or 
portion  thereof,  there  needs  not  any  question."* 
NewPiym-     Notwithstanding  the  refusal  of  the  Massachusetts  au- 
mences  a   thoritics,  the  Ncw  Plymouth  people  did  not  abandon  their 
oQtbecon- purpose  of  encroachmeut  on  the  Connecticut;  where  th« 
HoUamders  were  now  in  quiet  possession^  under  their  three- 
fold right  by  original  discovery,  constant  visitation,  and 
formal  purchase  from  the  aboriginal  owners.     To  secure 
a  color  of  adverse  title,  a  tract  of  land,  just  above  Fort 
Good  Hope,  was  bought  of  "  a  company  of  banished  In- 
dians," who  had  been  "  driven  out  from  thence  by  the  po- 
tency of  the  Pequods."     A  small  frame  of  a  house  was 
prepared,  and  stowed  in  ^^  a  great  new  bark ;"  with  which 
"  a  chosen  company,"  und^  the  command  of  Lieutenant 
An  expedi-  William  Holmes,  was  dispatched  to  the  Connecticut.   With 
iwtehedto  Holmcs  and  his  party  the  bark  also  conveyed  the  banished 
iMGiieitt!    Indians,  from  whom  the  land  had  been  purchased.     Thb 
rendered  it  indispensable  that  ihe  Englidi  intrudes  should 
be  provided  with  <'a  present  defense"  ag[ainst  the  Pe- 

*  Lond.  Doc.,  i.,  S8;  N.  T.  Col.  MSS.,  iU.,  18;  Winthrop,  i.,  113;  Trnmbnll,  L,  70; 
▲ddreM  before  N.  T.  H.  8.,  lSi4,  II ;  CCall.,  I.,  158.  Holmes,  Ann.,  i.,  SB,  em  In  ptedag 
mm  truMcUon  under  the  yew  16M,  instead  of  16SS. 


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WOUTER  VAN  TWILLER.  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  241 

quods,  ^'  who  were  much  offended  that  they  brought  home  chat.  vm. 
and  restored  the  right  saohem  of  that  plaoe,  called  Natu- 
wannute."*  ^*^" 

The  Plymouth  adventurers  soon  reached  Fort  G-oodi«sept. 
Hope.     "  When  they  came  up  the  river,"  says  the  quaint  piymooui 
Puritan  chronicler,  ^^  the  Dutch  demanded  what  they  in-  m  Mcae' 
tended,  and  whither  they  would  go  ?     They  answered,  up  «t  wmi** 
the  river  to  trade.     Now  their  order  was  to  go  and  seat 
above  them.     They  bid  them  strike  and  stay,  or  else  they 
would  shoot  them,  and  stood  by  their  ordnance  ready  fit- 
ted.    They  answered,  they  had  commission  from  the  Gov- 
emor  of  Plymouth  to  go  up  the  river  to  sudi  a  place,  and 
if  they  did  shoot,  they  must  obey  their  order  and  proceed ; 
they  would  not  molest  them,  but  would  go  on.     So  they 
passed  along;  and  though  the  Dutch  threatened  them 
hard,  yet  they  shot  not.     Coming  to  their  place,  they 
clapped  up  their  house  quickly,  and  landed  their  provi- 
sions, and  left  the  company  appointed,  and  sent  the  bark 
home,  and  afterward  palisadoed  their  house  about,  and  for- 
tified themselves  better."t     Thus  was  begun  tiie  first  En- 
glish settlement  at  Windsor,  in  Connecticut. 

Advised  of  the  intrusion  of  the  resolute  <'  Plymotheans,'^  Van  twu. 
Van  Twiller  sent  to  Commissary  Van  Curler  a  formal  noti-  i!w£cSy 
fication,  to  be  delivered  to  Holmes,  protesting  against  his^'oecoiMr. 
conduct,  and  commanding  him  to  ^'depart  forthwith,  with 
all  his  people  and  houses,"  from  the  lands  on  the  Fresh 
River,  continually  traded  upon  by  the  Dutch,  "and  at 
present  occupied  by  a  fort."     But  Holmes,  who  had  de- 
fied the  ordnance  of  the  Hope,  was  not  to  be  moved  by  a 
protest  jfirom  the  Director  of  New  Netherland.     "  He  was 
there,"  said  the  New  Plymouth  lieutenant,  "  in  the  name 
of  the  King  of  England,  whose  servant  he  was,  and  there 
he  would  remain."! 

*  Bradlbrd,  in  Batch.  MaM.,  11.,  410;  Hazard,  ii.,  S15.    Wioalew,  in  Morton*!  Memo- 
rial, App.,  900,  calls  thia  aadiem'a  name  **  Attawanhat,"  wto  bad  been  expelled  by  Ta> 
lobum ;  and  adds,  "  that  this  Attawanhm,  by  the  relation  of  Lieotenant  Holmes,  if  he  * 
woold  have  giren  way  to  it,  woold  hare  ent  olTthe  Dutch,  because  they  came  in  by  Ta- 
tobum.'* 

t  Bradlbrd,  in  Hutch.,  ii.»  417 ;  Prince,  435 ;  Winthrop,  i.»  113 ;  TrunbnU,  i.,  35. 

t  Hoi.  Doc,  ix.,  180, 100 ;  i^  N.  Y.  H.  S.  CoU.,  i.,  971 ;  Haaard,  U.,  S02 ;  O'Call.,  i.,  IM. 


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242        HISTORY  OP  THE  STATE  OP  NEW  YORK. 

chaf.viu.     Finding  his  protests  disregi^ed,  Van  Twiller  submit- 
ted  his  perplexities  to  hk  superiors  in  Holland.     But  be- 
lx)6&.  £^j^  ^^y  reply  oould  reaoh  Manhattan,  a  new  embarrass- 
ment oecuired.     Captain  Stone,  on  his  return  from  New 
England  to  Virginia,  early  the  next  year,  entered  the 
I634.  mouth  of  the  Connecticut,  for  the  purpose  of  trading  at 
January.    ^^  Dutch  fort ;  and,  whilc  on  his  way  up  the  river,  was 
Captain     treadicrously  murdered  by  the  Pequods.     The  massacre 
dered  by  "  of  Stouc  and  his  company  was  followed,  soon  afterward,  by 
Indian!'    the  killing  of  £k>me  friendly  Indians ;  and  Commissary  Van 
Curler  punished  the  double  atrocities  by  executing  the 
War  be-     "old  sachcm,  and  some  other"  of  th^e  assassins.     This  ex- 
peouoda    citcd  the  Pcquods  to  open  war  with  the  Dutch ;  and,  in 
Dutch.      revenge,  the  savages  now  desired  to  gain  the  friendship 
«  Not.      <)f  the  English.    They,  therefore,  dispatched  an  embassy  to 
tween  the  Bostou,  whcrc  a  treaty  wets  negotiated,  by  which  the  Pe- 
andMaaaa- quods  agreed  to  surrender  the  two  surviving  murderers  of 
Stone's  party,  to  "  yield  up  Connecticut"  to  the  English, 
and  to  give  their  new  allies  a  large  store  of  wampum  and 
beaver.     This  treaty,  though  it  benefited  Massachusetts 
rather  than  New  Plymouth,  gave  the  Windsor  colcmists 
fresh  courage.     Van  Twiller,  who  by  this  time  had  re- 


«r.  ceived  instructions  from  the  West  India  Company,  soon 

The  Dutch  _  .  r      */  ^ 

»n«®H*uai-  afterward  dispatohed  "  a  band  of  about  seventy  men,  in  a 

to  dislodge  warlike  manner,  with  colors  displayed,"  to  dislodge  the 

fhmi  Wind- New  Plymouth  men  from  Windsor.     But  the  intruders 

standing  upon  their  defense,  the  Dutoh  force  withdrew 

"  without  offering  any  violence.*'* 

1633.       While  important  public  questions  had  thus  continued  to 

SUSrSf   try  the  inexperienced  Van  Twiller  from  the  day  he  landed 

^r''    at  Manhattan,  the  domestic  concerns  of  the  province  had 

required  much  of  his  attention.     From  the  first,  he  seems 

to  have  formed  an  extravagant  estimate  of  the  wealth  and 

resources  of  his  commercial  employers.     They  had  au- 

tiiorized  him  to  make  large  expenditures  at  the  points 

where  their  fur  trade  centered,  and  where  their  revenue 

*  Da  Vriea,  160 ;  Wiathiop,  i.»  ItS,  148, 158, 388 ;  Prince,  486 ;  Morton's  Meowrtal,  170» 
188, 164 ;  TramboO,  i.,  85,  71. 


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WOUTER  VAN  TWILLER,  DIRECTrOR  GENERAL.  243 

officers  were  stationed.     Port  Amsterdam,  which  had  he-CBAr.vn& 
oome  dilapidated,  was  repaired,  and  a  gaard-house,  and  a 
barrack  for  the  newly-arrived  soldiers,  were  constructed  pi^^^ 
within  the  ramparts,  at  a  cost  of  several  thousand  guilders.  *«''»«  ^ 


Three  expensive  wind-mills  were  also  erected ;  hut  they  muis  and 
were  injiniicioasly  placed  so  near  the  fort  that  the  ^^^^-SgU^;!* 
ings  within  its  v^dls  frequently  '<  intercepted  and  turned 
off  the  south,  wind."  Several  brick  and  frame  houses  were 
built  for  the  director  and  his  officers ;  and  on  the  compa- 
ny's farm,  north  of  the  fort,  a  dwelling-house,  brewery, 
boat-house,  and  bam.  Other  smaller  houses  were  built 
for  the  corporal,  the  smilh,  the  cooper,  and  the  midwife ; 
and  the  goats,  which  Harvey  had  sent  from  Virginia  as  a 
present  to  Van  Twiller,  were  accommodated  with  an  ap- 
propriate stable.  The  loft,  in  which  the  people  had  wot-  na 
diiped  since  1626,  was  now  replaced  by  a  plain  wooden 
building  tike  a  bam,  '<  situate  on  the  East  River,"  in  what 
is  now  Broad  Street,  between  Pearl  and  Bridge  Streets ; 
and  near  this  '<  old  church,"  a  dwelling-house  and  stable 
were  erected  for  the  use  of  ''the  Domine."*  In  the  Fa-TiM«*poni- 
tfierland,  the  title  of  "  Domine"  was  familiarly  given  to 
dergymen,  and  head-masters  of  Latin  schools.  The  phrase 
crossed  the  Atlantic  with  Bogardu^;  aUd  it  has  survived 
to  ihe  present  day,  among  the  descendants  of  the  Dutch 
colonists  of  New  Netherland. 

Manhattan  was  also  invested  with  the  prerogative  of  "stuit 
^  Staple  right,"  one  of  those  peculiar  feudal  institutions  uSiLiiedai 
mjoyed  by  Dordrecht  and  olher  towns  in  Holland,  in  vir-   *°      * 
tue  of  which  all  the  merchandise  passing  tip  and  down 
the  rivers  on  which  they  were  situated  was  subject  to  cer- 
tain impost  duties.     This  right  was  now  to  be  exercised 
at  Manhattan ;  and  all  vessels  passing  before  Fort  Am- 
sterdam were  to  be  obliged  either  to  discharge  their  car- 
goes, or  pay  the  ''  recognitions"  which  the  West  India  Com- 
pany imposed.t 

Besides  the  costly  works  which  Van  Twiller  undertook 

•  Hazard,  1.,  397  .  Alb.  Rec.,  I.,  85,  86,  88 :  x.,  355,'  Hoi.  Doc,  1H.,  07 ;  fr.,  ItS ,  Vm^ 
Bgli  Tui  N.  N.,<88t  MS :  0*Call.,  I.,  155 :  Moulton ;  Beiiaon*8  Memoir,  lOS ;  De  Vries,  163. 
t  Meyor'a  InttUotlom  JadlcMret,  Hi.,  95 ;  0*C«II.,  1.,  159 ;  Vertoogfa  van  N.  N.,  M<S  111. 


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244        HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  vuL  at  Manhattan,  two  houses  were  ordered  to  be  built  at  Pa- 
^      vonia ;  another  in  Fort  Nassau,  on  the  South  River ;  and 
Bwidings  **  ^^^  Orange, "  an  elegant  large  house,  with  balustrades, 
K^'nwJ*'  *^d  eight  ennall  dwellings  for  the  peojde."*    All  these  en- 
^o^.    terprises  were  undertaken  on  acoount,  and  at  the  expense 
•"««•        of  the  oompany.    The  sound  of  the  hammer  was  now  con- 
stantly heard ;  but  only  at  the  points  where  the  trade  of 
the  company  was  to  be  protected.    No  independent  &rmenB 
attempted  the  cultivation  of  the  soil.    The  agricultural  im- 
provement of  the  country  was  in  the  hands  of  the  patroons. 
The  colonic  of  Rensselaerswyck,  during  the  first  three 
Coionieof  years  after  its  settlement,  had  grown  very  gradually.     A 
laerawyck.  fcw  farms  ou  the  rich  alluvion  yielded  large  returns.    But 
most  of  the  colonists  clustered  around  the  walb  of  the 
1634.  compcmy's  reserved  Fort  Orange.     From  the  form  of  the 
river  bank  at  this  place,  which  wajs  supposed  to  resemble 
a  hoop-net,  the  hamlet  soon  received  the  name  of  the 
ThePoyek.  "Fuyck."t     This  was  subsequently  changed  to  "Bevers- 
wyck,"  by  which  it  was  long  known.     At  first,  owing, 
perhaps,  to  the  discord  between  the  patroons  and  the  oom- 
pany, its  population  increased  very  slowly ;  and  for  sev- 
eral years  it  was  esteemed  at  Manhattan  a  place  of ''  littJa 
consequence.'^   Arendt  van  Curler,  a  man  of  large  benev- 
olence and  unsullied  honor,  was  the  patroon's  commissa- 
lui  flnt  <*  ry  and  secretary ;  Wolfert  Gerritsen,  superintendent  of 
prominent  fiirms ;  and  Jacob  Albertsen  Planck,  schont.     Roelof  Jan- 

colonists. 

sen,  Brandt  Peelen,  Martin  Gerritsen,  Maryn  Adriaensen, 
Gerrit  Teunis^en,  Comelis  Teunissen,  Gornelis  Maassen  van 
Buren,  Jan  Labbatie,  and  Jan  Jansen  Dam,  were  among 
the  most  prominent  of  the  pioneer  colonists.^  Some  of 
these,  afterward  removing  from  Rensselaerswyck  to  Man- 
hattan, became  distinguished  or  notorious  in  the  larger 
field  of  provincial  politics. 

From  some  unexplained  cause,  the  Raritan  savages, 

•  Alb.  Rec.,  I.,  85.  86 ;  CCall.,  I.,  156, 167. 
t  Judge  Benson's  Memoir,  ISO ;  Renss.  MSS. 
t  Journal  Tan  N.  N.,  in  HoL  Doc.,  iii.,  07 ;  Doo.  Hift.  N.  T.,  ir^  5. 
4  Renw.  MSS. ;  CCaU.,  i.,  3S3, 433, 434.    Von  Gorier  was  drowned  In  ]6e7,  while  oroa«- 
iBf  Lake  Cbamplain ;  Relation,  1667-8, 18 ;  N.  Y.  CoL  MSS.,  Hi.,  156. 


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WOUTER  VAN  TWILLER,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  345 

soon  after  Van  Twiner's  arrival,  attacked  several  of  the  cnkr.ym. 
company's  traders,  and  showed  other  signs  of  hostility.    ■ 
Peaoe,  however,  was  restored  in  the  oourse  of  the  follow-  TroSb^* 
ing  year  ;*  but  the  savages  in  the  neighborhood  of  Fort  ^^^110* 
Amsterdam  were  never  afterward  as  friendly  and  cordial  »*^mc«- 
toward  the  Dutch  as  were  the  Mc^wks  near  Fort  Orange. 

Van  Twiller's  conduct  in  the  administration  of  provin-  vm  twu- 
cial  affairs  seems,  before  long,  to  have  provoked  a  severe  reprimand. 
reprimand  from  Domine  Bogardus,  who  is  said  to  have  ine  Bogar- 
written  him  a  letter  describing  him  as  "a  child  of  thenione. 
devil,"  and  threatening  him  with  ''such  a  shake  from  the 
pulpit,  on  the  following  Sunday,  as  would  make  him  shud- 
der."    Whatever  causes  may  have  provoked  this  coarse 
attack,  neither  the  license  of  a  rude  and  early  age,  nor  the 
habits  and  temper  of  Bogardus  himself,  could  justify  con- 
duct, which,  his  enemies  afterward  charged  against  him, 
was  ''  unbecoming  a  heathen,  much  less  a  Christian,  let- 
ting alone  a  preacher  of  the  G-ospel."t 

The  affairs  of  New  Netherland  had  by  this  time  at- comptainti 
tracted  the  serious  attention  of  the  home  eovemment.  m  otum 
Upon  the  return  of  the  "  William"  to  England,  the  depo-tamtotut 
sitions  of  the  crew  were  taken ;  and  a  statement  of  the  t 


case  was  communicated  to  Joaehimi  and  Bras:ler,  the  i£ 
Dutch  ambassadors  at  London,  with  a  demand  of  damages  *  ^^''• 
from  the  West  India  Company,  and  the  threat  of  an  appli- 
cation to  the  British  government,  in   case   satisfaction 
should  be  withheld.    The  ambassadors  immediately  trans-  1634. 
mitted  the  papers  to  the  States  G-eneral,  with  an  ii^tima- *^2;j^ 
tion  that  the  disputes  which  had  lately  broken  out  be-gj^^r 
tween  the  patentees  of  Virginia  and  New  England  were*^ 
instigated  by  the  Spaniards,  and  ''  were  not  agitated  be- 
cause these  parties  were  suffering  loss  from  one  another, 
but  in  order  that  men  might  have  occasion  to  quarrel  with 
the  Dutch  about  the  possession  of  New  Netherland."   Upcmitetowdio 
the  report  of  their  conrniittee,  the  States  G-eneral  referred  in«ua  (^m- 
the  case  to  the  West  India  Company,  with  directions  "  to»%iii. 

*  Alb.  Bm.,  1.,  96 ;  COaU.,  f .,  157, 107. 

t  Alb.  Itoc.,  U.,  828-384 ;  0»Call.,  L,  167, 86t. 


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JM6  HI8T0RT  OF  THS  STATE  OF  NEW  TCHIK. 

iku^'mLinSarm  their  High  MightineBses  of  the  right  of  the  mat 

let."* 

tao4 

t5  October.     -Aiier  araie  months  dolay,  the  deputies  &om  the  College 
ttflTwS^  o(  the  XIX.  submitted  a  memorial  to  the  States  G-enwal, 
bdiaoott- denying  the  olaim  of  the  London  merohants  for  ocHup^k- 
sation,  and  insisting  that  the  West  India  Company  had 
reason  to  allege  damages  against  the  English  trespassers. 
The  renegade  Eelkens  himself  was  well  aware  that  New 
Netherland  had  bem  discovered  at  the  oost  of  the  East 
India  Company,  ia  1609,  <'  befcMre  any  Christians  had  been 
there,  as  was  testified  by  Hudson,  who  was  then  employ- 
ed by  the  said  oompany  to  find  out  a  northwest  passage 
to  Chini^."     Subsequent  oooupation,  purchases  from  the 
aborigines,  and  cc4onization  und^  the  West  India  Com- 
pany^ had  confirmed  this  original  title  by  discovery.    None 
but  <^  some  prohibited  traders,  and  especially  Jacob  Eel* 
keiiS)"  had  hitherto  questioned  the  company's  rights  un- 
der their  charter.    Eelkens's  conduct  had  done  them  great 
damage,  and  the  <'  injurious  seed  of  discord"  had  been 
sown  between  the  Indians  and  the  Dutch,  who  had,  up  to 
that  time,  lived  with  each  other  in  good  friendship.     To 
arrange  the  present  dispute,  and  prevent  future  difficulty, 
*        the  company  suggested  that  the  whole  question  should  be 
referred  to  tiie  arbitration  of  Boswell,  the  English  ambas- 
sador at  the  Hague,  and  Joachimi,  the  Dutch  ambassador 
at  London,  and  that  their  High  Mightinesses  should  take 
prompt  measures  to  establish  a  boundary  line  between 
the  Dutch  and  English  possessions  in  North  America.! 
MOMw.     The  States  G-eneral,  however,  though  they  consented  that 
teft  ttiiM».  the  company  might  ocmfer  with  Boswell,  left  the  affiEur  to 
^'  take  its  own  course ;"  and  ihe  question  of  damages,  as 
1638.  well  as  that  ofboundaries  remained  unsettled.    Four  years 
**'^'     afterward,  Joachimi  wrote  from  London  that  the  owners 
4^  the  William  had  again  complained  to  him ;  but  the 
"  f  6S3.  I^^^*^  govemment  took  no  frirther  notice  of  the  subjectt 
M  Ml!.        Meanwhile,  De  Yries  had  returned  to  Amsterdam,  where 

*  Hoi.  Doc,  U.,  61-M,  0»-BS.  t  Hoi.  Doe^  1L»  IM ;  CCaU.,  i.,  IM. 

t  HoL  Doc^  it,  144,  IM. 


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WOUTER  VAN  T¥iaLL£R»  DIRECTOR  QSNERAL.  347 

he  foand  his  partners  at  vaiianoe  with  the  other  direotors  ckav.vo. 
of  the  oompany.     The  chief  cause  of  difficulty  was  Hhe     -^. 

interference  of  the  patroons  witli  the  peltry  trade  f  andvariao«' 
even  the  few  beaver  akinsj  **not  worth  speaking  of,"  which  {JJ'^JJ^ 
De  Vrieis  himself  had  procured  in  New  Netherlands  were  w^i'^cJ^ 
made  the  subject  of  recrimination.     Unwilling  to  be  in-fbrpi'*'* 
volved  in  the  quarrek  which  were  defeating  the  purposes  s^^ST^ 
of  the  Charter  of  PrivUegea,  De  Yriea  retired  from  his  part- 
nership with  the  other  patroons  of  SwaanondseL     But  hia 
return  to  Amsterdam  aoems  to  have  occasioned  a  beneficial 
change  in  the  provincial  adminiiftration,     Notelman,  the  Nonjim«ii 
unfaithful  sohout-fiscal,  waa  promptly  superseded  ;   and 
Lubbertus  van  DinckUgen,  *^an  upright  man  and  a  doc- Lubbortu** 
tor  of  laws,'*  was  dispatched  to  auoceed  him  at  Manhat-TiV""  np 
tan  *     In  this  appointment,  the  Amsterdam  Chamber  cx-SITl 
hibited  much  more  wisdom  than  they  had  done  in  select- 
ing Van  T wilier  to  be  director. 

The  patroons,  however,  were  not  so  much  at  variance  The  («- 
with  each  other  aa  with  the  company ^  whose  engrossing  tm^'*"''^ 
monopoly  of  the  fur  trade  they  longed  to  change  into  spe-  df™ri^ 
oLfic  monopolies  for  themselves.     The  Am^sterdam  Cham-  \il  *^*^^' 
her  having  determined  that  the  Charter  of  Privileges  wa^j 
legal,  opened  unsuccessful  negotiations  with  the  patroons.  ig  Dee, 
Both  parties,  therefore,  appealed  to  the  States  General,  who  Botb  par* 
appointed  a  conmiittee  of  their  own  body  to  hear  and  de^  ^  Jui^'^ 
cide  upon  these  ditfercnces,    .The  patroons  accordingly  sub-  eS^™*"""' 
mittcd  a  statement  of  their  grounds  of  complaint  against  ^l^^' 
the  company,  and  of  their  '^  claims  and  dnmands.''     Thev ''  *''^"" 
alleged  that  they  had  mvolved  themselves  in  expenses  to  {j;*"'!^^' *^ 
the  amount  of  one  hundred  thousand  guilders  for  their '^'^■^ 
three  patroonshipa,  which  now  were  costing  them  **at 
least  forty-five  thousand  guilders  annually,"    As  the  com- 
pany had  repeatedly  called  their  privileges  in  question,  the 
damages  thus  caused  should  be  made  gotid.     Within  the 
limits  of  the  patroonships,  there  were  certam  ^'  lordships, 
having  their  own  rights  and  jurisdictionsj"  which  had 

*  Dd  Vrl^  lift,  jao  i  H^KB.  MSS. ;  B^.  Doc,  il^  1S7,  1»,  ITS ;  t.^  817  i  Vftrtougb 
Tin  N.  N.,  la  U.,  N.  Y.  H.  S.  Coll.,  ii,,  a^L 


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248  HISTORY  OP  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

• 

Chap. Tin.  been  ceded  to  the  patroons,  along  with  the  ownership  of 
the  soU;  and  over  the  grantees  of  these  pr^ogatiTes  the 
'  company  had  no  more  power  than  it  had  ''  over  the  lords 
sachems  the  sellers.''  The  inland  for  trade  within  the 
patroonships,  it  was  argaed,  was  not  included  in  the  res- 
ervation of  the  company's  monopoly;  and  the  patroons 
were  not  bound  to  pay  any  recognitions  on  peltries. 
Wherever  the  company  had  no  commissaries  at  the  time 
of  the  granting  of  the  charter,  the  patroons  also  claimed 
the  right  to  trade,  on  payment  of  the  recognition ;  and 
they  maintained  that,  without  their  consent,  the  company 
could  not  send  commissaries  into  the  patroonships,  nor  af- 
fix placards,  nor  oblige  the  colonists  to  abstain  from  the 
fur  trade.  With  respect  to  the  right  of  appeal  in  civil 
cases  to  the  Director  and  Council  of  New  Netherland,  it 
'^  should  not  prejudice,  in  the  least,  the  higher  jurisdic- 
tion and  other  privileges  of  the  patroons." 

These  were  the  chief  points  which  the  patroons  thought 
they  had  commcm  cause  to  urge  against  the  company. 
The  destruction  of  Swaanendael  by  the  Indians,  furnished 
a  specific  ground  of  complaint  on  the  part  of  the  South 
River  proprietaries,  who  insisted,  that  as  the  company  had 
promised  to  aid  and  defend  the  colonists  in  New  Nether- 
land firom  all  inland  and  foreiga  wars,  they  were  ^<  bound 
to  make  good  the  injuries  which  befell  the  patroons,  their 
people,  cattle,  and  goods  there,  and  which  they  still  con- 
tinue to  suffer."* 
ssiuM.         The  directors  avowed  their  willingness  to  submit  the 
tbtoompa.  question  as  to  the  construction  of  the  doubtful  pomts  in 
the  charter  to  the  judgment  of  the  States  G-eneral.     On 
their  part,  the  patroons  reiterated  their  claims  for  dam- 
ages, and  demanded  an  immediate  decision  upon  their 
44  joiM.     validity.    But  the  States  General  prudently  postponed  a  de- 
OMierai     cisiou,  ^^  in  order  to  enable  the  parties  to  come  to  an  amioa- 
-*-*—       ble  settlement;"  and  here  the  question  ended,  so  far  as  the 
formal  action  of  the  Dutch  government  was  oonc€med.t 

*  Alb.  Ree.,  xliL,  4S,  4S ;  HoL  Doe.,  U.,  3»-M,  M-115 ;  O^aU.,  1.,  I9»-I«S ;  Moolum, 
4S1,  4tt.  t  HoL  Doe.,  il.,  115, 119,  IM. 


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WOUTER  VAN  TWILLER,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  349 

In  the  mean  time,  Godyn  had  died;  and  the  remain- csAr.vm. 
ing  patroons  of  Swaanendael  oommenoed  legal  proceedings 
againat  the  company  for  the  damages  they  had  sustain^  B^i^or 
in  the  loss  of  their  colony.     The  Assembly  of  the  XIX.*^*^^^^ 
finding  that  those  continual  diacords  were  only  iojoring 
the  intereata  of  all  parties,  commissioned  some  of  their  di-asAugu«, 
rectors  "  to  treat  and  transact  with  all  the  patroons  and 
colonists  in  New  Netherland"  for  the  purchase  of  all  their 
rights  and  property.    An  agreement  was  accordingly  made  a?  not. 
with  the  South  River  patroons  and  the  heirs  of  G-odyn,  for 
the  purchase  of  '^  their  tw^o  colonies,  named  Swaanendael, 
in  New  Netherlands'  for  the  sum  of  fifteen  thouiiand  six 
hundred  guilders.     The  formal  surrender  took  place  early   1636, 
the  next  year;  and  the  West  India  Conrjpany  again  be-surre™d^ 
came  the  legal  proprietary  of  all  the  territory  on  both  sides  giuiZuq' 
of  the  Delaware.*  c«fiiMiity. 

An  unexpected   danger  now  menaced   Southern  NeWArgairad*. 
Netherland.     After  his  recall  from  the  government  of  Vir- the  D*it* 
ginia,  Argall  seems  to  have  contemplated  the  establish- 
ment of  a  "  new  plantation,''  to  the  northward  of  the  En- 
glish settlements  on  the  Chesapeake.     It  was,  perhaps^  to 
aid  in  this  design,  that  John  Pory,  who  had  been  one  of 
the  tools  of  Argairs  rapacious  administration,  and  was 
Colonial  Secretary  of  Virginia  under  Yeardley,  hia  suc- 
cessor, **  made  a  diacovery  into  the  great  bay/*  and  aa*  1620. 
oended  the  River  Patuxent.      But  Pory'a   explorations,  ociotiaf. 
which  were  nearly  contemporaneous  with  the  grant  of  the  pianuion. 
New  England  patent,  were  confined  to  the  tributary  wa- 
ters of  the  Chesapeake,  and  to  a  subsequent  journey  of    1621. 
sixty  miles  overland,  from  Jamestown  "  to  the  South  Riv-  P^^r^*ij' 
er  Chowanock,"     A  strange   misapprehension  has  led  a 
learned  English  annalist  into  the  absurd  error  of  confound- 
ing the  **  South  River  Chowanock,"  upon  which  Edenton 
now  stands,  with  the  **  South  River*'  of  New  Netherland, 
which  Pory  never  entered.! 

•  ''  Popern  mLftELDf  to  Ibe  Cotonjr  of  Zwaaeiidal^"  In  O'CiQ.,  Af4».^  479  ;  HuEard^  Ann. 
Pbph  ,  3*>,  40. 
t  Chulmpra,  SOQ  1  Pitrclw*,  iT.,  1714.-7 1  SmlUl,  U,,  61-Mj  BttA»  i.,  f7S  ;  Bownlii,  L, 


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250  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

cxA^.vm.     After  the  aooession  of  Charles  I.,  ookmiol  exploration 

waa  pushed  with  greater  diligenoe,  because  that  monaroh 

soteMMiit  iJistruoted  the  governors  of  Virginia  to  procure  more  exact 

M^?°  information  of  the  geography  of  the  province.     Q-ovemor 

^zTifust.  Yeardley,  in  1627,  and  Groyemor  Pott,  in  1639,  success- 

1629.  ively  commissioned  William  Ckyhome,  their  Secretary  of 

13  March,  g^^^  ^  trade  with  the  Indians,  and  exploit  the  regions 

^dSionaf '  north  and  east  of  the  Chesapeake.    A  company  was  soon 

afterward  formed  in  England ;  and  through  the  influence 

of  Sir  William  Alexand^,  the  Secretary  of  State  for  Scot- 

1631.  land,  Charles  I.,  under  the  privy  signet  of  that  kingdom, 
*****^*     licensed  Claybome  and  his  associates  to  trade  freely  "to 

those  parts  of  America  for  which  there  is  not  already  a 
patent  granted  to  others  for  sole  trade."  To  give  effect  to 
this  royal  lioense.  Sir  John  Harvey,  the  new  governor  of 

1632.  Virginia,  issued  a  colonial  commission  the  next  year,  by 
18  March,  ^j^^  Claybomc  was  authorized  to  sail  and  traffic  "  unto 

any  English  plantation,"  and  also  "unto  the  adjoining 
plantations  of  the  Dutch,  seated  upon  this  territory  of 
America."     So  entirely  ignorant  was  the  Virginia  govern- 
or of  the  geography  of  "  Lcard  Delaware's  Bay,"  that  the 
September,  following  autumu  he  dispatched  a  sloop,  with  seven  or 
tempt  of  the  eight  mcn,  "to  see  if  ther^  was  a  river  thei^."     This  was 
eziSore  the  the  first  attempt  ever  made  by  the  English  to  explore 
the  Delaware.     Claybome,  however,  does  not  appear  to 
have  entered  that  river,  or  to  have  visited  Manhattan.    He 
Extent  or  availed  himself  of  his  trading  licenses  only  in  the  neigh- 
borne's  ex-  borhood  of  the  Chcsapcake,  after  exploring  the  upper  war 
^  ^^  ters  of  which,  he  limited  his  ambition  to  the  establishment 
of  a  post  on  the  Isle  of  Kent,  and  another  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Susquehanna.*" 

Meanwhile,  the  characteristic  intolerance  of  the  Angli- 
can hierarchy  was  preparing  noble  materials  for  the  foun- 
dation of  a  new  colony  on  the  banks  of  the  Potomac.  The 
Puritan  Non-conformists  were  not  the  most  (^pres^ed  ob- 
jects of  religious  persecution  in  their  native  land ;  nor  was 

*LoDd.Doc.,i.,40»43,45;  N.  Y.  Col.  MSS., iU.,  14, 15 ;  De  Vriee,  110,  lU  ;  <mtr,p.S27i 
Chalmer»,S0«,9S7;  Bancroft,  1.,  SS7 ;  HUdreth,  i.,  206 ;  Bosman,  i.,  115,  Sa6,  S09. 


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WOUTER  VAN  TWILLER,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  351 

the  comtancy  which  led  them  to  the  f^hores  of  Massachu-CHAP^vin. 
aetts  without  an  illustrious  parallel.     There  were  other  '    ^n„ 
gubjBCts  of  the  King  of  England  whose  faith  in  Christian- 
itj  was  aa  sincere,  and  whose  opposition  to  the  cstabiishcd 
hierarchy  was  aa  conscientious,     These  were  the  Boman  MotiTM  vo 
Catholics,  who  suflered  even  creator  aeverities  than  the  enngraiiim 

ITS'  1  l--i»1ll  ■  f^"  ^^ 

FuTitans,  and  were  the  victims  of  a  double  persecution,  ^inad. 
The  Church  of  England  struggled  against  both  Raman 
and  Puritan  diisj^enters ;  for  the  ultimate  aim  of  all  the  an* 
tago Elista  was  not  toleration,  but  supremacy.     Between 
the  Papal  and  the  Anglican  hieratchies,  Puritanism  array- 
ed itself  on  the  side  of  the  Church  of  England,  and  con- 
stantly instigated  her  to  new  rigors  against  the  sinoere  be- 
lievers in  the  venerable  faith  of  Rome.     It  was  thus  that 
oonseientious  Papiata  had  even  stronger  motives  than  con- 
scientious Puritans  to  seek  an  aisylum  in  the  New  World. 
James  L  was  not,  however,  as  bitter  against  the  Roman 
Catholics  as  were  the  majority  of  his  subjectai.    One  of  the  CAorm^i- 
last  acts  of  his  reign  was  to  elevate  to  the  Iruih  peerage,  of  Usiii- 
under  the  title  of  Baron  of  Baltimore,  Sir  G-eorge  Calvert,   1625, 
who  J  after  several  years  of  faithful  service  as  Secretary  of 
State,  openly  avowing  his  adherence  to  the  Roman  faith, 
yielded  to  the  growing  cry  against  Popery,  and  resigned 
bit!  office.*     Charles  L  was^  perhaps,  less  disposed  to  show 
lavor  to  the  body  of  the  Roman  Catholics  than  Mb  father 
had  heen.    Yet  he  was  magnanimous  enough  to  appreciate 
and  reward  individual  merit,  even  in  a  Papist.     Calvert, 
who  was  an  early  friend  of  American  colonisation,  had  ob- 
tained the  grant  of  Avalon,  on  the  coast  of  Newfoundlandj 
and  had  endeavored  to  establish  a  settlement  there.    But 
fliat  sterile  and  inhospitable  region  was  unfavorable  to  sue-   1623. 
Oe^ ;  and  about  the  time  Bndicott  was  settling  himself 
at  Salem,  Lord  Baltimore  visited  Virginia,  in  the  hope  of   1628- 
finding  some  unoccupied  territory  within  that  provinocj  on  Jini"   ^ 

*  1^  G«dnt9  CiJvon  wu  >i»iK>liit<Ml  SQcroUiT  of  Swui  on  %h»  16th  of  Febnur^,  1A]0, 
iaiJBiigiied.  thit  efllw  en  tlio  flib  of  Febni^rv,  16^.    JamM  L  died  oil  i^  STib  ^fMiitl,  * 

Ui^and  GitTm'i  {ner&f^  wu  probbbly  om  oriJIic  inM  pitenis  uf  thm  nifra.    Bir  Al 
ImifeltAflon  wt0  K^painled  by  Cliiriei  I.  SflC^eltjj  oTSMto,  in  ^ii«  orC&lTGil,  pa  Out 


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262  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

CHAP.vm.  which  to  plant  a  colony.    Protestant  feeling,  however,  was 

^  too  strong  in  Virginia  to  allow  the  unmolested  exercise  of 

•  the  Roman  faith ;  and  Baltimore  returned  to  England,  to 

solicit  a  royal  charter  for  the  colonization  of  the  uninhab* 

ited  regions  north  of  the  Potomac. 

The  personal  regard  of  Charles  I.  easily  induced  his  as- 

1632.  sent  to  an  ample  patent ;  but  before  the  legal  forms  could 

isApru.    1^  completed,  Lord  Baltimore  died.     The  royal  promise, 

however,  was  faithfully  executed ;  and,  two  months  after 

his  father's  death,  Cecilius  Calvert,  baron  of  Baltimore, 

Royal  ehu^  rcccived  a  charter,  granting  and  confirming  to  him  the  ter- 

ryiand.      ritorv  boundcd  by  a  line  due  east  from  the  mouth  of  the 

so  June. 

Potomac,  across  the  Chesapeake  to  the  ocean,  and  thence 
along  the  coast  to  "  that  part  of  the  Bay  of  Delaware  on 
the  north,  which  lieth  under  the  fortieth  degree  of  north 
latitude  from  the  equinoctial,  where  New  England  is  ter- 
minated ;"  thence,  westwardly,  along  the  fortieth  parallel, 
to  the  "  fountain"  of  the  Potomac,  and  thence  along  the 
west  bank  of  the  river  to  its  confluence  with  the  Chesa- 
peedce.  The  territory  thus  granted  was  erected  into  a 
province,  the  name  of  which,  originally  intended  to  be 
"  Crescentia,"  was,  by  the  king's  desire,  changed  to  that 
of  Maryland,  in  honor  of  his  queen,  Henrietta  Maria  of 
France.*  The  new  province  comprehended  within  its 
boundaries,  not  only  the  whole  of  the  present  States  of  Ma- 
ryland and  Delaware,  but  all  that  part  of  Pennsylvania 
lying  south  of  the  fortieth  parallel,  and  east  of  the  merid- 
ian of  the  source  of  the  Potomac.  The  proprietary  him- 
self  was  invested  with  the  almost  regal  jurisdiction  of  the 
ancient  bishops  of  Durham. 
L«onaLrd  About  two  vcars  after  the  charter  was  sealed,  the  foun- 
gins  the  dations  of  the  colony  of  Maryland  were  peaceftiUy  laid  by 
uonofMa-  Leonard  Calvert,  a  half-brotiier  of  Lord  Baltimore.  Two 
ships,  the  Ark  and  the  Dove,  conveying  nearly  two  hund- 
red Roman  Catholic  gentlemen  with  their  indented  serv- 
1634.  ants,  sailed  from  England  by  way  of  the  West  Indies,  and 
**  ^^'      reached  the  Chesapeake  early  in  1634.     On  one  of  the 

*  Hazard,  i.,  S37 ;  Bounan,  i.»  S71 ;  il.,  10. 


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WOirraR  TAN  TWILLER,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL  25^ 

gtxeams  flowing  into  the  Potomac j  Calvert  found  the  In-caipviiL 

dian  village  of  Yoacomoca,  which  was  about  being  desert- 
ed  bv  itij  inhabitants.     Imitating  the  honeaty  of  the  Dutch 
lit  Manhattan,  he  purchased  the  possessory  rights  of  the 
aborigines ;  and  the  oolonists  at  onco  entered  into  occupa-  sr  Marcb 
tion  of  their  wilderness  abode,  to  which  they  pioualy  gave 
tlie  name  of  *^  Saint  Mary's,"     Compreheussive  benevolence  saim  Mn^ 
Injured  the  rapid  prosperity  of  the  new  colony  whore  re-ed. 
ligious  liberty  was  to  be  unrestrained.     The  conscientious 
Non- conformists  of  England  at  last  found  a  congenial  asy- 
him,  under  the  banner  of  their  country,  in  the  New  World  ; 
for  the  Ark  and  the  Dovo  had  conveyed  to  the  shores  of 
the  Potomac  more  liberaUmindod  fathers  of  a  state  than 
those  earlier  em  i grants  who  were  peopling  the  coasta  of 
Massachusetts  Bay,* 

In  the  mean  time,  the  charter  of  Maryland  had  produced  jeniousy  cr 
alarm  and  excitement  among  the  colonists  of  Virginia,  who   {^33^ 
caused  a  remonstrance  to  be  presented  to  the  king  against 
the  dismemberment  of  their  territory.    But  the  Privy  Conn-  iw«y- 
oil  decided  to  leave  Lord  Baltimore  '*  to  his  patent,  and 
the  other  parties  to  the  course  of  law.'*     Clay  born  e»  how-  a  July, 
ever,  who  chose  to  construe  his  trading  license  into  a  com- 
mission to  plant  colonies,  rcfui^ed  to  relinquish  hi^  pre  ten* 
aions  to  Kent  Island,  or  submit  to  Calvert's  authority.     A 
akirmish  occurred;  and  Clay  borne,  escaping  to  Virginiaj   1635. 
WHS  demanded  by  the  Maryland  authorities,  as  a  fugitive  cu^'^ 
from  juirtice.     But  the  Virginians,  looking  on  the  colonists ^"j^J^^ 
of  Maryland  as  intruders  within  their  territory,  were  dis- 
posed to  side  with  Clay  born  o.     Harvey,  however,  luiwilU 
ing  to  do  any  act  in  apparent  opposition  to  the  royal  char- 

*  ChfliiMft,  W?  ,  Boiman,  11.,  2G,  37  ;  nancroa^  L^  S4T  ;  Uildnjlh,  L,  SOS  ;  CViaJmertt'a 
lUtialE  of  (J10  Coidi^iiH,  t,  Cl.  09.  Tha  fcflhagJi  df  ttie  Stfla^idacbUHltfl  p«a>plo  towurd  tbe 
IftndjtBd  eflloaiJl*,  wbn'^dld  eat  up  tniuu.  up4;ri3y/^  do  Tioi  mem  to  b«ffl  been  rt-Lflndl^ff  or 
WVV  ehuflBlUe.  A  tew  montbi  all^r  t^n  N^LtLemeni  iti  SBini  Msry'A  (Au^uat,  L€34),  Co)- 
Mrt ^psieibiid  ihft  Ddv«  to  B(»L«n,  wlih.  (Viendly  leLipfj*,  ant^  a  catfn  of  qom  w  cictian(;4 
Af  $^  SonjA  aftbe  crovr  wfin  accuipil  of  reviling;  iha  peopje  orMnssachiiiifttiK,  as  "  hoty 
IptUu-en,  i^e  OH^iiberfl,"  At.  \  and,  **  upaa  ndiricQ  Willi  Hi  A  mlniJiLitii/'  Itift  ftuifereur^jo 
Via  urefltsd  Willie  (»ii  ihon^  in  onl^r  to  ^CMnpell  the  sinrr^nd^  of  ihti  ofTcndDrs.  Um  tHo 
miuwpiiu  weru  round  (o  '*  Udl  mhori,**  and  ili^^agroe  tn  t^vair  lestiniony  i  and  tho  Doro  W34 
ft^ftred  tQ  ctfspArt>  witli  an  injnncimn  to  line  rn&Htffr  '^  la  bnng  no  marii  miih  tli«43ri]«red 
pi^vmm**  10  Muucbmnti,— Winthrop,  t,  134^  130,  Hi, 


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364  HISTORY  or  the  state  op  new  YORK. 

CHAP.Yin.ter  to  Lord  Baltimore,  in  a  spirit  of  oompromise  sent  Clay- 
bome  a  prisoner  to  En^and.  This  step  was  viewed  by 
ooTeraor  ^^  Virginians  as  a  betrayal  of  their  interests ;  and  Har- 
^SH^lnt^^y  ^*8  immediately  deposed  by  the  eounoil,  and  Captain 
•eottoBn-j^jm  ^est  appointed  to  act  as  governor  until  the  king's 
MApriL    pleasure  should  be  known.* 

While  at  Jamestown  two  years  previously,  De  Vries  had 
explained  to  Harvey  the  situation  of  Fort  Nassau ;  and  his 
account,  though  it  did  not  prevent  the  hospitable  govern- 
or from  intimating  that  tiie  Dutch  should  receive  no  an- 
noyance from  him,  provoked  ihe  covetousness  of  Clay- 
weM*«de-  home's  friends.     A  foothold  on  tiie  Delaware,  they  now 

iicnaoathe 

Delaware,  thought,  might  perhaps  compensate  them  for  the  loss  of 
posts  em.  the  Chesapeake ;  and  West  eagerly  seized  the 
opportunity,  which  his  temporary  authority  afforded,  to 
execute  the  design.     A  party  of  fourteen  or  fifteen  En- 
glishmen was  accordingly  dispatched  from  Point  Comfort, 
Angnat     Under  the  oonunand  of  G-eorge  Holmes,  to  seize  the  va- 
Fort  Naa-  caut  Dutch  fort.     The  enterprise  was  promptly  effected ; 
by  uotmea  for  the  Wcst  India  Company  had  now  ^^  nobody  in  posses- 
oTvSiia-^sion"  to  oppose  the  invaders.     But  Thomas  Hall,  one  of 
Holmes's  men,  deserting  his  party,  brought  prompt  intel- 
ligence of  the  aggression  to  Fort  Amsterdam.! 

Van  Twiller  now  perceived  that  Fort  Nassau  must  be 
reoccupied  by  the  Dutch,  "  or  they  would  otherwise  lose 
The  En-    it  to  the  English/'     An  armed  bark,  belonging  to  the 
tored  and  Company,  was  therefore  promptly  dispatched  thither  with 
Manhattan,  a  Competent  force ;  and  Holmes  and  his  party  were  im- 
mediately dislodged,  sent  on  board,  and  brought  as  pria* 
cmers  to  Manhattan. 

Their  arrival  increased  the  embarrassment  of  Van  Twil- 

*  Haxard,  i.,  »7;  BoBuaa,  U.,  SS-35:  Banefoft,  I.,  901 ;  HUdrelh,  U  SIO;  Chalmera^ 
Col.  Ann.,  SSI ;  Chalinen*a  Revolt  or  the  Oolmitoa,i,(tt,  04;  DeVriM,  141.  After  ffia- 
■olTing  hia  paitnenhip  with  the  Sooth  Hirer  peuoona,  De  Vriea  aailed  a  teeond  ttma 
ttom  the  Tezel,  on  the  10th  of  Joly,  ]<I34,  to  plant  a  colony  at  Golana.  Hartng  aecom* 
plldied  thia,  he  weM  to  VirgtBia,  and  arrited,  OB  the  I7th  oTMay,  lOSft,  at  Point  CemiflMn 
HereheftNindlyinffatanehor**a  /bite  ahtp  of  London,  in  which  waa  Sir  John  Harrey, 
the  governor  for  the  King  of  Bngland.  He  waa  now  oent  to  London  by  hie  eooneil  and 
the  people,  which  have  made  a  new  goremori  which  afterward  tuned  oot  rery  badly  to 
them.*'--Voyagea,  p.  141. 

t  De  Vriea,  14S ;  Hoi.  Doe.,  t.,  SOO  ;  U.,  N.  T.  H.  S.  CoU.,  iL,  S86 


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WOUTER  VAN  TWILLER,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  256 

ler,  who  now  learned  that  they  had  been  expecting  a  re-  chap.  vm. 

enf(»roement  jfrom  Virginia.     Meanwhile,  De  Vries  had  ""I 

visited  Manhattan  again,  in  the  ship  "King  David,"  and,  j  J^^ 
after  three  months'  delay  in  repairing  his  leaky  vessel, 
which  he  had  "hauled  up  on  the  strand,"  was  about  to 
sail  for  the  Chesapeake.     His  opportune  presence  extri- 
cated the  troubled  director  from  his  new  dilemma.     At 
Van  Twiner's  earnest  entreaty,  De  Vries  delayed  his  voy-Hoime«tnd 
age  for  a  week;   the  prisoners  were  sent  on  board  thewntbSto 
King  David  with  "  pack  and  sack ;"  and  two  days  after-  8  sept. 
ward,  Holmes  and  his  invading  party  were  relanded  at 
Point  Comfort.     Here  a  bark  was  found  lyiilg  ready  to 
sail  for  the  South  River,  with  a  force  of  twenty  men  on 
board,  "  to  second"  the  enterprise  which  Holmes  had  be- 
gun ;  but  by  the  unexpected  return  of  the  captured  in- 
vaders, "  their  design  was  broken  up."*     Thus  ended  the 
first  actual  English  aggression  on  the  southern  frontier  of 
New  Netherland ;  and  the  Dutch  continued,  for  several 
years,  in  undisturbed  possession  of  the  South  River  and 
the  Schuylkill. 

The  Plymouth  people  had  now  been  for  two  years  in  ProsraM 
possession  of  Windsor,  in  spite  of  Van  Twiller's  prompt  ^anSwi- 
but  ineffectual  protest,  and  subsequent  pusillanimous  mil-  *^^ 


itary  demonstration.     Whatever  scruples  might,  at  first, 
have  restrained  Winthrop  and  his  council  firom  favoring 
the  propositions  of  Winslow  and  Bradford  in  the  summer 
of  1633,  the  example  of  New  Plymouth  soon  infected  Mas- 
sachusetts Bay.t   At  the  Q-eneral  Court,  Hooker  urged  em-  1634. 
igration  to  the  Connecticut  valley.     The  want  of  accom-  h^ 
modation  for  their  cattle  at  Newtown;  "the  fiiiitfuhiessJS!>r*' 
and  oommodiousness  of  Connecticut,  and  the  danger  of  m^J|£S^ 
having  it  possessed  by  others,  Dutch  or  English;"  andttcSu""^ 
"  the  strong  bent  of  their  spirits  to  remove  thither,"  were 
the  arguments  he  pressed.     To  these  arguments  it  was 

*  De  Vrlas,  190, 148, 143.  Tbe  incident  to  wklok  Wintlmp  (L,  197, 106),  and  Mather, 
In  the  Sixth  Book  of  hia  "  Magnalia,**  allude,  aa  having  occoired  "  at  the  Dutch  plantft* 
tlon,**  happened  to  De  Vriea*s  boat  on  hla  arrlTal  at  New  Netherland,  lit  of  June,  1089.— 
See  tranalaUon,  In  U.,  N.  Y.  H.  S.  COU.,  ill. 

t  Lambreehtaan,  4S ;  U.,  N.  T.  H.  S.  CoU.,  1.,  96 ;  Verptant^,  in  N.  A.  Rot.,  tx.,  60. 


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256  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap. vm.  objeotod  that,  "  in  point  of  conscience,"  the  Newtown  peo- 
pie  ought  not  to  desert  their  o<Hnmon wealth,  and  that,  in 
point  of  civil  policy,  the  court  "  ought  not  to  give  ihem 
leave  to  depart."  Their  emigration  would  weaken  Mas- 
sachusetts; and  ''the  removing  of  a  candlestick"  would 
be  ''  a  great  judgment."  Besides,  the  emigrants  would 
be  exposed  to  great  peril,  both  firom  the  Indians  and  firom 

LesTtto    the  Dutch,  ''  who  mede  claim  to  the  same  river,  and  had 

t!^!t  already  built  a  fort  there ;"  and  the  home  government  in 
England  "  would  not  endure  they  should  sit  down,  with- 
out a  patent,  in  any  place  which  our  king  lays  daihi  unto." 
The  court  was  divided  in  opinion.  Three  fifths  of  the  dep- 
uties were  for  granting  leave ;  but  a  majority  of  the  mag- 
istrates refused  their  assent.  The  two  elements  in  the 
government  of  the  ecclesiastical  commonwealth  were  now 

M  squ.  iu  opposition.  Wiih  the  aid  of  a  sermon  firom  Cotton,  ihe 
patrician  magistrates  carried  their  point  against  the  ple- 
beian deputies ;  the  Newtown  people  gave  up  their  proj- 
ect ;  and,  for  a  time  "  the  fear  of  their  removal  to  Con- 
necticut was  removed."* 

But  the  question  of  emigration  was  soon  revived.     Two 

6  Not.      mouths  afterward,  ambassadors  from  the  Pequods  came  to 

whh  the  Boston,  and  "  set  their  marks"  to  a  treaty,  which  yielded 
up  ''  all  their  right  at  Connecticut"  to  the  Massachusetts 
colony.  "  To  whom  did  that  country  belong?"  was  now 
the  inquiry.  <<  Like  the  banks  of  the  Hudson,  it  had  been 
first  explored,  and  even  occupied  by  the  Dutch ;  but  should 
a  log-hut  and  a  few  straggling  soldiers  seal  a  territory 
against  other  emigrants?"  The  colonists  of  Massachu- 
setts did  not  stop  to  argue  the  question  of  right  with  the 
authorities  of  New  Netherland,  or  even  wait  for  the  per- 
mission of  the  English  patentees  of  Connecticut.  Nothing 
could  long  retard  the  rush  of  Puritan  emigration  to  the 
"  New  Hesperia"  on  the  banks  of  the  Fresh  River.  De- 
tachments of  families  from  Watertown  and  Roxbury  now 
1635.  obtaining  leave  from  the  General  Court,  "  to  remove  whith- 

eitoy.      Qj  j^Qy  pleased,"  provided  they  continued  under  the  gov- 

*  Winthrop,  1.,  14&-14S ;  HutebiMon,  1.,  47 ;  Bancroft,  i.,  a05»  MS. « 


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•    WOUTER  VAN  TWILLER,  DIRECTOR  GENERAX.  267 

enunent  of  Massaohosetts,  joameyed  through  the  wilder-  chap.vui. 
ness,  and  began  a  settlement  at  Wethersfield;  and  "the 
Dorchester  men,"  establishing  themselves  near  the  Dutch,  Bnugratiin 
and  just  below  the  Plymouth  trading-house  at  Windsor,  J^^*' 
were  promptly  reproved,  by  letters  from  Governor  Bradford,  J^®d  iS?^' 
for  their  unrighteous  and  injurious  intrusion.*'     Thus  AeJl^lSS! 
Plymiouth  colcmists  on  the  Connecticut — ^themselves  in- 
truders within  the  territory  of  New  Netherland — soon  be- 
gan to  quarrel  with  their  Massachusetts  brethren  for  tres- 
passing upon  their  usurped  d(»nain. 

Meanwhile,  the  jealousy  of  the  High  Church  party  in 
En^and  had  been  aroused  against  the  dissenting  colonists 
in  America ;   and  Charles  I.  constituted  William  Laud,  1634. 
arohbidiop  of  Canterbuiy,  and  eleven  other  Privy  Coun-*®'^'^' 
selors,  a  special  commission  "  tor  the  regulation  and  gov-pi«ntation 
emment  of  the  Plantations."     These  commissioners  weretabusb^in 
invested  with  full  power  to  make  laws  for  the  cdcHiies,  "***" 
hear  o€»nplaints,  inflict  punishments,  remove  and  appoint 
gtyTcmors,  regulate  ecclesiastical  affairs,  and  revoke  char- 
ters which  were  supposed  to  be  hurtful  to  the  royal  pre- 
rogative.t 

To  this  arbitrary  body  Edward  Winslow,  who  went  tojniy. 
England  in  the  summer  of  1634  as  the  agent  of  Newwi?«iow 
Plymouth,  presented  a  petition,  complaining  that  the  in*£(mdoii. 
French  had  annoyed  the  New  England  Plantations  on  the 
east,  and  that  <<  the  Dutch  in  the  west  have  also  made 
entry  upon  Connecticut  River,  within  the  limits  of  His 
Majesty's  letters  patents,  where  they  have  raised  a  fiwrt, 
and  threaten  to  exp^l  your  petitioners  thence,  who  are  also 
planted  on  the  same  river."     Winslow,  therefore,  asked 
that  the  commissioners  would  either  procure  for  the  edo- 
nists  '<  peace  with  those  foreign  states,  or  else  give  special 
warrant  unto  your  petitioners  and  the  English  colonies  to 
right  and  defend  themselves  against  all  foreign  enemies." 
These  propositions,  however,  did  not  suit  the  views  of  the 

•  Wlntlurop,  L,  100,  IM ;  TmmboU,  L,  00 ;  Baneroft,  i.,  MS,  800;  U.,  S83. 
t  Wintiwop,  U  14S ;  Huwd,  i.,  S44 ;  ChidiMn,  156;  HmcUmmi,  i.,  441;. 
1^407. 

R 


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268  HISTORY  OP  THE  STATE  OP  NEW  YORK* 

Chap.  vnL  Plantation  Board.  Gbrges  and  Mason  were  opposed  to 
Winslow's  petition,  because  Gh)rge8  h(^ed,  through  the 
*  archbishop's  influence,  to  be  sent  out  as  Gtivemor  Q-en- 
eral  of  all  the  English  colonies.  Laud,  too,  was  anxious 
to  exercise  hierarchal  power  in  America,  and  stop  the 
growth  of  dissent.  Winslow  was,  therefore,  severely  qucflh 
tioned  in  the  board.  He  frankly  admitted,  that  ^^  he  did 
exercise  his  gift"  in  public  preaching;  and  that,  as  a  mag- 
istrate, ^<  he  had  sometimes  mcurried  some,"  fnr  he  consid- 
ered marriage  "  a  civil  thing,"  and  had  himself  been  mar^ 
ried  in  Holland  by  the  magistrates  in  their  State  House. 
But,  by  the  statutes  of  England,  such  proceedings  were 
unlawful ;  and  ihe  archbishop  readily  made  out  his  case 
in  the  compliant  tribunal  over  which  he  exercised  a  para^ 
mount  influence.  Winslow  was  committed  to  tiie  Fleet, 
and  '^  lay  there  seventeen  weeks,  or  thereabouts,  before  he 
could  get  to  be  released."* 

Jealousy  of  Thus  the  jcalousy  of  the  home  government  refused  to 
the  Puritan  colonists  any  authority  to  interfere  with  the 


Dutch  possessions  on  the  Connecticut.  The  people  of  New 
England  were  esteemed  "men  of  refractory  humors;"  and 
complaints  constantly  resounded  of  their  sects  and  schisms, 
their  hostility  to  the  Established  Church,  and  their  larea- 
sonable  designs  against  the  royal  authority.  Emigration 
was  therefore  restrained ;  the  lord  warden  of  tiie  Cinque 
Ports  was  directed  to  stop  "  promiscuous  and  discmlerly 
departure  out  of  the  realm  to  America ;"  and  persons  of 
humUe  station,  who  might  obtain  leave  to  emigrate,  were 
required  first  to  take  the  oaths  of  allegiance  and  suprem- 
acy.! 

Intolerance     Laud's   watchful   intolerance   reached   even   further. 

bishop       "While  Amsterdam  was  liberally  opening  her  gates  to 

strangers  of  every  race  and  creed,  the  Primate  of  all  En- 

1635.  glai»d,  by  order  of  the  king,  was  requiring  all  the  Reform- 

t  jtBoary.  ^  Dutch  churches,  within  the  province  of  Canterbury,  to 
adopt  the  English  Liturgy.*    But  the  attention  of  the  gov- 

*  Wlatkrap,  i,  1S7, 171;  HatehiiMoii,  it,  4H)l 

t  HMwd,i,l47;  Baneroft,l.,407.  t  Rymer  Fed.,  xlx.,  588 ;  IUpin,IL,»3. 


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WOUTER  VAN  TWILLER,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  259 

emmont  was  chiefly  engaged  in  ohecking  the  emigration  CHAP.vm 
of  disaiFected  Englishmen  to  America.    A  Dntoh  ship  "  of 
four,  hundred  tons,"  bound  to  New  Netheriand,  was  lying 
at  Cowes,  ready  to  sail ;  and  her  officers  were  reported  to 

he  drawing  ^^  as  niaiiy  of  bia  laajesty'd  subject-^  as  they 
can  to  go  with  them,  by  offering  thein  large  conditions*" 
To  put  a  stop  to  '*  so  prejudicial  a  oonrsje,'*  the  Privy  Conn*  so  umt^h. 
oil  diispatched  an  order  to  the  Earl  of  Portland-,  to  restruin  mhi^^iw 
British  subjects  from  going  in  that  or  any  other  Dutch  gu  J  ihe  *^ 
vessel  **to  the  Hollanders'  Plantation  in  Hudson's  River/'*  cm*  Hiann- 
Three  yoara  before,  a  Dutch  ship,  c<»niing  from  Manhattan, 
had  been  arrested  at  Plymouth  for  illegally  trading  withia 
his  majesty-a  alleged  dominions.     Now  the  chief  care  of 
the  Privy  Council  adeems  t-o  have  been  to  prevent  English 
aubjeots  going  in  Butch  vessels  to  what  the  British  govern- 
ment recognized,  in  an  official  state  paper,  as  *^  the  Hol- 
landers* Plantation/' 

The  New  England  patent,  which  James  L  had  granted  in 
16M,  had  by  this  time  become  intolerably  odious  to  Par- 
liament, and  the  council  of  Plymouth  was  in  disrepute 
with  the  Hiph  Church  party.     The  patentees,  according- 
ly, after  conveying  by  deed,  to  William,  earl  of  Stirling,  aa  aphi. 
'*part  of  New  England,  and  an  island  adjacent,  called  Aflrron- 
Long  Island/*  divided  the  residue  of  the  territory  between  LnMsu:^ 
Acadia  and  Yirginia  into  shares,  which  they  distributed,  ^^^' 
in   severalty,  among  themselves;   and  then,  under  their r Jnm;. 
common  seal,  surrendered  their  worthless  charter  to  theEn^iimT 
king.     "Thus  was  diss<jlved,  by  voluntary  consent,  aria-Se^r^dm 
ing  from  mere  debility,  the  council  of  Plymouth,  so  famous 
in  the  story  of  New  England /'t 

At  this  crisis,  John  Winthrop,  the  soe  of  the  governor 
of  Massachusetts,  revisiting  England,  confirmed  the  ac- 
counts, which  had  already  been  sent  over,  of  the  value 
and  importance  of  Connecticut  Lord  Say,  and  the  other 
grantees  of  Lord  Warwick's  oonveyanoe  in  1632,  there- 

*  Lond.  Dp*.,  i.,  &5  j  N.  Y,  Col.  MSS.,  lit,  Ifl. 

f  Lond.  Doc„  i.^  U§  i  fi.  Y.  Col.  M^S.,  iti.,  4S  *  Clislmen,  0$  :  Euutl,  i,,  2m,  MO, 
BQ^  ;  Gori^ii^,  In  hi..  Muss.  Hint.  ColL,  t1.,  m,  S3  j  Duncran^  L,  40e ;  Cbaliiurri>  Reyoh 
onho  €<Jlanip«,  i ,  » i  ti.,  N.  Y.  H.  S.  ColL,  U.,  33a,  aS3, 


ihc  crown. 


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260        HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  viu.  fore  took  immediate  measures  for  the  oolonization  of  that 
region.      Saltonstall  promptly  dispatched   a  bar^  with 
Firatcoi<^  twenty  men,  which  arrived  at  Boston  in  mid-summer. 
connwii^^  From  there  the  party  proceeded  to  the  Gonnecticat,  with 
?u  ES^Sh  ^^^  intention  of  settling  themselves  "  between  the  falls 
if  jJST**  *^d  the  Plymouth  trucking-house."   But  Ludlow  and  the 
Dorchester  men  defeated  Saltonstall's  frfans;  and  their 
selfish  conduct  soon  gave  rise  to  letrge  claims  for  damages.* 
18  July.     The  younger  Winthrop  was  soon  afterward  commissioned, 
ihrop  com-  by  Lord  Warwick's  grantees,  as  "  governor  of  the  River  of 
as  gorern-  Connecticot,  with  the  places  adjoining  thereunto."    Early 
6  October,  in  tile  foUowiug  October,  he  reached  Boston,  accompanied 
by  his  father-in-law,  Hugh  Peters,  lately  pastor  of  the  En- 
glish church  at  Rotterdam,  and  bringing  along  with  him 
"  men  and  ammunition,  and  two  thousand  pounds  in  mon- 
ey, to  begin  a  fortification  at  the  mouth  of  the  river."t 
t4  Not.         A  fcw  wceks  after  his  arrival  at  Boston,  Winthrop  dis- 
takM  pos-  patched  a  bark  of  thirty  tons,  and  about  twenty  men,  with 
tiie  mouth  all  ncedful  provisions,  to  take  possession  of  the  mouth  of 
neciicut.    the  Connecticut,  and  erect  some  buildings.}     This  was 
the  first  regular  English  occupation  of  the  territory  com- 
prehended within  Lord  Warwick's  grant.     The  officers  of 
the  Dutch  West  India  Company  had  purchased  this  land 
from  its  Indian  occupants  three  years  before,  and  had  af- 
fixed the  arms  of  the  States  General  to  a  tree,  in  token  of 
their  possession  of  the  "  Kievit's  Hook,"  and  of  the  river 
The  Dutch  above.     Thcse  arms  the  English  invaders  now  oontemptu- 
*>wn.       ously  tore  down,  "  and  engraved  a  ridiculous  face  in  tiieir 
place."* 

Van  Twiller  finding  that  protests  were  ineffectual  to  dis- 
lodge the  English  intruders  fix)m  the  Fresh  River,  had, 
meanwhile,  applied  to  the  West  India  Company  "  for  corn- 
August,     mission  to  deal  with"  them  summarily.     Winthrop's  new 
attempc  to  party  had  scarcely  reached  the  mouth  of  the  Connecticut, 
KAgiuh.  ^before  a  sloop,  which  the  director  had  dispatched  firom 

*  Letter  of  SaltonstaU  to  Winthrop,  in  Mara.  Hist.  Coll.,  xrlU.,  49, 43. 
t  Winthrop,  1.,  161, 100, 170, 172 ;  Tranilrall,  i.,  407 ;  Hildreth,  i.,  t». 
t  Winthrop,  1.,  173, 174. 
«  HoL  Doc.,  iT.,  110 ;  il.,  N.  T.  H.  S.  CoIL,  ii.,  977  ;  mit,  934. 


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WOUTER  VAN  TWILLER,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  261 

Memhattan  to  secure  the  possession  of  the  Dutoh,  arrived  CHiip.viu. 
at  the  Kievit's  Hook.     But  tiie  English  immediately  got 

''  two  picoeij  on  ahoto,  and  would  not  suSer  tham  to  Itmd."*  i^^cembe^. 

The  Dutch  beini^  thus  repulsed,  the  English  changed   1636, 
the  name  of  Kievit's  Hook  to  **  Say  brook,"  in  compliment  f^^j!^^ 
to  the  lead  tn^  English  proprietors  of  Coonecticutj  Lord 
8ay  and  Lord  Brook.     A  fort  waa  immediately  constrno^ 
ed  at  the  pointy  under  the  superintendenoy  of  Lion  Grar-L»mGar. 
dinerj  an  engineer  or  master  workinan,  wlio  had  served 
under  the  Prince  of  Orange  in  Holland,  and  who  Jiad  been 
induced  by  ,Iohn  Davonport  and  Hugh  Peter!*,  of  TLotter- 
dam,  to  enter  into  the  service  of  the  English  patentees  of 
Connecticut*     After  remaining  four  yeard  in  coniTnand  of 
the  p:»st  at  Say  brook,  CTardincr  removed  hia  lanxily  to  the   1640* 
idland  which  now  beara  hU  name,  at  the  eastern  extrem- 
ity of  Long  Is*land.t 

Though  the  Masaachudetta    emigrants  had  originally 
gone  to  th<3  Connecticut  valley  under  a  stipulation  to  con- 
tinue in  allegiance  to  the  General  Court,  the  territory  upon 
which  they  planted  themselves  waa  distinctiy  admitted  to 
be  **  out  of  the  claim  of  tlie  Massachusetts  patent."     A 
new  settlement  was,  however,  socm  commenced  at  a  place    1G36- 
which  wan  actually  within  the  chartered  limits  of  Sf aasa- 
chusetta   Bay.     Early  in   1636,  William  Pynchon,  with  wuiiMi 
eight  other  peraons,  emigrated  from  Roxbury  to  the  upper  Ji3ni» 
part  of  the  Connecticut  River,  and  built  a  trading-houKC  (irsprtni- 
at  *^  Agawam."'     The  original  Indian  name  of  that  place 
was  immediately  changed  to '^  t^pr in gfie Id/*  after  the  town 
in  England  where  Pynchon  had  formerly  lived.     This  new 
settlement  brought  the  English  w^ithin  a  few  miles  of  the 
Dutch  post  at  Fort  Orange.     A  large  peltry  trade,  divert- 

*  WintiiTOp,  1..  I5fl.  175 1  Trumbttll,  U  *1- 

t  Widthn^.  Lp  ]T4t  HA ;  HuhbArdt  179 ;  Lion  GanUnar,  !n  Mul  IfUt.  Coit,  Jt^cill,, 
]3d ;  TnuiiUulU  Lhi  CL*.  UO.  D«  VrteUf  y,  U^^  npnink?  orOnrdlnor,  whoni  ba  fbuad  In  cdra* 
tnnnd  mt  SaybnKikp  on  the  lih  of  June,  tfi^O,  bs  bnv^lTiET  mirtletl  a.  Dutd).  w\(b  «t  Woar* 
den,  tn  HoJiand.  whero  hv  Liid  ''  forrjieriy  trefin  an  efij^kn^r  and  tNUU^wofkniui/*  Tbm 
DuLcti  pbrui'  "  wiTh'bfljWt"  or  "  worfc  mflsttf"— so  rbmiUoj  (o  ibi«  d*y  m  New  Yorii— 
iirt'lru  to  Have  been  i^iilLe  uaiuteEhf^blci  no  tUfl  UMiTTi&d  cdiUirar  VVjritl]rQp.^Savagi}:^K  itobp, 
L,  p.  174.  Sovt-nd  tiitcrt'HUtig  purtkidu-ei  of  UaTdiner'M  hiniCtuphf  (whose  baptlAfniU 
nanwf  was  Litm^  nod  noi  Uivid,  us  Tnimbtiil  and  Savaj^  tUtrm)  may  Ite  found  In  THonip- 
enii'aLariE  hUnA,  1^  ^^^^  ^^f  und  In  Ma«.  Ititt.  Coll.,  £iUL,  136. 


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262  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

CHAP.vnLed  from  the  Ncsrih  River,  soon  rewcurded  the  enterprise  of 
Pynohon;  and  ihe  good  judgment,  which  origincilly  led 
*  him  to  occupy  so  culvantageous  a  spot,  has  since  been 
amply  vindicated  in  the  prosperity  of  the  flourishing  city 
of  Springfield.* 
Extent  of       Thus  English  progress,  step  by  step,  encroached  upon 
•eSSemontg.  thc  territories  of  the  West  India  Company,  until  nearly 
the  whole  valley  of  the  "  Fresh  River"  was  wrested  from 
its  rightful  Europeem  proprietors.     The  annals  of  ccdoni- 
zation  "  can  scarcely  show  the  c(»nmencement  of  a  settle- 
ment so  extremely  faulty  as  that  of  Connecticut."     In  a 
short  time,  the  *^  Hope,"  at  Hartford,  was  all  the  foothold 
which  the  Dutch  had  left  to  them  in  Eastern  New  Neth- 
erland.     From  Sagadahoc  to  Saybrook,  the  Anglo-Saxon 
race  was  now  without  a  European  rival ;  end  the  advanc- 
ing tide  of  its  population  was  soon  to  roll  still  nearer  to 
Manhattan.     It  was  its  destiny  ultimately  to  triumph ; 
and  numbers  and  assurance  carried  the  day  against  few- 
True  Euro- ness  and  equity.     Yet  the  true  European  title,  by  ac- 
i^  w-   tual  discovery  and  continuous  visitation,  to  the  coasts  of 

and  and 

connecti-  Loug  Island  Sound  and  the  valley  of  the  Connecticut,  was 
clearly  and  undeniably  in  the  Dutch.  As  far  as  there 
was  any  color  of  English  title  to  the  region  souHi  of  the 
Massachusetts  line,  that  title  was  vested  in  the  grantees 
of  the  Earl  of  Warwick,  or,  after  tiie  surrender  of  the 
Plymouth  chcurter,  in  the  crown.  The  Puritan  colonists 
who  first  settled  themselves  on  the  Connecticut,  and  en- 
deavored to  expel  the  Hollanders  firom  the  territory  which 
they  had  careftilly  explored  long  before  it  was  seen  or 
known  by  the  English,  did  so  without  a  shadow  of  title 
from  the  Plymouth  Company,  under  whom  they  professed 
to  claim ;  and  it  was  not  until  two  years  after  the  Resto- 
1662.  ration  of  Charles  II.,  that  a  royal  charter  gave  the  people 
of  Connecticut  the  territorial  security  which  they  desired 

♦  Chalmers,  287;  Hutchinson,  I.,  93 ;  Trumbull,  I.,  «6 ;  Young,  Ch.  Mass.,  283 ;  Ver- 
toofh  Tan  N.  N.,  In  U.,  N.  Y.  H.  S.  Coll.,  ii.,  278.  This  post  is  marked  on  Vlsscher'i  and 
Van  d«r  DoncVa  maps  of  New  Netherland  as  *'  Mr.  Finser's  handel-hnya." 


♦nrll. 


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WOUTER  VAN  TWILLER,  DIRECTOR  GB2iERAL.  863 

against  those  whom  they  denounced  ag  their  ^<  noxious  ciup.vui. 
neighbors,  Ihe  Dutch."*  ~J — ~ 

If  the  relations  of  New  Netherland  with  its  colonial  neigh-  d^^^' 
bors  were  not  satisfactory,  the  condition  of  its  home  affairs  jJU^Nih- 
was  quite  as  unpromising.    After  conveying  to  Point  Com-  •'**°^ 
fort  the  English  prisoners  captured  at  Fort  Nassau,  and  as- 
certaining that  Virginia  was  <<  not  a  good  place  lor  Holland- 
ers to  trade  at,"  De  Yries  returned  to  Manhattan  in  the 
following  spring.     Reaching  Sandy  Hook  toward  evening, 
he  piloted  the  King  David  safely  up  to  Fort  Amsterdam,  sMay. 
off  which  he  anchored  about  two  o'clock  the  next  mom-  returns  to 

Manhattan. 

ing,  without  any  one  on  shore  bemg  aware  of  his  arrival. 
No  sentinels  were  on  post ;  no  challenge  hailed  the  ship. 
At  daybreak  ihe  vessel  fired  a  salute  of  tiiree  guns,  and 
the  sleepy  garrison  '^  sprung  suddenly  out  of  bed,  for  they 
were  not  accustomed  to  have  one  come  upon  them  so  by 
surprise."     De  Vries,  however,  was  kindly  welcomed  by  i«  May. 
the  director ;  and  his  leaky  ship  was  soon  hauled  into  the  «hip  at  the' 
"  Smid's  Vleye,"  where  she  w€w  careened  and  repaired.t   vieye." 
A  few  days  afterward.  Van  Twiller,  accompanied  by  De  «5  June. 
Vries  and  Domine  Bogardus,  went  across  the  river,  oppo-vanvoom, 
site  to  Fort  Amsterdam,  on  a  visit  to  Pavonia,  where  Cor-  new  anpcr- 
nelis  van  Voorst  had  just  arrived  as  "  head  commander"  ai  Paronit 
for  Michael  Pauw,  the  pakoon.     Van  Voorst  had  come  out 
in  a  small  English  bark,  and  had  brought  along  with  him 
some  "  good  Bordeaux  wine"  from  the  north  of  England, 
The  director,  who  was  always  "  glad  to  taste  good  wine," 
therefore  hastened  across  the  river  to  greet  Pauw's  new 
officer.     While  the  party  were  enjoying  themselves,  Van 
Twiller  and  Bogardus  had  "  some  words"  with  the  pa- 
troon's  commissary,  about  a  murder  which  had  just  been 

*  Chalmera,  288;  Letter  cf  General  Assembly  of  Conneetient  to  Lord  ^y  and  Seal, 
7th  of  June  1661,  in  TnunbnU, !.,  513 ;  N.  A.  Reriew,  tUI.,  65 ;  Lambrechtsen,  43 ;  U.,  N. 
T.  H.  S.  Coll.,  i.,  06 ;  post^  p.  605,  70S ;  see  also  note  L,  Appendix. 

t  De  Vries's  Voyages,  144.  This  is  the  first  mention  of  the  **  Smid's  Vleye,**  or  Smith's 
Valley,  which  was  the  old  (luniliar  name  of  the  marshy  ground  between  the  East  River 
and  Pearl  Street,  and  Pine  and  Pnlton  Streets.  When  the  "  Maagde  Padtje,"  or  Maiden 
Lane,  was  extended  beyond  Pearl  Street  throngh  this  marsh,  in  Lord  BeUoroont's  time, 
a  market^honse  was  built  at  the  head  of  the  slip.  This  was  originally  called  the  "Vleye 
Market,**  or  market  in  the  swamp.  The  English  soon  eompted  the  name  into  "Fly 
Market,**  by  which  it  oontinoed  to  be  known  nntU  It  was  taken  down  a  Ibw  years  ago.— 
See  also  Jtidge  Benson**  Memalr,  p.  138,  and  Moolton's  "  New  York  in  1073,**  p.  t3. 


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264  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OP  NEW  YORK. 

CHAP.vnLoommitted  at  Pavonia.  But  they  eventaally  parted  good 
friends ;  and  as  the  director  was  returning  to  Fort  Am- 
'  sterdam,  Van  Voorst  fired  a  salute  in  hb  honor  from  a 
swivel  which  was  mounted  on  a  pile  in  front  of  his  house. 
A  spark  unfortunately  flying  on  the  roof,  which  was 
thatched  with  reeds,  set  it  in  a  blaze,  and  in  half  an  hour 
the  whole  building  was  burned  down. 
July.  Another  characteristic  incident  happened  soon  afterward 

lePs  arbi-  at  Manhattan.     Some  Englishmen,  having  captured  two 
dao.        small  vessels  in  the  West  Indies,  took  them  into  the  South 
Eiver,  where  they  were  found  by  one  of  the  Dutch  trad- 
ing sloops,  which  immediately  brought  tliem  to  Fort  Am- 
sterdam.    There  tlie  Englishmen  sold  their  prizes,  and 
shipped  their  goods  on  board  the  company's  vessel,  the 
<<  Seven  Stars,"  which  was  loading  for  Holland.     The 
English  captain  wished  to  have  his  goods  sent  by  the  ^p 
of  De  Vries,  who  was  willing  to  convey  all  his  men  at  the 
same  time  to  Europe.     But  the  director  would  not  con- 
sent to  this  arrangement,  as  it  would  interfere  with  the 
company's  mcmopoly,  though  he  compelled  De  Yries  to 
take  ten  of  the  Englishmen  on  board  his  vessel ;  ^^  all  which 
trading  by  force  was  very  unreascxiable." 
8  Augoit.       When  the  ships  were  nearly  ready  to  sail,  the  constable 
Me  at  Fort  of  Fort  Amsterdam  gave  a  parting  banquet  to  his  returning 
ciTMabtn- countrymen.     A  table  and  benches  were  arranged  under 
a  tent  on  one  of  ihe  angles  of  tlie  fort  overlooking  the  pla- 
cid bay,  and  a  large  company  invited.     When  the  feast 
was  at  its  height,  the  trumpeter  began  to  blow ;  and  some 
words  passed,  because  the  koopman  of  the  shop,  Hendrick 
*  ^^Tram   Hudden,  and  the  koopman  of  tiie  cargoes  "  scolded  Corlaer 
««».*'       the  Trumpeter."     As  valiant  as  he  was  skilled  in  music, 
Corlaer  instantly  gave  them  each  ^^a  drubbing;"  upon 
which  they  ran  home  vowing  vengeance,  and  got  their 
swords.    But  they  contented  themselves  with  ^^  many  fool- 
ish words"  at  the  director's  house ;  their  soldiership  evap- 
orated over  night ;  and  in  the  morning  ^^  they  feared  the 
trumpeter  more  than  they  sought  him." 

The  irregularities  in  Van  Twiller's  government^  which 


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WOUTER  VAN  TWILLER,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  265 

De  Yries  had  so  often  witnessed  at  Manhattan,  did  not,  chap.  vin. 
however,  prevent  him  from  appreciating  the  advantages 
of  a  well-organized  colony  in  New  Netherland.     Not  dis-  ^^  vrie» 
oooraged  by  his  failure  at  Swaanendael  five  years  before,  ^"^"Si 
he  now  determined  to  establish  a  settlement  nearer  toJ^^J^^ 
Fort  Amsterdam,  where  he   supposed  it  would,  at  alljJJ^^ 
events,  be  more  seoure  from  the  attacks  of  the  Indians. 
Staten  Island,  which  Pauw  had  abready  appropriated, 
seemed  to  offer  unusual  advantages ;   and  De  Vries  re- 
quested the  director  to  enter  it  for. him,  as  he  ^^  wished  toiaAncvM. 
return  and  organize  again  a  colony  there."     Van  Twiller 
readily  agreed  to  do  so;  and  the  prospective  patroon,  after 
wooding  and  watering  his  ship  up  the  river,  at  the  "  Groote- 
val,  which  lies  three  miles  beyond  Menates  Island,"  im- 15  August, 
mediately  set  sail  for  Holland.* 

The  colonial  officers  of  New  Netherland  did  not  neglect  Undsuk- 
the  opportunities  which  they  enjoyed  of  advancing  their  proTinciai 
own  private  interests.     Jacob  van  Curler,  the  former  com- 
missary at  Fort  Good  Hope,  now  purchased  from  tiie  In- 1«  June, 
dians  a  flat  of  land  called  "  Castateeuw,"  on  Sewan-hacky 
or  Long  Island,  "  between  the  bay  of  the  North  River  and 
the  East  River ;"  and  Thomas  Hall,  the  English  deserter, 
was  hired  to  superintend  the  plantation.     At  the  same 
time,  Andries  Hudde,  one  of  the  provincial  council,  in 
partnership  with  Wolfert  Gerritsen,  purchased  the  mead- 
ows next  west  to  Van  Curler's.     A  month  afterward,  Van  i«  juiy. 
Twiller  himself  secured  the  level  grounds  further  to  the 
east.     These  purchases,  which  were  estimated  to  include 
nearly  fifteen  thousand  acres,  seem  to  have  been  made 
without  the  knowledge  or  approbation  of  tlie  Amsterdam 
Chamber.      Flourishing  settlements   soon  arose,  which.  New  Am- 
collectively  receiving  the  name  of  New  Amersfoordt,  after  S^?^ 
that  of  the  interesting  old  town  in  Utrecht,  where  the  il-  mS^. 
lustrious  Bameveldt  was  born,  were  the  germ  of  the  pres- 
ent town  of  Flatlands.t 

About  the  same  time,  Roelof  Jansen,  who  had  been  as- 

•  De  Vries,  145,  I4«. 

t  Alb.  Ree.  G.  G.,  31-39;  U.,  N.  T.  H.  S.  CoQ.,  il.,  338;  0*Cdl.,  i.,  173;  TbompMii*! 
LoBf  leUuid,  IL,  183 ;  ValenUiie*!  Manntl  for  1850,  54S-544. 


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266  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

CHAf.vm.sistant  superintendent  of  farms  at  Rensselaerswyck,  ob- 
tained  from  Van  Twiller  a  grant  of  thirty -one  mcnrgens,  or 
Roeiof  and  sixty-two  acros  of  land,  on  Manhattan  Island,  a  little  to 
^JljMn*.  ^^  northwest  of  Fort  Amsterdam.  This  was  the  original 
HfFirtAa- conveyance  of  the  very  valuable  estate  north  of  Warren 
suardtm.    gj^ge^^  jn  ^^  ^i^y  of  New  York,  now  in  the  possession  of 

the  corporation  of  Trinity  church.* 
Van  Dinck-     Van  Twillcr's  irregular  cuiministration  did  not,  however, 
dered  to  re-  cscapc  the  scverc  criticism  of  some  of  his  own  subordinates ; 
land.        ainong  whom  Van  Dincklagen,  the  schout-fiscal,  did  not 
hesitate  openly  to  censure  his  chief.     This  conduct  was 
looked  upon  as  contumacious ;  and  Van  Dincklagen  was 
refused  tiie  payment  of  his  arrears  of  salary,  and  ordered 
utriehLii.  to  rctum  to  Holland.     Ulrich  Lupoid,  a  Hanoverian,  was 
pointS"     temporarily  appointed  in  his  place.     In  thus  arbitrarily 
art.  displacing,  perhaps,  the  most  learned  and  accomplished 

man  in  the  province.  Van  Twiller  relieved  himself,  indeed, 
from  the  presence  of  an  honest  censor,  but  he  eventually 
secured  his  own  recall.  Well  might  De  Vries  indignantly 
exclaim,  as  he  observed  Van  Twiller^s  incapacity,  that 
^<  the  company  had  promoted  him  from  a  clerkship  to  a 
commandership,  to  act  farces"  in  New  Netherland.t 
coionieof  The  colonic  of  Rensselaerswyck  had  mean^^diile  pros- 
laerawyck.  percd  uudcr  the  careful  superintendence  of  Arendt  van 
Curler;  and  the  modest  hamlet  of"  Beverswyck"  had  ex- 
tended itself  around  the  walls  of  Fort  Orange.  The  fer- 
tile soil  yielded  abundant  crops  to  the  laborious  fkrmers ; 
pike  and  sturgecm,  and  other  choice  fish,  abounded  in  the 
river  and  creeks ;  and  deer  and  wild  turkeys  overstocked 
the  neighboring  forests.  The  emigrants,  happy  in  abun- 
dant prosperity,  wrote  joyous  letters  home ;  and  fresh  col- 
onists, in  large  numbers  and  of  substantial  means,  came 

*  Paige*8  Chancery  Reports,  iv.,  178 ;  Benson's  Memoir,  110 ;  Rensselaerswyck  MSS. ; 
0*CaU.,  i.,  143 ;  U^  85, 581.  Roeiof  Jansen,  whose  name  sarriTes  in  that  of  the  **  Kmr 
which  empties  into  the  North  River,  between  Hudson  and  Red  Hook,  died  soon  aAer  this 
grant  was  passed ;  and  his  widow  married  Domine  Bogardns,  about  the  year  1638.  After 
that.  Annexe  Bogardus's  (krro  on  Manhattan  was  called  the  *'.Domlne*s  Bouwery.**  In 
1647,  Annetje  was  again  a  widow,  and  soon  afterward  returned  to  BeTerwyek,  where 
she  died  in  1663. 

t  Hoi.  Doc,  il.,  167, 160, 171,  173, 177, 17&-181 ;  De  Vries,  Voyage*,  IIS ;  U.,  N.  Y.  B 
S.  CoU.,ii.,991. 


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WOUTER  VAN  TWILLER,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  267 

out  from  Holland  in  the  autumn  of  1636.    Van  Rensse-CHAP.yni. 
laer  now  desired  to  enlarge  hia  extensive  domain;  and 
the  sohipper  of  his  vessel  was  instruoted  to  assist  the  co- 
lonial officers  in  accomplishing  this  purpose.     The  next 
spring  they  accordingly  purchased  the  tract  called  <<  Pap-  is  xpru. 
sikaen,"  on  the  east  side  of  the  river,  extending  sputhward  laud  par- 
firom  Castle  Island  to  Smack's  Island,  and  running  a  con-  the  east 
siderable  distance  into  the  interior.     With  this  addition,  ri^er. 
the  ooionie  of  Rensselaerswyck,  around  the  West  India 
Company's  northernmost  fort,  now  included  a  territory,  on 
both  sides  of  the  Nortli  River,  comprehending  a  letrge  part 
of  the  present  counties  of  Albany,  R^isselaer,  and  Co- 
lumbia,* 

Soon  afkerward,  Van  Twiller  purchased  firom  the  In- le  June, 
dians,  for  his  private  use,  the  island  which  they  called  lerpur- 
^*Pagganck,"  lying  a  little  south  of  Fort  Amsterdam,  ptnck  or 
This  island,  which  was  then  estimated  to  contain  a  hund-  and. 
red  and  sixty  acres  of  land,  was  originally  called  by  the 
Dutch  "  Nooten,"  or  Nutten  Island,  "  because  excellent 
nut-trees  grow  there."    After  its  purchase  by  Van  Twil- 
ler, it  began  to  be  knovni  as  ^^tiie  Grovemor's  Island," 
which  old  fiainiliar  name  survives  to  liie  present  day. 
The  next  month,  the  director  bought  two  islands  in  thewjuiy. 
Hell-gate  River,  the  largest  of  which,  called  Tenkenas,  islands  m 
contained  about  two  hundred  acres,  and  Minnahonnonck,  River. 
the  smallest,  about  one  hundred  and  twenty  acres.     Van 
Twiller  was  now  one  of  the  largest  private  land-owners  in 
New  Netherland;   and  the  herds  of  cattle  which  soon 
stocked  his  flourishing  farms,  gave  occasion  to  shrewd  sur- 
mises that  the  director  had  not  hesitated  to  enrich  him- 
self at  the  expense  of  the  company's  interests.! 

Some  grants  of  land  were  likewise  obtained  by  unoffi-  oeorge 
cial  persons.  Among  these,  Joris  or  Greorge  Rapelje,  one  tains  a 
of  the  original  Walloon  colonists  of  Long  Island,  procured  ??iai-bo;cu 

*  Renas.  MSS. ;  O^CaU..  i.,  134,  S26 ;  De  Vrlea,  1&3 ;  Megapolensla'a  Tract  on  the  Mo- 
bawk  Indians,  in  Haxard,  1.,  518.  Mr.  Barnard  alllnns  that,  "  about  1037,  the  patroon  of 
this  eolonj  appeared  in  person  to  take  charge  of  his  estate  and  his  people ,"  but  there  does 
not  seem  to  be  anj  evidence  to  support  this  assertion ;  see  pottj  p.  531. 

t  Alb.  Ree.,  G.  6.,  41,  46 ;  De  Lae^  ix. ;  O'CaU.,  i.,  174,  183 ;  Valentine's  Manual  (br 
1850,  544,  545. 


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268  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

CHAF.vuLthe  formal  oonfinnation  of  a  tract  near  the  Wi^al-bogt.* 
^        A  pleasing  tradition  asserts,  that  the  Indians  had  relin- 

lejuue.  *  quished  their  title  to  the  Walloons  upon  the  birth  of  Rap- 
elje's  daughter  Sarah,  in  the  month  of  June,  1625,  beoause 
she  was  the  first  white  child  bom  in  New  Netherland.t 

Jonas       Soon  afterward,  Jonas  Bronok  became  the  owner  of  the 

Bronek**  ' 

wStchJl^"  Ranaque  tract,"  on  tiie  "main  land"  of  West  Chester, 
*«'•  east  of  and  "over  against"  what  is  now  known  as  Haer- 

lem.t  ^ 

The  eora-       About  the  samc  time,  the  Indian  title  to  the  island  of 
JSSiThe    "  Q^uotenis,"  near  the  "  Roode  Islcmd,"  in  Narragansett  Bay, 
Qnotenis,   was  sccurcd  for  the  West  India  Company,  and  a  trading- 
gansett      post  was  established  there,  under  the  superintendence  of 
Abraham  Pietersen.    Not  long  afterward,  Pietersen  obtain- 
ed for  the  company  the  possession  of  another  island,  lying 
near  the  Pequod,  or  Thames  River,  which,  for  many  years 
Dutch-      after  the  settlement  of  Connecticut  by  the  English,  con- 
and.         tinned  to  be  known  as  "  tlie  Dutchman's  Island."^ 

The  directors  at  Amsterdam  also  succeeded  in  purchas- 
ing from  Micdiael  Pauw  his  territorial  rights  as  patroon,  for 
which  they  paid  him  twenty-six  thousand  guilders.     By 
Paronia    thls  arrangement,  Pavonia  and  Staten  Island  became  the 
Island,      property  of  tiie  c(»npany ;  and  tiie  annoyance  which  Pauw's 

independent  colony  had  caused  was  at  length  stopped.ll 
For  trade       Up  to  this  time  thc  fiir  trade  had  steadily  increased ; 
jjejw-     and  notwithstanding  the  loss  of  their  sole  traffic  on  the 
Connecticut,  the  directors  received  returns  from  their  prov- 
ince, during  the  year  1635,  amounting  to  nearly  one  hund- 

*  Alb.  Rec.,  6.  6. ;  Valentine'a  Manual  for  1850,  545,  546. 

t  Judge  Benaon,  in  hie  Memoir,  p.  94,  gives  the  fi>Uowlng  extract  flrom  tbe  Cooneil 
Reoords  in  1056 :  **  Sarah  Jorisen,  the  first-hom  Ckrittian  daughter  m  New  Nethertand, 
widow  of  Hans  Hansen,  bmthened  with  aeren  children,  petitions  for  a  grant  of  a  piece  of 
meadow,  in  addition  to  the  twenty  morgena  (Ibrty  acres)  granted  to  her  at  the  Waal-bogt." 
In  consideration  of  her  situation  and  birth,  Stuyvesaot  and  his  council  assented  to  her 
petition.— Alb.  Rec.,  zi.  (P.),  »3;  Moolton,  971,  note ;  ante,  p.  154. 

t  Benson's  Memoir,  07 ;  Bolton's  West  Chester,  U.,  280,  S83,  S80,  803 ;  O'Call.,  i.,  S50 ; 
il.,  581.  "  Bronck's  Kill,"  now  known  as  "  Bronx  River,"  derived  its  name  from  this  Jo- 
nas Bronck. 

(t  Hoi.  Doe.,  TlL,  78 ;  Verbael  van  Beveminck,  608 ;  Alb.  Rec.,  i.,  80 ;  xriii.,  SOI ;  CCall., 
i.,  174«  There  is  an  island  now  marked  on  the  large  official  map  of  Maasachosetts,  of 
1844,  as  "  Dntch  Island."  It  is  in  the  channel  west  of  Canonicot,  and  noith  of  the  Beaver 
TaU  Light 

I  Hoi.  Doc.,  ▼.,  400 ;  ii.,  N.  T.  H.  S.  CoU.,  ii.,  138 ;  CCalL,  i.,  190. 


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WOUTER  VAN  TWILLER,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  269 

red  and  thirty-five  thousand  guilders*    Besides  enjoying  chap.  vui. 
the  monopoly  in  New  Netherland,  the  company  had  open- 
ed  a  profitable  commerce  with  New  England ;  and  Dutch  traffic 
vessels  "brf>ught  tobacco  and  salt  from  the  "West  Indies,  eJi^iJ^u^ 
and  Flandera  raares,  and  oxan,  and  shoep,  from  Holland 
to  Boston.     **  They  came  from  the  Texel  in  five  weeks 
three  days,  and  lost  not  one  beast  or  aheep."     All  these 
commodities  bore  high  prices  in   New  England,  where 
there  was  now  a  scarcity  of  pmvisians.     Potatoes,  fromjii^h|incc« 
Bermuda,  were  sold  at  Boston  for  two-pence  the  pound ;  iioo"^*' 
a  good  cow  was  worth  twenty-five  or  thirty  pounds,  and  a 
pair  of  oxon  readily  fetched  forty.     The  cattle  in  Connec« 
ticut  did  not  thrive.     In  Yirginia  corn  roae  to  twenty  shil* 
lingi^  the  bushel.     The  soaroity  in  New  England  and  Vir- 
ginia affected  the  pricey  of  proviisions  and  the  value  of  [a- 
bor  in  New   Netherland.     Before  the  close  of  1637,  a 
schepel,  or  three  pecks  of  rye,  was  sold  for  two  gnilders, 
or  eighty  cents ;  and  a  laboring  man  readiJy  earned  two 
guilders  a  day  during  harveat.t     These  prices  wi^re  pTob- 
ably  caused,  in  some  degree,  by  the  bloody  war  which 
was  now  raging  in  Connecticut 

For  the  Puritan  colonists  of  New  England  had  become   1634. 
embroiled  with  their  aboriginal  neighbors.     The  Pequods  ul^'rSqaU 
had  failed  to  surrender  the  murderers  of  Stonoj  according*"' 
to  their  treaty  at  Boston ;  and  had  tendered,  ineteadj  an 
atonement  of  wampum.     But  Massachusetts  insisted  upon 
aven^ng  blood  with  blood.     Soon  afterward,  John  Old-  1636. 
ham,  the  adventurous  overland  explorer  of  the  Conneoti-  oliLm^* 
cut»  was  assassinated  by  the  Block  Island  Indians,  who""^"*^ 
seem  to  have  become  jealous  at  his  trading  with  the  Pe- 
quodsj  under  their  treaty  with  Massachusetts.     The  mag- 
iiftrates  and  ministers  immediately  assembled  at  Boston,  ss  aubum. 
and  commissioned  John  Endioott  to  proceed,  with  a  force  Endicmi-p 
of  ninety  men,  to  Blocit  Island,  of  which  he  was  directed 
to  take  possession,  after  putting  to  death  all  the  warriors, 
and  making  prisoners  all  the  women  and  children.    From 

f  An>.  Ew..  t, «,  U.,  S/&  [  wimhwp.  U  I»i  Iftlp  1»,  lfi7t  l»Ji  K»- 


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270  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OP  NEW  YORK. 

Chat.  viiL  Block  IsIand  he  was  to  go  to  the  Pequods,  and  demand 
~~~  the  murderers  of  Stone,  and  a  thoosand  fathoms  of  warn- 
*  pum  as  damages :  if  satisfaotiou  were  refused,  tiie  expe> 
diticm  was  "to  obtain  it  by  force." 

Endicott  promptly  executed  his  "  sanguinary  orders." 
Block  i8i-   The  Block  Island  savsbges  fled  at  the  approadi  of  the  En- 
tated.        glish  invaders ;  and  Endicott "  burned  tiieir  wigwams,  and 
all  their  matts,  and  some  com,  and  staved  seven  canoes^ 
and  departed."     Thence  he  went  to  Saybrook,  where  he 
was  re-enforced  by  twenty  men.     In  a  few  days,  the  expe- 
ThePe-     dition  sailed  fpr  the  Pequod  River.     Aft6r  burning  all  the 
wuna  dt  wigwams,  and  spoiling  the  canoes  of  the  Pequods,  Endi- 
14  Sept.*     cott  returned  to  Boston,  having  done  more  than  enough  to 
exasperate,  but  nothing  to  subdue  Okd  now  implacable  en- 
emy of  the  English. 

The  fatal  consequences  of  Endicptt's  expedition  were 

Ezaspen-  soou  felt  by  the  oolouists  on  the  Connectiout.     The  Pe- 

Peqnodi.    quods,  arouscd  to  vengeance,  lurked  about  tlie  new  fort 

at  Saybrook,  and  killed  several  of  the  garrison.     During 

the  whcde  winter,  the  post  was  in  a  state  of  siege ;  and 

1637.  Gardiner,  the  commandant,  going  with  a  small  party  a 

^  ^*^      little  beyond  the  rcmge  of  its  guns,  was  surprised  by  an 

Indian  ambush,  and  forced  to  seek  safety  in  a  rapid  re- 

RoTenge    treat.     Wethersfield,  too,  felt  the  bitterness  of  savage  re- 

atlsay. "    veugc.    Scquceu,  aggrieved  by  the  oonduct  of  the  English, 

wetbera-   whom  he  had  been  tibe  means  of  attracting  thither,  insti- 

ApriL       gated  the  Pequods,  who  killed  nine  of  the  colonists,  and 

carried  two  maidens  away  into  captivity. 

Apprehension  was  now  felt  that  the  Dutch,  <'  who,  by 

their  speeches  and  supplies  out  of  Holland,"  had  excited 

the  suspicions  of  their  New  England  neighbors,  would  re- 

sayteook   posscss  thcmselvcs  of  Saybrook.     Captain  J6b.n  Underbill 

fo^      was,  therefore,  promptly  sent  from  Boston  to  the  mouth  of 

^^  ^^"^    the  Connecticut,  with  a  re-enforcement  of  twenty  men, "  to 

keep  the  fort"     But  Van  Twiller,  instead  of  attempting 

to  expel  the  harassed  English  from  the  '<  Kievit's  Hoeck," 

dispatched  a  sloop  from  Manhattan  to  the  Thames  River, 

near  which  the  Dutch  had  now  a  trading  post,  with  or- 


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WOUTER  VAN  TWILLER,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  271 

ders  '^  to  redeem  the  two  English  maids  by  what  means  CMiP.vm. 
soever,  though  it  were  with  a  breach  of  their  peace  with 
the  Peqnods."     Toaohing  at  Saylnrook,  the  Dutch  vessel  tu^  Dutch 
was  stopped  by  the  English,  who  would  not  allow  her  tog^ggj^^* 
prooeed  until  her  officers  stipulated,  by  "a  note  under ^p^*X 
their  hands,"  to  make  the  release  of  the  two  Wethersfield^***"**^" 
girls  "their  chief  design."     On  reaching  the  Thames  Riv- 
er, the  Manhattan  officers  made  large  offers  to  the  Pequods 
for  the  ransom  of  the  English  captives ;  "  but  nothing 
would  be  accepted."     So  the  Dutch  detained  six  or  seven 
of  the  Pequods  on  board  of  their  sloop ;  and  with  them  they 
redeemed  the  two  maidens,  who  were  conveyed  to  Man- 
hattan, and,  not  long  afterward,  safely  restoted  to  their 
countrymen  at  Saybrook. 

An  exterminating  war  against  the  Pequods  was  now  i  May. 
decreed  by  the  colonists  of  Hartford,  Windsor,  and  Weth-  J?8ii  unit* 
ersfield ;  and  Massachusetts  and  New  Plymouth  resolved  i^M^^hT' 
to  assist  Connecticut.     John  Mason,  who  had  been  bred  a  ^•^"**** 
soldier  in  the  Netherlands,  wa^  solemnly  intrusted  with 
the  command ;  and,  after  a  night  spent  in  prayer,  an  En- 
glish force  of  ninety  men,  accompanied  by  Uncas,  the  chief 
of  the  Mahicans,  and  sixty  of  his  warriors,  embarked  in  lo  May. 
three  ves^ls  at  Hartford,  and  dropped  down  to  Saybrook, 
where  the  party  was  re-enforced  by  Underhill  with  his 
twenty  men.     The  expedition  soon  reached  ihe  Narragan- »  May. 
sett  Bay,  where  the  English  were  further  strengthened  by  ^SSJ^**" 
the  chief  sachem,  Miantonomoh,  and  two  hundred  of  his seuBay" 
warri(Nrs ;  and  the  combined  forces  pressed  onward  to  the 
strong-holds  of  the  Pequods,  on  the  Mistic  River.    At  dawn  26  May. 
of  day,  the  assailants,  in  two  divisions,  led  by  Mason  and 
Underhill,  attacked  the  fortified  village  at  the  summit  of 
a  commanding  eminence.     The  Pequods,  taken  by  sur- 
prise, fought  with  the  energy  of  despair ;  but  their  arrows 
and  robes  of  fur  availed  them  little  against  the  mudcets 
and  corselets  of  the  New  England  men,  now  "bereaved  of 
pity,  and  without  compassion."     No  quarter  was  given ;  The  pe- 
no  mercy  was  shown.     Six  hundred  souls,  warriors  andS«d»- 
women,  old  m^i  and  children,  perished  in  the  indiscrim- 


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272  msTcaiY  of  the  state  op  new  york. 

ch4».  vm.  inate  carnage.  The  rising  sun  shone  on  the  smoking  m* 
ins  of  the  devastated  village.  A  band  of  waniore  from  the 
seoondPequod  fort  pnrsned  the  retreating  conquercMB;  but 
the.  English  safely  reached  their  vessels,  where  they  were 
joined  by  Captain  Daniel  Patrick,  who  had  just  come  on 
from  Boston  with  forty  men.  The  victorious  expedition 
returning  to  Saybrook,  was  welcomed  by  G-ardiner  with 
joyous  salvos  of  artillery. 

June.  The  fate  of  the  remaining  Pequods  was  now  sealed. 

tt«^?iint-  Stoughton  soon  arrived  at  Saybrook  with  re-enforcements 

wMtof     from  Massachusetts;   and  the  flying  savages  were  pur- 

"^  ""  '  sued  as  far  westward  as  "within  twenty  or  thirty  noiles 

of  the  Dutch."     At  a  head  of  land,  near  what  is  now 

ir^jnty.  Gruilford,  the  English  beheaded  two  sachems;  "where- 
upon they  called  the  place  Sachem's  Head."  Near  what 
is  now  Fairfield,  a  remnant  of  the  devoted  tribe  was  huBt- 
ed  into  "a  most  hideous  swamp,"  and  many  warriors  per- 
ished. Two  hundred  old  men,  women,  and  children  were 
taken  prisoners,  reduced  to  bondage,  and  divided  among 
the  conquering  European  troops;  and  not  long  afterward, 
some  of  the  wretched  captives  were  exported  from  Bos- 
ton, and  sold  as  slaves  in  the  West  Indies.  The  scalp  of 
Sassacus,  the  Pequod  chief,  was  sent  in, triumph  from 
Connecticut  to  Massachusetts  Bay.  Scarcely  a  sannup, 
a  warrior,  a  squaw,  or  a  child  of  the  Pequod  name  sur- 

Extennin.  vivcd.     An  ab(»riginal  nation  had  been  almost  extermin- 

''^        ated.* 

The  tragedy  which  was  thus  awfully  accomplished  was 
performed,  indeed,  within  the  eastern  territories  of  New 
Netherland,  but  by  other  actors  than  the  Dutch.  The 
victorious  warfare  of  the  New  England  colonists  secured 
for  them  nearly  forty  years  of  comparative  peace,  and  their 
courageous  vigor  has  well  received  the  most  eloquent  ap- 
plause. Yet  no  habitual  veneration  of  ancestral  fame 
should  justify  the  unvaried  panegyric  of  all   ancestral 

*  Wintlirop,  i.,  180, 103-S85 ;  Moiton*i  Memorial,  18ft-105 ;  Habbard*t  Nvratfre ;  CoL 
Ree.  CodBm  9 ;  Mawm,  in  Maaa.  HiaL  CoU.,  xriU.,  131-151 ;  G«rdin«r,  in  M.  H.  GoiL,  xxiii, 
196-lM  ;  Undertim,  in  M.  H.  CoU.,  xxrl.,  4-35 ;  Chalmera,  991, 9n ;  TnimbnU,  i.,  89-OS  ; 
Bancroft,  i.,  897-409 ;  HUdrath,  i.,  Sl»-S5t. 


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WOUTER  VAN  TWILLER,  MKEOTOR  GENiaiAL.  273 

works,  or  doak  from  calm  rerbw  the  {oil  signifioanoe  of  caAP.vm. 
Inconvenient  truth.     The  Pequod  war,  mirighteonsly  be- 

giin,  ruthlessly  achieved,  was  the  first  serious  attempt  of 
tha  white  race  to  extiipate  the  red  race  from  the  northern 
refiDna  of  America.  It^  injurious  effects  did  not  end  with 
the  subjugation  and  enslavement  of  Ita  surviving  victbnj. 
Their  coveted  land  was  indeed  won.  But  the  Beeds  of 
enmity  wero  sown  for  ages  ;  and  it  was  not  long  after 
that  the  Dutch  colonists  on  the  North  River  were  obliged 
to  witness  as  murder ous  scenes  as  did  tiie  Puritan  con- 
querors of  Connecticut. 

Meanwhile,  Van  Dinckjagien,  on  returning  to  Holland,  1636. 
had  severely  reviewed  Van  Twiller'a  government,  in  a  me-  vL^J^rl- 
moriai  to  the  States  General,  which  was  immediately  re-SJj. 
ferred  to  the  Amsterdam  Chamber,  with  an  intimation 
that  they  should  make  prompt  satisfaction  to  their  injured        » 
officer,  whose  salary  was  now  three  yean*  in  arrear.     The 
irchont-iiscal's  complaints,  however,  were  not  confined  to  compiBtrt* 
the  civil  authorities  of  New  NetJieriand.     Domioe  Bogar- l^Twiu 
dus  was  alt^o  censured,  and  to  *^nch  an  extent  that,  when  ^It^I 
the  report  of  the  accusations  reached  Manhattan,  tJie  Con- 
sfistory  of  the  Church  felt  it  their  duty  to  take  "  ecclesias- 
tical proceedings"  against  Van  Dincklagen,  which,  several 
years  afterward,  they  were  obliged  to  defend  before  the 
Classic  of  Amstertlam.*      But  the  answer  whieh  the  di- 
rectors tardily  gave  to  the  peremptory  order  of  the  State^i  2^  arh,wt 
G-eneral  was  a  virtual  denial  of  justice-     It  only  produced 
a  freah  memorial  from  the  resolute  schout-fiscal,  who  re- 
newed his  complaints  against  the  colonial  administration   1637. 
of  the  company,  and  invoked  the  interposition  of  the  home  AcuJn'or 
government  ao  eameit-ly,  that  their  High  Mightinesses  at  "X^tH!^^ 

*  HoL  Doc.j  ii,,  107,  IftO  ;  Corrtearpondencc?  of  the  riMSi*  of  AmnttTJam,  Tiw  meqwrtftl 
mA  p£ptita  whifh  Vun  Dtncklnifeii  pre*&ftr«I,  on  ibe  3t>th  oTAugUBt  (n  the  Stales  Gonfral, 
un  nut  now  in  iJiP  ArchlVfffl  at  tbe  Ha^ut?— at  Idasl,  1  was  nnatiM  to  rfnd  thom^  nSter  s. 
car*  ftilsMiTli.  Thcywcre  prflbubty  iifi  vcr  rptu  rn  pd  hy  ITio  Aiaslerdnin  iHn^ctofB,  t*  whom 
llwr  had  iman  sum  ;  uul  their  Ivm  ia  «pe<!idlly  tn  tie  ro^riit^l,  m  tlipy,  nn  dmiht,  tan- 
mi  RBd  an  lni  erpsltn  r  ret  lew  of  Van  T wllltr'n  ad  nilt)  ]  ?  iratlon .  TUe  C^irmtpondt  n  ro  of  t  h  ^ 
ClBAftie  of  Am*u?rdflm,  which  I  procarad  for  the  Gottera]  Synod  of  the  R.  U.  rteiirch,  con- 
tains WTcral  TOfcrffices  I*  V^^  Dinchlagfln'a  cnsa  ;  anil  on  the  iBth  t»f  July,  tB3S,  U  ap- 
pears that  Bogardui  nprlJeil  to  the  Council  ofN^w  ^etharjuid  Fur  le*T5  m  n^um  tD  Uol- 
tind  ind  defend  himwlf.— Alb.  a«.,  U.^  17;  pw^,  p.  fliJ,  note. 

s 


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274  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

OHAP.vm.  length  ^^  seriously''  urged  the  College  of  the  XIX.  to  grant 
him  full  redress.* 

It  was  now  apparent,  even  to  the  Amsterdam  Chamber, 
that  a  change  must  be  made  in  the  government  of  New 
vuTwu-  Netherland.  The  constant  reiteration  of  charges  against 
their  chief  provincial  officer  damaged  the  reputation  of  the 
company  at  home ;  and  the  testimony  of  De  Yries,  on  his 
return  to  Holland,  probably  turned  against  Van  Twiller 
the  scale  which  had  been  kept  wavering  through  the  in- 
fluence  of  the  direc1x)rs  with  whom  he  was  connected.  The 
College  of  the  XIX.  resolved  to  remove  him  at  once,  and 
appoint  a  successor,  who,  with  periiaps  more  capacity  and 
experience,  seems  to  have  been  quite  as  unfit  to  direct  the 
destinies  of  a  state, 
wuuim  William  Kieft  was  the  person  selected.  An  apparently 
Mil  ag  <u-  unfiriendly  pen  has  recorded  a  few  indicative  anecdotes  of 
his  earlier  life.  He  was  bom  at  Amsterdam,  where  he 
was  brought  up  as  a  merchant.  After  doing  business 
awhile  at  Rochelle,  he  became  a  bankrupt ;  and  his  por- 
trait, according  to  the  uncompromising  rule  of  those  days, 
was  affixed  to  the  gallows  of  that  city.  Some  time  after 
his  failure,  he  was  sent  to  ransom  some  Christians  in  Tur- 
;  key,  where,  it  was  alleged,  he  basely  left  in  bondage  sev- 
eral captives,  whose  friends  had  placed  in  his  hands  large 
sums  of  money  for  the  purchase  of  their  liberty .t 

To  such  an  agent  the  West  India  Company  determined 

to  intrust  the  goveriunent  of  their  American  Province. 

One  of  the  members  of  the  Amsterdam  Chamber,  Elias 

2  Sept.      de  Raedt,  was  accordingly  sent  to  the  Hague,  to  solicit 

Ki«ft  com-  firom  the  States  Gteneral  a  conmiission  for  Kieft  as  Van 

an.rB\vorn.  Twillor's  succcssor.     Thc  request  was  [uromptly  granted ; 

and  the  new  director,  in  pres^Sbe  of  the  grave  Assembly, 

took  his  oath  of  office.) 

*  Hd.  Doc,  U.,  171-17S,  177, 17a 

t  DeVrifls,147,140i  Bnadm  lUodt,  10 ;  InteniatloiMl  Mag .  Ibr  Dm.,  18ftl,  p.  007. 

t  HoL  Doe.,  iL,  181. 


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WILLIAM  KIEFT,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  375 


CHAPTER  IX,  ~ 

1638-1641. 

Early  in  the  spring  of  1638,  Wili,iam  Kiept,  the  fifth  cniF.ix 
director  general  of  tJie  West  India  Company's  North  Amer-  — ^7"" 
ioan  Provinoej  arrive*!  at  Manhattan,  aft^r  an  unuanally  ^p  ^^^f^' 
protraot^id  voyage;   the  *' Herring,"  in  which  he  sailed  JJ[^'^, 
from  Holland,  having  taken  the  southerly  (jourMo,  and  Hn- JS^^^i,*;^^ 
gered  over  winter  at  the  Bermudas,  for  fear  of  approach- 
ing the  coasts  of  New  Netherlands  in  the  stormy  nea^oo, 
with  inexperienced  pilots.* 

Kieft  was  an  active,  *^  inquisitive,*^  rapacious  jjerson;  in  khv* 
almost  every  respect  the  opposite  of  Van  Twiller.  In  the  and  mimm- 
judgment  of  his  New  Eagland  contemporaries,  he  was  "a 
more  discreet  and  sober  man"  than  his  predecessor.  But 
iixe  history  of  his  troubled  administration  dt>es  not  war- 
rant us  iu  considering  hirn  ^'a  prudent  man"  or  a  good 
chief  magistrate,t  The  official  records  of  New  Nether- 
land,  which  are  wanting  before,  have  fortimatcly  been 
preserved,  in  an  ahnoat  unbroken  aeries,  from  the  time  of 
Kteft's  inauguration ;  and  they  afford  authentic  and  cso- 
piouH  materials  for  the  historian.! 

The  new  director  organized  hia  council  so  as  to  keepKi»nu 
the  entire  control  in  hia  hands.     Johannes  la  Montague,  HSS. 
a  Huguenot  physician,  who  had  emigrated  to  New  Neth- 
erland  the  year  before,  was  appointed  a  counselor,  with 
one  vote  at  the  board,  while  Kieft  reserved  two  votes  to   * 
himself.     Comehs  van  Tienhoven,  of  Utrecht,  who  had  ^rXt^ 
heen  for  several  years  the  company  *a  book-keeper  of  wages.  flJlr*™^ 

•  Am.  R«.,  t,,  m ;  De  Vtim,  lii,  |  winibtmi.  l,  m ;  ii,,  m. 

I  am  note  l{,  Apjmidlx. 


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276  HIST0K7  or  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  yO&K. 

Chap.  IX.  was  HOW  made  pTOvinoial  secretary ;  and  Ulrich  Lnpold, 
whom  Van  Twiller  had  appointed  m  the  place  of  Dinck- 
'  lagen,  continued  for  a  short  time  to  act  as  schont-fisoal. 
Kieft's  conncil  managed  all  the  general  affairs  of  the 
province,  and  was  the  supreme  court  of  justice.  ^^  It  was 
a  high  crime,"  said  Van  der  Donck,  a  few  years  after- 
ward, ^^  to  appeal  from  their  jud^nents."^  This  organiza- 
tion, however,  was  occasionally  modified,  for  "  whenever 
any  thing  extraordinary  occurred,  the  director  allowed 
some  whom  it  pleased  him— officers  of  the  company  for 
the  most  part — to  be  summoned  in  addition;  but  tkat  sel- 
dom happened."* 

condHkNi       Pindine  that  the  company's  affairs  were  in  a  ruinoQs 

Manhattan,  oouditiou,  tiic  director  caused  a  formal  statememt  of  tiieir 
situation  to  be  recorded.  Port  Amsterdam  was  dila^nda- 
ted,  and  ^^  open  on  every  dde,"  except  <^  at  the  stone  pmnt ;" 
all  the  guns  were  dismounted ;  the  house  in  tiie  foit,  ibe 
church,  the  lodge,  and  the  other  buildings  ^^  required  con- 
siderable repair."  Even  the  place  where  the  magazine 
for  merchandise  once  stood  could  <<  widi  difficulty  be  dis- 
covered." Almost  every  vessel,  except  the  yacht "  Prinee 
William,"  and  another  on  the  stocks,  was  in  the  ^<  wont 
condition."  Only  one  of  the  three  wind-mills  was  in  oper- 
ation ;  another  was  out  of  repair ;  the  third  was  burned. 
The  five  farms  of  the  company  were  untenanted,  and 
tiurown  into  commons ;  and  all  the  cattle  with  which  tjbey 
had  been  stocked  had  ^^  been  disposed  of  in  other  hands." 

Van  -^wii-  But  if  Van  Twiller  failed  to  administer  the  afiairs  of  the 

l.?r'«  thrift.  .  .    4.  •!       1  %  .  »  .  • 

province  satisfactorily,  he  took  care  to  improve  bis  private 
estate.  A  few  days  after  his  supersedure,  he  hired  from 
n  April.  Kieft  the  company's  "  farm,  number  one,"  at  a  yearly 
rent  of  two  hundred  and  fifty  guilders,  and  a  sixt^  part 
of  all  the  produce ;  and  the  inv^tory  of  the  late  olerk- 
director's  prq)erty  exhibited  such  an  ample  estate,  tiitt 
many  could  not  h^  contracting  it  with  tiie  sorry  odndi- 
tion  in  which  he  had  left  every  tlung  ebct 

*  Alb.  lUe.,  ii.,  1, t;  V«too|h  Tin  N.  N.,  in  Hal. Doe.,  tr.,  74, and  ia  41 .,  If.  V.  H.  8. 
CoU.,  ii.,  SM.  t  Alb.  Reo.,  i.,  S,  80,  91, 101 ;  it,  N.  T.  H.  8.  0<M1.,  1^  «l«,  160. 


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WILUAM  KTEPT.  DIRECTOR  GENERAL,  SQf? 

Almeies  existed  in  every  department  of  the  pia1>lio  smv-  chaf,  jx. 
IcBj  which  the  bustling  Kieft  attempted  to  remedy  by 
proclamations.     It  ^aa  ordered  that  no  peraon  in  the  com*  pfocjtuns- 
paoy^s  employ  should  trade  in  peltriea,  and  that  no  ftira  Fu"\^di' 
ijhould  he  exported  without  special  permiasion,  under  pen- [f^'JJ'^^' 
ally  of  loss  of  wages  and  eonfiscation  of  good§.     The  pla-"^'*^*'^ 
card  ft^rbidding  clandestine  traffic  in  New  Netherland  way 
repiiblii^hed  ;  and  death  was  tlireatened  agaiiiwt  all  who 
should  sell  iKiwder  or  guns  to  the  Indiana.     After  ni^ht- Fflii"  rcg- 

uJjitfcinit 

fall,  all  sailors  must  remain  on  board  their  ships ;  hours 
were  fixed  for  all  persons  to  commence  and  leave  off  wc»rk ; 
subordination  and  diligence-  were  enjoined ;  and  fighting, 
kewdnea^  rebellion,  theft,  perjury,  calumny,  and  *^all  oth- 
er immoralities,"  solemnly  prohibited.     No  person  was  to 
retail  any  liquors,  *^  except  those  who  sold  wine  at  a  de- 
cent price  and  in  moderate  quantities.*'      And  Thursday 
in  each  week  was  appointed  as  the  regular  day  for  the 
sessions  of  the  council  as  a  court  of  civil  aud  criminal  ju- 
risdiction.    Tobacco,  which  had  now  become  a  staple  pro- To^ai'-jo  in- 
duction of  New  Netherland,  was  also  subjected  to  excise ; 
and  regulations  were  published,  t>o  check  the  abuses  which  la  ah«u«i. 
injured  *'the  high  name"  it  had  ^^  gained  in  foreign  coun- 
tries."* 
Another  proclamation  declared,  that  no  attestations  orwriiingMe 

be  MXHsftit^i; 

Other  public  writings  should  be  valid  before  a  court  in 
New  Netherland,  unless  they  were  MTfitten  by  the  colonial 
secretary.  This  arbitrary  regulatic^n  was  soon  objected  to 
as  oppressivcj  and  as  intended  to  restrain  popular  rights ; 
but  the  policy  of  the  measure  wa^  aftcr%vard  defended  by 
Secretary  Van  Tienhoven.  **  Most  of  the  people  living  in 
New  Netherland,"  isaid  the  sycophantic  official,  '*  are  coon* 
try  or  se^-faring  men,  who  summon  each  otJier  frequently 
before  the  court  for  small  matters,  while  many  of  them 
can  neither  read  nor  write,  nor  testify  intelligibly,  nor  pro- 
duce ^vritten  evidence;  and,  if  some  do  prtxiuce  it,  it  is 
sometimes  written  by  a  sailor  or  a  boor,  and  is  often  whol- 
ly indistinct  and  repugnant  U}  tlie  meaning  of  those  who 

*  JUb.  Ree.,  11.,  3-lS,  19,  II,  IS8 ;  U^tsr^m  Ann.  Pbnn.,  49. 


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278        HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chat,  ul  had  it  Written  or  made  the  si^atement.    Gonsequentlyi  the 
director  and  oounoil  could  not  know  the  truth  of  matters, 
'  08  was  proper,  and  as  justice  demanded."* 

If,  however,  the  new  director  seemed  chiefly  engrossed 
in  reforming  the  civil  administration,  he  did  not  neglect 
DomineBo-the  cauBC  of  rcUgion.     Bog&rdus,  the  clergyman  at  Fcnrt 
uined  at    Amsterdam,  upon  learning  the  charges  which  Van  Dinok- 
•t«rd«n.    lagen,  after  his  return  to  Holland,  had  laid  before  the 
Classis  of  Amsterdam,  petitioned  Kieft  for  leave  to  return 
to  the  Fatherland  and  defend  himself.     But  the  director 
18  jaiy.     and  council  resolved  ^^  to  retain  the  minister  here,  so  that 
the  increase  of  Grod's  word  may  in  no  manner  be  prevent- 
ed."    The  Consistory  of  the  Church,  however,  tamestly 
defended  and  justified  their  conduct  in  1636 ;  and  Kieft 
himself  seems  to  have  supported  their  prayer,  that  the 
Classis  would  ^^  be  pleajsed  to  look  into  their  case  with 
care,  and  to  decide  the  same  against  Lubbertus  van  Dinck- 
lagen,  for  the  protection  of  the  reputation  of  their  es- 
teemed preacher  Domine  Everardus  Bogardus."t 

In  spite  of  Kieft's  proclamations,  abuses  continued. 
Mvmihri.   The  population  of  New  Netherland  not  having  yet  become 
UMtt^^*' generally  agricultural,  was  too  much  disposed  to  a  lax 
*"       *  morality,  owing  partly  to  the  mixed  character  of  the  per- 
sons attracted  to  Manhattan  for  purposes  of  trade,  and 
partly  to  the  example  which  the  late  directs  had  himself 
set.     Kieft  attempted  to  introduce  a  mor^  rigid  system  of 
police ;  and  firesh  proclamations  threatened  all  evil-doers 
with  fines  and  penalties.     The  people  were  forbidden  to 
PaMports.  leave  Manhattan  without  passports ;  but,  in  spite  of  pla- 
cards, they  would  go  when  tiiey  pleased.      Complaints 
were  frequently  made,  that  private  parties  were  enriching 
themselves  at  the  company's  expense.     All  persons  were, 
16  Nov.     therefore,  ordered  to  restore,  without  delay,  every  thing  in 
^"' their  possession  belonging  to  the  company,  unless  they 
could  "  prove  that  they  bought  it  fit)m  the  former  direct- 
or."   And  criminal  prosecutions,  and  executions  for  homi- 

*  Hoi.  Doc.,  T.,  300 ;  U.,  N.  T.  H.  S.  CoU.,  ii.,  S18,  330. 

t  Alb.  Ree.,  U.,  17 ;  Cor.  01.  Amst.,  19tti  Not.,  1041,  lot  Ap.,  104S ;  «Kf,  p.  tTS. 


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WILLIAM  KIEFT,  DmEOTOR  GENERAL.  g|| 

oiii  And  mutijiy,  were  unhappily  too  frequent  to  leave  c«4>.  ix. 

the  new  director  much  repose  from  the  cares  of  his  gov- 

^  -  loan, 

erament.* 

Though  the  colony  at  Renaaelaerswyck  was  Bteadily  slow  pror^ 
prospering,  the  oppressive  trading  monopoly  of  the  West  ricuiinnt 
India  Company  retarded  the  agricultural  settlement  of 
other  parts  of  New  Netherland.     A  few  "free  colonists," 
however,  from  time  to  time  came  out  from  Holland,  and 
establiished  themselves  chiefly  in  the  neighborhood  of  Man- 
hattan.    Pavonia,  having  now  become  the  property  of  the  r^vouiM^ 
company,  Kieft,  in  the  name  of  the  directors^  sold  some  i  M*y. 
land  at  Paulus'  Hookj  ea^t  of  Ahasimus,  to  Abraham 
Isaaek  Planok,  who  soon  e3t4iblishod  a  flourishing  farm 
upon  his  purchase  ;  and  other  tracts  in  that  neighborhood 
were  leased,  before  long,  to  re.spectable  emigrants.     Near 
^'Corlaer's  Hook,"  on  Manhattan  Island,  a  plantation  was  30  Jul y. 
bought  by  Andries   Hudde,    the   "  first   commissary   of  Hoqk. 
wares ;"  and   La  Montagne  and  others  began  to  make 
permanent  improvements.     In  tlie  course  of  the  summer^  1  Auea«t 
Kieft  also  secured  for  the  company  the  Indian  title  to  a 
large  tract  of  land  upon  Long  Island,  between  the  East 
River  and  the  swamps  of  Mespath,  now  known  as  New-  Mcapatb, 
town ;  and  active  husbandmen  soon  began  to  occupy  the  liSund.' 
fertile  regions  adjoining  the  early  lrYaal-bogt,t 

Important   eventa   had,   meanwhile,  occurred   on   thjbAff^inen 
southern  frontier  of  New  Netherland.     After  the  miscar-Km*r. 
riage  of  West's  scheme  in  1635,  and  the  re-occupation  of 
Fort  Nassau,  the  Dutch  had  retained  the  tranquil  posses- 
sion of  the  South   River,     Arendt  Corssen,  whom  Van 
T wilier  had  appointed  commissary  there^  was  succeeded » 
soon  after  Kieft's  arrival,  by  Jan  Jansen,  of  Ilpendam,  in  jud  Jmwn 
North  Holland  ;  and  Peter  Mey  was  directed  to  act  as  as-  JJ^nTun. 
aistant  commissary  at  Fort  Nas.'^au  daring  Jansen's  ab-^^" 
aence.t     Sir  John  Harvey,  having  defeated  the  intrigues 
of  his  enemies  in  London,  returned  to  Virginia  with  a 

*  Alb.  Bee,,  O*  0.,  »7  i  1.,  C5  :  ik,  33  ;  \\l,  410. 

t  UoJ,  Ekw,,  t.,  309 ;  ii..  W.  T.  H.  S-  CoU-t  li.,  138 ;  Alb.  il«.^  i.,  16, 4*  i  0*C«U,  J.,  liO  i  IL, 
5S1 ,  Lo  MoaiftfTio'B  Ikrm,  on  ManbottATi  lain  nd^  wa*  ejiUed  Vrtdffftdael  >  or  "  Peac^ftil  Vaje.'* 
n  Wfta  bflTWiM.-n  ibn  Elgtitl)  A^maxiv  and  UderleDi  RLrcr.  t  HoL  Doc.,  vLlJ.,  33.  5 L 


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280  HISTOEtF  07  THS  STATE  OF  NEW  TOUK. 

cmaf.  IX.  new  royal  oommisBum  a^  govemary  in  whieh  post  he  re* 
mained  until  he  was  succeeded  by  Sir  Frauds  Wyatt  in 

2  April.  *  1639.*  Harvey's  influence,  though  weakened  by  ihe  fiu)* 
rad^ivy-  ^^'^  which  dii^cted  his  administration,  was  still  suffi- 
^^^'        cient  to  restrain  the  Virginians  firom  ftirther  invasion  ol 

New  Netherland ;  and  Ihe  Maryland  colonists,  under  Locd 
Baltimore's  tolerant  government,  were  too  busily  occupied 
in  harmonious  efforts  for  peopling  the  beautiful  shoreaof  the 
Potomac  to  think  of  encroaching  Upon  the  adjoining  terri* 
tory  of  the  Hollanders.    A  firiendly  intercourse  was  all  that 
they  desired ;  and  Calvert,  under  the  official  seal  of  the 
1638.  province,  encouraged  trade  and  commerce  ''with  the 
12  Feb.      ]>atchmen  in  Hudson's  River."t     But  while  English  ag. 
gressi(Hi  was  pausing  at  the  South,  fresh  annoyance  from 
an  unexpected  source  visited  Ihe  Batavian  possessions, 
cokmiai        Sweden  was  now  to  become  the  competitor  of  France, 
swSteK.    and  England,  and  Holland  for  a  foothold  in  North  Amer* 
ica.     The  liberal  mind  of  G-ustavus  Adolphus  early  dis- 
cerned the  benefits  to  his  people  of  colonies  and  an  ex- 
panded commerce ;  and  William  Usselincx,  the  projeetor 
of  the  Dutch  West  India  Company,  visiting  the  Baltic, 
1626.  quickened  ihe  zeal  of  the  sagacious  sovereign.     The  plan 
14  June,     ^hjoh  Usseliucx  proposcd  was  adopted  by  Grustavus,  and 
swediflb    confirmed  by  the  Diet     Ev^i  while  the  gallant  northern 
CMipuiy.  monarch  was  swe^ing  Germany  with  victorious  armies, 
his  views  of  American  colonization  became  more  enlarged ; 
1632.  and  at  Nuremberg  he  drew  up  a  recommendation  of  the 
16  October,  undertaking  as  "the  jewel  of  his  kmgdom."     But  the  fe. 

3  Not.      tal  field  of  Liitzen  soon  afterward  deprived  Sweden  of  her 

magnanimous  sovereign ;  and  the  grand  ent^prise  he  had 
so  much  at  heart  was  suspended  for  several  years.t 
qmm  On  the  demise  of  Gnstavus,  the  crown  descended  to  his 

daughter  Christina,  a  duld  of  six  years  of  age ;  and  the 
states  intrusted  the  government,  during  her  minority,  to  a 
reg^icy,  at  the  head  of  which  was  the  illustrious  states- 
man Axel,  count  of  Oxenstiema.     One  of  the  few  great 

*  HtfT«y'i oommiMioR  is  in  Rynm*9  FM«r»,  xx.,  p.  S ;  Hazud, L,  400;  aad  W3nitt*8 
iBRyiMr,xx.,4M;  HMa>d,l.,477.  t  Boonuh  IL,  999. 

$MqmIIod,4«»-411;  Bancroft,  1L,9M(  Hnwd*!  JLniMls  of  Pmib.,  16-90,80. 


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WILLIAM  KIBFT,  DOCECSTOR  GENERAL.  281 

men  of  all  time,  the  Swedish  chanoellor  viewed  the  oon*  chaf.  ix. 
aequenoes  of  American  eolonigattinin  as  ^'  favorable  to  all 
Cluristendom,  to  Europe,  and  to  the  whole  world."     He  1633. 
therefore  published  tl^  Nuremberg  proolamation,  which  ^^^^*' 

Uu^iaviia  had  left  uii signed  ;  and  the  next  year,  thu  char-    16^4. 
ter  which  Oxcuatierna  propoaed  for  the  Swedbh  West  In-  ^^  ^^ 
dia  Compaay,  waa  confirmed  by  the  deputies  of  the  Ger- 
man  oiroles  at  Fraaofort.* 

It  was    moro    than   three  years,  howerer,  before  the 
scheme  was  carried  into  effect ;  and  when  it  waa  at  Jen^ 
axMiornplished^  it  waa  by  the  agency  of  a  former  officer  of 
the  Butch  West  India  Company.     After  hitj  recaU  jrom  F^^uir  mju- 
New  Netherlands  Minuit^  g^inj^  to  Stockholm,  oflered  toScV" 
the  regency  the  benefit  of  his  colonial  experience-     The 
oonnsela  of  the  discarded  director  won  the  conlidenec  of 
the  sagacious  Oxenatierna;  and  towaxd  the  close  of  1637,    1637, 
Jjinuit  sailed  from  G-ottenbnrj^j  with  a  commission  from 
the  infant  queen,  **  signed  by  eight  of  the  chief  lordi*  of 
Sweden,"  to  plant  a  new  colony  on  the  weat  side  of  the 
Delaware  Btiy.     The  selection  of  this  region  was  proba1:>ly 
owing  to  Minuit,  who^  daring  his  directorship  of  Now 
Netherlands  had  become  well  aoquaint;ed  \inth  the  situa^^ 
tion  of  E^waanendael  and  the  neighboring  territories  on 
the  South  River^  and  who  knew  that  there  was  now  no 
European  colony  thore.     A  man-of-war,  **the  Key  of  Cal-MEmm 
mar,"  and  a  tt^nder,  '*  the  Griffin,'' were  fitted  out,  in  which  s^Vb^V' 
about  fifty  emigrants  were  embEirked,  some  of  whom  being^^ 
'^  bandits,*'  were  to  be  employed  as  galley-slaves  in  erect, 
ing  fortifications.     The  care  of  the  Swedifih  government 
added  a  pious  Lutheran  clergyman,  E-eorus  Torkilhis,  and 
supplied  the  expedition  with  provisions,  ammunition,  and 
goods  for  traffic  with  the  nativea^t 

Early  in  the  spring  of  1638— u bout  the  time  that  Kieft  1638. 
anchored  at  Manhattan — the  Swedish  expedition  put  in  at  Jf^JJ^^,,  .^ 
Jamestown,  where  It  remained  about  ten  day  a,  *^to  refrej^h|)^^*J**^' 
wLtii  wood  and  water,*'     The  treasurer  of  Virginia,  bam* 

t  HoU  Etoe^  Till.,  M  i  HiWKd,  Ann.  Pttnii^  13-17 ;  natnr,  73, 1»  j  AavCLqi,  4aa 


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282  mSTCMlY  OP  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

CHAP.  IX.  ing  that  it  was  ^^  bound  for  Delaware  Bay,  whioh  is  the 
oonfines  of  Virginia  and  New  England,"  there  "  to  make 
^^'  a  plantation,"  desired  to  obtain  a  oopy  of  Minuit's  com- 
mission. This,  however,  he  declined  to  furnish,  '^  except 
he  might  have  free  treule  for  tobacco  to  carry  to  Sweden." 
But  Grovemor  Harvey  "  excused  himself  liiereof,"  as  it 
was  "contrary  to  his  majesty's  instaructions ^"  and  Minuit, 

AniTM^in  pursuing  his  voyage,  reached  the  Delavtrare  Bay  early  in 

ware  Bay.  April.* 

pa!?haa«8      Ruumng  up  as  far  as  the  "  Minquas'  Kill,"  Minuit  pur- 
'^InquSu?  ®1^^®^>  fo''  "  *  kettle  and  other  trifles,"  from  the  Sachem 
>^i"''       Mattehoom,  who  had  his  wigwam  there,  as  much  land, 
"  included  between  six  trees,"  as  would  serve  to  build  a 
house  upon  and  make  a  plantation.     For  tiiis  land  a  deed 
was  given,  **  written  in  Low  Dutch,  as  no  Swede  could 
yet  interpret  the  Indian."    By  this  conveyance,  the  Swedes 
claimed  to  have  obtained  all  the  territory  on  the  west  side 
of  the  river,  from  Gape  Hinlopen  to  the  falls  at  "  Santic« 
kan,^'  or  Trenton,  and  as  far  inland  "  as  they  might  want."t 
viaiied  by       The  ucws  of  the  Swedes'  arrival  quickly  reached  the 
oom  Fort  Dutch  at  Fort  Nassau,  about  fifteen  miles  fruther  up  the 
river ;  and  persons  were  sent  down  to  demand  the  reasons 
of  their  coming.    But  Minuit  represented  that  he  was  only 
on  a  voyage  to  the  West  Indies,  and  would  leave  as  soon 
as  he  had  supplied  his  ships  with  wood  and  water.     Re- 
visiting the  Minquas'  Kill  soon  afterwEird,  the  Dutch  offi- 
cers found  that  the  Swedes  ^^  had  done  more,"  and  had 
abeady  made  a  small  garden.     They  inquired  <^  what  it 
meant ;"  and  Minuit  again  excused  himself  '<  by  various 
reasons  and  subterfriges."     In  a  few  days,  the  real  inten- 
tions of  the  Swedes  were  made  apparent.     Minuit  dis- 
Mi  ^'"*    patched  his  tender,  the  Griffin,  up  the  river  to  treule ;  but 
SStoo"  ^®  ^^  stopped  at  Fort  Nassau,  and  Peter  Mey,  the  as- 
UjrtYertoaistant  commissary,  going  on  board,  demanded  to  see  her 

*  Morpby'a  notes  on  Vertoogh  van  N.  N.,  in  ii.,  N.  T.  H.  S.  CoU.,  U.,  397 ;  Loiter 
from  Jerome  Hawley,  Treasurer  of  Virginia,  to  Secretary  Windebanke,  dated  8t1i  of  May, 
1888,  in  Lond.  Doe.,  i.,  57  ;  N.  T.  Col.  MSS.,  itt.,  SO ;  Hasard,  Ann.  Penn.,  4%  43. 

t  Hoi.  Doc,  TiU.,  70;  Acrelios,  in  U.,  N.  T.  H.  S.  CoU.,  i.,  409 ;  Hodde's  Repott  in 
same  toL,  p.  439. 


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WILLIAM  KIEFT,  DIREOTOR  OEfOraiAL.  283 

oommiflsion.     This  the  Swedish  officer  refosed  to  show,  chaf.  ix. 


avowiti*^  Uitii  u  Wiis  their  inteiHiun  tu  tr;^uiljlisli  a  furt  im    . ^~ 
the  rivtir,  and  that  *'his  Q^iieen  was  aB  ju>itiJiahle  in  build- 
ing a  fort  there  as  waa  the  company/' 

As  soon  as  Kieft  received  intelligence  of  this  new  en-  Kiea't  oni 
croachint^nt,  he  ordered  Commissary  Junsen  ti3  go  to  the  t*^  rioiiw4 
ilinquaii^  KiU,  and  in  ease  he  saw  Minuit  acting  to  the 
injury  of  the  Butch,  ^^  immediately  to  protest  against  it 
in  proper  form."    The  dir<>ctor'3  lirst  dis^patehea  home  oon-^s  Apni. 
vey ed  an  account  of  the  afiair  to  the  Ajuatordarn  Chamber.* 

Notwithstanding  the  warning  from  Fort  Amsterdam,  ^M^y-^^ 
Minuit  persisted  ;  and  the  New  Netherland  government,  '"''t"  ^ 
therefore,  mat  hira  a  formal  protest,  in  which  the  title  of  M^nufi^ 
the  Dutc^h  to  the  whole  of  the  Delaware  was  distinctly 
asserted.  *'I  make  known/'  ^Tote  Kiuft^  *' to  yon,  Peter 
Minuit,  who  call  yourself  commander  in  the  service  of  Her 
Royal  Majesty  of  Sweden,  that  the  whole  South  River  in 
New  Netherland  has  been  many  years  in  our  possession, 
and  has  been  secured  by  us  with  ibrts  above  and  bolow, 
and  sealed  with  our  blaod,t  which  also  hajipened  during 
your  own  direction  in  New  Netherland,  and  Ib,  therefore, 
well  known  to  you.  But  as  you  do  now  make  a  begin- 
ning of  a  settlement  between  our  furta,  and  are  building 
a  fort  there  to  our  prejudice  and  disadvantage,  which  we 
shall  never  endure  or  tolerate,  and  as  we .  also  are  per- 
suaded that  it  has  never  been  oommanded  by  Her  Swedish 
Majesty  to  build  fortretises  on  our  rivers  and  coasts,  or  to 
settle  people  on  the  adjoining  lands,  or  to  trade  in  peltries, 
or  to  undertake  any  other  thin^  to  our  prejudice  ;  now, 
therefore,  we  protest  against  all  the  evil  consequences  of 
such  encroachments,  and  declare  that,  while  we  will  not 
be  answerable  for  any  mishap,  blo*>dshed,  trouble,  and  dis- 
asiter  which  you  may  hereafter  suffer,  we  are  resolved  to 
defend  our  rights  in  all  such  ways  as  we  shall  deem  proper.^t 

Minuit,  however,  was  not  deterred  by  proclamations, 

*'  IIol.  Doc.,  tjil.,^,  70  ;  nuAFU,  A-nn.  Fcno-r  41,  47  :  Vrrtoafb  Tsn  N.  K.,  ut  aup.,  ^m. 
t  By  ttim  (itprDBBiloii,  Rlflft  tucntil  Uw  mMsacrc  of  iJie  Diitcb  Ai  SwiuiiendAi'L  dmliif 
Hlmui'ii  time. 
I  Alb.  IU«,«  11.,  r  i  ADtT3tlii»,  400 «  0-Catl.,  I.,  1»1 ;  Hdu^'i  AAd.  FdAd.,  44. 


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i 


384  HISTQEY  OP  THE  STATE  CV  NEW  VMK. 

CMAP.ix.  vfbjxb,  ^^he  did  not  feel  inoMned  to  answer.^'    A 

house  and  fort  were  soon  erected  on  tke  north  bank  of  the 
Minuit^'r-  Minquas'  Kill,  about  two  miles  from  its  oonfluenoe  with 
d'4?g}I!      *^®  South  River,  near  the  spot  where  Wilmingt(m  now 
stands ;  the  name  of  the  kill  was  changed  to  that  of 
'^Christina  Creek;"  and  the  establishment  was  ccdled 
The         <<  Fort  Christina,"  in  honor  of  the  young  queen.     To  de- 
buIid^^Fortfine  its  boundaries,  posts  were  erected,  oa  which  were 
on  the  Min-  carvcd  thc  royal  initials,  surmounted  by  the  crown  of  Swe- 
**""      '  den.     Perfectly  acquainted  with  the  Indian  trade,  Minuit 
soon  drew  ^^all  the  skins  toward  him,  by  his  liberal  gifts." 
Twenty-four  men  were  placed  in  garrison  at  Fort  Chris- 
tina, which  was  well  suppHed  with  merchandise  and  pro* 
visions ;  and  the  vessels  returned  to  Sweden,  about  mid- 
July.        summer,  with  the  first  cargoes  from  the  new  colony.* 
Thus  the  Swedes  under  Minuit,  more  fortunate  than  the 
earlier  Dutch  colonists  under  the  patroons  of  Swaanendael, 
became  the  first  permanent  European  occupants  of  the 
State  of  Delaware. 
October.         The  ucw  diicotor'a  first  dispatches  scarcely  reached  Am- 
Khip  seized  stcrdam,  before  a  heavily-laden  Swedish  vessel  arriving  at 
by  the       Medemblick,  on  her  return  voyage  "  from  the  West  In- 
company.  dics,"  was  scizcd  by  the  Chamber  at  Enckhuysen,  for 
having  illegally  traded  within  Ihe  company's  American 
territory.     The  Swedish  minister  at  the  Hague,  learning 
the  circumstances,  immediately  demanded  her  release 
fiam  the  States  G-eneral.     It  was  not  the  policy  of  TLciy 
land  to  offend  a  power  whose  victxnious  generals  were 
Released    humbliug  Denmark  and  Austria^     The  fiag  of  Sweden 
state^Gen- protected  the  Swedish  ship  in  the  ports  of  the  Fatherland, 
as  it  had  already  commanded  respect  in  New  Netherland ; 

*  Hoi.  Doc.,  vili.,  50,  51 ;  Hazard,  Ann.  Peni^.,  45,  47 ;  Holm,  65 ;  Aerellut,  17,  307  ; 
Htedde>8  Report,  428 ;  Ferris,  4S,  45.  Kieft,  in  writing  to  the  Amsterdam  Chamber,  on 
the  Slat  of  July,  1638  (HoL  Doe.,  viii.,  50),  aaym  that  Minait,  after  building  the  (brt  on  flie 
South  RiTer,  &c.,  "  is  ran  daer  vertrocken,  met  zyn  twee  byhebbende  soheepen,"  Ac 
The  Dvteh  word  ".▼ertrocken'*  literally  meant  *'  departed  ;**  and  the  phrase  seems  to  im> 
ply  that  Minoit  went  back  to  Sweden  with  his  two  ships.  But  Kieft,  who  wrote  his  dis- 
p«tsli  OB  hearsay,  and  not  fhm  persMsl  obasnratioo,  psrba|M  eacpressod  himself  inaeen- 
ralflly ;  for  AoreUna,  wfaa  draw  hia  narrativa  frsn  reliaUa  aoorooSf  diatlBetly  states  thst 
Minuit,  "  daring  three  yeara,"  protectad  Fort  Christina,  where  he  died  Cin  1641  ?}  ;  Md 
that «  his  soeoaaMr  VBs  FMsr  HoUattdan,  a  native  9w«d0."-41.,  N.  T.  H.  S.  CoU.,  i.,  410 


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WILLIAM  KrEFt,  DmiBCTOR  GENflUL. 

tke  arrest  was  promptly  removed  ;  and  the  lilje rated  ves-  cwir.  ix 
eel  sailed  onward  to  the  Baltic.*  TZr~ 

Iq  the  mean  time,  several  shareholders  of  the  "West  In-  -^^  g^^^J, 
dia  Company  had  represented  the  unsatisfaotory  condition  ^*"b  hltn" 
of  their  American  province  to  the  States  General^  who  in-  [}*rv'^^"^i,, 
structed  their  deputies  to  the  Ooliege  of  the  XLS.  to  aid  ^^^^' 
in  concerting  snoh  ^^eifeotive  order*'  as  should  attract  ^^^"^ 
thither  proper  emigrants  from  the  Fatherland,  *^sotJ^at 
this  state  may  not  be  robbed  of  tJie  aforesaid  New  Netii- 
etland  by  the  indirect  intrignes  of  aay  of  the  inhabitantsj 
of  this  country,  nor  by  the  intrusions  and  invasions  of  th*i 
subjects  of  foreign  princes  and  powers,"     The  report  of  the  m  ApnL 
deputies  was  a  gloomy  pioture.     The  Umita  of  New  Neth- 
erlands according  to  the  special  grant  in  1614,  and  the 
charter  of  the  West  India  Company,  were  claimed  by  the 
directors  be  extending  *'  from  Virginia  upward ;   to  mit, 
from  Ci^apoa,  along  the  sea-coast^  to  Terra  Nova."     Of 
these  territories,  the  Dutch  were  in  possession  of  the  North 
Biver ;  the  English  reached  to  the  Fresh  River,  aud  tJieir 
right  **■  is  that  of  the  strongest."     The  company  could  re- 
tain the  remaining  territory,  if  it  were  populated,     "  From 
the  North  River  men  can  go  into  the  interior  as  far  as 
they  please  ;"  but  colonization  was  retarded  '*  becauBe  the 
directors  can  not  agree  among  themselves.^*     **  Would  it 
not  then  be  expedient,"  asked  the  deputies,  **to  place  the 
district  of  New  Netherland  at  the  dispoi^al  of  the  States 
G-eneral?"     "We  have  no  such  intentiouj"  replied  the  The  rta»- 
company,  **  unless  we  can  therebv  tjain  some  advantage  ;dmt- to  mir* 
we  hope  that  it  will  prove  profitable  m  time,  now  that  pra^inw- 
soma  order  has  been  taken  about  BraziL     The  chief  ap- 
prehension is  about  the  Engli&h ;  and  we  are  considering 
the  policy  of  sturendering  the  Indian  irade^  or  something 
else;'t 

Thus  the  directors,  while  obliged  to  confess  their  mis- 
management of  the  fertile  province  which  had  now  been 
nearly  fifteen  years  under  their  control,  refused  to  surren* 
der  it  to  the  States  General.     It  would  have  been  happy 


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286  fflSTORY  OP  THE  STATE  OP  NEW  YORK, 

cuAf.  IX.  for  New  Netiieriand  if,  instead  of  remaining  the  depend- 
enoy  of  a  mercantile  corporation,  it  could  now  have  be- 
•  come  a  government  colony  of  the  United  Provinces.     The 
statesmanship  of  the  Hague  did  not  guide  the  Chamber 
iiusuccew  at  Amsterdam.     From  the  first  the  company  had  sought 
j^eScnt  of  to  people  its  province  wilii  its  own  dependents.     This  was 
ludia  Own.  the  cardinal  error ;  for  these  persons,  returning  home,  took 
^"^*       nothing  with  them,  "  except  a  little  in  their  purses,  and  a 
bad  name  for  the  country."     The  capital  which  would 
have  been  more  wisely  employed  in  bringing  over  people 
and  importing  cattle,  was  expended  at  Manhattan  ^^in 
building  the  ship  New  Netherland  at  an  excessive  outlay, 
in  erecting  three  expensive  mills,  in  brick-making,  tar- 
burning,  ash-burning,  salt-making,  and  like  operations." 
Hie  Charter  of  Privileges  and  exemptions,  which  offered 
such  large  inducements  to  patroons,  discouraged  individual 
enterprise.     Private  persons  who  might  wish  to  emigrate 
"  dared  not  attempt  it."     Though  the  company  had  at 
first  sent  over  some  emigrants,  it  had  not  persevered ;  and 
while  foreigners  were  quietly  allowed  to  encroach  upon 
the  frontiers  of  New  Netherland,  the  company  had  .  not 
encouraged  the  colonization  of  the  Fresh  and  South  Riv- 
ers by  its  own  countrymen.      Its  mercantile  directors 
looked  more  to  their  immediate  interests,  tiian  to  the  wel- 
fare of  the  province  which  their  bad  government  threat- 
ened with  ruin.* 
Remit  of       The  searching  investigation  which  the  government  had 
S«tion!~**'  instituted  convinced  the  company,  however,  that  effectual 
measures  must  now  be  adopted  to  regenerate  New  Neth- 
erlemd.     After  several  months'  consideration,  a  draft  of 
New  "At-  ucw  "Articlcs  and  Conditions"  was  accordingly  presented, 
tees  ^pro-^y  the  historian  John  de  Laet,  for  the  approbation  df  the 


eompfr  States  General.     But  it  did  not  meet  the  exigency.     It 
'  was  pr(dix  and  theoretical,  instead  of  precise  and  practical. 
It  was  a  political  constitution — which  was  not  the  desid- 
eratum— ^instead  of  a  simple  plan  of  emigration,  which 
was  really  wanted.     It  promised  no  abrogation  of  the  op- 

*  Vartoogh  tu  N.  N.,  in  Hoi.  Doo.,  tr.,  71 ;  ii.,  N.  T.  H.  8.  CoU.,  if.,  988, 189. 


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WILLIAM  KIEFT,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  287 

pressive  trading  monopoly  of  the  oompany,  and  proposed  cbap.  ix. 
no  effectaal  method  of  colcmization.     It  was  at  once  dis- 
cardmi  by  the  Statoa  General  as  "  totally  inadmissiblo*" 

There  was  another  important  question  to  be  adjoijted. 
The  dUticuIties  between  the  directors  and  the  patroons 
had  boea  partially  arranged  by  the  purehaae  of  Swaanen- 
dael  and  Pavonia,  Bot  the  patroons  now  attempted  to 
enlarge  their  **  privileges,"  and  boldly  presented  to  theTuepi- 
State:^  General  a  **  new  plan,"  in  whieh  tliey  demanded  rowid  new 

111  I*  privJegEA 

that  they  should  bo  allowed  to  monopolize  more  territory; 
have  longer  time  to  aottle  colonists ;  be  invested  with  the 
largest  feudal  powers  j  be  made  entirely  independent  of 
the  control  of  the  company  with  respect  to  the  internal 
government  of  their  colonies  ;  enjoy  free-trade  throughout 
and  around  New  K  ether  land ;  have  a  vote  in  the  coun- 
cil of  the  director  ;  be  supplied  with  convicts  from  Hol- 
land as  servile  laborers,  and  with  negro  slaves  ;  and,  final- 
ly, that  all  **  private  persons"  and  poor  emigrants  should 
be  forbidden  to  purchase  lands  from  the  Indians^  and 
should  be  require-il  to  settle  themselves  within  the  colo- 
nies, and  under  the  jurisdiction  of  tlie  great  manorial  lords. 
The  Island  of  Manhattan,  the  precLnot  of  Fort  Orange, 
and  Swaanendael  and  Pavonia,  should  alone  remain  tin- 
der the  oompany^s  exclusive  authority, 

The  patroons'  grasping  demands  of  new  *^  Privileges 
and  Exemptions'*  were  as  offensive  to  the  States  General  a .riion  (if 
as  the  diffuse  clau^ies  of  the  company'a  new  **  Articles  and  Gvn^nL 

It  Sept. 

Conditions"  were  unsatisfaetiiry.  Both  the  proposed  in- 
struments were  immediately  sent  back  to  the  Amsterdam 
Chamber,  with  directions  to  reconsider  **  the  whole  busi- 
ness of  New  Netherland  ;"  m  that  such  measures  might 
be  taken  by  their  High  Mightinesses,  respecting  its  colo- 
nization, **  as  should  be  found  mo^t  advisable  for  the  sorv- 
ice  of  the  state  and  for  the  benefit  of  the  company."* 

The  authoritative  injunction  of  the  States  General  was 
promptly  obeyed.  The  "  Privileges"  of  the  patroons  were 
reserved  for  future  consideration  ;  but  it  was  now  determ- 


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288  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OP  MEW  YORK. 

CHAP.  uc.  ined  ibat  the  experiment  of  opening  to  free  oonqpetitiM 
"TT"  the  internal  trade  of  New  Netherland  should  be  at  onoe 
^^'  attempted.  The  Amsterdam  Chamber  acoordingly  pnb- 
TheWeM  lisbod  a  notification,  that  all  inhabitants  of  the  United 
pnny*«  I^oviooes  and  of  friendly  oountries  might  freely  oonvey  to 
umf'orc^'e  New  Netherland,  ^^  in  tiie  company's  ships,"  €my  oaUle 
and  merchandise  they  desired,  and  might  '^  receive  what- 
ever retoms  they  or  their  agents  may  be  able  to  obtain  in 
tiiose  quarters  therefor."  All  shipments  were  to  be  made 
by  the  company's  oflioers ;  a  duty  of  ten  per  cent,  was  to 
be  paid  to  the  company  on  all  merchandise  sent  from  Hol- 
land, and  a  duty  of  fifteen  per  cent,  on  all  goods  expcNrted 
from  New  Netherland ;  and  freight  was  also  to  be  paid 
for  Ihe  conveyance  of  goods  and  cattle.  The  Director  and 
Council  of  New  Netherland  were  to  be  instructed  to  mo- 
commodate  every  emigrant,  "  according  to  his  ccmditkm 
and  means,  with  as  much  land  as  he  and  his  frtmily  can 
properly  cultivate."  A  quit-rent  of  a  tenth  of  all  the  prod- 
uce was  reserved  to  the  company,  vrhich  would  assure  le- 
gal estates  of  inheritance  to  the  grantees.  In  subordina- 
tion to  the  States  General,  the  company  and  its  officers 
were  to  maintain  police  and  administer  justice  in  New 
Netherland ;  and  each  colonist  or  trader  proceeding  thith- 
er was  to  sign  a  pledge  ^'  voluntarily  to  submit  to  these 
regulations  and  to  the  commands  of  the  company,  and  al- 
low all  questions  and  differences  Ihere  arising  to  be  d^ 
oided  by  the  ordinary  course  of  justice  established  in  that 
country."* 
Efltets  of  a  The  more  liberal  system  which  tiie  company  was  dius 
JXy!*^**^  compelled  to  adopt,  though  it  fell  short  of  Ihe  emergency, 
was  a  step  in  advance,  and  gave  a  rapid  impulse  to  Ihe 
prosperity  of  New  Netherland.  Private  enterprise  and  in- 
dustry were  now  unshackled ;  and  an  anxiety  to  emigrate 
was  soon  manifested  at  Amsterdam,  which  Ihe  directon 
wisely  encouraged  by  offering  a  free  passage,  and  other 
substantial  inducements  to  respectable  farmers.t 

*  HoL  Doe.,  tt.,  S90,  370 ;  0*CaU.,  i.,  90I-M3. 

t  Hoi.  Doc,  m.,  M ;  ▼.,  lW-lff7 ;  iL,  N.  T.  ■.  S.  OdlL,  H.,  SM;  O'CaU.,  i.,  SM. 


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WILLIAM  KTEFT,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  289 

The  pTQolaination  was  no  aooner  pablished,  than  plans  os^r.  ix 

of  oolonization  were  forniGd  by  persons  of  capital  and  m- 
floenoe.     De  Vries,  who  had  arranged  with  Van  Twilleir  j^  jg^^j  ' 
two  years  before,  for  lands  on  Staten  Island,  now  aailed  aj^J^^'^iu 
from  the  Texel  with  several  omigranta,  who  had  agreed  jjpjjj^," 
to  go  out  with  him  and  commence  a  colony.     Arriving  off  '^^' 
Sandy  Hook  in  mid- winter,  the  master  of  the  ship,  want- 
ing a  pilot,  and  observing  the  ground  covered  with  snow, 
began  to  talk  of  retiirning  to  the  West  Indies,  and  wait- 
ing there  tin  til  summer.     He  had  '*old  false  charts,"  only, 
with  him*     But  some  of  the  passengers,  "who  had  lived 
several  years  in  New  Netherlands'  asked  Do  Vries  to  pilot 
them  in  ;  for  they  knew  that  ho  had  formerly  **  taken  his 
own  ship  in  by  night"     Do  Vries  assenting,  conducted  sr  dm. 
the  vessel  safely  up  to  Fort  Amsterdam,  ^*  where  there  MunauKi 
was  great  joy,  because  no  aliip  was  expected  there  at  that 
time  of  the  year,"     After  spending  a  few  days  at  Kieft's 
house,  where  he  was  cordially  welcomed,  De  Vriea  sent   1639, 
his  people  to  Staten  Island,  to  build  some  cabins,  and  be-  iiiiidS'^n" 
gin  a  "colonie*"*  mST"^"^' 

In  the  course  of  the  following  summer,  several  other 
persons  of  substantial  means  came  out  from  Holland, 
bringing  along  with  them  emigrants  and  cattle.     Among  iflJiin** 
them  was  Jochem  Pietersen  Kuyter,  of  Darmstadt,  who  [^  im*^ 
had  formerly  been  a  commander  in  the  East  Indies  under  w-^r"  ar- 
the  King  of  Denmark,     Cornells  Melyn,  of  Antwerp,  also  M>int»»it»B 
came  to  see  the  country ;  which  pleased  him  so  well  that 
he  sot»n  returned  to  bring  liis  family  out  to  Manhattan, 
Both  Kuyter  and  Melyn  afterward  rose  to  prominence  in 
their  new  hornet 

The  liberal  policy  whioh  the  West  India  Company  hadsinnger* 
now  adopted  not  only  encouraged  the  emigration  of  sub-  tid^hbor- 
Btantial  colonists  from  the  Fatherland,  but  also  attracted  a" radt«d  t- 

.  strangers  from  Virginia  and  New  England.     Conscience *f^n*i- 
bad  always  been  unshackled  in  Now  Netherland  ;   and 
now  Uie  internal  trade  and  commerce  of  the  province  wore 

♦  made  free  to  all.     In  Massachusetts,  where  political  fran* 

*  De  Vrtaa,  U«,  m,  f  Hoi.  Doc,  UL,  l« ;  Da  Vri»,  IflL    ^ 

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iOO  HISTORY  OP  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

ciu».  IX.  ohises  were  limited  to  members  of  the  Church,  "many 
"T7IT"nien  began  to  inquire  after  the  southern  parts  ;^  and  it 
was  not  because  the  necessaries  of  life  or  a  healthy  oli* 
mate  were  wanting,  that  that  colony  was  "  disesteemed 
of  many."    Besides  seeking  relief  in  Virginia  and  the  West 
Indies,  the  dissatisfied  began  to  escape  from  their  "insup- 
portable government,'^  to  find  more  congenial  homes  in 
New  Netherland.    From  Virginia,  too,  numbers  of  persons, 
whose  terms  of  service  had  expired,  were  attracted  to  Man- 
hattan, where  they  introduced  improved  modes  of  culti- 
vating tobacco.     Cherry  and  peach  trees,  which  hitherto 
had  been  seen  only  near  Jamestown,  now  began  to  flour- 
ftojperity  ish  arouud  the  walls  of  Port  Amsterdam.     Prosperity  and 
inofc        progress  replaced  dilapidation  and  ruin.     Instead  of  "  sev- 
en bouweries  and  two  or  three  plantations,"  full  thirty, 
"  as  well  stocked  with  cattle  as  any  in  Europe,"  were 
^oon  under  cultivation.     The  numerous  applications  for 
land  promised  "full  one  hundred  more ;"  and  there  was  a 
prospect  ihat,  in  two  or  three  years'  time,  provisions  could 
be  furnished  for  fourteen  thousand  men.* 
15  January.     In  view  of  the  increasing  demand  for  homesteads  near 
chasea"'  Port  Amsterdam,  Kieft  purchased  from  the  chief  of  the 
Long  St    tribe  living  near  Manhassett,  or  Schout's  Bay,  all  the  lands 
roavany.   from  Rockaway  eastward  to  "  Sicktew-hacky,"  or  Pire 
Island  Bay ;  thence  northward  to  Martin  Gerritsen's,  or 
Cow  Bay,  and  westward  along  the  East  River,  "  to  the 
Vlaeok's  Kill ;"  and  thus  secured  to  the  West  India  Com- 
,         pany  the  Indian  title  to  nearly  all  the  territory  now  form- 
s  Aiunst.  ing  the  county  of  Queens.     A  few  months  afterward,  the 
KXsick    Indian  owners  of  "  Kekesick"  appeared  at  Port  Amster- 
dam,  and  ceded  to  the  company  all  the  territory  "  which 
lies  over  against  the  flats  of  tiie  Mand  of  Manhates,"  ad- 
joining "  the  great  Kill."     This  purchase  is  supposed  to 
have  included  a  part  of  the  pesent  town  of  Yonkers,  in 
the  county  of  West  Chester.t 

*  Hoi.  Doe.,  11.,  970,  SH  ;  Ul.,  98,  M ;  Alb.  Roe.,  1.,  100 ;  0*Call.,  1.,  906,  9SS,  418 ;  Wia- 
tfenp,  L,  881 ;  Da  Vriea,  100 ;  Doe.  Hist.  N.  T.,  tVn  «. 

t  Aib.Ree.,0.0.,50,09:  zxiL,8;  0>CaO.,  1^  SIO ;  IL,  835 ;  ThoniMOB'a  L.  L,  t,  M ; 
BatUtt**  Waat  CiMiar,  11.,  401 . 


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WILLUKKlEFt,  MREOTOR  GENERAL.  ggi 

Among  the  prominent  mem  in  New  England  whose  at^  oiu^.  a. 
taition  waa  turned  toward  New  NeAerland,  was  Captain  "TTT^ 
Mm  Underbill,  c«ie  of  ike  heroes  of  the  Peqnod  war,  and  captain  ' 
BOW  GK>vemor  of  Pisoataqua,  or  Dover.     Dissatisfied  with  JJ{i,}*5o. 
Ids  abode,  he  applied  to  Kieft  for  permission  to  reside  with 


a  few  families  under  the  protecticm  of  the  Dutch,  pmvid- JJJ^J. 
ed  they  might  enjoy  all  ^e  privileges  of  the  inhabitants 
of  New  Netherland.  The  director  and  council  promptly  8  sq>t. 
granted  Underbill's  request,  upon  condition  that  **  he  and 
his  adheroEits  take  the  oath  of  aUegianoe  to  iheit  High 
Mightinesses  the  States  Greneral,  and  his  highness  the 
Prince  of  Orange.'** 

The  only  obHgaticm  required  from  strang^!*s  was  an  oa^  obiigattoM 
of  fidelity  and  allegiance,  similar  to  that  which  was  im-i^eaortow 
posed  upon  Dutch  colonists.     The  liberal  maxims  of  the N«w*Neii- 
Palherland  in  regard  to  citizenship  were  adopted  and*  " 
pvoclaimed  in  New  Netherland.     In  no  one  respect  were 
foreigners  subjected  to  greater  restraints  than  natives,  or 
exeluded  from  any  privilege  which  HoUanders  themselves 
enjoyed.    New  Amsterdam  was  to  be  as  much  a  city  of  the 
world  as  was  old  Amsterdam ;  and  the  pK»vincial  records 
duotw  how  readily  the  English  new-comers  bound  them«  septanOMr. 
selves  by  oath  "to  follow  the  director,  or  any  one  of  the 
council,  wherever  they  shall  lead ;  faithfully  to  give  in- 
stant warning  of  any  treason  or  other  detriment  to  &is 
country  that  shall  come  to  their  knowledge ;  and  to  assist 
to  the  utmost  of  their  power  in  defending  and  protecting 
with  tiieir  blood  and  treasure  the  inhabitants  thereof 
against  all  its  enemies."t 

Numerous  grcmts  of  land  were  soon  obtain^  by  theorantaor 
adopted  citizens  of  New  Netherleuid.    Anthony  Jansen,  J^nera. 
<rf  Salee,  a  respectable  French  Huguenot,'  entered  two    "''^ 
hundred  aoree  c^posite  Coney  Island,  and  began  the  aet- 

*  Alb.  Rae.,  il.,  64.  Underidn,  bowerer,  cN  not  eoiiie  to  Now  Notberitnd  xMB  IWI. 
In  1643,  aA«r  undergoing  eccleataatfeal  dtoelpline  at  Booton,  bo  remorod  to  Btnmlbrd ;  and 
tlM  next  yoar  entorad  tbo  military  aerriee  oftbe  Dntch.— Soe  Wintbrop,  i.,  fTO,  S9I,  306, 
»6 ;  it.,  14, 63, 97 ;  and  Tboinp«on*i  L.  I.,  ii.,  353-361.  In  a  letter,  dated  tbo  18tb  oTlViio, 
108,  Underbill  gireo  an  aeeonnt  of  tbe  proeeodinga  of  tbo  *•  prood  Pbartooei^  i 
Un,  aomowbot  mora  eiromnotantial  tban  Wtaitbrop'a  etilewenle. 

t  Alb.  Roc.,  U.,  68. 


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898  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OP  NEW  YORK. 

cmjup.  iz.  tiiement  of  Gravesend.     Thomas  Belcher  soon  afterward 

took  up  a  tract  at "  Marechkaweick,"  in  what  is  now  Brooke 

'  lyn.    And  George  Hohnes,  the  leader  of  the  expedition 

iftMov.  against  Fort  Nassau  in  1635,  who  had  been  oanried  b|M>k 
to  Virginia,  returning  to  Manhattan,  in  ocmjunction  with 
Thomas  Hall,  his  former  companion,  obtaii]^  a  grant  of 

DMtei  land,  and  built  a  house  near  <<  Deutel  Bay,"  a  beautiful 
secluded  nook  on  the  East  River.* 

Kiefi'kdo-      While  every  thing  wa%  now  beginning  to  wear  an  air 

minisU-  of  progress  and  improvement  around  Manhattan,  the  aot- 
ive  director  employed  himself  diligently  in  reforming  the 
colonial  administration.  Discipline  was  enforced  among 
the  soldiers,  and  the  company's  mechanics  and  laborers 
obliged  to  regulate  their  working  hours  by  the  ringing  of 
the  bell.  Jacob  van  Curler  and  David  Provoost  were  ap- 
pointed inspectors  of  the  new  staple,  tobacco.  Oloff  Ste- 
vensen  van  Cortlandt,  who  had  come  out  with  Kieft  firom 
Holland  as  a  soldier  in  the  service  of  the  company,  was 

iMy*  promoted  to  be  commisscuy  of  the  shop.  A  change  was 
also  made  in  the  office  of  schout-fiscal,  but  not  by  Kieft's 
agency.     This  important  post  was  now  conferred,  by  the 

conMjta    Amsterdam  Chamber,  upon  Comelis  van  der  Huygeas. 

I^^tod  ^^^  Dincklagen,  whose  representations  had  so  materially 
contributed  to  the  changes  introduced  into  the  administra- 
ti<Mi  of  New  Netherland,  was  neither  reinstated  nor  re* 

IS  July,  ceived  into  the  company's  favor.  Upon  the  arrival  of 
Van  der  Huygens  at  Manhattan,  Ulrioh  Luptdd,  who  had 
acted  as  schout-fiscal  for  three  years,  was  immediately  ap- 
pointed commissary  of  wares  by  Kieft,  who  frequently  in* 
vited  his  fNresence  at  the  colonial  council  board.t 

*  Alb.  Rao.,  1.,  11« ;  U.,  M ;  0*CaIl.,  i.,  908, 911 ;  U.,  581 ;  ThoiiipMn*t  L.  I.,  li.,  171, 918. 
JknM  Bay  im  Um  snudl  cot«  on  the  East  RiTer  abovt  two  milaa  akova  Coftoer*!  Hodk, 
now  known  as  "  Toitle  Bay.**  The  orif  inal  name,  "  Deatel,"  which  the  English  aoon 
eoRVpted  to  "  Tatls,'*  aigBfc^f  aeotrdinf  to  Jndfe  Beoaon  (Memoir,  p.  9S),  a  peg  wttk 
which  caska  were  "  gedentelt,"  or  lecared.  Aa  these  pegs  were  abort,  bat  broad  at  Hm 
baaa,  and  aa  the  bay  waa  narrow  at  ita  entraoee  and  wide  within,  the  sapposed  raaen- 
Maaoe  betweea  it  and  the  peg  probably  aoggeated  the  name  of  "  Deotal.** 

t  Alb.  Ree.,  ii.,  57,  61,  88, 09, 139 ;  0>CaU.,  i.,  911, 938 ;  Hoi.  Doo.,  906 ;  ii.,  N.  Y.  U.  8. 
ColL,  ii.^  900,  S37.  Van  CortUndt  left  the  eooapany^a  aerriee  in  1848,  and  afterward  be- 
ftae  pramiaent  In  oolonial  aflhira.  Notioeaorhisdeaoeadaata,wholbnnoneortheiMM 
respectable  fkmiUes  in  the  state,  may  be  foand  In  CCalU,  L,  919 ;  and  In  BollOB*a  Weal 
IT,  i.,  51. 


6dioiit-fla> 
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WILLIAM  KIEFT,  miECTOR  GENERAL.  2M 

The  emancipation  of  the  internal  trade  of  the  province,  chav.ul 
however,  soon  began  to  produce  irregularities ;  and  a  new  -^^jq 
proclamation  warned  all  persons,  of  whatever  rank  or  con-  jqj^^ 
dition,  against  selling  guns  or  ammunition  to  the  Indians.  JJJ'JJSJS 
A  similar  edict  prohibited  any  person  from  sailing  to  Fort^JgJJ'  . 
Orange,  the  South  River,  or  Fort  Hope,  without  a  permit 
from  the  director  general,  and  from  returning  without  a 
passport  from  the  company's  commissary.    But  Kieff  s  in- 
discretion hurried  him  into  the  adoption  of  another  meas- 
ure, which  produced,  before  long,  the  most  disastrous  re- 
sults.    Under  the  plea  that  the  company  was  burdened 
with  heavy  expenses  for  its  fortifications  and  garrisons  in 
New  Netherland,  the  director  arbitrarily  resolved  to  "  de- 1«  sapt. 
mand  some  tribute"  of  maize,  ftirs,  or  sewan  from  the«o»veito 
neighboring  Indians,  "  whom  we  thus  far  have  defended  «t«  on  tn« 
against  their  enemies,"  and  threatened,  in  case  of  their 
refusal,  to  employ  proper  measures  "  to  remove  their  re- 
Idctance."* 

Meanwhile,  the  colonists  of  New  England  had  been  rap-  ptoctwo* 
idly  narrowing  the  eastern  frontier  of  New  Netherland.  crotchment 
The  exterminating  war  against  the  Pequods  had  revealed  tieot. 
a  territory  hitherto  unknown  to  the  English ;  and  Stoughton 
and  Underbill,  returning  in  triumph  to  Boston,  extolled  the  1637. 
beauty  of  the  fertile  coasts  between  Saybrook  and  Pairfielcl. 
**  The  place  whither  God's  providence  carried  us,  that  is, 
to  Quillipeage  River,  and  so  beyond  to  the  Dutch,"  wrote  uAmiMt. 
Stoughton  to  Winthrop,  "  is  abundantly  before"  Massachu- 
setts Bay.     "  The  Dutch  will  seize  it  if  the  English  do  not," 
he  urged,  "  and  it  is  too  good  for  any  but  friends."     Just 
then  Davenport,  the  former  Non-conformist  clergyman  at 
Rotterdam,  and  Eaton  and  Hopkins,  "  two  merchants  of 
London,  men  of  fair  estate  and  of  great  esteem  for  religion, 
and  wisdom  in  outward  affairs,"  arrived  at  Boston,  and 
were  besought  to  settle  themselves  in  Massachusetts.    But 
they  could  not  be  satisfied  to  <<  choose  such  a  condition,"  1638. 
and  determined  to  remove  to  the  <<  parts  about  Q^uilli- 
pieok."     Sailing  from  Boston,  the  English  colonists  soonsoictniL 

*  Alb.  Ree.,  IL,  46,  47, 65. 


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HISTORY  or  TIffi  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

flff..  ly.  readied  the  place  which  Block  had  first  named  the 

"  Roodenberg,"  or  Red  Hills.     The  Dutch  title  was,  how- 

w36.  ever,  disregarded ;  and  Davenport,  under  the  shadow  of  a 


gyitoi  q)readipg  oak,  laid  the  foundations  of  New  Haven.     A 

wSrS*.  gimple  '^  plantation  covenant"  bound  the  colonists  to  be 

18  April.    «  ordered  by  the  rules  which  the  Scriptures  held  forth  to 

thein;"  la^d  was  purchased  from  the  Indian  sachems; 

1639.  ^^^  ^  vigorous  settlement  throve  apace.     In  a  year,  its 

u  ootobtr.  population  exceeded  two  hundred ;  and  Theophilus  Eaton 
was  chosen  governor  by  electors,  whose  qualification  was 
church  membership.^ 

With  a  boldness  fostered  by  the  consciousness  of  supe- 
rior numbers,  English  emigrants  now  aimed  at  possessing 
"  all  the  land"  as  far  westward  as  the  Hudson  River.t 

}w^_^  At  the  mouth  oif  the  Housatonic,  the  village  of  Stratford 
already  contained  more  than  fifty  houses.     Enterprising 

Norwitk.  emigrants  were  also  beginning  to  build  at  Norwalk  and 
Stamford ;  and  even  at  Greenwich  two  houses  were  al- 

Btfitciuuid  ready  erected.     One  of  these  was  occupied  by  Captain 

iwS.  Daniel  Patrick,  "who  had  married  a  Dutch  wife  from  the 
Hague."  Patrick,  who  had  been  in  command  of  a  portion 
of  tiie  troops  sent  from  Massachusetts  during  the  Pequod 
war,  had  ample  opportunities  of  observing  the  country  in 
the  neighborhood  of  the  Dutch.  Becoming  dissatisfied 
with  Watertown,  he  resolved  to  seek  a  more  congenial 
home ;  and  in  company  with  Robert  Feake,  who  had  mar- 
ried the  daughter-in-law  of  Winthrop,  he  removed  to  Con- 
necticut, and  commenced  the  settlement  of  Greenwich.! 

Fort  at  At  the  mouth  of  the  Connecticut  "  a  strong  fort"  was 

now  completed  by  Gardiner,  the  governor  of  Saybrook. 

goj^jof  Hartford  was  already  a  little  town,  with  over  one  hundred 
houses  and  a  fine  church.  The  Dutch,  however,  contin- 
ued in  possession  of  the  flat  lands  around  "  the  Hope,** 
where  Gysbert  op  Dyck  was  now  commissary,  with  a  gar- 

*  Winthrap,  i.,9S8,4M,  40&:  Hotob.  CoU.,«:  TronbnU^L,  00-00,  104;  oii^^p.  90. 
Dt  Vries,  140,  sayi,  that  on  the  0th  of  Jane,  1030,  he  anchored  over  night  at  New  BaTao, 
Where  he  foand  **  about  three  hundred  hoiwee  boUC,  and  a  hindawnw  ohindL** 

t  Mather'i  M^y^*"*,  L,  0. 

t  De  Vriee,  151 ;  Winthrop,  i.,  00, 74 ;  U.,  151 ;  TnunbtiH,  1.,  118 ;  0*Can.,  I.,  906.  n« 
maiden  name  of  Captain  Patrioli's  wift  was  Annet^  Tap  Beyeren. 


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WIIXUM  KIBFT.  0m£OTOR  QESfSRAL.  2lM 

rison  of  fourteea  or  fifteen  sddiere.    At  their  first  oomiKigy  ouk  ul 
the  English  conducted  themselves  discreetly ;  but  increas-  "TZl — 
ing  in  numbers,  they  boldly  began  to  plow  up  the  re-j^^' 
aerred  lands  around  the  Dutch  redoubt.     Op  Dyck  en-gJJJ^*^ 
deavored  to  resist;  but  the  English  cudgeled  some  of  the ^^®- 
garrison  who  attempted  to  stop  tiieir  proceedings,  and 
Haynes,  the  newly-eleoted  governor  of  Goniieeticut,  justir 
fied  his  countrymen.     The  Dutch,  he  said,  had  been  many  tfjoM. 
years  in  poaBe&ision»  and  had  done  nothing  to  improve  the 
land,  whidi  <<was  lyii^  idle"  around  their  house.     '^ItoiMuute^c 
would  be  a  sin  to  leave  uncultivated  so  valuable  a  land,  jiistuica. 
which  could  produce  sudi  excellent  com."     Thus  the 
Hartford  people  vindicated  their  conduct.     They  '<  gave 
out  that  they  were  Israelites,  and  that  the  Dutch  in  New 
Netherland,  and  the   English  in  Virginia,  were  Egyp- 
tians."* 

The  next  year  witnessed  stiU  bolder  aggression.     The  1640. 
right  of  tile  Dutch  to  any  of  the  land  around  their  little  ^^"^ 
fort  was  openly  denied.     In  vain  Commissary  Op  DyckHSJSbwi. 
pleaded  Dutch  discovery  before  English  knowledge  (rfthe 
river,  and  Dutdi  possession  under  a  title  from  the  Indian 
owners,  anterior   to   En^ish  purchase  and  settlement 
''Show  your  right,"  said  Hi^ins,  who  had  succeeded ssaioil 
Haynes  as  governor,  ''  and  we  are  ready  to  exhibit  ours." 
Evert  Duyckingk,  one  of  the  garrison,  while  sowing  grain, 
was  struck  ''  a  hole  in  his  head  with  a  sticke,  soe  that  the  S5  Apru. 
blood  ran  downe  very  strcmgly."     Ingenuity  was  taxed  to 
devise  modes  of  worrying  the  Hollcmders ;  and  to  fortify  iJie 
English  claim  of  title,  Sequasson,  the  son  of  the  sachem  who 
had  assented  to  Van  Curler's  original  purchase,  was  brought  is  Joiy. 
into  court,  to  testify  ''  that  he  never  sold  any  ground  to  the 
Dutch,  neither  was  at  any  time  conquered  by  the  Pequods, 
nor  paid  any  tribute  to  them."     Kieft's  repeated  protests 
brought  no  alleviation  of  annoyance ;  for  no  re-enforce- 
ments came  from  Manhattan  to  vindicate  the  rights  of  tiie 
West  India  Company.     Disgusted  with  a  poet  where  he 
was  so  constantly  insulted,  Op  Dyck  resigned  his  office,  ss 

-»  De  Vriea,  140/150, 151 ;  antSy  p.  801,  note. 


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S96  fflSTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

CiiAr.  IX.  and  Jan  Hendrioksen  Roesen  snooeeded  him  as  oommis- 
sary  at  the  Hope.* 

The  progress  of  English  enoroachment  along  the  shores 
of  the  Sound  naturally  awakened  the  anxiety  of  the  New 
Netherleuid  goyemment.     Excepting  Bronok  and  his  les- 
sees,  there  were  as  yet  soaxoely  any  Dutoh  colonists  east 
i»  April,    of  tiie  Haerlem  River.     In  order  to  <^  maintain  the  char- 
ctumSt  ter  and  privileges"  of  the  West  India  Company,  Kieft  dis- 
iween  Nor- patched  Secretary  Van  Tienhoven,  early  in  the  spring  of 
the  Nofth   1640,  wiHi  instructions  to  purchase  the  "  Archipelago,"  or 
group  of  islands  at  the  mouth  of  the  Norwalk  River,  to- 
gether with  all  the  adjoining  territory  on  the  main  land, 
'^  and  to  erect  thereon  the  standard  and  arms  of  the  High 
and  Mighty  Lords  States  G-eneral ;  to  take  the  savages 
under  our  protection ;  and  to  prevent  effectually  any  other 
nation  encroaching  on  our  limits."     These  directions  were 
executed ;  and  the  "West  India  Company  thus  obtained  the 
Indian  title  to  all  ihe  lands  between  Norwalk  and  the 
North  River,  comprehending  much  of  the  present  county 
of  West  Chester.! 

Patrick  and  Feake,  who  had  been  quietly  settled  for 
}}  ApriL   some  time  at  Petuquapaen,  or  G-reenwich,  now  purchased, 
from  one  of  liie  neighboring  sachems,  his  title  to  that  re- 
gion.    Kiefk,  however,  who  had  already  secured  a  formal 
15  October.  ocssiiHi  from  the  savages,  soon  afterward  protested  against 
PMrtok  and  Patrick's  intrusion,  and  warned  him  and  his  associates 
that  they  would  be  ejected,  unless  they  recognized  the 
sovereignty  of  the  Dutch.     But  Patrick,  though  he  inune- 
diately  declared  that  he  would  do  nothing  "  that  should 
be  in  the  least  against  the  rights  of  the  States  General," 
continued  in  adverse  possession  at  Greenwich  for  two 
years  longer,  before  he  formally  acknowledged  the  juris- 
diction of  the  authorities  of  New  Netherland.t 


*  Hoi.  Doe.,  iz.,  191-197:  Alb.  Roe.,  IL,  104 ;  Haxard,  ii.,  f0S,  204 ;  N.  T.  H.  8.  CoO., 
i.,  S7S,  873 ;  Col.  Rtc  Conn.,  51,  58 ;  ontf,  p.  885,  note. 

t  Alb.  Reo.,  iL,  78,  147 ;  De  LaeC,  tUL  ;  Hazard,  U.,  813 ;  O'CaU.,  i.,  815 ;  BoIttm*« 
WoM  Cbertor,  t,  180, 883 ;  U.,  10, 145. 

t  Hoi.  Doe.,  ix.,  198, 804;  Haxard,  U.,  804, 805;  N.  T.H.  S. CoU.,  1., 874, 875 ;  O'CalL, 
t,  818,  858 ;  TnunboU,  1.,  118. 


DvtelL 


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WILLIAM  KIEFT.  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  897 

Up  to  this  time,  the  Datoh  settlements  on  Long  Island  oiuf.  ul 
had  been  oonfined  to  the  neighborhood  of  the  present  city  "TTTT" 
of  Brooklyn.     By  purchases  from  the  Indicms,  the  WestEx^ntof 
India  Company  had  already  become  the  proprietary  of  jJJiSlSn 
Mespath,  or  Newtown,  and  of  the  regions  eastward  as  farSJJjJf"' 
as  Cow  Bay,  and  southward  to  the  Atlantic  coast.     Kieft 
now  bought  from  '''the  great  chief  Penhawitz,"  the  headioM»y. 
of  the  tribe  of  Canarsee  Indians,  who  claimed  the  territo- 
ry forming  the-  present  county  of  Kings,  and  a  part  of  the 
town  of  Jamaica,  his  hereditary  rights  to  lands  on  Long 
Island.     Thus  all  the  Indian  title  to  that  part  of  the  isl- 
and westward  of  Oyster  Bay,  comprehending  the  present 
counties  of  Kings  and  Queens,  became  vested,  by  pur- 
chase, in  the  West  India  Company.     The  territory  east 
of  Oyster  Bay,  now  forming  the  county  of  Suffolk,  how- 
ever,  remained  in  the  hands  of  its  aboriginal  lords.     But 
the  Dutch,  who  were  the  first  Europeans  that  occupied 
any  part  of  Long  Island,  always  considered  it  the  "  crown 
of  New  Netherland,"  whence  they  obtained  their  supplies 
of  wampum ;  and  the  possession  whidi  they  had  formaUy 
asserted,  by  affixing  to  a  tree  the  arms  of  the  States  Geh- 
eral,  they  were  determined  to  maintain.* 

A  new  encroachment  now  threatened  this  "  crown"  it- 
self.    Under  his  grant  from  the  council  of  Plymouth  in 
1635,  Lord  Stirling  soon  afterward  gave  a  power  of  attorn-  1637. 
ey  to  James  Farrett,  to  dispose  of  any  part  of  his  prop-  U  -^p'"- 
erty  upon  Long  Island  or  its  neighborhood.     Farrett  ac- James  fw. 
cordingly  visited  New  England;  and,  having  selected  fortoN^JEn- 
his  own  private  use  Shelter  Island  and  Robins'  Island,  inlorts"^ 
Peconick  Bay,  extinguished  the  Indian  title  by  a  formal  agent, 
purchase.!     Previously  to  Farrett's  arrival,  however.  Lion 
Gardiner,  the  commandant  at  Saybrook,  had  purchased  of  1639. 
"  the  ancient  inhabitants"  the  island  near  Hontauk  Point,  nir°pu?**'" 
''  called  by  the  Indians  Manchonack ;  by  the  English,  the  SK^  b^* 
Isle  of  Wight."     This  valuable  purchase  was  soon  after-  "** 

*  Alb.  R«c.,  II.,  8S ;  Thompeon^i  L.  I.,  I.,  03 ;  0»Call.,  I.,  215 ;  11.,  N.  Y.  H.  S.  Coll.,  II.,  f7$. 
t  HarUbrd  Records,  Towns  and  Lends,  i.,  5 ;  Southampton  Ree. ;  Thompson's  L.  L, 
i.,  904,  867 ;  Wlnthrop,  i.,  231 ;  ante,  p.  259. 


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808  BtlSTOBT  OP  THE  STATE  OP  NEW  YOEK. 

oiup.  IX.  Wind  oonfirmed  by  Farrett,  who^  in  tha  name  of  Lord 

"~~  Stirling,  granted  to  Grardiner  a^d  his  betrs  tlie  fall  posies^ 

10  uu^  sion  of  the  idand,  and  the  power  <<  to  make,  execute,  and 

put  in  practioe  such  laws  for  ohurdiL  and  oivil  government 

as  are  aooording  to  God,  the  king's,  and  the  prao^oe  of 

the  country."     Gardiner  immediately  removed  Irom  Say* 

brook,  and  fixed  his  residenoe  on  the  island,  whidi  has 

1641.  since  been  kuQwn  by  his  name.    The  next  year  his  daugh* 

^*  ^^     ter  Elizabeth  was  bom  at  <<  Gardiner's  Island ;"  and  thu9 

was  commenced  the  first  permanent  English  settlement 

within  the  present  limits  of  the  State  of  New  York,* 

Had  Lord  Stirling's  agent  limited  his  grants  to  the  east- 

j^g^Q   em  portion  of  Long  Island,  no  difficulties  would  probably 

17  April,    have  occurred  with  the  Dutch.    A  month  after  Hie  con* 

uioriui     firmation  of  Gardiner's  purchase,  howev^,  Farrett,  on  be* 

people  to    half  of  Lord  Stirling,  made  an  agreement  with  Lieuten* 

Sn^uT   *"**  Daniel  Howe,  Edward  HoweU,  Job  Sayre^  and  other 

•nd.        ijihabitants  of  Lynn,  in  Massachusetts,  by  whiph  they 

were  authorized  to  settle  themselves  upon  any  lands  on 

Long  Island  that  they  might  purchase  firom  the  native 

Indians.     Soon  afterward,  Farrett  visited  Manhattan  in 

person ;  and,  in  the  name  of  Lord  Stirling,  boldly  laid 

Farrett  ar-  claim  to  the  wholc  of  Loug  Island.     But  he  was  instant- 

rested  at  ^' 

uwahMtMXL  ly  ancsted  by  Kieft,  by  whom  *'  his  pretension  was  ikot 
much  regarded ;  and  so  he  departed  without  accomplish- 
ing any  thing,  having  influenced  only  a  few  simple  peo^ 
pie."t 
^•^  ^      The  Lynn  emigrants  arriving  at  Uanhassett,  at  the 
jo^^  Ibead  of  Cow  Bay,  found  the  Dutch  arms  erected  upon  a 
B^-        tree ;  and  Howe,  the  leader  of  the  expedition,  pulled  them 
down.     But  the  Sachem  Penhawitss,  who  had  just  hehte 
ceded  all  his  rights  to  the  Dutch,  promptly  informed  Kieft 
that  some  <<  foreign  strollers"  had  arrived  at  Schout's  Bay, 
where  they  were  felling  trees  and  building  houses,  and 
^  had  even  hewn  down  the  arms  of  their.  High  Mighti- 

•  Thompson's  Long  Island,  i.,  305, 306 ;  Doc.  Hist.  N.  Y.,  i.,  085.  Mr.  Thompson  girsn 
tis  date  of  the  CMflrmaUon  as  the  lOtb  of  March,  1630 ;  but  as  the  Bngliah  thea  used  Ihs 
9U  styk,  it  was  actaaUj  in  1640,  according  to  oar  present  svstero  of  reckoning. 

t  Thompson's  L.  I.,  i.,  326 ;  ii.,  N.  Y.  H.  S.  CoU.,  li.,  275. 


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WILLIAM  SISFT,  DiREOTOR  GBNEBAL.  '^^ 

nesses."     CoomiMary  Van  Curler  was  aexit  to  asoertain  eair.  ul 
the  faots ;  and  the  sachem's  story  was  found  to  be  true. 
The  arms  of  the  States  General  had  been  torn  down,  and 
in  their  place  had  been  drawn  ^'an  unhandsome  faoe." 

Kieft's  ''high  displeasure"  was  instantiy  aroused;  andHMi^ 
Van  Tienhoven,  the  provincial  secretary,  was  jnoKoptly  hoTen  moi 
dispatched  with  the  under-schout,  a  sergeant,  and  tweoity  tue  intrad- 
men,  to  break  up  the  settlement,  arrest  the  trespasaera, 
and  brlQg  them  to  Fort  Amsterdam.     It  was  a  whole  day 
before  the  expedition  reached  the  Schoul/s  Bay.     When  is  May. 
Van  Tienhoven   arrived  at  the  English  settlement,  he 
found  one  house  already  built,  another  in  progress,  and 
''  eight  men,  one  woman,  and  a  babe ;"  Sot  Howe  and  the 
rest  of  his  party,  anticipating  the  danger  which  threat^i- 
ed  them,  had  already  pudently  retired*     The  trespassers  The  En- 
stated  that  they  had  been  authorized  to  settle  themselves  Danen 
there  by ''  a  Scotohman  named  Farrett,  the  agent  of  Lord  MaoLttan. 
Stirling,"  who  had  left  for  New  Haven,  after  the  Dutch 
arms  had  been  thrown  down,     Sayre  and  five  more  of  the 
party  were  immediately  arrested  and  conveyed  to  Fort 
Amsterdam,  where  they  were  examined  by  the  director  le  May. 
and  council.     Satisfied  that  they  had  been  instigated  by 
others,  Eieft  liberated  them  from  arrest,  three  days  after- 19  May. 
ward,  upon  their  signing  an  agreement  to  ^'  leave  the  ter- 
ritory of  their  High  Mightinesses." 

Thus  ended  the  attempt  to  plant  an  English  'colony 
within  the  present  county  of  Q,ueens.     Kieft  immediately  Kiaft 
addressed  a  letter,  '^in  Latin,"  to  Q-overnor  Dudley  at  Governor 
Boston,  complaining  of  ^<  die  English  usurpations,"  both  r''   ^ 


at  Connecticut  and  on  Long  Island,  and  of  the  insult  of- 
fiored  to  the  Dutdi  arms  at  Schout's  Bay  by  the  Lynn 
trespassers.  Dudley  returned  an  answer,  also  in  Latin,  Dudley's 
professing  the  desire  to  maintain  a  neighborly  correspond-  ^  ^' 
eiice ;  and  that  as  to  the  Connecticut  people,  '^  they  wer« 
not  under  our  government,  and  iot  those  at  Long  Island, 
tiiey  went  volunterily  fifom  us."* 

*  Al^.]UenU.,8»-«3;  Bassrd»U.,91S,  364;  Wlntlmp,  it.  A  7 ;  LaeUbri,  44 ;  0*CalL, 
1.,  Hi;  TlioBi9«»,  tt.,  M;  Wood,  9;  Vertoogh  ▼«  N.  N., at  rap.,  175;  Tnunboll,  L, 


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300  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OP  NEW  YORK. 

csAP.iz.  The  ejeotion  of  tiie  trespassers  from  Manhassett  led, 
TTTT"  however,  to  the  immediate  settlement  of  the  town  of  Soutii- 
setuement  ampton,  withiB  the  present  county  of  Suffolk.  Finding 
of  South-    ^^^  ^^  jj^^  Netherland  authorities,  while  they  utterly 


derided  Lord  Stirling's  claim,  were  chiefly  anxious  to 
maintain  their  possession  of  the  western  extremity  of 
Long  Island,  Farrett  now  determined  to  gain  a  permanent 
foothold  at  the  east,  near  Lion  G-ardiner's  settlement.    He 
\i  "'WW.    therefore  released  to  Howe,  Sayre,  and  Howell,  and  their 
associates,  ^^  all  patent  right  of  all  those  lands  lying  and 
being  bounded  between  Peaconeck  and  the  easternmost 
point  of  Long  Island,  with  the  whole  breadth  of  the  said 
island  from  sea  to  sea."    The  consideration  stated  by  Far- 
rett was  "  barge  hire,  besides  they  being  drove  off  by  the 
Dutch  from  the  place  where  they  were  by  me  planted," 
and  a  sum  of  money,  "  all  amounting  unto  four  hundred 
pounds  sterling."''^    Under  this  release,  Howe  and  his  as* 
sociates  came  to  Southampton,  and  obtained  a  conveyance 
IS  Dee.     of  the  Indian  title  in  the  following  winter.     The  new  plant- 
ation extended  eastward  from  Canoe  Place,  on  Shinnecock 
Bay,  nearly  to  Sag  Harbor,  opposite  Shelter  Island,  "com- 
1641.  monly  known  by  the  name  of  Mr.  Parrett^s  Island."     The 
^^^'     first  town  meeting  was  held  early  the  next  spring ;  and 
regular  records  were  then  commenced,  which  exist  in  good 
preservation.t 
1640.       The  adjoining  town  of  Southold,  on  the  north  side  of 
eotonieed   Pcconick  Bay,  was  settled  nearly  at  the  same  time.     Its 
jS^e.    first  colonists  were  natives  of  England,  who  accompanied 
NewW   their  minister,  John  Youngs,  from  Hingham,  in  Norfolk, 
and  first  came  to  New  Haven.     From  there  they  crossed 
over  to  "Yennecock,"  near  Grroenport,  and  secured  the 
Indian  title  to  the  land.     The  conveyance  was  taken  in 
the  name  of  New  Haven,  which  for  some  years  exer- 
cised a  limited  control  over  the  settlement.     A  church 

110, 131.  SaTage,  in  a  note  on  Winthrop,  iL,  p.  5,  Jnatly  remarks  tliat  Tramlrall'a  ae- 
eonnt  is  '*  not  Tery  satiafactory ;"  and  adds, "  the  right  appears  to  me  to  hate  been  on  th« 
aide  of  the  Dutch.'' 

*  Lend.  Doc.,  i.,  «0, 03 ;  N.  T.  Col.  MSS.,  iii.,  81,  S3 ;  App.,  note  N. 

t  Southampton  R«c. ;  Thompeon's  L.  I.,  i.,  330-338.  In  1044,  Sonthampton  beeatee 
"  aioctated  and  Joined''  to  the  jnrisdlotion  of  Oonneetient.— Col.  Rec.  Conn.,  113, 501. 


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WIUiAM  KIEFT,  DIREGTOR  GENERAL.  301 

was  '<  gathered  anew ;"  and  the  English  oolonists  at  South-  chap.  ix. 
old,  like  their  neighbors  at  Southampton,  quietly  pursued 
their  own  way,  without  any  opposition  from  the  govern-  ^i  October, 
ment  at  Fort  Amsterdam.* 

Though  an  air  of  progress  and  improvement  was  al- Tardy  agri- 
ready  manifest  in  the  neighborhood  of  Manhattan  and  coioniu- 
Fort  Orange,  the  unadjusted  difficulties  between  the  com-  Netnar^ 
pany  and  the  patroons  hindered  the  prosperity  of  the  rest 
of  New  Netherland.     Even  the  plantation  wldoh  De  Vries 
had  established  at  Staten  Island  languished  for  want  of 
proper  colonists,  for  whom  he  had  depended  upon  his  part- 
ners at  Amsterdam ;  and  finding  <^  a  beaatifol  situation" 
of  full  sixty  acres  of  natural  meadow-land  on  the  river  ioFai». 
side,  about  five  miles  above  Fort  Amsterdam,  he  went 
there  to  live,  partly  "  for  the  pleasure  of  it,"  and  partly  as 
there  was  hay  enough  for  two  hundred  head  of  cattle, 
"  which  was  a  great  article  there."     Well,  however,  as 
the  patroon  was  acquainted  with  the  southern  and  eastern 
coasts  of  New  Netherland,  he  had  never  yet  gone  up  the 
North  River.     His  enterprising  nature  now  led  him  to  voyage  or 
visit  Fort  Orange,  to  "see  the  country  there;"  and  his  to  Fort  or- 
circumstantial  Journal — the  only  known  narrative  of  any 
Dutch  navigator,  except  those  given  by  De  Laet  and  Pur- 
ohas — ^has  left  us  an  interesting  record  of  the  North  Biver 
in  the  year  1640. 

Sailing  from  Fort  Amsterdam  in  his  own  sloop,  De  Yries  i^  Apru. 
arrived  in  the  evening  at  "  Tapaen,"  where  he  found  aTappan. 
beautiful  valley  under  the  mountains,  of  about  five  hund- 
red acres  in  extent,  and  through  which  ran  a  fine  stream, 
offering  attractive  mill-seats.  Delighted  with  the  spot, 
which,  moreover,  was  so  near  Fort  Amsterdam,  he  pur- 
chased it  from  the  Indians.  From  Tappan  he  crossed  over 
to  Weckquaesgeek,t  where  he  observed  the  beautiful  un-  ^^^' 

*  TmmbaU,  i.,  119 ;  Thompaon,  i.,  374,  Ml. 

t  Van  Tienlunren,  In  1690,  deaeribod  thla  raglMt,  whleb  ta  now  ttie  town  of  Oraen- 
bfBg,  In  WaM  Cheater  ooanty,  aa  a  fine  land  (ta*  evltlTation,  and  wan  watered.  "  It  ia 
altnated  between  two  atreama  called  Sintafnek  and  Armonck."— Hoi.  Doc.,  t.,  134.  Bol- 
lon  anppooes  tbeae  atreams  to  bo,  the  one  which  rana  through  Sing  Sing,  and  the  Byraaa 
Riter.  Thia  region  ia  eren  now  remarimblo  Ibr  tta  deddnooa  treea,  among  which  ar* 
many  of  that  moat  beantlfVil  oTaU  arergraena,  the  Ameitean  haorfaak. 


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302  HISTORY  OF  THE  OTATE  OF  NKW  YORK. 

Chap.  IX.  dulating  Gountary  full  of  evergreens,  whenoe  fhe  ship-bnikU 

ers  at  Manhattan  were  aocustomed  "  to  proonre  green 

^^0-  masts." 

«  April.        While  passing  Haverstraw,  a  creek  was  noticed^  where 

there  was  a  waterfisdl,  which  ^'  made  such  a  noise  that  it 


conld  be  heard  from  the  river."  At  noon  the  sloop  entered 
TiwHifh-  the  majestic  Highlands,  "which  are  prodigiously  high 

stony  mountains,"  where  the  river,  at  its  narcowmost,  wsM 

"  not  over  five  or  six  hundred  paces  wide."  About  sun- 
Dana-ka-   set,  reaching  the  "  Dans-kamer,"  where  there  was  a  party 

of  riotous  savages,  who  only  threatened  touble,  the  sloop^ 

company  "  stood  well  on  tiieir  guard."* 

17  Aprfl.        The  next  day  they  came  to  the  "  Esoopes,"  where  "  a 

creek  emptied,  and  the  Indians  had  some  deaxed  com- 
caiAui.  land."  In  the  evening  they  reached  "  the  Catskill,*^ 
where  there  was  some  open  land,  upon  which  the  Indiana 
were  planting  eom.  Up  to  this  place  the  river  banks  were 
"  all  stony  and  hilly,"  and  were  judged  to  be  "  unfit  for 

18  April,    dwellings."     At  the  "  Beeren  Island"  many  Indians  were 
and.         found  fishing,  and  the  beautifal  meadows  which  skirted 

the  river's  banks  were  noticed  as  very  "  good  for  cultiva- 
Bimndt      tion."     Toward  evening  the  sloop  arrived  at  Brandt  Peel* 
en^s,  or  Castle  Island,  "  which  lies  a  little  below  Port  Or- 


ange." Inviting  De  Yries  to  his  house,  Peelen  astonished 
his  guest  by  telling  him  that,  for  ten  successive  years,  he 
had  raised  beautiful  wheat  there  vrithout  ever  smnmer- 
falkiwing  the  land.t 
ID  Apru.  While  De  Vries  was  enjoying  Peelen's  hospitality,  a  sud- 
ftMhec  den  freshet  inxmdated  tiie  island,  "v^diioh  was  ordinarily 
seven  or  eight  feet  above  the  tides.  The  flood  lasted  three 
days,  during  which  the  colonists  were  obliged  to  des^ 
Iheir  houses  and  betake  themselves  to  the  woods,  where 

•  The  "Dana-kamer*'  ia  a  point  on  tbe  west  aide  of  the  rirer,  above  Newborg,  wUefc 
atUI  retaina  the  name  that  the  Dutch  gave  it  beltare  1640.    It  meaos  **  Dance  Chamber." 

t  De  Vriea,  151-153.  Thia  atatemeat  ia  conflraed  by  Megapoleoaiat  in  hia  Traet  apen 
die  Mohawk  Indiana,  Hasard,  i.,  519 :  and  by  Von  der  Donck,  in  his  DeaoripUon  of  N.  N.« 
p.  S7 ;  U.,  N.  T.  H.  S.  CoU.,  i.,  15»,  who  aaya,  "  I  had  the  laad  adjoining  thia  aam  tern, 
aad  hfe^a  aem  tbe  eloTeaih  erop,  which  waa  tolerably  g9od*  TheBaoMofthaaMaiA* 
did  thia  waa  Brandt  Peelen,  a  native  or  tlw  preTiBee  of  Utnchiy  and  alllMt  tfaa  a  sehipai 
Intheeolonieoril 


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> 
WILLIAM  KtBFT,  DIREOTOR  GBNSRAL.  ^Qg 

tliey  *^  pitdied  tents  and  kindled  great  fires.'^    The  waters  chat,  hl 
even  ran  into  Port  Orange.    This  freshet  was  jwobably  the  "TTTT" 
highest  that  had  oeourred  on  the  North  River  sinoe  the 
great  flood,  vrhich  in  1617  swept  away  the  &st  Fort 
Nilssau. 

The  experience  whioh  De  Vries  had  gained  as  a  pa-PwMofa 
troon  of  Swaanendael  did  not  inoline  him  to  look  veryiMrnnrok. 
favorably  upon  the  proprietors  of  Rensselaerswyck ;  who, 
*<  being  oemmissaries  of  New  Netherland,'^  had  taken  good 
care  of  themselves,  while  ttie  "naked  fort"  Orange  was  the 
West  India  Company's  sole  possession.  The  patroons  had 
all  "  the  farms  around,  and  t^o  traffic,  and  ev«ry  peasant 
Was  a  trader." 

Yet  the  colonists  lived  amid  nature's  richest  profusion.  Aimnduit 
In  the  forests,  by  the  water^side,  and  on  the  islands,  grew  prodoctt  of 
a  rank  abundance  of  nuts  and  plums ;  the  hills  were  cov-  *  **^' 
ered  with  thickets  of  blackberries ;  on  the  flat  lands,  near 
the  rivers,  wild  pl^rawberries  came  up  so  plentifully,  that 
the  people  went  there  to  "lie  down  and  eat  them."  Vines  , 
covered  with  grapes,  "  as  good  and  sweet  as  in  Holland," 
elambered  over  the  loffeiest  trees.  Deer  abounded  in  the 
forests,  in  harvest-time  and  autumn,  "  as  fiat  as  any  Hol- 
land deer  can  be."  Enormous  wild  turkeys,  and  myriads 
of  partridges,  pheasants,  and  pigeons,  roosted  in  the  neigh- 
boring woods.  Sometimes  the  turkeys  and  deer  came 
down  to  the  houses  and  hog-pens  of  the  colonists  to  feed ; 
and  a  stag  was  frequently  sold  by  the  Indians  for  "a  loaf 
of  bread,  or  a  knife,  or  even  for  a  tobacco-pipe."  The  riv- 
er produced  the  finest  fish;  and  tiiere  was  a  "great  plenty 
of  sturgeon,"  which  at  that  time  the  "  Christians  did  not 
make  use  of,  but  the  Indians  eat  them  greedily."  Flcuc 
and  hemp  grew  spontaneously ;  peltries  and  hides  were 
brought  in  great  quantities  by  the  savages,  and  sold  for 
trifles ;  "  the  land  was  very  well  provisioned  with  all  the 
necessaries  of  life."  European  manufactured  goods,  cloths, 
woolens,  and  linens  were  alone  scarce  and  dear.* 

The  oolonie  of  Rensselaerswyck  was  the  only  successful  p^pSuSn. 

•  De  Vries,  158, 153 ;  MeKqNiNiitte,  ia  BmmK,  I.,  517-«ia 


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804  fflSTORY  OP  THE  STATE  OP  NEW  YORK. 

ciup.  a.  patroonahip  under  Uie  charter  of  1629 ;  and  Hie  marvel* 
ous  orops  of  com  which  Peelen  raised  on  his  fertile  island 
*  were  for  many  years  the  wonder  of  New  Neiherland.   Con- 
stant emigration  from  Holland  rapidly  increased  its  popu- 
lation ;  and  comfortable  farm-houses,  many  of  them  built 
at  the  patroon's  expense,  arose  at  various  points.     Bevers- 
'^^'      wyck  was  already  a  village.     Had  the  colonists  contented 
themselves  with  agriculture,  instead  of  seeking  to  beccnne 
traders  as  well,  the  prosperity  of  the  frontier  settlement  of 
the  province  would  have  been  assured, 
joriidie-        Arendt  van  Curler  continued  to  act  as  the  commissary 
^SSmuT  of  the  oolonie  and  the  representative  of  the  patroon.     His 
jurisdiction  included  all  the  territory  on  both  sides  of  the 
North  River,  between  Beeren  Island  and  the  mouth  of  the 
Fort  Or-    Mohawk,  except  the  precinct  of  Fort  Orange.     This  post, 
which  was  the  property  of  the  West  India  Company  when 
the  first  purchases  in  its  neighborhood  were  made  by  Van 
Rensselaer,  was  always  occupied  by  a  smaU  garrison,  com- 
manded by  officers  under  the  immediate  direction  of  the 
provincial  authorities  at  Manhattan.* 
jndkua         According  to  the  Charter  of  Privileges,  the  patroon  was 
Smp?      invested  with  the  '^ chief  command  and  lower  jurisdiction" 
within  his  oolonie.     In  person,  or  by  deputy,  he  might  ad- 
minister justice,  and  pronounce  and  execute  sentences  for 
all  degrees  of  crime.     He  had  the  power  of  life  and  death. 
He  could  decide  civil  suits.     The  right  of  appeal  to  the 
director  and  council  at  Manhattan  was,  indeed,  nominally 
reserved  to  the  colonists ;  but  the  right  was  virtually  an- 
nulled by  die  obligaticm  under  which  all  the  colonists  upon 
cokmiai  jv-  the  manor  were  obliged  to  come,  not  to  appeal  from  the  judg- 
draoerad  mcuts  of  the  manorial  tribunals.     The  civil  law,  the  ordi- 
'^^"     nances  of  the  Province  of  Holland  and  of  the  United  Neth- 
erlands, and  the  edicts  of  the  West  India  Ccxnpany,  and 
of  the  director  and  council  at  Manhattan,  were  ihe  legal 
code  of  New  Netherland.     The  same  code  obtained  when 

*  Mr.  Bamtrd,  in  hit  sketch  (p.  197),  BiBrms  that  the  Company  **  did  not  own  a  fboc 
ofland  within  the  ookmy ;"  and  that  <'the  vH  on  which  Fort  Orange  atood  waa  iadoded 
In  the  porchaae  made  by  the  patroon."  These  statements,  howcTer,  do  not  agree  with 
the  erldenee  in  Mr  oolOQlal  raeavds ;  see  psfl,  p.  ttl 


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WILLIAM  KIEFT,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  306 

duly  published  within  the  colonie ;  and  the  ooionists,  in  chap,  ix; 
addition,  were  subjected  to  such  laws  and  regulations  as 
the  patroon  or  his  local  officers  might  establish.     Theoret- 
ically, the  patroon  was  always  present  in  his  court  baron. 
Practically,  the  government  of  the  colony  was  adminis- 
tered by  a  court  composed  of  two  commissaries  and  two 
schepens,  assisted  by  the  colonial  secretary  and  the  schout. 
The  laws  and  customs  of  the  colonie  partook  largely  of  the  Feadai 
spirit  of  feudalism.     The  terms  of  the  leases  under  which  l^norlai " 
the  farms  were  held  required  a  return  of  all  produce ;  and  tuTna. 
of  this  produce  the  patroon  bad  the  pre-emptive  right. 
An  annual  ground-rent  was  levied  on  each  house  erected. 
When  property  changed  hands,  the  patroon  was  privileged 
to  have  the  first  offer ;  and  if  he  declined  to  purchase,  he 
was  entitled  to  a  certain  proportion  of  the  consideration 
money  received.     He  was  the  legal  heir  of  all  intestates. 
Without  his  leave,  none  could  fish  or  hunt  within  the 
manor.     At  the  patroon's  mills  alone  could  the  colonists 
grind  their  corn. 

The  greater  part  of  the  colonists  were  farmers  and  their  condition 
servants,  who  had  been  sent  out  firom  Holland  at  the  pa-  nist*. 
troon's  expense.     For  these  farmers  lands  were  set  apart, 
houses  erected,  and  stock  and  agricultural  implements  pro- 
vided.    Besides  these  substanticd  encouragements,  small 
advances  of  money  and  supplies  of  clothing  were  frequent- 
ly fiirnished  to   the  emigrant  on  his  leaving  Holland. 
These  advances  the  colonist  was  to  repay  after  his  arrival 
with  a  large  interest.    The  capital  of  the  patroon  was  free- 
ly and  liberally  expended ;  and  the  emigrant  began  his 
frontier  toil  with  more  ample  resources  and  with  greater 
facilities  than  the  first  tenants  of  a  wilderness  generally 
enjoy.     Yet  the  scheme  of  feudal  colonization  was  not  a 
happy  one,  either  for  emigrant  or  patroon.     Apart  from  Results  of 
the  political  evils  which  it  entailed,  it  necessarily  intro;  at  Reneee- 
duced  a  system  of  accounts  which  encouraged  deceit  and 
tempted  to  dishonesty.    The  payments  of  the  colonists  be- 
gan to  fall  in  arrear ;  the  patroon's  revenue  suffered ;  and 
he  felt  himself  obliged,  before  long,  to  instruct  his  colonial 

U 


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306  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  IX.  offioers  that  there  was  ^'  no  latitude  to  be  given  to  the 
:^  oonscienoes  or  discretion  of  the  boors,  but  the  law  to  be 

^^'  stringently  enforced."* 
Devriea        Anxious  to  soc  the  interior  of  the  country,  De  Vries 
cohooes*    went  tlirough  the  forests  with  several  Indians  to  visit  the 
Mohawk.     The  Falls  of  the  Cohooes  seemed  to  him  "  as 
high  as  a  church  ;"t  the  waters,  as  they  ran  over,  were 
"  as  clear  as  crystal,  and  as  fresh  as  milk."     Within  the 
sound  of  their  roar  lived  "  Broer  Comelis,"J  at  that  time 
The  Mo-    the  frontier  colonist  of  New  Netherland.     The  Mohawks 
diMs. ""    were  noticed  as  a  brave  people,  who  had  "  brought  the 
other  tribes  under  contribution."     They  had  enormous  ca- 
noes, hollowed  out  of  trees,  and  easily  conveying  eighteen 
or  twenty  men.     Their  arms  were  bows  and  arrows,  and 
9tone  axes  and  hammers,  until  they  got  guns  from  the 
Duteh.     "  But  he  was  a  rascal  who  first  sold  them,  and 
showed  their  use  ;  for  they  said  that  it  was  the  Devil,  and 
did  not  dare  to  touch  them.     There  used  to  be  but  one  In- 
dian who  went  about  with  a  gun,  whom  they  called  Kal- 
lebacker."^ 

14  May.         After  a  six  weeks'  sojourn,  De  Vries  took  leave  of  the 
returns  to  commauder  at  Fort  Orange,  and  sailing  rapidly  down  the 

river,  anchored,  in  the  evening,  at  Esopus,  "where  a  creek 
empties,  and  there  is  some  corn  land  where  some  Indians 

15  May.     live."ll     Setting  sail  at  dawn  of  the  next  day,  he  observed 

at  the  Dans-kamer  "  many  Indians  a  fishing ;"  and  pass- 
ing onward  through  the  Highlands  without  any  adven- 

*  Hoi.  Doe.,  T.,  864,  380,  ii.,  N.  Y.  H.  S.  CoU.,  ii.,  330,  334  ;  Renm.  MSS. :  0*CaIl.,  i  , 
320-336, 443 ;  Moulton,  391 ;  Barnard's  Sketch,  118-131. 

t  With  lera  accuracy  than  De  Vriee,  Van  der  Donck  several  years  afterward  **  guess* 
ed*  these  fUls  to  be  one  hundred  and  fifty  or  two  hundred  feet  high.— Bosch,  ran  N.  N., 
p.  0.  Megapolensis  (Ha74u-d,  i.,  519),  on  the  other  hand,  exactly  coincides  with  De  Vries. 
TliMV  is  a  remarkable  similarity— almost  an  identity— in  parts  of  the  descriptions  by 
these  two  writers.  Megapolensis's  tract  was  written  in  1644,  and  published  in  1651. 
As  De  Vries  did  not  print  his  Journal  until  1655,  several  years  after  his  return  to  Holland, 
I  think  it  very  probable  that  he  adopted  much  of  Megapolensis's  work,  in  regard  to  aHUrs 
aft  Fort  Orange,  in  preference  to  his  own  less  polished  language.  This  would  aceonnt 
fbr  his  anachronism  about  Jogues. 

t  This  person  was  otherwise  known  as  Comelis  Antonlssen  ran  Slyck,  whose  name 
survives  in  that  of  an  island  opposite  Schenectady.  ^  De  Vries,  158. 

I  De  Vries  uses  aInKwt  the  same  expressions  in  n^fbrring  to  Esopus,  on  the  S7th  of 
April,  as  he  passed  up  the  river.  On  neither  occasion  does  he  speak  of  any  redoubt  as 
then  existing ;  nor  to  the  presence,  at  that  or  any  previous  time,  of  Dutch  traders  there. 


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WILLIAM  KIEFT,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  807 

tore,  he  anchored  oyer  night  at  Tappan.     The  next  mom-  ctKi».  ol 
ing,  a  strong  ebb  tide  and  a  fresh  gale  from  tibe  north-  ^^^ 
west  carried  the  sloop,  in  three  hours,  safely  to  Fort  Am-  j^M^y.  ' 
sierdam.     In  the  judgment  of  De  Vries,  the  mountain- 
bordered  stream  was  "  little  fitted  to  be  peopled ;"  far  he 
had  seen  only  ^'  here  and  there  a  little  oom-land,  whi<ji 
the  Indians  had  prepared  by  remoying  the  stones."    Yet 
his  mariner's  eye  observed  with  admiration  that  '^the 
tide  runs  up  the  whole  river  to  Fort  Orange ;"  and  per- 
haps, even  at  that  early  day,  there  were  not  wanting  those 
who  fcMresaw  the  swelling  commerce  which  now  rolls  be- 
tween its  cultivated  banks.* 

Up  to  this  time,  the  intercourse  between  the  Dutch  and  Reiauona 

'  with  the 

the  Indians  had  been,  upon  the  whole,  friendly;  and  withtodians. 
the  caning  of  the  fur  trade,  a  large  prosperity  promised 
to  visit  New  Netherland.     But  freedom  soon  ran  into 
abuses ;  and  the  temptation  of  gain  led  to  injurious  ex- 
cess.    The  colonists  soon  began  to  neglect  agriculture  for 
the  quicker  profits  of  traffic  with  the  savages.     To  push 
their  trade  to  the  best  advantage,  the  colonists  separated 
themselves  fit)m  each  other,  and  settled  their  abodes  '^far 
in  the  interior  of  the  country."     Presently  they  begui  to 
allure  the  savages  to  their  houses  ''  by  excessive  familiar- 
ity and  treating."     This  soon  brought  them  into  contempt  RMoif  oc 
with  the  Indians,  who,  not  being  always  used  with  im-domo*"'*** 
partiality,  naturally  became  jealous.     Some  of  the  sava- 
ges, too,  wc^re  occasionally  employed  as  domestic  servants 
by  the  Dutch.     This  unwise  conduct  only  produced  evil. 
The  Indians  frequently  stole  more  than  the  amount  of 
their  wages ;  and,  running  away,  they  acquainted  tiieir 
tribes  with  the  habits,  mode  of  life,  and  exact  numerical 
strength  of  the  colonists.    The  knowledge  ihua  gained  v^as 
used,  before  long,  with  frttal  effect  against  the  Europeans, 
whose  presence  now  began  to  inconvenience  the  aborig- 
ines.    For  the  colonists,  in  their  avidity  to  procure  pel- DUBemties 
tries,  neglected  their  cattle,  which,  straying  away  without  m^m^ 
herdsmen,  injured  the  unfenced  corn-fields  of  the  savages. 

*  De  Vrim,  HS-IOL 


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808  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Crap.  IX.  Finding  this  the  cause  of  much  complaint,  Kieft  issued  a 
^  proclamati(Hi,  requiring  all  the  inhabitants  whose  land  ad- 

joined that  of  the  Indians  to  inclose  their  farms,  so  as  to 
9  May.  prevent  trespasses  upon  the  red  men.  The  evil,  how- 
ever, continued ;  and  the  Indians  avenged  themselves  by 
"killing  the  cattle,  and  even  the  horses,"  of  the  Dutch.* 
Theiro-  The  most  unhappy  result  of  all  was  the  supplying  of 
pii«d  with  the  savaces  with  new  weapons  of  offense.  The  Iroquois 
warriors,  from  the  day  they  first  recoiled  before  the  arque- 
buses of  Champlain,  dreaded  the  superiority  of  the  Euro- 
peans. At  first  they  considered  a  gun  "  the  Devil,"  and 
would  not  touch  it.  But  the  moment  they  became  ac- 
customed to  their  use,  they  were  eager  to  possess  the  fire- 
arms of  Europe.  No  merchandise  was  so  valuable  to 
them.  For  a  musket  they  would  willingly  give  twenty 
beaver  skins.  For  a  pound  of  powder  they  were  glad  to 
barter  the  value  of  ten  or  twelve  guilders.  Knowing  the 
impolicy  of  arming  the  savages,  the  West  India  Company, 
in  wise  sympathy  with  the  English  government,  had  de- 
clared contraband  the  trade  in  fire-arms ;  and  had  even 
forbidden  the  supply  of  munitions  of  war  to  the  New  Neth- 
erland  Indians,  under  penalty  of  death.  But  the  lust  of 
large  gains  quickly  overcame  prudence.  The  extraordi- 
nary profits  of  the  traffic  early  became  generally  known ; 
and  the  colonists  of  Rensselaerswyck  and  "  free  traders" 
from  Holland  soon  bartered  away  to  the  Mohawks  enough 
guns,  and  powder,  and  bullets  for  four  hundred  warriors. 
In  the  neighborhood  of  Manhattan,  where  a  more  rigid  po- 
lice was  maintained,  the  supply  of  arms  was  prevented. 
The  river  This,  howcvcr,  ouly  excited  the  hatred  of  the  river  tribes 
ifended.  against  the  Dutch ;  for  the  Iroquois,  in  full  consciousness 
of  their  renovated  power,  now  not  only  carried  open  war 
into  their  enemies'  country  along  the  Saint  Lawrence  and 
the  Great  Lakes,  but,  more  haughtily  than  ever,  exacted 
the  tribute  which  they  claimed  from  the  subjugated  tribes 
between  the  Mohawk  and  the  sea,t 

*  Jonmal  van  N.  N.,  in  Hoi.  Doc.,  iil.,  97-109 ;  Alb.  Rec.,  ii.,  61. 
t  Joamal  of  N.  N.,  in  Hoi.  Doc.,  UI.,  103;  Report,  in  Hoi.  Doc,  U.,  368;  0*C«U.,  t. 
184, 410 ;  De  Vriee,  158 ;  Doe.  Hist.  N.  T.,  It.,  5, 0, 7,  & 


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WILLIAM  KIEFT,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  309 

While  the  river  Indians  were  brooding  over  what  they  chaf.  ix 
thought  the  unjust  partiality  of  the  Dutch  toward  the  Ir- 
oquois,  a  new  provocation  was  cuided  to  the  existing  an- The  in-  * 
noyanoe.     Kieft,  alleging  "express  orders"  from  HoUJjJJJ^ 

ImiJ,  nil  wisely  dettirniiuud  tti  i.xtici  ilu.-  LujiiriiRilkm  of  [^™^^ 
corn,  lur^,  and  warupuni  from  the  aavagei*  in  the  neigh- ^*™''*^ 
horhood  of  Fort  Amst^irdamj  which  he  had  reisolvod  upon 
the  previfjua  autumn,  The  director^*  of  the  Amsterdam 
Chamber  afterward  positively  denied  that  they  had  ever 
authorized  the  measure j  or  even  knew  that  the  contribu- 
tion had  been  exacted.*  But  the  rnidohief  was  already 
done. 

The  river  Indians  were  now  totally  estranged.     *'  The  Kiefiuitie^ 
HoilanderSj'*  said  the  irritated  savages,  **ara  Jiateriotty — rupinri. 
men  of  blood  :  though  they  may  be  soniething  on  the  wa- 
ter >  they  are  nothiug  on  the  land  :  they  have  no  great  aa- 
chem  or  chk'f/'     Perceiving  the  temper  of  tlie  Indians  inTiAoDujia 
hia  neighborhood,  Kieft,  in  apprehension  of  a  sudden  at- ftrnTtiiMft- 
taok,  ordered  all  the  residents  of  Manhattan  to  provide  10  Mii. 
themselves  with  arms  ;  and,  at  the  iiriog  of  three  guns,  to 
repair,  under  theii  respcoUve  oflicers,  "to  the  place  ap- 
pointed,*' properly  equipped  for  service, t 

But  without  waiting  to  be  attacked,  the  imprudent  di- 
rcKJtor  sr>on  found  an  opfwrtunity  to  become  the  aggrei^sor. 
It  happened  that  some  |>ersonB  in  the  company's  service ,  Th«:  jun- 
on  their  way  to  the  South  River,  landed  at  Htaten  Island  ed'^wSh^w- 
for  wood  and  water;   ami,  on  re-embarking,  stole   some siaion i^r 
swine  belonging  t-o  De  Vries  and  to  the  company,  which " 
had  been  left  there  in  charge  of  a  negro.     The  blame  was 
tiuown  on  the  innix^ent  Raritan  lodians,  who  lived  about 
twenty  miles  inland*     Tha-ie  savages  were  aLjo  accused 
of  having  attacked  the  yacht  Yrede,  which  had  been  sent 
among  them  to  trade  for  furs.     No  lives  were  lost,  though 
the  Indians  made  off  with  the  trading  party's  canoc4 

Kieft  rashly  resolved  to  punish  the  alleged  offenders 

>  Mh,  R«e.,  ti.,  fi&,  ei  ;  Vfirtooffh  ran  N  N.,  W9,  300 ;  ^mtf,  p.  903 ,  Bol.  Doe.,  t.,  MU 
i  m^  ftpe  I  U',  Bii  Journal  tbhJS.  N.,  In  Uol.  Dw,,  i^t.,  IM^  UiKt.  Iltar  N.  V.,  It.,  S, 
%  nivVrm,  101,103 


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310  HISTORY  OP  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

chiAP.  IX.  whii  admonitc^  severity.    Van  TienhoTen,  the  provineial 
■~~  secretary,  was  oommissioned  to  lead  a  party  of  fifty  sol- 
16  joir  '  ^^  ^^  tw^ity  sailors  to  attack  the  Indians  and  destroy 
J^2^^  their  eom,  unless  they  should  make  prompt  reparation. 
{^^^  When  he  reached  his  destination,  Van  Tienhoven  demand- 
ed satisfiiction ;  but  his  men,  knowing  the  director's  tem- 
per, wished  to  kill  and  plunder  at  once.     This  Van  Tien- 
hoven refused  to  permit ;  but  at  last,  vexed  with  their  im- 
portunity, he  left  Ae  party,  protesting  against  tiieir  dis- 
obedience.    Several  of  the  Indians  were  killed ;  their  oropt 
were  destroyed ;  and  ''  such  tyranny  was  perpetrated"  by 
the  company's  servants,  that  there  was  now  little  hope  of 
regaining  the  friendship  of  the  savages.* 

Thus  was  laid  the  foundation  of  a  bloody  war,  which, 

before  long,  desolated  New  Netherland,  whose  provincial 

government  had  now  read  to  the  Raritans  the  lessons 

which,  four  years  befwe,  Massadiusetts  had  read  to  ibe 

Block  Island  Indians.     Determined  to  pursue  his  polky 

of  levying  contributi<ms  on  the  river  tribes,  Kieft  soon  aft- 

90  October.  CTward  scut  sloops  up  to  Tappan ;  but  tiie  savages  de- 

uoJf  leirted  murred  against  the  novel  tribute.     "  They  wondered  how 

pirns!'  ^^the  sachem  at  the  fort  dared  to  exact  such  things  fit)m 

them."     **He  must  be  a  very  shabby  fellow;  he  had 

come  to  Mve  in  their  land  when  they  had  not  invited  him, 

and  now  came  to  defnive  them  of  their  com  for  nothing,  "t 

Tfce  mj.    They  refused  to  pay  the  contribution,  because  the  scddi^rs 

to  p*y.      in  Port  Amsterdam  were  no  protection  to  the  savages,  who 

should  not  be  called  upon  for  their  support ;  because  they 

had  allowed  the  Dutch  to  live  peaceably  in  their  country, 

and  had  never  demanded  recompense ;  because  when  the 

Hollemders,  <^  having  lost  a  ship  there,  had  built  a  new  one, 

they  had  suf^lied  them  with  victuals  and  all  other  neoes^ 

saries,  and  had  taken  care  of  them  for  two  winters,  until 

the  ship  was  finished,"  and  therefore  the  Dutch  were 

under  obligations  to  them ;  because  they  had  paid  lull 

price  for  eyery  thing  they  had  purchased,  and  there  was, 

*  DeVries^ltfl;  Aib.  Ree.,L,9BS;  iL,09;  Hol.Dop.,iiL,166;  t.,S14;  0*CaU.»^9t7. 
t  De  Vrkw,  101. 


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WILLIAM  KIEFT,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  311 

theiefore,  no  reason  why  they  should  supply  the  Holland-  ckap.  ix. 
ere  now  "  with  maize  for  nothing ;"  and,  finally,  said  the  "TITT" 
savages,  because,  ^'  if  we  have  oeded  to  yon  the  country 
you  are  living  in,  we  yet  remain  masters  of  what  we  have 
retained  for  ourselves."* 

In  the  mean  time,  the  States  Gheneral  had  instructed  i3  March. 
their  deputies  to  the  College  of  the  XIX.  to  aid  in  recon- pany^a  dir 
oiling  the  differences  between  the  patroons  and  the  com-arrangeti. 
pany,  and  devise  some  plan  by  which  the  colonization  of 
the  province  might  be  promoted,  and  its  inhabitants  put 
"  in  the  best  condition."    The  company  accordingly  agreed 
upcm  a  new  charter  of  '<  Freedoms  and  Exemptions"  for 
all  patroons,  mastere,  and  private  persons,  which  was  sentiQjuiy. 
to  ike  Hague,  and  promptly  approved 

The  new  charter  amended  materially  the  obnoxious  in-  New  cuar- 
strument  of  1629.  ^^  All  good  inhabitants  of  the  Nether- troons. 
lands"  were  now  allowed  to  select  lands  and  form  colo- 
nies, which,  however,  were  to  be  reduced  in  size.  Instead 
of  four  Dutch  miles,  they  were  limited  to  one  mile  along 
the  shore  of  a  bay  or  navigable  river,  and  two  miles  into 
the  country.  A  free  right  of  way  by  land  and  water  was 
reserved  to  all ;  and,  in  case  of  dispute,  the  director  gen- 
eral of  New  Netherland  was  to  decide.  The  feudal  j^vi- 
leges  of  erecting  towns  and  appointing  their  officen ;  the 
high,  middle,  and  lower  jurisdicticm ;  and  the  exclusive 
right  of  hunting,  fishing,  fowling,  and  grinding  com,  were 
continued  to  the  patroons  as  an  estate  of  inheritance,  with 
descent  to  females  as  well  as  males.  On  every  such 
change  of  ownership,  the  company  W8is  to  receive  a  pair 
of  iron  gauntlets  and  twenty  guilders,  within  one  year. 

Besides  the  patrocms,  another  class  of  proprietors  was  Heads  of 
now  established.  Whoever  should  convey  to  New  Neth- 
^and  five  grown  persons  besides  himself,  was  to  be  rec- 
ognized as  a  '^  master  or  cdonist;"  and  could  occupy  two 
hundred  acres  of  land,  with  the  privilege  of  hunting  and 
fishing.  If  settlements  of  such  colonists  should  increase 
in  numbers,  towns  and  villages  might  be  formed,  to  whidi 

I  Raedt,  14, 19. 


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:U2  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

CAAT.  IX.  monioipal  governments  were  promised.     The  magistrates 
\f\df)    ^  ^^      towns  were  to  be  selected  by  the  director  and 
council,  ^^  from  a  triple  nomination  of  the  best  qualified  in 
the  said  towns  and  villages."     From  these  courts,  and 
from  the  courts  of  the  patroons,  an  appeal  might  lie  to  the 
director  and  council  at  Manhattan.     The  company  guar- 
anteed protection,  in  case  of  war,  to  all  the  colonists ;  but 
each  adult  male  emigrant  was  bound  to  provide  himself, 
before  he  left  Holland,  with  a  proper  musket,  or  a  hanger 
and  side  arms. 
commer-        The  Commercial  privileges,  which  the  first  charter  had 
leges  ex-    rcstrictcd  to  the  patroons,  were  now  extended  to  all  ^^  free 
colonists,"  and  to  all  the  stockholders  in  the  company. 
Nevertheless,  the  company  adhered  to  a  system  of  onerous 
imposts,  for  its  own  benefit ;  and  required  a  duty  often  per 
cent,  on  all  goods  shipped  to  New  Netherland,  and  of  five 
per  cent,  on  all  return  cargoes,  excepting  peltries,  which 
were  to  pay  ten  per  cent,  to  the  director  at  Manhattan  be- 
fare  they  could  be  exported.     All  shipments  from  New 
Netherland  were  to  be  landed  at  the  company's  ware- 
houses in  Holland.      The   prohibition  of  manufactures 
within  the  province  was,  however,  abolished.     The  com- 
pany renewed  its  pledge  to  send  over  "  as  many  blacks 
as  possible ;"  and  disclaiming  any  interference  with  the 
"  lugh,  middle,  and  lower  jurisdiction"  of  the  patroons,  re- 
served to  itself  supreme  and  sovereign  authority  over  New 
Netherland,  promising  to  appoint  and  support  competent 
officers  "  for  -the  protection  of  the  good,  and  the  punish- 
ment of  the  wicked."     The  provincial  director  and  coun- 
cil were  to  decide  all  questions  respecting  the  rights  of  the 
company,  and  all  complaints,  whether  by  foreigners  or  in- 
habitants of  the  province ;  to  act  as  an  Orphan's  and  Sur* 
The  Re-     ^^^gatc's  Court ;  to  judge  in  criminal  and  religious  affairs, 
'^h*      *^^  generally  to  administer  law  and  justice.     No  other 
j^**J}|;j^_  religion  "  save  that  then  taught  and  exeroised  by  author- 
IwJ  J*ihe  ^*y»  ^^  ^^  Reformed  Church  in  the  United  Provinces," 
proriDoe.    ^^^  ^o  be  publicly  sancticmed  in  New  Netherland,  where 


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WnXIAM  KIEFT,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  313 

the  oompany  bound  itself  to  maintain  proper  preachers,  chap.  ix. 
soboohnasters,  and  comforters  of  the  sick.* 

New  Netheriand  soon  felt  a  fresh  impulse  to  her  pros-  prop^Ii  if 
perity.     De  Vries  now  "  took  hold"  in  earnest  of  his  pur-  ^^ 
chase,  the  previous  spring,  from  the  Indians  at  Tappan, 
and  began  a  colonic  at  his  new  estate,  which  he  named 
"Vriesendael."     It  was   beautifiilly  situated  along  theJ^J^^^^^ 
river  side,  sheltered  by  high  hills ;  and  the  fertile  valley,  ^'^J*'"" 
through  which  wound  a  stream,  affording  handsome  mill 
seats,  yielded  hay  enough,  spontaneously,  for  two  hund- 
red head  of  cattle.     Buildings  were  soon  erected,  and 
Yriesendael  became,  for  several  years,  the  home  of  its  en- 
ergetic owner.t 

Early  the  next  year,  another  colonic  was  established,   1641 
"  within  an  hour's  wjJk"  of  Yriesendael,  by  Myndert  Myn-  e^^Jc(A- 
d^iisen  van  der  Horst,  of  Utrecht.    The  new  plantation  ex-  Hackui- 
tended  from  "  Achter  Cul,"1:  or  Newark  Bay,  north  toward  "^"^ 
Tf4;>pan,  and  included  the  valley  of  the  Hackinsack  River. 
The  head-quarters  of  the  settlement  were  about  five  or  six 
hundred  paces  from  the  village  of  the  Hackinsack  In4ians, 
where  Van  der  Horst's  people  immediately  commenced  the 
erection  of  a  post,  to  be  garrisoned  by  a  few  soldiers,  t 

Comelis  Melyn  now  returned  to  New  Netheriand,  withaoAii«u8t. 
his  family  and  servants,  to  bec^in  a  colonic  cm  Staten  Isl-  Meiyn  on 

•^  °  Staten  Isl- 

and, an  order  for  which  he  had  procured  in  Holland  from  and. 

the  directors  of  the  Amsterdam  Chamber.  De  Vries,  who 
was  already  in  possession  of  a  part  of  that  island,  felt  ag- 
grieved at  this  interference ;  but  Kieft,  who  had  himself 
just  established  a  small  distillery  and  a  buckskin  manu- 
factory there,  soon  obtained  the  patroon's  consent  to  Me- 
lyn's  establishing  a  plantation  near  the  Narrows,  provided 
"  his  rights  should  not  be  prejudiced."  The  Staten  Island 
Indians  soon  afterward  committing  acts  of  hostility,  the 

*  Hoi.  Doc.,  ii.,  234-2«2 ;  CCall.,  I.,  218-222.  t  De  Vries,  162, 180,  182. 

t  "  Achter  Col,'*  or  "  Achter  Kol,"  now  caUed  "  Newark  Bay,"  was  so  named  by  the 
D«tch,  because  it  was  **  achter,'*  or  **  behind"  the  Great  Bay  of  the  North  River.  The  pas- 
sage to  the  Great  Bay  was  known  as  the  "  Kil  van  Col,**  from  which  has  been  derived  the 
present  name  of  **  the  Kills.*'  The  Enf  lish  soon  corrupted  the  phrase  i  nto  **  Arthur  Cull's" 
Bay.— Benson's  Memoir,  93. 

«  De  Vries,  165 ;  Hoi.  Doe.,  iii.,  09, 135 ;  O'CaU.,  i.,  S38 1  S.  Hazard,  Ann.  Peon.,  51,  S6. 


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314  fflSTORY  OP  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

CHAP.  IX.  director  and  OGonoil  ordered  a  small  redoubt  to  be  built  aa 
one  of  the  headlands ;  and  the  soldiers  stationed  there  were 
13^  '  ordered  to  make  a  signal  by  raising  a  flag,  to  warn  the 
^^,^5^  ^officers  at  Fort  Amsterdam  whenever  any  vessels  arrived 
nw!!^    ^  *k^  lower  bay.     In  the  course  of  the  following  sum- 
mer, Kiefk  issued  a  formal  patent,  granting  to  Melyn  the 
privileges  of  a  patroon  over  all  Staten  Island,  excepting 
De  Vrios*8  reserved  "bouwerij."* 

Municipal  affairs  engaged  much  of  the  attention  of  the 

y^Apru^^  bustling  director.     Fresh  regulations  were  published  for 

iSSS*"      *^®  better  observance  of  Sunday ;  and  the  tapping  of  beer 

during  Divine  service,  and  after  ten  o'clock  at  nig^t,  was 

ProTindai  forbidden.     The  currency  of  the  province,  too,  was  re- 

carreDcy  "^  r  '  ' 

reibnned.   formed.     Hie  coins  of  Europe  were  seldom  seen  m  New 
Netherland.     Payments  were  almost  universally  made  in 
sewan  or  wampum ;  and  for  many  years  the  Sunday  con- 
tributions in  the  churches  continued  to  be  paid  in  this  na- 
tive currency,  of  which  that  of  Long  Island  and  Manhat- 
tan was  always  esteemed  the  best.     Of  this  "  good  splen- 
did sewan,  usually  cedled  Manhattan's  sewan,"  four  beads 
were  reckoned  equal  to  one  stiver.     By  degrees,  however, 
inferior  wampum,  loose  and  unstrung,  began  to  take  the 
place  of  the  better  currency ;  and  even,  in  the  judgment 
of  the  director,  to  threaten  "the  ruin  of  the  country."    An 
18  April,    order  in  council,  therefore,  directed  that  the  loose  beads 
wunmim   should  pass  at  the  rate  of  six  for  a  stiver.     The  only  rea- 
law.  ^     son  why  ihe  "  loose  sewan"  was  not  entirely  prohibited 
was,  "  because  there  was  no  coin  in  circulation,  and  the 
laborers,  boors,  and  other  common  people  having  no  other 
money,  would  be  great  losers."     To  encourage  the  grow- 
ing tendency  toward  agricultural  pursuits,  two  annual 
Fai«e«tab- fairs,  thc  ouc  for  cattle  and  the  other  for  hoss,  were  soon 
55  Sept.     afterward  established  at  Manhattan.! 

Had  the  government  of  New  Netherland  been  in  the 
hands  of  a  "  prudent"  director,  its  prosperity  would,  per- 

*  Dtt  Vries,  108 ;  Alb.  Ree.,  ii.,  133 ;  CCall.,  i.,  938, 939 ;  tt.,  699.  Da  Vriaa*^  ttetaiMat 
Is  tlM  flrat  reeord  of  the  establisluiiMit  of  a  marine  telegraph  in  New  York  harbor 

t  Alb.  Rec,  U.,  110, 118, 134;  Van  Tienhoven's  Korte  berieht.  In  Bd.  Doe..T.,  369; 
Md  In  It,  N.  T.  H.  8.  ColL,  U.,  381 


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WILUAM  KIEFT,  DIKBCTOR  GENSRAL.  315 

haps,  have  now  been  permanently  established.    But  pro-  cbap.  iz. 
denoe  was  not  an  element  in  Kieft's  charaoter*    His  l©vy  "~J 
of  oontribntions  had  already  alienated  the  savages  aromid  Romper  or 
Manhattan ;  and  the  cruelties  inflicted  upon  the  Raritans  ||^*^^ 
had  aroused  a  feeling  of  revenge,  which  only  waited  a  fit- 
liiig  moment  for  itji  display. 

That  raoiiient  oame.     While  they  cajoled  the  director  The  Ran  - 
by  peaceful  messages,  the  Raritam  suddenly  attacked  De^niy  d** 
Vrics^a  unprotected  plantation  on  iStaten  Island.     Four  of  «>t»j  at  sm* 

^  .  fill  Liland, 

Ilia  planters  were  killed,  and  his  dwelling  and  tobacco  Ju"^- 
house  burned.     Thus  the  feeble  colony  was  smothered  at 
its  birth,  through  Kieft's  blind  folly  in  "  visiting  upon  the 
Indians  the  WTongs  which  his  own  people  had  done.^'* 

Folly  breeds  fully.  The  director  no  sooner  heard  how 
the  Raritanji  had  avenged  their  wrongs,  than  he  resolved 
upon  their  extt^rrninatioa.    *'  The  savages  of  Raritao  daily  Kica  offt^^ 

rcwardfl  fat 

grow  bolder" — so  began  the  proclamation,  in  which  K ie ft  ti>r  offer d- 
oliered  a  bounty  of  ten  fathoms  of  wampum  for  the  head^^w'y* 
of  every  one  of  that  tribe-     For  each  head  of  the  actual 
murderers,  twenty  fathoms  were  promised.! 

Incited  by  the  offered  bounties,  some  of  the  River  In-^ 
dians  attacked  the  Raritans.  lu  the  autumn,  a  chief  of  ^  ^c^ 
the  Tankitekesj  or  Haverstraw  tribe,  named  Pachara,  provoimd. 
*^  who  waa  great  with  the  governor  at  the  fort,"  came  in 
triumph  to  Manlmttan,  with  a  dead  man^s  hand  hanging 
on  a  stick.  This  he  presented  to  Kieft  as  the  hand  of  the 
chief  who  had  killed  the  Dutch  on  ^taten  Island.  "  I 
have  taken  revenge  for  the  sake  of  the  Swannekensj"  said 
Faoham,  *^  for  I  love  them  as  my  best  friends.'^j 

Meanwhile,  the  island  of  Manlmttan  had  become  the 
scene  of  a  bloody  retribution.  Revenge  never  dies  in  the 
breast  of  the  Indian.  It  may  slumber  for  years,  but  it  is 
never  appeased  until  the  '*  just  atonement"  which  Indian 
law  demands  k  fnlly  paid.  The  young  Weckquaesgeek 
savage,  whose  uncle  had  been  murdered  near^Hhe  Koick,'' 
during  tlie  building  of  Fort  Amsterdam,  was  now  groAm 

*  De  VriM.  103  ;  Alb.  Hec.,  U.,  138  j  Wlflitirop,  u.,  jg,  t  Alb.  Rec.,  ii-t  l^,  1*^9. 

t  Ue  Vriel^  lfl3.    The  IjiJlant,  baili  on  uia  South  And  Jt^eth  mwva^  wen  ia  Ow  habit 
of  calling  the  Dutch  **  SwADncikenft.'*  v    ^ 


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316  fflSTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

cmjLT.  IX.  to  man's  estate,  and  upon  him  Indian  usage  imposed  the 
duty  of  avenging  his  kinsman's  unatoned  death.     The 
.  'VVeokquaesgeeks  were  in  the  constant  habit  of  visiting 
Manhattan ;  and  their  beaten  trail  passed  near  the  Deutel 
Bay,  on  the  East  River,  virhere  Claes  Smits,  a  harmless 
Dutchman,  had  built  a  small  house,  and  was  carrying  on 
A  Dutch-    the  trade  of  a  wheel- wright.     The  nephew  of  the  murder- 
dered  at     ed  savagc,  coming,  to  the  wheel- Wright's  humble  dwelling, 
Hay         stopped  to  barter  some  beaver  skins  for  duffels.     While 
the  unsuspecting  mechanic  was  stooping  over  the  great 
chest  in  which  he  kept  his  goods,  the  savage,  seizing  an 
axe,  killed  him  by  a  blow  on  the  neck.     The  murderer 
quickly  plundered  his  victim's  lonely  abode,  and  escaped 
with  his  booty. 
The  Week.     Kieft  promptly  sent  to  Weckquaesgeek  to  demand  satis- 
juMMythe  faction.     But  the  murderer  replied,  that  while  the  fort 
was  building,  he,  emd  his  uncle,  and  smother  Indian,  bring- 
ing some  beaver  skins  to  trade,  were  attacked  by  some 
Dutchmen,  near  the  '*  Fresh  Water,"  who  killed  his  un- 
cle, and  stole  his  peltries.     <^  This  happened  while  I  was 
a  small  boy,"  said  the  savage,  "  and  I  vowed  to  revenge 
it  upon  the  Dutch  when  I  grew  up;  I  saw  no  better 
»  AngML  chance  than  with  this  Claes  the  wheel- wright."     The  sa- 
chem  of  the  tribe  refused  to  deliver  up  the  criminal ;  who, 
he  said,  had  but  avenged,  after  the  manner  of  his  race,  the 
murder  of  his  kinsman  by  the  Dutch,  more  than  twenty 
years  before.     Some  soldiers  were  then  sent  out  from  the 
fort  to  arrest  the  assassin ;  but  they  returned  disappointed.* 
Kieft'sanx-     The  dircctor  burned  to  treat  the  Weckquaesgeeks  as  he 
war.        had  treated  the  Raritans,  and  commence  open  hostilities. 
Yet  he  feared  to  exasperate  the  people,  who  charged  him 
with  seeking  a  war  in  order  to  make  "  a  wrong  reckoning 
with  the  company,"  and  who  now  began  to  reproach  him 
for  personal  cowardice.     It  was  all  very  well,  they  said, 
for  him,  "  who  could  secure  his  own  life  in  a  good  fort, 
out  of  which  he  had  not  slept  a  single  night  in  all  the 

*  De  Vrie«,  164 ;  <mU,  p.  IM,  99S ;  Hoi.  Doc.,  U.,  S73 ;  t.,  814 ;  Joornal  mn  N.  N.,  in 
Hoi.  Doe.,  UL,  105 ;  Doc.  Hiat.  N.  Y.,  !▼.,  8,  9. 


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WILUAM  KIEFT.  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  317 

years  he  had  heen  here."     Kieft  peroeivmg  that  he  would  chap.  ix. 
have  to  bear  the  whole  responsibility  of  the  proposed  war, 
reluctantly  sought  the  counsel  of  the  community.* 

All  the  masters  and  heads  of  families  at  Manhattan  and 
its  neighborhood  were  accordingly  summoned  to  meet  at  to  August 
Fort  Amsterdam,  "  to  resolve  there  on  something  of  the 
first  necessity."!     On  the  appointed  day,  Kieft  submitted  29  AnguNi. 
tliese  questions  to  the  first  popular  meeting  ever  held  in  Finrt  mtv i- 
New  Netherland.     "  Is  it  not  just  that  the  murder  lately  commonui- 
oommitted  by  a  savage  upon  Claes  Smits  be  avenged  and  province. 
punished  ;  and  in  case  the  Indians  will  not  surrender  the 
murderer  at  our  requisition,  is  it  not  just  to  destroy  the 
whole  village  to  which  he  belongs?     In  what  manner, 
and  when  ought  this  to  be  executed  ?     By  whom  can  this 
be  effected  ?" 

The  assembly  promptly  chose  "  Twehre  Select  Men"  to  "Twelve 
consider  the  propositions  submitted  by  the  director.  These  pointed, 
persons  were  Jacques  Bentyn,  Maryn  Adriaensen,  Jan  Jan- 
sen  Dam,  Hendrick  Jansen,  David  Pietersen  de  Vries, 
Jacob  Stoffelsen,  Abram  Molenaar,  Frederik  Lubbertsen, 
Jochem  Pietersen  (Kuyter),  Gerrit  Diroksen,  George  Rap- 
elje,  and  Abram  Planck.  Of  these  first  representatives 
of  the  people  of  New  Netherland,  De  Vries  was  chosen 
president.  The  "  Twelve  Men"  were  all  Hollanders,  or 
emigrants  from  HoUand.t 

The  popular  representatives  did  not  delay  their  answers  »  August. 
to  Kieft's  questions.     While  they  agreed  that  the  murder  the  twcit* 
of  Smits  should  be  avenged,  they  thought  that  "  God  and 
the  opportunity"  ought  to  be  taken  into  consideration ; 

♦  De  Vries,  165.  t  Alb.  Rec,  11.,.  130. 

t  Hoi.  Doc.,  v.,  397-3S9 ;  Alb.  Reo.,  ii.,  136, 137 ;  ii.,  N.  Y.  H.  S.  CoU.,  i.,  SH,  978.  De 
Vries,  165,  says  that  Kieft  caused  the  election  of  the  Twelve  Men  "to  aid  him  in  manag- 
ing the  afRilrs  of  the  country  ;**  but  Van  der  Donck,  in  his  "  Vertoogh,''  written  eight 
years  aAerward,  afllrms  that  they  "  had  in  Judicial  matters  neither  vote  nor  advice,  but 
were  chosen  in  view  of  the  war,  and  some  other  occurrences,  to  serve  as  cloaks  and  cats- 
paws.'*~lL,  N.  Y.  H.  S.  Coll.,  ii.,  300.  Of  these  **  Twelve  Men,"  Bentyn  was  one  of  Van 
Twiller's  council ;  Adriaensen  came  out  as  a  colonist  to  Rensselaerswyck  in  1631 ;  Dam 
was  also  a  colonist  there  in  1634 ;  Hendrick  Jansen  was  a  tailor  at  Manhattan  ;  StoflVlsen 
was  one  of  Van  Twiller*s  commissaries,  and  had  married  the  widow  of  Van  Voorst,  of 
Pavonia ;  Lubbertsen  was  "  first  boatswain  f  Pietersen,  or  as  he  usually  wrote,  Kuyter, 
eame  out  in  1639 ;  Rapelje  was  one  of  the  original  Walloon  settlers  at  the  Waal-bogt ; 
Planck,  or  Verplanck,  was  a  fhrmer  at  Paulus'  Hoeck ;  of  Molenaar  and  Dircksen  the  reo* 
ords  say  little ;  of  De  Vries  much. 


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318  fflSTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

ciLLP.  IX.  and  that  the  direetcMr  should  make  the  necessary  prqpara* 
tions,  and  espeoially  procure  a  sufficient  number  of  coats 
of  mail  ".for  the  si^^rs,  as  well  as  few  the  freemen,  who 
are  willing  to  pay  their  share  in  these  expenses."  Trade 
and  intercourse  with  the  savages  should,  nevertheless, 
be  temporarily  maintained,  and  no  hostile  measure  be  at^ 
tempted  by  any  one,  "  of  whatever  state  or  condition,"  ex- 
cept against  the  murderer  himself,  until  the  hunting  sea- 
son. Then  it  would  be  proper  to  said  out  two  parties, 
the  one  to  land  near  the  "Archipelago,"  or  Norwalk  Inl- 
ands, and  the  other  at  Weckquaesgeek,  "  to  surprise  them 
from  both  sides."  As  the  director  was  commander  of  the 
soldiery  as  well  as  governor,  he  "  ought  to  lead  the  van ;" 
while  the  community  offered  their  persons  "to  follow  his 
steps  and  obey  his  commands."  Yet  they  humanely  add- 
ed, "  we  deem  it  advisable  that  the  director  send  fiirther, 
once,  twice,  yea,  for  the  third  time,  a  shallop,  to  demand 
the  surrender  of  the  murderer  in  a  friendly  manner,  to 
punish  him  according  to  his  deserts."** 

De  vriea'8      To  thcsc  official  auswors  of  the  Twelve  Men  De  Vries, 

pftciflc 

oounseia.  who  keenly  felt  his  double  losses  at  Swaan^idael  and 
Staten  Island,  added  hirf  own  opinion.  The  Dutch  were 
all  scattered  about  the  country,  and  their  cattle  running 
wild  in  the  woods.  "  It  would  not  be  advisable  to  attack 
the  Indians  until  we  had  more  people,  like  the  English, 
who  had  built  towns  and  villages."  Besides,  the  directors 
of  the  Amsterdam  Chamber  were  resolutely  opposed  to 
war;  for  when  applied  to  for  permission  to  commence 
hostilities  against  the  South  River  Indians,  who  had  de- 
stroyed Swaanendael,  they  had  replied,  "  you  must  keep 
at  peace  with  the  savages.  But  Kieft  "  did  not  widi  to 
listen."! 

Kiefi  urges  At  length  the  hunting  season  came ;  and  Kieft,  impa- 
tient to  attack  the  Weckquaesgeeks,  was  even  more  anx- 
ious to  secure  the  concurrence  of  the  Twelve  Men.    To  ac- 

I  Not.  complish  his  favorite  design,  he  now  asked  them,  separate- 
ly, for  their  opinions  on  the  question  of  immediate  hostil- 

*  Alb.  Rec.,  ii.,  136, 137 ;  Hoi.  Doc.,  ▼.,  826-329.  t  De  VrlM,  106. 


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WILLIAM  KIEFT,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  319 

ities.    Had  he  oonvened  them  in  a  body,  he  snspeoted,  and  cmat.  tx. 
with  reason,  that  the  popular  delegates  would  hardly  oon-  ' 
tent  themselves  with  answering  his  queries ;  they  would 
very  probably  turn  their  attentiim  to  the  condition  of  the 
provincial  government.     But  the  impatient  director  was 
again  foiled.     The  separate  opinions  of  a  majority  of  the  The 
Twelve  Men  were  for  procrastination.     The  savages  were  Men  op- 
still  too  much  on  their  guard :  it  was  better,  at  all  events,  mes. 
to  await  the  arrival  of  the  next  vessel  from  the  Father- 
land.    De  Vries,  the  president,  was  decidedly  opposed  to 
hostilities  with  the  Indians  under  any  circumstances.'* 
For  a  time  longer  war  was  averted. 

The  Swedes  had,  meanwhile,  continued  in  quiet  pos-The 
session  of  Fort  Christina,  on  the  South  River.     The  first  the  somh 
year  after  their  settlement  they  prospered  abundantly,  and 
did  <'  about  thirty  thousand  florins'  injury"  to  the  trade  of 
the  Hollanders.     During  the  second  vrinter  of  their  resi- 
dence, however,  jreceiving  no  succors  from  home,  they 
were  reduced  to  great  extremities,  and  so  much  discour*  1640. 
aged,  that  the  next  spring  they  resolved  "  to  break  up,  and  ^^' 
come  to  Manhattan."!    But  unexpected  relief  was  at  hand. 

The  fame  of  the  pleassuit  valley  of  the  South  River, 
which  had  now  reached  Scandinavia,  began  also  to  spread 
through  the  United  Provinces ;  and  several  prominent  Hol- 
landers, in  apparent  disregard  of  the  claims  of  their  own 
West  India  Company,  undertook  to  send  out  emigrants 
there,  under  the  authority  of  the  Swedish  government.    A 
letter,  signed  by  Oxenstiema  and  his  colleagues,  was  ac-24  January 
cordingly  obtained  by  Yon  der  Horst  and  others,  of  Utrecht,  iahV^Sn- 
declaring  that  they  were  permitted  "  to  establish  them-  SnV" 
selves  on  the  north  side  of  the  South  River,  and  there  to  froi^HoT 
found  a  colony ;"  and  a  passport  was  also  issued  in  favor  s*outh  Riv. 
of  the  ship  Fredenburg,  commanded  by  Jacob  Powelson, 
who  was  about  departing  from  Holland  with  colonists  for 
New  Sweden.     Van  der  Horst,  however,  upon  further  con- 
sideration,  apparently  preferring  to  avail  himself  of  the 

*  Alb.  Rec.,  U.,  140, 141 ;  ii.,  N.  T.  H.  S.  CoU.,  L,  978. 

t  Hoi.  Doc.,  TlU.,  50,  flS,  53 ;  S  Hturi,  Abb.  Pens.,  r.,  4ft,  ftO,  66. 


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320  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  IX.  new  oharter  for  patroons,  did  not  aooept  the  Swedish  grant, 

which  was,  therefore,  transferred  to  Henry  Hookhammer. 

Hockbui'  ^^  authorized  him  and  his.  associates  to  send  out  vessels, 
^"^J        cattle,  and  colonists  from  Holland  under  the  royal  protec- 
tion, and  to  take  up  as  much  land  on  both  sides  of  the 
South  River  as  should  be  necessary  for  their  purposes,  pro- 
vided it  be  **  at  least  four  to  five  Grerman  miles  from  Fort 
Christina."    The  exercise  of  the  Reformed  religion  of  Hol- 
land was  guaranteed,  and  the  support  of  ministers  and 
30  January,  schoolmasters  enjoined.     Joost  de  Bogaerdt  was  appoint- 
gaerdtcom-ed  spccial  commaudaut  of  the  new  colony,  at  an  annual 

mandant.         i-  ^       o,        •»•  i  i>  n        y         iin 

salary  from  the  Swedish  government  of  five  hundred  flor- 
ins, or  two  hundred  rix  dollars,  "  to  be  remitted  to  his 
banker  in  Holland"  by  the  Swedish  resident  at  the  Hague.* 

April.  Powelson  reached  the  Delaware  early  in  the  spring.    His 

Swedes  en- arrival  gladdened  the  desponding  Swedes,  who  had  de- 
termined to  abandon  Fort  Christina  the  next  day.  The 
new  colonists  from  Holland  were  soon  settled  a  few  miles 
south  of  the  fort,  under  the  superintendence  of  De  Bo- 
gaerdt. Traffic  with  the  Indians  was  now  prosecuted 
with  vigor,  and  the  Dutch  West  India  Company's  trade 
on  the  South  River  was  "entirely  ruined."    In  the  follow- 

15  October,  iug  autumn,  Kieft  wrote  from  Manhattan  to  the  Amster- 
dam Chamber,  informing  them  of  the  "  re-enforcement  of 
people"  which  the  Swedes  had  received  the  previous  spring, 
** otherwise  it  had  been  arranged  for  them  to  come  here;" 
but  stating  his  intention  to  treat  them  "  with  every  po- 
liteness, although  they  commenced,  with  many  hostilities, 
forcibly  to  build,  attack  our  fort,  trading,  and  threatening 
to  take  our  boats."t 

Peter  Hd-       Thc  samc  autumu,  Peter  Hollsendare  arrived  fix)m  Got- 

Ivndare. 

tenburg,  at  Fort  Christina,  as  deputy  governor  of  New 
Sweden,  bringing  a  number  of  fresh  colonists  and  the 
Monnce  promised  supplies.  Mounce  Kling,  who  had  formerly  act- 
ed as  deputy  to  Minuit,  followed  soon  afterward  with  two 
vessels.     The   Swedes   now  purchased   additional  lands 

*  Swedish  Documents,  in  Haxard'a Re;.  orPenn.,iT.,lT7;  S.  Hazard's  Ann.  Penn.,51-M. 
t  Hoi.  Doc,  TiU.,  ftS,  M ;  8.  Hazard,  Ann.  Penn.,  96,  97 ;  AcreUns,  411 ;  Ferris,  98-y 


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WILUAM  KIEFT,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  321 

from  the  Indians;  and,  in  token  of  the  sovereignty  of  chap.dl 
their  queen,  set  up  "the  arms  and  crown  of  Sweedland." 
The  next  year,  it  is  said,  that  Peter  Minuit  died  at  his  ^,^1^ of* 
post,  and  was  buried  at  Fort  Christina,  which  he  had*^"**** 
"  protected  during  three  years."     On  his  death,  HoUaen- 
dare,  the  deputy  governor,  succeeded  to  the  command, 
"  who,  after  one  year  and  a  half,  returned  to  Sweden,  and 
obtained  a  military  post  there."* 

The  enterprising  men  of  Connecticut  were  now  hoping  New  h»- 
to  obtain  a  foothold  on  the  Delaware,  which,  hitherto,  had  pom  a 
been  occupied  exclusively  by  the  Dutch  and  the  Swedes.  oiTthe 
Sometime  during  the  year  1640,  Captain  Nathaniel  Turn-  er. 
er,  as  the  agent  of  New  Haven,  is  said  to  have  made  a 
large  purchase  of  lands  "  on  both  sides  of  Delaware  Bay 
or  River."     In  the  following  spring,  a  "  bark  or  ketch"  Lambenoo 
was  fitted  out  at  New  Haven  by  George  Lamberton,  aweii'ser 
principal  merchant  there,  and  dispatched  to  the  Delaware,       ^ 
under  the  command  of  Robert  Cogswell.     When  the  ves- 
sel  reached  Manhattan,  Kieft  learning  her  destination,  and 
warned  by  his  experience  with  the  Hartford  people,  in- 
stantly protested  against  the  enterprise ;  and  notified  the  8  Apni. 
New  England  adventurers  not  to  '^  build  nor  plant  upon  MaoCittM. 
the  South  River,  lying  within  the  limits  of  New  Nether- 
land,  nor  on  the  lands  extending  along  there,"  unless  they 
would  agree  to  settle  themselves  under  the  States  Gen- 
eral and  the  West  India  Company,  and  swear  Allegiance 
to  them.     But  upon  Cogswell's  assurance  that  they  did 
not  intend  to  intrude  upon  any  territory  over  which  the 
States  General  had  authority  ;  and  that  if  they  found  no 
land  free  from  claims,  they  would  either  peaceably  return, 
or  else  settle  themselves  in  allegiance  to  the  Dutch  gov- 
ernment, the  New  Haven  bark  was  allowed  to  proceed.t   ^JSSJSl  ^ 

Aided  by  a  reftigee  Pequod  sachem,  the  New  Haven 
adventurers  succeeded  in  purchasing  from  the  Indians 
"  what  land  they  desired"  on  both  sides  of  the  South  Riv- 

*  Aerelius,  in  N.  Y.  H.  S.  Coll.,  ii.,  410 ;  Ferris,  97  ;  0*CftU., !.,  36d ;  Molfbrd,  83;  8. 
Hauid'a  Ann.  Penn.,  97,  99,  60 ;  anUt  p.  884,  note. 

t  Hoi.  Doc.,  ix^  909;  Hazard,  U.,  S13,  S09 ;  TmmbaU,  L,  119;  CCall.,  1.,  S31 ;  S. 
Hazard,  Ann.  Penn.,  98. 

X 


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a28  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

ovAT.  IX.  er.     Trading-houses  were  immediately  oommenoed  at  the 

Varkens'  Kill^  near  Salem  in  New  Jersey,  and  also  "on 

J^^^'^the  Schuylkill,"  where  about  twenty  English  fiamilies  set- 
Sm"^  tied  themselves.     The  same  summer,  the  General  Court 

Kill  and  toe  ' 

IS^uirart'  ^^  New  Haven  resolved  that  the  plantations  in  Delaware 
Bay  should  be   ccoisidered  "in  combination   with  this 
town ;"  and  Turner  was  formally  authorized  to  go  there, 
"  for  his  own  advantage  6Lnd  the  public  good,  in  settling 
the  affairs  thereof."* 
vexiuotts       While  adventurers  from  New  Haven  were  thus  intrud- 
S?Hart?   ing  within  southern  New  Netherland,  the  English  colo- 
15  April.  **  nists  at  Hartford  were  pertinaciously  vexing  the  Dutch, 
and  endeavoring,  by  petty  annoyances  around  Fort  Good 
Hope,  to  drive  them  out  of  the  valley  of  the  CJonnecticut. 
"  Will  ye  three  resist  the  whole  English  village  ?"  cried 
the  assailants,  as  the  Holland  plowmen  sturdily  endeav- 
ored to  maintain  their  rights.     An  appeal  to  Governor 
Hopkins  brought  no  redress.     Upon  receiving  intelligence 
ojQM.      of  these  new  provocations,  Kieft  ordered  a  force  of  fifty 
SSn^men  to  be  dispatched,  in  two  yachts,  to  Fort  Good  Hope, 
under  the  command  of  La  Montague.    "  But,"  wrote  Win. 
throp,  '*  it  pleased  the  Lord  to  disappoint  the  purpose"  of 
the  Dutch ;  for  the  Staten  Island  Indians  just  Ihen  sud- 
denly attacking  De  Vries's  plantation,  the  New  Nether- 
land authorities  "were  forced  to  keep  their  soldiers  at 
The  Han-  homc  to  defend  themselves."     The  Hartford  people,  how- 
refer  their  ever,  thought  it  prudent  to  lay  a  statement  of  their  case 
MaeeachB-  bcforc  the  govemmcnt  of  Massachusetts,  "  for  advice  about 
SI  June,     the  difference  between  them  and  the  Dutch."     Belling- 
ham,  by  direction  of  the  General  Court,  accordingly  "re- 
Repiy.       turned  answer,  without  determining  of  either  side,  but 
advising  to  a  moderate  way,  as  the  yielding  some  more 
land  to  the  Dutch  house— for  they  had  left  them  but  thirty 
acres."!    Thus  Massadiusetts  quietly  reproved  the  cupid- 
ity of  Connecticut. 

*  8.  Hazard,  Ann.  Penn ,  50 ;  Winthnp,  it.,  at,  70 ;  Ferris,  60 ;  MWfbrd,  71. 
t  Hoi;  DoCm  ix.,  199-903 ;  Alb.  Rm.,  IL,  1S3 ;  Winthrop,  U.,  33 ;  Haxard,  a,  904,  MS  i 
I.,  N.  Y.  H.  S.  CoU.,  274,  275. 


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WILLIAM  KIEFT,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  883 

In  the  mean  time,  events  had  oocurred  in  England  ohat.  ul 
which  were  to  have  a  material  influence  upoa  the  rival  -^^^^ 
Buropean  colonies  in  America.     8ooa  after  the  meeting  p,,^^^^ 
of  the  "  Long  Parliament,"  among  the  members  of  which  {JJJJ^ 
were  many  zealous  friends  of  New  England,  the  Puritan'***^ 
emigrants  were  urged  to  ''  send  over  scxne''  to  sdioit  £&• 
vers  for  them  in  that  body,  to  which  the  king  had  now 
left  ^'  great  liberty."    At  first,  the  suggestion  was  declined. 
Bpt  the  next  year,  news  of  the  &11  of  the  Earl  of  Straf-  1641. 
ford,  and  of  Archbishop  Laud,  their  "great  enemy,"  reach*  *^"^ 
ing  Massachusetts,  the  General  Court  thought  fit  "to  send 
some  chosen  men  into  England,  to  congratulate  the  hap- 
py success  there,"  and  "  to  be  ready  to  make  use  of  any 
opportunity  Qtxl  should  offer,  for  the  good  of  the  country 
here."     The  persons  chosen  for  this  service  were  theiMesatM 
"fiery"  Hugh  Peters,  pastor  of  the  diurch  in  Salem, MaMacho- 
Thomas  Welde,  pastor  of  the  church  in  Roxbury,  and 
William  Hibbins,  of  Boston.     The  younger  Winthrop  also 
accompanied  the  commissioners,  who  fNresently  sailed  forsAifoM. 
England  by  way  of  Newfoundland.* 

The  Hartford  people  now  determined  to  arrange,  if  pes-  Hopuiw 
sible,  their  controversy  with  the  Dutch.  Edward  Hop- luurubrd. 
kins,  who  had  just  been  succeeded  by  John  Hajmes  as 
governor,  being  about  to  visit  London,  the  General  Gourtvsepc 
desired  him  "  to  arbitrate  or  issue  the  difference  betwixt 
the  Dutch  and  us,  as  occasion  shall  be  offered  when  he  is 
in  England."t  As  Peters  was  well  acquainted  with  some 
of  the  leading  members  of  the  West  India  Company,  it 
was  tiiought  that  advantage  might  be  taken  of  tiiat  cir- 
cumstance to  "  pacify"  the  directors,  and  arrange,  if  pos- 
sible, the  questions  in  dispute  between  New  Netherland 
and  New  England^  Winthrop  and  Haynes,  as  governors 
of  Massachusetts  and  Connecticut,  accordingly  signed  a 
joint  letter  authorizing  Peters,  "  if  occasion  permit  him  to 
go  to  the  Netherlands,  to  treat  vnth  the  West  India  Com- 
pany there  concerning  a  peaceable  neighlxNrhood  between" 

*  Wintbrop,  U.,  S9,  M,  SI,  tS ;  ChidiDera*!  Rerolt  of  the  Coloniec,  1.,  88,  M. 

i  Col.  Ree.  Conn.,  0&  t  Wlntiunois  U.,  3S. 


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824  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

ohap.  IX.  the  New  En^and  and  New  Netherland  oolonists.     A  se- 
riea  of  "  propositions,"  the  scope  of  which  was  to  induce 
Moctobe^.  ^^  Amsterdam  directors  to  define  the  limits  between  the 
SSSSSr  Dutch  and  English  territory ;  "  abstam  from  molesting*' 
witMhi^  the  English  on  the  Connecticut ;  and  ^'  see  in  the  inhab- 
Q^J^yl*  itants  of  New  England,  who  number  about  forty  thousand 
souls,  a  people  who  covet  peace  in  their  ways,  the  plant- 
ing pf  the  Gospel  above  all  things,  and  not  to  cause  trouble 
or  injury  in  any  manner  whatever  to  the  company,"  was 
also  sent  out  to  Peters.* 

The  New  England  agents,  on  reaching  London,  found 
many  warm  friends  of  the  Puritan  colonies.    Among  these, 
Dr.  L«w-    was  Dr.  Lawrence  Wright,  of  the  Charter  House,  an  "  hon- 
w!^  of  ored  friend"  of  Hopkins.t     Wright  was  also  a  fiBunailiar 
correspondent  of  Sir  William  Boswell,  the  English  minis- 
ter at  the  Hague ;  to  whom  he  immediately  sent  a  memo- 
1642.  rial  which  Hopkins  had  drawn  up,  on  the  subject  of  the 
rF^^^  English  settlements  in  Connecticut.     In  a  few  days,  Bos- 
Bojmeu*t  well  replied  to  Wright,  lamenting  that  the  unsettled  state 
wrifbt.     q{  English  domestic  politics  had  diminished  his  own  in- 
fluence with  the  Dutch  government ;  but  suggesting  that 
the  parties  in  London  who  had  drawn   the  memorial 
should  procure  from  Parliament,  or,  "  at  least,  from  the 
House  of  Commons,"  some  declaration,  "  whereby  it  may 
appear  that  they  take  notice  and  care  of  our  people  and 
plantations  in  those  parts."     Formal  instructions  on  the 
subject  should  also  be  sent  him  from  the  council ;  and 
^'  persons  of  quality"  should  acquaint  the  Dutch  ambassa- 
dor in  London  with  the  state  of  the  case.    But,  above  all, 
Boswell  urged  that,  in  the  mean  time,  the  English  in  Con- 
necticut should  **  not  forbear  to  put  forward  their  planta- 
tions, and  crowd  on— crowding  the  Dutch  out  of  those 
places  where  they  have  occupied."} 

*  Hoi.  Doe.,  Tii.,  131 ;  ix.,  SS4,  995 ;  0*CaU.,  i.,  935, 980.  At  tbMe  impen  wn  n-inm- 
lated  flrom  the  Dutch  in  the  ArchiTes  at  the  Hagne,  tbey  may  not  be  precisely  identical 
with  the  original  English.  Bat  they  show,  at  all  erents,  that  Winthrop  is  strangely  in- 
aeeurate  In  stating  that,  when  Peters  "undertook  to  pacify  the  West  India  Compaay," 
they  **  would  not  treat  with  him,"  **/br  toant  o/eommtMnonftwn  tkote  qfHarffbrd.** 

t  Winthrop,  1.,  990.  t  TrambuU's  Col.  Rac  Conn.,  App.,  p.  565, 506. 


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WILUAM  KIEFT,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  836 


CHAPTER  I. 
1642-1643. 

The  spirit  of  yropular  freedom  which  th<j  Dutch  colo-  Chap.  h. 
nist^  brought  with  thtim  to  New  Netheriaod  had  already      7 
made  itself  felt  by  the  primneiat  government     Under  the  fj^^^ 
pre^iaure  of  publio  yentimont,  Kieft,  though  intnisted  ^'^ithJ^J^^'^^^j^j^ 
almost  dictatorial  authority,  had  been  compelled  to  aum-g)^^^^^^ 
mon  the  people  into  csouncil,  and  yield  his  personal  wishes 
to  the  judgment  of  their  representatives.     The  war  which 
the  director  was  anxious  to  begin,  had  been  postponed  by 
the  votes  of  the  Twelve  Men.     But  Kieft  did  not  abandon 
his  design;  the  moment  winter  had  fairly  set  in,  he  con* 
voked  again  the  popular  delegates. 

The  Twelve  Men  met  accordingly.     The  murderer  of  stJodoaji 
Smits  had  not  been  delivered  up ;  and  the  Indians  were  Twer« 
now  on  their  hunting  excursions.    It  was,  therefore,  agreed  oonToto* 
that  an  expedition  should  be  prepared  at  once  t4f>  attack     " 
the  Wcckquaesgeeks.     The  directi>r  should  head  it  in  per- 
son, and  the  commissariat  of  the  company  should  provide 
ammunition  and  necessary  provisions.     Such  of  the  expe* 
dition  as  might  be  wounded  while  on  service  should  be 
nuTiicd,  and  their  families  maintained  at  the  expense  of 
the  company,  which  had  promised  to  ''protect  and  de- 
fend" all  the  Gfjionists.*    Upon  these  conditions  Hie  Twelve  Aji™n?iio 
Men  assented  to  the  hostile  measures  which  Kieft  m  urg-pDfl«(Jfl*i»^ 
ently  pre&sed.     Their  assent  was*  unwillingly  given;    it a«iiinj« u>« 
was  conditional,  specific,  and    limited  ;   it  vva^  obtained  qusofr 
only  after  repeated  solicitations  had  failed  t^  procure  the 
surrender  of  an  identified  murderer ;  it  had  no  ultimata 

*  noL  EkK.,  *..  330,  33^ 


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i 


2KM!  fflSTCMlY  OF  THE  STATE  OP  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  X.  design  to  extenninate  an  aboriginal  race,  that  strangers 
might  turn  the  red  man's  pleasant  hunting  grounds  into 
*  fields  of  waving  corn, 
^fotar  But  the  popular  representatives  were  not  content  to  lim- 
^▼»  it  their  action  to  the  registry  of  a  proposed  decree  of  their 
director.  The  time  had  now  come  for  the  people  to  take 
the  initiative.  For  many  generations,  the  towns  and  vil- 
lages of  the  Fatherland  had  been  accustomed  to  the  gov- 
emment  of  magistrates  elected  by  their  fellow -citizens. 
Domineering  arrogance  was  restrained,  and  honest  ambi- 
tion encouraged,  by  the  system  of  rotation  in  office,  under 
which  the  burghers  of  Holland  annually  invested  new 
candidates  with  municipal  dignities.  The  self-relying 
men,  who  had  won  their  country  fix^m  the  sea,  and  their 
liberties  from  the  relaxing  grasp  of  feudal  prerogative, 
knew  that  they  could  govern  themselves ;  and  they  did 
govern  themselves.* 

Why  should  the  system,  under  which  Holland  had  pros- 
pered and  grown  great,  not  be  transplanted  into  New 
Netherland  ?  It  was  true,  indeed,  that  the  circumstances 
of  the  Fatherland  differed  somewhat  from  those  of  its  prov- 
ince. The  supreme  government  at  the  Hague  had  unwise- 
ly committed  the  management  of  New  Netherland  to  a 
commercial  corporation,  whose  enormous  monopoly,  at  the 
same  time,  comprehended  interests  in  comparison  with 
which  even  the  affairs  of  an  embryo  empire  were  too  often 
esteemed  insignificant.  But  if  the  Fatherland  sometimes 
forgot  its  transatlantic  province,  the  emigrants  from  Hol- 
Deatrethe  land  did  uot,  in  their  wilderness  home,  forget  the  country 
oTuw  Fa-  of  their  birth,  nor  her  local  names,  her  reliffion,  her  laws, 
and  her  freedom.  When  they  first  emigrated,  they  volun- 
tarily  pledged  themselves  to  submit  to  the  government  of 
the  West  India  Company.  For  many  years  they  did  pa- 
tiently submit  to  that  government;  and  though  experi- 

*Alb.Ree.,z.,S91;  xtx.,]Sl;  '<Ri*ciMtoiMr7lnwrFatb«lftBd,aaidollMrwaU-ff«ri- 
Uted  goTenunenU,  that  aome  change  takea  |riace  annoally  in  the  magiatracy,  ao  that  aome 
new  onea  are  appointed,  and  some  are  eontlnued  to  inftirra  the  newly  qypotnced."  Bm 
alao  Meyer'a  '*  InaUtutiona  Jndioiairea,**  iii.,  47-70»  10»-185 ;  Darlea,  i.,  76-106;  O'CalL, 
1.,  803 ;  po«l  p.  453. 


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WILUAM  KIKFT,  DIRBCTOR  GENERAL.  ^^1 

enoe  had  prompted  many  to  long  for  those  franchises  chat,  x 
which  they  had  enjoyed  in  Holland,  no  oppcMrtunity  for  in- 
troducing  any  political  reforms  had  yet  occurred.  ^^' 

The  grievance  which  they  felt  most  oppressively  was  organiu- 
the  organization  of  the  Council  of  New  Netherland.  This,  ProTinoiai 
in  effect,  was  the  director  alone:  for  La  Montagne,  the  chief  cri«V 

anoe. 

only  nominal  counselor,  had  but  one  vote,  while  Kieft  re- 
served two  votes  to  himself.  It  often  happened,  however, 
that  the  director  found  it  necessary  to  have  the  assistance 
of  other  persons  ;  and  on  these  occasions,  instead  of  call- 
ing upon  such  of  the  colonists  as  were  the  most  compe- 
tent and  worthy,  he  invariably  chose  some  of  the  inferior 
agents  of  the  company  ;  "  common  people,"  who  were  de- 
pendent immediately  upon  himself  for  their  daily  emolu- 
ments. This  naturally  excited  criticism  and  distrust; 
and  the  discontent  of  the  community  was  now  officially 
expressed  in  a  memorial  to  the  director.  The  Twelve  Men 
demanded  that  the  colonial  council  should  be  reorganized,  si  Jaawnr. 
and  the  number  of  its  members  increased,  so  that  there  Tw«iTe 
should  be  at  least  five ;  for,  argued  the  popular  represent-  mud  n- 
atives,  ''in  the  Fatherland  the  council  of  even  a  small 
village  consists  of  five  or  seven  schepens."  To  save  "  the 
land  from  oppression,"  four  persons,  elected  by  the  com- 
monalty, should  have  seats  in  the  colonial  council.  Two 
of  these  four  counselors  should  aimually  be  replaced  by 
two  others,  to  be  chosen  from  the  Twelve  Men  selected  by 
the  people.  The  company's  "  common  men"  should  no 
longer  have  seats  in  the  council.  Judicial  proceedings 
should  be  had  only  before  a  full  board.  The  militia  of  the 
province  should  be  mustered  annually,  and  every  male, 
capable  of  bearing  arms,  should  be  required  to  attend  with 
a  good  gun ;  the  company  to  frimish  each  man  with  half 
a  pound  of  powder  for  the  occasion.  Every  freeman  should 
be  allowed  to  visit  vessels  arriving  from  abroad,  "  as  the 
custom  is  in  Holland."  All  the  colonists  should  enjoy 
the  right  freely  to  go  to  and  trade  with'  the  neighbcv- 
ing  places  belonging  to  friends  and  allies,  always  paying 
the  company's  duties  and  imposts.     To  these  demands. 


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328  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  X.  oonoeived  in  an  enlarged  and  liberal  spirit,  the  Twelve 
Men  added  two  others,  dictated  by  a  short-sighted  impel* 
*  icy.  As  some  kinds  of  cattle  imported  from  Holland  had 
fallen  in  value,  in  consequence  of  tlie  sale  of  English  stock 
•within  New  Netherland,  they  asked  that,  in  fiiture,  En- 
glish traders  should  be  allowed  to  introduce  oxen  and  poul* 
try  only,  and  should  be  forbidden  to  sell  cows  or  goats. 
And,  to  prevent  the  currency  of  the  province  being  ex- 
ported, they  solicited  that  its  nominal  value  should  be 
increased. 

KkA^nwrn-  Kicft's  jcalousy  was  aroused  by  the  demands  of  the  pop- 
ular delegates ;  but  he  saw  the  imprudence  of  refusing 
any  concessions.  He  replied,  that  he  had  already  written 
to  Holland,  and  expected,  by  the  first  ships,  "  some  per- 
sons of  quality,"  and  "  a  complete  council."  The  "  com- 
mon men"  had  been  called  upon  because  the  council  was 
so  small ;  but  the  commonalty  might  now  choose  four  per- 
sons '^  to  help  in  maintaining  justice  for  them."  Two  of 
these  persons  should  be  changed  every  year ;  they  should 
be  called  into  council  "  when  need  required,"  and  certain 
times  in  the  year  should  also  be  appointed  for  them  to  as- 
semble together  "  upon  public  affairs,"  and  advise  upon 
specific  propositions — "  thus  far  their  authority  should  ex- 
tend." With  respect  to  the  Twelve  Men,  added  the  di- 
rector, "  I  am  not  aware  that  they  have  received  from  the 
commonalty  larger  powers  than  simply  to  give  their  ad- 
vice respecting  tiie  murder  of  the  late  Claes  Smits."  An 
annual  muster  of  the  militia  should  be  required ;  but  as 
the  company  was  bound  to  provide  ammunition  only  in 
cases  of  emergency,  he  could  not  furnish  powder  merely 
for  practice.  The  freemen  could  not  be  allowed  to  visit 
vessels  arriving  from  abroad ;  it  would  be  contrary  to  the 
company's  instructions,  and  "  would  lead  to  disorder,"  es- 
pecially as  several  prizes  were  soon  expected  in  port.  The 
inhabitants  might,  however,  freely  trade  with  neighboring 
friendly  colonies,  upon  condition  of  paying  the  company's 
recognitions,  and  abstaining  from  trade  with  the  enemy. 
The  English  should  be  prohibited,  in  future,  from  selling 


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WILLIAM  KIEFT,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  328 

oows  and  sheep  within  New  Netherland ;  and  the  valne  chap.  x. 
of  the  provincial  currency  should  be  raised. 

Thus  ended  the  first  attempt  to  ingraft  upon  New  Neth-  tih»\^ 
erland  the  franchises  of  the  Fatherland.     The  demand  of  ^^^ 
the  commonalty  was  the  spontaneous  act  of  the  emigrants  JJJ^**^ 
from  Holland)  who  composed  the  Twelve  Select  Men  of 
the  Province.     It  was  prompted  by  no  desire  to  imitate 
any  other  form  of  government  than  that  to  which  they  had 
been  accustomed  in  their  Fatherland. 

But  Kieft  was  no  friend  to  popular  reform.  He  had 
secured  the  assent  of  the  representatives  of  the  people  to 
the  hostilities  which  he  longed  to  commence  against  the 
savages.  In  return,  a  reluctant  promise  of  very  limited 
concessions  had  been  extorted,  which,  if  he  ever  intended 
to  do  it,  the  event  proved  he  never  did  frilfill.     He  there- Kieft  di»- 

BOIt^  tlM 

fore  determined  to  save  himself  from  further  embarrass- "Tw«hr* 

Men." 

ment  by  dissolving  the  Twelve  Hen.  A  proclamation  was  is  m. 
presently  issued,  thanking  them  for  their  advice  in  respect 
to  the  war  against  the  savages,  which  would  be  adopted, 
"with  God's  help  and  in  fitting  time;"  and  forbidding 
the  calling  of  any  assemblies  or  meetings  of  the  people 
without  an  express  order  of  the  director,  as  they  "  tend  to 
dangerous  consequences,  and  to  the  great  injury  both  of 
the  country  and  of  our  authority."* 

The  director  did  not  delay  the  execution  of  his  cherish-  mmtOl 
ed  design,  which  the  people  had  now  formally  sanctioned,  rw  expedi- 
Early  the  next  month,  an  expedition  of  eighty  men  wasuw  wST 
dispatched  against  the  "Weckquaesgeeks,  with  orders  tot^eke. 
punish  that  tribe  with  fire  and  sword.     Kieft  did  not  head 
the  forces  in  person,  but  intrusted  the  command  to  Ensign 
Hendrick  van  Dyck,  who  had  now  been  about  two  years 
in  garrison  service  at  Fort  Amsterdam.     A  guide,  who  pro- 
fessed a  full  knowledge  of  the  country,  accompanied  the 
expedition,  which  pressed  on  vigorously  toward  the  ene- 
my's village.     Crossing  the  Haerlem  River,  Van  Dyck  ar- 
rived in  the  evening  at  Armenperal,t  where  he  halted  his 

*  Hoi.  Doe.,  ill.,  175-180,  314,  S15 :  0*CaU.,  i^  944-840 ;  Doe.  HlM.  N.  Y.,  It.,  9. 
t  This  wu  the  Sprain  Ritrer,  wliieli  rlam  baek  of  Dobbe'e  Peiry,  tad  ( 
Ite  Bronx.— BoUon,  U.,  400, 401. 


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330  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

CHAP.  X.  command.  The  men  were  eager  to  push  on  before  the 
savages  should  be  warned  of  their  coming.  But  more  than 
an  hour  was  lost  by  delay ;  night  set  in  dark  and  cloud* 
ed ;  and  the  guide  missed  his  way.  Van  Dyck,  in  the 
midst  of  embarrassment,  losing  his  temper,  ordered  a  re- 
treat ;  and  the  expedition,  which  Kiefb  had  dispatched  to 
lay  waste  the  wigwams  of  the  West  Chester  savages,  re- 
turned to  Fort  Amsterdam  in  all  the  mortification  of  fail* 
nre. 

Yet  a  fortunate  result  followed.     The  Indians,  alarmed 
at  the  danger  to  which  the  trail  of  the  white  men  showed 
TrMty      them  they  had  been  exposed,  sent  to  ask  fcnr  peace.    Van 
Week'  ^    Tienhoven,  the  provincial  secretary,  was  therefore  dispatdi- 
«  afSix    ed  to  West  Chester,  and  a  treaty  was  made  with  the  Weok- 
quaesgeeks,  on  the  Bronx  River,  at  the  house  of  the  pion- 
eer colonist,  Jonas  Bronck.     The  Indians  bound  them- 
selves to  surrender  the  murderer  of  Smits ;  but  they  nev&t 
fulfilled  their  promise.* 
Hostue  The  treaty  with  the  Weckquaesgeeks  had  scarcely  been 

the  Con.    coucluded  before  rumors  began  to  spread  that  the  Conneo- 
dimna.       ticut  savagcs  were  meditating  a  bloody  vengeance  against 
the  European  colonists.     Uncas,  the  chief  of  the  Mohe- 
gans,  who  was  in  high  favor  with  the  English  for  his  as- 
sbtance  in  exterminating  the  Pequods,  sought  to  discredit 
his  rival  Miantonomoh,  the  chief  of  the  Narragansetts ; 
and  accused  him  of  combining  with  the  sachems  on  the 
Connecticut,  to  destroy  the  colonists  throughout  New  En^ 
gland.     Anxiety  and  alarm  prevailed ;  Hartford  and  New 
Haven  concerted  measures  of  defense ;  and  a  ccmstant  vig- 
ilance was  thought  indispensable  to  the  security  of  the 
English  plantations.! 
i-beaetde-      Under  thcsc  circumstances.  Captain  Patrick  and  his 
Greenwich  fricuds,  who  had  uow  bccn  established  about  two  years  at 
the  Dntch.  Grccnwich,  determined  to  submit  themselves  to  the  gov- 
ernment of  New  Netherland.     They  declared  that  they 

*  De  Vriet,  104 ;  Journal  van  N.  N. ;  Hoi.  Doc,  ili.,  107, 146,  IM,  871 ,  Alb.  Rm.,  M., 
90» :  ilL,  85 :  Doc.  Hiat.  N.  Y.,  tv.,  9. 

t  Hoi.  Doe.,  iU.,  106, 107 ;  Col.  Rec  Conn.,  71, 7S ;  Winthrop,  U.,78, 79, 80-84  ; 
ban,  L,  ISl ;  Hutehinaon,  i.,  108, 100;  Hubbwd'a  Indinn  Wan,  48. 


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WILLIAM  KIEFT,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  831 

ooold  no  longer  remain  usurpers  against  the  '^lawfdl  chat.x. 
rights"  of  the  Dutch,  on  aooount  "  both  of  the  strifes  of 
the  English)  the  danger  c(Hisequent  thereon,  and  these 
treacherous  and  villainous  Indians,  of  whom  we  have  seen 
sorrowful  examples  enough."  Patrick,  therefore,  went  to  9  Apnt 
Fort  Amsterdam,  and,  fin:  himself  and  his  associates  at 
G-reenwich,  swore  allegiance  to  the  States  General,  the 
West  India  Company,  and  the  Dutch  colonial  authorities, 
upon  condition  of  being  protected  against  their  enemies 
as  much  as  possible,  and  of  enjoying  the  same  privileges 
'*  that  all  patroons  of  New  Netherland  have  obtained  agree- 
ably to  the  Freedoms."* 

The  Puritan  colonists,  who,  in  their  new  home  in  Amer-  luiigioM 
ica,  were  exulting  over  the  fall  of  Laud,  had,  meanwhile,  orMMMt- 
been  reading  a  significant  lesscm  to  the  world.  In  their 
turn,  the  founders  of  Massachusetts  became  persecutors ; 
and,  so  far  from  recognizing  the  grand  principle  of  the 
fireedom  of  every  one's  conscience,  required  the  submission 
of  all  to  their  peculiar  ecclesiastical  system.  ^'  The  arm 
of  the  civil  government,"  says  Judge  Story,  "  was  constant- 
ly employed  in  support  of  the  denunciations  of  the  Church ; 
and,  without  its  forms,  the  Inquisition  existed  in  substance, 
with  a  full  share  of  its  terrors  and  its  violence."! 

A  shining  mark  was  soon  offered.     Among  the  earliest 
who  followed  Winthrop  to  Massachusetts  was  Rosrer  Will-  Ranr 
iams,  <'  a  young  minister,  godly,  zealous,  having  many 
precious  parts."     Revolving  the  nature  of  intolerance,  his 
eapacious  mind  found  a  sole  remedy  for  it  in  ^'  the  sanc- 
ti^  of  conscience."    "  The  civil  magistrate  should  restrain 
erime,  but  never  control  opinion."    The  mind  of  Williams, 
however,  was  in  advemce  of  the  spirit  of  his  neighbors. 
His  ideas  of  ^'  intellectual  liberty"  shocked  the  religious 
despotism  of  Massachusetts ;  and  the  General  Court  sen-  1635. 
tenoed  him  to  depart  out  of  their  jurisdiction  within  six  ^^' 
weeks,  "  all  the  ministers,  save  one,  approving  the  sen-  J^"*  **^ 
tence."t     Flying  to  the  South,  the  exile  wandered  through 

*  B<rf.  Doc,  Iz.,  tM ;  CCttlL,  i.,lS8;  Hasard,  IL,  S14 ;  Mie,  ^  9M.  "CapUlD*«  Isl- 
wd,**  on  wbtoli  ■uods  tke  Ufhi-taoiiM  off  Greenwioh,  no  doabc  dorired  Us  none  tttm 
Captain  Patrtek.  t  Smry's  Miaoallanlea,  M.  I  Winthrop,  i.,  171. 


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332  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  X.  the  foFosts,  in  mid-winter,  for  fourteen  weeks,  until  at  last 
he  found  a  refuge  in  the  wigwam  of  the  chief  of  Pokano- 
January.'  ^^^  ^he  uoxt  summer,  the  father  of  Rhode  Island  laid 
Foundt  ^^^  foundations  of  Providence ;  desiring,  he  said,  "  it  might 
JJJJi;       be  a  shelter  for  persons  distressed  for  conscience."* 

The  banishment  of  Williams  was  soon  followed  by  oih- 
ABM       er  persecutions  in  Massachusetts.     Anne  Hutchinson,  for 
•on.   "'    maintaining  ^^  the  paramount  authority  of  private  judg- 
ment," was  denounced  as  ^'  weakening  the  hands  and 
hearts  of  the  people  toward  the  ministers,"  and  as  being 

1637.  ''  like  Roger  Williams,  or  worse."     She  was,  therefore,  ex- 
Nmmber.  communioatcd,  and,  with  several  of  her  friends,  banished, 
"■'*****^  •  as  "unfit  for  the  society"  of  their  fellow-citizens.     The  ex- 
iles instinctively  followed  the  footsteps  of  Williams.     His 

1638.  influence  aided  them  in  obtaining  from  the  chief  of  the 
M  March.  Narragausctts  the  cession  of  the  island  of  Adquidnecke, 
Rkodaiai.  which^  from  its  "reddish  appearance,"  its  early  Dutch 
•d.        '  discoverers  had  named  the  "  Roode,"  or  Red  Island.     A 

1641.  form  of  government,  resting  on  "  the  principle  of  intellect- 
*'•'*'**      ual  liberty,"  was  soon  established ;  and  the  first  Demo- 
cratic Constitution  of  Rhode  Island  nobly  ordained  that 
"  none  be  accounted  a  delinquent  for  doctrine ;"  and  de- 
clared that  "  liberty  of  conscience  was  perpetuated."! 
PropoMd        The  same  spirit  which  had  driven  Williams  and  Hutch- 
tion?(Svm  inson  frt)m  Massachusetts  soon  brought  to  Manhattan  "  a 
Mtta  to     number  of  Englishmen"  frt)m  Lynn  and  Ipswich,  to  "  so- 
otend.      licit  leave  to  settle"  among  the  Dutch,  and  to  treat  with 
the  director  for  a  patent  for  lands  on  Long  Island.     Kieft 
readily  agreed  to  grant  them  all  the  franchises  which  the 
ejniw.      charter  of  1640  allowed.     Upon  condition  of  their  taking 

UlMralitv  — 

oftbe  an  oath  of  allegiance  to  the  States  General  and  the  West 
Tindaigov-  India  Company,  they  were  to  have  the  free  exercise  of  re- 
ligion, a  magistracy  nominated  by  themselves  and  approved 
by  the  director,  the  right  to  erect  towns,  lands  free  of  rent 
for  ten  ye€u*s,  and  ^^  an  unshackled  commerce,  in  conform- 
ity to  the  privileges  of  New  Netherland."t 

*  Bnullbrd ;  Wintlirop,  L.  171 ;  Baekns,  i.,  94 ;  Baneroft, !.» SM,  807,  S7Q. 
t  Hut6tiiiwoii,ii.,447;  R.L  Recoil;  BaneroO, i., 386, S9S, 38S :  Chalmera, fH  ;  Mte, 
p.  88.  I  Alb.  Rao.,  il.,  10, 1S3, 189  j  0*CaU.,  L,  SS7. 


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WILLIAM  KIEPT,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  333 

These  "  very  fair  terras"  delighted  the  English  appli-  cha».  x. 
cants.     The  General  Court  of  Massachusetts,  however,  of- 
fended  at  the  thought  of  their  "  strengthening  the  Dutch,  q^^^^,  * 
our  doubtful  neighbors,"  and  at  their  being  willing  to  re-  of*KJ  gJS 
ceive  from  them  a  title  for  lands  which  the  king  hadJf^SiS? 
granted  to  Lord  Stirling;  but,  above  all,  at  their  "  binding ^*"**'"*' 
themselves  by  an  oath  of  fealty,"  sought  to  dissuade  them 
from  their  purpose.     The  arguments  of  the  court  prevail- 
ed, and  the  discontented  colonists  '<  were  convinced,  and 
promised  to  desist."* 

Early  the  next  year,  Francis  Doughty,  a  dissenting  1642. 
clergyman,  while  preaching  at  Cohasset,  was  dragged  outSSSih'y 
of  the  assembly  for  venturing  to  assert  that  "  Abraham's  hiiidrto 
children  should  have  been  baptized."     Accompanied  by*^^"*^ 
Richard  Smith,  and  several  other  liberal-minded  men, 
Doughty  came  to  Manhattan,  to  secure  a  happy  home. 
He  betook  himself  to  the  protection  of  the  Dutch,  "  that 
he  might,  in  conformity  with  the  Dutch  Reformation, 
have  freedom  of  conscience,  which,  contrary  to  his  expec- 
tation, he  missed  in  New  England."     Kieft  received  the  ss  March, 
strangers  kindly,  and  immediately  granted  to  Doughty  Mospath, or 
and  his  associates  "an  absolute  ground-brief"  for  more 
than  thirteen  thousand  acres  of  land  at  Mespath,  or  New- 
town, on  Long  Island.     The  patent  guaranteed  to  them 
the  freedom  of  religion,  and  all  the  political  franchises 
which  had  before  been  offered  to  the  people  of  Lynn  and 
Ipswich,  "  according  to  the  immunities  granted  and  to  be 
granted  to  the  colonists  of  this  province,  without  any  ex- 
ception."! 

In  the  autumn  of  the  same  year,  John  Throgmorton,  John 
whom  Hugh  Peters  had  judged  "worthy  of  the  same  per- ton'JSdwt 
secution  that  drove  Williams  to  Providence,"  came  to  Man-  uo^them- 
hattan  to  solicit  a  residence  under  the  jurisdiction  of  the  m!g»i 
States  General.     Kieft  readily  listened  to  Throgmorton's «  October, 
request;  and  granted  him  permission  to  settle  himself, 
"  with  thirty-five  English  families,"  within  twelve  miles 

•  WInthrop,  II.,  34. 

t  VenooRh  van  N.  N.,  in  li.,  N.  Y.  H.  S.  ColL,  I!.,  901,  383  ;  Lechlbrd,  40.  41 ;  Alb.  Roe. 
O.  G.,  40 ;  O'CaU.,  L,  4S5 ;  Thompoon,  L.  I.,  b.,  70 1  Riker^  Newtown,  17, 413. 


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334  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK, 

CHtf .  X.  of  Fort  Amsterdam,  ^^  to  reside  there  in  peace,  and  enjoy 
the  same  privileges  as  our  other  subjects,  and  be  favored 
with  the  free  exercise  of  their  religion."*  The  refugees 
selected  for  their  home  the  lands  on  the  East  River,  now 
known  as  West  Chester,  which  the  Dutch  appropriately 
vn»deiuid.  named  '^Yredelsmd,"  or  the  ^'Land  of  Peace;"  and  the 
next  summer,  Thn^morton  obtained  a  patent  for  a  por- 
tion of  the  territory  where  he  and  his  companions  had 
found  an  asylum.t 
Anne  Evcn  Rhode  Island  seemed  hardly  as  desirable  an  abode 

•on  re-"*    as  New  Netherland.     Becoming  dissatisfied  with  her  first 
New  Netb.  retreat,  and  fearing  that  the  implacable  vengeance  of  Mas- 
sachusetts would  reach  her  even  there,  the  widowed  Anne 
Hutchinson,  in  the  summer  of  1642,  removed,  with  CW- 
lins,  her  son-in-law — "  a  young  scholar  full  of  zeal" — and 
all  her  family,  beyond  New  Haven,  into  the  Dutch  terri- 
tory, and  chose  for  her  residence  the  point  now  known  as 
Pelham  Neck,  near  New  Rochelle,  a  few  miles  eastward 
Settlement  of  Throgmortou's  Settlement.     The  spot  was  soon  called 
Heeok."     <<  Auuie's  Hocck ;"  and  a  small  stream,  which  8q)arates  it 
from  the  town  of  East  Chester,  still  preserves  in  its  name, 
"  Hutchinson's  River,"  the  memory  of  the  remarkable 
woman  who  there  found  her  last  home.t 
Motiree  to      Thcsc  large  emigrations  to  New  Nethi^land,  where  five 
emifl^'^    English  colonies  were  soon  established,  did  not  fail  to  at- 
N2J?En"  tract  the  notice  of  the  Puritan  authorities.     The  "  unset- 
tled frame  of  spirit''  of  many  was  attributed  to  the  sudd^i 
fall  of  land  and  cattle,  and  the  scarcity  of  foreign  commod- 
ities ;  and  there  was  '<  much  disputation"  in  Massachusetts 
"  about  liberty  of  removing  for  outward  advantages."^ 
There  were  doubtless  some  who  emigrated  merely  to  en- 
large their  estates.     But  there  were  many  others,  whose 
only  motive  for  the  change  was  the  religious  intolerance 

*  Alb.  Rec.,  ii.,  185. 

t  Alb.  Rec.  G.  G.,  08, 173, 174 ;  Wlntltrap,  i., « ;  HntcUiKm,  L,  371 ;  Be&WD*a  Mte> 
olr,  131 ;  Bolton's  West  Chester,  U.,  MS,  146, 153.  The  point  now  known  as  "  Thrag^ 
Neck**  was  oomprehended  within  this  grant,  and,  no  doubt,  deriTes  its  name  flron  nrof- 
morton. 

t  Winthrop,  if.,  8,  80,  ISO ;  Neal,  i.,  178 ;  Hntehlnaon,  I.,  73, 73;  BoUoa,  i.,  Ski,  ftli. 

«  Winthrop,  U.,  85, 87 ;  Doe.  Hist.  V.  Y^  It.,  f  . 


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WILLIAM  KIEFT,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  335 

ofiheirownooimtrymezi.    They  left  New  England  to  seek,  cha^.  x. 
in  New  Netherlands  "  freedom  to  worship  Grod." 

Besides  the  numerous  strangers  whose  "  insupportable  ^  ^ 
goTemment"  drove  them  to  seek  permanent  homes  in  thejjjj,^^^ 
Dutch  Province,  there  flocked  from  Virginia  and  New  En-  J[„**^^" 
gland  many  fugitive  servants,  "  who  too  often  carry  their  JJSSnr " 
passports  with  them  under  the  soles  of  their  shoes." 
Their  conduct  at  Manhattan  was  soon  found  to  occasion 
mischief  and  complaint.     Kieft,  therefore,  issued  a  proo-  is  xpHi. 
lamation  forbidding  the  inhabitants  to  harbor  any  stran-r4via- 
gers,  or  give  them  more  than  one  meal  or  a  single  night's 
lodging,  without  notifying  the  director,  and  furnishing  him 
with  the  names  of  the  new-comers.* 

The  constant  intercourse  at  this  time  between  New 
England  and  Virginia  brought  many  transient  visitors  to 
Manhattan.    On  their  way  to  and  from  Long  Island  Sound 
and  Sandy  Hook,  the  coasting  vessels  always  stopped  at 
Fort  Amsterdam;  and  the  increasing  number  of  his  guests 
occasioned  great  inconvenience  to  the  director,  who  fre- 
quently could  afford  them  but  "  slender  entertainment." 
Kieft,  therefore,  built  "  a  fine  hotel  of  stone"  at  the  com-  Kieft 
pany's   expense,  where  travellers  "  might  now  go  and  Ju>ne  iJnei 
lodge."     This  hotel,  or  "  Harberg,"  was  conveniently  sit-  len. 
uated  on  the  river  side,  a  little  east  of  Fort  Amsterdam, 
near  what  is  at  present  known  as  "  Coenties  Slip."t 

The  old  church  had  now  become  dilapidated ;  and  De  a  new 
Vries,  dining  with  Kieft,  told  him  it  was  a  shame  that  the  po«ed.  ^ 
English,  when  they  visited  Manhattan,  "saw  only  a  mean 
barn  in  which  we  preached."  "  The  first  thing  they  built 
in  New  England,  after  their  dwelling-houses,  was  a  fine 
church;  we  should  do  the  like,"  urged  De  Vries;  "we 
have  fine  oak  wood,  good  mountain  stone,  and  excellent 
lime,  which  we  bum  from  oyster-shells — much  better  than 
our  lime  in  Holland."  "  Who  shall  oversee  the  work  ?" 
asked  Kieft,  whose  anxiety  "  to  leave  a  great  name  after 
him"  was  the  more  earnest,  as  a  church  was  then  in 

*  Journal  van  N.  N.,  in  Hoi.  Doc.,  iU.,  96 ;  Doc  Htet.  N.  T.,  iT.,  6 ;  Alb.  Rec,  U.,  161. 
t  Do  Vries,  IflS;  Winthrop,  iL,  96;  Monltoa^a  Now  Onnge,  SI. 


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336  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

cbap.  X.  Gontemplation  at  Rensselaerswyok.  ''  There  are  friencb 
"I~  enough  of  the  Reformed  religion,"  answered  De  Vries, 
who  immediately  subscribed  one  hundred  guilders,  upon 
condition  that  the  director  should  head  the  list.  Jochem 
Pietersen  Kuyter, "  a  devout  professor  of  the  Reformed  re- 
ligion," and  Jan  Jansen  Dam,  who  lived  "  close  by  the 
choTdi  fort,"  were  immediately  appointed,  with  De  Vries  and 
•    ""^  Kieft,  church  masters  to  superintend  the  building ;  toward 


the  cost  of  which  the  director  agreed  to  advance  ^<  some 
thousand  guilders"  on  the  company's  account.  For  great- 
er security  "  against  all  sudden  attacks  of  tiie  Indians," 
the  church  was  ordered  to  be  erected  within  the  fort. 
This  decision,  however,  was  not  satisfactory;  for  as  it 
was  to  be  built  chiefly  by  public  subscription,  the  people 
thought  that  it  should  be  placed  where  it  would  be  gen- 
erally convenient.  Besides,  the  fort  was  small  enough 
already,  and  a  church  within  it  would  be  "  a  fifth  wheel 
to  a  wagon."  It  would  intercept,  too,  the  southeast  wind, 
and  prevent  the  working  of  the  grist-mill  hard  by.  But 
Kieft  insisted,  and  all  objections  were  overruled.* 

It  only  remained  to  secure  the  necessary  subscriptions. 
Fortunately,  it  happened  that  the  daughter  of  Domiue  Bo- 
gardus  was  married  just  then;  and  Kieft  thought  the  wed- 
ding-feast a  good  opportunity  to  excite  the  generosity  of 
the  guests.  So,  "  after  the  fourth  or  fifth  round  of  drink- 
ing," he  showed  a  liberal  example  himself,  and  let  the 
other  wedding  guests  subscribe  what  they  would  toward 
tiie  church  fund.  All  the  company,  with  light  heads  and 
glad  hearts,  vied  with  each  other  in  "  subscribing  richly." 
Some  of  them,  wl^en  they  went  home,  "well  repented  it;" 
but  "  nothing  availed  to  excuse."t 
Mijr.  A  contract  was  made  with  John  and  Richard  Ogden,  of 

Stamford,  for  the  mason-work  of  a  stone  church  seventy- 
two  feet  long,  fifty  wide,  and  sixteen  high,  at  a  cost  of 
twenty-five  hundred  guilders,  and  a  gratuity  of  one  hund- 
red more  if  the  work  should  be  satisfactory.     The  walls 

*  De  Vriea,  164 ;  Veftoogh  Ttn  N.  N.,  S93. 

t  Vertoogh  ran  N.  N.,  in  ii^  N.  T.  H.  S.  Coll.,  ii.,  »S. 


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WILLIAM  KIEFT,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  337 

were  bqod  bnih ;  and  the  roof  was  raised  and  cohered  by  chaf.  x. 

English  carpenters  with  oak  shingles,  which,  by  exposure  — ^ 

to  the  weather,  soon  "  looked  like  slate."     The  honor  and  cJ^  i^ 
the  ownership  of  the  work  were  both  commemorated  by  a  SS^aST 
square  stone  inserted  in  the  front  wall,  bearing  the  am- 
biguoas  inscripticm,  "Anno  Domini,  1642,  William  Kieft, 
Director  G-eneral,  hath  the  Commonalty  caused  to  build 
Ois  Temple.'^* 

The  Provinckd  government  before  long  felt  some  in- 
oonv^ence  from  "the  large  number  of  Englishmen''  who 
daily  came  to  reside  in  New  Netherland.     Though  Kieft 
himself  was  "roughly  acquainted  with  the  En^sh  lan- 
guage," his  subordinate  officers  were  not ;  and  the  En« 
glish  strangers  knowing  the  language  of  the  province  as 
little  as  the  Dutch  did  of  that  of  the  new-comers,  it  was 
found  necessary  to  have  an  official  interpreter.     One  of  oeorge' 
flie  exiles  from  New  England,  Greorge  Baxter,  was  ac-pomtiK. 
oordingly  appdinted  "  English  secretary,"  at  an  annual  sal-  tary- 
ary  of  two  hundred  and  fifty  guilders.1' 

The  party  which  Lamberton  had  sent,  the  previous  AAira  on 
summer,  frcnn  New  Haven  to  the  South  River,  having,  in  Rirer. 
violation  of  their  pledge,  established  themselves  upon 
Dutch  territory,  "  without  any  commisskm  of  a  potentate," 
Kieft,  on  finding  how  he  had  been  cajoled,  determined 
"  to  drive  these  English  thence  in  the  best  manner  possi- 
ble."    The  yadits  Real  and  Saint  Martin  were  therefore » May. 
dispatched  to  Jansen,  the  oommissaiy  at  Fort  Nassau,  tion^s. 
who  was  instmoted  to  visit  the  intruders,  and  "  compel  Stim  Man. 
them  to  depart  directly  in  peace."     Their  personal  prop- 

*  Alb.  RMn  tii.,  31 ;  HoL  Doc,  it, ;  tt.,  N.  Y.  H.  S.  ColL,  i.,  383;  U.,  99B ;  O'CaU.,  i., 
303 :  Breeden  Raedt,  S3.  It  appears,  fVoin  the  Breeden  Raedt,  that  the  church  was  not 
iadOMd  vntU  104S.  Wkan  the  Ibrt  was  demoUahed  in  1700,  to  nako  way  fbr  tlie  Gor* 
emoMat  Honae,  which  waa  buQt  oo  the  aite  of  what  ia  now  the  **  Bowling  Green,^  the 
atone  with  the  inacrlption  waa  (band  amonf  the  rubbish.  The  IbUowing  paragraph  (hnn 
the  **New  York  Magiaaani*  Ibr  1730,  mewda  the  drcttmatanee:  "loaa  33.  Om  Monday 
last,  in  digging  away  the  fimndation  of  the  fbrt  in  this  city,  a  aqoare  atone  waa  (bond 
among  the  mlna  of  a  chapel  (which  (brmerly  atood  in  the  fbrt),  with  the  (bUowing  Dnteh 
inaertpdon  rni  it :  « Ao.  Do.  MDCXLII.  W.  Kieft  Dr.  Or.  Haaft  da  OeoMantan  deso  Tem- 
petdoanBowwoD.'**  This  alone  waa  mnovod  to  the  balflry  of  tlae]lalbnMdD«tQlieta»A 
ia  Garden  Street,  where  tt  remained  until  both  were  deatroyed  in  the  gren  Are  of  Dmtmh 
bar,  MM.— U.,  N.  T.  H.  S.  CoU.,  ii,  3ae{  BaMatt'a  Man.,  lOB ;  Doc Wrt.  N.T.,  iiL,  403. 

t  Alb.  Roe.,  Um  303. 

Y 


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338  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 


1642. 


Chap.  X.  erty  was  not  to  be  injured ;  but  the  oommissajy  was  to 
' ''  remain  master,"  and,  above  all,  '<  medntain  the  reputa- 
tion of  their  High  Mightinesses,  and  the  noble  directors 
of  the  West  India  Company." 
The  En.        Jauson  exoouted  his  orders  promptly.     The  settlement 
Sienta    ^"ou  the  Schuylkill  was  broken  up  at  once.     That  on  the 
ro  ea  up.  y^^j^j^^j^j^j  g^jy^  ^^  Salem  Creek,  was  next  yisited,  and,  with 
the  hearty  co-operation  of  the  Swedes,  who  had  agreed 
with  Kieft  "  to  keep  out  the  English,"  the  .intruders  were 
expelled.     The  trespassers  were  conveyed  to  Fort  Amster- 
28  August,  dam,  and  from  there  sent  back  to  New  Haven.     Lam- 
compeued  bcrtou,  howcvor,  persisting  in  trading  at  the  South  River, 
■t  Manhat-  was  soou  afterward  arrested  at  Manhattan,  on  his*  return  to 
New  Haven,  and  compelled  to  give  an  account  of  His  pd- 
tries,  and  pay  duties  on  his  cargo.     The  New  Haven  peo- 
ple protested,  and  threatened  retaliation.     But  Kieft  fiir- 
nished  the  Dutch  who  had  occasion  to  visit  the  <^  Red 
Hills"  with  passports,  in  which  he  boldly  avowed  his  own 
responsibility  for  all  that  had  happened.     The  damages 
which  the  English  sustained  at  the  Soutii  River  were  es- 
timated at  one  thousand  pounds ;  but  though  they  com- 
plained bitterly,  they  never  obtained  redress.* 
DiffleouiM      The  difficulties  between  the  Dutch  earrison  at  the  Hope 

Aft  TTaftfenl 

'  and  the  English  at  Hartford  continued  unabated.    JBve- 
ry  vexation  that  ingenuity  could  contrive  was  practiced 
against  the  Hollanders,  who,  on  the   other  hand,  were 
charged  with  enticing  away  and  sheltering  the  servants 
of  the  English  colonists  ;  with  helping  prisoners  in  jail  to 
escape;  and  with  purchasing  and  retaining  goods  stolen 
i  April,      from  the  English.    Under  these  circumstances,  Kieft,  find- 
bids  inter-  inff  that  his  protests  were  of  no  effect,  had  recourse  to  re- 
Hanftyrd.    taliatory  mcasurcs ;  and  all  trade  and  commercial  mter- 
course  with  the  Hartford  people,  in  the  neighborhood  of 
the  Dutch  post,  was  formally  prohibited. t 

*  All*.  Eec,  U.,  laS,  I«4,  177,  185 ;  AenUoa ;  i.,  N.  Y.  H.  S.  CoU.,  i.,  413 :  U.,  S81 ; 
0>C«Um  i..  SM;  Haaard,  U^  164,  S14;  S.  Httud,  Abb.  Pbbb.,  61,  OB;  Fwria,  M,  60; 
TJnHBlNill«i.,19S,m. 

t  Alb.  Bacytt.,  187,  IM;  Haswd,  tt.,  S16, 166 ;  i.,  N.  T.  K  t.  OolL,  S76{  TnuBboU, 


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WILLIAM  KIEFT,  IHRECTOR  GENERAL. 

It  was  not  long  before  the  Hartford  authorities  felt  the  cha^.  x. 
inoonvenienoe  of  their  position.    The  General  Court,  there- 
fore,  ordered  that  the  magistrates  "  shall  have  liberty  to  n  i2^ 
agitate  the  business  betwixt  us  and  the  Dutoh,  and,  if 
they  think  meet,  to  treat  with  the  governor  oonceming 
the  same."*    Under  this  authority,  Whiting,  a  magistrate,  Deiention 
and  Hill,  a  deputy  of  Hartford,  oame  to  Manhattan,  to  ar-  ror?vMto 
range  with  the  director  for  the  purchase  of  the  West  In-ji^.*"*"" 
dia  Company's  lands  around  the  Hope.     Kieft,  after  ex-ojuiy. 
plaining  in  detail  the  antiquity  of  the  Dutch  title,  offered 
to  lease  <<the  field  at  Hartford"  to  the  English,  for  an  an- 
nual rent  of  a  tenth  part  of  the  produce,  as  long  as  they 
should  occupy  it.     The  delegates,  on  their  return,  sub-  The  Dutch 
mitted  these  conditions  to  the  General  Court.     But  noS^T^ 
abatement  of  annoyance  followed.     The  coveted  field  was 
again  despitefully  plowed  up  by  the  Hartford  people,  who 
even  prevented  "  cattle  that  belonged  not  to  them"  fix)m 
being  driven  toward  New  Netherland.t 

There  was  a  strong,  though  not,  perhaps,  an  honorable 
motive  for  this  system  of  petty  annoyance.     Hopkins  had 
now  returned  from  London,  bringing  with  him  BoswelPs 
letter  to  Wright.    The  recommendation  of  the  British  min-  Policy  and 
ister  at  the  Hague,  "  Crowd  on— crowd  the  Dutch  out,"  the  Han- 
was  now  to  be  the  system  by  which  New  Netherland  was,      ^^^ ' 
by  degrees,  to  be  dismembered  of  her  territory,  and  grad- 
ually separated  firom  Holland.     The  General  Court  direct- »  sept. 
ed  that  "  a  letter  be  returned  to  the  Dutch,  in  answer  to 
their  letter  brought  by  Mr.  Whiting ;"  and  also  that  let- 
ters should  be  written  to  Dudley  and  Bellingham,  the  for- 
mer governors  of  Massachusetts,  "  concerning  what  the 
Dutch  governor  reporteth  that  they  have  wrote  to  him 
about  our  differences."     Dudley,  in  1640,  had  written  to 
Kieft  in  conciliatory  terms ;  and  Bellingham,  the  next 
year,  had  advised  moderation  on  both  sides  ;t  but  the  Hart- 
ford authorities  now  seemed  apprehensive  that  Massachu- 

*  Col.  Rec.  Conn.,  7S. 

t  Haurd,  U.,  M5 ;  i.,  N.  Y.  H.  S.  Coll.,  t7« ;  Col.  Ree.  Coon.,  7% ;  Alb.  Roe.,.U.,  171, 
|7«;  Smith,  Hist.  N.  Y.,  I,  «. 
t  Winthrop,  ii.,  7,  S9 ;  Col.  Rae.  Conn.,  75, 5M ;  ante,  p.  S09,  S9S. 


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349  raSTORY  OF  the  state  of  new  YORK. 

Chap.  X.  setts  had  oommitted  herself  to  more  liberal  views  than 

those  whioh  suited  the  policy  of  Gonneotiout 
Purii^  '  The  agents  in  England,  in  the  mean  time,  had  not  been 
^^^j^l  unsuccessfol.  Though  Peters  failed  in  his  undertaking  to 
"  pacify"  the  Dutch  West  India  Company,  the  New  En- 
gland delegates,  acting  on  Boswell's  advice,  succeeded  in 
inducing  '^  persons  of  quality"  to  communicate  with  the 
representative  of  the  States  Q-eneral  at  htmdoa.  Lotd 
Say,  as  one  of  Lord  Warwick's  original  grantees,  was 
» July,  warmly  interested ;  and,  in  the  course  of  the  summer,  he 
addressed  a  letter  to  Joachimi,  the  Netherlands'  ambassa- 
dor, in  whioh  he  strenuously  advocated  the  cause  of  the 
Connecticut  ccdonists,  and  severely  censured  the  Dutch. 
LordSfty't  They,  he  said,  had  protested  and  threatened,  and  used 
Dutdi  am-  ^^  lutughty  arguments"  against  the  English ;  yet,  though 
there  were  only  five  or  six  Netherlanders  residing  on  the 
river,  ''where  there  are  more  than  two  thousand  English," 
no  violent  proceedings  had  been  taken  against  the  Dutch, 
who,  it  was  asserted,  had  been  treated  ''with  all  civility.'^ 
The  Pequod  Indians,  of  whom  the  Hollanders  claimed  to 
have  purchased  a  portion  of  the  land, "  had  no  other  than  a 
usurped  title."  The  "  weakness"  of  the  Dutch  title  was 
inferred,  because  "  the  English  having  addressed  sundry 
letters  to  tiieir  governor,  William  Eiefl;,"  he  had  refused 
t6  accept  their  proposal  to  refer  the  settlement  of  the  ques- 
iifm  to  impartial  arbitrators.  The  D\itch  should  be  or- 
dered to  demean  themselves  peaceably,  and  be  content 
with  their  own  limits,  "  or  to  leave  the  river."  '  This  last 
suggestion  would  "  tend  most  to  their  master's  profit,"  as 
the  returns  firom  their  post  nev^  had,  and  never  would  re- 
pay expenses.  "  Moreover,"  added  Lord  Say,  "  they  live 
there  in  an  ungodly  way,  in  no  wise  beseeming  the  G-os- 
pel  of  Christ.  Their  residence  there  will  never  produce 
any  other  efiect  than  expense  to  their  masters  and  trouble 
Threftts  to  the  Eu^h."  Other  influential  persons  in  London, 
SSSr  moved  by  the  representations  of  the  New  England  agents, 
openly  iJireatened  that,  before  the  end  of  the  year,  the 
Hollanders  should  be  utterly  expelled  from  the  valley  of 


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WILLIAM  KIBFT,  DIRECTOR  OENERAL.  341 

the  Connecticut    Joaohimi  therefore  sent  Lord  Say's  oom-  chat.  x. 
munioation  to  the  States  G-eneral;  and,  in  subseqnent""^^ 
dispatches,  explained  the  irritated  feeling  which  existed  3,  j^^, ' 
among  the  friends  of  the  Puritan  cdonists,  and  urged  the  Jv^^J}^' 
king  should  be  asked  to  conunand  his  New  England  sub- "  ^^«»<*«' 
jects  not  to  molest  the  Dutch,  who  had  possession  of  New 
Netherland  before  the  English  ever  came  there.     "For 
such  commands  must  proceed  from  his  majesty ;  and  it 
might  be  taken  ill  that  redress  should  be  sought  from  the 
House  of  Parliament,  whose  orders  would  probably  not  be 
received  in  those  far-distant  quarters."     The  Dutch  am- 
bassador at  London,  however,  little  knew  the  temper  of 
the  men  of  New  England. 

Charles  set  up  his  standard  at  Nottingham,  and  the  ss  August, 
civil  war  began.     Parliament  was  supreme  at  liondon,  or  um  civ?i 
but  the  king  was  still  sovereign  in  the  rural  districts. 
The  sympathies  of  the  Puritan  colonists  in  America  were 
with  the  Puritan  House  of  Commons.     The  States  Gen- 
eral promptly  referred  Joachimi's  dispatches  to  the  West  S5  October. 
Lidia  Company ;  but  though  the  ambassador  was  instruct- 
ed to  represent  that  it  need  not  be  apprehended  that  his 
countrymen   in  New  Netherland   could   ever  "prevail" 
against  their  stronger  neighbors,  the  threats  of  the  Lon- 
dcm  friends  of  New  England  were  entirely  disregarded  at 
the  Hague.*     The  distracted  kingdom  caused  no  present 
anxiety  to  foreign  powers. 

Interesting  events  were  now  occurring  at  Rensselaers-   1641. 
wyck.     Adriaen  van  der  Donck,  of  Breda,  in  North  Bra-^^*JJ 
bant,  a  man  of  intelligence  and  lecurning,  having  taken  a  ^^.g,. 
lease  from  the  patroon  of  the  westerly  half  of  Castle  Isl-  ^^ 
and,  known  as  "  Welysburg,"  adjoining  the  fertile  ferm  ^^^"^^^^ 
of  Brandt  Peelen,  was  appointed  schout-fiscal  of  the  oolo- 
nie,  and  arrived  at  Manhattan  in  the  autumn  of  1641. 
As  the  colonists  had  shown  a  disposition  "  to  pass  by  the 
carpenters  and  other  of  the  patroon's  laborers,"  and  to 
employ  whom  they  pleased.  Van  der  Donck  was  specially 
instructed  to  repress  this  spirit  of  independence,  and  pros-  is  Joiy. 

*  IIoL  Doe.,  U.,  S70-3O7;  0*Ctf.,  i.,  855-»7;  iUlniM,  ti.,  932 ;  Linfud,  z.,  Ifit. 


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342  HB3T0RY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

cbap.  X.  eoute  fhe  offenders  before  the  oolonial  coort    He  was  also 
oharged  to  procure  the  enactment  of  "  stricter  statutes  or 
lo4^.  Qjf^iii^anoes,  and  to  punish  the  delinquents  by  penalties  and 
fines,  aooording  to  law."* 

The  wai^  of  a  permanent  clergyman,  and  the  need  of 
a  proper  church  edifice,  had  now  for  some  time  been 
felt  in  the  oolonie ;  and,  early  the  next  year,  the  patrocHi 
took  measures  to  place  his  colonists  in  as  good  a  condi- 
tion in  these  respects  as  the  inhabitants  of  Manhattan. 
6MardL  He  therefore  made  an  agreement  with  the  Reverend 
Me^^n.  Doctor  Johanues  Megapolensis,  a  learned  clergyman  be- 
cierpna?  lougiug  to  the  Classis  of  Alckmaer,  to  send  him  out  to 
nio.  Rensselaerswyck,  "  for  the  edifying  improvement  of  the 
inhabitants  and  Indians."  The  patroon  bound  himself  to 
convey  the  Domine  and  his  family  to  New  Netherland  firee 
of  expense,  provide  him  with  a  proper  residence,  and  assure 
him,  for  six  years,  an  annual  salary  of  one  thousand  guild- 
ers, with  a  promise  of  an  addition  of  two  hundred  guilders 
annually  for  the  three  following  years,  "  should  the  patroon 
be  satisfied  with  his  service."  On  the  other  hand,  Megapo- 
lensis  agreed  '^  to  befriend  and  serve  the  patroon  in  all  things 
wherein  he  could  do  so  without  interfering  with  or  imped- 
ing his  duties."  As  the  Classis  of  Amsterdam  was  the  ec- 
clesiastical superior  of  all  the  Dutch  colonial  clergy,  it  was 
necessary  to  obtain  its  assent  to  the  arrangement ;  and 
18  March  the  Dominc  accordingly  appeared  before  the  committee 
of  that  body,  '^  ad  res  exteras,"  and  explained  his  views 
in  wishing  to  settle  himself  in  New  Netherland.  A  few 
s2Mtrch.  days  afterward,  the  classis  attested  a  formal  "call"  for 
Megapolensis  to  preach  the  Gospel  and  govern  thq  Church 
at  Rensselaerswyck,  "in  conformity  with  the  Govern- 
ment, Confession,  and  Catechism  of  the  Netherland 
churches,  and  the  Synodal  acts  of  Dordrecht."  The  Am- 
sterdam Chamber,  however,  as  the  political  superior  of 
New  Netherland,  claimed  the  right  of  approving  this  in- 
strument. The  patroon,  on  the  other  hand,  at  first  de- 
murred to  what  he  thought  a  curtailment  of  his  feudal 

*  RaoM.  M88. ;  0*CalL,  i.,  W,  »8. 


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WILLIAM  KIEFT,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  343 

rights ;  but,  after  seyeral  months'  delay,  he  agreed  that  chap.  x. 
the  dirpotors  should  aflSx  their  act  of  approbation,  under 
protest  that  the  rights  of  both  parties  should  remain  nn- j^^^^^'p. 
prejudiced.     The  Amsterdam  Chamber  accordingly  ap-gj^^^^. 
proved  the  call.     Domine  Megapolensis  was   furnished  JS?^^***"' 
with  a  detailed  memorandum,  respecting  the  settlement  *"'"** 
of  the  colonists,  and  the  arrangement  of  the  new  church 
and  parsonage ;  a  plan  for  all  the  buildings  was  provided ; 
and  a  small  theological  library  was  supplied  at  the  pa- 
troon's  expense.     The  transportation  of  the  colonists  to 
Fort  Orange  was  to  be  arranged  under  the  advice  of  Kieft, 
to  whom  the  patroon  sent  a  present  of  a  saddle  and  mili- 
tary equipments,  ^^  as  the  noble  director  hath  heretofore 
had  much  trouble  with  my  people  and  goods."     A  num- 
ber of  respectable  emii?rants  embarked  with  Mec^apolensis  Arrivet  t 
and  his  family  m  the  ship  Houttuyn,  which,  after  a  pros- 
perous voyage,  arrived  in  August. 

At  this  period  it  was  not  uncommon  for  ships  to  lie  a  The  new 
fortnight  at  Manhattan  before  intelligence  of  their  arrival  «t  Renase- 
was  received  at  Rensselaerswyck.  Prompt  measures,  how- 
ever, were  taken  to  convey  up  the  river  the  new  emi- 
grants, who,  upon  reaching  their  destination,  were  reg-11  Auguat. 
istered  by  Arendt  van  Curler,  the  commissary.  To  con- 
centrate the  inhabitants  as  much  as  possible,  and  thus 
avoid  danger  of  their  lives  from  the  Indians,  "  as  sorrow- 
ful experience  hath  demonstrated  around  Manhattan,"  the 
patioon  required  that  all  the  colonists,  except  the  farmers 
and  tobacco-planters,  should  live  near  each  other,  so  as  to 
form  a  "  Kerck-buurte,"  or  church  neighborhood.  This 
was  to  be  settled  near  the  Beaver's  Creek ;  where  a  ferry 
was  at  once  established  for  the  accommodation  of  the  col- 
onists across  the  river  at  Q-reenbush.  The  patroon's  di- 
rections were  followed,  and  Van  Curler  notified  all  the  col- 
onists to  "  regulate  themselves  accordingly." 

The  church,  however,  was  not  built  until  the  following 
year ;  but  the  houses  which  were  to  surround  it  were 
planned ;  the  dwelling  of  Maryn  Adriaensen,  one  of  the 
colonists  who  was  about  to  remove  to  Manhattan,  was 


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344  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OP  NBW  YORK. 

CHAP.  X.  bought  for  a  paiaonage ;  and  the  first  olergyman  at  Reaih 
"~~  selaerswyok  began  to  execute  the  duties  of  his  holy  office. 
Jj^p^.  The  colonists  revered  and  esteemed  their  fiedthfol  monittnr, 
^JJJjJJj  whose  influence  was  soon  exerted  in  restraining  immoral* 
iftbort.      j^i^g^  which  the  license  of  a  frontier  life  had  hitherto  al- 
lowed to  pass  unrebuked.     The  counsels  of  the  Domine 
were  received  with  respect  by  Commissary  Van  Curler, 
who  always  asked  his  opinion  upon  public  affairs  before 
he  ''  concluded  to  undertake  any  thing."* 

Soon  after  the  arrival  of  Domine  Megapolensis  at  Reus- 
selaerswyck,  an  occasion  arose  to  test  the  characteristio 
prooMMof  benevolence  of  the  Dutch.     Champlain  had  early  planned 
in  Canada,  thc  schemc  of  extending  the  empire  of  France  over  North 
America,  by  means  of  religious  missions ;  and  his  saga- 
cious conception  was  zealously  seconded  by  the  heroic  and 
self-denying  ^nissaries  of  the  Church.     Just  before  the 
1635.  Father  of  New  France  was  buried  upon  the  field  of  his 
noble  toils,  and  a  year  before  Massachusetts  made  provi- 
sion for  what  afterward  became  Harvard  University,  a  mis- 
sionary college  was  founded  at  Quebec.     A  few  years  aft- 
1641.  erward,  the  festival  of  the  Assumption  was  solemnly  cel- 
i6Aufiwt.  ebrated  on  the  island  of  Montreal,  before  vast  crowds  of 
savages  and  Frenchmen.    "  There,"  said  Father  Le  Jeune, 
^^  shall  the  Mohawk  and  the  feebler  Algonquin  make  their 
home ;  the  wolf  shall  dwell  with  the  lamb,  and  a  little 
child  shall  lead  them." 

From  the  time  Champlain  first  penetrated  the  valley  of 
viewaor  Onondaga  in  1615,  the  French  had  seen  the  advantage  of 
possessing  a  post  on  the  territory  of  Western  New  York. 
The  settlements  of  the  Dutch  were  as  yet  confined  to  the 
valleys  of  the  Mohawk  and  of  the  North  River.  The 
views  of  the  French  in  Canada  did  not,  however,  conflict 
with  those  of  tiie  Hollanders  in  New  Netherland.  France 
desired  to  control  the  great  West ;  Holland  looked  more  to 
the  possession  of  the  sea-coast.  <'  Could  we  but  gain  the 
mastery,"  argued  the  missionaries  of  Canada,  "of  the 
shor^  of  Ontario,  on  the  side  nearest  the  abode  of  the  Iro- 

*  Corr.  CteMii  AbmK.  ;  fUxam,  M8S.;  0*CaU.,  L,  SSS-SSO,  44&-40L 


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WILLIAM  KIEFT,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  ^n 

qaciBj  we  oouki  aaoend  by  the  Saint  Lawrence  witkoat  CHAr.  x. 
dangw,  and  pass  free  beyond  Niagara." 

But  1ii6  hereditary  enmity  between  the  Iroquois  Con- 
federates and  the  Hnrons  and  Algonqnins  of  Canada 
dkwarted  the  plans  of  the  French  missionaries.  The  nav- 
igation of  Lake  Ontario  was  closed  against  their  enter- 
prise ;  and  a  French  canoe  had  never  yet  been  launched 
upon  Lake  Erie.  The  Dutch  traders  at  Rensselaerswyck 
had  now  suf^lied  the  Lroquois  warriors  with  the  fire-arms 
of  Europe ;  and  ihe  proud  Konoshioni  burned  to  be  su- 
preme. Li  the  autumn  of  1641,  two  Jesuit  Fathers,  September. 
Charles  Raymbault  and  Isaac  Jogues,  pushing  onward 
from  the  Huron  mission  station,  coasted,  in  their  birch- 
bark  canoe,  along  tiie  Manitoulin  Islands,  and,  stemming 
the  swift  current  of  the  Saint  Mary's,  reached  the  Sault,  4  October. 
idiere  they  found  two  thousand  Ghippewas  assembled, 
expecting  their  arrival  Returning  to  Quebec,  Jogues 
prepared,  the  next  year,  to  repeat  his  visit.  But  as  he  1642. 
ascending  the  Saint  Lawrence  with  an  escort  of  Hu-  ctplSt!^oT 


lODSj  the  party  was  surprised  by  a  band  of  Mohawks  ly-  J^tl. 
ing  in  ambuscade.  A  part  of  the  expedition  was  captur- 
ed ;  and  Jogues  and  his  fellow-prisoners  were  conducted 
through  the  country  of  the  Iroquois  to  the  valley  of  the  w  Anpwi. 
Mohawk.  Horrible  savage  cruelties  were  inflicted  upon 
the  captives.  From  village  to  village  their  tortures  were 
renewed ;  but  the  faithful  missionaries,  as  they  ran  the 
gauntlet,  consoled  themselves  with  visions  of  heavenly 
giory. 

Intelligence  that  Ihree  Frenchmen  were  prisoners  among  The  duicIi 
the  Iroquois  soon  reached  Fort  Orange ;  and,  prompted  by  ange^'at- 
a  noble  humanity.  Commissary  Van  Curler,  in  company  nSSr 
with  Labbatie  and  Jansen,  two  of  the  colonists,  went  on 
horseback  to  the  Mohawk  country  to  attempt  their  rescue. 
The  Dutch  visitors  were  received  with  "  great  joy,"  and 
the  presents  which  they  brought  were  thankfully  accept- 
ed by  the  warriors  at  the  three  castles.     Before  each  cas- 
tle they  were  obliged  to  halt  a  quarter  of  an  hour,  until 
the  Mohawks  had  Saluted  them  ^'with  divers  musket- 


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346  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  X.  shots."  Indians  were  sent  out  to  shoot,  and  brought  them 
in  excellent  turkeys.  On  the  eve  of  the  Nativity  of  £he  Vir- 
7  Sept.  gi^>  ^^^  Curler  reached  the  village  where  Jogues  was  de- 
^SngYhf  taiii^d.  Inviting  the  ohiefe  to  assemble  together,  he  press- 
Mohawks.  ^  them  to  release  the  French  prisoners,  "  one  of  yrham 
was  a  Jesuit,  a  very  learned  scholar."  But  the  Mohawk 
sachems  refused.  "  "We  shall  show  you  every  friendship 
in  our  power,"  said  the  ohiefe,  "  but  on  this  subject  we 
shall  be  silent."  Days  were  spent  in  vain  attempts  to 
procure  the  release  of  the  captives :  six  hundred  guilders 
worth  of  goods,  "  to  which  all  the  colony  would  contrib- 
ute," were  offered  as  their  ransom,  and  inexorably  re- 
fused. In  the  end.  Van  Curler  "  persuaded  them  so  far, 
that  they  promised  not  to  kill  them,  and  to  convey  tiiem 
back  to  their  country."  As  the  party  set  out  on  their  re- 
turn to  Fort  Orange,  the  French  captives  ran  after  them, 
beseeching  the  Dutch  to  rescue  them  out  of  the  hands  of 
the  barbarians.  An  escort  of  ten  or  twelve  armed  savages 
conducted  the  embassy  home,  through  <^  the  most  beauti- 
ful lemd  on  the  Mohawk  River  that  eye  ever  saw."  Bat 
the  Hollanders  had  scarcely  left,  before  the  "  clamorous 
braves"  insisted  upon  blood ;  and  Ren6  Goupil,  a  "donn6," 
19  Sept.  or  novice,  who  had  accompanied  Jogues,  was  struck  dead 
with  a  tomahawk,  invoking  the  name  of  Jesus  as  he  fell 
Jogues'  lii^  The  life  of  the  Father  was,  however,  spared.  Carving  the 
emblem  of  his  faith  upon  a  majestic  tree,  the  devoted  Jes- 
uit, during  the  following  winter,  held  lonely  communion 
with  his  God.  For  a  time  he^was  unmolested ;  but  the 
Mohawks  at  length  finding  him  at  prayer,  '^  attacked  him 
most  violently,  saying  that  they  hated  the  cross ;  that  it 
was  a  sign  unknown  to  them  and  their  friends,  the  neigh- 
boring Europeans"  at  Fort  Orange.* 
1643.  In  the  annals  of  New  Netherland,  1643  was,  emphat- 
ically, "  the  year  of  blood."  While  New  England  was 
filled  with  alarm  at  the  suspicion  of  a  general  rising  of 

*  RelaUon,  164(M1,  50, 211 ;  1047, 56,  111 ;  Jogues'e  Letters  of  the  5th  and  30th  of  An- 
goBt,  1643,  in  U.,  N.  Y.  H.  S.  ColL,  iii. ;  Tftnner'a  **  Soclatas  Jera,>*  Jto.,  510-531 ;  Megap., 
in  Hazard,  i.,  523;  De  Vries,  157 ;  Creaziua,  338 ;  Charlevoix,!.,  234-250;  Renaa.  MSS., 
O^CalL,  i.,  463, 464 ;  Bancroft,  iU.,  122-184 ;  Warborton'a  Conqne«t  of  Canada,  L,  101, 390. 


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WILLIAM  KIBFT,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  347 

the  Indians,  and  benighted  trayeilers  oonld  not  halloo  in  cbap.  x. 
the  woods  without  oaosing  fear  that  savages  were  tor- 
turing  their  European  captives,  the  neighboring  Dutch  pj^j^.' 
province  partook  of  the  universal  panic.     Miantonoinoh,^^^* 
"  the  great  sachem  of  Sloup's  Bay,"  was  reported  to  have  JJ'^^*!'* 
come  with  one  hundred  men  to  the  neighborhood  of  Green-  jf^^. 
wioh,  and  to  have  passed  through  all  the  villages  of  the 
Indians,  soliciting  tiiem  to  a  general  war  against  the  En- 
glish and  the  Dutch.     The  wildest  stories  were  circulated 
among  the  &eside  gossips  at  Manhattan.     The  outlaying 
Indians  were  accused  of  setting  fire  to  the  powder  of  the 
Dutch,  whoever  they  could  find  it,  and  of  attempting  to 
poison  and  bewitch  the  director.*    Anxiety  and  terror  al- 
ready  pervaded  the  defenseless  hamlets  around  Fort  Am- 
sterdam, when  an  event  occurred  which  precipitated  open 
hostilities,  aild  nearly  annihilated  the  rising  hopes  of  the 
West  India  Company. 

De  Vries,  while  rambling,  gun  on  shoulder,  toward  Van 
der  Horst's  new  colony  at  Hackinsack,  which  was  ^^but 
an  hour's  walk"  firom  Yriesendael,  met  an  Indian  "  who 
was  very  drunk."  Coming  up  to  the  patroon,  he  "  stroked 
him  over  the  arms"  in  token  of  friendship.  '^  You  are  a 
good  chief,"  said  the  Indian ;  "  when  we  visit  you,  you 
give  us  milk  to  drink,  for  nothing.  But  I  have  just  come 
from  Hackinsack,  ^ere  they  sold  me  brandy^,  half  mixed 
with  water,  and  then  stole  my  beaver-skin  coat."  The  a  Dutcb- 
savage  vowed  a  bloody  revenge.  He  would  go  home  forSJ^d^rin 
his  bow  and  arrows,  and  then  shoot  ono  of  the  ^' roguish  hmmh- 
Swannekens"  who  had  stolen  his  things.  De  Vries  en- 
deavored to  soothe  him ;  and,  on  reaching  Hackins8U)k, 
warned  Van  der  Horst's  people  against  the  danger  of  treat- 
ing the  wild  natives  as  they  had  the  one  he  had  just  met. 
Scarcely  had  he  returned  to  his  own  house,  before  some 
of  the  chiefs  of  the  Hackinsacks  and  of  the  Reckawancks, 
in  hb  neighborhood,  came  to  Vriesendael.  The  revenge- 
ful  savage  had  kept  his  vow.  Watching  his  opportunity, 
he  had  shot  one  of  the  Dutch  colonists.  Garret  Jansen  van 

*  Wlntlirap,  ti.,  84 ;  Hoi.  Doe.,  Ui.,  107 ;  Doe.  Hi*.  N.  T.,  iT.,  9. 


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348  HISTORY  OP  THE  STATE  OP  NEW  TOKK. 

cuAP.x.  Voorst,  as  he  was  quietly  thatohing  the  roof  of  one  of  Van 

"TTTT"  der  Horst's  houses.    The  ohiefis  had  hastened  to  week  ootm- 

*  sel  of  Be  Yries.     They  dared  not  go  to  Fort  Arasteniainy 

for  fear  Kieft  would  keep  them  prisoners ;  bat  they  were 

willing  to  pay  two  hundred  fathoms  of  wampum  to  the 

widow  of  the  murdered  man,  ^^  and  that  should  purchase 

Thc^  their  peace."*     They  offered  the  full  expiation  which  In- 

biood        dian  justice  demanded— -a  blood-atonement  of  money ;  and 


the  custom,  so  uniyersal  among  the  red  men  of  America, 
was  in  singular  accordance  with  the  usage  of  classio 
Ghreece.t 

At  length,  persuaded  by  De  Vries,  who  answered  for 
their  safe  return,  the  chie&  accompanied  him  to  Fort  Am- 
sterdam. Explaining  to  Kieft  the  unhappy  occurrence  at 
Hackinsack,  they  repeated  their  offer  of  a  ^'just  atone- 

Kieft  de-    ment."     The  director  inexorably  demanded  the  murderer. 

orarderor.  Imitating  thc  example  of  Massachusetts  in  the  case  of 
the  Pequods,  he  would  be  content  with  nothing  but  blood. 
But  the  chiefs  could  not  bind  themselves  to  surrender  the 
criminal.  He  had  gone  ^'  two  days'  journey  off,  among 
the  Tankitekes ;''  and,  besides,  he  was  the  son  of  a  chief 
Again  they  prqxwed  an  expiatory  offering  of  wampum  to 
i^>pease  the  widow's  grief  "  Why  do  you  sell  brandy  to 
our  young  men  ?"  said  the  chiefs.  ^^  They  are  not  used 
to  it — it  makes  them  crazy.  Even  your  own  people,  who 
are  accustomed  to  strong  liquors,  scnnetimes  become  drunk, 
and  fight  with  knives.  Sell  no  more  strong  drink  to  the 
Indians,  if  you  would  avoid  mischief"  With  this,  they 
took  leave  of  the  director,  and  returned  to  Yriesendael ; 
and  Kieft  soon  afterward  sent  a  peremptory  message  to 
Pacham,  the  crafty  chief  of  the  Tankitekes,  to  surrender 
the  refugee.! 

But  before  Pacham  obeyed  the  mandate,  more  serious 

*  De  Vries,  IM;  Hoi.  Doe.,  iii.,  107 ;  Breeden  Raedt,  16 ;  Bancroft,  U.,  280. 

t  *'irakrotberbtoed, 

On  Just  atonement  we  remit  the  deed ; 
A  eire  the  slaughter  of  his  son  (brglTes, 
The  priee  of  blood  disehaited,  the  mafdeier  Uves." 

Pops,  iUotf,  ix. 

X  De  Vries,  IW;  Hsl.  Doe., UL,  108 ;  Doe. Hist. N.  ¥., It.,  10 ;  JUh. Bse.,  tL, ilS. 


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WnXIAM  KUBPT,  DmSCTOR  GENERAJU  349 

events  oootmred.    In  the  deptii  of  winter,  a  party  of  eighty  chaf.  x. 
or  ninety  Mohawk  warriors,  " each  with  a  musket  on  his  -^.^ 
shoulder,"  oame  down  from  the  neighborhood  of  Fort  Or-  pebrau^! 
ange,  to  coUeot  tribute  from  the  Wedcquaesgeeks  and^^*);^. 
Tappans.     The  river  tribes  quailed  before  the  f<»midabl6  ^\J*l' . 
Iroquois.     No  resistance  was  offered  by  the  more  numer-^^'' 
ous  but  subjugated  Algonquins ;  seventy  of  whom  were 
killed,  and  many  women  and  children  made  prisoaiers. 
Half-famished  parties  j9ed  from  West  Chester  to  Manhat- The  tribu- 
tan,  where  they  were  kindly  entertained.    In  their  despair,  h^  seek 
four  or  five  hundred  of  the  oowerine  tributaries  flocked  to  vHesen- 

dad  I  PavfK 

Vriesendael,  to  beg  assistance  and  protection.  The  pa-J{**w. 
troon  told  them,  however,  that  the  Fort  Orange  Indians 
were  ^'  friends  of  the  I>utch,"  who  could  not  interfere  in 
their  wars.  Finding  his  house  full  of  savages,  and  only 
five  men  besides  himself  to  defend  it,  De  Yries  went,  in  a 
canoe,  through  the  floating  ice,  down  to  Fort  Amster- 
dam, to  ask  Kieft  to  assist  him  with  some  soldiers.  The 
director,  however,  had  none  to  spare.  The  next  day,  si  Feb. 
'^  troops  of  savages,"  who  had  come  down  from  Yriesen- 
dael,  encamped  near  the  ^^  oyster  banks"  at  Pavonia, 
among  the  Hackinsaoks,  who  were  ^^fiill  a  thousand 
strong."  Some  of  them,  crossing  the  river  to  Manhattan, 
took  refuge  at "  Corker's  Bouwery,"  where  a  few  Bocka- 
way  Indians  from  Long  Island,  with  their  chief,  Nainde 
Nummerus,  had  already  built  their  wigwams.*" 

In  this  conjuncture,  public  opinion  at  Manhattan  was  Pubiicopin. 
divided  in  regard  to  the  policy  to  be  observed  toward  theteSun.  *"' 
savages.  Now  that  they  were  fugitives  from  the  dreaded 
Iroquois,  and  felt  grateful  for  the  temporary  protection 
which  they  had  received  from  the  Dutch,  flie  river  In- 
dians could  easily  be  won  to  a  sincere  friendship,  thought 
De  Yries  and  a  majority  of  the  community.  But  there 
were  other  spirits — active,  unquiet,  panting  for  war,  who, 
though  few,  were  aided  by  the  influence  of  Yan  Tienhoven, 
the  astute  provincial  secretary.  As  Kieft  was  dining,  at 
Shrovetide,  at  the  house  of  Jan  Jansen  Dam,  one  of  the  ts  Feb 

*  De  Vries,  177, 178 ;  HoL  Doc.,  u.,  379 ;  ill.,  109 ;  Bneden  Raedt,  15. 


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ggO  HISTORY  OP  THE  STATE  OP  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  X  "  Twelve  Men,"  the  host,  with  Adriaensen  and  Planck,  two 
"~~  of  his  former  oolleagnes,  assuming  to  speak  in  the  name  of 
Petition  tor  t*^®  oommonalty,  presented  a  petition  to  the  director,  urg- 
udl'tb!  "^  i^  instant  hostilities  against  the  unsuspecting  savages. 
^2ISS>d   Van  Tienhoven,  who  had  drafted  the  petition,  well  knew 
^^im^*'    the  temper  of  his  chief.     The  Indians,  it  was  argued,  had 
not  yet  made  any  atonement  for  their  murders,  nor  had 
the  assassins  of  Smits  and  Van  Voorst  been  delivered  up. 
While  innocent  blood  was  unavenged,  the  national  char- 
acter of  the  Dutch  must  suffer.     God  had  now  delivered 
their  enemies  into  their  hands ;  "  We  pray  you,"  ui^ed 
the  petitioners,  "  let  us  attack  them ;  to  this  end  we  offer 
our  persons,  and  we  propose  that  a  party  of  freemen  and 
another  of  soldiers  be  dispatched  against  them  at  different 
places."* 
Kieft  n-        The  sanguinary  director  wcw  delighted  with  the  pros- 
wir.        pect  of  war ;  and,  "in  a  significant  toast,"  announced  the 
approaching  hostilities.     Just  one  year  before,  Kieft  had 
dissolved  the  board  of  "Twelve  Men,"  and  had  forbidden 
any  public  meetings  without  his  express  permission.     He 
had,  moreover,  distinctly  denied  that  the  Twelve  Men  had 
any  other  function  than  simply  to  give  their  advice  re- 
specting  the  murder  of  Smits.     But  now  that  a  self-con- 
stituted committee,  falsely  claiming  to  represent  the  Twelve 
Men  elected  by  the  commonalty,  counseled  violence,  the 
director  rashly  resolved  to  make  the  savages  "  wipe  their 
chops."     They  had  unanimously  refused  to  pay  the  con- 
tribution he  had  imposed ;  and,  seeing  himself  deprived 
of  this  source  of  revenue,  "  of  which  he  was  very  greedy," 
Kieft  was  charged  with  now  devising  other  means  "to 
satisfy  his  insatiable  avaricious  soul."t 

Van  Tienhoven  and  Corporal  Hans  Steen  were,  there- 
fore, promptly  dispatched  to  Pavonia  to  reconnoitre  the 
position  of  the  savages.     But  Domine  Bogardus,  who  was 
94  Feb.      invited  to  the  council,  warned  Elieft  against  his  rashness. 
La  Montague  begged  him  to  wait  for  the  arrival  of  the 

*  De  Vriet,  178 ;  Breeden  Raedt,  15 ;  Hoi.  Doc.,  U.,  S74 ;  Ui.,  146,  S90 ;  0*Call.«  i.,  i6«. 
419 ;  Doe.  Hist  N.  Y.,  !▼.,  10, 11.  t  De  VriM,  178 ;  Braoden  lUodt,  15 ;  mTc,  p  339 


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WILLIAM  KIEFr,  DIRECTOR  GENilRAL.  351 

next  ship  from  tiia  Fatherland,  and  predioted  that  he  was  chap.  x. 
building  a  bridge  over  which,  before  long,  "  war  would  T7TI" 
stalk  through  the  whole  country."     De  Vries  protested  ^j^^^^  \ 
that  no  warlike  steps  could  be  taken  without  the  assent  Jj^^ij^** 
of  the  commonalty;  and  that  the  advice  Kieft  had  re-"~^ 
oeived  was  not  that  of  the  Twelve  Men,  of  whom  he  was 
the  president.     The  destruction  of  the  colcmies  at  Swaan- 
endael  and  at  Staten  Island,  and  the  bootless  expedition 
against  the  Raritans,  were  held  up  as  warning  examples. 
The  Dutch  colonists  in  the  open  country,  it  was  urged, 
were  all  unprepared,  and  the  Indians  would  wreak  their 
vengeance  on  the  unprotected  farmers.     It  was  all  in  vain. 
Taking  De  Vries  with  him  into  the  great  hall  which  hie 
had  just  completed  at  the  side  of  his  house,  Kieft  showed 
him  "  all  his  soldiers  ready  reviewed,"  to  pass  over  the 
river  to  Pavonia.     "  Let  this  work  alone,"  again  urged 
De  Vries ;  "  you  want  to  break  the  Indians'  mouths,  but 
you  vrHl  also  murder  our  own  people."* 

All  remonstrance  was  idle.  The  director  doggedly  re-  ah  remon. 
plied,  "  The  order  has  gone  forth ;  it  can  not  be  recalled."  tJio.** 
Van  Tienhoven  had  reeonnoitered  the  position  of  the  sav- 
ages at  Pavonia,  and  his  "  false  report"  had  confirmed 
Kieft's  resolution.  Orders  were  issued  to  Sergeant  Rodolf 
to  lead  a  troop  of  soldiers  to  Pavonia,  and  "  drive  away 
and  destroy"  the  savages  who  were  "  skulking"  behind 
the  bouwery  of  Jan  Evertsen  Bout.  A  similar  commission  as  Feb. 
directed  Adriaensen,  with  a  force  of  volunteers,  to  attack 
"  a  party  of  savages  skulking  behind  Corlaer's  Hoeck," 
and  "  act  with  them  in  every  such  manner  as  they  shall 
deem  proper."  "  The  commonalty  solicit,"  was  the  false 
pretense  by  which  Kieft  endeavored  to  screen  himself  from 
any  unhappy  consequences  of  his  bloody  purposes ;  which 
his  impious  orders  declared  were  undertaken  "  in  the  fall 
confidence  that  .Grod  will  crovm  our  resolutions  with  suc- 
cess,"! 

*  De  Vries,  178;  Hoi.  Doe.,  U.,  161, 174;  Ut,  110;  ▼.,  51,  SS;  Doe.  Hlit.  N.  Y.,  ir.,  161 
t  Alb.  Rec.,  ii.,  210,  911 ;  Hoi.  Doc.,  Ui.,  148,  204  ;  v.,  333,  S84 ;  0*CaU.,  1.,  967,  968; 
tt.,  N.  T.  H.  S.  CoU.,  i.,  978 ;  U.,  900. 


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352  HISTORY  OP  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 


1643, 


CHAr.  X.  During  the  night  between  tiie  twenty-fiftih  and  twenty- 
'sixth  of  Februaryy  the  tragedy  which  Kieft  and  his  ooad** 
jutors  had  been  meditating,  was  terribly  aooomi^ished. 
Crossing  over  to  Payvmia,  Rodolf  cautiously  led  his  foree 
of  eighty  soldiers  to  the  encampment  of  the  refiigee  Tap- 
pans,  neflur  the  bouweries  of  Bout  and  Wouterssen.  About 
midnight,  while  the  savages  were  quietly  sleeping  in  fan« 
eied  security  from  their  Mohawk  subjugators,  ^e  mur- 
derous attack  commenced.  The  noise  of  muskets  min- 
gled with  the  shrieks  of  the  terrified  Indians.  Neither  age 
nor  sex  were  spared.  Warrior  and  squaw,  sachem  and 
child,  mother  and  babe,  were  alike  massacred.  Dayhreak 
scarcely  ended  the  furious  slaughter.  Mangled  victims, 
seeking  safety  in  the  thickets,  were  driven  into  the  river; 
and  parents,  rushing  to  save  their  children  whom  the  sol- 
diery had  thrown  into  the  stream,  were  driven  back  into 
the  waters,  and  drowned  before  the  eyes  of  their  unrelent- 

Ma»uioreat  ing  murderers.  Eighty  savages  perished  at  Pavonia.  ^'  I 
sat  up  that  night,"  said  De  Vries,  "  by  the  kitchen  fire  at 
the  director's.  About  midnight,  hearing  loud  shrieks,  I 
ran  up  to  the  Tamparts  of  the  fort  Looking  toward  Pa- 
vonia,  I  saw  nothing  but  shooting,  and  heard  nothing  but 
the  shrieks  of  Indians  murdered  in  their  sleep."  A  few 
minutes  afterward,  an  Indian  and  a  squaw,  who  lived 
near  Yriesendael,  and  who  had  escaped  from  Pavonia  in  a 
small  skiff,  came  to  the  kitchen  fire,  whither  De  Vries  had 
returned  with  an  aching  heart.  '^  The  Fort  Orange  In- 
dians have  fEillen  on  us,"  said  the  terrified  savages,  <<  and 
we  have  come  to  hide  ourselves  in  the  fort."  '^  It  is  no 
time  to  hide  yourselves  in  the  fort — ^no  Indians  have  done 
this  deed.  It  is  the  work  of  the  Swannekens — ^the  Dutch," 
answered  the  humane  De  Vries,  as  he  led  the  undeceived 
fugitives  to  the  gate,  <^  where   stood  no   sentinel,"  and 

Attack  on  watchcd  them  until  they  were  hidden  in  the  woods.     In 

the  savagos  *' 

Hook^**^ '  the  mean  time,  Adriaensen  and  his  party  had  surprised 
the  Weckquaesgeek  fugitives  at  Corlaer's  Hook,  and  mur- 
dered forty  of  them  in  their  sleep.  The  carnage  of  that 
awful  night  equaled  in  remorseless  cruelty  the  atrocities, 


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WILLUM  KIEFT,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  Sgg 

m  years  before,  at  the  fort  on  the  Miatio ;  in  the  iramber  cha9.  x.^ 
of  victims  alone  were  the  murderous  exploits  of  the  New"~~" 
Netherland  Dutch  against  the  North  River  savages  less  ^"** 
shocking  to  humanity,  than  the  mlhless  achievements  of 
the  New  England  Puritans  against  the  devoted  tribe  of 
the  Fequods. 

Morning  at  length  came,  cuid  the  victorious  parties  re-  26  Feb. 
turned  tp  Fort  Amsterdam  with  thirty  prisoners  and  theuM  soidim 
heads  of  several  of  their  victims.  The  ''Roman  achieve- steniain. 
ment"  of  the  conquerors  was  acknowledged  by  largesses 
to  the  soldiery,  who  were  welcomed  back  by  Kieft  per- 
sonally, with  ''shaking  of  the  hands  and  congratulations." 
The  example  of  the  exulting  director  was  infectious.  Even 
women  joined  in  the  triumph,  and  insulted  the  bloody  Ito- 
phies.  Cupidity,  too,  followed  the  track  of  carnage.  A 
small  party  of  Dutch  and  English  colonists  went  over  to 
Pavonia  to  pillage  the  deserted  encampment.  In  vain  the 
soldiers  left  there  on  guard  warned  them  to  return.  They 
persisted ;  and  Dirck  Straatmaker  and  his  wife  were  killed 
by  some  outlaying  Indians,  whose  wigwams  they  attempt- 
ed to  plunder.  The  English,  "  who  had  one  gun  amongst 
them,"  narrowly  escaped  a  similar  fate.*" 

The  success  of  the  expeditions  against  the  refiigae  sav- 
ages at  Pavonia  and  Gorlaer's  Hoeck  provoked  emulation. 
Wolfertsen,  and  some  of  his  Neighbors  at  New  Amersfoort^ 
signed  a  petition  to  the  director  for  permission  to  attack  «7Pdk 
the   Mareohkawiecks,  who  resided   between  them   andwandin- 

dians  at- 

Breuckelen.  But  Kieft,  yielding  to  the  advice  of  Bogar-tacke*. 
dus  and  others  of  his  council,  refused  his  assent.  The 
Mareohkawiecks  had  never  done  any  thing  unfriendly  to 
the  Dutch,  and  were  "  hard  to  conquer ;"  to  attack  them 
now  would  only  be  to  add  them  to  the  number  of  already 
exasperated  foes ;  it  would  lead  to  a  destructive  war,  and 
bring  ruin  on  the  aggressors.  Nevertheless,  if  these  In- 
dians showed  signs  of  hostility,  the  director  authorised 
every  colonist  to  defend  himself  as  best  he  might. 

*  De  Vries,  170;  Breeden  Raed^  16,  17 ;  Alb.  Reo.,  U.,  117 ;  Hoi.  Doc.,  ii.,  875;  iU., 
US ;  CCaU.,  Li  SOO;  Doo.  Hift.  N.  T.,  k?.,  11. 

Z 


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384  HISTORY  OP  THE  STATE  OP  NEW  YORK. 

ca4F.  X.  Ki^'s  proviso  was  unfortunate.  The  red  man's  oom 
was  coveted ;  and  some  movements  of  the  Marechkawieoks 
*  were  conveniently  construed  into  those  signs  of  hostility 
for  whi<di  the  ambiguous  decree  had  provided.  A  secret 
foraging  expedition  was  presently  set  on  foot,  and  two 
wagon-loads  of  grain  were  plundered  from  the  unsus- 
pecting savages;  who,  in  vainly  endeavoring  to  protect- 
their  property,  lost  three  lives  iii  the  skirmish  which  fol- 
lowed.* 

The  saT.        It  ouly  needed  this  scandalous  outrage  to  fill  the  meas- 

ages  ATOus- 

•dtoTenge-  urc  of  Indian  enduranoe.  Up  to  this  time,  the  Long  Isl- 
and savages  had  been  among  the  warmest  friends  of  the 
Dutch.  Now  they  had  been  attacked  and  plundered  by 
the  strangers  whom  they  had  welcomed,  and  to  whom  they 
had  done  no  wrong.  Common  cause  was  at  once  made 
with  the  North  River  Indians,  who  burned  with  frenzied 
hate  and  revenge,  when  they  found  that  the  midnight 
massacres  at  Pavonia  and  Manhattan  were  not  the  work 
of  the  Mohawks,  but  of  the  Dutch.  Prom  swamps  and 
thickets  the  mysterious  enemy  made  his  sudden  onset 
The  farmer  was  murdered  in  the  open  field ;  women  and 
children,  granted  their  lives,  were  swept  off  into  a  long 
captivity;  houses  and  bouweries,  haystacks  and  grain, 
cattle  and  crops,  were  all  destroyed.  From  the  shores  of 
the  Raritan  to  the  valley  of  the  Housatonic,  not  a  single 
plantation  was  safe.  Eleven  tribes  of  Indians  rose  in  open 
war;  and  New  Netherland  now  read  the  awfrd  lesson 
which  Connecticut  had  learned  six  years  before.  Such 
of  the  cdonists  as  escaped  with  their  lives,  fled  from  their 
desolated  homes  to  seek  refuge  in  Fort  Amsterdam.     In 

Deqmirof  their  despair,  they  tiireatened  to  return  to  the  Fatherland, 

nists.  or  remove  to  Rensselaerswyck,  ^^  which  experienced  no 
trouble."     Fearing  a  general   depopulation,  Kieft  was 

I  March,  obliged  to  take  all  the  colonists  into  the  pay  of  the  com- 
pany, to  serve  as  soldiers  for  two  months.  At  this  con- 
juncture, Roger  Williams,  who,  "  not  having  liberty  of 
taking  ship"  in  Massachusetts,  <<  was  forced  to  repair  unto 

*  Hoi.  Doc.,  Itt.,  110;  ▼.,  no,  nr,  SM;  Doc  HIM.  N,  T.,  !▼.,  11. 


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WILLIAM  K3EFT»  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  $65; 

tiie  Datoh,"  arriyed  at  Manhattan,  on  his  way  to  Europe,  ofc^.  x. 
"Before  we  weighed  anchor,"  wrote  the  liberal-minded  -j-^^ 
founder  of  Rhode  Island,  eleven  years  afterward,  "  mine  * 

eyes  saw  the  flames  at  their  towns,  and  tiie  flights  and 
hnrries  of  men,  women,  and  children,  the  present  removal 
of  all  that  could  fat  HoUand."* 

Even  Yriesendael  did  not  escape  the  general  calamity. 
The  outhouses,  and  crops,  and  cattle  on  the  plantation' 
were  destroyed.  The  terrified  colonists  escaped  into  the 
manor  house,  in  whi<di  De  Yries  had  prudently  construct* 
ed  loop-holes  for  musketry.  While  all  were  standing  on 
their  guard,  the  same  Indian  whom  the  patroon  had  hu* 
manely  conducted  out  of  FcHrt  Amsterdam  on  the  night  of 
the  massacre  at  Pavcmia,  coming  up  to  Ihe  besiegers,  re* 
kted  the  ocouirence,  and  told  them  that  De  Yries  was  "a 
good  chief."  The  grateful  savages  at  once  cried  out  to  De 
Yries's  people  that,  if  they  had  not  already  destroyed  the 
cattle,  ^ey  would  not  do  so  now ;  they  would  let  the  lit- 
tle brewery  stand,  although  they  "  longed  for  the  copper 
kettle,  to  make  barbs  for  their  arrows."  The  siege  was 
instantly  raised,  and  tiie  relenting  red  men  departed. 
Hastening  down  to  Manhattan,  De  Yries  indignantly  de- 
manded of  Kieft, "  Has  it  not  happened  just  as  I  said,  that 
you  were  only  helping  to  shed  Christian  blood  ?"  "  Who 
will  now  compensate  us  for  our  losses  ?"  But  the  humil- 
iated director  ''  gave  no  answer."  He  was  surprised  that 
no  Indians  had  come  to  the  fort.  "  It  is  no  wonder,"  re- 
torted De  Yries ;  "  why  should  they,  whom  you  have 
treated  so,  come  here  ?"t 

Kieft  now  sent  a  friendly  message  to  tiie  Long  Island] 
Indians.     But  the  indigntot  savages  would  not  listen.  th«] 
^^Are  you  our  friends?"  cried  the  Indians  from  afiBur;« 
*'  yon  are  only  corn-thieves ;"  and  the  messengers  return- 
ed to  Fort  Amsterdam,  to  report  tibe  taunting  words  with 
which  the  red  men  had  rejected  the  advances  of  the  faith- 
less chief  at  Manhattan.1 

•  BraedM  Raedt,  17,  18;  Hoi.  Doe.,  U.,  S7ft;  Alb.  Roc,  U.,  SIS;  Winthrop,  U^  «7; 
R.  I.  H.  S.  CoU.,  Ul.,  IM ;  0*CUL,  i.,  S71, 490 ;  BftDcroA,  IL,  SOI. 
t  De  Vrioo,  180.  t  Hoi.  Doc^  iU.,  Ul ;  Doc  HIM.  N.  T^  if^  11. 


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390  HISTORY  OF  THE  fiTATB  OF  NEW  TOBK. 

CkAt*  x»      All  this  time  the  obstinatQ  director  had  remained  safely 
"Z — r"lritbin  the  vails  of  Fort  Amsterdam,  where  £k>oked  the 
F^iie      ^i^tims  of  his  rashness.     It,  was  hard  to  bear  the  wradi 
*j™  ^  of  ruined  farmers,  and  diildless  men,  and  widowed  wom- 
*™^*    en«     To  divwt  the  publio  clamor,  sereral  other  expeditions 
'        were  sent  out  against  the  Indians,  undw  the  command  of 
Afbiaensen.     But  the  marauding  force,  which  was  partly 
composed  of  English  colonists,  returned  without  having 
accomplished  any  thing;  while  Adriaensen  himself,  in 
witnessing  the  destruction  of  his  own  bonwery,  was  made 
W  taste  the  bitter  fruits  of  that  war  which  his  own  ooun- 
seld  had  assisted  to  provoke.     The  proud  heart  of  the  di- 
rector  began  to  fail  him  at  last.     In  one  week,  desdatian 
and  sorrow  had  taken  the  place  of  gladness  and  prosperity. 
The  colony  intrusted  to  his  charge  was  nearly  ruined.    It 
was  time  to  humble  himself  before  the  Host  High,  and  in- 
voke from  Heaven  tile  mercy  which  the  Christicm  had  r&- 
4  Mtodi.    fosed  to  the  savage.     A  day  of  general  fasting  and  prayer 
tionfora   w»s  proclaimed.     ''We  continue  to  suffsr  much  trouble 

day  of  fhitr  * 

Inf.         and  loss  from  the  heathen,  and  many  of  our  inhabitants 

see  their  lives  and  property  in  jeopardy,  which  is  doubt- 

less  owing  to  our  sins,"  was  Kieft's  contrite  ccmfession,  as 

he  exhorted  every  one  penitentiy  to  supplicate  the  mer- 

ey  of  God,  '^  so  that  his  holy  name  may  not,  through  our 

iniquities,  be  blasphemed  by  the  heath^i."* 

Thepoopio      But  while  the  people  humbled  themselves  before  iheir 

SradUdi  God,  they  still  hell  the  director  personally  responsiUe  for 

Houud.    aH  the  consequences  of  th^  mtoMiores  at  Pavonia  and  Oor- 

laer's  Hook ;  and  some  of  the  burghers,  and  of  the  fi»r- 

mer  board  of  Twelve  Hen,  bddly  talked  of  imitating  the 

example  which  Virginia  had  set,  in  the  case  of  Harvey,  by 

Kiaft's      deposing  Kieft,  and  sending  him  baok  to  Holland.     The 

llSrf^     director,  in  alarm,  endeavored  to  shift  the  responsibility 

upon  Adriaensen  and  his  coadjutors,  who  had  so  wrong- 

ftdly  used  the  name  of  the  commonalty  in  Hie  petition 

*  JUb.  Rac,  li.,  S14,  S15 ;  Hoi.  Doo^  Ui.,  Ill :  O'CaU.,  i.,  971,  S79.  Tha  coatom  of  aet- 
tlOff  vpuiy  by  tba  aeealar  atthorHy,  daya  9ir  pnblia  komtUatioD  and  imbUa  thaBki«tTiiig, 
obCalnadin  HoUand,  aa  wa  hava  Maa,  MM*  ttia  aaitlanaiit  af  New  NaciiartMHl  or  N%w 
I ;  mU€,  p.  41. 


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WILUAM  EXEfT,  DIEECTOR  GSNBEAL.  SO? 

whioh  urged  the  war.    ^'  Far  wkat  kas  oopurred,"  pleaded  caav.  x 
Kieft,  "you  must  blame  the  freemen."     "You  fo^''^de"~~" 
thotte  flreemen  to  meet,  on  pain  of  punishment  fat  dijobfr- 
dienoe,"  retorted  the  indignant  burghers ;  '<  how  cama  it, 
then  ?"     The  convicted  direetor  was  silenced.* 

Finding  that  Kieft  was  endeavoring  to  divert  from  him- 
self the  odium  of  the  slaughter  of  the  Indians  and  the 
misery  of  the  colonists,  Adriaensen,  now  himself  an  almost 
ruined  man,  had  no  disposition  to  bear  all  the  bitterness 
of  popular  reproach.  Arming  himself  with  a  hanger  and  AdriaenMn 
pistol,  he  rushed  into  the  director's  room,  demanding  diraetor. 
"What  lies  are  these  you  arc  reporting  of  me?"  The 
would-be  assassin  was  promptly  disarmed  and  imprisoned; 
but  his  servant,  with  another,  of  his  men,  armed  with  guni 
and  pistols,  hastened  to  the  fort,  where  one  of  them,  firing 
at  the  director,  was  shot  down  by  the  sentinel,  and  his 
head  set  upon  the  gallows.  The  prisoner's  comrades  now 
crowded  around  the  director's  door,  demanding  their  lead* 
er's  release.  Kieft  refused;  but  agreed  to  submit  the 
qnestion  to  the  commonalty,  with  liberty  to  the  prisoner's 
friends  to  select  some  of  their  number  to  assist  at  the  ex* 
amination.  This,  however,  they  declined  to  do,  and  in*> 
sisted  that  the  prisoner  should  be  discharged  upon  his  pay- 
ing  a  fine  of  five  hundred  guilders,  and  absenting  him^ 
self  for  three  months  from  Manhattan.  The  director,  wish^ 
ing  to  show  some  deference  to  the  commonalty,  proposed 
to  call  in  some  of  the  most  respectable  citizens,  to  sit  with 
his  council  in  deciding  the  case.  But  the  commonalty, 
unwilling  to  countenance  the  abuse  which  the  director 
had  deceitfully  neglected  to  amend,  refrised;  and  Kieft^ssicuvh 
finding  that "  no  one  would  or  dared"  assbt  him,  determ* 
ined  to  send  Adriaensen  to  Holland  for  triaLt 

*  Alb.  Rec.,  m.,  109 ;  Hoi.  Doc.,  iU..  149-lM. 

t  Alb.  Rec.,  U.,  316-310 ;  Ui.,  94 ;  Hoi.  Doc.,  iU.,  113 ;  Doc,  Hist.  N.  Y.,  It.,  ^3 ;  0*CalI^ 
I.,  S73, 374 ;  Wlmtirop,  U^  07.  TtM  N«w  England  UatorUras  wIm  allnde  to  this  mm,  *»• 
count  for  Adriaenwn*t  attack  on  Kloft  on  tbe  ground  of  his  jealoujr  orUndertUU.  But 
Underbill  was  not  tbon  tn  ttra  aenrice  of  the  Dutch ;  nor  did  be  enter  It  nntil  tbe  antumn 
of  1041.  Adrlaenaen,  retaining  to  New  Nertiertand,  obtained  «  pptaat  on  tbe  1  lib  of  M^ 
1647,  fbr  "  Awiehaken,**  on  the  west  aide  of  the  North  River,  now  known  aa  Waebaken, 
juat  north  of  Hoboken.— Alb.  Rec.  G.  0.,  491 


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358  HI8T0K7  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

cho.  X.      Heanwliile,  the  Long  Island  Indians  had  began  to  re- 
Iwit.     ^ring  was  at  hand,  and  they  desired  to  plant  liieir 
4  Mu^'  ^*""^     Three  delegates  from  the  wigwams  of  Penhawitz, 
faAandi?  ^^  ^'  great  chief,"  approadied  Fort  Amsterdam,  bearing 
J2^^    a  white  flag.     "Who  will  go  ta  meet  them  ?"  demanded 
P*^*       Kieft     Ncme  were  wiUing  but  De  Vries  and  Jacob  Olfert- 
aen.     "  Our  chief  has  sent  us,"  said  the  savages,  "  to  know 
why  you  have  killed  his  people,  who  have  never  laid  a 
straw  in  your  way,  nor  done  you  aught  but  good  ?" 
"  Come  and  speak  to  our  chief  on  the  sea-coast."     Set- 
ting out  with  the  Indian  messengers,  De  Yries  and  Olfert- 
sen,  in  the  evening,  came  to  "  Rechqua-akie,"  or  Rocka- 
way,  where  they  found  nearly  three  hundred  savages,  and 
about  thirty  wigwams.      The  chief,  "  who  had  but  one 
eye,"  invited  them  to  pass  the  night  in  his  cabin,  and  re- 
galed them  with  oysters  and  fish. 
5Mareb.        At  break  of  day,  the  envoys  from  Manhattan  were  oon- 

De  VriM  J 1  J 

and  oiiiwt- ducted  iuto  the  woods  about  four  hundred  yards  off,  where 
Rooktway.  they  found  sixteen  chiefe  of  Loog  Island  waiting  for  their 
coming.  Placing  the  two  Europeans  in  the  centre,  the 
<^e&  seated  themselves  around  in  a  ring,  and  their  ^^best 
q)eaker"  arose,  holding  in  his  hand  a  bundle  of  small  sticks. 
"  When  you  first  came  to  our  coasts,"  slowly  began  the 
cirator,  ^<  you  sometimes  had  no  food ;  we  gave  you  our 
beans  and  com,  and  relieved  you  vnth  our  oysters  and 
fish ;  and  now,  for  reccmipense,  you  murder  our  people ;" 
and  he  laid  down  a  little  stick.  ^^  In  the  beginning  of 
your  Toyages,  you  left  your  people  here  vdth  their  goods ; 
we  traded  with  them  while  your  ships  v^ere  aWay,  and 
ohmshed  them  as  the  apple  of  our  eye ;  we  gave  them 
our  daughters  for  companions,  who  have  borne  children, 
and  many  Indians  have  sprung  from  the  Swannekens ; 
and  now  you  villaioously  massacre  your  own  blood." 
The  chief  laid  down  another  stick ;  many  more  remained 
in  his  hand ;  but  De  Yries,  cutting  short  the  reproachful 
catalogue,  invited  the  chiefs  to  accompany  him  to  Fort 
Amsterdam,  vriiere  the  director  "vrould  give  them  pres- 
ents to  make  a  peace." 


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WILLIAM  KISFT,  IHREGTOR  GENERAL.  269 

>  The  chiefs,  ass^iting,  ended  Hieb  oration ;  and,  pro-  okaw.  z. 
sentiog  De  Vries  and  his  odlec^e  eadi  with  ten  fathoms  "1777" 
of  wampum,  the  party  set  oat  for  their  oanoes,  to  shorten  ji^J/^* 


the  return  of  the  Dutch  envoys.  While  waiting  for  the  ^Sa^**" 
tide  to  rise,  an  armed  Indian,  who.  had  hoen  dispatched  by  ■**^**^ 
a  sadiem  twenty  miles  off,  came  running  to  warn  the 
chiefs  against  going  to  Manhattan.  ^^  Are  you  all  crazy,  to 
go  to  the  fort,''  said  he,  "where  that  scoundrel  lives,  idio 
has  so  often  murdered  your  friends  ?"  But  De  Tries  as- 
sured them  that  "they  would  find  it  otherwise,  and  come 
home  again  with  large  presents."  One  of  the  chie£i  re- 
plied at  once,  "Upon  your  words  we  will  go ;  for  the  In- 
dians have  never  heard  lies  from  you,  as  they  have  from 
other  Swaimekens." 

Embarking  in  a  large  canoe,  the  Dutch  envoys,  accom- 
panied by  eighteen  Indian  delegates,  set  out  from  Rook- 
away,  and  reached  Fort  Amsterdam  about  three  o'clock 
in  the  afternoon.  A  treaty  was  presently  made  with  the  ss  Mtich. 
Loi^  Island  savages ;  and  Kieft,  giving  them  some  pres-  pemce  am- 
ents,  asked  them  to  bring  to  the  fort  the  chiefs  of  the  Riv- 
er tribes,  "  who  had  lost  so  many  Indians,"  Ihat  he  mi^t 
make  peace  with  them  also.* 

Some  of  the  Long  Island  sachems  accordingly  went  to 
Hackinsack  and  Tappan.     But  it  was  several  weeks  be- 
fore the  enraged  savages  would  listen  to  the  counsels  of 
the  mediators,  or  put  any  faith  in  the  director.     At  last, 
Oritany,  the  sachem  of  the  Hackinsacks,  invested  with  aPeaoeeor- 
plenipotentiary  commission  from  the  neighboring  tribes,  with  the 
appeared  at  Fort  Amsterdam.     Kieft  "  endowed  him  withdiLu. 
presents ;"  and  peace  was  covenanted  between  the  River 
Indians  and  the  Dutch.     Mutual  injuries  were  to  be  "for- 
given and  forgotten  forever ;"  future  provocations  were  re- 

*  De  Vriet,  183;  Alb.  Ree.,  IL,  SI4,  215;  Doc.  ^ist.  N.  Y.,  !▼.,  IS;  O'CalL,  i.,  f70. 
WiBthrop,  iL,  07,  nys  that  the  Indians,  "  by  the  mediation  of,  Mr.  WiUlama,  who  wm 
then  there  to  go  in  a  Dutch  ship  fbr  Eni^and,  were  pacified,  and  peace  re-eatabliahed  be> 
tween  the  Dutch  and  them."  Bat  Winthrop  errs  in  this  statement.  Wllliaros,  in  Ills  loi- 
ter of  the  5th  of  October,  1654,  to  the  General  Court  of  Massaehnsetts,  in  which  he  speaks 
of  the  war  (R.  I.  H.  S.  Coll.,  iii.,  155),  says  nothinf  whatever  in  nupect  to  his  own  sfeney 
with  the  Indians  in  bringing  about  the  peace.  Indeed,  he  seems  to  have  sailed  fbr  Eu- 
rope while  the  war  was  yet  raging.  On  the  other  hand,  De  Vries's  own  minute  snd  fldtb- 
ftil  Journsi  seems  to  be  conclusiTs. 


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300  mSTORT  OFTHE  STAHBOFNEW  YORK. 

gbat.x.  xsiprooally  to  be  ayoided;  hostile  moyements  of  other  tribes, 

not  inoliided  in  the  treaty,  were  to  be  prevented  wHhin 

^^^'  the  territories  of  the  Haokinsaoks,  Tappans,  and  West 

Chester  Indians ;  while  timely  warning  was  to  be  given 

to  ^^  the  Christians"  of  any  brewing  mioohief. 

Th«  In-         Bat  Ihe  savages  went  away  ^'  gmmbling  at  th^  pres- 

diMontent-  euts" — for  their  young  m^i  would  Ihink  them  only  a  tri- 
fling atonement  Nor  was  oonfidenoe  Ailly  restored.  The 
trembling  £urmers  planted  their  oom,  in  peace  indeed,  but 
in  constant  dread  of  the  murmuring  Indians'  sudden  war- 
idioop.     The  director  himself  distrusted  the  ominous  re- 

18  jQM.  poee ;  and  a  new  proclamation  from  Fort  Amsterdam  pro- 
hibited all  tavern-keepers,  and  other  inhabitants  of  New 
Netherland  from  selling  any  liquors  to  the  savages. 

2t  July.  At  midsununer  a  neighboring  chief  visited  Yriesendael 
in  deep  despondency.  The  young  Indians  were  urging 
vrar;  for  some  had  lost  fathers  or  mothers,  and  all  were 
mourning  over  the  memory  of  friends.  "  The  presents 
you  have  given  to  atone  for  their  losses  are  not  wcnrlh  the 
touch ;"  "  we  can  pacify  our  young  men  no  longer,"  said 
tiie  well-meaning  sachem,  as  he  warned  De  Yries  against 
venturing  alone  into  the  woods,  for  fear  that  some  of  the 
Indians,  who  did  not  know  him,  mi^t  kill  their  constant 
friend.     At  the  patroon^s  entreaty,  the  chief  accompanied 

weiViTtiiihim  down  to  Port  Amsterdam.     "  You  are  a  chief — ^you 

Mbe  •  should  cause  ike  crazy  young  Indians  who  want  war  again 
with  the  Swannekens  to  be  killed,"  said  Kiefb,  as  he  treach- 
erously offered  the  sachem  a  bounty  of  two  hundred  fath- 
oms of  wampum.  But  the  indignant  red  man  spumed 
the  proffered  bribe.  "  This  can  not  be  done  by  me,"  he 
replied ;  "  had  you,  at  first,  fully  atoned  for  your  mur- 
ders, fiiey  would  all  have  been  forgotten ;  I  shall  always 
do  my  best  to  pacify  our  people ;  but  I  fear  I  can  not,  for 
they  are  continually  crying  for  vengeance."*  And  so  thf 
boding  sachem  went  his  way. 

*  Alb.  Rec,  iL,  ttO,  SS4 :  DeVriM,I8S;  0*Can.,  i.,  S77 ;  Bueroft,  iL,  89S. 


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WILLIAM  KXEFT,  DIRBGTCat  CTWHRAL.  361 


CHAPTER  XI. 
1643-1644. 

The  "Old  Colony''  of  Plymouth  was  founded  by  emi-  chap.xi. 
grants  who,  as  we  have  seen,  had  learned  valuable  les- 
sons  in  popular  constitutional  liberty,  during  a  twelve  ^he  unitid 
years'  sojourn  in  Holland.     The  example  which  the  union  Sew^BS-"^ 
of  the  Northern  Provinces  of  Uie  Netherlands  had  given  to*^*"*** 
Europe  in  1679,  was  now,  after  more  than  sixty  years' 
experience,  to  be  followed  in  America.     Troubles  were 
prevaUing  in  England ;  the  Puritan  colonies  were  threat- 
ened with  danger ;  the  savages  and  the  French  were  both 
to  be  feared ;  and  Connecticut  alone  could  not  overawe     ^ 
and  "  crowd  out"  her  Dutch  neighbors  in  New  Netherland. 
New  Plymouth,  Massachusetts,  Connecticut,  and  New 
Haven,  therefore,  determined  to  form  a  political  league 
for  offense  and  defense.     Commissioners  from  these  sev- 
eral colonies  assembled  at  Boston  in  the  spring  of  1643 ; 
and,  on  the  nineteenth  day  of  May,  agreed  upon  Articles  i9  May. 
of  Confederation,  by  which  the  "  United  Colonies  op  New 
England"  became  "  all  as  one." 

The  administration  of  the  afiairs  of  the  confederacy  was 
intrusted  to  a  board,  consisting  of  two  commissicmers  from 
each  colony.  They  were  to  assemble  annually,  ot  oftener, 
if  necessary.  The  commissioners  were  always  to  be  ^^  in 
church  fellowship."  They  were  invested  with  extraordi- 
nary powers  for  making  war  and  peace ;  they  had  the  ex- 
clusive management  of  Indian  affairs ;  and  they  were  to 
see  that  the  common  expenses  of  the  confederacy  were 
justly  assessed.  The  spoils  of  war,  "  whether  it  be  in 
lands,  goods,  or  persons,"  were  to  be  proportionably  di« 


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302  mSTDBTOFTBE'STAfrEOFIfSW  YORK. 

CH4P  XL  vided  among  fhe  confederates.  Specific  provision  was 
made  for  the  surrender  of  runaway  servants,  and  of  fiigi- 
•  tives  from  justice ;  who,  upon  proper  proof,  were  to  be  sent 
back  to  their  masters,  or  to  the  authorities  of  the  colony 
from  which  they  might  have  escaped.  Neither  of  the  col- 
onies was  to  engage  in  a  war  without  the  consent  of  at 
least  six  of  the  commissioners.  Local  '^  peculiar  jurisdic- 
tion and  government"  was  carefully  reserved  to  each  sep- 
arate colony  in  the  New  England  confederation,  as  it  had 
been  c€urefully  reserved,  sixty  years  before,  to  each  sepa- 
rate province  of  the  United  Netherlands.  The  doctrine 
of  ^'  State  Rights"  is  nearly  three  centuries  old.  The 
Union  of  Utrecht — ^the  firet  Constitutional  Union  of  Sov- 
ereign and  Independent  States— -was  essentially  the  model 
for  the  first  Union  of  American  colonies.* 
Kiaftad-  As  soon  as  intelligence  of  the  New  England  confedera- 
oommis-  tion  reached  Manhattan,  Kieft,  wishing  to  open  a  commu- 
80  July.'  nioation  with  the  commissioners,  dispatched  a  sloop  to 
Boston,  with  letters  in  Latin,  addressed  to  <^the  Grovemor 
and  Senate  of  the  United  Provinces  of  New  England." 
Congratulating  them  on  their  recent  league,  the  director 
complained  of  the  '^  insufferable  wrongs"  which  the  En- 
glish had  done  to  the  Dutch  on  the  Connecticut,  and  of 
the  misrepresentations  of  Lord  Say,  Peters,  and  others  to 
the  States'  ambassador  at  London ;  and  desired  ^<  a  cate- 
goricfd  answer,"  whether  the  commissioners  would  aid  cmt 
desert  the  Hsurtford  people,  that  so  the  New  Netherland 
government  "  may  know  their  friends  from  their  enemies." 
The  commissioners  were  not  in  session  when  the  Dutch 
winthrop  sloop  arrived  at  Boston.  But  Grovemor  "Winthrop,  the  pre- 
siding commissioner,  after  <^  advising  with  somie  of  the 
fg  August,  elders  who  were  at  hand,  and  some  of  the  deputies,"  re- 
plied in  his  own  name.  Referring  Kieft  to  their  "  chiefest 
authority,"  fi-om  which  he  *'  should  receive  furtiier  answw 
in  time  convenient,"  Winthrop  expressed  his  grief  at  the 
difierences  with  his  brethren  of  Hartfdrd,  which,  he  suggest- 

*  S«e  Articles  at  length,  in  Hazard,  ii.,  1-6 ;  and  in  Winthrop,  ii.,  101 ;  Morton's  Memo* 
fial,SM;  Hutch.,  i.,n9,  ISO;  BaiMioft, L,  4S0-4» ;  HUikvO,  i.,  I8»,  S80 ;  ^M,  p. 44f^ 


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WILLIAM  KIEFT,  DIREOTOR  GENERAL.  363 

ed,  ^^  might  be  composed  by  arbiters,  either  in  England  or  cbav.  xl 
Holland,  or  here."    The  ocmfederates  were  bound  "to  seek  "TTTT" 
the  good  and  safety  of  each  other ;"  but  the  difficulty  "  be-     ^^* 
ing  only  for  a  small  parcel  of  land,  was  a  matter  of  so  little 
value  in  this  vast  continent,  as  was  not  worthy  to  cause  a 
hceaoh  between  two  people  so  nearly  related  both  in  pro- 
fession of  tilie  same  Protestant  religion  and  otherwise."    . 

When  the  oommissicmers   met,  a  month  afterward,  September. 
Connecticut  made  complaints  on  her  side,  and  New  Ha-^K^^n' 
ven  handed  in  statements  of  the  grievances  which  their  K^St^*^^ 
pec^le  had  suffered  from  the  Dutch  and  Swedes  on  the 
South  River.     Winthrop  was  now  instructed  to  communi- 
cate their  complaints  to  Kieft,  "  requiring  answer  to  the 
particulars,  that  as  we  will  not  wrong  others,  so  we  may 
not  desert  our  confederates  in  any  just  cause."    The  pros-  ^  seiit. 
ident  accordingly  wrote  to  Kieft,  recapitulating  the  in- 
juries which  New  Haven  had  suffered  on  the  South  Riv- 
er, the  charges  against  Provoost,  the  Dutch  commissary 
at  Fort  Good  Hope,  "  for  sundry  unworthy  passages,"  and 
expressing  the  opinion  of  the  commissioners  in  favor  of 
the  *'  justice  of  the  cause  of  Hartford  in  respect  of  title  of 
the  land."     This  opinion  the  commissioners  ^' could  not 
ehange,"  unless  they  could  see  more  light  than  had  yet 
appeared  to  them  '^  by  the  title  the  Dutch  insisted  upon."« 
But  Kieft,  dissatisfied  with  this  reply,  again  asserted  the  '1644. 
right  of  the  Dutch  to  their  lands  at  Hartford,  and  renew-  ^^^^ 
ed  his  complaints  of  injuries.* 

In  the  mean  time,  the  red  men  were  thirsting  for  blood ; 
and  a  general  war  between  the  Indian  and  the  Eurqiean 
appeared  to  be  at  hand.     The  valley  of  the  Connecticut  1643. 
again  became  the  acene  of  strife ;  and  Miantonomoh,  bum-  ^'con. 
ing  to  avenge  upon  Uncas  the  indignities  which  he  had  Su^JTn^ 
suffered  at  Boston,  invaded  the  Mahicem  country,  at  the  aS^.^* 
head  of  a  thousand  warriors.     But  the  fate  of  war  threw 
the  Narragansett  chief  into  the  hands  of  his  rival,  who 
transferred  his  prisoner  to  the  custody  of  the  English  at 
Hartford.     The  commissioners,  meeting  at  Boston,  agreed  September. 

•  Winthnp,  U.,  130,  ISO,  140, 157 1  Hutfd»  iL,  11,  S15,  SM. 


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364  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  XI.  that  ho  Gught  to  be  pat  to  death ;  and  Uiioas,  reoei^ing 
'~~baek  Miantoiumioh  firom  his  English  jailer,  oonduotckl  him 
Murder  of  ^  ^®  borders  of  the  Mahican  territory,  and  exeouted  their 
JJil^^*"  judgment  upon  a  former  ally.* 

The  qpirit  of  war,  at  the  same  time,  broke  out  among 
the  upper  tribes  on  the  North  River ;  and  Paoham,  tiie 
subtile  chief  of  the  Tankitekes  near  Haverstraw,  visiting 
the  Wappingers  above  tiie  Highlands,  urged  them  to  a 
7  Aupat.  general  massacre  of  the  Dutch.     A  shallop  ooming  down 
dians  at-    from  Fort  Orange  with  a  cargo  of  four  hundred  beaver 
trading      skius,  was  attacked  and  plundered,  and  oue  of  the  crew 
the  North  was  killed.     Two  other  open  boats  were  presently  seized ; 
but,  in  attacking  a  fourth,  the  savages  were  repulsed,  and 
lost  six  of  their  warriors.     Nine  of  the  Dutch  colonists 
were  killed,  and  a  woman  and  two  children  taken  pris- 
oners.   Others  were  slain  by  the  savages,  who  approached 
tiieir  scattered  dwellings  under  the  guise  of  friendship 
Intelligence  of  the  outbreak  was  quickly  borne  to  Fcnrt 
Amsterdam ;  and  the  news  of  <<  fifteen  Dutch  slain  by  ihid 
Indians,  and  much  beaver  taken,"  soon  reached  Boston.! 
September.      The  appalling  crisis  compelled  Kiefb  to  summon  ihe  peo- 
monstbe    pie  again  into  council.     The  commonalty  were  convoked 

cominonal*         i-.  i 

ty  afain.  at  Fort  Amsterdam,  and  asked  to  elect  '^  five  or  six  per- 
.  sons  from  among  themselves,"  to  consider  the  propositions 
which  Ihe  director  might  submit.  The  people  met ;  but 
remembering  Kieft's  cavalier  treatment  of  the  '^  Twelve 
Men"  in  the  previous  year,  they  "  considered  it  vrise"  to 
leave  the  responsibility  of  selection  to  the  director  and 
council,  provided  the  right  should  be  reserved  to  them- 
selves to  reject  the  persons  ''  against  whom  there  might 
be  any  thing  to  object,  and  who  are  not  pleasing  to 
us."  The  scruples  of  the  commonalty,  however,  were 
overcome ;  and  again  imitating  the  example  of  the  Fa- 

"Ei^  therland,  the  people  elected  "  Ei^t  Men"  firom  among 
themselves,  **  maturely  to  consider"  the  propositions  of 

*  WInthrop,  U.,  190,  and  Savafe*!  note,  on  page  ISI ;  Hazard,  II.,  7-18 ;  Col.  Boo. 
Conn.,  M ;  Trumbull,  I.,  139-134 ;  Bancroft,  i.,  434 ;  HUdreth,  i.,  993,  393. 
t  A]b.Rec.,lil.,14S;  Hoi.  Doe.,  lU.,  114 ;  Boo.  HIM.  N.  T.,  ir.,  IS ;  Winthrop,  iL,  IM. 


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VriLLUJA  KIEFT,  I^RECTOR  QEI^ERAL.  365 


1643, 


the  director.     This  second  board  of  popular  rej^esentatives  c^r.  xl 
in  New  Netfaerland  consisted  of  Joohem  Fietersen  Knyter, ' 
Jan  Jansen  Dam,  Barent  Diroksen,  Abraham  Fietersen, 
laaac  Allert(»i,  Tfamnas  Hall,  G-errit  Widfertsen,  and  Cot* 
nelis  Melyn.* 

Two  days  after  their  election,  the  Eight  Men  met,  at  is  •■(>«. 
Kieft's  summons,  <*to  consider  the  critical  droumstanoesorthtaigtii 
of  the  country."  Before  attending  to  any^btfa^  business, 
they  resolved  to  exclude  from  Iheir  board  Jan  Jansen  Dam, 
one  of  ihe  signers  of  the  letter  to  Kieft,  which  was  the  im- 
mediate cause  of  the  massacres  at  FaT<mia  and  Oxrlaer^s 
Ho(^.  In  vain  Dam  protested,  and  charged  the  director 
with  deceit  in  procuring  his  signature.  The  obnoxioos 
r^resentative  was  inexorably  expeUed ;  and  Jan  Everts 
Beai  Bout,  o£  Pavonia,  was  selected  by  the  remaining  sct- 
en  to  fill  hii  vacant  seat  The  Eight  Men,  having  lihus 
purged  i3^ix  board,  resolved  that  hostilities  should  be  im-wariik» 
mediately  renewed  against  tiie  river  Indians;  but  that^^Md. 
peace  should  be  preserved  with  the  Long  Island  tribes, 
who  were  to  be  encouraged  to  bring  in  ''  some  heads  of 
the  murderers."  As  large  a  military  foree  as  the  freemen 
could  affi)rd  to  pay,  was  to  be  promptly  enlisted  and 
equii^[)ed.  Several  ^  good  and  fitting  articles"  were  also 
(xdfiui^  by  the  Eight  Men,  <<  forbidding  all  taveming,  and 
aU  other  irregularities."  A  week's  ]Mreaohing  was  pre- 
smbed  instead;  but  the  praiseworthy  order  ^<vras  not 
carried  into  execution  by  the  offioer."t 

Kieft  did  not  delay  the  warlike  preparations  which  the 
Eight  Men  had  authc»rized.     The  colonists  and  the  serv- 
ants of  the  company  were  armed  and  drilled ;  and  as  thcEntudk 
English  inhabitants  were  now  threatening  to  leave  Newmmuef 
NeHkerland,  they  were  taken  into  the  public  service;  the 
commonalty  agreeing  to  provide  for  one  third  of  their  pay. 

*  nu.  Doe.,  m.,  141, 144 ;  O^CaH.,  I.,  S84.  Knyter  and  Dam  had  \ma  menben  oTtha 
jurfiooM  board  of  Twelre  Men ;  anU,  p.  317.  CarneUa  Mdyn  waa  the  patroon  of  Staten 
UUnd.  Thomaa  Han  waa  the  deaarter  (hnn  Holmea'a  pany  on  the  South  Rirer  ia  1635. 
laaae  ABerton  came  to  New  nynKmOi  in  the  Mayflower,  and,  tbont  the  year  1638,  reanoTed 
to  Manhattan,  where  he  eontinoed  to  hare  large  tranaactiona  aa  »  merehant.— Alb.  Rao., 
i.,  70,  n  ;  U;,  4S,  54, 131 ;  Sarage'a  note  to  WInthrop,  i.,  S5 ;  U.,  W,  SIO. 

t  Alb.  Ree.,  IL,  931 ;  Hot  Doc.,  Ui.,  145,  S15 ;  ▼.,  3» ;  CCaU.,  f.,  885,  986. 


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366  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

ghaf.  XI.  Fifty  Englishmen  were  promptly  enrolled ;  all  of  whom 

swore  to  be  fiaithful  to  the  States  Greneral,  the  Prinoe  of 

» ^pt  *  Orang^j  ^^  West  India  Company,  and  ihe  director  and 
oooncil  of  New  Netherlands  and  to  ^'  sacrifioe  their  lives 
Captain     in  their  and  the  country's  service."     The  command  of  this 
uken  Into  forco  was  intrustod  to  Captain  John  Underhill,  one  of  the 
Mnrtoe.     hcrocs  in  the  Feqnod  war ;  who,  having  undergone  the 
severe  discipline  of  the  Boston  Church,  had  established 
himself  at  Stamford,  a  little  east  of  Captain  Fatarick's  set* 
tlement  at  Greenwich,  and  now  offered  to  the  Dutch  the 
benefit  of  his  veteran  skill.* 
TbeWeek-     But  bcforo  Kieft  could  complete  his  military  arrange- 
3SJ^**^  ments,  the  Weckquaesgeeks  dug  up  the  hatchet  which 
flatehin-    they  had  buried,  eighteen  months  before,  on  the  shores  of 
uoM^   Bronx  River.    Approaching  <'  in  way  of  friendly  neighbor* 
'**°*^*  hood,  as  they  had  been  accustomed,"  the  widowed  Anne 
Hutchinson's  blameless  retreat  at  '^Annie's  Hoeck,"  they 
watched  their  opportunity,  and  murdered  that  extraordin- 
ary woman,  her  daughter,  and  Collins,  her  son*in-law, 
and  all  her  family,  save  one  grand-daughter,  eight  years 
old,  whom  they  carried  off  into  captivity.    The  houses  and 
Throgmor-  cattlo  werc  ruthlcssly  destroyed.!     From  Annie's  Hoeck, 
^l^^the  devastating  party  proceeded  downward  to  ^^Yrede- 
land,"  and  attacked  Throgmorton's  peaceful  settlement. 
Such  of  Throgmorton's  and  Cornell's  families  as  were  at 
home  were  killed,  and  the  cattle,  and  bsums,  and  houses 
were  all  burned  up.    A  happy  accident  bringing  a  boat 
there  at  tii&  very  mcmient  of  the  tragedy,  some  women 

*  Alb.  Itoe.,  ii.,  tSS ;  Hoi.  Doe.,  li.,  877;  iU.,  ISl ;  Doe.  HM.  N.  T.,  It.,  13;  CCiD., 
i.,  386,  420 ;  Winthrop,  U.,  14,  63,  07.  Wintbrop,  bowever,  erranaonaly  reprominla  and 
Tnunbnll  (1.,  130)  oopiee  the  error— that  the  Dutch  people  were  so  oflbnded  with  Kleft, 
ilMi  he  "dorat  noc  tniat  hiaweir  amiNic  Omb,  but  entertalnad  a  goard  of  fifty  BngUafc 
about  his  person.**  The  people  were,  no  doabt,  <^lbnded  enough ;  and,  for  that  reason, 
it  fa  not  probable  that  they  would  have  agreed  to  pay  part  of  the  expense  of  an  EngMah 
body-guard  for  the  director. 

t  Winthrop,  U.,  136 ;  Gorton's  Defonse,  in  ii.,  R.  I.  H.  S.  ColL,  98,  SO ;  Alb.  Rec,  U^ 
819 ;  ii.,  N.  T.  H.  8.  Coll.,  i.,  S70 ;  Bolton's  West  Chester,  1.,  615.  Welde,  in  his  **  Bimh 
Reign,  and  Ruin  of  the  Antinomians,"  thus  records  the  destruction  of  their  leader.  "  The 
Indiana  set  upon  them,  and  alew  her  and  all  her  ftmily,  her  daughter  and  her  daoghtai^ 
huaband,  and  all  their  children,  save  one  that  escaped  (her  own  husband  being  dsttd  be- 
fore). *  *  *  God's  hand  is  the  more  apparently  seen  herein,  to  pick  out  this  woiAd 
womm,  to  make  her,  and  those  belonging  to  her,  an  unheardH>f  heary  example  oT  tMr 
emelty  abore  oihara.** 


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WILLIAM  KIEFT,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  gg"? 

and  children  fled  on  board ;  and  thus  the  settlement  was  chap,  xl 
saved  from  ntter  extermination.     Nevertheless,  eighteen    '   .« 
victims  of  the  red  man's  indiscriminating  fury  lost  their  •''"*^' 
lives  in  West  Chester.* 

The  vengeance  which  desolated  West  Chester  did  not 
spare  Long  Island.     Lady  Deborah  Moody,  who  had  beeuLadj  ^ 
"  dealt  with"  by  the  Church  at  Salem  for  "  the  error  of  brave'dl- 
denying  baptism  to  infant^,**  having  fled  fcMr  refuge,  with  June, 
many  others  "  infected  with  Anabaptism,"  into  New  Neth- 
erland,  had  established  herself,  by  Kiefb's  special  permis<» 
sion,  at  's  G-ravensande,  or  G-ravesend,  on  Long  Island. 
But  she  had  scarcely  become  settled  in  herjretreat  before 
her  plantation  was  attacked  by  the  savages.     A  brave  de-  sepcandMr. 
fense  was,  nevertheless,  made  by  forty  resolute  colonists ; 
the  fierce  besiegers  were  repulsed ;  and  G-ravesend  escaped 
the  fate  which  overwhelmed  all  the  neighboring  settle- 
ments on  Long  Island.t 

Doughty's  settlement  at  Mespath,  or  Newtown,  did  notDonghtj's 
fiire  so  well.  During  the  first  year,  he  had  re-enforced  at  Mespoui 
himself  with  several  new  fietmilies  of  colonists.  More  than 
eighty  persons  were  soon  settled  in  Mespath,  and  an  air 
of  prosperity  prevailed.  Doughty  himself,  who  had 
"  scarcely  means  enough  of  his  own  to  build  even  a  hovel, 
let  alone  to  people  a  colony  at  his  own  expense,"  was  em- 
ployed as  minister ;  and  his  associates  pr^ared  for  him  a 
farm,  upon  the  profits  of  which  he  lived,  while  he  dis- 
charged, in  return,  the  clerical  duties  of  his  station.  But 
the  savages  attacking  the  settlement,  the  colonists  were 
driven  firom  their  lands,  ^^  with  the  loss  of  some  men  and 
many  cattle,  besides  almost  all  their  housQs,  and  what 
other  property  they  had."  They  afterward  returned,  and 
remained  awhile ;  but  finding  that  they  consumed  more  nists  seek 
than  they  could  raise,  they  fled  for  reftige  to  Manhattan.  MuStfua. 

*  Winthrop,  iL,  136;  Bolton's  West  Chester,  i.,  514. 

t  Hoi.  Doe.,  lit,  1S5 ;  Alb.  Rec.,  xz.,  7 ;  Wintlirop,  IL,  IM,  196 ;  ThoupMB's  L.  L,tt., 
I6»-173.  Grareoend  was  not  named,  as  many  suppose,  after  the  well-known  English 
port  .on  the  Thames ;  but  Kieft  himself  gave  it  the  name  of  the  ancient  city,  's  Graven- 
sande— **  the  Coant's  Sand**— on  the  northern  banks  of  the  Maas,  opposite  the  Brielle, 
where  the  Counts  of  Holland  resided  beftve  they  estabUaliod  themselves  at  the  Hague 
tit  tht  yoar  ISSO. 


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368  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORIC 

gmap.  XI.  Here  Doughty  ojBk)iated  as  minister  for  the  Ei^lish  real* 
dents ;  but  they  not  supporting  him,  two  coUeotions  were 
*  taken  up  for  his  benefit,  to  which  both  Dutch  and  English 
residents  contributed.* 

The  wur- whoop,  which  rang  through  West  Chester  and 
Long  Island,  was  re-echoed  throu^  New  Jersey.     The 
grumbling  Hackinsacks,  unappeased  by  a  sufficient  atone- 
ment, soon  fulfilled  their  sachem's  foreboding  words.     A 
Hackin-     suddcu  night  attack  was  made  on  Van  der  Horst's  colony 
tacked,      at  ^^Achter  Cul."     The  house  was  set  on  fire;  and  the 

17  Sept. 

small  garrison,  ''five  soldiers,  five  boys,  and  one  man," 

after  a  deteriQined  resistance,  barely  escaped  in  a  oaiK>e, 

with  nothing  but  their  arms.     The  plantation  was  utterly 

The  Neve-  ruiued.    The  Nevesincks  below  the  Raritan  were  arouseid. 

sincke 

aroQMd.  Aert  Theunisen,  of  Hoboken,  while  trading  at  the  Beere^ 
gat-^now  known  as  Shrewsbury  Inlet,  just  south  of 
Sandy  Hook — was  attacked  and  killed  by  the  savages. 
The  yacht  had  scarcely  returned  to  Manhattan  with  the 
tidings,  before  a  nearer  calamity  appalled  the  Dutch. 

1  October.  Nine  Indians,  coming  to  Pavonia  witli  friendly  demon- 
strations, approached  the  house  of  Jacob  Stoifelsen,  which 
was  guarded  by  a  detachment  of  three  or  four  soldiers. 
Stoifelsen,  who  had  married  the  widow  of  Van  Voorst, 
Pauw's  former  superintendent,  was  a  favorite  with  the 
savages,  who,  making  up  a  ''  false  errand,"  succeeded  in 
sending  him  across  the  river  to  Fort  Amsterdam.    As  soon 

PftTonu  as  Stoffelsen  was  safely  out  of  the  way,  they  a[^roached 
the  soldiers  under  a  show  of  friendship.  These,  incautious- 
ly laying  aside  their  arms,  were  all  murdered.  Not  a  soul 
escaped  alive,  except  tiie  little  son  of  Van  Voorst,  whom  the 
savages  carried  ofi*  a  prisoner  to  Tappan,  after  burning  aU 
the  bouweries,  and  houses,  and  cattle,  and  corn  at  Pavo- 
nia. At  Kieft's  earnest  entreaty,  De  Vries,  the  only  per- 
son who  "durst  go  among  the  Indians,"  went  up  the  river, 
and  procured  the  release  of  the  captive.t 

*  BraedMi  IUed^  S5;  Hoi.  Doc,  It.,  71 ;  t.,  360 ;  IL,  N.  T.  H.  S.  Coll.,  U.,  301, 331 
t  iLlb.IU)C,UL,153;  Hoi.  Doo.,  iv.,  S47 ;  ii.,  N.  Y.  H.  S.  CoU.,  li,  803 ;  Beiwoii'a  BCea- 
dr,  02 ;  De  Vries,  188. 


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WILLIAM  KISFT,  jmSOTOR  GENERAL.  S6d 

Thus  the  war  began  anew.  West  Ohester  was  already  cmap.  xi. 
laid  waste,  and  Long  Island  almost  "destitnte  of  inhabit- 
ants  and  stock"  From  the  Highlands  of  Nevesinck  to  y^^^' 
the  valley  of  Tappan,  the  wbfAe  of  New  Jersey  was  onoe^^^ 
more  in  possession  of  its  aboriginal  lords.  Staten  Island^ 
where  Melyn  had  established  hiniself,  was  honrly  expect- 
ing an  assault.  The  devastat&ig  tide  rolled  over  the  isl- 
and of  Manhattan  itsel£  From  its  northern  extremity  to 
the  Kolck,  there  were  now  no  more  than  five  or  six  bouw- 
eries  left;  and  these  ^'  wisre  threatened  by  the  Indians  ev- 
ery night  with  fire,  and  by  day  wil^  the  slaughter  of  both 
people  and  cattle."  No  other  place  remained,  where  the 
trembling  papulation  oould  find  protection/ than  ^<  around 
and  adjoining  Fort  Amsterdam."  There  women  and  chil- 
dren lay  "  concealed  in  straw  huts,"  while  their  husbands 
and  &thers  mounted  guard  on  the  crumbling  ramparts 
above.  For  the  fort  itself  was  almost  defenseless ;  it  re- 
sembled ^<  rather  a  mole-hill  than  a  fiMrtress  against  an 
enemy."  The  cattle  which  had  escaped  destruction  were 
huddled  within  the  walls,  and  were  already  beginning  to 
starve  for  want  of  fori^e.  It  was  indispensable  to  main- 
tain a  constant  guard  at  all  hours ;  for  seven  allied  tribes, 
*'  well  supplied  with  muskets,  powder,  and  ball,"  which 
they  had  procured  from  private  traders,  boldly  threatened 
to  attack  the  dilapidated  citadel,  <^  with  all  their  strength, 
Dow  amounting  to  fifteen  hundred  men."  So  confident 
had  the  enemy  become,  that  their  scouting  parties  con- 
stantly threatened  the  advanced  sentinels  of  the  garnson; 
and  Ensign  Van  Dyok,  while  relieving  guard  at  one  of «  October, 
the  outposts,  was  wounded  by  a  musket-ball  in  his  arm. 
All  the  forces  that  the  Dutch  could  now  muster,  besides 
the  fifty  or  sixty  soldiers  in  garrison,  and  the  enrolled  En- 
glish,  were  "  about  two  hundred  freemen."  With  this 
handful  of  men  was  New  Netherland  to  be  defended 
against  the  "  implacable  fiiry"  of  her  savage  foe.* 

"Fear  coming  more  over  the  land,"  the  Eight  Men^Egjt 
were  again  convoked.     There  were  two  of  the  company's  eonvoked. 

*  Hot  Doe.,  iii.,  134-149:  Alb.  Rw:.,  iL,  »8i  Wintltfop,  U.,  IM. 

Aa 


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370       HISTORY  OP  THE  STATE  OP  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  XL  shlps  at  aochoT  before  the  fort,  which  had  just  been  load* 
ed  with  provisions  for  Curapoa.     The  Eight  Men  proposed 
'  that  the  cargoes  of  these  ships  should  be  relanded,  and  a 
part  of  their  crews  drafted  into  the  service  of  the  province. 
6  October.  They  also  recommended  an  application  to  their  English 
meodauons  neighbors  at  the  north,  for  the  assistance  of  one  hundred 
Men.    *  *and  fifty  men.     For  the  payment  of  these  auxiliaries,  the 
director  was  advised  to  draw  a  bill  of  exchange  on  the 
West  India  Company  for  twenty-five  thousand  guilders, 
and,  as  a  security  for  its  payment,  to  mortgage  New  Neth- 
erland  to  the  English.* 
Rieft  re-        But  Kicft  did  not  ^^  consider  expedient"  the  suggestion 
ftop  the     to  divert  supplies  from  the  West  Indies ;  and  while  fam- 
SSJIT*     ine  and  an  overwhelming  enemy  were  desolating  the  pre- 
cincts of  Fort  Amsterdam,  the  starving  population  watched 
the  departing  vessels,  as  they  bore  to  Cura^oa  the  wheat 
which  they  had  raised,  and  for  which  they  were  now  pin- 
sendeto    ing.     Thc  recommcndaticm  to  apply  to  New  England  for 
mtbr^a-  assistance,  was,  however,  promptly  adopted ;  and  Under- 
^*    hill  and  Allerton  were  dispatched  to  negotiate  with  New 
Haven.    But  their  mission  utterly  failed.    Eaton  and  the 
General  Court,  after  maturely  considering  Kieft's  letter, 
RefteMi  of  rejected  the  proposal  to  assist  New  Netherland  with  an 
^ren.         auxiliary  force.     They  v^ere  prohibited,  by  their  Articles 
of  Confederation,  from  engaging  separately  in  war ;  and 
they  were  not  satisfied  "  that  the  Dutch  war  with  the  In- 
dians was  just."     Nevertheless,  if  the  Dutch  needed  com 
and  provisions,  the  court  resolved  to  give  them  all  the  as- 
sistance in  its  power.t 
DeVrtea        At  this  coujuncturc,  the  suffering  province  lost  one  of 
its  best  citizens.     The  bouweries  where  De  Vries  had  at- 
tempted to  establish  colonies  all  lay  in  ashes,  and  the  In- 
dians, whose  confidence  he  had  never  lost,  were  "  restless, 
and  bent  on  war,  or  a  full  satisfaction."     The  ruined  pa- 
troon  determined  to  return  to  the  Fatherland.     A  Rotter- 
dam Herring-buss,  whose  master,  disappointed  in  selling 

•  Hoi.  Doc.,  lU.,  116, 117 ;  Doe.  Hist.  N.  T.,  iv.,  IS,  14,  St. 

t  Alb.  Rec.,  ill.,  150;  TrumboU,  i.,  139 ;  iii..  Matt.  Hist.  CoO.,  vli.,  944. 


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WILLIAM  KIEFT,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  37I 

his  cargo  of  Madeira  wine  in  New  England,  '^beoanse  the  chap.  xi. 
English  there  lived  soberly,"  ooming  through  Hell-gate  to  ^^^ 
seek  a  market  in  Virginia,  anchored  before  Fort  Amster-  ^s  $epi. 
dam.    De  Vries,  accepting  the  schipper's  invitation  to  pilot 
his  vessel  to  Virginia,  called  on  Kieft  to  take  his  leave.    For 
the  last  time  the  director  listened  to  the  voice  which  had 
so  often  warned  him  in  vain.    "  The  murders  in  which  you  8  octobw. 
have  shed  so  much  innocent  blood  will  yet  be  avenged 
upon  your  own  head,"  was  De  Vries's  awftil  prophecy,  as 
he  parted  from  Kieft,  and  left  Manhattan  forever.* 

The  Eight  Men  soon  met  again.     Comelis  Melyn,  thcMeeuncoi 


patroon  of  Staten  Island,  was  their  president.  The  utter  Men. 
ruin  which  now  menaced  the  province,  and  the  cold  re- 
pulse which  his  application  for  aid  had  met  at  New  Ha- 
ven, if  they  did  not  entirely  overcome  Kieft's  jealousy  of 
the  popular  representatives,  at  least  prevented  him  from 
interfering  with  their  purpose  of  communicating  directly 
with  their  common  superiors  in  Holland.  The  people  of 
New  Netherland  had  never  yet  spoken  to  the  authorities 
of  the  Fatherland.  The  time  had  now  come  when  their 
voice  was,  for  the  first,  to  be  heard  at  Amsterdam  and  at 
the  Hague.  A  letter  signed  by  all  the  Eight  Men,  was  m  October, 
addressed  to  the  College  of  the  XIX.  In  simple  and  pa-ietteT^^ 
thetic  words  the  representatives  of  the  commonalty  told  company, 
their  tale  of  woe.  How  '*  the  fire  of  war"  had  been  kin- 
dled around  them,  their  wives  and  children  slaughtered 
or  swept  away  captives,  their  cattle  destroyed,  their  es- 
tates wasted.  How  famine  stared  them  in  the  face ;  for, 
"  while  the  people  are  ruined,  the  com  and  all  other  prod- 
uce burnt,  and  little  or  nothing  saved,  not  a  plough  can 
be  put,  this  autumn,  into  the  ground."  "  If  any  provi- 
sions should  be  obtained  from  the  English  at  the  East,  we 
know  not  wherewith  we  poor  men  shall  pay  for  them." 
^<  This  is  but  the  beginning  of  our  troubles,  especially  as 
these  Indians  kill  off  our  people  one  after  another,  which 
they  will  continue  to  do,  while  we  are  burthened  with  our 
muskets,  our  wives,  and  our  little  ones."t 

•  De  Vriee,  18S.  t  HeL  Doe.,  iii.,  lS4-14t ;  Breeden  lUedt,  18. 


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372  HlB'TOBY  OP  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  VOBK 


1643. 

1  Wot. 
LcU«r  io 

the  Stai«« 


Gii*r-  II.  To  the  Estates  General  the  Eight  Men  addreaaed  a  still 
more  bold  remoni^trance  ;  for  they  were  Bpeaking  to  the 
statesmen  of  their  Fatherland.  **  We  are  all  here^  fioin 
the  amalleat  to  the  ^eatestj  without  counsel  or  mean^ ; 
wholly  powerless*.  The  enemy  meet^  with  no  resiijtance. 
The  garrison  oonaistii  of  but  fifty  or  sixty  soldiers,  without 
ammanition.  Fort  Amsterdam,  utterly  defenseless^  standa 
open  tiO  the  enemy  day  and  night.  The  company  has  few 
or  no  effects  here,  as  the  director  informs  us.  Were  it  not 
for  this,  there  might  still  have  been  time  to  receive  aome 
aasBtancfe  from  the  English  at  the  Eastj  ere  all  were  lo^t ; 
Twit  We,  helpleas  inhabitants,  while  we  mut^t  abandon  all 
onr  property,  are  ©xcewJingly  poor.  The  heathens  are 
strong  in  might.  They  have  formed  an  alliance  with  sev- 
en other  nations ;  and  are  well  provided  with  guns,  pow- 
der*  and  ball,  in  exchange  for  beaver^  by  the  private  trad- 
ers, who  for  a  long  time  have  had  free  course  here.  The 
rest  they  take  from  our  brethren  whom  they  murder.  In 
short,  we  suffer  the  greatest  misery*  which  mast  astonish 
a  Chri.^ian  heart  t-o  see  or  hear," 

**  We  turn  then,  in  a  body,  to  you,  High  and  Mighty 
Lords,  acknowledging  your  High  Mightinesses  as  our  sor- 
ai^igns,  and  as  the  Fathers  of  Fatherland.  We  suppli- 
Oftte,  for  (rod's  sake,  and  lor  the  love  which  their  High 
Mightinesses  bear  toward  their  poor  and  desolate  subjeots 
here  in  New  Netherlond,  that  their  High  Mightinesses 
would  take  pi^  on  us,  their  poor  people,  and  urge  upon^ 
and  command  the  Company — ^to  whom  we  also  make 
known  our  necessities — to  forward  to  us,  by  the  earliest 
opportunity,  such  assistance  as  their  High  Mightinesses 
may  deem  most  proper,  in  order  that  we,  poor  and  forlorn 
beings,  may  not  he  left  all  at  once  a  prey*  with  women 
and  children,  to  these  cruel  heathen.  For,  should  suita- 
ble assistance  not  very  quickly  arrive,  according  to  our 
eocpectationii,  we  isshall  he  forced^  in  order  to  preserve  the 
lives  of  those  who  remain » to  remove  ourselves  Ut  the  East, 
among  the  English,  who  would  like  nothing  better  than 
to  have  possession  of  this  place ;  especially  on  account  of 


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WILLIAM  KBBFT,  DIREOTOli  eBNEIUL.  878 

^  wrperiof  ooBvemenoe  of  the  sea^soast,  baya^  and  kunge  ciaf.  a. 
ri^9«rs)  besides  tibe  great  fertility  of  this  soil:— -yea,  this  ^^^ 
aie&e  eould,  yearly,  provision  aiid  sizp{>ly  with  all  neoes*-  ^^^\ 
saries  twenty,  twenty-five,  as  thirty  dups  from  Brazil  or 
the  Wert  Indies."* 

The  same  Tessd  that  boro  these  dispatdies  eonvey- 
ed  a  distingoifilied  passenger.  Van  Curler's  benevolent 
visit  to  ihe  Mohawk  oastles  in  the  previous  aatomn, 
though  it  failed  to  prooore  the  release  of  the  Freodi 
captives,  at  least  prokmged  tiie  life  of  Father  Jogues. 
Throagh  the  dreary  winter,  tiie  solitary  Jesuit  endured  Fatiier 


inoiger  and  oold,  and  the  Utter  contempt  of  the  savages,  amongtue 
who  reviled  his  holy  zeaL    Gradually  they  began  to  list^i 
to  his  words,  and  receive  instruction  and  baptism.     His 
liberty  was  enlai^ed ;  and  twice  he  was  taken^  wiih  Hub 
trading  parties  of  the  IroquoB,  to  the  net^boring  settie^- 
ments  of  the  Duteh,  who  welcomed  him  kindly,  and  ^4eft 
mo  etooe  unturned"  to  effect  his  deliverance.     While  at 
Port  Orange  on  one  occasion,  news  came  that  the  French 
had  repulsed  the  Mc^awks  at  Fort  BieheUeu;   and  the  si  Mr- 
Dutch  commander,  fearing  that  the  Jesuit  Father  would 
be  burned  in  revei^,  counseled  him  to  escape.     Jogues 
at  lengtik  consented ;  and,  evading  tiie  vigilance  of  the 
savages,  remained  in  close  concealmrait  for  mx  ureeks,  E^tpM  ai 
during  which  Domine  Megapolensis,  who  had  become  his  anse. 
attached  friend,  showed  him  constant  kindness.      The 
wrath  of  the  Mohawks  at  tiie  escape  of  their  prisoner 
was  at  length  appeased  by  presents,  to  the  value  of  Ihree 
hundred  livres,  made  up  by  the  ookmial  autiiorities ;  and  is  Sept. 
Jogues  was  sent  down  Ae  river  to  Manhattan,  where  heiwnaii.  ^ 
was  hospitably  received  by  the  director. 

Here  he  remained  for  a  month,  observing  the  cafHtal  of  October. 
Ac  Dutch  province,  now  desolated  by  war.     Fort  Amster- 
dam was  without  ditches,  and  its  ramparts  of  ecurth  had  conditfcm 
cramUed  away;  but  they  '^weie  beginning  to  &oe  theDoteneap* 
gates  and  bastions  with  stone."     On  the  island  of  Man- 
hattan, and  in  its  environs,  were  some  four  or  five  hund- 

*  U&L  Dm.,  it.,  m^NS;  0*Calt.,  i.,  fl 


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374 


HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORIL 


Ck^t.  Xl. 


1643. 


kKUi- 


HllJI  fOf 

3  Not 


Fort  Or* 


Firrt 
ctasrcli  fit 
BoYers- 


red  men  '*  of  different  sects  and  natbnB,'*  speaking  "eight- 
*6ea  different  languages."  The  mechanics  who  plied  their 
trade,«i  were  ranged  under  the  walk  of  the  fort ;  all  others 
were  exposed  to  the  incursions  of  the  savagea.  No  re- 
ligion, except  the  Caiviniajtic,  was  publicly  exercisedj  and 
the  orders  were  to  admit  none  but  Calvinists;  *^but  this 
is  not  observed  ;  for  there  are  in  the  colony,  besidea  the 
Calvinists,  Catholics,  English  Puritans,  Lutherans,  Ana- 
baptists, here  called  Mennonists,"  &c.  The  heart  of  the 
missionary  was  grieved  at  the  sufferings  of  the  Duteh, 
whose  losses  by  the  Indians  were  already  estimated  at  two 
hundred  thousand  livres.  At  length  the  bark,  in  which 
Kieft  gave  him  a  free  passage  to  Europe,  was  ready  to 
sail;  and  the  Jesuit  Father,  supplied  with  '*  black  clothes, 
and  all  things  necessary,"  gratefully  took  leave  of  the  Hol- 
landers, who  had  shown  him  so  much  kindness,* 

At  this  time,  the  West  India  Company's  reaerved  Fort 
Orange  was  '*  a  wretched  little  fort,  built  of  logs,  ^"ith 
four  or  five  pieces  of  cannon  of  Breteuilj  and  as  many 
swivels."  Aiound  it  was  the  hamlet  of  Beverswyck, 
*^  composed  of  about  one  hundred  persons,  who  resided  ta 
some  twenty-five  or  thirty  houses  built  along  the  river,  an 
each  one  ft^und  it  most  convenient"  These  houses  were 
built  of  boards,  and  thatched  ;  there  was  no  mason* work, 
except  in  the  chimneys.  In  the  principal  house  lived  the 
patroon*s  chief  officer ;  **  the  minister  had  his  apart,  in 
which  service  was  performed."  A  church,  however,  wa« 
now  commenced,  under  the  supervision  of  Domine  Mega- 
polensis,  in  "the  pine  grove,"  a  little  to  tlie  west  of  the 
patroon's  trading  house,  and  within  range  of  the  gims  of 
Fort  Orange.  A  burial-ground  was  also  laid  out  in  the 
roar,  on  what  is  now  known  as  *^  Church  Street."  Thia 
first  church  in  Albany — the  humble  dimensionii  of  whiah 
were  only  thirty-foux  feet  long  and  nineteen  feet  wide — 
was  thought  sufficient  to  accommodate  the  people  for  sev- 


*  Kelttion,  l«40-l,  SO,  Sl] ;  1042-^.  SM  ;  ]«47.  A§t  Ul-117  ;  JogOM't  Lett«r«  gfttif  5tk 
Wid  30tb  «f  AujtUMti  1^1^  Gih  of  Jnnuary,  1541,  3d  of  Aufrudt  1«40  ;  Titiber,  &]0^31 ;  h., 
n.  r.  n.  S.  CdU.,  Itt  ^  rw.  Ht<t  N<  Y.,  It^  tl-S4 ;  ClurleToU,  t.,  SM  ^  aniCe,  p.  94ft. 


1 


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WILLIAM  KDSFT,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  375 

eral  years ;  it  ooold  afterward  "  serve  for  the  residence  of  chap.  xi. 
the  sexton,  or  for  a  school."     A  canopied  pulpit,  pews  for 
the  magistracy  and  the  deacons,  and  nine  benches  for  the 
people,  after  the  fashion  of  the  Fatherland,  were  soon  aft- 
erward ftirnished,  at  an  expense  of  eighty  guilders.* 

The  pious  services  of  Domine  Megapolensis  were  not,  MiMionary 
however,  confined  to  his  own.  countrymen.  Like  his gapoimisto. 
friend.  Father  Jogues,  he  applied  himself  to  the  difficult 
task  of  learning  the  "heavy  language"  of  the 'Mohawks, 
"  so  as  to  speak  and  preach  to  them  fluently."  The  Dutch 
traders  did  not  themselves  understand  the  idiom  of  the 
savages ;  and  even  the  commissary  of  the  company,  who 
had  been  "connected  with  them  these  twenty  years," 
could  afford  Megapolensis  no  assistance  in  becoming  "  an 
Indian  grammarian."  The  red  men  about  Fort  Orange 
were  soon  attracted  to  hear  the  preaching  of  the  Gospel. 
And  it  should  be  remembered  that  these  earnest  and  vol- 
untary labors  of  the  first  Dutch  clergyman  on  the  northern 
frontier  of  New  Netherland,  preceded,  by  several  years,  the 
earliest  attempt  of  John  Eliot,  the  "  morning  star  of  mis- 
sionary enterprise"  in  New  England,  to  preach  to  the  sav- 
ages in  the  neighborhood  of  Boston.t  "  When  we  have  a 
sermon,"  wrote  Megapolensis,  "sometimes  ten  or  twelve  of 
them,  more  or  less,  will  attend,  each  having  in  his  mouth  a 
long  tobacco-pipe  made  by  himself,  and  will  stand  awhile 
and  look,  and  afterward  ask  me  what  I  was  doing,  and 
what  I  wanted,  that  I  stood  there  alone,  and  made  so  many 
words,  and  none  of  the  rest  might  speak  ?  I  tell  them 
that  I  admonished  the  Christians  that  they  must  not  steal, 
nor  drink,  nor  commit  lewdness  and  murder ;  and  that  they 
too  ought  not  to  do  these  things ;  and  that  I  intend  after 
awhile  to  come  and  preach  to  them,  in  their  country  and 
castles,  when  I  am  acquainted  with  their  language.  They 
say,  I  do  well  in  teaching  the  Christians ;  but  immediate-  / 

*  Jognet*!  letter  of  tbe  8d  of  Augoet,  1640 ;  Doc.  Hl«t.  N.  Y.,  !▼.,  93 ;  Rente.  MS8. ; 
CCaU.,  i.,  331, 460.  This  hoinble  buUdiog  in  "tbe  pine  grove,''  near  Cboreh  Street,  ao- 
MHninodatod  the  congregation  until  the  year  1666,  when  a  new  ehnrch  was  erected  at  tte 
interaecUon  of  Stale  and  North  Market  Streets ;  pott^  p.  694. 

t  wmthrop,  11.,  8»7,  303-305 ;  Bancroft,  U.,  71,  04 ;  TougHi  Oh.  Mass.,  968,  note. 


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troon'i 
rlooe  mor- 
oantile  pol< 

i.-y. 


37<J  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

CHAP.  XL  ly  add.  Why  do  so  many  Christians  do  these  things  ? 

They  call  us  As$preonij  that  is,  olotfa-makers ;  or  Charts- 

^^^^*  toonif  that  is,  iron-woarkers,  beoause  our  people  first  brought 
oloth  and  iion  among  them."^ 

The  effects  of  the  war,  which  was  desolating  the  neigh- 
borhood of  Fort  Amsterdam,  soon  began  to  be  felt  at  Fort 
Orange.  The  West  India  Company's  mc^azine  was  no 
longer  supplied  with  merchandise ;  and  Ihe  warehouse  of 
the  oolcmie  of  Bensselaerswyek  was  now  the  only  resource 
of  the  fur-traders  who  might  obtain  licenses  from  the  pa- 

The  pa.  troon.  In  this  respect,  his  mercantile  policy  was  exclu- 
sive, and  was  rigidly  enfinrced  within  the  cokmie.  Host 
of  the  colonists,  however,  were  in  tiie  habit  of  procuring 
the  patroon's  licenses ;  and,  as  early  as  1640,  De  Yries  ob- 
served tiiat  ^<  eadi  farmer  was  a  trader."  Throughout  the 
war  which  was  desdating  southern  New  Netherland,  the 
colonists  at  Rensselaerswyck  felt  littte  trouble,  and  enjoy- 
ed peace,  '^  because  they  continued  to  sell  fire-arms  and 
powder  to  Ihe  Indians."  This  ccmduct  was  openly  re- 
baked  by  the  directors  of  the  West  India  Company ;  and 
it  was  afterward  the  subject  of  complaint  on  the  part  of 
the  authorities  of  New  England.! 

The  colonists  readily  obtained  goods  on  credit  from  the 
wardiouse,  to  which  they  were  obliged  to  bring  their  pur- 
chases of  frurs.  These  were  shipped  to  Holland,  and  sold 
at  Amsterdam,  under  the  patroon's  supervisicm.  His  share, 
at  first  one  half^  was  before  long  reduced  to  a  sixth,  to- 
other with  the  recognition  of  one  guilder  on  each  skin  of 
the  remainder.  Under  this  system,  the  price  of  a  beaver 
skin,  which,  before  1642,  was  six  fathoms  of  wampum, 
soon  rose  to  ten  fathoms.  It  was  now  thought  necessary 
that  the  colonial  authorities  should  make  some  regulations 

*  "A  Shofrt  Account  ortheMaqoMsIndlaiii^&e^wrttteii  in  the  y«tr  1044.  BylAa 
Megapolensis,  junior,  minister  there."  This  tract  was  first  published  in  Dutch,  at  Am- 
sterdam, by  Joost  Hartgers,  in  1651 ;  see  ante,  p.  806,  note.  It  is  said  to  have  been  a 
fwiUiar  letter  to  hU  friends  in  HoUand,  and  wMoli  MegapoleMis  himseir  loM  Van  der 
Donck  was  '*  printed  without  his  ooassQt.**  A  translation,  rsrlsed  from  tliat  in  Hasard, 
t,  517^536,  wiU  be  published  in  U..  N.  T.  H.  S.  OolL,  Ui. 

t  De  Vries,  159,  158 ;  Hoi.  Dm.,  U.,  tit ;  Report  ftod  AArlea,  la  CCtn.,  I.,  490,  App.  ; 
Wintbrop,  U.,  84,  U7 ;  Hautfd,  U.,  19, 109, 917. 


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WILLIAM  KIBFT,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  377 

respeotiBg  this  tmde.    The  oompany's  oommissary  at  Foft  oiup.  xi. 
Orange,  in  conjunction  with  Van  Curler,  the  commissary  "17^7" 
of  the  patroon,  accordingly  issued  a  joint  proclamation, 
fixing  the  price  of  a  beaver  skin  at  nine  fathoms  of  white 
wampom,  and  forbidding  all  persons,  ^^  on  pain  of  confis- 
cation," to  **  go  into  the  bush  to  trade."     R  was  also  di-micntrwi. 
rected  that  ^<no  residents  should  presume  to  come  witiiiu^. 
their  boats  within  the  limits  of  the  colonic ;"  and  a  further 
proclamation  declared  that  ^^  no  inhabitants  of  the  ooionie 
should  presume  to  buy  any  goods  firom  the  residents.** 
Van  der  Donck,  "  the  officer"  of  Rensselaerswyck,  was  at 
the  same  time  required  to  see  these  regulations  strictly 
enforced.  ^ 

But  the  schout-fiscal,  afraid  of  risking  his  pqmlarity, 
would  not  enforce  the  new  ordinances.  A  sloop  arriving 
a  few  days  afterward  witli  some  goods,  the  colonists,  in 
spite  of  the  proclamations,  purchased  what  they  pleased ; 
and  Commissary  Van  Curler  and  Domine  Megapolensis, 
sendincf  for  Van  der  Donck,  directed  him  to  search  the  vu  der 
houses  of  the  colonists  for  secreted  fi^oods.  But  the  schoutiuunaw 
^<  gossipped,  without  once  making  a  search."  He  was  not 
disposed  to  '^  make  himself  suspected  by  the  colonists,  as 
his  years  as  officer  were  few."  Van  Curler  soon  became 
unpopular.  Van  der  Donck  fomented  the  discontent;  and 
a  protest  against  the  obnoxious  commissary  was  subscribed 
in  a  circle,  "  so  that  it  should  not  be  knovm  who  had  first 
signed  it."  Some  of  the  colonists  were  for  driving  him 
out  of  tiie  colony  as  a  rogue ;  others  wished  to  take  his  life.* 

By  degrees,  however.  Van  Curler's  popularity  returned ; 

and  Van  der  Donck,  finding  his  residence  becoming  dis-  vu  der 

a&reeable,  determined   to  leave  Rensselaerswyck.     He»oive«to 
%       ^  A   1         n       •  11        «>     1 .11         1  *""  •  "«^ 

therefore  went  down  the  nver  to  look  at  KatskiU ;  and  coioaie. 

made  arrangements  to  return  to  Holland,  and  seek  for 

partners  "to  plant  a  colonic  there."     But  the  patroon, 

learning  Van  der  Donck's  intention,  resolved  to  forestall 

"his  sworn  officer,"  who  had  " dishonestly  designed"  to 

purchase  the  lands  "  lying  under  the  shadow  of  his  colo- 

*  RenM.  MSS. ;  Van  Corier't  letter,  in  CCen.,  i.,  MI,  401 


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378  HISTORY  OP  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  XI.  nio ;"  and  determined  to  enlarge  his  own  domain,  so  as  to 
include  all  the  territory  "  from  Rensselaer's  Stein  down  to 
10  Sept.  Katskill."  Instructions  were,  therefore,  sent  to  Van  Curler 
to  stop  the  schout's  proceedings,  and,  in  case  he  had  al- 
ready acquired  a  title  from  the  Indians,  to  constrain  him 
to  surrender  it  to  the  patroon.  If  he  should  prove  obsti- 
nate, he  was  to  be  deprived  of  his  office,  which  was  to  be 
conferred,  provisionally,  upon  Nicholas  Koom.  The  strin- 
gent orders  of  his  feudal  chief  arrested  Van  der  Donok's 
design,  and  his  proposed  settlement  at  Katskill  was  aban- 
doned.* 

The  Swedish  government,  in  the  mean  time,  had  taken 
measures  to  place  their  colony  at  the  South  River  on  a 
1643.  permanent  footing.     In  the  summer  of  1642,  the  queen 
isAugost.  appointed  John  Printz,  a  lieutenant  of  cavalry,  to  be 
"  Grovernor  of  New  Sweden,"  which  was  declared  to  be 
under  the  royal  protection.     The  territory  was  defined  as 
extending  "  from  the  borders  of  the  sea  to  Cape  Hinlopen, 
in  returning  southwest  toward  Godyn's  Bay,  and  thence 
toward  the  great  South  River  as  far  as  Minqua's  Kill, 
where  is  constructed  Fort  Christina,  and  froin  thence 
again  toward  South  River,  and  the  whole  to  a  place  which 
the  savages  call  Sankikan,t  which  is  at  the  same  time  the 
place  where  are  the  limits  of  New  Sweden."     Of  these 
John        frontiers,  Printz  was  instructed  "to  take  care;"  yet,  if 
pointed     possiblc,  to  maintain  amity  and  good  neighborhood  witii 
forernor.  the  Dutch  at  Fort  Nassau,  "now  occupied  by  about  twen- 
ty  men,"  as  well  as  with  "  those  established  higher  up  the 
North  River  at  Manhattan,  or  New  Amsterdam,  and  like- 
wise with  the  English,  who  inhabit  Virginia,  especifiJly 
because  the  latter  have  already  b^un  to  procure  for  the 
Swedes  all  sorts  of  necessary  provisions,  and  at  reasonable 
prices,  both  for  cattle  and  grain."     Toward  the  colonists 
under  Joost  de  Bogaerdt  good-will  was   to   be   shown. 
Printz  might  choose  his  own  residence  where  he  should 

*  Renss.  MSS. ;  0*Call.,  i.,  333,  338.  839, 40S. 

t  The  M]b  at  Trenton,  in  New  Jersey,  sometiBM*  writteii  Santickao ;  oate,  p.  t83 ;  fU 
N.  Y.  H.  S.  CoU.,  i.,  400 ;  U.,  883. 


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WILUAM  KIEFT,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  379 

find  it  most  oonvenient ;  but  he  was  to  pay  partioular  at-  ciup.  xl 
tention  that  the  South  River  "may  be  shut,"  or  com-   ^^^ 
manded  by  any  fortress  which  he  might  erect     The  trade 
in  peltries  with  the  Indians  was  not  to  be  permitted  to  any 
persons  whomsoever^  except  to  the  agents  of  the  Swedish 
Company.     Detailed  instructions  were  also  given  for  the 
internal  government  of  the  colony ;  and  Divine  service  was 
enjoined,  "  according  to  the  true  Confession  of  Augsburg, 
the  Council  of  Upsal,  and  the  ceremonies  of  the  Swedish 
Church."     The  Dutch  settlers,  however,  were  not  to  be 
disturbed  "  with  regard  to  the  exercise  of  the  Reformed 
religion."      The  governor's  appointment  was   for  three 
years,  at  an  annual  salary  of  twelve  hundred  silver  dol- 
lars, commencing  on  the  first  of  January,  1643.     The 
Swedish  government  furnished  officers  and  soldiers,  and  so  AngMi. 
passed  an  ordinance  assigning  upward  of  two  millions  of 
rix  dollars,  to  be  collected  annuaUy  from  the  excises  on 
tobacco,  for  the  support  of  the  government  of  New  Sweden.* 
Under  such  auspices,  Printz  sailed  from  G-ottenburg  late 
in  the  autumn  of  1642,  with  the  ships  "Fame"  and i not. 
"  Stork,"  and  accompanied  by  the  Reverend  John  Cam- 
panius  as  chaplain.     Early  the  next  year,  the  expedition  1643. 
reached  Fort  Christina.!     Desiring  to  control  the  trade  of  PriSx  ar- 
the  river,  and  be  as  near  as  possible  to  the  Dutch  at  Fort  Pon  chrit- 
Nassau,  Printz  chose  for  his  own  residence  an  island  on"™^ 
the  west  shore,  then  called  by  the  Indians  "  Tenacong," 
now  known  as  Tinicum,  near  Chester,  about  twelve  miles 
below  Philadelphia.     Upon  this  island  a  "  pretty  strong" 
fort,  named  "  New  Gottenburg,"  was  promptly  construct-  Buudingof 
ed  of  heavy  hemlock  logs.     A  mansion  called  "  Printz  Gmten*'^ 
Hall"  was  built  for  the  governor ;  orchards  were  planted;  "** 
and  the  principal  colonists  took  ^up  their  abode  at  Tini- 
cum.    Toward  Fort  Christina  there  were  a  few  scattered 
farms;  but  between  Tinicmn  and  the  Schuylkill  there 
were  no  plantations.^ 

*  Hazard's  Ren;.  Penn.,  iv. ;  Ibid.,  Ann.  Penn.,  89-00.  t  Campanius,  70. 

i  Acrelius  ;  Hadde's  Report ;  ii.,  N.  T.  H.  S.  Coll.,  i.,  411, 4S9 :  Ferria,  63,  63 ;  Haa- 
ard^s  Ann.  Penn.,  70.  Reorus  Torkillua,  the  dergyman  who  had  aeeompanied  Minnit  to 
New  Sweden  in  1638,  died  at  Fort  Christina  on  the  7th  of  Saptembar,  1643,  aoon  after  tha 
arrival  of  Printx.— Campaniua.  107, 109. 


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880  HISTORY  OP  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

QmjLB.jo.      Prints  now  hoped  to  secure  to  himself  ail  the  Indiiaii 
~~"  trade  against  the  competition  of  the  Dutoh.     Still  more 
prinSi     offectiially  to  "shut  up^  the  rivw,  m  tiie  coarse  of  the  fol- 
SJSJS""  lowing  crc»nmer  he  erected  anotiier  fort  "  with  Ihree  an- 
^""^^      ^es,"  called  "  Ebingbarg,**  upon  the  east  shore  of  the 
bay  near  Salem  Creek,  from  which  tiie  New  Haven  in- 
truders had  jnst  befere  been  expelled.     The  new  fort  was 
garriscmed  liy  twelve  men  commanded  by  a  lieutenant, 
and  was  armed  with  eight  iron  and  brass  twelve-pound 
guns.     At  this  {dace  all  vessels  ooming  up  the  river  were 
compeltod  to  lower  their  colors,  and  stop,  until  permission 
to  proceed  had  been  obtained  from  the  governor  at  Tini- 
•    cum.* 
DeVriMftt     The  SwediA  garrison  had  an  early  qyportunity  of  dis- 
R#*8r.       playing  their  vigilance.     De  Vries,  on  his  way  from  Man- 
hattan to  Virginia,  put  into  the  South  River ;  and,  as  the 
Rotterdam  vessel  passed  by  Fort  Elsingburg,  a  gun  was 
fired  for  her  to  strike  her  flag.     Blanck,  her  schipper,  ask- 
ed De  Vries  his  advice.     "  If  it  were  my  ship,  I  should 
not  strike,"  was  Ihe  reply ;  "  for  I  am  a  patroon  of  New 
Netherland,  and  tiie  Swedes  are  mere  intruders  within 
our  river."     But  the  schipper,  wishing  to  trade,  lowered 
his  colors.     A  boat  from  the  fort  immediately  visited  the 
vessel,  which  sailed  up  to  Tinieum  the  same  afternoon. 
At  Fort  New  GFottenburg,  the  Dutch  were  welcomed  by 
the  governor,  who  ^^  was  named  Captain  Printz,  a  man  of 
brave  size,  who  weighed  over   four  hundred  pounds." 
Learning  that  De  Vries  was  the  patroon  of  the  first  Dutch 
colonic  at  Swaanendael,  Printz  pledged  him  in  ^'  a  great 
romer  of  Rhine  wine ;"  and  the  Dutch  vessel  continued 
five  days  at  the  fort,  trading  confectionary  and  Madeira 
wine  for  beaver  skins.     After  a  short  visit  to  Fort  Nassau, 
where  he  found  the  West  India  Company's  people  in  gar- 
19  ootober.  risou,  Dc  Vrics  accompanied  the  Swedish  governor  down 
ihe  river  to  Fort  Christina,  where  there  were  now  several 
houses.    Having  spent  the  night  with  Printz,  who  '^  treat- 
90  October,  ed  him  well,"  De  Vries  bade  farewell  to  his  Swedish  host, 

*  De  Vries,  IM,  185 ;  Htidde's  Report,  489 ;  Hoi.  Doc.,  viii.,  39, 50. 


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WILLIAM  KIEFT,  DIREOTQR  GEMBIUL.  381 

for  whom  ha  fiied  a  partiBg  Mlute,  m  tiio  Batoh  Teasel  cxap.  xi. 
sailed  onward  to  Virginia.*  . 

KieiVs  attention  vra»  soon  afterward  drawn  to  a  »ew.p,^^^,; 
and  unexpected  daim  to  the  ownership  of  a  part  of  Now  ^^w  Ju- 
Netherland.     An  English  knight,  Sir  Edmund  Plowden,*"^" 
calling  himself  Earl  Palatine  of  New  Albion,  arrived  at 
Manhattan  from  the  South  River,  and  boldly  affirmed  that 
all  the  land  fix»m  the  west  side  of  the  North  River  to 
Virginia  was  his,  by  gift  of  the  King  of  England.     Plow- 
den's  claim  rested  upon  a  patent  issued  at  Dublin  by  the  1634. 
Viceroy  of  Ireland,  to  whom  the  knight  addressed  him- '^ ''*'"^' 
self  after  Charles  I.  had  refused  him  a  charter  under  the 
Grreat  Seal  of  England.     By  his  Irish  patent,  Plowd^i 
was  invested  with  the  title  and  dignity  of  ^'  Earl  Palatine" 
of  the  Province  of  New  Albion,  which,  under  a  vague  and 
imperfect  description,  seems  to  have  been  meant  to  include 
most  of  the  territory  between  Cape  May,  Sandy  Hook,  and 
the  Delaware  River,  now  forming  the  State  of  New  Jer- 
sey.    Under  tiiis  w(»rthless  diarter,  issued  by  a  Viceroy 
of  Ireland,  who  had  no  authority  to  grant  territorial  rights 
in  America,  Plowden  set  sail  for  Delaware  Bay;  but, 
<<  wanting  a  pilot  for  that  place,"  he  went  to  Virginia. 
From  there  he  visited  the  South  River.     But  becoming 
^*  very  much  piqued"  with  the  Swedish  governor,  John 
Printz,  <^on  account  of  some  affiront  given  him,  too  long 
to  relate,"  he  prooeeiled  northward  to  Manhattan.     The  1643. 
pretensions  of  the  titular  Earl  Palatine  of  New  Albion 
were,  however,  entirely  disregarded  by  Blieft.     Plowden, 
nevertheless,  warned  the  director  that,  '<  when  an  q>por^ 
tunity  should  offer,"  he  would  go  to  the  South  River  and 
take  possession ;  while,  at  the  same  time,  he  assured  Kieft 
that  he  '^  did  not  wish  to  have  any  strife  with  the  Duteh." 

*  De  Vries,  Voyages,  184, 1B5.  We  nratt  here  Uke  leave  of  the  blunt  mariner,  whose 
original  jonma]  has  been  so  pleaaant  a  guide.  De  Vries  was  emphatically  a  man  of  the 
people ;  erer  opposing  arbitrary  power ;  biased,  perhaps,  in  some  of  hia  opinions  and 
statements ;  but  flrank,  honest,  religious,  and  a  sinoere  adroeate  of  the  true  interests  of 
New  Netberland.  After  spending  the  winter  in  Virginia,  De  Vries  sailed  (br  Holland, 
where  he  arrired  in  June,  1644.  He  seems  nerer  to  have  rerlsitad  Ameriea.  His  un- 
pretending and  simply-written  work  was  published  at  Alckmaer,  in  1066,  illustrated  by 
a  wetl-engrared  portrait  of  the  anthor,  ttkn  in  165S,  whm  lia  was  sixty  years  of  age. 
See  anUt  p.  156,  note. 


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382  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OP  NEW  YORK. 

cmap.  XI.  The  disappointed  Earl  Palatine  presently  returned  to  Vir- 
ginia ;  and  though  he  came  to  Manhattan  several  years 
*  afterward,  and  reasserted  his  claim  to  New  Albion,  no 
actual  settlement  under  his  insufficient  title  appears  ever 
to  have  been  made  within  the  territory  of  New  Nether- 
land* 

If  the  proceedings  of  Printz  excited  the  animosity  of  the 
Dutch  at  Manhattan,  his  arbitrary  conduct  was  not  less 
P«orge      annoyinff  to  the  New  Endand  Puritans.    Lamberton,  not- 
jnj««i  by  withstand  mg  the  wammg  he  had  received  the  previous 
J«iy.        year,  persisting  in  revisiting  the  Delaware  in  a  New  Ha- 
ven pinnace,  was  induced,  by  the  Swedish  governor,  to 
land  at  Fort  New  G-ottenburg,  where  he  was  instantly  im- 
prisoned, with  two  of  his  men.     Printz  began  to  ply  one 
of  these  men  with  strong  drink  and  liberal  promises,  to 
influence  him  "  to  say,  that  Greoi^e  Lamberton  had  hired 
the  Indians  to  cut  off  the  Swedes."     But  the  governor 
could  not  persuade  his  prisoner  to  perjure  himself;  and 
in  his  vexation,  *'he  put  irons  upon  him  with  his  own 
hands."     According  to  Winthrop's  account,  Printz  was  "  a 
man  very  furious  and  passionate,  cursing  and  swearing, 
and  also  reviling  the  English  of  New  Haven  as  runa- 
gates,"t  &c. 
n  s«pt.         When  Eaton's  statement  of  this  transaction  reached 
um  New    Boston,  the  commissioners  of  the  United  Colonies  instruct- 

Bngland 

ed  their  president  to  write  to  Printz,  '*  expressing  the  par- 
ticulars, and  requiring  satisfaction"  for  the  "  foul  injuries" 
offered  to  Lamberton  and  the  New  Haven  people  on  the 
Delaware.  A  commission  was  also  given  to  Lamberton, 
"to  go  treat  with  the  Swedish  governor  about  satisfac- 
tion for  those  injuries  and  damages,  and  to  agree  with 
him  about  settling  their  trade  and  plantation."^     But 

•  IIol.  Doc.,  It.,  71 ;  il.,  N.  Y.  H.  S.  CoU.,  ii.,  370 ;  Alb.  Rec.,  Hi.,  234 ;  xriiL,  349 ;  Hu- 
ard's  Sute  Papers,  i.,  160-174  ;  S.  Hazard's  Ann.  Penn.,  36-38, 108-113 ;  Winlhrop,  ii, 
33S.  The  sabjeet  of  Plowden'a  claim  to  New  Albion  has  been  considered  in  C.  KinK*8 
Address,  in  Proc.  N.  J.  II.  S.,  i.,  39-43 ;  Pennington's  "^  Examination  of  Beauchamp  Plan* 
tagenet's  Description  of  New  Albion ;"  Mulfbrd's  New  Jersey,  66-74 ;  and  la  Mr.  Mvr- 
phy's  very  exceUent  note  to  the  *'  Vertoogh  van  N.  N.**,  in  ii.,  N.  Y.  H.  S.  CoU.,  ii.,  393-^M. 

t  WiBthrop,  ii.,  130, 140, 141 ;  John  Thickpenny's  Deposition,  in  New  Haven  Col.  Rec, 
L,  97-99 ;  S.  Hatard's  Ann.  Penn.,  74-76.  t  Haxard,  ii.,  11 ;  Winthrop,  il.,  140. 


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WILLIAM  KIEFT,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  383 

Printz,  on  hb  part,  met  the  charges  of  the  New  Haven  chap.  m. 
people  with  a  positive  denial.    At  the  meeting  of  the  Gen-  "7777' 
eral  Court  of  Massachusetts  in  the  following  spring,  theym.,^' 
Swedish  governor,  to  rebut  the  English  version  of  the  case, 
^^  sent  copies  of  divers  examinations  upon  oath  taken  in 
the  cause,  with  a  copy  of  all  the  proceeding  between  them 
and  our  friends  of  New  Haven  from  the  first ;"  and  in  his 
letters  '^  used  large  expressions  of  respect"  for  the  English. 
Governor  Eaton,  on  behalf  of  New  Haven,  desiring  a  new 
commission  "  to  go  on  with  their  plantation  and  trade  in 
Delaware  River  and  Bay,"  the  court  granted  it,  but  "with 
a  salvo  jure, ^^^ 

The  Boston  merchants  now  began  to  covet  a  participa-  Expiorini 
tion  in  the  fiir  trade  on  the  Delaware.     It  was  imagined  sent  from 
in  Massachusetts,  that  the  chief  supply  of  beavers  came  um  soatb 
from  a  "  great  lake,  supposing  it  to  lie  in  the  northwest 
part"  of  their  patent ;  and  this  lake,  which  they  named 
"  Lake  Lyconnia,"  it  was  now  thought  should  be  "  dis- 
covered."    A  well-manned  pinnace,  laden  with  provisions  March, 
and  merchandise,  was  therefore  dispatched  from  Boston, 
with  a  commission  under  the  public  seal,  and  letters  from 
Winthrop  to  the  Dutch  and  Swedish  governors.     The  ex- 
ploring party  were  instructed  "to  sail  up  the  Delaware 
River  so  high  as  they  could  go ;  and  then  some  of  the 
company,  under  the  conduct  of  Mr.  William  Aspenwall,  a 
good  artist,  and  one  who  had  been  in  those  parts,  to  pass, 
by  small  skids  or  canoes,  up  the  river  so  far  as  they 
oould."t 

*  Wintlirop,  il.,  157.  The  commlMionen,  in  a  letter  to  Stayreeant,  of  the  I<kh  of  Sep- 
tember, 1650,  and  again,  in  their  Declaration  of  Grievances  of  April,  1653,  charge  Jansen, 
the  Dutch  commissary  at  Fort  Nassau,  with  combining  with  Prinu  in  his  proceedings 
against  Lambertoo,  in  1643,  and  with  sitting  "  as  one  of  the  Judges  in  coart  with  the 
Swedish  governor.*'— Hazard,  ii.,  164,  814.  Trnmbnll  repeats  the  story  with  some  em- 
bellishments, and  erroneously  refbrs  it  to  the  year  1649.— Trumbull,  i.,  192.  But  the  de- 
position of  Thickpenny,  quoted  above,  says  not  a  word  about  Jensen's  complicity ;  and 
Winthrop's  contemporary  account  (ii.,  140, 141),  while  it  alludes  to  the  Dutch  agent's  pro- 
ceedings at  the  Varfcens*  Kill,  in  1649,  xeftrs  all  the  *'  firal  injuries^  ofibred  to  Lamberton 
to  **  the  Swedish  governor^  alone. 

t  Winthrop,  ii.,  160, 161.  This  exploring  expedition  shows  the  ignorance  of  the  geog- 
raphy of  the  interior  of  New  Netberland,  which  so  long  prevsUed  among  the  Dutch  and 
the  English.  On  Van  der  Donck's  map,  which  was  published  in  1656,  a  lake  is  laid 
down,  somewhere  about  what  is  now  known  as  the  Delaware  Water-gap,  through  whieh 
the  river  is  represented  as  flowing.  The  French,  in  Canada,  knew  more  about  the  boaii- 
tUVil  lakes  of  New  Netherland  thao  did  either  the  Doteb  or  the  English. 


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^4  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  xi.      But  the  expedition  fiedled.    Kieft  (NroteaAed  against  ikeit 
^r^AA    proceeding,  and  sent  orders  to  Jansen,  at  Fort  Nassan^ 
Faiianof  "  ^^^t  to  let  them  pass."     The  pinnaoe  arrived  at  Fort  El- 
liSi!'''**"'  singburg  "  on  the  Lord's  day,"  and  the  Swedes,  firing  a 
shot,  forced  her  to  anchor  lower  down.     Evemtoally,  the 
English  vessel  was  suffered  to  pass ;  but  both  Printz  and 
Jansen  forbade  the  adventurers  to  trade  with  the  Indians, 
'*  and  for  that  end  each  of  them  had  appointed  a  pinnaoe 
to  wait  upon'^  the  Boston  craft.     Her  master,  however,' 
^^  proved  such  a  drunken  sot,  and  so  complied  with  the 
Dutch  and  Swedes,"  that  the  adventurers,  fearing  that  if 
they  should  leave  their  vessel  to  go  up  to  the  lake  in  a 
small  boat,  '*  he  would,  in  his  drunkenness,  have  betrayed 
their  goods  to  the  Butch,"  gave  up  their  expedition,  and 
90  July,     returned  to  Boston.     The  owners  of  the  pinnace,  on  their 
arrival  home,  recovered  two  hundred  pounds  damages  fxam 
the  master,  ^'  which  was  too  much,  though  he  did  deal 
badly  with  them,  for  it  is  very  probable  they  could  not 
have  proceeded."     Yet  this  verdict  did  not  prevent  the 
commissioners  of  the  United  Colonies,  several  years  after- 
ward, from  disingenuously  alleging  the  conduct  of  the 
Dutch  authorities  as  the  cause  of  the  failure  of  the  expe* 
dition.* 
October.         The  foUowiug  autumu  another  bark  ''was  set  out  from 
Boston,  to  trade  at  Delaware."     After  wintering  in  the 
bay,  she  went  over  to  the  "  Maryland  side"  in  the  spring, 
where  in  three  weeks  "  a  good  parcel"  of  five  hundred 
Another     beaver  skins  was  procured.     As  the  bark  was  about  leav- 
pedition     ing,  fifteen  Indians  came  aboard,  ''  as  if  they  would  trade 
the  MT.     again,"  and  suddenly  drawing  forth  ^'  hatchets  from  un- 
der their  coats,"  killed  the  master  and  three  Others,  and 
rifled  the  vessel  of  all  her  goods  and  sails,  taking  pris* 
oners  a  boy  and  "  one  Redman,"  the  interpreter,  who  was 
suspected  of  having  betrayed  his  countrymen.     Printz, 
hearing  of  the  outrage,  which  seems  to  have  been  perpe- 
trated in  the  neighborhood  of  De  Vries's  unfortunate  col- 
ony at  Swaanendael,  procured  the  delivery  of  the  prison- 

*  Wiothrois  iL,  Ul,  170, 197 ;  Hturd,  U.,  814. 


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WILLIAM  KIEFT,  DIRECTOR  GENiaUL.  385 

era  to  him  at  Fort  New  Gottenburg.     From  there  they  caip.  n. 

were  sent  by  way  of  New  Haven  to  Boston,  where  Red- 

man  was  tried  for  his  life,  and  found  guilty.*  lo44. 

The  pertinacious  interference  of  the  New  England  col-TheDatch 
onists  with  the  trade  on  the  Delaware  was  as  grievous  an  swedw  op- 
annoyance  to  Printz  as  to  Kieft.     The  Dutch,  as  the  first  gush  inter. 
explorers  and  possessors  of  the  South  River,  unwillingly  the  soat? 
saw  their  monopoly  invaded  by  the  Swedes ;  but  when    ^*'' 
the  English  attempted  to  divide  with  them  the  prize,  the 
Swedes  were  found  acting  in  concert  with  the  Dutch  to 
repel  the  new  intrusion.     In  Holland,  the  question  of  sov- 
ereignty was  suddenly  raised  by  the  arrival  of  two  Swed-  October, 
ish  ships,  "  The  Key  of  Calmar"  and  the  "  Fame,"  which 
Printz  had  dispatched  home  with  large  cargoes  of  beaver 
and  tobacco.     Stress  of  weather,  and  perhaps  apprehen-  Qneauon 


sion,  owing  to  the  war  which  had  just  broken  out  between  eigS7t*ia 
Sweden  and  Denmark,  induced  the  masters  of  these  ves-  land. 
sels  to  run  into  the  port  of  Harlingen,  in  Friesland.    Here 
the  ships  were  seized  by  order  of  the  West  India  Compa-  e  October. 
ny,  who,  claiming  sovereignty  over  all  the  regions  around 
the  South  River  of  New  Netherland,  exacted  the  impost 
duties  and  additional  recognitions,  to  which  their  chaxter 
entitled  them.    Against  these  exactions  Speringh,  the  s  October. 
Swedish  minister  at  the  Hague,  instantly  protested  to  the 
States  G-eneral.     A  long  correspondence  ensued,  which 
resulted  in  the  discharge  of  the  ships,  the  next  summer, 
upon  payment  of  the  impost  duties  alone.     The  compa- 
ny's additional  recognition  of  eight  per  cent,  was  waived ; 
and  the  question  of  the  right  of  sovereignty  was  left  un- 
settled.! 

In  the  mean  time,  Kieft,  disappointed  in  obtaining  as-  1643. 
sistance  from  his  English  neighbors,  had  been  forced  to  1^^^ 
draw  a  bill  of  exchange  on  the  directors  of  the  West  India  JJ^JJJ. 
Company,  in  favor  of  some  merchants  of  Amsterdam,  js  not. 
Strict  discipline  was  enjoined  upon  the  heterogenepus 
forces  whidi  were  now  mustered  at  Manhattan ;  and  Van 

*  Wlnthrop,  ii.,  903, 204,  236,  937. 

t  HoL  Doon  tt.,  140, 349,  350;  iiL,  1, 9, 13;  Alb.  Rm^  vrlLt  391. 

Bb 


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386  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NBW  YORK. 

CttAY .  XL  der  HnygenSi  the  sohont-fLsGal,  was  ocmimanded  to  exe- 
"TITI^cute  hia  duties  without  fear  or  favor,  and  to  repress,  with 
^^*  all  the  force  of  the  province,  the  irregularities  which  a 
state  of  war  necessarily  produced.     The  refusal  of  New 
Haven  left  New  Netfierland  to  her  own  resources,  and  the 
spirit  of  the  people  rose  with  the  occasion.     It  was  now 
determined  that  offensive  measures  should  be  taken  against 
December,  thc  savagcs.    Couuselor  La  Montague  was  accordingly  dis- 
Expedition  patched  to  Statcu  Island  with  a  force  of  three  companies. 
sStenisi-  forty  Dutch  burghers  under  Captain  Kuyter,  thirty-five 
English  colonists  under  Lieutenant  Baxter,  and  several 
regular  soldiers  under  Sergeant  Cock.     Crossing  over  from 
Manhattan  in  the  evening,  the  expedition  spent  the  whole 
night  in  scouring  the  island.    The  Indians  kept  out  of  the 
way ;  but  five  or  six  hundred  scheples  of  corn  were  se- 
cured, and  brought  back  to  Fort  Amsterdam.* 

The  Connecticut  Indians  in  the  vicinity  of  Stamford 
had  now  become  still  more  hostile,  and  Mayano,  a  fierce 
indiaii  bos-  chief,  who  lived  a  little  to  the  east  of  G^re^awich,  boldly 
u4e?wkh!  attacked  a  party  of  '^  tiiree  Christians,^  whom  he  aoci- 
dentally  met  returning  home.     One  of  the  party  was 
killed;  but  tiie  other  two  overpowered  the  savage  and 
out  off  his  head,  whidi  Captain  Patrick  immediately  ^nt 
to  Fort  Amsterdam,  with  an  account  of  what  the  colo- 
nists at  G-reenwich  had  already  suffered  from  the  chief 
and  his  tribe.     When  Patrick  and  his  friends  submitted 
themselves  to  the  jurisdiction  of  New  Netiierland,  the 
year  before,  it  was  upon  condition  of  being  **  protected 
against  their  enemies  as  much  as  possible."     Good  faith 
now  required  that  this  condition  should  be  fulfilled ;  and 
Ktpetftton  Kieft  instantly  sent  the  forces  which  had  iust  returned 

MAIlt  fWw  * 

Manhattan  from  Stateu  Islaud,  to  the  assistance  of  tiie  loyal  En^ish. 

Bnigish  Leaving  Manhattan  in  ihe  morning,  in  three  yachts,  tiie 
expedition  reached  Greenwich  in  the  evening.  All  the 
next  night  was  spent  in  marching  through  the  country  in 
search  of  the  enemy.  But  none  was  found;  and  the 
wearied  detachment  reached  Stamford  in  no  good  humor. 

*  Alb.Ree.,ft.,«n^i»,ftM;Ui.,lM;  Hill.  Doe.»iil.>irr;  Dot.  flUl.lt.  Y.«1t.,  14. 


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WILLIAM  KIEFT,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  387 

One  of  the  Dutch  soldiers  meeting  Patrick  at  Captain  Un«  csap.  xl 
4erhill's  house  on  Sunday,  "  in  the  time  of  afternoon  ex-  "TITT" 
eroise — for  he  seldcnti  went  to  the  public  assemblies" — jjanoary*. 
charged  him  with  treachery,  in  causing  one  hundred  and  p'jj^f 
twenty  men  to  come  from  Fort  Amsterdam  on  a  iool's  er^  nmrdered. 
rand.     Patrick  resented  the  nettled  soldier's  charge  with 
^^  ill  language,"  and  spit  in  his  face.     As  he  was  turning 
to  go  out,  the  Dutchman  ^^  shot  him  behind  in  the  head, 
so  he  fell  down  dead,  and  never  qpake."     The  murderer 
was  seized,  but  he  escaped  from  custody.* 

The  expedition,  however,  was  not  entirely  unsuccessfriL 
Four  of  the  Stamford  people  volunteered  to  find  out  the 
retreat  of  the  savages ;  and,  upon  their  intelligence,  some 
twenty-five  picked  men  of  the  detachment  surprised  a 
small  Indian  village,  where  they  killed  eighteen  or  twenty 
warriors,  and  took  an  old  man,  two  women,  and  several 
children  prisoners.  To  win  favor,  the  captured  old  man 
offered  to  lead  the  Dutch  against  the  Weckquaesgeeks,  Expedition 
who  were  reported  to  be  intrenched  in  three  castles ;  and  >f  eck- 
Baxter  and  Cock,  with  a  detachment  of  sixty-five  men,  gMbT 
were  sent  to  West  Chester.  The  expedition  found  the 
castles  strongly  constructed  and  well  adapted  for  defense, 
built  of  thick  timbers  nine  feet  hi^,  bound  with  heavy 
beams,  and  pierced  with  loop-holes.  In  one  of  these  cas- 
tles, thirty  Indians  might  defend  themselves  against  two 
hundred  Europeans.  But  all  the  savages  were  gone,  and 
their  fOTtresses  deserted.  Two  of  Aese  were  burned  by 
the  Dutch,  who  reserved  the  third  as  a  retreat  in  case  of 
emergency ;  and  the  expedition,  after  marching  some  for- 
ty miles  farther,  killing  one  or  two  Indians,  and  destroy- 
ing all  the  com  and  wigwams  ihey  found,  returned  to  Fort 
Amsterdam  with  a  few  W(mien  and  children  as  prisoners.t 

The  accounts  which  Underbill  had  communicated  to£n«"S 

from  Stam* 

his  townsmen  at  Stamford  of  the  local  advantages  of  New  Jj^  SSin. 
Netherland,  and  the  personal  knowledge  which  John  Og- Jjjj»«», 
den  had  gained  at  Manhattan,  had  meanwhile  induced*''^ 

*  Wlalkrop,  iL,  Ifll ;  H«l.  Doc^  liL,  118 ;  Doc  HtsL  N.  T.,  tr.,  14 ;  Mtt,  p.  HI. 
r  Hoi.  Doc,  Uf.,  119»  ISO ;  Doe.  HiM.  N.  Y.,  hr.,  1ft. 


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388  HISTORY  OP  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  XI.  several  of  them  to  visit  L(»ig  Island ;  and  airangemeats 
"TTTJ^were  made,  in  the  autumn  of  1643,  to  secure  from  the 
Dutch  provincial  government  a  grant  of  lands  at  Heem- 
stede.  This  portion  of  Long  Island  had  been  so  named 
by  the  Dutch  after  the  '^  neatest  and  most  important  vil- 
lage" on  the  island  of  Schouwen,  in  Zealand.  Early  in 
1644,  Robert  Fordham  and  several  others  came  over  with 
their  families  from  Stamford,  and  established  themselves 
at  Heemstede,  which  soon  became  known  as  ^^  Mr.  Ford- 
is  Not.  ham's  plains."  The  next  autumn,  Kieft  granted  to  Ford- 
ham,  Ogden,  Lawrence,  and  their  associates,  a  liberal  pat- 
ent for  ^<  the  great  plains  on  Long  Island,  from  the  East 
River  to  the  South  Sea,  and  from  a  certain  harbor,  now 
oommonly  called  and  known  by  the  name  of  Heemstede 
Bay,  and  westward  as  far  as  Martin  G-erritsen's  Bay." 
The  patentees  were  authorized  <<  to  use  and  exercise  the 
Reformed  religion  which  they  profess,"  to  nominate  their 
own  magistrates  for  the  approval  of  the  director  of  New 
Netherland,  and  generally  to  manage,  their  own  civil  af- 
fairs. A  quit-rent  of  a  tithe  of  the  produce,  to  begin  ten 
years  ^^  from  the  day  the  first  general  peace  with  the  In- 
dians shall  be  concluded,"  was  reserved  to  the  West  India 
Company.* 
HoMiuty  or  Scarcely  had  the  Stamford  emig^nts  settled  themselves 
dians.  at  Heemstede,  before  Penhawitz,  the  great  sachem  of  the 
Ganarsees  in  that  neighborhood,  who  had  hitherto  been  es- 
teemed friendly  to  the  Dutch,  was  suspected  of  treachery; 
and  several  of  his  tribe  were  charged  with  secret  hostili- 
ties against  ^'the  Christians."  Seven  savages  were  ar- 
rested by  Fordham,  on  a  charge  of  killing  two  or  three 
pigs,  ^'though  it  was  afterward  discovered  that  his  own 
Englishmen  had  done  it  themselves."  Fordham,  however, 
informed  Kieft  that  he  had  arrested  the  savages,  and  con- 
fined them  in  a  cellar ;  but  that  he  ''dared  not  treat  them 
inhumanly,  as  he  could  not  answer  for  the  consequences 

*  ThomiMon*!  Lonf  IsUuid,  U.,  4,  5;  Denton*!  N.  Y.,  p.  0,  and  Fanmn**  noloo; 
CCan.,  i.,  817 ;  Maitinet^s  BeMhryrinco,  iU.,  818.  John  0gden»  ono  of  the  HoeoMledo 
potential,  wao  •  ooatnetor  fbr  bnildinc  tlie  dmreh  in  Fort  Atnetiundtin,  in  IMl ;  «•!•,  p. 
8)6. 


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WILLIAM  KIEFT,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  389 

to  his  own  people."     La  Montagne  was  therefore  sent  chaf.  xi. 
against  the  Canarsees,  with  a  force  of  one  hundred  and  "~j 
twenty  men;    Dutch  burghers  under  Kuyter,  English b,^J^„ 
auxiliaries  under  Underhill,  and  regular  soldiers  under  J^^JJJj^^ 
Cock  aftd  Van  Dyck.     The   expedition  sailed  in  three 
yachts  to  Schout's  or  Cow  Bay,  where  the  forces  were 
landed  without  molestation.     Marching  at  once  to  Heem- 
stede,  Underhill  killed  three  of  the  seven  savages  whom 
Fordham  had  confined  in  the  cellar,  and  took  the  other 
four  prisoners.     The  forces  were  then  divided  into  two 
parties.     With  some  fourteen  Englishmen,  Underhill  at- 
tacked the  smaller  Indian  village;  while  La  Montagne, 
vdth  the  main  body  of  eighty  men,  advanced  against  the 
larger  settlement  at  Mespath.     Both  parties  were  entirely 
successful.     The  villages  were  surprised;    one  hundred 
and  twenty  savages  were  killed ;  while  the  assailants  lost 
<Hily  one  man,  and  had  three  wounded.     On  the  return  of 
the  expedition,  two  of  the  savages  whom  Underhill  had 
taken  at  Heemstede,  were  conveyed  to  Fort  Amsterdam, 
where  the  triumph  of  the  victors  was  disgraced  by  atro- 
cious cruelties.     One  of  the  prisoners,  frightfully  wounded  Atrooitte« 
by  the  "  long  knives"  with  which  the  director  had  armed  tan  oatbe 
the  soldiers  in  place  of  swords,  at  last  dropped  down  dead  um  (bree*. 
as  he  was  dancing  the  "  Kinte-Kaeye,"  or  death-dance  of 
his  race.     The  other,  after  undergoing  even  more  shocking 
mutilation,  was  taken  out  of  the  fort  by  Kieft's  orders,  and 
mercifully  beheaded  on  a  mill -stone  in  "the  Beavers' 
Path,"  now  Beaver  Lane,  near  the  Battery.     These  bar- 
barities are  said  to  have  been  witnessed  by  the  director, 
and  Counselor  La  Montagne.     Some  of  the  female  sav- 
ages who  had  been  taken  prisoners  in  West  Chester,  stsmd- 
ing  at  the  northwest  angle  of  the  fort,  saw  the  bloody  spec- 
tacle, and,  throwing  up  their  arms,  and  striking  their 
mouths,  called  out,  in  their  own  language,  "Shame! 
shame !   "What  disgracefril  and  unspeakable  cruelty  is  this ! 
Such  things  were  never  yet  seen  or  heard  of  among  us."* 
The  Dutch  forces  were  now  in  great  distress  for  want 

•  Hoi.  Doe.,  UL,  131, 12S ;  Doe.  Hist  N.  Y.,  It.,  15,  16 ;  Breedea  Raeit,  10,  M.    TMi 


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390  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OP  NEW  YORK- 

CHxf.  XI.  of  clothing.     At  this  oonjunoture,  a  flhip,  which  the  pa- 
""""troon  of  Benaaelaerswyok  had  dispatched  from  Holland 
The  Dutck  *^®  previous  autumn,  with  a  cargo  of  goods  for  his  colony, 
wim^Sf  ^  arrived  at  Manhattan.     Necessity  pressed ;  and  Kieft  im- 
dothing.    mediately  called  upon  Peter  Wynkoop,  the  supeifcargo,  to 
furnish  fifty  pairs  of  shoes  for  the  soldiers,  offering  full 
payment  "  in  silver,  beavers,  or  wampum.'*     But  the  su- 
percargo, with  more  regard  for  his  patroon's  mercantile  in- 
terests than  for  the  necessities  of  a  suffering  soldiery,  re- 
suppiyob-  fused  to  comply  witii  the  director's  requisition.     Kieft 
SnTri^mtT* promptly  ordered  a  forced  levy;  and  enough  shoes  were 
A^nhattan.  taken  from  the  patroon's  ship  to  supply  as  many  soldiers 
as  afterward  "  killed  five  hundred  of  the  enemy."     The 
provoked  director  then  commanded  the  ship  to  be  thorough- 
ly searched,  and  a  large  supply  of  ammunition  and  guns, 
6  March,    uot  includcd  in  the  manifest,  being  found  on  board,  they 
were  declared  contraband,  and  the  ship  and  cargo  were 
confiscated.* 
February.       Underbill  had,  meanwhile,  been  sent  to  Stamford  to  re- 
connoitre the  position  of  the  savages.     On  his  return  to 
Mareb.      Manhattan,  he  was  dispatched,  with  Ensign  Yan  Dyck 
expeditkm'  and  ouc  hundred  and  fifty  men,  in  three  yachts,  on  a  new 
ftod.        expedition  against  the  Connecticut  Indians.     Landing  at 
Greenwich,  the  forces  marched  all  the  next  day  through 
the  snow,  crossing,  on  their  way,  steep  rocky  hills,  over 
which  the  men  crawled  with  difficulty.    About  midnight, 
the  expedition  approached  the  Indian  village.     The  night 
was  clear,  and  tiie  fiill  moon  threw  a  strong  light  against 
the  mountain,  "so  that  many  winters'  days  were  not 

latter  authority,  ttowarei;,  states  tbe  date  oftbeae  transactions  as  April,  1644.  In  the  !•• 
terrogatories  proposed  to  Van  Tienhoven,  on  the  81st  of  July,  1650,  by  the  oonunittee  of  tbe 
states  General,  tbe  atrocities  perpetrated  upon  tbe  two  Heemstede  prisoners,  and  the 
presence  and  conduct  of  Kieft  and  La  Montagne  on  the  occasion,  were  specially  inquired 
into.— HoL  Doc.,  y.,  31S,  3S0,  321 ;  O'CaU.,  i.,  300.  Winthrop,  ii.,  157,  speaks  of  the 
news  of  Underbill's  Long  Island  ojqMdition  reaching  Boston  in  Man^  1M4. 

*  Alb  Rec.,  U.,  944,  277 ;  Renss.  MSS. ;  O'CaU.,  i.,  342.  Winthrop,  li.,  157,  says  that 
this  ship  was  sent  "  to  the  flree  boors  at  Fort  Orange,*'  and  had  on  board  "  (bur  thousand 
weight  of  powder,  and  ssYen  hundred  pieces  to  trade  with  the  nattres,  wUeh  the  Doieh 
goTemor  having  notioe  of,  did  seize  and  confiscate  to  the  use  of  the  oooipany.**  SaYage, 
In  his  note,  sosom  to  have  mtsapprelMnded  the  oharaster  of  the  ship.  Ths  YesssI  was 
actually  **  not  sent  by  the  oompany,  but  by  some  priYste  men,"  as  Winthrop  had  originally 
written  H  la  his  Jon«aL 


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WILUAM  KIEFT,  DIR£CTOE  GENBRAL.  391 

brighter."     The  village  oontained  three  ro¥r8|  or  streets  chat.  xi. 
of  wigwams,  and  wias  sheltered,  in  a  nook  of  the  mount-  ^^^ 
*  ain,  from  the  northwest  winds.     The  Dutoh  troc^,  find- 


ing the  Indians  on  their  guard,  charged,  sword  in  hand,  i^^^. 
apon  the  fortress.  But  the  savages,  emholdened  by  their  ^^'^ 
superior  numbers — for  the  village  was  crowded  with  In- 
dians, who  had  assembled  ^'  to  celebrate  one  of  their  fes- 
tivals"— ^made  a  desperate  resistctnce.  "  Some  said  that 
there  were  full  seven  hundred,  among  whom  were  twen- 
ty-five Wappingers."  Several  bold  sallies  were  attempted, 
but  every  effort  to  break  the  Dutoh  line  failed.  Not  a 
savage  could  sho'w  himself  outside  the  palisades  without 
being  shot  down.  In  an  hour,  one  hundred  and  eighty 
Indians  lay  dead  on  the  snow.  The  anows  of  the  be- 
sieged now  beginning  to  annoy  the  Dutch,  Underbill, 
remembering  Mason's  experiment  at  the  Mistio,  resolved 
to  set  the  village  on  fire.  The  horrors  of  the  Pequod 
massacre  were  renewed.  As  the  wretched  victims  eup 
deavored  to  escape,  they  were  shot  down  cur  driven  back 
into  their  burning  huts.  The  carnage  was  almost  com- 
plete.. Upward  of  five  hundred  Indians  perished  by  sword 
or  by  flame :  of  all  who  had  crowded  that  devoted  village 
at  nightfedl,  but  eight  escaped.  Fifteen  of  the  Dutch  sol- 
diers were  wounded.  The  victors  kindled  large  fires,  and 
bivouacked  on  the  crimsoned  snow.  In  the  morning,  the 
expedition  set  out  on  its  return,  marching ''  over  that  weari- 
some mountain,  God  affording  extraordinary  atrength  to 
the  wounded,"  and  the  next  afternoon  it  reached  Stam- 
ford, where  the  soldiers  were  hospitably  entertained  by  the 
English.  Two  days  afterward,  the  triumphant  forces 
reached  Fort  Amsterdam ;  and  Kieft  proclaimed  a  public  Thtnkagiv- 
thanksgiving  for  the  brilliant  victory  which  his  troops  had  cTliSSi 
achieved.* 

♦  Hoi.  Doc.,  lU.,  121-1»  ;  Doc.  Hi«t.  N.  Y.,  ir.,  10, 17 ;  0»Call.,  I.,  309 ;  il.,  571 ;  Ban-' 
flroft,  il^  903.  **  The  traditkmaiy  aceount  of  tbe  battlo  on  Strickland's  Plain,  preaerrgd  bgr 
Tnunbnll,  i.,  Ifil,  and  repeated,  but  not  conflnned,  by  Wbod,  can  not  be  quite  accurate ; 
at  least,  as  to  time.**  Tbe  battle  happened  in  1644,  not  in  164A,  as  Trnmbull  erroneously 
Mppsees.  Winthrop  (ii.,  157)  alleges,  that  the  employmtnt  of  Uidsrhlll  by  Kielt  was  *'  a 
plot  or  the  Dutch  governor  to  engage  the  English  in  that  quarrel  with  the  Indians,  which 
we  had  wholly  declined,  as  doubting  the  Justice  of  the  eanss.* 


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392  fflSTORY  OP  THE  STATE  OP  NBW  YORK. 

Chap.  XI.      Spring  had  now  begun ;  and  some  of  the  hostile  tribes 
which  had  felt  the  power  of  the  Dutoh,  wishing  peace,  a{>> 
Peace  with  P^^  ^  Underbill  to  interfere  in  their  behalf.     In  a  few 
cSJJ^   days,  Mamaranack,  the  chief  of  the  Croton  Indians,  and 
winS^^  other  chiefs  from  the  Weckqnaesgeeks,  and  from  the  tribes 
?ApTii      north  of  Greenwich  and  Stamford,  came  to  Fort  Amster- 
dam, and  concluded  a  peace  with  the  Dutch.   They  pledged 
themselves  not  to  do  any  Airther  damage  to  the  colonists 
of  New  Netherland  or  Iheir  property ;  to  visit  Manhattan 
only  in  canoes  as  long  as  the  savages  on  the  island  should 
continue  hostile ;  and  to  deliver  up  Paoham,  the  faithless 
chief  of  the  Tankitekes.     On  the  other  hand,  Kieft  prom- 
ised them  his  friendship ;  and,  in  token  of  his  sincerity, 
15  April,    released  several  of  the  captured  prisoners.    The  next  week, 
Gonwarrowe,  the  sachem  of  the  Mattinnecooks  of  Fluidi* 
ing,  Cow  Bay,  and  the  neighborhood,  warned  by  the  les- 
son  which  the  Long  Island  Indians  had  received  at  Heem* 
stede  and  Mespath,  came  to  Manhattan  and  solicited  a 
peace.    The  sachem  assented  to  the  conditions  which  Kieft 
imposed ;  and  upon  his  promise  that  none  of  the  neighbor- 
ing tribes  should  do  any  harm  to  the  Dutch,  or  assist  their 
enemies,  he  was  dismissed  with  some  presents,  and  en- 
joined to  communicate  tiie  provisions  of  the  treaty  to  the 
sachem  on  "  Mr.  Fordham's  plains."* 

Though  the  Dutch  amis  had  now  humbled  a  distant 
enemy,  and  the  semblance  of  a  peace  had  been  arranged 
with  the  West  Chester  and  Long  Island  savages,  the  prin- 
cipal enemies  of  the  Dutch,  nearer  to  Manhattan  Island, 
remained  hostile.     The  scouting  parties  of  the  red  men 
prowled  unopposed  about  the  vary  precincts  of  Fort  Am- 
Fenoe  o^   stcidam.     For  the  protection  of  tiie  few  cattle  which  re- 
Mit  It     ipained  to  the  decimated  population,  <<a  ffood  solid  fence" 
81  lureh.  was  ordered  to  be  erected,  "  from  the  great  bouwery  across 
to  the  plantation  of  Emanuel,"  nearly  on  the  site  of  the 
present  Wall  Street.    All  persons  who  wished  their  cattle 
to  be  pastured  in  security,  were  warned  to  appear  with 
proper  tools  and  assist  in  erecting  the  fence ;  those  lidio 

*  Alb.  Reo.,  ii.»  947, 948 ;  0'CaU.»  L,  801. 


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WaLIAM  KIEFT,  NREOTOR  GENERAL.  393 

failed  to  give  their  aid  were  to  be  excluded  from  the  priv-  chap.  xi. 
ileges  of  the  indosed  meadow.*  ioaa 

The  precaution  was  necessary.     If  Kieft  had  earned  Hotuio  ' 
the  detestation  of  the  Dutch  colonists,  he  was  even  morej^j^^^ 
hated  by  the  savages,  who  remembered  Van  TwiUer'd  pa-  ^n<*'"»"- 
oific  rule,  and  called  for  the  removal  of  his  violent  suc- 
cessor.    "Their  daily  cry  every  where  was  'Wouter, 
Wouter' — ^meaning  Wouter  van  Twiller."t     Throughout 
the  whole  summer,  the  settlements  at  Manhattan  and  its 
neighborhood  were  constantly  in  danger  of  utter  destruc- 
tion.    The  savages  were  unopposed ;  and,  as  «oon  as  they 
had  "  stowed  their  maize  ipto  holes,"  they  began  again  to 
murder  the  Dutch.     The  ruined  conmionalty  was  unable 
to  meet  the  expenses  of  the  soldiery ;  and  the  West  India 
Company,  made  bankrupt  by  its  military  operations  in  The  wem 
Brazil,  could  furnish  no  assistance  to  its  desolated  prov- p«ny  unk 
ince.     The  bill  of  exchange,  which  Kieft  had  drawn  upon 
the  Amsterdam  Chamber  the  previous  autumn,  came  back 
protested.     Soon  afterwiurd,  the  privateer  La  Grarce,  with 
which  the  director  had  commissioned  Captain  Blauvelt  to 
cruise  in  the  West  Indies,  returned  to  Manhattan  with  two  «  May. 
valuable  Spanish  prizes.     But  ready  money  was  wanted 
at  once ;  and  pressing  necessity  could  not  brook  the  slow 
proceedings  of  the  Admiralty  Court.t 

Kieft  was,  therefore,  obliged  to  convene  the  Eight  Men  is  June. 
once  more.     He  laid  before  them  a  statement  of  the  des-  Men  again 
titutitSh  of  the  provincial  treasury ;  and  to  raise  a  revenue  "*"^**"* 
for  the  payment  of  the  English  soldiers,  he  proposed  to 
levy  an  excise  on  wine,  beer,  brandy,  and  beaver.     The 
Eight  Men,  however,  opposed  the  proposition,  on  theoppuMan 
double  grounds  that  an  excise,  in  the  ruined  condition  of  uqaom!'" 
the  people,  would  be  oppressive,  and  that  the  right  of  tax- 
ation was  an  attribute  of  sovereignty  which  the  West  In- 
dia Company  might  indeed  exercise,  but  which  their  sub- 
ordinate officer  in  New  Netherland  had  no  authority  to 
assume.  § 

*  Alb.  Ree.,  U.,  S46 ;  HUdreth,  1.,  4S5.  t  Hoi.  Doe.,  U.,  878. 

t  Alb.  Ree.,  il.,  3A0,  251,  S57 ;  ill.,  SIS ;  Hoi.  Doe.,  iU.,  SIO ;  CCaU.,  i.,  SM,  800. 
«  Hoi.  Doc.,  ill.,  S15,  810. 


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;]94  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OP  NEW  YORK. 

<;hap.  XI.      The  direotor  was  "  very  much  offended''  at  the 
— 7~" opinion  of  the  Eight  Men;  and,  "in  an  altered  mood," 
Kieo^wi.  8^T>ly  reprimancled  the  representatives  of  the  people.    "  I 
roidurt!*  ^^^  mote  power  here  than  the  company  itself,"  said  Kieft 
to  the  contumacious  burghers,  in  the  presence  of  La  Moop 
tagne  and  the  fiscal  Van  der  Huygens;  "  therefore  I  may 
do  and  suffer  in  this  oountary  what  I  please ;  I  am  ray  own 
master,  for  I  have  my  commission,  not  firom  the  company, 
but  firom  the  States  General."     The  Eight  Men  still  en- 
deavored to  avert  the  obnoxious  excise  firom  pressing  on 
the  commonalty  at  large ;  and  proposed,  instead,  ihat  ihe 
private  traders,  who  were  amassing  fortunes  while  tiie 
colonists  were  ruined,  should  be  taxed.     But  Kieft  was 
immovable.* 
3ij«n«.         Three  days  afterward,  he  issued  a  proclamation,  "  with- 
trariiy  im-  out  the  knowledge  of  the  Eight  Men,"  reciting  that  all 
excise  on   other  mcans  having  failed  to  prpvide  for  the  expenses  of 
the  war,  it  had,  "  by  the  cuivioe  of  the  Eight  Men  chosen 
by  the  commonalty,"  been  determined  "  to  impose  some 
duties  on  those  wares  firom  which  the  good  inhabitants  wiU 
suffer  the  least  inconvenience,  as  the  scarcity  of  money  is 
very  general."     It  was  tiierefore  ordained,  "provisionally, 
until  the  good  Grod  shall  grant  us  peace,  or  we  shall  be 
sufficiently  aided  fi*om  Holland,"  that  on  each  barrel  of 
beer  tapped  an  excbe  duty  of  two  guilders  should  be 
paid,  one  half  by  the  brewer,  and  one  half  by  the  public- 
an— ^burghers  not  retailing  it,  however,  to  pay  only  one 
half  as  much ;  on  every  quart  of  brandy  and  wine,  four 
stivers,  and  on  every  beaver  skin  one  guilder.t 
Disconteot      The   commonaltv  openly   expressed  their  discontent. 

of  the  com-  </         r        ^  r 

roonaity.  Kieft,  attributing  much  of  the  ill  feeling  to  the  popular 
representatives,  who  had  opposed  the  tax,  sent  for  Kuyter, 
Melyn,  and  HaU,  to  confer  with*  them  respecting  the  ob- 

jojune.  noxious  cxactions.  But  the  Eight  Men  found  that  they 
were  in  "  little  repute"  with  the  director,  who  left  <he 
three  representatives  of  the  people  to  sit  in  his  hall,  from 

♦  Hoi.  Doc,  ill.,  217. 

t  HoL  Doe^  iU.,  130-139, 917,  918.    The  original  of  thia  crier  wm  in  Kleft^a  kuid- 
writiDf. 


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WILUAM  KiEFT,  DUIECTOE  GENERAL.  385 

eight  o'olook  until  past  luxm,  without  a  wcnrd  being  said  csaf.  xi. 
to  them,  and,  finally,  to  return  in  diaaj^intment "  as  wise 
as  they  came."* 

While  New  Netherland  was  despairing  of  relief  firom 
Holland,  unexpected  aid  came  firom  the  West  Indies.    One  Anrai  or 
hundred  and  thirty  Dutch  soldiers,  who  had  been  driven  c^^. 
by  the  Portuguese  out  of  Brazil,  coming  to  Gura^oa,  where 
the  inhabitants  did  not  need,  and  could  not  maintain 
them,  were  promptly  sent  to  Manhattan,  in  the  i^hip  ^'  Blue 
Cock,"  by  order  of  Peter  Stuyvesant,  the  company^s  direct* 
or.     Kieft  immediately  called  a  meeting  of  thie  council,  at  Joiy. 
wiiich  were  also  present  Oudemarkt,  the  captain  of  the 
Blue  Cock,  and  Jan  de  Friea,  the  oommander  of  the  new* 
ly arrived  troops.     It  was  determined  to  retain  De  Fries  21  Jaiy. 
and  his  c<Hnmand  at  Manhattan,  and  to  dismiss  the  En- 
glish auxiliaries  ^^  in  the  most  civil  manner."    The  soldiers 
were  to  be  billeted  on  the  commonalty,  according  to  the 
circumstances  of  each  one ;  and  the  company  was  to  make 
recompense  whenever  it  could.     As  there  was  no  clothing  4  AugvM. 
in  the  company's  warehouse  for  these  troops,  the  council 
was  again  convened,  and  it  was  resolved  that  the  excise  The  beer 
duties,  which  had  been  "provisionally"  imposed,  should  forced, 
be  continued.     Besides  paying  an  excise  of  three  guilders 
on  every  tun  of  beer,  the  brewers  were  now  required  to 
make  a  return  of  the  exact  quantity  they  might  brew.t 

But  the  brewers  sturdily  refosed  to  pay  this  unjust  The  brew- 
tribute.  The  first  excise  had  been  imposed  "  provision-  SV) .  ***' 
ally,"  until  relief  should  arrive ;  relief  had  arrived,  and 
the  excise,  instead  of  being  discontinued,  was  made  more 
onerous ;  the  company  was  bound  to  furnish  clothing  to 
its  troops,  as  much  as  it  was  bound  to  furnish  ammuni- 
tion  and  guns ;  and,  above  all,  the  exaction  was  an  arbi- 
trary act  of  the  dependents  of  the  West  India  Company, 
and  against  the  consent  of  the  representatives  of  the  com- 
monalty, who,  in  the  present  instance,  had  alone  the  right 
to  impose  the  tax.     The  refractory  brewers  were  sum- 

*  Hoi.  Doc.,  iii.,  109 ;  Vertoogh  Tan  N.  N.,  uX  sap.,  396;  O^CaU.,  i^  307,  306. 

t  Alb.  Rec.,  ti.,  960,  964,  965 ;  xii.,  49-55 ;  llol.  Doc.,  Ui.,  187 ;  Winthrop,  il.,  170. 


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396  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

cbaf.  h.  moned  before  the  ooancil.     "Were  we  to  yield,  and  pey 

the  three  florins,"  said  they,  "  we  should  offend  the  Eight 

isi^L  ^®^  ^^^  *^®  whole  commonalty."     But  judgment  was 
25  August,  recorded  against  them ;  and  their  beer  was  "  given  a  prize 

to  the  soldiers."* 

Tbe  people      The  pooplo  had  now  learned  another  lesson  in  political 

ihoVew-  rights — ^the  lesson  of  resistance.     From  this  time  forward 

party  spirit  divided  tiie  ciHnmonalty.     The  Eight  Men 

represented  the  Democratic  sentiment  of  the  majority  of 

the  people ;  the  parasites  of  arbitrary  power  took  part  with 

the  director.    "  Those  who  were  on  his  side  could  do  noth- 

Pururoiriting  amiss,  however  bad  it  might  be ;  those  who  were  op* 

tao  ""      posed  to  him  were  always  wrong  in  whatever  they  did 

well."     Kieft's  jealousy  even  made  him  suspicious  of  his 

own  partisans,  who  held  communication  witii  "  impartial 

persons."     Throu^out  nearly  the  whole  summer,  private 

quarrels  and  prosecutions  occupied  the  mind  of  the  director, 

to  the  exclusion  of  more  important  subjects ;  and  six  weeks 

were  frittered  away  in  trying  an  unfortunate  smuggler  of 

pearls,  who  was  eventually  bani8hed.t 

The  Eight  Men  counseled  active  measures  against  the 
savages ;  for  they  had  been  "  greatly  glculdened  by  the 
miraculous  arrival  of  the  Blue  Cock,"  and  "  expected  that 
the  field  would  be  taken  with  between  three  and  four  hund- 
Kioft»s  red  men."t  Bufnotiiing  in  the  least"  was  done.  Dur- 
inacUTUy.  ing  thc  whole  summer,  "scarce  a  foot  was  moved  on  land, 
or  an  oar  laid  in  the  water."  Some  of  the  Indian  prison* 
ers,  who  might  have  done  good  service  as  guides,  were 
sent  to  the  Bermudas,  "  as  a  present  to  the  English  gov- 
ernor." Others  were  given  to  the  "  oldest  and  most  ex- 
perienced soldiers,"  who  were  improvidently  allowed  to 
return  to  Holland.  In  the  mean  time,  the  savages  were 
quietly  left  to  fish  and  secure  their  crops,  and  no  opposi* 

*  Alb.  Rae.,  U.,  M5-a07 ;  Vertoogb  Ttn  N.  N.,  105 ;  Baneraft,  U.,  304 ;  CCaH.,  1.,  Sll. 

t  Alb.  Rec.,  U., 801, 262 :  Hoi.  Doo.,  lii.,  310 :  Vertoogh  van  N.  N.,  395 :  Breeden  Raadt,U. 

t  According  to  Hoi.  Doc,  ill.,  187,  tbere  was  now  mt  Manhattan  an  araUable  force  ol 
four  hundred  and  eighty  men,  of  whom  one  hundred  and  thirty  had  arriTed  In  the  '*  Bliw 
Cock  ;**  forty-fire  were  old  aoldiers,  fifty  were  English  anxlliariea,  fifty-flre  were  sallore, 
and  two  hundred  were  bnr^iera,  or  flreemen. 


^ 


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WILLIAM  KIEFT,  DUVEOTOR  GENERAL.  397 

tkm  being  offered,  they  soon  showed  themselves  more  cbap.  xi. 
"  bold  and  insolent"  than  ever  before.  The  "  semblance  "7^~ 
of  peace,"  which  Underbill  had  "patched  up"  in  the 
spring,  bore  but  little  firuit.  Parties  of  Indians  roved 
about,  day  and  night,  over  Manhattan  Island,  killing  the 
Dutch  not  a  thousand  paoes  from  Fort  Amsterdam ;  and 
no  one  dared  "  move  a  foot  to  fetoh  a  stick  of  fire-wood 
without  a  strong  escort."* 

Finding  Kieft's  censurable  inactivity  still  continuing, 
Gornelis  Melyn,  the  president  of  the  Eight  Men,  address- «Aii(iut. 
ed  an  earnest  letter  to  the  States  General,  urging  them  to 
interfere  in  behedf  of  the  province ;  and,  at  the  same  time, 
wrote  to  his  friend  Van  der  Horst,  to  exert,  in  favor  of  the 
people  of  New  Netherland,  all  the  influence  which  he  pos- 
sessed with  the  company.     Two  others  of  the  Eight  Men, 
Hall  and  Dircksen,  in  person  protested  skongly  to  Kieft 
against  his  neglect  of  duty.     The  director,  at  last  aroused  The  direct, 
to  action,  dbpatched  Captain  De  Fries  with  a  party  of  theexp!Suon° 
Cura^oa  soldiers  toward  the  north.     Eight  savages  were  north, 
slain ;  but,  said  the  men,  ^^  for  every  new  enemy  we  kill, 
another  stands  next  morning  in  his  place."     And  the  col- 
onists, finding  the  summer  and  autunm  nearly  gone,  now 
began  to  anticipate  the  severities  of  a  winter's  campaign, 
and  being  forced  to  wade  ^'  through  rivers  and  creeks,  in 
frost  and  snow,  witli  their  new  and  naked  soldiers,  who 
had  resided  in  warm  climates  for  so  many  years."t 

The  condition  of  public  affairs  had  now  come  to  such 
pass,  that  the  Eight  Men  determined  boldly  to  demand 
the  recall  of  Kieft,  and  to  insist  upon  the  inkoduction  into 
New  Netherland  of  the  municipal  system  of  the  Father- 
land.  It  was  ascertained  at  the  same  time,  that  Kieft,  in 
his  letters  to  the  College  of  the  XIX.,  ^'  was  endeavoring 
to  shift  upon  the  commonalty  the  origin  and  cause  of  the 
war."t  The  eight  popular  representatives,  th^efore,  ad-  ss  oetobar. 
dressed  a  second  memorial  to  the  West  India  Company, 
drawn  up,  in  simple  but  expressive  language,  by  Andries 

*  Hoi.  Doc,  iU.,  SOO-910.  t  Ibid.,  U.,  346 ;  Ui.,  SIS. 

t  Breeden  Raadi,  SI. 


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398  HISTORY  OF  THE  OTATB  OP  NEW  YORK. 

CHAP.  XI.  Hudde,  the  town  wtrveyor  of  Manhattan.*     "  Our  fields 
lie  fallow  and  waste,"  said  the  Bight  Men ;  "  oui  dweU<» 
Memorial   ^^S^  ^^^  othor  buildings  are  burnt ;  not  a  handful  can  be 
MiS*to  IS'  ©ither  planted  or  sown  this  autumn  on  tiie  deserted  places ; 
t^J^yJ*the  crops  which  God  permitted  to  come  forth  during  the 
past  summer  remain  on  the  fields  standing  and  rotting ; 
we  are  burthened  with  heavy  families;  we  have  no  means 
to  provide  necessturies  for  wives  or  children ;  and  we  sit 
here  amidst  thousands  of  Indians  and  barbarians,  firom 
whom  we  find  neither  peace  nor  mercy."     "  There  are 
among  us  those  who,  by  the  sweat  and  labor  of  their 
hands,  f^  many  long  years  have  endeavored,  at  great  ex* 
pense,  to  improve  their  lands  and  villages ;  others,  with 
their  private  capital,  have  equipped  wilh  all  neoessaries 
(heir  own  ships,  which  have  been  captured  by  the  enemy, 
though  they  have  continued  the  voyage  with  equal  iseal, 
and  at  considerable  cost.     Some,  again,  have  come  hither 
with  ships  independent  of  tiie  company,  fi^ighted  widi  a 
large  quantity  of  cattle,  and  with  a  number  of  families ; 
who  have  erected  handsome  buildings  on  the  spots  se» 
lected  for  their  people ;  cleeured  away  the  trees  and  ihe 
forest ;  inclosed  their  plantations,  and  brought  them  un- 
der the  plough,  so  as  to  be  an  ornament  to  the  country, 
anc^  a  profit  to  the  proprietors,  after  their  long,  laborious 
Kieft'«oon-  toil.     The  whole  of  these  now  lie  in  ashes  through  a  fool* 
vtewSd     ish  hankering  after  war.     For  all  right-thinking  men  here 
know  that  these  Indians  have  lived  as  lambs  among  us, 
until  a  few  years  ago ;  injuring  no  man ;  affording  every 
assistance  to  our  nation ;  and,  in  Director  Van  Twiller*s 
time  (when  no  supplies  were  sent  for  several  months), 
fdmishing  provisions  to  several  of  the  company's  servants, 
until,  as  tt^y  state,  they  received  supplies.     These  hath 
the  director,  by  various  uncalled-for  proceedings,  firom  time 
to  time  so  estranged  from  us,  and  so  embittered  against 
the  Netherlands  nation,  that  we  do  not  believe  that  any 
thing  will  bring  them  and  peace  back,  unless  the  Lord^ 
who  bends  all  men's  hearts  to  his  will,  propitiate  their 

•  Hoi.  Doc,  lii.,  S04. 


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WILLIAM  KIBFT,  DIRBCrrOR  GENERAL. 

people.''  ^*  Little  or  notiuog  of  any  aoooont  haa  been  done  craf.  xi. 
here  for  the  country.  Every  place  is  going  to  rain.  Nei- 
ther  oounsel  nor  culvioe  is  taken.  Men  talk  of  nothing  ebe 
but  of  prinoely  power  and  sovereignty,  abont  which  La 
Montagne  argned  a  few  days  ago  in  a  tavern,  maintain- 
ing that  the  power  of  the  director  here  was  greater,  so  far 
as  his  office  and  commission  were  concerned,  than  that  of 
hie  highness  of  Orange,  in  the  Netherlands."  After  giv- 
ing many  details  of  the  origin  and  progress  of  the  war ;  of 
the  proceedings  of  the  Twelve  Men ;  of  the  election  of  the 
Bight  Men ;  of  their  treatment  by  Kieft ;  and  of  their  ef- 
forts to  prevent  the  imposition  of  the  obnoxious  exoise  du- 
ties; they  warned  the  directors  against  relying  upon  the  Kieft's  mis- 
statements about  the  war,  contained  in  a  "book"  oma-SonT*" 
mented  with  water-color  drawings,  which  Kieft  had  sent 
over.  "  It  contains,"  said  the  Eight  Men,  *'  as  many  lies 
as  lines,  as  we  are  informed  by  the  minister,  and  by  those 
who  have  read  it."  And,  with  respect  to  tlie  statements 
in  that  "  book,"  about  the  animals  and  the  geography  of 
New  Netherland,  '*  it  would  be  well  to  mquire  how  the 
director  general  can  so  aptly  write  about  tiiose  distances 
and  habits,  since  his  honor,  during  the  six  or  seven  years 
he  has  been  here,  has  constantly  resided  on  the  Manhat> 
tans,  and  has  never  been  furtjier  from  his  kitchen  and  bed- 
room than  the  middle  of  the  aforesaid  island." 

"  Honored  Lords" — so  the  Eight  Men  boldly  concluded 
their  memorial — "  this  is  what  we  have,  in  the  sorrow  of 
our  hearts,  to  complain  of;  that  one  man  who  has  been 
tent  out,  sworn  and  instructed  by  his  Lords  and  Masters, 
to  whom  he  is  responsible,  should  dispose  here  of  our  lives 
and  property  according  to  his  will  and  pleasure,  in  a  man- 
ner so  arbitrary,  that  a  King  would  not  be  suffered  legally 
to  do.  We  shall  end  here,  and  commit  the  matter  wholly 
to  our  God,  who,  we  pray  and  heartily  trust,  will  move 
your  Lor4#hips'  minds  and  bless  your  Lordships'  deliber- 
ations, so  that  one  of  these  two  things  may  happen— -either 
that  a  Governor  may  be  speedily  sent  with  a  beloved  peace 
to  us,  or  that  their  Honors  will  be  pleased  to  permit  us  to 


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400  fflSTOKY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  XL  Fetom,  with  wivos  and  children,  to  onr  dear  FaUierlaad. 
"~~  For  it  is  impossiUe  ever  to  settle  this  oouutry  until  a  dit 
The  direa-  foment  system  be  introduced  here,  and  a  new  Governor  be 
dTmiSdJd.  ^^^  ^^*  "^i^  "^^'^^  people^  who  shall  settle  themselves  in 
suitable  places,  one  near  the  oiiier^  in  form  of  villages  and 
hamlets,  and  elect,  fix>m  among  themselves,  a  bailiff,  or 
schout,  and  schepens,  who  «hall  be  empowered  to  send 
deputies  to  vote  on  public  ai&irs  with  the  Director  and 
Council ;  so  that  hereafter  the  (Country  may  not  be  again 
brought  into  similar  danger."* 
PrMtrad-       In  the  moau  time,  notwithstanding  all  the  attempts  to 
^aen-*    restrain  it,  an  illicit  traffic  continued  to  be  carried  on  at 
Rensselaerswyck.    During  the  last  year,  neither  the  com- 
pany nor  the  patroon  had  "  scarcely  any  trade,"  while  fully 
three  or  four  thousand  furs  had  been  conveyed  away  by 
unlicensed  traders.     ^'  It  would  be  very  profitable,"  wrote 
Van  Curler,  "  if  your  Honor  could  bring  about,  with  a 
higher  hand,  that  the  residents  should  not  come  to  tiie 
colonic  to  trade."     The  patroon,  following  Van  Curler's 
suggestion,  determined  to  act  '^  with  a  higher   hand.*' 
He  therefore  drew  up,  in  the  form  of  a  protest,  a  state- 
ment of  the  grievances  he  had  suffered  from  the  free  trad- 
ers, who  trafficked  against  his  will  with  the  savages,  and 
even  ^'  sor^ht  to  debauch  and  pervert"  his  own  colonists. 
Feeling  that  he  was  the  '^  first  and  oldest"  patroon  on  the 
North  River,  he  resolved  that  no  one  should  '<  presume  to 
abuse"  it,  to  the  injury  of  his  acquked  rights;  and  accoard- 
Fon  It      ingly  caused  a  small  fort  to  be  erefted  on  Beeren  Island, 
•nd"°    '  at  the  southern  frcmtier  of  the  colonic.     This  post,  whidi 
commanded  both  channels  of  the  rivef^  was  named  ^<  Rens- 
Tbe  pa-     selaer's  Stein."     A  claim  of  ^<  Staple  ^ght"  yraa  set  up ; 
daunaa    and  Nicholas  Koom  was  aiMx>inted  "Wacht-meester," 
rtf  111."      with  directions  to  levy  a  toll  of  five  guilders  up<m  all  ves- 
sels, except  those  of  the  West  India  Company,  passing  up 
or  down  the  river,  and  to  cause  them  to  strike  their  odors 
in  homage  to  Hie  feudal  merchant-patroon.t 

*  Bneden  Raedt,  81 ;  Hoi.  Doc.  iff.,  S06-S93 ;  and  in  CCaU.,  i.,  313-317. 
tAIb.Ree.,iT.,90,40;R«iin.MSS.,lBO'CalL,i.,4«5^tf7.    Kmoi  kad  teMrtr^ifll 


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WILLIAM  KIEFT,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  4OI 

The  arrogant  piretensdon  was  Bocm  asserted.     The  sum-  cbap.  zl 
mer  that  the  post  was  established,  as  Govert  Loocker- "~7~ 
mans,  in  his  yacht,  the  Good  Hope,  was  passing  down  the  jj,^^^' 
river  from  Fort  Orange  to  Manhattan,  "a  gun  without Jj^*JJ: 
ball"  was  fired  from  Rensselaer's  Stein ;  and  Koom  cried  [^J^ 
out  to  the  schipper,  "  Strike  thy  colors !"    "  For  whom  shall  Sj?;?;ein. 
I  strike  ?"  replied  Loockermans.     '*  For  the  staple  right 
of  Rensselaer's  Stein,"  answered  Koom  from  the  shore. 
**  I  strike  for  nobody  but  the  Prince  of  Orange,  or  those 
by  whom  I  am  employed,"  retorted  the   independent 
Loockermans,  as  his  yacht  slowly  kept  her  course.    Koom 
immediately  fired  several  shots :  "  the  first,"  says  the  Ireo- 
ord,  ^^  went  through  the  sail,  and  broke  the  ropes  and  the 
ladder ;  a  second  shot  passed  over  us ;  and  the  third,  fired 
by  a  savage,  perforated  our  princely  colors,  about  a  foot 
above  the  head  of  Loockermans,  who  kept  the  colors  con- 
stantly in  his  hand."* 

The  commander  of  Rensselaer's  Stein  was  immediately  2  xugm. 
smnmoned  before  the  council  at  Fort  Amsterdam,  to  an-  troon^'ofli. 
swer  for  this  bold  proceeding.    Though  he  pleaded  his  pa-  moo'^  t* 
troon's  authority,  damages  were  adjudged  against  him, 
and  he  was  forbidden  to  repeat  his  offense.    Van  der  Huy- 
gens,  the  schout-fiscal  of  New  Netherland,  at  the  same 
time  formally  protested  against  the  '^  lawless  transactions"  oetobn-. 
of  the  patroon's  Wacht-meester.     The  establishment  on 
Beeren  Island,  it  was  eilleged,  was  beyond  the  limits  of 
Van  Rensselaer's  colonie  ;  and  "  the  bold  attempt  to  con- 
struct there  a  fort  which  might  command  the  river,  and 
debar  Fort  Orange  from  the  free  navigation,  would  be  ruin- 
ous to  the  interests  of  the  company."     Koom,  however,  procaM  or 
feeling  his  importance,  promptly  replied  to  Van  der  Huy-  SJiSTof 
gens'  protest.     '^  I  call  on  you,"  said  he,  '<  not  to  presume  uI^^Tmh. 
to  oppose  and  frustrate  my  designs  on  the  Beeren  Island,  ^^  ^' 
to  defraud  me  in  any  manner,  or  to  cause  me  any  trouble, 
as  it  has  been  the  will  of  their  High  Mightinesses,  the 

a  sergeant  in  the  West  India  Company's  ssrrice  at  Fort  Amslerdain,  where,  f n  Deoembef^ 
1638,  he  was  tried,  and  sentenced  to  be  reduced  10  the  ranks.— Alh.  Rec.,  H.,  aft,  M. 
*  Alb.  Rec.,  U.,  192,  834,  S63  ;  iii.,  S19 ;  II.,  N.  T.  H.  8.  CoU.,  I.,  370,  980. 

Co 


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40S  HISTORY  OF  THE  OT'ATE  OP  NEW  YORK. 


1644. 


ciup.  XI.  states  General,  and  tiie  privileged  West  India  Gompaiiy, 
to  invest  my  patrocm  and  his  heir  with  the  right  to  extend 
and  fortify  his  colonie,  and  make  it  powerful  in  every  re- 
spect." ''  I  protest  against  the  act  of  violence  and  assault 
committed  by  the  Honorable  Lords  Majors,  which  I  leave 
them  to  settle  between  themselves  and  my  honorable  pa- 
troon,  inasmuch  as  this  step  has  been  taken  to  keep  the 
canker  of  free-traders  out  of  his  colonie."* 

Another  occasion  happened,  this  summer,  to  test  ike 
April.        active  benevolence  of  the  Dutch.     Father  Joseph  Bressani, 
SSSni    while  on  his  way  from  Quebec  to  the  Huron  country,  was 
iStS^^^  captured  on  the  Saint  Lawrence,  by  a  war  party  of  the  Ir- 
^*^^''      oquois,  and  conveyed  a  prisoner  to  the  Mohawk  castles. 
There  he  suffered  even  more  horrid  tortures  than  liiose 
which  Jogues  had  undergone  two  years  before.     Yet  his 
life  was  spared ;  and  an  old  squaw,  to  whom  he  had  been 
given,  took  him  to  the  ^'  nearest  habitation  of  the  Hd- 
landers,"  who,  by  a  large  contribution,  "  satiiified  the  sav- 
ages," and  ransomed  the  suffering  Jesuit  missionary.    Aft- 
er being  nursed  and  clothed  at  Fort  Orange,  he  was  sent 
iJitch.      down  the  river  to  Manhattan.     There  he  was  hospitably 
received  by  Kieft,  who  caused  him  to  be  supplied  with 
clothes,  and  provided  him,  as  he  had  Jogues,  with  a  pas- 
sage to  Europe.     The  director  and  council  also  issued  a 
passport,  recommending  Bressani  to  the  Christian  charity 
sosqit.     of  those  into  whose  hands  he  might  happen  to  fall;  and 
the  grateful  Jesuit,  sailing  from  Manhattan,  safely  reached 
Bochelle  toward  the  end  of  November.     Thus  the  influ- 
ence which  the  Dutch  possessed  among  tiie  Lroquois  was 
effectively  used  in  the  cause  of  humanity ;  bigotry  was 
forgotten,  while  the  warm  gratitude  of  the  Roman  Cath- 
ortticiide  olios  was  secured ;  and  in  after  years,  the  Viceroys  of  Can- 
sda  author-  ada  did  not  fiedl  to  acknowledge,  with  characteristic  court- 
esy, the  ancient  kindness  of  the  colonists  of  New  Nether- 
land  toward  the  devoted  captive  missionaries  of  France.t 

*  Alb.  Rec,  iU.,  187, 188 ;  U.,  N.  T.  H.  S.  CoU.,  i.,  S80,  )81 ;  Hoi.  Doc,  ▼.,  804 ;  IL,  If 
y.  H.  S.  CoU.,  tL,  SM;  CCldl..  i.,  M4, 84ft;  Dueroft,  IL,  804. 

t  Relailom  1048-44;  Cnazliii,  809-408;  Ctavteroix,  1.,  S98-M0;  Bancroft,  Ul.,  1^4 ; 
O'CalL,  L,  887 ;  Load.  Doe.,  IL,  100 ;  N.  T.  CoL  M88.,  til.,  ISS ;  Maeerata  Rel.,  lOftX 


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WILLIAM  KIEFT»  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  40^ 

Meenwhile,  the  diBastroas  affiiirs  of  their  snffering  piov-  cbap.  xi. 
inoe  had  attraoted  the  grave  attention  of  the  Dutoh  gov-  ' 

«mment.     The  letter  which  the  Eig^t  Hen  had  sent  over  J^^ 
in  the  antumn  of  1643,  was  no  sooner  received  by  the^JJ^fSS^ 
£ttate8  Greneral  tiian  it  was  referred  to  the  College  of  thej^^"^^ 
Xli.,  with  directions  to  adopt  prompt  measores  for  the  re-  JjJJ  ^^"^ 
Uef  of  New  Netherland.     But  the  West  India  Craipany*^" 
was  now  almost  bankrupt ;  and  the  directors,  totally  un- 
able to  defend  their  American  colonies,  were  chiefly  anx- 
ious to  save  themselves  from  utter  ruin  by  forming  a  union 
with  the  flourishing  and  powerful  East  India  Company. 
In  reply  to  the  mandate  of  the  States  General,  they  avow- ssaim. 
ed  their  sympathy  with  the  ^^  desolate  and  miserable"  col- 
onists of  New  Netherland ;  but  '^  the  long-looked-fer  profits 
thence"  had  not  come,  and  they  had  no  means  at  hand 
of  sending  relief  '^  to  ihe  poor  inhabitants  who  have  left 
their  Fatherland."    And  the  bankrupt  company  urged  the 
States  Greneral  for  a  subsidy  of  a  million  of  guilders,  to 
place  it  ^^  in  good,  prosperous,  and  profitable  order."* 

The  States  General  directed  copies  of  the  ccmipany's  37  Apm. 
application  to  be  communicated  to  the  several  States  of 
the  provinces.     Before  any  thing  was  done,  however,  Me- 
lyn's  urgent  letter  coming  to  hand,  was  immediately  re-M< 
ferred  to  the  delegates  to  the  approaching  meeting  of  Hie 


College  of  the  XIX.     The  delegates  were  also  instructed  »< 
to  inform  themselves  fully  about  the  condition  of  the  prov-  oenam  f^ 
ince,  and  especially  to  examme  mto  the  propriety  o^'^'JJfJ^^^ 
stricting  the  internal  trade  of  New  Netherland  to  tiie  resi-  [JJJ*^- 
dents,  as  well  as  into  the  policy  of  opening  a  free  trade 
between  Manhattan  and  Brazil.    A  full  report  upon  the 
whole  subject  was  required  to  be  made  to  the  States  Gen- 
eral.t 

At  the  meeting  of  the  College  of  the  XIX.,  the  affairs 
of  New  Netherland  were  fully  discussed.     The  second  sscecoiMr 
bold  ajqpeal,  which  the  Eight  Men  addressed  to  the  com- 
pany in  the  autumn,  reached  the  meeting  at  an  opportune 
moment.     It  was  now  felt  that  the  commonalty  were  in 

•Hol.Doenlt,at9kS30,83S;Mlt,p.a7S.  t  M4.,  tt.,  SH,  Mi^  MIL 


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404  HISTORY  OP  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

qba».  XI.  emmest     Either  a  new  director  most  be  speedily  sent 

"  with  a  beloved  peace"  to  New  Netherland,  or  the  odo- 

*-^'***  nists  there  must  "return  with  their  wires  and  children  to 

mdm.      their  dear  Fatheriand."*    Kieff  s  recall  was,  therefore,  de- 

cau  dMidfld  termined  upon.    But  the  appointment  of  a  proper  success- 


or was  a  difficult  question.     Lubbertus  van  Dinoklagen, 
who  had  been  dismissed  from  office  by  Van  Twiller  in 
1636,  had  for  eig^  years  unsuccessfully  urged  his  claims 
for  arrears  of  salary.     He  was,  however,  "well  liked  by 
the  Indians,"  and  his  former  experi^ice  in  New  Nether* 
vuDinek-land  recommended  him  for  promotion.     Van  I>incklagen 
▼iSlimii^  was,  therefore,  provisionally  appointed  to  succeed  Kieil  as 
tosttcoeed  director.     The  XIX.  also  resolved  to  refer  all  the  papers 
10  Dm.     relating  to  New  Netherland  to  the  company's  recently-or- 
ganized "  Rekenkamer,"  or  Bureau  <^  Accounts,  with  in- 
structions to  prepare  a  full  report  upon  the  condition  of  the 
province,  and  recommend  measures  for  its  profit  and  ad- 
vancementt 
ifrDae.         In  a  few  days  the  Rekenkamer  presented  a  detailed  re- 
pOTt,  which  was  communicated  to  the  States  G-eneral.    This 
i8  Dm.     document  is  one  of  the  most  important  State  Papers  relat- 
the  oompa-  iug  to  Ncw  Ncthcrland.     Beginning  witii  a  sketch  of  its 
MiaTAe-  history,  from  its  discovery  by  the  Dutch,  through  the  im- 
portant epochs  of  the  organization  of  the  company,  the  set- 
tlement of  the  first  colonists  under  May,  the  establishment 
of  patroonships,  the  opening  of  the  fur  trade,  the  abuses 
which  followed,  the  breaking  out  of  the  Indian  war,  and 
of  the  deplorable  ruin  which  succeeded,  the  various  reme- 
dial measures  suggested  by  Kieft  and  by  the  commonaUy 
were  concisely  stated.     The  director  counseled  the  ex- 
termination of  the  Indians,  whom  he  estimated  to  be  only 
three  hundred  strong,  and  asked  for  a  hundred  and  fifty 
armed  soldiers  and  munitions  of  war.     The  commonalty, 
on  the  other  hand,  supposing  the  savage  forces  to  amount 
to  several  thousands,  advised  a  peace.    But  "of  this  tbej 
have  but  little  h<^,  as  k»ig  as  the  present  administratm 
remains  there." 

*Iiol.9M^U.,tU;«n|«,p  396.  t  IbM.,  U.,  Ml,  IM. 


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WILUAM  KIBFT»  DIREGTOa  GENERiLL. 

From  all  Uiase  statements,  the  Rakenkamer  infisired  csir^xs. 
that  their  Ameorioan  provinoe  had  fallen  into  ruin  ^^^TTZT 
confusion  by   Kieft'a   unneoessary  war,   "without   thestataofthe 
knowledge,  and  much  less  the  order  of  the  XIX.,  and^"^"**^ 
against  the  will  of  the  commonalty  there."     Acoording  to 
ihe  books  of  the  Amsterdam  Chamber,  New  Netherlands 
in  place  of  being  a  source  of  profit,  had  oost  the  oompany, 
£rom  1626  to  1644,  inclusive,  "  over  five  hundred  and  fif* 
ty  thousand  guilders,  deducting  the  returns  received  from 
th^e."     But  as  the  charter  of  "  Freedoms  and  Exemp« 
tions"  had  promised  to  protect  and  defend  the  colonists, 
and  as  improvements  in  the  management  of  the  province 
were  not  beyond  hope,  "  the  company  can  not  decently  or 
consistently  abandon  it." 

The  Bureau  of  Accounts,  therefore,  recommended  a  se*  Reoom. 
ties  of  propositions  to  the  company.     The  boundary  should  SrtU  ^^ 
be  at  once  established  between  the  Dutch  and  English,  or Awoantt 
as,  in  consequence  of  their  population,  they  ''usurp  daily  iieforK«w 
more  of  our  territcnry."     Kieft's  advice  to  exterminate  the  iMd. 
Indians  should  ''  by  no  means  be  adopted,*^'  but  the  opin- 
km  of  the  commonalty  should  be  followed,  and  the  sav- 
ages appeased.     It  would  also  be  proper  ''to  order  faith- KMitot* 
er  the  director  and  council,  who  are  responsible  for  that 
bloody  exploit  of  the  twenty-eighth  of  February,  1643,  to 
justify  and  vindicate  their  administration  before  the  noble 
Assembly  of  the  XIX."     The  colonists  ^ould  be  settled  Ramieu  to 
in  towns,  villages,  and  hamlets,  "  as  the  English  are  inisedT'^' 
the  habit  of  doing."     Fort  Amsterdam,  to  save  expense,  Fon  Am- 
should  be  repaired  "  with  good  clay  and  firm  sods,"  and  teSliSpM. 
a  garrison  of  fifty-tiiree  soldiers  be  constantly  maintained. 
The  annual  salary  of  the  director  should  be  three  thousand 
guilders,  and  the  expense  of  the  whole  civil  and  military 
establishment  of  New  Netherland  twenty  thousand  guild- 
ers.     A  council  of  three  persons  should  be  established,  coaneu  to 
composed  of  the  director  as  president,  and  the  second  and  £^5!"***^ 
fiscal  as  counselors  adjunct.     By  this  council  all  cases  of 
police,  justice,  dignity,  and  the  rights  of  the  company 
should  be  decided.     In  criminal  cases,  the  military  com- 


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406  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

«iu».  XL  mandant  should  take  the  plaoe  of  the  fiscal,  and  ^  two 
itUA  ^^P*We  persons  ftom  the  oommonalty"  should  be  added. 
'  As,  by  the  twenty>eightii  article  of  the  ^<  Freedoms,"  each 
oolonie  was  allowed  to  depute  one  or  two  persons  every 
year  to  represent  it  at  Manhattan,  it  was  now  recommend- 
ed, ^'  that  the  said  delegates  should,  moreover,  ass^nble 
every  six  months,  at  the  summons  of  the  director  aad 
council,  for  mutual  good  understanding,  and  the  common 
advanc^nent  of  the  welfare  of  the  inhabitants.'^  Amst^- 
dam  weights  and  measures  should  be  used  throughout 
New  Netherland.  The  population  of  the  country  should 
be  strengthened,  and  the  island  of  Manhattan  first  of  all 

Ltadstobabe  occupicd,  by  offering  firee  grants  of  land  to  emigrants. 

gnmtod.  As  many  negroes  should  be  introduced  from  Brazil  as  the 
patvoons,  colonists,  and  feurmers  ^^  would  be  willing  to  pay 
for  at  a  fair  price."  The  Indian  trade  should  be  reserved 
exclusively  to  the  patiroons,  colonists,  and  free  farmers; 

Notro-     but  no  fire-arms  should  be  sold  to  the  savages.    BbcHi  ool- 

•rmaiobt  ^ 

MtdtotiM  onist  should  be  obliged  to  supply  himself  with  a  musket 
ooioQfa^toand  side-arms;  and  the  director  dbould  cause  an  inspeo* 
Trade  witb  tiou  to  be  made  every  six  months.     A  trade  should  be  air 
lowed  with  Brazil ;  fisheries,  and  the  manufacture  and 
exportation  of  salt,  should  be  encouraged ;  for  while  the 
colonists  thus  gained  advantage,  the  company  would  be 
relieved  from  large  expenses.     In  order  to  defiray  the  ad- 
ditional cost  of  the  proposed  establishment  for  New  Neth- 
erland, it  was  estimated  that  an  increasing  population 
and  a  growing  trade  would  readily  yield  a  handsome  rev- 
enue from  the  recognitions  and  tolls  upon  exports  and  im- 
MftroMir  ports ;  but  to  collect  these,  vigilance  should  be  enjoined, 
and  the  duties  of  the  revenue  officers  *^  diould  be  sharply 
attended  to."* 

*  Hoi.  Doc.,  ii.,  368-395 ;  O'CaO.,  i.,  34»-S54, 418^494. 


ed. 


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W(LUAM  KIEFT,  DIRECTOR  OENEKAL.  4ffj 


CHAPTER  Xn. 
1645-1647. 

The -Indian  war,  which  Kieft's  recklessness  had  pro- chap,  xii 

yoked,  was  now  about  to  end.     During  five  years,  New 

Netherland  had  known  hardly  five  months  of  peace.  Man-  ^J;^^ 
hattan  was  nearly  depopulated ;  while  the  Indian  nations  in^'i*"**^ 
around  were  still  thousands  strong,  and  New  England  al- 
ready contained  more  than  fifty  Hiousand  souls.  Too  late 
Kieft  perceived  his  error;  for  a  stem  voice  of  warning  had 
come  from  the  Amsterdam  Chamber,  and  the  conscience 
of  the  director  smote  him,  as  he  foresaw  the  end  of  his 
rule  over  the  noble  province  vdiose  interests  he  had  sac- 
rificed. 

With  the  opening  of  Uie  spring,  the  Indians,  who  were 
anxious  to  plant  their  com,  desired  a  peace.     Delegates 
from  several  of  the  neighboring  tribes  came  to  Port  Am- 
sterdam ;  and  Kieffc  eagerly  concluded  a  truce  with  the »  April, 
warriors.     The  people  rejoiced  at  the  prospect  of  the  end  wim  latM 
of  dangers  of  which  they  were  weary,  and  "  a  grand  sa- tribes, 
lute  of  three  guns"  was  fired  from  the  fort.     But  many 
of  the  savage  nations  were  still  hostile.     Kieft  therefore* 
by  the  advice  of  his  council,  determined  to  engage  some 
of  the  friendly  Indians  in  the  interests  of  the  Dutch,  and 
Whiteney  wen,  the  sachem  of  the  Mockgonecocks  on  Long 
Island,  was  dispatched,  with  several  of  his  warriors,  ^'toftiiuy. 
beat  and  destroy  the  hostile  tribes."     The  sachem's  diplo- 
macy, however,  was  better  than  violence.     In  a  few  days, 
he  retumed  to  Fort  Amsterdam,  bearing  friendly  messa- 
ges from  the  chiefs  of  the  tribes  along  the  Sound  and  near 
Eockaway,  and  a  pledge  that  they  would  no  longer  ^^  in- 


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liJ8  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

CHAP.  XII.  jure  the  Christians."     A  formal  peace  was  ratified  by  the 
exchange  of  tokens  of  eternal  firiendship,  and  Whiteney- 
^^wen,  the  ambassador  sachem,  was  dismissed  with  liberal 


uiaid'XT.  presents* 
■*^-  Kieft  now,  forrthe  first  time,  went  up  the  river  to  Fort 

Orange,  with  La  Montagne,  to  secure  the  firiendship  of  the 
July.        powerful  Mohawks.     Aided  by  Okd  influence  of  tixe  offi- 
witb  Uk6    cers  at  Rensselaerswyck,  a  treaty  was  soon  arranged  wiiii 
and  other  the  Iroquois  delegates,  and  vHth  the  Mahioans  and  the 
Port  Or-    other  neighboring  tribes.     The  languages  of  these  tribes 
were  various,  end  the  negotiations  were  conducted  with 
the  assistance  of  the  Indian  interpreter  A^eroense,  <'  who 
was  well  known  to  the  Ohristians.''     Presents  were  again 
exchanged  in  ratification  of  the  peace ;  and  ICieft's  em« 
barrassment  fcr  the  want  of  money  was  relieved  by  Van 
der  Donck,  and  other  inhabitants  of  Rensselaerswyck. 
But  a  chemical  analysis  of  some  native  mineral,  with 
which  the  savages  painted  their  &ces,  raised  hopes  in  the 
director's  mind  that  he  had  now  found  the  way  to  wealth.^ 
The  treaty  at  Fcnrt  Orange  was  fdlowed,  before  long,  by 
a  general  peace  with  the  tribes  in  the  neighborhood  of 
39  August.  Manhattan.     The  citizens  were  summoned  to  assemble  at 
Fort  Amsterdam,  at  the  ringing  of  the  bell  and  the  hoist- 
ing of  the  colors,  to  hear  tiie  proposed  articles  read ;  and 
they  were  assured  that  ^^  if  any  one  could  give  good  ad« 
vice,  he  might  then  declare  his  opinions  freely."     The 
{»roject  of  the  treaty  was  almost  unanimously  approved. 

*  Alb.  Rec,  iL,  S96-30I ;  0*CaU.,  i.»  SM.  One  of  the  guns  bunting  when  the  nlUe 
was  fired,  Jacob  Jscobsen  Roy  lost  an  arm,  in  spite  ofthe  skill  of  Surgeon  Hans  Klersted. 

t  Alb.  Reo.»  TiU.,  70, 80.  Van  der  Donek,  in  his  DeseripUon  of  N.  N.,  p.  SO  (ii.,  N.  T. 
B.  8.  Coll.,  i.,  161),  refers  particularly  to  this  treaty,  and  describes  a  curious  inddent 
eomiectad  with  tt.  One  morning,  the  Indian  interpreter,  Agheroense,  "  who  lodged  ia 
the  directw's  house,  came  down  stsirs,  and  in  the  presence  of  the  director  and  mysdf 
sat  down,  and  began  stroking  and  painting  his  fhce.  The  director,  observing  the  opera- 
tion, asked  me  to  inquire  of  the  Indian  what  subatanee  he  was  using,  whleh  he  hMded 
to  roe,  and  I  handed  to  the  director.  After  he  had  examined  it  attentively,  he  Judged,  flrom 
Its  weight  and  its  greasy  lustre,  that  it  must  be  some  valuable  mineral.  So  we  conmrated 
with  the  Indian  Ibr  it,  in  order  to  sea  what  it  was.  We  acted  with  it  as  w«  best  eould, 
under  the  direction  of  a  certain  Johannes  la  Montagne,  doctor  in  medicine,  and  counselor 
In  New  Netberland,  a  man  of  tnteUigeooa,  who  had  sone  kaowledgs  or  soienoe  In  thiss 
matters.  To  be  brief;  it  was  put  into  a  eruetUe,  and  after  it  had  been  thought  to  be  long 
enough  hi  the  Are,  tt  was  taken  out,  and  two  pieces  of  gold  were  fbund  in  it,  which  wera 
both  jttdisd  to  be  worth  aboai  three  goildenk    This  proof  was  at  first  kqitTstysllIL" 


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WILLIAM  KIEFT,  DIRECTOR  GKNBRAL.  409 

No  one  dissented  but "  Hendriok  Kip,  a  tailor,"  one  of  the  chaf.  xn. 

stmdy  bnrghers  who  had  wished  to  depose  Kieft  two  years 

before.    On  the  following  day,  the  appointed  meeting  with  J'^^^ 
ihe  red  men  was  held.     In  front  of  Port  Amsterdam,  un- 
der the  open  sky,  in  presenoe  of  the  sun  and  the  ooean, 
oa  the  spot  "  where  ttie  oommeroe  of  the  world  may  be 
watohed  from  shady  walks,"  the  saohems  of  the  Haokin- 
saoks  and  Tappans,  the  delegates  from  Long  Island,  and 
HtQ  Mahioan  ohief  who  spoke  for  the  Weokquaesgeeks, 
Sint-Sings,  and  other  river  tribes,  all  aoknowledging  the 
Iroquob  Confederacy,  which  was  represented  by  Mohawk 
ambassadors,  as  witnesses  and  arbitrators,  seated  them- 
selves, in  grave  silence,  in  presence  of  the  director  and 
council  of  New  Netherland,  and  the  commonalty  of  Man- 
hattan, smd,  solemnly  smoking  the  great  calumet  of  peace.  General 
pledged  themselves  to  eternal  amity  with  the  Dutch.  ^?  at 
Each  party  bound  itself  to  an  honorable  observance  of  the  tterdun. 
treaty.     In  cases  of  difficulty  with  "  the  Christians,"  the 
savages  were  immediately  to  apply  to  the  authorities  at 
Fort  Amsterdam ;  should  an  Indian  be  the  aggressor,  the 
Dutch  were  to  complain  to  his  sachem.     No  armed  In- 
dian was  thereafter  to  approach  the  houses  of  the  Chris- 
tians on  Manhattan;  and  no  armed  European  was  to  visit 
the  villages  of  the  savages,  unless  wiiJi  a  native  escort. 
With  benevolent  consideration,  the  Dutch  pressed  for  and 
obtained  from  the  savages  the  promise  to  restore  the  cap- 
tive grand-daughter  of  Anne  Hutchinson.     The  promises 
of  the  savages  were  faithfully  performed.     Joy  succeeded 
sadness  in  the  devastated  province,  on  the  ratification  of 
the  great  Indian  Treaty  of  Fort  Amsterdam.    On  the  mor-  si  aq<iul 
row,  a  placard  was  issued,  directing  the  observance  of  the  tion  for  t 
sixth  of  September  as  a  day  of  general  thanksgiving  in  thuikagiT. 
the  Dutch  and  English  churches,  "  to  proclaim  the  good  "*' 
tidings  throughout  New  Netherland."* 

Thus  peaceful  days  revisited  the  Dutch  province.    But 
the  sting  of  war  remained.    In  two  years,  sixteen  hundred 

•  Alb.  Rec.,  U.,  812-317;  II.,  N.  Y.  H.  S.  CoU.,  I.,  875,  876,  878  j  Wlnthrop,  U.,  W7j 
Buieroft,  U.,  103 ;  0*CaU.,  i.,  354-357 ;  oiCe,  p.  S56,  36(i 


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410  HISTORT  OP  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Ghat,  xil  savagefi  had  been  killed ;  «t  Manliattaii,  and  in  its  neigh* 
borhood,  soaroely  one  hundred  men,  besides  traders,  could 
coRditioa  ^  found.     The  (diurch,  whioh  had  been  begun  in  1642, 
^^      remained  unfinished.    The  money  whioh  the  impoverished 
^*'^*'^''^'   oonmionalty  had  contributed  to  build  a  common. schocd- 
house,  had  ^*  all  found  its  way  out,"  and  was  expended 
for  the  troops.     Even  the  poor-fund  of  the  deaconry  was 
sequestered,  and  applied  to  the  purposes  of  the  war.     Be- 
yond Manhattan,  almost  every  settlement  on  the  west  side 
of  the  North  River,  south  of  the  Highlands,  was  destroyed. 
The  greater  part  of  the  western  territory  of  Long  Island 
was  depopulated.     West  Chester  was  desolated.     In  all 
the  province,  the  posts  on  the  South  River  and  the  oolonie 
of  Renssolaerswyck  alone  escaped  the  horrors  of  war.    The 
work  of  regeneration  was  now  to  be  begun.* 
Ktoftpor-       Kieft's  attention  was  first  given  to  securing  the  Indian 


ui^  on    title  to  the  lands  in  the  neighborhood  of  Manhattan  whidi 

and  for  um  had  not  yct  been  ceded  to  the  company.     A  few  days  aft- 

10  Sept.     er  the  peace,  a  tract  extending  along  the  bay  of  the  North 

River,  from  Coney  Island  to  Gowanus,  now  known  as  New 

Utrecht,  was  purchased  from  the  Long  Island  Indians,  and 

became  part  of  the  public  domain  of  the  province*     This 

purchase  completed  the  title  of  the  West  India  Conq>any 

to  most  of  the  land  within  the  present  counties  of  Kings 

and  Queens. 

19  October.     The  ucxt  mouth,  Thomas  Farrington,  John  Lawrence, 


of  nosh-  John  Townsend,  Thomas  Stiles,  and  several  other  English 
emigrants,  obtained  firom  the  director  a  patent  for  about 
sixteen  thousand  acres,  to  the  eastward  of  Doughty's  ruined 
settlement  at  Mespath.  The  territory  which  was  chosen 
by  the  new  colonists  was  named  Ylissingen  by  the  Dutch^ 
after  one  of  the  principal  sea-port  towns  in  Zealand.  The 
patentees  received  a  grant  of  municipal  privileges,  similar 
to  those  which  their  countrymen  had  before  obtained  from 
the  provincial  authorities  of  New  Netherland;t  and  the 
foundations  of  the  present  flourishing  village  of  Flushing 

•  Breedaa  Raedt,  10 ;  Hoi.  Doe.,  iU.,  900 ;  It.,  41 ;  ii.,  N.  Y.  H.  S.  CoU.,  U.,  SOI,  SSI 
t  rtMap§on*M  L.  I.,  U.,  08,  00;  CCalL,  i.,  S57 ;  poef,  p.  587. 


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WILLIAM  KIEFT,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  411 

were  happily  laid,  in  cme  of  Hie  most  fertile  regions  of  cma*.  zn. 
Long  Island. 

The  English  eolonists,  who  had  been  driven  by  the  say-  coiodm 
ages  from  their  settlement  at  Mespath,  returned  to  their  jj*^^ 
desolated  homes  soon  after  the  peaoe  was  ocmoluded.    But 
disoords  soon  broke  ont  among  ihem.     Doughty,  who  had 
been  liberally  treated  by  the  Duteh  at  Manhattan,  exhibr 
ited  signs  of  coyetousness  soon  after  his  return  to  Mespath, 
where  he  would  allow  no  one  to  build,  unless  upon  exor- 
bitant terms  of  purchase  and  quit-rent.     His  associates, 
who  did  not  wish  ^^  to  hinder  peculation,"  were  opposed  to 
this  policy ;  and  Smith  and  others  oomplained  to  the  di- 
rector and  council  at  Manhattan.     Upon  a  hearing  of  the 
case,  the  court  decided  that  '^  the  associates  might  enter  caae  or 
upon  their  property" — the  farm  and  lands  which  Doughty  Doogbiy. 
had  in  possession  being  reserved  to  him  individually. 
From  this  decision,  Doughty  gave  notice  of  an  appeal  to 
the  Court  of  Holland,  which,  however,  Kieft  would  not  al- 
low.    ^'  His  sentence,"  he  said,  ^^  could  not  be  appealed 
from,  but  must  avail  absolutely ;"  and  Doughty  was  con- 
demned to  be  imprisoned  twenty-four  hours,  and  to  pay  a 
fine  of  twenty-five  guilders.     Not  long  afterward,  he  re-  Dongbty 
moved  to  the  neighboring  settlement  at  Flushing,  where r^Stiag*^ 
he  became  the  first  clergyman  of  the  English  colonists,  at 
an  annual  salary  of  six  hundred  guilders.* 

Lady  Moody,  who  had  so  bravely  repelled  the  attacks 
of  the  Indians  during  the  war,  was  now  complimented  by  lo  Dec 
Kieft  with  a  patent,  granting  to  herself.  Sir  Henry  Moody  Mot^y* 
her  son,  Ensign  G-eorge  Baxter,  and  Sergeant  James  Hub-  SJri  ** 
bard,  that  portion  of  Long  Island  adjoining  Coney  Island, 
upon  which  she  lived,  called  by  the  Dutch  **  Gravesande," 
and  now  known  as  Gravesend.     The  patentees  were  as- 
sured '^the  free  liberty  of  conscience,  according  to  the 
custom  and  manner  of  Holland,  without  molestation  or  dis- 
turbance firom  any  magistrate  or  magistrates,  or  any  other 
eoclesiastical  minister  that  may  pretend  jurisdiction  over 

*  Breeden  Raedt,  94,  95 ;  Vertoogh  Tan  N.  N^  and  Corta  Beridit,  in  U.,  N.  T.  H.  S, 
CoOm  ii.,  301.  909,  833 :  TlioaiiMOD'*  Long  laUnd,  iL,  70. 


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412  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

C3iur.  zn.  them."    They  were  aJso  liberally  allowed  '^  to  ereot  a  body 
politic  and  civil  combination  among  themselves,  as  free 
*  men  of  this  province  and  town  of  Qravesend,"  and  invest- 
ed with  all  '^  the  immunities  and  privileges  already  granted 
to  the  inhabitants  of  this  province,  or  hereafter  to  be  grant- 
ed, as  if  they  were  natives  of  the  United  Belgio  Provinces." 
Loyalty  to  the  Dutch  authorities  was  required ;  and  the 
use  of  the  "  New  Style,"  and  of  ihe  weights  and  measures 
of  New  Netherland,  alone  enjoined.* 
Minertia        Soou  after  the  peace  was  made  witii  the  Fort  Orange 
near  Fort   Indians,  Kieft,  in  pursuance  of  orders  he  had  received  from 
July.        Holland  to  ascertain  the  mineral  riches  of  the  province, 
sent  an  officer  and  several  men  to  the  hill,  where  he  was 
tdd  the  substance  was  to  be  found  which  La  Montague 
had  supposed  to  be  gold.    The  party  brought  back  a  buck- 
et full  of  earth  and  stones,  upon  which  several  experiments 
wwe  made,  "  all  with  the  same  result  as  the  first."     The 
31  AjigoML  next  month,  when  the  general  treaty  was  made  at  F<Ht 
Amsterdam,  sonde  of  the  savages  exhibited  several  speoi- 
Among  the  mcus  of  minerals  found  in  the  Nevesinck  HiUs,  near  the 

Raritans. 

Raritans.     Kieft  supposing  them  to  contain  valuable  met- 
al, sent  a  party  to  explore  the  region  ;  and  determined  to 
build  a  fort  for  the  security  of  any  mines  that  might  be 
discovered.     An  analysis  of  the  specimens  which  the  par- 
ly brought  back  yielded  what  wcu5  supposed  to  be  gold  and 
w  octobw.  quicksilver ;  and  an  officer  and  thirty  men  were  dis^tcdied 
again  to  continue  the  exploration,  and  procure  as  many 
specimens  as  they  could  for  transmission  to  Holland.    Th« 
new  mine  among  the  Raritans  was  judged  to  be  "  richer 
cuid  bettor  than  any  others  before  known."     Samples  of 
all  these  minerals  were  carefully  packed,  and  put  in  charge 
Arendt      of  Areudt  Corsseu,  the  former  commissary  at  the  Boutfa 
diapatched  Rivcr,  to  be  delivered  to  the  Amsterdam  directors.    There 

to  Holland. 

being  no  ship  at  Manhattan  ready  to  sail  for  Holland, 

♦  OraTMend  Records ;  Doc.  Hist.  N.  Y.,  1.,  <R» ;  Thompaon's  Long  Island,  II.,  171  ; 
muttf  p.  867.  Coney  Island  was  patented  to  Gysbait  op  Dyek  on  the  Mtb  of  May,  10M. 
Tbe  name  of  Coney  Island  Jodge  Benson  derives  Oom  Conynt  "  s  Dutch  snmaine  still 
remaining  among  os  ;**  bat  he  adds  that,  "  from  the  name  ooimr,  there  are  already  symp- 
toms of  the  beginning  of  s  tradition  that  It  once  abounded  in  rabbitt.^—li^  N  T.  UM, 
CoIL,  U.,  p.  93. 


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WILLIAM  KIEFT,  DIRECTOR  aENERAL.  413 

Corssen  prooeeded  to  New  Haven,  where  he  embarked,  chap,  xil 
about  Christmas,  in  a  vessel  of  eighty  tons,  belonging  to 
Lamberton  and  his  associates,  which  was  about  to  sail  for  25  Dee.  * 
London.     The  severe  winter,  **  the  earliest  and  sharpest" 
sinoe  the  settlement  of  New  England,  had  already  set  in; 
an^  the  harbor  was  frozen  up.     A  passage  was,  neverthe- 
less,  **  out  out  of  the  ioe  three  miles,"  and  the  ship  got  toc<»«e» 
sea  early  the  next  month.     But  <'  misfortune  attended  all  1646. 
on  board."     The  New  Haven  vessel  foundered  at  sea,  and  J*»«*^- 
"  was  never  heard  of  after."* 

In  the  mean  time,  the  affairs  in  New  Netiierland  had  re-  Action  or 
oeived  the  serious  attention  of  the  West  India  Company,  india  com- 
The  report  of  their  Chamber  of  Aocounts  decided  the  fn-ClTonto"*' 
ture  policy  of  the  directors;  and,  in  accordance  with  itseriud. 
recommendations,  the  College  of  the  XIX.,  at  its  meeting  1645. 
the  next  spring,  determined  that  thenceforward  the  pro-***"^' 
vinoial  government  should  be  vested   in  a  '^Supreme 
Council,"  consisting  of  a  Director  G-eneral^  a  Vice  Direct- 
or, and  a  Fiscal,  by  whom  all  public  concerns  were  to  be 
managed.     This  decision  rendered  new  arrangements  nec- 
essary. 

It  happened  that  Peter  Stuyvesant,  the  director  of  the  Peter  stuy- 
oompany's  colony  at  Cura^oa,  who  had  lost  a  leg  in  an  164k. 
unsuccessful  attack  on  the  Portuguese  island  of  Saint  ^"• 
Martin,  was  obliged  to  return  to  Holland  for  surgical  aid, 
in  the  autumn  of  1644.     Stuyvesant  was  the  son  of  amtowir 
clergyman  in  Friesland,  and  was  educated  in  the  High 
School  at  Franeker.t    While  there,  he  acquired  that  famil- 
iar knowledge  of  the  Latin  language  which  he  was  always 
fond  of  displaying.  After  leaving  school,  he  entered  the  mil- 
itary service,  and  was  appointed  by  the  West  India  Com- 
pany to  be  the  Director  of  their  colony  at  Cura^oa.    He  de- 
lighted in  pomp  and  the  ostentation  of  command ;  and  his 

♦  Veitoogh  Tan  N.  N.,  in  li..  N.  Y.  H.  S.  CoU.,  ii.,  367 ;  Van  der  Donck's  N.  N.,  29 ;  U., 
N. Y.  H.  S.  CoU..  i.,  m,  lot;  HoL  Doc,  U.«  SOS,  SOS ;  Alb.  Roe.,  U.,  lOS,  S19,  318,  StS ; 
CCaU.,  i.,  S59;  Winthrop,  U.,  S54,  SM ;  Matiitr**  Magnalia,  i.,  S5,  90.  TrambvU  and 
Hasard  (Ann.  Penn.,  93)  err  In  stating  the  Ion  of  the  New  Haven  reaael  in  the  year  1047. 

t  firaedan  Raadt,  SO,  whare  Stvyvasant's  eondnct  at  Praaekar  la  auted  to  have  ben 
eolpable.  A  faulty  tranalatlon  ofextraeta  flrom  this  work  la  printed  in  Doe.  Hiat.  N.  Y., 
It.,  lOMlS. 


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414  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OP  NEW  YORK. 

ckap.  xn.  conduct  in  the  expeditidn  against  Saint  Martin  did  not 

escape  censure.     The  directors,  however,  looked  upon  the 

*  attack  as  "  a  piece  of  Roman  courage ;"  and  Stuyvesant's 

heedth  becoming  re-established  after  his  return  to  Holland, 

May.        they  deteripined  to  appoint  him  in  the  place  of  Kieft,  and 

Appointed  send  him  to  New  Netherland  as  "  redresser  general"  of  all 

diroetor  of 

New  Necu-  abuscs.    Van  Dinoklagen's  provisional  appointment  in  De- 
cember wus,  therefore,  revoked ;  and  he  was  now  formal- 
t^*l\  ^  ly  oonmiissioned  as  vioe^director,  to  be  "  second  to,  and 

lagen  rice-  first  couuselor  of  the  director  of  New  Netherland."     Hen- 
director. 

VM^Dyck  drick  van  Dyck,  who  had  served  as  ensign  under  Kieft, 
ttjune.  yf2L&  soon  afterward  (^pointed,  by  the  Amsterdam  Cham- 
ber, to  be  fiscal  in  the  place  of  Van  der  Huygens,  "  to 
make  complaints  against  all  delinquents  and  transgressors 
of  the  military  lawB,  and  all  other  our  instructions  and 
commands,"  and  was  furnished  with  detailed  instructions 
respecting  his  duties.* 
7  July.  Early  the  next  month,  the  College  of  tiie  XIX.  prepared 

tions  of  the  and  adopted  a  code  of  genial  instructions  for  the  regula- 
councu.  tion  of  the  "  supreme  council  in  the  countries  of  New 
Netherland."  Under  these  instructions,  the  director,  as 
president,  with  his  vice,  and  the  fiscal,  were  to  administer 
and  decide  upcm  all  civil  and  military  affairs :  when  the 
fiscal  was  prosecutor,  the  military  commandant  was  to  sit 
in  his  stead ;  and  if  the  charge  was  a  criminal  one,  '^  two 
capable  persons"  were  to  be  "  adjoined  fix)m  the  common- 
alty of  that  district  where  the  crime  or  act  was  perpetra- 
ted." The  director  and  council  were  to  "  take  care  that 
the  English  do  not  encroach  farther  on  the  company's 
lands,"  and,  in  the  mean  time,  try  to  arrange  a  definite 
boundary  line.  They  were  to  endeavor,  by  all  possible 
means,  '^  to  pacify  and  give  satisfaction  to  the  Indians," 
and  advance  *'  on  tiie  one  side  the  interests  of  the  compa- 
ny, and  on  the  other  maintain  good  correspondence  with 
their  neighbors."  They  were  to  "do  all  in  their  power  to 
induce  the  colonists  to  establish  themselves  on  some  of  the 
most  suitable  places,  with  a  certain  number  of  inhabit- 

*Hol.Doe.,lii.,8;TL»l«7,S96:  Breedan  Raadt,  96,  S7»  SS. 


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WILUAM  KIEFT,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  415 

ants,  in  the  manner  of  towns,  villages,  and  hamlets,  as  the  ouw,  xb. 
English  are  in  the  habit  of  doing."  Fort  Amst^am  was 
to  be  at  once  repaired  with  "good  clay,  earth,  and  firmi„rtrw>-  * 
sods."  A  permanent  garrison  was  to  be  maintained ;  and £p^«^ 
for  greater  security,  the  colonists  were  also  to  be  required  ^  ^^**^ 
to  provide  themselves  with  "  weapons  for  their  own  de- 
fense, so  as  to  be  able,  in  time  of  necessity,  with  the  gar- 
rison, to  resist  a  general  attack."  But  this  colonial  mili- 
tia was  not  to  receive  pay.  The  right  of  the  several  sub- 
ordinate colonies  to  send  delegates  to  the  council  at  Man- 
hattan was  confirmed.  The  director  and  council  were  to 
encourage,  by  grants  of  land,  the  immediate  planting  and 
settlement  of  the  island  of  Manhattan,  and  to  permit  the 
introduction  of  as  many  negroes  as  the  patroons,  colonists, 
and  other  farmers  may  be  "  willing  to  purchase  at  a  fair 
price."  No  arms  or  ammunition  were  to  be  sold  to  the 
Indians.  The  company  having  "now  resolved  to  open  to 
private  persons  the  trade  which  it  has  exclusively  carried 
on  with  New  Netherland,"  and  to  permit  all  the  inhabit- 
ants of  the  United  Provinces  "to  sail  with  their  own  ships 
to  New  Netherland,  the  Virginias,  the  Swedish,  English, 
and  French  colonies,  or  other  places  thereabout,"  the  di- 
rector and  council  were  finally  instructed  to  be  vigilant 
in  enforcing  all  colonial  custom-house  regulations  which 
might  be  enacted.*  It  was  also  agreed  in  the  College  of 
the  XIX.,  that  the  expeoses  of  the  government  of  New 
Netherland  should,  in  future,  be  borne  by  all  the  Cham- 
bers of  the  company  in  common.  The  Amsterdam  Cham-  o  my, 
ber,  however,  charged  itself  with  the  equipment  of  two 
vessels,  to  convey  Stuyvesant  and  his  suite  to  Manhattan.t 

Another  meeting  of  the  XIX.  was  held  at  Middleburgti  sept 
in  the  following  autumn,  at  which  Stuyvesant  submitted 
a  memorial  in  relation  to  the  better  government  of  the 
company's  American  possessions.     The  whole  subject  was 
aow  reconsidered.     After  much  discussion,  it  was  event- 14  < 
ually  determined  that  the  carrying  trade  between  Hoi- 

*  Hoi.  Doe.,  lit.,  10.    TreiMlatloiis  oftbese  Instraalons,  and  of  Van  DineUagen's  and 
Vaa  Dyek**  eomnlaalona  and  Inacraociona,  ara  tn  CCaU.,  tL,  Appendiz,  S69-4M. 
t  Hbl.  Doe.,  U.,  8. 


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416  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OP  NEW  TOBK. 

cmat.  xu.  land  and  New  Netherland,  which  had  hitherto  been  re* 
""■"■"^  tained  as  a  monopoly  by  the  oompany,  with  an  exception 
Neww?*  ^  ^*^^'  ^^  ^®  privileged  patroons,  should  be  thrown  open 
JJJJJJ,^  to  the  vessels  of  private  merchants.     Regulations  were 
tSSfSJd   adopted  to  give  effect  to  this  policy,  and  to  concentrate  cdl 
commerce.  Qolonial  trade  at  Manhattan.     All  cargoes  shipped  to  New 
Netherland  were  to  be  examined,  on  their  arrival,  by  the 
customs'  officers  at  Fort  Amsterdam ;  and  ail  homeward- 
bound  vessels  were  to  clear  from  the  same  place,  where 
bonds  were  to  be  given  for  the  payment  of  duties  in  Hol- 
land.    Curagoa,  Aruba,  and  the  neighboring  West  India 
Islands,  were  also  to  be  placed  under  the  general  govern- 
ment of  the  director  of  New  Netherland.     But  some  of  the 
The  pTOT.  Chambers  of  the  company  demurred  to  the  new  expenses 
m?n7an-  which  they  were  to  incur  by  sharing  in  common  the 
sterduo     chargcs  of  the  province ;  and  the  Amsterdam  directors 
Chamber,  ^ygjj^^gjjy  retained  the  exclusive  management  of  New 
Netherland.*" 

These  disagreements  among  the  several  Chambers  in- 
terrupted Ihe  plans  which  had  been  arranged  during  the 
stnjre-     Spring  and  summer ;  and  Stuyvesanfs  departure  was  de- 
parture     layed  for  more  than  a  year.     Intelligence  of  the  peace, 
*  which  had  at  last  been  established  in  New  Netherland, 
was  now  received  in  Holland;  and  the  improved  aspect 
of  the  affairs  of  the  province  perhaps  tempted  the  compa- 
ny to  allow  Kieft  to  remain  awhile  longer  in  the  post  he 
had  so  imworthily  occupied. 
Kieft**  on*      The  ucws  of  the  intended  recall  of  the  director  soon 
Inaeura!  reached  Manhattan.     The   conmionalty  v^ere   delighted 
with  the  prospect  of  &  change;  and  some  of  the  most  free- 
TMnperof  spokcu  of  them  did  not  hesitate  c^nly  to  express  their  joy, 
and  even  threaten  their  mortified  chief  with  personal  chas- 
tisement, when  he  should  '^  take  off  the  coat  with  which 
he  was  bedecked  by  the  Lords  his  masters."     Kieft,  who 
had  been  furnished  by  the  AVest  India  Company  with  a 
copy  of  the  letter  of  the  Eight  Men,  of  the  previous  au- 

*  Hoi.  Doe.,  iU.,  ai-63;  t.,  184;  Till.,  1&3;  Alb.  Itoe.,  viU.,  89,  49 ;  zii.,  40»  <S,  70 ; 
O^CalL,  1.,  860,  8«1. 


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WIUJJM  KDBFT,  DIREOTOR  GK^EAI*.  41? 

tomiii  was  in  no  temper  to  htodk  the  leprooob^a  withesAv.m. 
which  he  waa  now  constantly  saluted.    The  people  who      ' 
ventured  to  speak  too  boldly  were  arraigned,  and  fined  '^*^^' 
and  banished.     No  appeal  to  the  Fatherland  was  allowed.  The  right 
The  right  had  already  been  refused  in  the  case  of  the  En-!f2Sn! 
glish  dergyman  Doughty ;  another  opportunity  now  oc- 
curred to  deny  it  to  a  "free  merchant"  of  Manhattan. 
Amoldus  van  Hardenburg,  for  giving  a  written  notice  of  isAprfi. 
hi3  intention  to  appeal  from  a  decree  of  confiscation)  was 
condemned  "  to  pay  forthwith  a  fine  of  twenly-five  guild- 
ers, or  be  imprisoned  until  the  penalty  be  paid — an  ex- 
ample to  others."    Van  Hardenburg's  conduct  was  looked 
iqpon  as  causing  "dangerous  consequences  to  result  to  the 
supreme  authority  of  this  land's  magistracy."* 

The  republican  spirit  which  accompanied  the  colonists  The 


from  Holland  led  them  to  denounce  Kieft's  denial  of  the  KySSfSm- 
right  of  appeal.  They  considered  it  "  an  act  of  tyranny,  *""^' 
and  regarded  it  as  a  token  of  sovereignty."  Two  years 
before,  they  had  boldly  complained  to  the  States  G-en^al 
that  "  one  man,"  who  represented  the  West  India  Com- 
pany, had  acted  in  a  more  arbitrary  manner  "than  a  king 
would  be  suffered  legally  to  do."  The  popular  feeling  Qmn^b^ 
was  encouraged  by  Domine  Bogardus,  whom  Kieft  had  and  i 
accused  of  drunkenness,  and  reprimanded  for  siding  with 
the  maloontented  multitude.  Twelve  years  before,  Bo- 
gardus had  not  hesitated  to  attack  Van  Twiller  in  rude 
words.  From  the  pulpit  he  now  boldly  denounced  Van 
Twiller's  more  obnoxious  successor.  "  What  are  the  great 
men  of  the  country,"  said  he  to  the  congregation,  as  he 
was  preaching  on  a  Sunday,  "  but  vessels  of  wrath,  and 
fountains  of  woe  and  trouble  ?  They  think  of  nothing 
but  to  plunder  the  property  of  others,  to  dismiss,  to  ban- 
ish, to  transport  to  Holland."  To  escape  such  severe  cler- 
ical admonitions,  Kieft  absented  himself  frcnn  diurcb ;  and 
his  example  was  followed  by  many  of  the  chief  provincial 
officers.   The  director  encouraged  iixe  officers  and  aokli^rs  tP 

*  Vertpc^  TW  H.  N^  in  U.,  V.  7.  H.  8.  Coll.,  It,  lOS,  101,  IIS,  m ;  BpmAio  llvd^ 

Dd 


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418  fflSTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OP  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  xn.  praotioe  all  kinds  of  noisy  amusements  abont  the  clmrch 
during  the  sermon.  The  drum  was  ordered  to  be  beaten, 
'  and  a  cannon  was  several  times  discharged  while  the  peo- 
ple were  attending  divine  service.  The  communicants 
were  openly  insulted.  But  the  Domine  did  not  relax  his 
censures ;  and  the  people  wore  still  more  embittered. 
Kieft,  vexed  beyond  endurance,  at  last  determined  to  bring 

sjamiuT.  the  contumacious  clergyman  to  trial.  "  Your  conduct 
stirs  the  people  to  mutiny  and  rebellion,  when  they  are 
already  too  much  divided,  causes  schism  and  abuses  in 
the  Church,  and  makes  us  a  scotn  and  laughing-stock  to 
our  neighbors,"  was  the  inducement  to  a  series  of  charges 
which  the  director  cited  Bogardus  to  answer  before  the 
court  in  fourteen  days. 

The  Domine's  reply  was  considered  insolent,  calumni- 

iftjuraaryous,  and  uiisatisfactory ;  and  a  further  answer  was  re- 

s2Mareh.  quircd,  which  Bogardus  refused  to  give.  The  director 
now  offered  to  refer  the  decision  of  the  whole  case  to  Me- 
gapolensis  and  Doughty,  the  other  clergymen  of  the  prov- 
Aprti-  ince,  and  two  or  three  more  impartial  persons.  Bogardus, 
however,  rejected  the  proposition,  and  announced  his  in* 
tention  to  appeal  to  Kieft's  successor.  This  appeal  Kieft 
refused  to  entertain,  as  it  was  uncertain  when  the  new 
director  would  arrive ;  and  to  stop  "  the  scandal  and  dis- 
order,  which  were  prevailing  more  and  more,"  the  C€ise 
was  ordered  to  proceed.  But  the  interference  of  mutual 
friends  before  long  put  an  end  to  the  prosecution ;  and  the 

TheDtrect-  director  was  enabled  to  attend  divine  service  once  more,  by 

D<miine  the  prompt  compliance  of  Bogardus  with  his  request,  that 
Domine  Megapblensis  should  be  allowed  to  preach  in  the 
church  the  next  Sunday,  "  as  was  his  usual  custom  when 
in  New  Amsterdam."  The  Classis  of  Amsterdam  had, 
meanwhile,  been  taking  some  steps  to  send  out  more  cler- 
gymen to  New  Netherland.     But  their  efforts  were  unsuc- 

« joir*  cessful ;  and  the  West  India  Company  wrote  to  Bogardus, 
asking  him  to  retain  awhile  longer  his  post  in  the  province.* 

*  Veiti)Qgk,inMip.,9(tt;  Cor.  ClMtls  ilmst. ;  Alb.  Ree.,  U.,  334-147 ;  0*CtU.,  L,  3B»- 
306 ;  Braeden  Raedt,  SS,  S3.    See  alM  noce  0»  Appeodix. 


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WILLIAM  KIEFT,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  419 

Not  long  after  this  dispute  had  been  arranged,  Kieftciup.  xii. 

was  called  upon  to  perform  a  pleasant  duty.     The  captive 

grand-daughter  of  Anne  Hutchinson,  whom  the  savages  j^^^^' 
had  promised  to  return,  was  faithfully  delivered  up  to  the  JJ^^ 
Dutch  at  Fort  Amsterdam ;  aad  Kieft  hastened  to  restore  2!?f*"' 
her  to  her  friends  at  Boston.    "  She  was  about  eight  years  g^hUr. 
old  when  she  was  taken,  and  continued  with  them  about  ^"'y* 
four  years ;  and  she  had  forgot  her  own  language  and  all 
her  friends,  and  was  loath  to  have  oome  from  the  Indians."* 

In  the  mean  time,  Hans  Jorissen  Houten,  so  long  the  1645. 
oompany's  vice-director  and  oommissary  at  Fort  Orange, pJrtOr?* 
had  been  succeeded  by  Harman  Mynderts  van  de  Bo-ROTsiS** 
gaerdt,  who  came  out  to  the  province  in  1631  as  surgeon  ***"^^*^ 
of  the  ship  Eendragt.    The  fort  and  its  precinct  was  jeal- 
ously maintained  by  the  company ;  for  it  was  now  its  sole 
possession  within  the  colonic  of  Rensselaerswyck.     The 
management  of  that  patroonship  had  already  given  dis- 
satisfaction to  the  provincial  government,  which,  the  year 
before,  had  so  distinctly  rebuked  the  arrogant  pretension 
to  levy  a  toll  on  vessels  passing  Beeren  Island.     The  West 
India  Company,  indeed,  by  this  time  had  begun  to  regard 
the  colonic  as  injurious  to  the  growth  and  prosperity  of  the 
{Hovince  at  largct 

Arendt  van  Curler  remained  commissary  of  Rensselaers-  Qoami  be* 
wyck  ;  but  Adriaen  van  der  Donck,  who  had  become  dis-  carieraiui 

Van  dtr 

satisfied  with  his  residence  in  the  colonic,  determining  to  i>on€k, 
remove  to  Manhattan,  where  he  had  married  a  daughter 
of  Francis  Doughty,  the  English  clergyman,  was  succeed- 
ed in  his  office  of  schout  by  Nicholas  Koom,  the  former 
"  Wacht-meester"  at  Beeren  Island.      Before  Van  der  1646. 
Donck   completed  his   arrangements  for  departing,  the"^*""^' 
house  which  he  had  occupied  was  burned ;  and  Van  Cur- 
ler invited  him  and  his  wife  to  share  his  hospitality  dur- 
ing the  depth  of  a  remarkably  inclement  winter.    A  quar- 
rel soon  arose,  because  Van  Curler  insisted  tiiat  Van  der 
Donck  was  bound  by  his  lease  to  make  good  to  the  pa- 

•  Winthrop,  IL,  M7.    W«lde  dMeribet  tte  eupay  m  the  dm^iter  of  Anne  Haiehte- 
•on**  daoghlar.  t  Alb.  lUo.,  It.,  IMl 


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4S0  fflSTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

cshap.  xa,  troon  the  loss  of  the  house ;  and  the  nnfinrtonaie  tenant 

was  peremptorily  ordered  to  "  remove  his  ohest"  in  two 

i»^  days.  Seeking  refuge  in  Fort  Orange,  Van  d«r  Banok 
was  allowed  by  Commissary  Van  de  Bogaerdt  to  occupy 
a  hut  ^^  into  which  no  one  would  hardly  be  willing  to  en- 
ter." There  he  remained  until  a  great  frediet  came, 
March,  which  caused  great  damage  at  Beverswyck,  and  almost 
swept  away  the  fort.  It  had  not  been  equaled  since  the 
flood  which  De  Yries  witnessed  in  1640.  At  length,  on 
c8  April,    the  opening  of  the  river  navigation,  Van  der  Donok  went 

down  to  Manhattan.^ 
DMth  9t        News  of  the  death  of  Kiliaen  van  Rensselaer  soon  afier- 
RenMo-     ward  reached  the  colonic.     By  this  event,  the  titie  and  ee- 
tate  of  the  patroon  descended  to  his  eldest  son  Johannes, 
who  being  under  age,  was,  by  his  father's  testamentary 
directions,  {diaoed,  witii  his  property,  under  the  guardian- 
ship  of  Johannes  van  Wely  and  Wouter  van  Twillwr,  the 
executors  of  tiie  will.    Van  Curler,  now  proposing  to  re- 
turn to  Holland,  intrusted  the  immediate  care  of  Aensae- 
laerswyck  to  Anthonie  de  Hooges,  the  colonial  secretary. 
10  Not.     The  same  autumn,  the  guardians  of  the  young*  patroon, 
siectaton-   having  rendered  homage  to  the  States  G-eneral  in  the 
pointtZdi-  name  of  their  ward,  appointed  Brandt  van  Slechtenhorst, 
tiMMiMf«.of  Ghielderland,  director  of  the  colonic,  to  succeed  Van 
Curler.    It  was  more  than  a  year,  however,  befi»e  the  new 
commissary  arrived  at  Beverswyck.t 
Van  der        Not  loQg  after  Van  der  Donck  removed  from  Rensse- 
uiiwaptft-laerswyck,  he  visited  the  region  cm  the  east  side  of  the 
coionto    '  North  River,  adjoining  Manhattan  Island,  for  the  purpose 
uof  establishing  himself  permanently  as  a  patroon.     The 
valley  of  the  Nepera,  or  Sawkill,  appeared  favorable  for 
tiie  erection  of  mills,  and  Kieft  readily  granted  to  Van  der 

*  ReoM.  M88. ;  0*G«U.,  L,  »4«,  460^71 ;  WiBthrop,  IL,  IM.  The  fMilt  ofltodlikr- 
eoces  between  Van  Gorier  and  Van  der  Donck  was  "to  let  the  matter  rest  ao,**  and  !• 
take  clwadTiee  of  the  patroon  in  noUand.  Van  der  Donek,  in  hia  Deaehryvtafe  Tan  H. 
N.,  p.  8  (ii't  N.  Y.  H.  8.  Coll.,  i.,  143),  apeaka  oftwo  wbalea  harinf  awoan  op  tha  Nortk 
Hirer,  in  March,  1647  (1040  ?) ;  one  of  which  gnmnding  on  an  iiland  near  **  the  great  Co> 
htom*  Falla,"  ainee  known  aa  WalTiaeh  or  Whale  Island,  affiyrded  the  coioniata  a  aapply 
«r«S,  beaMea  eaaaiac  dw  rivar  to  be  eoverad  wMh  gnaaa  Ibr  Airea  avaalok 

t  Bi^aa,  Mti.;  0>CaU.,  i.,  189,  S45;  U.,  08, 09;pM<,p.  401. 


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WILLIAM  KIBFT,  DiREGTOR  GENERAL.  4£t 

Donok  the  (Hriyileges  of  a  patroon  orer  the  buds  in  fbatciMv.  mm. 
neighborhood,  beoause  he  "had  contributed  a  vaat  deed  by  ^^^ 
hie  servioea  as  mediator''  in  negotiating  the  peace  at  Fork 
Orange  the  year  befcnre,  and  had  "  advanced  the  principal 
pajrt  of  the  money,  as  the  director  general  was  at  that  pe- 
riod not  well  provided  with  it,  to  procure  sewan."    Under 
Kieft's  grant.  Van  der  Donck  purchased  from  the  savages 
their  unextinguished  title  to  the  lands  "  as  far  as  Papirine- 
min,  called  by  our  people  (Spyt  den  Duyvel),  in  Spite  of  spyt<i«in 
the  DeviL"     The  new  patroonship  was  soon  afterward^'*''*'' 
formally  named  "  Colen  Donok,"  or  DoiH)k's  Cdony ;  and  coten- 
the  States  Greneral  confirmed  to  the  patroon  the  right  ton^wvon. 
diq)ose  of  his  fief  by  wilL     The  name  of  the  present  town  *" 
of  Yonkers  perpetuates  the  memory  of  the  first  European 
proprietor  of  Colendonck.* 

The  same  summer,  Kieft;  issued  a  patent  to  ComelisssAogatt. 
Antonissen  van  Slyck,  of  Breuckelen,  for  "the  land  of  KactMu. 
Katskill,  lying  on  the  River  Mauritius,  there  to  plant,  with 
his  associates,  a  colcmie  according  to  the  fireedoms  and  ex- 
emptions  of  New  Netherland."  The  consideration  for  this 
patent  were  the  great  services  which  Van  Slyck  had  done 
"  this  country,  as  well  in  the  making  of  peace  as  in  ihe 
ransoming  of  prisoners,  and  it  being  proper  that  such  no- 
torious services  should  not  remain  unacknowledged."t  In 
thus  granting  a  patent  for  the  present  town  of  Catskill, 
Kieft  openly  set  at  naught  the  pretensions  of  the  patroon 
of  Bensselaerswyck,  which,  indeed,  had  already  been  for- 
mally denied  in  the  proceedings  against  Koorn  in  1644. 

The  policy  recommended  by  the  West  India  Company's  S6  not. 
Chamber  of  Accounts  was  now  acted  upon ;  and  late  inobtatMa 
the  autumn,  the  inhabitants  of  Breuckelen  were  invested  ^en- 
with  a  grant  of  the  municipal  privileges  they  desired. """ ' 
They  were  to  have  the  right  of  electing  two  schepens  or 
magistrates,  with  full  judicial  powers,  as  in  the  Father- 

*  Alb.  Ree.,  Till.,  70;  PatenU,  1.,  M ;  Hoi.  Doe.,  tI.,  118;  BollOB^  Wwt  Cheilor,  H.» 
401-409 ;  Benson*!  Momoir,  111,  119 ;  ii.,  N.  Y.  H.  8.  Coll.,  i.,  If7.  TlM  D«teh  wore  te 
tlie  habtt  of  ealHng  Van  der  Donck't  eotate  **  de  Jonklieer*s  Landt,**  Whtdi  the  BngUsli  al^ 
erward  corrupted  into  "  Yonkers."  Jonklieer  is  a  tf tte  nsvally  applied  la  HoOand  to  *o 
son  of  a  nobleman.    It  had  a  nnore  extended  slgnflieaiies  In  Now  Nettsrlaad. 

t  Alb.  Ree.  O.  G.,  157 ;  Renss.  MSS. ;  0*Ca]L,  i.,  181, 161;  mUe,  p.  SUV^  4M. 


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422  fflSTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

cmap.  zn.  land.    Those  who  opposed  the  magicttrates  in  the  discharge 
""jTj     of  their  duties  were  to  be  deprived  of  all  share  in  the  ooro- 
P,,^^*  mon  lands  adjoining  the  village.     A  schout  was  also  to  be 
nmck^  appointed,  in  subordination  to  the  sohout-fiscal  at  Han- 
'•^         hattan;  and  Jan  Teunissen  was  immediately  ocxnmissioa- 
ed  for  the  post.     The  village  of  Breuokelen  itself  was,  at 
this  time,  nearly  a  mile  inland  from  the  river ;  the  ham- 
let at  the  water's  edge,  opposite  Manhattan,  was  known 
as  "  the  Ferry."* 

1645.  Peace  had  at  length  been  arranged  between  the  French 
^^^e  and  the  Iroquois ;  and  the  Mohawk  deputies  had  proclaim- 
Ln!f?h?     ed  at  the  Three  Rivers,  that  they  had  "  throvm  the  hatchet 

so  high  into  the  air,  and  beyond  the  skies,  that  no  arm  on 
Father  Jo-  earth  can  reach  to  bring  it  down."  Father  Jogues,  who 
to  cmado,  had  just  retumed  from  France,  was  now  commissioned  to 

revisit  the  Mohawk  country,  with  presents,  to  ratify  ihe 

1646.  new  treaty.     Accompanied  by  Bourdon,  an  engineer,  and 
^^'     some  Indian  guides,  he  ascended  the  Richelieu;  traversed 

the  waters  of  Champlain ;  passed  ^'  the  place  where  the 
«  M»y-     lake  contracts ;"  and  on  the  eve  of  the  festival  of  Corpus 

Visits  "Lac  '  * 

du^saint    Christi,  reached  the  smaller  lake,  which  the  savages  called 
■MO*"      "  Andiataroct^."    In  commemoration  of  the  day,  the  name 
of  "  Saint  Sacrement"  was  now  given  to  those  pure  waters, 
which  Jogues  was  perhaps  the  first  European  to  explore 
and  traverse.!     Continuing  his  route  on  foot,  oppressed 
with  the  heavy  luggage  he  was  obliged  to  carry,  at  six 
leagues  distance  from  the  lake  he  reached  the  upper  wa- 
ters of  a  stream  which  the  Iroquois  called  the  "  Oiogu6," 
Dewsends  '^^  which  the  Hollanders,  who  were  settled  upon  it  fur- 
Eiw*??  ^^^  down,  had  named  "  the  River  Mauritius."    Again  em- 
^^'-    barking,  he  descended  the  stream  to  Fort  Orange,  where 
*^'™-      he  was  hospitably  entertained  by  the  Dutch  commander. 

*  Alb.  Ree.,  ii.,  857,  385 ;  iU.,  S6S ;  CCaU.,  i.,  383 ;  Van  Tienkoren,  in  U.,  N.  f.  H.  8. 
CoU.,  U.,  332,  and  Murphy's  note. 

t  "  Us  arriT^rent,  la  TeiUe  da  8.  Sacrement,  an  boat  da  Lao  qoi  est  joint  an  grand  Lae 
ds  Champlain.  Lea  Iroqaois  le  nonunent  AAdiataroct^,  oomme  qui  diroit  U  ou  U  Lac  m 
fmm».  Le  Pdre  le  nomma  le  Lae  da  S.  Sacrement^^'—RelaUon,  1045-0, 50.  These  bsatt* 
tUU  waters  migfat  now  belter  bear  the  aboriginal  name  suggested  by  Cooper,  or  that  of 
the  lUastrioos  missionary  whoexploced  them,  than  ooounemoiate  the  **  undoubted  i 
ton**  ofa  Hanoverian  king;  amU^  p.  77,  note. 


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WILLIAM  KIEFT,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  4S3 

Thenoe  prooeeding  to  the  Mohawk  oortntry,  after  two  days'  cbat.  xn. 
joarney,  be  reached  their  first  castle,  called  "  Oneugiou-   - 
r6,"  now  known  as  Caughnawaga.     The  Mohawks  re-^j^^^' 
eeived  him  kindly,  and  interchanged  presents  in  ratifica- ^^j{^ 
tion  of  their  treaty ;  and  Jogues,  after  offering  to  the  Onon-  Jj^y^"«»- 
dagas  the  firiendship  of  the  French,  returned  to  the  Three  Returns  to 
Rivers  "  by  the  same  route,  and  with  similar,  toil."  i7*jmie. 

It  was  now  hoped  that  the  time  had  come  for  France 
to  establish  a  permanent  mission  among  the  Iroquois ;  and 
before  the  end  of  three  months,  Jogues,  whose  zeal  '^burn- 
ed to  preach  the  faith,"  was  again  on  his  way  to  the  Mo-  94  Sept. 
hawk  valley.     "  iJo,  nee  redibo^^ — " I  shall  go,  but  shall aSn». 
never  return,"  was  his  own  presage,  in  the  last  letter  he  Monawiu. 
wrote  to  his  superior  in  France.     The  fate  he  expected 
awaited  him.     Disease  had  swept  off  many  of  the  savages ; 
their  harvest  had  failed  ;  and  the  Mohawks  were  persuad- 
ed ihat  the  Evil  Spirit  lurked  in  the  small  box  of  mission- 
ary furniture  which  the  father  had  left  in  their  charge. 
On  reaching  the  Mohawk  valley,  Jogues  was  seized,  strip-  n  October. 
ped,  and  beaten ;  and  the  grand  council  condemned  him 
to  death  as  an  enchanter.     As  he  was  entering  the  wig-  is  October. 
warn  where  he  was  called  to  sup,  a  savage  behind  the  door 
struck  him  down  with  an  axe.     His  head  was  cut  off  and  hi»  death, 
impaled  upon  the  stockade,  and  his  body  was  thrown  into 
the  Mohawk  River.     Thenceforward  that  valley  became 
known  in  the  annals  of  the  Jesuits  as  *^  the^  Mission  of  the 
Martyrs."* 

The  interests  of  the  Hollanders  on  the  South  River  had,  1645. 
meanwhile,  demanded  Kieft's  serious  attention.    With  but  t^sSa^ 
a  small  force — eighty  or  ninety  men  at  the  utmost — ^to  gar-  ^^*** 
risen  all  his  posts,  Printz,  the  new  Swedish  governor,  had 
succeeded,  by  good  management,  in  drawing  to  himself 
nearly  all  the  Indian  trade  in  that  quarter,  and  had  al- 
most annihilated  the  commerce  of  the  DutcLt   A  new  em- 

•  Relation,  ftc,  164S-9,  50-50  ;  1047,  fr-6,  1S4-130 ;  Letters  of  Labbatie,  SOth  of  Oct., 
nd  of  Kleft,  14th  of  Nov.,  1640,  in  11.,  N.  Y.  H.  S.  Coll.,  lU. ;  Tanner,  Soc.  Jean,  *c., 
590,  531 ;  Crenxina,  457 ;  Bancroft,  Ul.,  135-138 ;  O'Call.,  il.,  300 ;  HUdreth,  ii.,  97.  The 
nriaeal  of  Father  Jugnes,  and  some  of  hia  clothes,  were  afterward  given  bjr  the  Mohawks 
10  Domlne  Megapolonsla.— Letter  to  Claaaia  of  Antsterdam,  S8th  of  September,  1058. 

t  Fort  New  Gottenbnrg,  with  aU  iu  b«Udings,  was  boned  down  od  the  Mi  of  Deesm- 


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4S4  HI^rORT  OP  THB  STATE  OT  NKW  TORK. 

0B4P.  xiLbarrtsoment  soon  ooomred.    Jan  Jansen  was  diarged  with 

firaud  and  negleot  of  duty ;  and  ihe  prcmnoial  gDyemment^ 

juMDSQ.  ^^^  examining  the  evidenoe.  Bent  Andries  Hudde,  the 

{f^J;^  town  aurveyor  of  New  Amsterdam,  to  suooeed  him,  "for 

^dd!^  the  present,''  as  oommissary  at  Fort  Nassau.     Jansen,  on 

JSIiJI^^^  his  return,  was  unable  to  justify  himself  to  the  satLs&o* 

'^1646   ^^^  ^^  Kieffc,  who  ordered  him  to  be  sent,  "  with  all  his 

8  Feb.      docmments  and  the  process  of  the  schout-fiscal,  with  the 

first  sailing  ship  to  Amsterdam,  to  defend  and  exculpate 

himself  before  the  directors."* 

Hudde  soon  found  that  the  office  of  oommissary  on  the 
tsiwe.  South  River  was  no  sinecure.  A  shallop,  which  several 
•loop  or-    private  traders  at  Manhattan  had  dispatched  to  him  with 

(tend  out  of  •111  !•  1  •i-n 

tbeschnyi-a  Considerable  cargo,  was  directed,  on  its  arrival  at  Fort 
8w6<^  Nassau,  to  proceed  "to  the  Schuylkill  near  the  right,  and 
wait  for  the  Minquas."  As  soon  as  the  Dutch  vessel 
readied  the  spot,  Juriaen  Blanck,  the  trader  on  board,  was 
ordered  off  by  the  Swedish  commander,  who  claimed  that 
tiie  country  belonged  to  his  queen.  Hudde  hearing  of  this, 
instantly  went  with  four  men  to  the  Schuylkill,  ''  to  ex- 
amine how  matters  stood."  But  the  Dutch  commissary 
himself  was  treated  with  no  more  favor  than  were  the 
Manhattan  traders ;  and  he  too,  receiving  notice  to  leave 
the  Swedish  territory,  returned  at  once  to  Fort  Nassau, 
after  sending  a  message  to  Printz  that  the  Schuylkill  had 
always  been  a  trading  place  for  the  Dutch.  The  next 
day  Printz  sent  his  chaplain,  Campanius,  to  communioate 
his  determination  to  compel  the  Dutch  vessel  to  leave  the 
Hvddi'f  Schuylkill.  Hudde  protesting  against  such  arbitrary  ocm* 
gigi  duct  as  an  infringement  of  the  rights  of  the  West  India 
Company,  and  as  a  breach  of  the  alliance  between  tiie 
United  Provinces  and  Sweden,  Printz  sent  Hendrick  Huy- 
gens,  his  commissary,  with  two  of  his  officers,  to  ascertain 
the  rights  which  the  Dutch  claimed  to  the  Schuylkill, 

ber,  1045,  and  all  tlw  powder  and  fooda  in  atoro  blown  op.    The  aceldent  waa  owiof  to 
iBbm  negUceaee  of  a  aerraalr  who  fell  aaleep,  leaTing  a  candle  bnrniaf .— Hiidde>a  RapofV 
in  AUK  Bee.,  XTIL,  SSI,  and  In  U.,  N.  T.  H.  S.  Collet,  4S0;  WinUirop,  iL,  9M :  Bn^ 
bard,4M. 
•  Aik.Baa.,lt,S19,ISI,SS7i  A«i«Una,418:  &  Hasard't  Ann.  Pwui.,  86, 80. 


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WILLIAM  EIEFT,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  435 

and  to  interrogate  the  oommissary  at  Fort  Nassau  as  to  OBAt.  xa 
his  conduct.     But  Hudde's  replies  were  oonsidered  to  be 
unsatisfactory ;  and  a  few  days  afterward,  Printz  sent  a ,  J^ 
peremptory  order  for  Blanck  to  depart  at  once,  under  pain 
of  confiscation  of  his  vessel  and  cargo.     On  this  warning, 
Blanck,  fearing  that  Printz^  would  execute  his  threat,  sail- 
ed out  of  the  Schuylkill;  and  Hudde  immediately  wrote  to  isi^iy. 
Kieft  an  account  of  the  affair."*^ 

.  Soon  afterward,  Hudde,  in  obedience  to  orders  from 
Kieft,  ^'to  inquire  about  certain  minerals  in  this  country," 
went  up  to  the  country  of  the  Sankikan  Indians,  i?^o  were 
seated  at  Assinpink,  now  Trenton,  in  New  Jersey,  and 
tried  to  penetrate  to  the  ^'  G-reat  Falls."     As  he  was  pass-  Hudde jpre- 
ing  the  lower  rapids,  he  was  stopped  by  one  of  the  sa-^^^ungUM 
chems,  and  forbidden  to  proceed.     After  some  hesitation,  Trenton. 
the  sachem  admitted  that  Printz  had  spread  a  report  Prinu  en- 
among  ti&e  Indians  that  the  Dutch  intended  to  establish  aexotietke 
fort  at  the  falls,  to  be  garriscmed  with  two  hundred  and  a^neTuie 
flfiy  men  from  Manhattan,  and  exterminate  all  the  sav- 
ages in  the  neighborhood.     In  vain  did  Hudde  employ  a 
variety  of  means  to  succeed  in  his  object.     He  was  stop- 
ped every  time  by  the  same  objecticoi,  and  was  finally  com- 
pelled to  return  to  Fort  Nassau  without  being  able  to  reach 
the  Falls.t 

About  the  same  time,  the  director  and  council  at  Man- 10  Avignm. 
h^ttan  granted  to  Abraham  Planck  and  three  others,  onefi!^ 
handred  morgens,  or  two  hundred  acres  of  land,  lying  on  the  sooth 
the  west  side  of  the  South  River,  "almost  over  against DulSh rob- 
the  little  *  Singing-bird'  Island,"  upon  condition  that  they      ' 
should  settle  four  plantations  there  within  one  year,  and 
always  continue  their  allegiance  to  the  States  G-eneral. 
But  it  is  said  that  the  grantees  did  not  avail  themselves* 
of  their  patent,  and  "  never  came  there."t 

The  next  month,  Hudde  received  a  letter  from  Kieft,  inrsept. 

•  H«dd«^  Report,  In  Alb.  Ree.,  xr\L,  831,  and  in  II.,  N.  T.  Coll.,  I.,  p.  4S0-4S1  It 
wmam  tlMt  tone  of  the  Swedteh  ollloere  were  oatiTe  Dntctamen.  Hendrfek  HoygeiMi 
PHBU*a  eoRunieeery,  was  a  nepbew  oTMinolt,  and  a  nattme  of  Oleef ;  mad  Gregerj  rtm 
Dfak,  UM  eerfouu  or  Waeht-meeater,  was  bom  at  tiM  Hagie. 

t  B«dde*o  IUpor^  Qt  enp.,  Ut,  4as. 

t  Aib.  Baa.,  PMMits,  15S;  A<TeltiM»  417;  Hanrd,  Rag.  Pwiin  tr.,  llf. 


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426  mSTORT  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

GMAr.  xn.  which  he  was  ^'imperioasly  oommanded"  to  purchase  from 
^~~"the  savages  some  land  "on  the  west  shore,  about  a  mile 
•  distant  from  Fort  Nassau  to  the  north."     On  the  follow- 
ing day,  the  Dutch  commissary  accordingly  took  posses- 
sion of  the  spot,  which  seems  to  have  adjoined  Corssen's 
29  Sept.     first  purchase ;  and  soon  afterward,  a  bargain  was  com- 
ch^Jhlpleted  with  the  "original  proprietor,"  who  assisted  in  af- 
•deiphia    fixing  the  arms  of  the  company  to  a  pole  erected  on  the 
native*,     limits.     Several  Dutch  freemen  immediately  made  prepa- 
rations to  build  on  their  newly-aoquired  possession,  which, 
considering  its  distance  and  direction  from  Fort  Nassau, 
may  be  very  properly  regarded  as  the  site  of  the  present 
city  of  Philadelphia.* 

Printz,  on  receiving  intelligence  of  this,  sent  his  com- 
missary Huygens  to  oppose  the  proceedings  of  the  Dutch. 
8  October.  The  Swedish  ojfficer  promptly  executed  his  orders.     "  In 
arm  torn  an  iusoleut  and  hostile  manner,"  he  tore  down  the  arms 
thlT"  ^^    which  Hudde  had  erected,  and  declared  that  "  though  it 
~"     had  been  the  colors  of  the  Prince  of  Orange  that  were 
hoisted  there,  he  would  have  thrown  these  too  under  his 
feet."t 

joseyi, A  few  days  afterward,  Printz  formally  notified  Hudde 

10  ociober.^  discontinue  the  "injuries"  of  which  he  had  been  guilty 
Printz  pro.  agaiust  the  crown  of  Sweden,  and  protested  against  the 
acaintt  "sccrct  and  unlawful  purchase  of  land  from  the  savages," 
parchaae.  which  would  scem  to  arguc  that  the  Dutch  had  no  more 
ri^t  to  that  place  than  to  their  other  "  pretensive  claims" 

*  Htidde*8  Report,  In  Alb.  Rec.,  ztU.,  and  In  ii.,  N.  T.  Coll.,  i.,  p.  433,  440;  Aeralhu, 
412  ;  Ferriage  Early  SettlementB,  p.  75 ;  ante,  p.  239.  Campaniaa  (p.  79)  aaya  that  a  few 
days  befbre  this  (Sept.  4, 1046),  he  consecrated  a  decent  wooden  chareh,  which  had  jut 
been  built  at  Tinlcum.  Before  the  bnUding  of  this  church,  worahip  was  probably  eoa- 
ducted  in  some  part  of  the  Fort  New  Oottenburg,  which  was  destroyed  by  fire  the  last 
year.— Hazard's  Ann.  Fenn.,  80. 

t  Hudde'a  Report,  435 ;  Acreliua,  412.  Alluding  to  this  occurrence,  the  commonalty 
of  N.  N  ,  in  their  "  Vertoogh,**  of  the  13th  of  October,  1649,  remark,  "  It  ia  matter  of  er- 
idence,  that  above  Maghekaekcame^  near  the  SankUcau,  the  arms  of  their  High  Mlgbli- 
nesses  were  erected,  by  order  of  Director  Kieft,**  &c.— ii.,  N.  T.  H.  S.  Coll.,  ii.,  283. 
The  iriace,  however,  seema  here  to  have  been  Inaeenrately  described  as  at  Crosswidt 
Creek,  near  Bordentown.  Aeretios,  too  (p.  412),  says  that  it  was  **  at  SanlhidMn,"  or 
Trenton.  Bat  Commissary  Hudde,  as  we  have  already  seen,  was  prevented  reaeliiig 
Trenton  Falls,  or  "  Assinpink,**  whsre  ths  Sankikans  were  seated ;  and  be  expressly 
states  that  the  spot  upon  which  he  erected  the  Dutdi  arma  was  <*on  the  wot  shon^ 
about  a  Dutch  mUe  distant  ftom  Fort  Naasan  to  ths  iioith,''or  on  the  stts  oTPmiadslpUa. 
•    ( 


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WILLIAM  KEBFT,  BOtECTOR  Qi2«ERAL.  487 

on  the  South  River.     Finding  that  the  Swedish  governor  qbap.  xu. 
had  followed  up  his  protest  by  "  forbidding  his  subjeots  to 
enter  into  any  transactions"  with  the  Dutch,  Hudde  re-  ^  octoiwr 
plied,  ^'  I  purchased  the  land  not  in  a  clandestine  manner,  Sy^^^"** 
neither  unjustly,  unless  your  honor  calls  that  a  olandes-  "^'^ 
tine  manner  which  is  not  performed  with  your  honor's 
knowledge.     I  purchased  it  from  the  real  owner.     If  he 
sold  that  land  previously  to  your  honor,  then  he  imposed 
upon  me  shamefully.     The  place  which  we  possess,  we 
possess  in  deed,  in  just  property — ^periiaps  before  the  name 
of  the  South  River  was  heard  of  in  Sweden."     Referring 
to  the  ''  insolent  and  hostile"  manner  in  which  the  Dutch 
arms  had  been  tiirown  dovm,  Hudde  warned  the  Swedish 
governor  that  his  conduct  could  have  "  no  other  tendency 
than  to  cause  great  calamities ;"  and  urged  him  to  pro- 
mote good  correspondence  and  harmony,  '^  at  least  from 
the  consideration  that  we  who  are  Christians  should  not 
place  ourselves  as  a  stumbling-block  or  laughing-stock  to 
those  savage  heathens." 

But  the  Dutch  commissary's  dispatch  was  very  un-PHnta** 
ceremoniously  treated  by  the  imperious  commander  ofoascon. 
the  Swedes.     When  Hudde's  mess^ieer  arrived  at  Fort  ward  um 
New  Gottenburg,  Printz,  taking  the  letter  from  his  hand,  «3  ooua«. 
threw  it  on  the  ground,  bidding  one  of  his  attendants  to 
^'take  care  of  it;"  and  then  went  ^^to  meet  some  English- 
men just  arrived  from  New  England."    After  some  inter- 
val, the  messenger,  asking  for  an  answer,  ^'  was  thrown 
out  of  doors,  the  governor  taking  a  gun  in  his  hand  from 
the  wall,  to  shoot  him,  as  he  imagined."     Printz,  how- 
ever, was  prevented  from  leaving  the  room  to  execute  his 
threat ;  but  his  general  conduct  toward  the  Dutch  con- 
tinued brutal  in  the  extreme.     "  The  subjects  of  the  com- 
pany," wrote  Hudde,  "  as  well  freemen  as  servants,  when 
arriving  at  the  place  where  he  resides,  are  in  a  most  un- 
reasonable manner  abused,  so  that  they  are  often,  on  re- 
turning home,  bloody  and  bruised."* 

Thus  ended  Kieft's  negotiations  with  the  Swedes  on  the 

*  Hudde's  Repoit,  in  U.,  N.  Y.  H.  S.  CoU.,  L,  4M-4a6. 


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498  HI8T0I17  OF  THE  STATB  OF  NEW  YORK. 

csAF.  xn.  SoaQi  River.     Angry  reeriminatioaa  alone  marked  their 

progress ;  for  lie  bankrupt  authorities  at  Manhattiui  w«»e 

in  no  position  to  repel  distant  enoroaohments.     And  thus 

the  purchase  and  occupation  of  the  site  of  Philadelphia  by 

the  Dutch  wa^  the  occasion  of  unseemly  wrangles  betwe^B 

the  rival  European  colonists  who  first  settled  themselves 

on  the  banks  of  the  Delaware. 

DUBooitiM      While  the  Swedes  were  thus  thwarting  the  Dutch  on 

Engiuh  it  the  South  River,  the  attention  of  the  government  at  Fort 

Amsterdam  was  awakened  to  fresh  annoyances  from  the 

English  at  the  East.    The  post  which  Pynchon  had  estab- 

lished  at  Springfield  effectually  commanded  the  upper  vaK 

New  Ha-   ley  of  the  Connecticut.     Some  of  the  New  Haven  people 

Ti^-oMt'on  now  purchased  a  tract  of  land  from  the  Indians,  and  built 

gttSMttI'    a  trading-house  on  the  Paugussett  or  Naugatuck  River, 

just  above  its  confluence  with  the  Housatonic.     This 

brought  the  Englidi  settlements  within  a  short  distance 

3  August,  of  Magdalen  Island,  cm  the  North  River.*     On  learning 

teau        this,  Kieft  dispatched  Lieutenant  George  Beucter,  with  a 

eneroMb.  letter  iu  Latin  to  Gt>vemor  Eaton,  complaining  of  the 


"  insatiable  desire**  of  New  Haven  to  usurp  Dutch  terri- 
tory and  possess  '<  that  which  is  ours.**    Against  Eaton 
himself  and  his  people  he  protested,  as  disturbers  of  the 
public  quiet,  ^'  because  you  and  yours  have  of  late  de- 
termined to  fasten  your  foot  near  the  Mauritius  River,  in 
thb  province ;"  and  he  threatened  that,  if  the  English  did 
not  make  proper  reparaticm,  the  Dutch  would  ude  all  the 
means  Q-od  had  given  them  to  recover  their  rights. 
i|  August.     In  a  few  days,  Eaton  replied  in  Latin,  professing  to 
d^iuMthe  know  no  such  river  as  the  Mauritius,  "  unless  it  be  that 
^TihiJ,**^  which  the  English  have  long  and  still  do  call  Hudson's 
^^Sl^,    River,"  and  denying  that  they  had  in  any  respect  injured 
the  Dutch.     They  had  built,  he  admitted,  a  small  house 
within  their  own  territory,  which  they  had  purchased  from 
the  Indians  ^^  on  Paugussett  River,  which  faUs  into  the  sea 
in  the  midst  of  the  English  plantations,  many  miles,  nay, 
leagues  from  the  Manhattoes,  from  the  Dutch  trading- 

*  U.,  N.  T.  COU.,  fl.,  ^  S78 ;  CCUl.,  i.,  170 ;  mOe,  p.  54,  note,  S61. 


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vniAiAM  %JE3rr,  DmBcroR  oensrai*.  4SB 

hoaae^  or  from  anj  port  on  Hadson^s  m^."    And  then,  csa*.  xn. 
adroitly  recriminating,  ho  alluded  to  the  injuries  which 
the  Dutch  had  done  the  people  of  New  Haven,  at  the  South  compimina 
River  and  at  Manhattan,  and  offered  to  refer  the  whole  ^^q^I^'' 
oaae  to  arbitration,  "either  here  or  in  Europe,"  being  well  STiS!^ 
assured  that  the  king  and  Parliament  would  maintain  2!^  **''' 
their  own  rights,  and  that  even  Kieft's  own  superiors 
would  "  approve  the  righteousness"  of  the  proceedings  of 
New  Haven  * 

The  next  month  Ihe  Commissioners  of  the  United  Colo- 1  . 
Bies  met  at  New  Haven,  and  within  the  claimed  limits  of  i 
New  Netherland.  Taking  advantage  of  the  occasion,  the  New  Ha- 
Hartford  people  laid  before  them  their  story  of  the  wrongs 
which  David  Provoost,  the  commissary  at  Fort  Good 
Hope,  had  committed  a^inst  them.  The  commissicxiers  Asepc. 
"  thought  fit  to  express  their  apprehensions  in  writing,"  kml  ** 
and  accordingly  sent  a  letter  in  Latin  to  Kieft,  c(»nplain- 
ittg  that  the  Dutch  agent  and  his  company  at  Hartford 
had  "  now  grown  to  a  strange  and  insufferable  boldness." 
An  Indian  captive,  who  had  fled  from  her  Englbh  master, 
was  "  entertained"  at  the  Fort  Good  Hope ;  and,  though 
required  by  the  magistrate,  was  detained  by  the  Dutch. 
"  Suoh  a  servant,"  urged  the  commissioners,  "  is  part  of 
her  master's  estate,  and  a  more  considerable  part  than  a 
bea8t."t  When  the  "  watch  at  Hartford"  was  sent  to  re- 
claim the  slave,  Provoost  drew  and  broke  his  rapier  upon 
their  weapons,  and  then  retired  within  the  fort.  '^  Had  he 
been  slain  in  this  {nroud  affiront,  his  blood  had  been  upon 
his  own  head." 

Lieutenant  Godfrey,  who  was  dispatched  to  Fort  Am-ttsapc. 
sterdam  with  this  letter,  returned  in  a  few  days  withwiMnpiy. 
Kieft's  reply  in  Latin,  addressed  to  the  ^*  Commissioners 

*  HasMd,  tt.,  ftS,  66. 

t  It  appeari  to  have  been  the  pnedoe  tn  the  Pnrltan  colonies  to  enalave  and  mU  into 
WnUga  bondage  the  natHres  of  North  AiMrtoa.— Winthrop,  U  ^t^t  tM ;  Bancroft,  i.,  166, 
100 ;  cn/«,  p.  272.  Winthwp  hiroielf  begoeathed  to  hia  eoa  his  "Indiana,"  at  hia  ialand 
"  called  OoTemor'a  Garden.**— WInthrop,  iL,  App.,  960.  The  Maaeachnaetta  code  of 
IMl  axpraoaly  aanctionad  Hm  hoUtef  In  hoad  alavanr  of  **lawM  eapUTiataken  in  joat 
ware,**  and  inch  **  aa  willingly  mil  themaelTea,  or  are  aold  to  «•,**  aereral  yeara  belbrt 
the  example  wat  (bUowad  by  Viiginla  or  Maryland.— Cohmy  Chartera  and  Laws,  ziL,  M^ 
tS;HUdreth,i.,f78. 


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430  fflSTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OP  NEW  YORK. 

Cray.  xiLof  the  Federated  English,  met  togetber  at  the  Red  Mount, 
or  New  Haven,  in  New  Netherland."     The  Hartford  peo- 
^^*  pie,  he  insisted,  had  deceived  the  oommissioners  with  false 
accusations ;  the  wrongs  were  committed  on  their  side ; 
their  usurpation  of  Dutch  jurisdiction,  and  shedding  of 
blood,  and  seizure  of  cattle,  'Mo  sufficiently  testify  the 
equity  of  their  proceedings."    As  to  the  "  barbarian  hand- 
maid," detained  at  Fort  Good  Ho|)e,  she  was  probably  not 
a  slave,  but  a  free  woman,  ''  because  she  was  neither 
taken  in  war  nor  bought  with  price."    Yet  she  should  not 
be  "wrongfully  detained."     For  the  English  at  Hartfcml 
to  complain  of  the  Dutch  at  Fort  Good  Hope,  was  like 
"  Esop's  wolf  complaining  of  the  lamb."     The  answer  of 
the  New  Haven  people  was  what  might  have  been  expect- 
ed ;  yet  the  Dutch  would  still  pursue  their  own  rights  by 
ProteM      just  means.     "We  protest,"  concluded  Kieft,  "against 
meeting  of  all  you  Commissioners  met  at  the  Red  Mount,  as  against 
minioners  breakers  of  the  common  league,  and  also  infiringers  of  the 
▼en.         special  right  of  Ihe  Lords  the  States  our  superiors,  in  that 
ye  have  dared,  without  express  commission,  to  hold  your 
general  meeting  within  the  limits  of  New  Netherland." 
4}  Sept.        The   commissioners  immediately  declared  themselves 
oft^  com-  "  much  unsatisfied"  with  Kieft's  letter.    The  Indian  maid, 
'they  insisted,  was  a  slave,  captured  in  war,  who  had  fled 
from  public  justice,  and  was  detained  by  the  Dutch, "  both 
from  her  master  and  the  magistrate."    The  conduct  of  the 
Putoh,  in  this  and  other  respects,  Ihe  commissioners  con- 
ceived, fully  warranted  their  use  of  the  offensive  term 
"unsufferable  disorders."     Kieft  could  hardly  prove  that 
the  Hartford  Confederates  had  deceived  them  by  false 
complaints ;  and  "  for  your  other  expressions,  proverbs,  or 
allusions,  we  leave  them  to  your  better  consideration." 
"  We  have  more  cause  to  protest  against  your  protesta- 
tions," added  the  commissioners,  "than  you  have  to  be  of* 
fended  at  our  boldness  in  meeting  at  New  Haven,  and,  for 
aught  we  know,  may  show  as  good  commission  for  the  (me 
as  you  for  the  other."* 

*  Haurd,  U., 57,  68,  08-71;  i.,  N.  T.  Hist.  CoU.,  i.,  18»-1M;  TrambnU's  Conn.,  L, 


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WILLIAM  KIEFT,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  431 

This  quiet  dispatch  closed  the  oorrespondence  between  chap.  xu. 
the  Director  of  New  Netherland  and  the  o<donial  authori-"T7TT' 
ties  of  New  Englsmd,  whose  long  altercations  '' had  no  dig- 
nity, because  they  were  followed  by  no  result."*  While 
justice  and  equity  appeared  to  be  on  the  side  of  the  Hol- 
landers, the  English  negotiators  showed  themselves  the 
best  diplomatists ;  and  the  reckless  Kieft  only  injured  a 
good  cause  by  intemperate  zeal  and  imdignified  languc^e. 

Kieft  promptly  sent  an  account  of  the  fresh  encroach-  p  not. 

ment  of  New  Haven  to  the  Amsterdam  Chamber.     ThetioMofm* 

directors,  m  reply,  instructed  him  to  obtain  authentic  m-  dam  Cham 
*  "^  ,  bcr  to  op- 

formation  respecting  the  assumed  right  of  the  Indians  top<»«^i^^^ 

sell  to  the  English  any  lands  within  the  Dutch  limits,  inB»<i^- 

the  direction  of  Fort  Orange ;  to  prevent  the  erection  of 

any  more  English  trading-houses  in  that  quarter  by  all 

possible  measures  short  of  those  likely  to  provoke  actual 

war ;  and  to  watch  with  vigilance,  and  oppose  yfiih  vigor, 

all  further  movements  of  those  grasping  neighbors,  who 

now  seemed  bent  on  appropriating  to  themselves  the  whole 

of  New  Netherland.     Referring  to  the  discovery  of  mines  Expio«. 

on  Staten  Island,  and  in  the  Raritan  country,  they  also  in-  muiM  tow 


timated  that  it  was  their  purpose  to  send  out  proper  per-  ac«i* 
sons  to  examine  and  report,  and  to  continue  explorations 
which  they  hoped  would  be  advantageous  to  the  com- 
pany.! 

Kieft's  disastrous  administration  was  now  drawing  near 
its  end.     The  differences  among  the  several  Chambers  of 
the  West  India  Company,  which  had  so  long  delayed  the  13  j«iy. 
departure  of  their  new  director  from  Holland,  were  nowpany^y 
BO  far  arranged,  that  in  the  summer  of  1646  an  applica-  statesoon- 
tion  was  made  to  the  general  government  for  the  ratifica-  %  s^yve- 
tion  of  Stuyvesant's  commission.     But  the  statesmen  atmiMkin? 

195-166 ;  WiQthrop,  U.,  208.  Kieft  hiring  written  to  Winthrop,  oompleining  of  WbiUng, 
e  magistrate  of  Hartford.  "  for  saying  that  the  English  were  fools  in  soflbring  the  Datch 
In  the  centre,"  dsc,  the  letter  was  reftrred  to  the  commissioners,  who  wrote  to  the  direct- 
or that  they  wished  **  all  each  provoking  and  threatening  langnago  ml^  be  forborne  on 
both  parts,**  as  contrary  to  the  peace  and  neighborly  Gmrespondence  they  desired  to  pre^ 
serve  between  the  two  nations.  Kieft  replied,  that  he  would  *'  altogether  forget"  what 
Whiting  had  said,  and  added, "  that  the  sim  of  peace  nwy  mors  clearly  shine  among  ns, 
I  both  applaod  and  deaire." 
*  Bancroft,  ii.,  S83.  t  Alb.  Ree.,  zU.,  107,  S98 ;  CCaU.,  1.,  350, 881. 


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438  marroRY  op  the  state  of  new  tork. 

csAP.  XII.  the  Hague  deolinad  to  take  anj  action  upon  iStkt  sabjeot 

until  they  knew  how  the  oompany  had  disposed  of  the 

^^*  eomplaints  whioh  tiie  ocmunonalty  of  New  Netherland  had 

addressed  to  the' Fatherland,  and  until  they  had  examined 

the  instmotions  for  the  provinoial  director  and  oouncil, 

Tbeoomim-  whioh  the  coiupany  had  proposed  the  year  before.     These 

•tmotions  were  promptly  submitted;  and  the  States  G-eneral  ap- 

S^oiy.     proving  their  tenor,  ordered  them  to  be  enrolled  in  th^ 

archives.* 
«  joiy.         Two  days  afterward,  the  draft  of  Stuyvesant's  oommis- 
•Mtfiicom- sion  was  considered  and  ratified.     By  this  instrument,  the 
prmd.  *^  States  G-eneral  appointed  him  director  over  New  Nether- 
land and  the  adjoining  places,  and  also  over  the  islands  of 
Cura^oa,  Buenaire,  Aruba,  and  their  dependencies.     He 
was  ''  to  perform  all  that  concerns  his  office  and  duties  in 
accordance  with  the  charter,  and  with  the  general  and 
particular  instructions  herewith  given  and  hereafter  to  be 
given  to  him ;"  and  all  the  officers  and  subjects  of  die 
United  Provinces  in  those  countries  were  enjoined  "to  ac- 
knowledge respect,  and  obey  the  said  Peter  Stuyveeant  as 
D*»«*w    our  director."     The  same  day  Stuyveeant  appeared  in 
»ctor       person  in  the  meeting  of  the  States  G-eneral,  and  took  his 

sworn  in* 

18  July,  oath  of  office.  Immediately  afterward,  Lubbertus  van 
Dincklagen  was  sworn,  in  the  same  manner,  as  vice-di- 
rector and  first  counselor  of  New  Netherland;  and  the 
newly-commissioned  officers  repaired  to  Amsterdam  to 
hasten  their  preparations  for  embarking.t 

But  the  departure  of  the  expedition  was  still  delayed 


tiwT0xti  nearly  five  months  longer.  At  last,  all  the  preliminary 
arrangements  were  completed ;  and  Stuyvesant  and  Van 
Dincklagen,  accompanied  by  Fiscal  Yan  Dyck,  Captain 
Bryan  Newtcm,  an  Englishman,  who  had  served  under  the 
oompany  several  yeajrs  at  Cura^^oai  Commissary  AdriacD 
Keyser,  and  Captain  Jelmer  Thomas,  embarked  in  box 
•hips  at  the  Tex^     Besides  these  officers  and  their  ai- 

*  B<1.  Dm  ,  IH.,  If ,  ?9,  Tl,  94, 77,  tS,  M. 

t  Hoi.  Doe.,  iii^  8S-eO.    Stayresuit  was  married  it  AiiMterdflBt^laiMkaiya^tte 
ilMUlHag  rf>  Vmuk  TntMmi  wftju.-*!.,  N.  T.  H.  S.  CoU.,  i.,  400, 46ft. 


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WILLIAM  KIEFT,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  48S{ 

tendants,  several  soldiers  and  a  number  of  free  colonists  chap.  xn. 
and  private  traders  now  proceeded  to  New  Netherland. 

The  little  squadron  sailed  from  the  Texel  on  Christmas  25  doc 
day,  1646.     Running  to  the  southward,  the  expedition 
visited  the  West  Indies  and  Curacoa;  and  durins:  the  pro-stnyre- 
longed  voyage,  Stuyvesant's  imperious  temper  gave  fre-trarycon- 
quent  earnests  of  a  future  arbitrary  rule.     At  Saint  Chris-  voyage, 
topher's,  the  Fiscal  Van  Byck,  claiming  a^eat  at  the  coun-  1647. 
cil  board,  to  dispose  of  a  captured  prize,  was  rudely  re- 
pelled— "  When  I  want  you,  I  will  call  you,"  was  Stuy- 
vesant's  haughty  reply.     Renewing  his  attempt  at  Cura- 
coa, the  insulted  fiscal  met  a  still  sterner  rebuff,  and  was 
not  allowed  even  a  "stroll  ashore"  during  the  three  weeks 
the  ship  lay  at  anchor  there.* 

In  the  middle  of  May,  nearly  six  months  after  his  de-iiMay. 
parture  from  Holland,  the  newly-commissioned  director  lanSL  at 
general  arrived  at  Manhattan,  and  landed  imder  a  spon- 
taneous salute  of  the  inhabitants.  The  "  whole  commu- 
nity" turned  out  under  arms ;  and  there  was  so  much 
shouting  and  firing,  that  almost  all  the  powder  in  New 
Amsterdam  was  expended.  "  I  shall  govern  you  as  a  fa- 
ther his  children,  for  the  advantage  of  the  chartered  West 
India  Company,  and  these  burghers,  and  this  land,"  said 
Stuyvesant,  as  he  was  about  to  assume  the  authority 
which  Kieft  had  misused.t  And  the  people  went  joy- 
ously home,  with  hopeful  auguries  of  tiieir  new  chief. 

*  Hol.I>oc.,Tl.,62,341. 

t  Alb.  Rec.,  iv.,  1 ;  ▼.,  30 ;  xll.,  30 ;  Van  Bineklacen  to  Van  der  Doneki  in  Hoi.  Doo., 
Ti.,  32 ;  Breeden  Raedt,  37. 

£  E 


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1 


4M  HISTORY  OF  THE  OTATB  OF  NEW  YORK. 


CHAPTER  XIIL 

1647-1648. 

ca.  xnL      WmLE  Stuyvesant  wa^  Gommencing  an  adnnmiBtratioQ 
~         which  was  to  endure  until  the  end  of  the  Dutch  domin- 

JUhlntii 

^Fmiiicr-  ion  over  New  Netherlands  political  events  in  En  rope  were 
gravely  affecting  the  fortunes  of  the  Fatherland. 

Frederick  Henry,  prince  of  Orange,  who,  ^inoe  the  death 
1647.  of  his  brother  Maurice  in  1625,  had  been  stadtholder  of 
{j^JSj^^iiethe  United  Provincea,  died  in  the  tf|>ring  of  1647,  at  Ihd 
^pfe^tr  ^^^  c^f  sixty-three  yeara.     During  his  long  term  of  pul> 
tck  Henry,  jj^  aervice,  he  had  approved  himaelf  worthy  of  his  exalted 
station ;  and  the  judgment  of  poaterity  has  pronounced 
him  one  of  the  wildest  and  best  chief  magistrat^cs  th6 
United  Netherlands  ever  possessed.      Under  the  Act  of 
Re  vers  ion  T  which  the  States  of  the  provinces  had  passed 
in  1631,  Frederick  Henry's  offices  devolved  j  immediately 
Sft^cflceed  upon  his  deaths  to  his  son,  William  IL     The  young  prlnoQ 
9!  burned  to  emulate  his  father's  military  renown  ;  but  the 

nation,  distrusting  his  inexperience,  was  unwilling  to  pro- 
long hostilities  which  Frederick  Henry  had  anxiously  de* 
HtfotiA^  sired  to  terminate.  The  draft  of  a  separate  treaty  with 
umitter.  Spain  was  agreed  t-o  by  the  States  Greneralj  and  instruc- 
tions to  complete  it  were  sent  to  their  plenipotentiaries 
at  Munster,  in  Westphalia.  These  orders  excited  hitter 
oomplaints  on  the  part  of  France,  that  the  United  Provin- 
ces were  about  to  violate  the  treaty  which  they  had  lately 
made  vrith  Louis  XIV.;  and  Kazarin  even  ordered  Tu- 
renne,  who  was  on  hia  march  to  Bohemia,  to  return  to  the 
frontiers  of  Luxemburg.  But  the  Dutch  ambassadors 
were  in  no  mood  to  lend  themselves  to  the  cardinal's 


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THE  TREATY  OF  WESTPHALIA.  435 

occx)ked  diplomacy ;  and,  in  spite  of  the  intrigaes  of  the  ca.  xm. 
French  plenipotentiaries,  the  l(mg- pending  treaty  was' 


164a 

'Treat¥ 

was  inlmediately  ratified  by  Philip  IV.,  and  by  the  sever- 
al states  of  the  United  Provinces ;  and  peace  was  solemn-  P^Mtno- 


signed  at  Munster,  in  January,  1648,  by  the  representa- ^wat- 
tives  of  the  United  Netherlands  and  of  Spain.     The  treaty  ^JjJ^. 


ly  proclaimed,  on  the  fifth  of  June,  amid  demonstrations  5  j 
of  general  joy.     On  the  very  day  on  which  the  Counts  of 
Egmont  and  of  Hoom,  the  first  martyrs  for  Batavfan  lib- 
erty, had  been  beheaded  eighty  years  before,  the  undoubt- 
ed sovereignty  of  the  republic  was  formally  recognized  by 
the  King  of  Spain,  and  formally  published  at  the  Hague. 
A  few  months  afterward,  the  tranquillity  of  Europe  was  se-  94  < 
cured  for  a  time  by  the  definitive  signature  of  the  general  wSSL- 
treaty  of  Westphalia.* 

Thus,  after'eighty  years  of  constant  strife — ^intermitted 
only  for  twelve  years  by  the  truce  of  1609  —  the  war 
which  patriotism  and  justice  commenced  against  tyranny  1568. 
and  wrong,  and  which  had  cost  Spain  over  fifteen  hundred 
millions  of  ducats,  was  gloriously  terminated  by  the  full  1648. 
and  absolute  recognition  of  the  sovereignty  of  the  United 
Provinces.     By  the  decree  of  unerring  providence,  the  an- 
cient oppressors  of  the  Netherlands  hastened  to  propitiate 
the  powerful  republic  they  had  at  last  distinctly  recog- 
nized in  the  face  of  the  world.     Le  Brun  was  sent  as  am-  spanub 
bassador  to  the  Hague  before  Philip  had  himself  received  dor  som  to 
one  from  the  Dutch ;  and  in  his  address  to  the  States  Gen-  leJBT 
«ral,  on  his  first  audience,  the  representative  of  Spain  took>*^»J»* 
especial  pains  to  flatter  the  pride  and  conciliate  the  good- 
will of  that  nation  with  which  his  master  was  now  anx- 
ious to  be  on  the  best  terms.t 

The  Dutch  Republic,  which,  for  nearly  a  century  after  tiwi 


it  first  took  its  place  in  the  rank  of  independent  nations, 
continued  to  sway  the  balance  of  European  politics,  owed 

*  Corps  Dip.,  Ti.,  489, 450 ;  Batnage,  Annales  dec  Pror.  Un.,  1.,  lOS,  110 ;  Orattaa,  96S; 
Dariaa,  U.,  645,  649 ;  anie^  p.  160. 

t  "  On  remtrqaa  qall  ofibctoit  dans  aa  taaranfoe  de  nominer  la  JUpMipu  vrtnt  H 
VMmm  maltre, et  de  r«p«ter  aoaraot lea  tttres ^StotPuiBwmit  rtori$9mt,€t9omma(m.* 
,l.,^150. 


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436  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

ch.  xni.  its  proud  position  to  the  moral  qualities  and  free  spirit  of 
"~    ^the  people  of  the  Netherlands ;  to  the  constitution  of  their 
government ;  to  their  geographical  situation ;  their  mari- 
time power ;  their  liberal  commercial  policy ;  their  spirit 
of  universal  toleration;  and  to  the  wise  statesmanr^hip 
which  attracted  to  their  shores  a  winnowed  population 
from  other  lands. 
Thehoaa«       Thc^  feudal  sovereignty  of  the  Netherlands  had  early 
of  Burgun-  ^Qjj^yg^  jjj  ^^Q  house  of  Burguudy ;   and  Philip  L,  from 
1426.  the  time  he  became  their  chief,  carefully  respected  the 
ancient  rights  and  privileges  of  the  Dutch.     "  Taxation 
only  by  consent,"  was  the  grand  principle  which  the  Ba- 
tavian  burghers  steadily  asserted  as  the  fundamental  oon- 
Phuipi.     dition  of  their  obedience.     And  during  Philip's  sovereign- 
ty, the  self-ruling  spirit  of  the  towns  demanded  and  ob- 
tained successive  enlargements  of  their  franchises. 
Gh&xiMtiM     The  short  and  eventful  rule  of  Philip's  son,  Charles  the 
Bold,  was  not  favorable  to  the  liberties  of  the  Dutch.    Mil- 
itary service  was  the  original  feudal  tenure  of  lands ;  and 
the  towns,  which  had  commuted  their  liability  by  an  ob- 
Ruprw     ligation  to  pay  a  fixed  "  Ruytergeld,"  or  militia  rate,  were 
^  '        constantly  called  upon  to  assist  their  warlike  sovereign. 
But  relief  from  oppression  came  before  long,  and  it  came 
from  an  unexpected  quarter.     Like  the  Dutch,  the  Swiss 
had  early  learned  to  depend  upon  their  own  unaided  in- 
dustry.    Kindred  in  spirit,  the  Helvetians  lived  among 
the  mountains  whence  the  Rhine  flowed ;  while  the  home 
of  the  Batavians  was  in  the  marshes  where  at  length  it 
Battle  of    reached  the  sea.     At  the  memorable  field  of  Morat,  the 
1477.  ^^^^^^  ^f  *^®  impetuous  Charles  were  overwhelmed ;  and 
the  fatal  battle  of  Nancf,  soon  afterward,  ended  the  brill- 
iant but  ill-starred  career  of  the  last  reigning  Duke  of 
Burgundy. 

On  the  death  of  Charles  the  Bold,  the  sovereignty  of  the 
MtryoT     Netherlands  passed  to  his  only  child  Mary,  then  nineteen 
'  years  of  age ;  and  the  Dutch  at  once  determined  to  render 
secure  those  liberties  which  had  been  invaded,  and  to  ex- 
tend still  frirther  the  privileges  they  were  resolved  to  en- 


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THE  GREAT  CHARTER  OF  HOLLAND.  437 

joy.     Three  montha  after  the  accession  of  Mary,  the  first  ch.  xsa, 

assembly  of  the  States  General  was  summoned  at  Ghent.  TTZIT" 

1 4  7  7 
To  this  assembly  came  the  deputies  of  the  Netherlands,  simcci. 

with    anxious    thought  and   immovable    determination,  ^j^ 
They  told  their  young  sovereign  that  they  would  support 
and  assist  her  ; ,  but,  at  the  same  time,  they  demanded  of 
her  the  renouncement  of  prerogatives  which  had,  of  late, 
years,  made  ^^  great  encroachments  on  the  liberties  and 
privileges  of  the  provinces  and  towns."    Mary  was  obliged 
to  yield  to  the  firm  resolution  of  the  States,  and  soon  seal- 
ed patents' of  privileges  for  all  the  provinces  of  the  Neth- 
erlands.    The  formal  acknowledgment  of  the  conditions  orettcbw. 
upon  which  the  popular  allegiance  was  based  was  com-und. 
monly  l^nown  among  the  Hollanders  as  their  "  Great  Char- 
ter." yit  guaranteed  and  confirmed  the  ancient  privileges 
of  the/  municipal  governments,  and  recognized  the  right  of 
the  towns,  at  all  times,  to  confer  with  each  other,  and  with 
the  states  of  the  Netherlands.     It  declared  that  no  taxes  T&xation 
should  be  imposed  without  the  consent  of  the  states ;  and  MOMnt. 
it  distinctly  secured  the  freedom  of  trade  and  commerce.* 
To  these  vital  principles  the  Dutch  ever  afterward  clung 
with  the  noblest  tenacity. 

Twenty-three  years  after  the  concession  of  the  "  Great  Chwies  v. 
Charter"  of  Holland,  the  future  Emperor  of  Germany, 
Charles  V.,  was  born  at  Ghent.     He  was  brought  up.  in  1500, 
the  Low  Countries,  where  he  passed  the  happiest  of  his 
years.     Through  his  grandmother,  Mary  of  Burgundy,  he 
inherited  the  sovereignty  of  the  Netherlands ;  toward  which 
country,  during  the  greater  part  of  his  reign,  he  manifest- 
ed so  much  partiality  as  to  cause  dissatisfaction  to  his 
Spanish  subjects.     At  length  he  abdicated  his  enormous  hi*  abdiu- 
empire ;  and  the  kingdom  of  Spain  and  the  sovereignty  of  1555, 
the  Netherlands  passed  to  his  son,  Philip  H. 

But  the  son,  on  succeeding  to  his  father's  hereditary  pnuip  n. 
dominions,  did  not  inherit  his  father's  political  wisdom. 
Bom  at  Valladolid,  and  educated  in  Spain,  Philip  knew  but 
little  of  the  ardent  patriotism  and  love  of  liberty  which 

•  Oroot  Plaeaatbook,  iL,  658 ;  Barante,  zl.,  1 ;  Davies,  i.,  S84 ;  McConagb,  U.,  1S»>1S9 


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438       HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OP  NEW  YORK. 

ea.  99L  distinguished  the  people  of  the  Netherlands.     No  native 

^         sympathies  attached  him  to  the  Dutch.     He  came  to  the 

^^'  tiurone  with  all  the  strong  prejudices  of  a  Spanish  king; 

His  bigotry  and  commenced  his  reign  over  the  Low  Countries  without 

CBCL  Q99D0C* 

iniL  the  kindly  feeling  of  a  compatriot  sovereign.  Thinking 
that  he  could  govern  his  Butch  subjects  as  a  despot,  and 
disregard  their  established  laws,  which  the  house  of  Bur- 
]gundy  had  acknowledged  and  generally  respected,  he  drove 
them  into  a  Revolution,  which  resulted  in  the  declaration 
of  their  national  independence. 
FraospMt  An  indomitable  spirit  of  civil  liberty  ever  animated  the 
iMTiuM.  Batavians.  Of  all  the  subjects  of  imperial  Rome,  they 
were  the  bravest.  Dwelling  in  the  isles  rather  them  on 
the  banks  of  the  Rhine,  they  desired  to  avoid  incorpora- 
tion with  the  empire.  Rome  asked  them  not  for  contri- 
butions ;  but  in  the  hour  of  danger  looked  for  their  aid,  as 
the  javelin  is  sought  for  on  the  eve  of  battle.* 

Fourteen  centuries  after  Tacitus  thus  vividly  delineated 
the  character  of  the  early  dwellers  at  the  mouths  of  the 
Rhine,  the  writings  of  Luther  were  printed  and  publicly 
1518.  sold  in  the  provinces  of  Friesland  and  Holland.     Thence- 
2Si!£^  in  forward  the  Netherlanders  resolved  to  shake  off  all  shackles 
n^Kto*-  upon  the  freedom  of  conscience.    To  their  indomitable  spir- 
it of  civil  liberty  was  now  added  a  determined  purpose  of 
resistance  to  ecclesiastical  intolerance.     Friesland  openly 
adopted  the  principles  of  the  Reformation ;  while  Eras- 
mus, of  Rotterdam,  without  actually  declaring  himself  a 
disciple  of  Luther,  did  perhaps  as  much  as  any  of  the  oth^ 
advocates  of  religious  reform  to  correct  the  abuses  of  the 
Church.t 
1540.       The  Spanish  government  presently  attempted  to  impose 
restraints  upon  freedom  of  religion  in  the  northern  p/ov- 
inoes  of  the  Netherlands.     Protestants  were  severely  per- 

*'*Oiniiimin  haram  gentium  Ttrtote  prBcipni  Batari,  non  nraltnm  ex  ripa,  Md  iBsiilaai 
Bheni  amnia  eolnnt,  Cattoram  qoondam  popnlna,  et  aeditione  domeatica  in  eaa  aadea 
tranagreaaus,  in  qniboa  pan  Romani  Imperii  flereat.  Manet  lionoa  et  antique  aodeiatta 
Inaigna ;  nam  nee  tributia  oootemnuntnr,  nee  pnbUcanna  adterit ;  axemptl  operiboa  et 
C^Uationitma,  et  tantnm  in  naum  prsliorom  aepoaiti,  relnt  tela  atqne  arma  bellia  reaerw 
vantnr.**— Tadtoa,  De  Mor.  Ger.,  S9. 

t  Brandt,  ii.,  09, 63 ;  Grattan,  87 ;  DaTiea,  i.,  855 ;  McCnllagh,  iL,  1.  See  alaa  abater 
tt.,«ito,p.  100,etaeq. 


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THE  BEGINNING  OF  REVOLT  IN  HOUAND.  4M 

seouted.    A  modified  species  of  Inqaisition  was  introdaoed  oa.  na. 
into  Holland.     The  writings  of  the  Reformers  were  pro-  ^-^-. 
hibited.   A  sncoession  of  ediots  against  heretics,  each  more  xe^^' 


rigorous  than  the  last,  marked  the  growing  intol^anoej 
which  distingnished  the  decade  preceding  the  pompous' 
abdication  of  Charles  V. 

The  bigotry  of  Philip,  so  strongly  in  contrast  to  the  mild 
spirit  of  Christianity,  soon  completed  what  Charles  had 
begun.     New  bishoprics  were  erected,  to  provide,  as  the  1559. 
king  alleged,  for  the  spiritual  wants  of  an  increasing  pop-  ^J^g 
ulation,  but  more  particularly  for  the  extirpation  of  her-^ 
esy.     The  measure  was  odious,  not  only  to  liie  clergy  and 
the  nobles,  but  more  especially  to  the  people,  who  had 
a  firm  conviction  that  its  purpose  was  to  support  and  in- 
crease the  power  of  the  Inquisition.     Persecution  was  now  i 
carried  on  with  increased  vigor  in  most  of  the  provinces,  "^^ 
excepting  those  of  Holland,  Zealand,  and  Utrecht,  of  which 
"William,  prince  of  Omnge^  was  stadtholder.     The  new 
decrees  of  the  Cotmcil  of  Trent  were  published,  and  their  1565. 
enforcement  proclaimed.      Fresh  edicts  against  heretics 
invested  the  clergy  with  almost  unlimited  power  over  tiie 
lives  and  property  of  the  people.     These  edicts  were  noThepopv- 
sooner  published,  than  the  popular  mind  became  violently  iniuiMd. 
inflamed.     Pamphlets  and  placards  were  distributed  and 
posted  on  the  walls  of  the  towns.     The  people  were  elo- 
quently exhorted  to  defend  themselves  against  the  Inqui- 
sition, and  against  the  tyranny  of  the  Spaniards.     All  ef- 
forts to  discover  the  authors  or  printers  of  these  unlicensed 
publications  were  unavailing.     The  spirit  of  liberty  was 
aroused  and  at  work.* 

It  was  quickly  perceived  that  the  people  were  on  the  eve 
of  a  revolt ;  and  the  nobles,  wishing  to  provide  for  their 
own  security  by  leading  public  opinion,  firamed  the  famous  1566. 
bond  of  alliance  known  as  the  "  Compromise."     By  this  **''***• 

*  Meteren,  U.,  90;  Dsrles,  i.,  5t0.  It  wu  on  Uiii  oeeaeion  tbat  a  coin  was  taoai 
from  the  Zealand  Mint,  atamped  on  tlie  one  side  with  the  devlee  of  a  diamaated  ship, 
without  a  nidder,  drifting  on  the  warea,  snrronnded  by  the  legend  **  IncBaTUM  qvo 
VATA  riftBNT  f*  and  on  the  other  with  the  efflgj  of  Hope  holding  her  anchor,  and  points 
ing  to  hearen,  with  the  niotto  **  Sfm  alma  avriaaiT.''— BisoC,  Med.  Hist.,  13 ;  V^ 
Loon,  1.,  73. 


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440  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

CB.xin.  instrument,  they  bound  themselves  on  oath  to  resist,  "to 
the  utmost  of  their  power,  the  establishment  of  the  In- 
y^j^^^quisition,  under  what  name  or  pretext  soever;  to  sup- 
tiM  noble*.  pQj^  jm J  assist  each  other  as  faithful  friends  and  brothers ; 
and  if  any  one  of  them  were  disquieted  or  molested  on  ao- 
count  of  this  alliance,  to  devote  their  lives  and  properties 
to  his  protection." 

The  confederated  nobles  soon  took  occasion  to  present  a 
remonstrance  on  the  state  of  public  affairs  to  the  Duchess 
of  Pcurma,  as  governess  of  the  Netherlands.     As  they  ap- 
sAprtL     preached  the  court  at  Brussels,  on  foot,  plainly  dressed, 
and  unarmed,  the  Count  of  Barlaimont  remarked  to  the 
governess  that  she  had  no  cause  of  fear,  since  "they  were 
oriciaor    only  a  troop  of  beggars  (gueux)."     The  taunting  exprcs- 
**gmu.*'  sion  was  eagerly  caught  up,  and  went  from  mouth  to 
mouth.     "  It  is  no  shame,"  said  the  patriotic  noblemen, 
"to  be  beggars  for  our  country's  good."     A  feast  was 
given  the  same  evening  by  the  Lord  of  Brederode,  at 
which  nearly  three  hundred  guests  were  present.  "  Vivent 
les  gueux,"  resounded  through  the  apartment.    Brederodci 
bringing  in  a  wooden  vessel,  such  as  the  pilgrims  used, 
pledged  the  company  to  the  health  of  the  "  gueux ;"  the 
cup  went  round ;  the  Prince  of  Orange,  and  the  Counts 
of  Egmont  and  Hoorn,  joined  in  the  pledge ;  and  the  epi- 
thet that  levity  suggested  was  soon  seriously  adopted  as  a 
party  appellation  and  watch- word  by  all  who  were  hostile 
to  the  measures  of  Philip's  government.     The  gray  garb 
of  beggars  became  a  political  uniform.     The  taxes  were 
no  longer  paid.     A  great  Revolution  was  at  hand.* 
Tto  Dake       Philip  immediately  prepared  to  send  the  Duke  of  Alva 
totbeNeui- with  a  vast  army  into  the  Netherlands,  to  chastise  his  re- 


bellious subjects.  The  "  beggars"  began  to  lay  in  stores 
of  arms ;  and  as  the  news  of  Alva's  coming  reached  Brus- 
niieono-  ^^'  ^^^  "  Iconoclasts"  began  to  destroy  the  images  of  the 
saints.  With  electric  rapidity  the  impulse  spread  through 
all  the  provinces.  Religious  enthusiasm  soon  ran  into 
riotous  excess.     In  nearly  every  town  and  village  the 

*  Ifelarai,  U.,  40, 41 ;  Brandt,  Ti.,  904 ;  IHriet,  1.,  dSO-StS. 


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THE  REVOLUTION  IN  THE  NETHERLANDS.  441 

churches  were  attacked ;  images  were  thrown  down ;  ca.  xm. 
monuments  were  defaced;  windows  of  painted  glass,  the 
unrivaled  magnificence  of  which  challenged  the  admira- 
tion  of  Europe,  were  destroyed.  Within  three  days,  more 
than  four  hundred  churches,  including  those  at  the  Hague, 
Leyden,  and  Amsterdam,  were  despoiled.* 

The  Duke  of  Alva  presently  began  his  bloody  work.  1567. 
The  patriot  Counts  of  Egmont  and  Hoom  were  arrested. 
The  Inquisition  was  established,  and  the  penal  edicts  en- 
forced with  the  utmost  rigor.  Aspirations  after  civil  and 
religious  fireedom  were  punished  as  treason  against  the 
king.  The  privileges  and  liberties  which  the  Dutch  had 
so  long  and  so  devotedly  cherished  were  annihilated  by 
the  erection  of  a  "  Council  of  Troubles,"  which  soon  re- 
ceived the  name  it  well  merited,  "  The  Council  of  Blood."  The  coun- 
From  the  irresponsible  decrees  of  this  terrible  tribunal 
there  was  no  appeal.  In  the  execution  of  its  sanguinary 
judgments  there  was  no  mercy.  The  whole  land  was 
covered  with  gibbets ;  and  in  a  few  weeks  eighteen  hund- 
red victims  perished  by  the  hand  of  the  executioner,  t 

The  spirit  of  the  Netherlanders  rose  against  the  tyran-  The  Dutch 
ny  of  their  oppressors.     Louis  of  Nassau,  brother  of  the  against 
Prince  of  Orange,  entered  the  province  of  Groningen  at 
the  head  of  a  party  of  the  **  Gueux,"  and  routed  the  dis-24May. 
cipiined  troops  of  Spain.     This  was  the  commencement 
of  actual  hostilities.     Exasperated  at  tiie  defeat  of  his 
forces,  Alva  instantly  brought  the  Counts  of  Egmont  and  3  June. 
Hoom  to  a  mock  trial.     They  were  at  once  condemned  to 
death ;  and  on  the  morning  of  the  fifth  of  June,  1568,  the   1568. 
proto-martyrs  for  the  Dutch  Republic  were  beheaded  inEiSJ^iion 
the  great  square  before  the  Hotel  de  Ville  at  Brussels.  Jid  K. 
As  soon  as  the  fatal  work  was  done,  the  people  pressed 
around  the  scaffold,  and  dipped  their  handkerchiefs  in  the 
blood ;  vowing,  after  the  manner  of  their  forefathers,  to 
leave  their  beards  and  hair  uncut  until  the  wrongs  of  their 
country  and  the  murders  of  her  sons  were  avenged.t    And 
they  nobly  kept  their  faith. 

*  Meteren,  ii.,  44.  t  Davies,  i.,  548,  553.  i  Meteren,  U.,  58 ;  Davies,  1.,  561. 


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442  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OP  NEW  YORK. 

ch.  xra.      Driven  fifom  their  own  country,  many  of  the  Guenx 

"sought  refuge  in  England.     But  Alva  peremptorily  re- 

quired  Elizabeth  not  to  afford  encouragement  to  the  rebel 
The  Gueoz  subjects  of  Spain.  The  queen  assented  to  Alva's  demand, 
refuge  in  and  Ordered  the  G-ueux  to  quit  her  ports.  Thus  expelled 
from  their  last  refuge,  a  party  of  tiie  patriots  under  ihe 
command  of  William  van  de  Marck,  who  had  joined  in 
the  romantic  vow  to  avenge  the  murders  of  Egmont  and 

1572.  Hoom,  suddenly  appeared  before  the  town  of  Brielle,  at 
c^Se  of  the  mouth  of  the  Haese,  and  captured  it  with  little  oppo- 
theBrieue.  gi^j^jj      rp^g  &ueux  wcrc  oucc  morc  ou  their  native  land. 

The  standard  of  revolt  was  soon  openly  set  up  in  Hol- 
land.    Alva  attempted  to  enforce  a  levy  of  one  penny  in 
The  people  cvcry  tcu.     But  the  people — faithful  to  their  hereditary 
pay  Alva's  principle  of  "Taxation  only  by  consent" — ^resisted  the  de- 
tax,         mand.     It  was  not  the  payment  of  the  tax  itself  that  they 
resisted  so  much  as  the  mode  of  its  levy.    "  Omnia  dabant 
ne  decimam  darent."*     They  periled  every  thing  to  stop 
the  exaction  of  an  arbitrary  tithe.     Deputies  from  the  no- 
jnne.        blcs  and  from  the  towns,  meeting  at  Dordrecht,  acknowl- 
edged the  Prince  of  Orange  as  stadtholder,  and  voted  lev- 
ies of  money  and  of  men  to  oppose  the  encroaching  tyran- 
Haeriem    uy  of  Spain,  t    Hacrlcm  was  closely  besieged  by  the  Span- 
maer  be-    iards,  and  forced  to  surrender,  after  seven  months  of  almost 

sieged. 

1573.  unparalleled  suffering.  Yet  the  conquest  cost  the  victors 
M  July,  twelve  thousand  men.  Alckmaer,  too,  was  invested  ;  but 
10  October,  the  people,  cutting  through  the  dikes,  deluged  the  Spanish 

camp,  and  the  besieging  army  fled.  The  Prince  of  Orange 
and  the  States  of  Holland,  in  a  long  letter  to  the  king, 
which  was  soon  printed  and  distributed  among  the  people, 
complained  of  the  open  violation  of  their  liberties,  under 
ThepeoDie  prctcnsc  of  sccuriug  the  Roman  religion.  "We  contend 
ertyofcon-  for  nothing  less,"  said  the  States,  "than  for  freedom  of  con- 
science, our  wives  and  children,  our  lives  and  fortunes."* 

*  Grotins,  Annals,  iin  49. 

t  The  funous  Dutch  national  song,  "  Wilheloras  ran  Nassanwen/*  is  said  to  have 
been  ooraposed  this  year.  Its  aothor  is  not  known  with  certainty.  Some  ascribe  ft  to 
Philip  ran  Mamix,  lord  of  Saint  Aldegonde ;  others  to  Dirck  Volkertsen  Koomheet.— 
Brandt,  x.,5S9;I>tTie0,IL,aOS.  I  Brandt,  x.,  54ft. 


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THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  IXTDES  FOUNDED.  443 

Alva  was  now  reoalled,  though  Philip  did  not  relax  his  ch.  zm. 
efforts  to  subjugate  the  people  of  the  Netherlands.     Ley- 
den,  besieged  by  an  enormous  Spani^  army,  was  bravely  KoremiMr. 
defended  by  its  burgher  guards  alone.     The  States  of  Hoi-  ^U^ 
land,  assembled  at  Rotterdam,  finding  that  it  was  idle  to  1574. 
think  of  breaking  the  blockade  with  any  foroes  which  they  ISh^^  ^ 
could  muster,  resolved,  at  the  suggestion  of  the  Prinoe  of 
Orange,  to  cut  the  dikes  and  open  the  sluices,  so  as  to 
admit  vessels  with  supplies  up  to  the  gates  of  the  famish- 
ed city.    The  damage  was  estimated  at  an  enormous  sum ; 
^^  but,"  said  the  patriotic  deputies,  ''  it  is  better  that  the 
country  should  be  ruined  than  lost."    The  dikes  were  cut ;  Tbe  paopto 
the  waters  of  the  House  rushed  over  the  land ;  flat-bot-  dike*. 
tomed  boats,  loaded  with  provisions,  rode  in  triumph  over 
the  waves ;  the  Spaniards  abandoned  the  sixty-two  forts 
they  had  erected  around  the  besieged  city ;  and  Leyden 
was  saved.     The  liberated  inhabitants  repaired  to  their  s  October, 
principal  church,  to  offer  thanks  to  that  God  ''  who  had 
made  for  them  a  sea  upon  the  dry  land."     In  commemo- 
ration of  the  siege,  the  States  of  Holland  offered  to  found 
either  a  tmiversity  or  a  fair  at  Leyden.     The  citizens  Leyd«n 
chodc  a  university,  which  was  established  the  next  year,  fonn^ 
and  in  the  learning  of  Grotius,  Scaliger,  Boerhaave,  and 
others  of  its  sons,  has  proved  a  noble  monument  to  the 
heroic  cause  which  gave  it  birth.* 

Negotiations  were  presently  opened,  on  the  part  of  Hoi-  1575. 
land,  for  an  accommodation  with  Philip.     But  Don  Louis 
de  Requesens,  the  new  Spanish  viceroy ,t  insisting,  as  aReqae««M 
preliminary,  that  the  service  of  the  Reformed  Church^      ^' 
should  wholly  cease,  and  that  the  Reformed  clergy  should 
leave  the  country,  it  soon  became  evident  that  no  recon- 
ciliation could  take  place  with  the  bigoted  king.     A  year  1576. 
afterward,  the  atrocious  sack  of  Antwerp  aroused  the  ab-  a^w^ 

*  Meteren,  ▼.,  107 ;  Dariet,  U.,  14, 15. 

t  Requesens  was  perhaps  tbe  ablest  of  tbe  Spanlsb  governori  of  tbe  Low  C<ramriea. 
To  him  the  Netherlands  are,  at  all  erents,  indebted  for  the  introdoetion,  in  1575,  of  tbe 
uniform  system  of  reckoning  the  year  as  beginning  on  the  let  of  January.  The  States  of 
Holland  had  long  before  adopted  this  ealeulatioo,  and  eadearered,  as  early  as  Utt,  to 
bring  it  into  general  use.  The  Gregorian,  or  new  style,  was  adopted  by  Holland  in  1582 ; 
but  it  was  not  by  England  untU  tbe  year  175S. 


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444  raSTORY  OF  the  state  of  new  YORK. 

cb.  xin.  horrenoe  of  Europe,  and  hastened  the  signatore  of  an 
agreement  among  the  provinces,  commonly  known  as  the 
Pae^Lion  "  Paoification  of  Ghent."     The  articles  of  this  treaty  pro- 
of  Ghent,   yi^ed  for  a  fall  amnesty  for  all  offenses ;  for  a  firm  alliance 
between  the  provinces,  and  mutaal  assistance  to  expel  the 
Spaniards ;  for  the  toleration  of  both  Catholics  and  Prot- 
estants ;  for  the  suspension  of  the  penal  edicts ;  and  that  no 
decrees  of  the  king  were  to  be  published  without  the  am- 
sent  of  the  Prince  of  Orange  and  the  States  of  the  several 
8  Not.      provinccs.     The  publication  of  this  instrument  was  re- 
ceived with  the  liveliest  joy  throughout  the  Netherlands ; 
and  the  great  charter  of  union  was  thenceforward  consid- 
ered as  the  fundament-al  law  of  the  country.     An  envoy 
was  immediately  sent  to  England  to  solicit  the  assistance 
Elizabeth   of  the  quecu ;  and  Elizabeth  promptly  agreed  to  a  loan  of 
i>utcb.      one  hundred  thousand  pounds  to  the  States,  upon  condition 
that  they  should  not  make  any  treaty  without  her  partici- 
pation.* 
Don  John,      Early  the  next  year,  Don  John  of  Austria,  who  had  suc- 
Ticeroy.     ccedcd  Requcscns  as  viceroy,  accepted  the  Pacification  of 
iT^b       ®^®^*>  ^^^  issued  the  famous  "  Perpetual  Edict,"  by  which 
he  consented  to  the  assembling  of  the  States  Greneral,  and 
to  the  departure  of  the  Spanish  forces.t     But  Don  John 
was  only  dissembling.     He  had  secretly  dispatched  letters 
to  Spain,  asking  for  new  supplies  of  troops ;  and  these  let- 
ters having  been  intercepted,  were  published  by  the  Prince 
of  Orange.     No  time  was  now  to  be  lost.     The  citadel  of 
Antwerp,  and  other  important  fortresses,  were  immediate- 
ly occupied  by  the  troops  of  the  States.     "William  of  Or- 
ange was  invited  to  Brussels,  and  elected  Governor  of  Bra- 
bant.    An  embassy  was  again  dispatched  to  London ;  and 
contin-     Elizabeth  engaged  to  send  troops  into  the  Netherlands,  and 
troops  (br.  supply  them  with  another  hundred  thousand  pounds.    The 
Euxabeth.  quecu  likcwisc  obtained  the  concession  that  the  command- 
er of  her  forces  should  have  a  seat  in  the  Council  of  State, 
and  that  any  disputes  which  might  arise  between  the  prov- 
inces should  be  referred  to  her.t 

*  Meteren,  yL,  185, 131.  t  Ibid.,  ▼!.,  13S.  t  Ibid.,  tU.,  lU 


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THE  UNION  OF  UTRECHT.  445 

Open  war  was  now  declared.     The  Pope  proolaimed  a  ch.  xm. 
crusade  against  the  heretics  in  the  Netherlands,  and  bless- 
ed  the  crucifix  in  the  banner  of  Don  John.     The  bull  of  ,9  p^,,   * 
Gregory  XIII.  influenced  the  Walloon  provinces,  the  most  ^'J^d. 
of  the  inhabitants  of  which  were  attached  to  the  Roman  The  amrh 
religion,  to  withdraw  from  the  common  cause,  and  adopt  inces  witn- 
a  policy  of  neutrality.     William  of  Orange  soon  saw  that 
the  real  hope  for  safety  and  success  was  a  cordial  and  firm 
alliance  of  the  northern  provinces  of  the  Netherlands.     A 
new  Assembly  was  therefore  convoked  at  Utrecht,  under 
the  auspices  of  his  brother.  Count  John  of  Nassau,  which 
was  attended  by  delegates  from  the  provinces  of  Holland, 
Zealand,  Utrecht,  Gruelderland,  and  the  Ommeland  of  Gron- 
ingen.     After  waiting  several  days  for  deputies  from  the  1579. 
other  provinces,  those  assembled  proclaimed,  on  their  own  u/iSS'Sf^' 
authority,  the  famous  "  Union  of  Utrecht,"  framed,  as  its  2n  pro?- 
preamble  declared,  ^'  for  the  purpose  of  protecting  them-  uuS^ff 
selves  against  the  attempts  of  the  Spaniards  to  separate 
and  dismember  the  provinces,  and  to  render  the  Pacifica- 
tion of  Ghent  of  none  effect,  and  thereby  to  bring  them 
into  subjection  and  slavery."*    This  '*  Union,"  which  was 
soon  afterward  acceded  to  by  the  provinces  of  Friesland, 
Overyssel,  and  Groningen,  became  the  fundamental  basis 
of  the  Dutch  Republic ;  virtually  disowning  the  authority 
of  Spain ;  preserving  to  each  province  its  own  sovereign* 
ty,  and  its  own  peculiar  laws  and  privileges  ;  granting  to 
all  the  unmolested  exercise  of  their  own  religion ;  provid- 
ing for  a  uniform  currency ;  restraining  any  one  province 
from  making  foreign  alliances  without  the  consent  of  the 
rest ;  and  consolidating  an  indissoluble  connection  of  all 
the  "United  Provinces  of  the  Netherlands,"  for  mutual 
defense  and  protection,  in  the  spirit  of  their  patriotic  mot- 
to, "  Eendragt  maakt  magV^ — ^UNmr  biakes  Bfionr. 

For  a  time,  the  Dutck  preserved  some  show  of  respect 
for  the  person  and  the  name  of  the  king.  But  finding,  be- 
fore long,  that  instead  of  relieving  them  from  the  evils  which 
they  had  suffered,  he  was  resolved  to  oppress  them  still 

*  Meteraa,  tUI.,  148 ;  T>vf\m,  ML,  74-79. 


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446  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

CH.  xm.  further,  they  determined  to  affix  the  seal  to  their  charter 
"7r~"of  liberty,  by  openly  renouncing  all  allegiance  to  Philip  11. 
Following  the  example  of  the  province  of  Holland,  the 
States  G-eneral  solemnly  executed  their  deliberate  purpose. 
1581.  Assembling  in  large  numbers  at  the  Hague,  they  publish- 
The'unitad  cd  a  declaration,  asserting  the  great  truth  that  ^'  subjects 
declare*^  aTC  uot  Created  for  the  prince,  but  the  prince  for  the  sub- 
^ndenoT  jccts,"  who  havc  always  the  right  to  abjure  allegiance  to 
a  bad  sovereign ;  and,  after  enumerating  the  oifenses  com* 
mitted  by  Philip  against  the  laws  and  the  liberties  of  the 
Netherlands,  declaring  him,  "  ipsojure^^  deposed  from  his 
sovereignty,  right,  and  heritage  in  the  Low  Countries,  and 
the  inhabitants  released  from  all  fealty  to  their  repudiated 
king.     This  remarkable  State  Paper,  which  for  its  clear 
conceptions  of  the  principles  of  political  freedom,  and  its 
distinct  assertion  of  the  rights  and  powers  of  the  people, 
was  the  wonder  of  its  age,  had  scarcely  a  parallel  in  his- 
tory — except,  perhaps,  the  "  Declaration  of  Right"  of  1688, 
under  which  the  Prince  of  Orange,  a  native  Dutchman, 
ascended  the  Englbh  throne  as  William  HI. — until  nearly 
two  centuries  afterward,  when  the  representatives  of  the 
1776.  United  States  of  America  threw  off  the  yoke  of  G-reat  Brit- 
ain, and  published  their  Declaration  of  Independence.* 

It  is  needless  to  trace,  in  detail,  the  progress  of  public 
events  in  the  Netherlands  for  the  next  sixty-seven  years* 
During  the  first  part  of  that  period,  the  nominal  sovereign- 
ty of  the  country  was  vested,  for  a  short  time,  in  the  Duke 
of  Anjou,  but  the  executive  power  was  virtually  exercised 
by  William,  prince  of  Orange,  the  stadtholder  of  Holland, 
1584.  Zealand,  and  Utrecht.     The  assassination  of  the  prince  at 
ifwderor  Delft,  in  the  midst  of  his  friends,  and  in  the  heart  of  a 
oiJSf^  ^^^  country  where  he  was  loved  almost  to  veneration,  com- 
pelled new  arrangements.    William's  second  son,  Maurice, 
was  immediately  named  governor  by  the  States  G-eneral, 
Knriee    and  was  also  created  stadtholder  of  the  provinces  of  Hot 
fiadihoid-  land  and  SSealand.    It  soon  became  obvious,  howev^,  from 
^'  the  unremitted  exertions  of  the  King  of  Spain,  that  fbreign 

•  If  eCeren,  x.,  109 ;  Dtrias,  IL,  10>-111.   8m  81m  Appmidix,  note  P. 


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THE  DUTCH  DECLARATION  OF  INDEPENDENCE.  447 

aid  most  be  obtained,  or  the  Netherlands  would  be  in  ch.  xiu. 
danger  of  subjugation.    A  solenm  embassy,  headed  by  tiie 
patriot  Olden  Bameveldt,  was  therefore  sent  to  England,     ^^' 
and  Elizabeth  consented  to  the  appointment  of  her  favor-  The  Ead 
ite  Leicester  as  governor  general  of  the  provinces  in  her  governor 
name.     The  queen  also  sent  a  large  army  to  assist  the**"*' 
Dutch,  firom  whom  she  obtained  the  pledge  of  Fluking, 
Rammekens,  and  the  Brielle,  until  her  expenses  should  be  1585. 
repaid.     But  Leicester  soon  rendered  himself  so  unpopu- 
lar with  the  Dutch,  that  within  two  years  he  was  recall- 
ed.    The  campaigns  of  the  Dutch  armies  were  conducted 
with  splendid  success  by  the  youthfiil  stadtholder.  Prince 
Maurice,  and  the  Dutch  fleets  were  almost  invariably  vie-  conttant 
torious  on  the  seas.     The  proud  King  of  Spain,  ruined  by  of  the 
constant  losses,  was  obliged  to  declare  his  insolvency ;  and 
soon  afterward  the  baffled  and  humiliated  monarch  sunk 
into  the  grave.     Philip  III.  was,  if  possible,  still  more  hos-  1598. 
tile  toward  the  Dutch  than  his  father  had  been ;  but  it 
was  his  fate  to  see  them  achieve  the  political  independence 
for  which  they  panted.     In  1609,  he  was  obliged  to  sign  1609. 
a  truce  for  twelve  years  with  his  victorious  foes,  and  to  ad- 
mit them  formally  to  a  participation  in  the  Indian  trade. 
At  the  end  of  the  truce,  hostilities  were  renewed,  only  to  1621. 
end  in  the  full,  free,  and  unequivocal  acknowledgment  of 
the  sovereignty  of  the  Netherlands  by  Philip  IV.,  in  the 
treaty  at  Munster,  of  1648.     Thus,  inch  by  inch,  and  year  1648. 
by  year,  through  nearly  three  generations  of  men,  andJriSmph?*' 
against  three  successive  kings  of  Spain,  the  Dutch  con- 
tended for  their  liberties ;  and  their  unanimous  spirit  of 
popular  freedom  at  last  obtained  its  noble  and  triumjdiant 
reward. 

The  Dutch  manifesto  of  1581  was  the  necessary  result  The  Dutch 
of  that  irrepressible  spirit  of  civil  liberty  which  ever  ani- erning  peo- 
mated  the  descendants  of  the  Batavians.  The  declara- 
tion of  their  independence  of  Spain  was  merely  a  formal 
assertion  of  their  right  to  govern  themselves.  Practically, 
Holland  had  governed  herself  long  befcNre ;  practically,  she 
had  governed  herself  firom  the  time  her  toil-trained  burgh* 


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448  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Cm.  xin.  ers  first  maintained  the  right  of  self-assessment,  and  wrung 
from  Mary  of  Burgundy  the  "  Great  Charter**  of  1477. 

chareoter  ^^^  iwany  agos  the  Dutoh  had  been  accustomed  to  think 

Duuh.  f^^  themselves,  to  do,  and  to  endure ;  to  rely  with  calm 
courage  upon  their  own  unaided  efforts ;  to  act  with  stem 
energy  and  firm  will ;  to  fight,  from  youth  to  age,  ^^  their 
fathers'  fight"  against  the  inexorable  elements ;  to  med- 
itate toilsome  enterprises  at  their  firesides,  and  counsel 
great  deeds  together  in  their  villages  and  towns ;  to  trust 
with  undoubting  confidence  their  neighbor's  word  ;  to  be- 
lieve, with  steady  faith,  that  work  is  the  true  lot  of  man, 
in  which  each  one  is  bound  to  be  diligently  employed. 
They  were  earnest,  self-relying  men,  in  whom  the  habit 
of  personal  independence  had  created  the  desire  of  sep- 
arate nationality.*  It  was  not  the  revolt  of  the  Nether- 
land  Provinces  from  Spain,  nor  the  union  of  the  Nether- 
land  Provinces  at  Utrecht,  which  made  the  Dutch  a  nati(m 
of  heroes,  and  statesmen,  and  patriots,  any  more  than  it 
was  the  revolt  of  the  American  colonies  from  England,  or 
the  confederation  of  the  American  States,  which  made  the 
people  of  the  United  States  a  brave,  capable,  and  patriotic 
people.  The  characters  of  both  nations  had  been  gradual- 
ly formed  by  long  years  of  experience  in  self-government, 
and  by  long  endurance  of  oppression  and  suffering,  before 
they  openly  renounced  their  allegiance  to  their  sovereigns, 
and  took  the  administration  of  their  own  affairs  entirely 
into  their  own  hands. 

"With  the  declaration  of  the  national  independence  of  the 
Dutch  came  the  necessity  of  modifying  their  system  of  ad- 

Th«ir«y«-  ministration ;  and  the  people  of  the  United  Provinces  soon 

torn  of  ad-  1-  -  1  -i  t  t     • 

miniaira-    matured  a  form  of  government  better  adapted  to  their  po- 
tion a«  a  re-  ^  r  r 
pnuie.      litical  Condition  as  a  commonwealtli.     The  management 

of  the  affairs  of  the  republic  was  vested  in  five  chief  pow- 
ers: the  States  G-eneral ;  the  Council  of  State ;  the  Cham- 
ber of  Accounts ;  the  Stadtholder,  and  the  Colleges  of  the 
The  state*  Admiralty.  Each  province  appointed  its  own  deputies  to 
sit  in  the  assembly  of  the  States  G-eneral,  and  regulated 

*  Richeaae  de  la  noD.,  L,  pref.,  0 ;  McCidlagh,  U .,  S35,  S17,  iM. 


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THE  STATES  GENERAL  OF  THE  NETHERLANDS.     449 

their  numbers,  the  modes  of  their  chdioe,  and  the  periods  ch.  xni. 
of  tiieir  service.     But,  in  conformity  to  established  regu- 
lation,  each  provinoe  had  only  one  suffirage  in  the  States 
General,  whatever  might  be  the  number  of  its  deputies. 

The  States  General  usually  sat  at  the  Hague.  It  was  character 
not,  in  a  true  sense,  a  representative  body,  but  rather  atiomofthe 
deputation.  It  had  no  claim  to  sovereignty.  It  obeyed  eni. 
the  instructions  of  its  constituents  to  the  letter.  When  a 
new  subject  was  introduced,  new  directions  were  applied 
for  to  the  provinces.  Neither  war  nor  peace  could  be  made 
without  the  unanimous  consent  of  these  provinces.  Nei- 
ther money  nor  troops  could  be  raised  without  the  same 
unanimity.  Yet,  with  all  the  restrictions  on  its  power, 
the  States  General  had  much  influence  and  authority.  It 
received  and  appointed  ambassadors,  and  conducted  the 
f(»reign  relations  of  the  republic ;  and  the  reports  which  it 
addressed  to  the  diflerent  provinces  usually  had  great  ef- 
fect upon  the  resolutions  which  each  adc^ted.  The  aver- 
age number  of  deputies  at  the  ordinary  meetings  of  the 
States  General  was  about  twelve  or  fouirteen.  These  meet- 
ings were  held  in  an  oblong  and  beautifully-decorated 
apartment  in  the  old  palace  of  ihe  Binnenhof,  or  '^  inner 
court,"  which  formed  a  part  of  the  ancient  residence  of  the 
Counts  of  Holland  at  the  Hague.  The  Grand  Pensionary 
of  HoUcmd,  who  was  always  a  member,  the  '^  Ghreffier,"  or 
Clerk  of  the  States  General,  the  Treasurer  of  the  Union, 
and  the  Secretary  of  the  Council  of  State,  finrmed  what 
may  perhaps  be  called  the  ^'  ministry."  Of  these,  the  Gref- 
fier  was  generally  the  man  of  affairs ;  and  in  his  small, 
modestly-furnished  office,  adjoining  the  decorated  apart- 
ment of  the  States  General,  the  gravest  concerns  of  the  re- 
public were  often  arranged,  and  foreign  ambassadors  fre- 
quently laransacted  their  most  important  business.  In  the 
assembly  of  the  States  General,  each  province  presided  in 
turn  for  a  week.  The  presiding  deputy  proposed  all  ques- 
tions ;  directed  the  Greffier  to  read  all  papers ;  put  the 
question,  and  announced  the  conclusion.  The  States  Gen- 
eral were  frequently  denominated  the  ^'  G^neraletiet ;" 

Fp 


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4fi0  HIBTORT  OF  THE  STATS  OF  JifSW  YORK. 

ca.  XUL  thioir  formal  titie  was  ^<  Hoogh  Hogwide  Hmnh,**  *^  High 

——"and  Mighty  Lords." 

e^,,„^u^      The  Goonoil  of  State,  whidi  was  next  in  authority  to 

^^^'  the  States  General,  was  established  in  1584,  and  consist- 
ed of  twelve  members,  exclusive  of  the  Treasurer  G-eneral. 
It  was  composed  of  three  members  from  Holland,  two  from 
Zealand,  two  from  Friesland,  two  from  G-uelderland,  one 
from  Utrecht,  cme  from  Overyssel,  and  one  from  G-ronin- 
gen.  The  authcnrity  of  this  council  was  confined  to  mili- 
tary  and  financial  aifairs,  and  in  most  instances  it  could 
adopt  no  resolution  without  the  concurrence  of  the  States 
General 

Clumber  of  Thc  '' Rckcnkamer,"  or  Chamber  of  Accounts,  whidi 
consisted  of  two  deputies  from  each  province,  was  estab- 
lished in  1607,  to  relieve  the  GouncU  of  State  from  the 
management  of  the  details  of  the  coUectian  and  disburse- 
ment of  the  revenue. 

sttdtitoid-  The  stadtholder  was  captain  g^ieral,  and  admiral  of  the 
land  and  naval  forces  of  the  republic.  His  dignity  was 
originally  not  hereditary,  but  elective  by  tiie  provinces. 
During  war  he  disposed  of  all  military  grades,  and  con- 
ducted all  military  operations  as  general  in  oliiefl  The 
stadtholder  being  at  the  same  time  admiral  of  the  naval 
forces  of  the  republic,  the  commanders  of  the  separate 
fleets  were  called  '<  lieutenant  admirals."  The  stadthold- 
er  might  at  any  time  enter  the  hall  of  the  States  General 
to  propose  public  measures.  But  he  had  no  vote,  and  no 
right  to  deliberate.  During  his  presence  debate  was  sus- 
pended ;  and  when  the  object  of  his  visit  was  attained,  he 
left  the  Assembly.  After  William  I.,  the  dignity  of  stadt- 
holder was  continued,  by  successive  elections,  in  the  fam- 
ily of  the  Prince  of  Orange  until  1672,  when  William  HI. 
procured  it  to  be  made  hereditary. 

The  Adiii-  There  were  five  collies  of  the  Admiralty ;  ihe  first  at 
Rotterdam,  the  second*  at  Amsterdam,  tiie  third  at  Hoom, 
die  fourth  at  ICiddleburg,  and  the  fifth  at  Harlingen,  in 
Prieslaad.  They  watched  over  the  defense  of  the  coasts ; 
furnished  convoys ;  equijiped  the  fleets ;  jvdged  m  priae 


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THl  PHOVnfOB  OF  HOLLAND.  451 

0M6«,  and  in  oasdB  of  fraud  agaittst  the  rdTenue;  and  nom-  ch.  xm.  ^ 
mated  Bubaltem  naval  offioera. 

Of  all  the  pTormoes,  Hidland  was  the  moat  impcnrtant,  pro^or 
by  reaaoa  of  its  population  and  its  wealth.    Henoe  its  name^'*'^*^ 
wafi  often  i4[>plied  to  the  eonfederaoy,  and  the  inhabitants 
of  all  the  United  Provinoes  were  frequently  oalled  ^'  Hoi- 
landers,"  by  way  of  eminenoe.    Being  the  richest  and  most 
populous  of  the  provinoes,  Holland  soon  obtained  an  as* 
oendency  in  the  confederaticm  whioh  was  not  altogeAer 
unjust,  since  HoUandi  above  all  the  others,  bore  most  erf 
Ae  burden,  and  did  most  for  the  general  servioe  ot  the  re* 
publio.*    By  reason  of  this  preponderance,  the  provincial 
states  of  Holland  bore  ihe  title  of  <'  Edel,  G-root,  Hogende 
Heeren,"  Noble,  Great,  and  Mighty  Lords ;  while  the  states 
of  the  other  {navinces  were  addressed  in  the  simple  style 
of  Edel  Mogende."     The  provincial  states  of  Holland  Provincial 
wete  oomposed  of  deputies  from  the  nobles,  and  d^utiesSShuid. 
from  the  several  towns.     Of  these,  the  number  was  indef- 
inite ;  but  the  entire  body  of  nobles  had  only  one  vote, 
while  each  of  the  eighteen  towns  had  likewise  a  vote.   The 
whide  number  of  suffirages  was  thus  nineteen,  of  which  the 
nobles  controled  only  one. 

The  chief  magistrate  of  the  province  was  at  first  called  oraiui  Pen. 
flie  Advocate  General,  and  afterward  the  <<  G-rand  Pennon-  HSiMd!"^ 
ary."  He  had  great  influence  in  the  states ;  for  though 
he  could  not  vote,  his  advice  was  always  asked  in  affidn 
«f  moment.  He  was  elected  for  five  years  by  the  states, 
but  was  generally  continued  in  office  during  life  by  re- 
deotkm.  He  propounded  subjects  of  discussion;  was  the 
keeper  of  the  great  seal  of  Holland,  and  the  speaker  (ht 
presiding  officer  of  the  states ;  and  was  their  permanent 

*  By  t  ragolstioii  oftlie  C<mnea  of  State  ofllw  ]0Si  eTDeeenkv,  \9i%  tte  iui  nttt- 
MMtj  or  die  aereril  pn^laeee  was  IIiqb  aaalcBed: 

HoUand gU  57  14    8 

Friealaad 11  !•  II 

Zealaad 9    1  10 

Gronlnseft «  15  0 

Htffwkt •  15    • 

Ooelderiattd 5  11    t 

Overyaael $H  % 

l^Mi(HrlBiliglTi<Sha) MS  •  • 


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452  HISTORY  OP  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

ch.  xin.  special  representative  in  the  assembly  of  the  States  G^n- 
eral.  In  cases  of  differences  of  opinion^  he  was  generally 
'  engaged  in  overcoming  the  scruples  of  the  minority ;  be- 
ing, according  to  Ghrotius,  vox  publtc(B  libertatisj  prmt 
sucidendoy  componit  dtssidentes/^^^e  voice  of  pnblie  lib*, 
erty,  he  influences  by  persuasion,  and  reconciles  the  dis- 
senting." He  was  in  truth  the  eyes,  ears,  and  mouth  of 
the  provincial  states. 

The  "  Gecoramiteerde  Raden,"  or  College  of  Ck>unoil- 
T^ecommit-  men,  was  composed  of  ten  deputies ;  one  from  the  body  of 
den.  nobles,  and  nine  from  the  towns.  It  watched  over  the 
finances  of  the  province,  and  decided  in  suits  between  ihe 
farmers  of  the  revenue  and  the  tax-payers.  It  also  had 
jurisdiction  over  the  military  affairs  of  the  [m)vince ;  and 
two  of  its  deputies  were  constantly  members  of  the  States 
G-eneral. 

The  sovereign  power  of  the  province  did  not,  however. 
Theeorer^  rcsidc  iu  the  statcs  of  Holland,  but  in  the  constitoenoies 
th?\^pie.  of  the  deputies.  The  real  authorities  were  the  college  of 
nobles,  and  the  municipal  councils  of  the  towns.  To  them 
each  deputy  was  responsible  for  his  vote,  and  under  their 
instructions  alone  he  acted.  Thus  the  government  of  Hol- 
land, in  fact,  rested  mainly  upon  its  people. 

Trained  in  a  school  of  diversified  industry,  the  Dutch 
iDduBtriai  embodied  in  the  form  of  their  government  tiie  principles 
cratic%)irit  which  ages  of  stem  experience  had  implanted  in  die  na- 
Dutrh.      tional  mind.     The  early  and  constant  necessity  fcnr  the 
construction  of  dikes  gave  them  a  habit  of  union  and  good- 
will, and  imbued  them  with  a  propensity  to  reciprocal  jus- 
tice, because,  by  unanimity  and  honesty  alone  could  their 
country  be  saved  from  the  sea.    They  were  forced  by  na- 
ture to  be  industrbus  from  the  first.     Their  labor-tmined 
energies  were  essential  elements  of  their  national  wcfldth 
and  happiness.    They  relied  upon  themselves.    Their  first 
political  lessons  were  lessons  in  self-government.  And  thus 
one  of  the  earliest  schook  of  modern  democracy  was  es- 
tablished in  Holland.* 

*  BtMage ;  DariM ;  Mtyer,  last.  Jad.t  UL,  !>-« ;  E«r*  Dr. 


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or 
asaocla- 


THE  MUNICIPAL  GOVERNMENTS  OF  HOLLAND.  458 

The  most  striking  featnre  in  their  politioal  ovganizaticm  ch.  xni. 
was  localism.  Holland  was  an  aggregate  of  towns,  each 
providing  for  its  own  defense,  administering  its  own  finan-  Locaunn. 
ces,  and  governing  itself  by  its  own  laws.  The  inhabit- 
ants of  the  towns  were  not,  however,  all  upon  an  eqaality . 
To  entitle  a  resident  to  every  munioipal  franchise,  the 
^'  burgher  recht,"  or  burghership,  must  be  acquired.  This  Bargher- 
burghership  was  generally  obtained  by  the  payment  of  a  *^^' 
sum  of  money,  and  the  registry  of  the  citizen's  name  upon 
the  roll  of  burghers.  It  was  hereditary ;  it  could  pass  by 
marriage ;  and  it  could  be  acquired  by  females  as  well  as 
by  males.  Foreigners,  also,  after  a  year's  probation,  could 
become  burghers.  The  burgher  right  gave  to  the  citizen 
freedom  of  trade,  exemption  from  tolls,  special  privileges 
and  favors  in  prosecutions,  and  an  exclusive  digibility  to 
municipal  office.  The  burghers  were,  generally,  mer- 
chants and  tradesmen.  The  several  trades  and  profes- couds, 
sions  formed  themselves  into  separate  associations  called  u^. 
^^  guilds,"  or  fraternities,  the  members  of  which  were  bound 
to  assist  each  other  in  distress,  and  stand  by  each  other  in 
time  of  danger.  Each  guild  inhabited,  for  the  most  part, 
a  separate  quarter  of  the  town ;  was  organized  as  a  mili- 
tary company ;  fought  under  its  own  standard ;  and  was 
presided  over  by  a  **  Dekken,"  or  Dean. 

The  government  of  esjoh  town  was  administered  by  a  Municipal 
"  Wethouderschap,"  or  Board  of  Magistrates,  consisting  of  ^nu! 
several  burgomasters,  and  a  certain  number  of  schepens, 
or  aldermen.     This  board  of  wethouders  provided  for  the 
public  safety,  attended  to  the  police,  mustered  the  burgh- 
er guard  in  case  of  danger,  administered  the  finances,  and 
assessed  the  taxes  to  be  paid  by  each  individual.    In  gen- 
eral, the  term  of  office  was  annual.     The  burgomasters  Burgom&s- 
and  schepens  were  chosen  by  the  eight  or  nine  <^  good  men"  Men\  and 
elected  by  the  ^'  Yroedschap,"  or  great  council  of  the  town,  achap. 
which  was  itself  oomposed,  in  most  cases,  of  all  the  inhab- 
itants who   possessed   a   certain   property  qualification. 
There  was   also   another  important  officer,  named  the 
"  schout,"  who,  in  early  times,  was  appointed  by  the  schoui. 


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454  HISTOilT  OF  THS  STATE  OF  lOSW  YORX. 

Qf^jjoL  County  oat  ^t  a  tr  ipla  aominatinn  by  the  wq&otideis.  The 
fdnotioiis  of  the  sohout — ^whoae  naroe^  aooorcUng  to  Gro- 
^^'  tiufly  waft  an  abbreTiatioii  of  <'  sohakL^reohter^"  or  a  jadgv 
of  orimeft— *were  somewhat  analogous  to  Ihoee  of  bailifl^ 
or  ooonty  sheriff;  oombining,  however,  with  them  aanM 
of  the  duties  of  a  proseonting  attorney.*  Thus  the  towns 
th^xiselves  were  aggregates  of  voluntary  associatkms  of 
burghers;  and  the  burghers,  looking  upon  their  towns  aa, 
to  a  certain  extent,  their  nation^  firmly  insisted,  through 
all  vicissitudes,  on  being  governed  by  r^resentatives  of 
tiieir  own  classes. 
Kflteta  of  The  local  municipal  system  of  the  Dutch,  which  jeal* 
pti  ^«em.  ous  enemies  continually  prophesied  would  end  in  disunkm, 
was,  in  truth,  their  salvation.  Bound  together  by  the 
strongest  ties  of  reciprocal  interest,  the  cmnmunity  of  fiagto- 
ilies,  of  guilds,  of  towns,  of  provinces,  beeame  invincible. 
Subjugation  was  impossible,  when  each  individual  dty, 
was  endued  with  the  spirit  of  the  whole  province,  and 
each  province  was  a  firesh  nation  to  conquer.  As  the  only 
form  of  political  liberty  which  the  Dutch  had  really  known 
was  localism,  so,  in  the  organization  of  their  general  gov- 
ernment, they  only  expanded  the  system  which  was  the 
very  core  of  their  existence.  The  self«relying  bur^iens 
governed  the  towns ;  the  refMres^itatives  of  the  towns  and 
of  the  rural  nobility  governed  the  several  provinces ;  and 
the  several  <^  states"  of  ihe  respective  provinces  claimed 
supreme  jurisdiction  within  their  own  precincts.  The  dep- 
uties which  each  constituent  province  sent  to  tite  States 
G-eneral  were  rather  envoys,  with  limited  powers,  than 
jrienipotentiary  representatives.  They  had  explicit  in- 
structions which  they  dared  not  exoeed;  and  in  every  case 
of  importance  they  were  obliged  to  ask  the  directions  of 
their  Provincial  Legislatures.  Thus  jealously  did  the 
Dutch  restrain  the  limits  of  the  political  power  they  in- 
trusted to  their  representatives. 
The  States  General  was,  in  one  sense,  an  aggregate  as- 

•  Onieoiftrdiiii,  U.,  IQO^ISO ;  OrotHw,  Inleydiiif ,  1S7 ;  Meyer, IiMt.  Jad.,iiL,  160-186 ;  Tan 
Leeawen's  Roman  Dutch  Law,  i.,  15 ;  Van  der  Linden,  1.,  eh.  ii.,  H :  Wagenaar,  B 
vaa  AmaL,  iU.,  141-161,  M0-tt5;  Davtoa,  I.,  76-06;  mU,  p.  396, 117 ;  ^o«(»p. ««. 


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SOCIAL  RESULTS  OF  THE  DUTCH  SYSTEM.       405 

aembly  of  the  atates  of  the  provinoes,  each  of  whioh  might  ca.  xm. 
send  an  unlimited  number  of  deputies.*     The  votes,  how- 
ever,  were  taken,  as  we  have  already  seen,  not  aooording  p^^^^ 
to  the  number  of  individual  deputies,  but  aooording  to  the  JSi^stSM 
number  of  the  provinces  represented ;  and  there  were,  there-  <^"•^• 
fore,  never  more  than  seven.     By  this  system,  each  prov- 
ince maintained  its  own  due  weight  and  influence  in  the 
affairs  of  the  republic.     The  doctrine  of  State  Rights,  Dootrine  or 
which  forms  so  vital  a  principle  in  the  American  oonfed-  tagtiu. 
oration,  was,  from  the  first,  a  distinguishing  characterbtic 
in  the  union  of  the  provinces  of  the  Netherlands. 

The  results  which  followed  this  union  of  self-confiding  soetai  n- 
communities  in  one  firm  association  signally  attested  the  Dutch  ink 
wisdom  of  the  Dutch  in  thus  making  their  natiimal  gov- ten.  '^ 
ernment  reflect  the  national  mind.  All  were  stimulated 
to  a  noble  competition ;  all  felt  a  personal  interest  in  the 
common  weal  and  the  common  woe.  The  nobles  of  Hol- 
land hiid  the  wisdom  to  identify  their  interests  with  those 
of  the  people ;  and,  in  return,  the  nobility  were  permit- 
ted, without  jealousy,  to  enjoy  a  large  share  of  political 
influence  and  public  honors.  "  Those  families  who  live 
upon  their  patrimonial  estates,"  says  the  courtly  but  can- 
did Temple,  ^^  are  diflerently  mannered  6om  the  traders, 
though  like  them  in  garb  and  habit.  Their  youth  are 
generally  bred  up  at  schools  and  universities ;  and  when 
they  are  rich,  they  travel  for  some  years,  after  the  course 
of  tiieir  studies  at  home.  The  chief  end  of  their  breeding 
is  to  make  them  fit  for  the  service  of  their  country."  Thus 
educated  for  the  business  of  state,  it  is  not  surprising  that 
the  descendants  of  the  old  Dutch  nobles  were  intrusted 
by  a  business  people,  who  esteemed  fitness  above  all  things, 
with  a  greater  proportion  of  important  public  functions 
than  were  conferred  upon  men  of  their  own  order.t  At 
the  same  time,  the  constitutional  government  of  Holland 
seems  from  the  first  to  have  recognized  the  principle  that 
her  great  commercial  interests  could  be  adequately  repre- 

*  Bamage,  i.,  14, 15.    Whan  tbe  Twelre  Yean*  tnioe  with  Spain  waa  ratified  at  Bar 
gen-op-Zoofn,  eight  handred  membera  attended  the  Bweliaf  oTtlie  State*  General. 
t  Temple,  eh.  tr. ;  Ear.  Miae.,  ii.,  M9. 


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456  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

ch.xiil  sented  only  by  oommeroial  men.  The  suooess  of  the 
Dutch  was  attributed^  by  a  shrewd  observer,  to  the  lead- 
^^'  ing  ciroumstanoe  that,  "in  their  greatest  councils  of  state 
and  war,  they  have  trading  merchants,  who  have  not  only 
the  theoretical  knowledge,  but  the  practical  experience  of 
trade."*  This  happy  absence  of  class  jealousies  consolir 
dated  ike  social  as  well  as  the  political  constitution  of  the 
republic ;  and  thought,  speech,  enterprise,  and  commerce, 
unfettered  by  illiberal  regulations,  assured  the  prosperity 
of  the  wise  people  who  so  earnestly,  so  steadily,  and  so 
successfully  vindicated  their  capacity  to  govern  themselves. 
PrMperiiy  And  great,  indeed,  was  their  prosperity.  It  was  not 
Dutcb.  because  Holland  enjoyed  great  natural  advantages.  On 
the  contrary,  nature  gave  her  a  sandy  and  mar^y  soil. 
The  surface  of  Holland  is  flat,  like  the  sea  in  a  calm,  and 
looks  ,as  if,  after  a  long  contention,  it  had  been  divided  be- 
tween land  and  wate; .  The  elements  are  there  at  con- 
stant variance.  The  fat  soil  is  made  into  turf  and  burn- 
ed ;  the  excavated  land  is  drained  by  countless  wind-mills. 
Not  a  block  of  stone  nor  an  ore  of  metal  can  be  found 
within  her  territory.  The  granite  with  which  the  Dutch 
fBLced  their  dikes  and  built  their  palaces  was  brought  from 
other  lands.  Their  country  yielded  them  "  almost  nothing 
out  of  its  own  bowels."!  All  the  com  which  was  raised 
in  Holland  was  not  sufficient  to  feed  the  men  employed  in 
keeping  the  dikes  in  repair.  Yet  the  indefAtigable  people 
who  inhabited  this  barren  region  became  one  of  the  rich- 
est in  the  world.  An  infinity  of  sails  crowded  her  endless 
canals.  The  Rhine  and  the  Maese  brought  down  the  ohu* 
modities  of  Germany  to  the  magazines  of  her  merchants, 
whe,  in  the  days  of  her  power  and  glory,  were  accustomed 
to  "  vent  them  by  their  shipping  into  all  parts  of  the  world 
where  the  market  calls  for  tiiem."t  In  the  year  1650,  the 
whole  population  of  Holland  was  estimated  at  two  millions 
four  hundred  thousand  souls.  Of  these,  De  Witt  supposed 
that  six  hundred  and  fifty  thousand  lived  by  manufactur- 

*  SbrJ.CliildflMMOTenrorTrada.  t  De  Witt,  1.,  eh  t. 

t  Hir.  Miw.,  ii.,  507. 


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-     PRQSPERITY  OP  THE  DUTCH.  457 

ing  articles  for  exportation ;  as  many  more  were  employed  ci.  xiu. 
in  trades,  and  in  contributing  to  the  pleasure,  ease,  or  com* 
fort  of  those  who  dwelt  at  home ;  four  hundred  and  fifby 
thousand  subsisted  by  the  fisheries,  and  other  callings  de- 
pendent on  them ;  two  hundred  and  fifty  thousand  by  nav- 
igation and  commerce ;  two  hundred  thousand  by  agricul- 
ture ;  and  a  like  number  by  civil  and  military  public  serv- 
ice, by  rents  of  land,  or  interest  on  invested  capital,  and 
by  taxes  for  the  support  of  the  poor.^  The  whole  Bata-  xneet  or 
vian  territory  was  only  a  little  larger  than  Wales.  "  But 
all  that  narrow  space  was  a  busy  and  populous  hive,  in 
which  new  wealth  was  every  day  created,  and  in  which 
vast  masses  of  old  wealth  were  hoarded.  The  aspect  of 
Holland,  the  rich  cultivation,  the  innumerable  canals,  the 
ever- whirling  mills,  the  endless  fleets  of  barges,  the  quick 
succession  of  great  towns,  the  ports  bristling  with  thou- 
sands of  masts,  the  large  and  stately  mansions,  the  trim 
villas,  the  richly-furnished  apartments,  the  picture  galler- 
ies, the  summer-houses,  the  tulip  beds,  produced  on  En- 
glish travellers  in  that  age  an  effect  similar  to  the  effect 
which  the  first  sight  of  England  now  produces  on  a  Nor- 
wegian or  a  Canadian."! 

After  the  sack  of  Antwerp,  the  prosperity  of  Amsterdam  Extensive 
began  rapidly  to  increase.     Her  merchants,  finding  them-  ^®"*^*'^'**' 
selves  prohibited  from  trading  to  Spain,  boldly  sought  the 
ends  of  the  earth,  and,  in  spite  of  all  the  efforts  of  their  en- 
emies, their  expanding  commerce  soon  covered  every  sea. 

"  Each  waxing  moon  supplied  her  watery  store, 
To  swell  those  tides  which  from  the  line  did  bear 
Their  brimful  vessels  to  the  Belgian  shore." 

Their  exchange  presently  resounded  with  a  confused  hum 
of  all  the  languages  spoken  by  civilized  man.  The  floor 
of  the  Burghers'  Hall,  in  the  magnificent  stadthuys  at 
Amsterdam,  which  was  begun  in  1648,  was  inlaid  with 
marble,  so  as  to  represent  maps  of  all  the  nations  of  the 
world — "  a  mute  but  eloquent  expression  of  the  all-em- 
bracing enterprise  of  the  people."     And  thus  the  Dutch 

*  De  VfiUf  L,  eh.  8 ;  McCnUagh,  U.,  S79.  t  MMaoUy,  L,  901. 


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458  HISTORY  or  THE  STATE  OP  NEW  YORK. 

ck.  xui.  soon  rendered  themselyes  the  chief  oanriers  of  the  worid, 

^^'^^  ^^^  country  the  chief  depository  of  its  {Nroduotions. 

lo4o.  ■\yi|;hQQt  mines,  or  vineyards,  or  forests,  there  was  nowhere 
snch  an  abondanoe  of  metals,  wines,  and  timber  as  in 
Holland ;  and  when,  in  years  of  scarcity,  France  and  En* 
gland  needed  supplies  of  com,  ''they  looked  not  to  Poland 
or  Livonia,  where  it  grew,  but  to  the  cities  of  the  Dutch, 
where  they  were  always  sure  to  find  a  ready  and  plentiM 
store."*  This  constant  abundance  among  the  Dutch  grew 
out  of  their  liberal  commercial  policy.  ''  The  fi*eedom  of 
traffic,"  said  De  Witt,  ''  has  ever  been  greater  with  them 

Free  Trade,  than  amoug  any  of  their  neighbors."!  "  The  low  duties 
of  these  wise  states,"  said  Raleigh,  '<  draw  all  traffic  to 
them,  and  the  great  liberty  allowed  to  strangers  makes  a 
continual  mart.  And  although  the  duties  be  but  small, 
yet  the  vast  exports  and  imports  do  greatly  increase  their 
revenues,  which  vast  commerce  enables  the  common  peo^ 
pie  not  only  to  bear  the  burden  of  ihe  excises  and  imposi- 
tions laid  on  them,  but  also  to  grow  rich."t 

uniTttmi  The  liberal  commercial  policy  of  Holland  was  accom- 
panied by  entire  freedom  in  matters  of  faith,  and  by  a 
generous  statesmanship  which  offered  a  secure  asylum  to 
strangers  of  every  race  and  creed.  This  universal  senti- 
ment of  toleration  among  the  Dutch  was  neither  a  polit- 
ical expedient,  nor  the  result  of  any  state  necessity.  "  It 
was  the  instinct,  and  habit,  and  traditional  law  of  right 
in  the  heart  of  the  nation,  the  observance  of  which  they 
could  boast,  with  honest  pride,  for  ages."i  However  much 
the  clergy  of  Holland  iriay  have  been  inclined  toward  sect- 
arian exclusiveness,  the  magistrates  and  the  people,  who 
made  the  laws,  were  almost  universally  liberal.  ''  The 
great  care  of  this  state  has  ever  been  to  favor  no  particu- 
lar or  curious  inquisition  into  the  faith  or  religious  princi- 
ples of  any  peaceable  man  who  came  to  live  under  the 
protecticm  of  their  laws,  and  to  suffer  no  violence  or  op- 
pression upon  any  man's  conscience  whose  opinions  hrcke 

*  IfcCQllagh,  ii.,  865, 266.  t  De  Wm,  i.,  cap.  U. 

%  Ryelgli'*  Obeerraticme  to  Klof  Juneik  f  MeCoUach,  1i.,  MO. 


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FRSraOM  OP  THB  BUTCH  PKB88.  459 

not  out  in  expressiona  or  aotiona  of  ill  ooofldqaenoe  to  the  c&  xbl 
state."*    Attraoted  by  this  magnanimous  liberality,  fugi-  "TTTT" 
tive  Walloons  from  tiie  Spanish  Netherlands,  Lutherans  p^,,2ciMn 
bom  Germany,  Puritans  from  England,  Huguenots  from 
Franoe,  Waldenses  from  Piedmont,  and  Icmg-perseouted 
Jews  from  Portugal,  found  in  Holland  a  oordial  welcome 
and  full  employment    And  the  liberal-minded  Hollanders 
received  a  prompt  and  abundant  reward.     New  branches  New  iian- 
of  manufactures  were  introduced  and  established,  the  un- aMauisii- 
rivaled  excellence  of  which  soon  commanded  the  markets 
of  the  world.     Even  English  cloths,  sent  to  Amsterdam  to 
be  dressed  and  dyed,  were  shipped  thence  to  fcHreign  coun^ 
tries,  and  sold  ^'by  the  name  of  Flemish  Bayes,"  said  Ra^ 
leigh ;  ^'  so  we  lose  the  very  name  of  our  home-bred  com- 
modities.^t     For  ages,  the  linens  and  the  paper  of  Hol- 
land maintained  the  highest  reputation,  and  found  a  large 
consumption  abroad.}    The  printing  of  books  early  became  Pnbueaumi 
an  important  branch  of  the  national  industry,  and  men  of 
taste  and  learning  constantly  superintended  the  press. 
The  names  of  the  Elzeviers  of  Leyden  are  still  cherished 
with  the  sincerest  respect  by  all  who  have  seen  their  ad- 
mirable editions,  which,  for  accuracy  and  beauty  of  typog- 
raphy, are  unsurpassed  by  the  publications  of  our  own  day. 
As  long  as  an  author  abstained  from  utt^ing  positive  li- 
bels, he  might  promulgate  whatever  opinions  he  saw  fit ; 
and  the  natural  consequence  of  the  freedom  of  the  Dutch 
press  was  the  publication  of  a  vast  number  of  books,  the 
exportation  of  which  for  a  long  time  formed  a  lucrative 
branch  of  trade.     The  High  Court  of  Holland  was  some-  Libeny  of 
times  called  upon  to  interfere,  in  cases  of  gross  dSense ;  but  i 
the  plans  which  they  more  than  cmce  suggested  to  the  states, 
for  restricting  the  liberty  of  the  press,  were  invariably  re- 
jected, t     Thus  it  was  ^t  the  people  of  the  Netherlands 
became  prosperous  and  great. 

•  Har.  MUe.,  ii.,  000 ;  mtU,  p.  lOS.  f  Obferrallmis  to  King  Jmm«. 

t  Wtiilf  eumining  tba  docunenu  rolatlnf  to  Now  York  In  tho  Enflisb  archlreo  at 
London,  I  observed  thiit  many  of  the  official  dispatches  to  and  ft-(Mn  oar  colonial  gorern- 
on,  fk'om  the  time  of  Colonel  NtcoHa  down  to  the  period  of  tlM  B«T«latlQB,  were  writtes 
on  paper  bearing  the  Dntch  water-mark. 

4  Wagenaar,  Vad.  Hlat.,  ze..  91S ;  Davie*,  111.,  409. 


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460        HISTORY  OP  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

GH.  xm.  While  the  Dutch,  as  a  people,  were  distingoished  by 
talents  perhaps  more  solid  than  brilliant,  some  of  the  most 

luoMrions  iUustrious  men  of  modem  times  were  natives  of  Holland. 

3*^''®*"  In  polities,  none  are  greater  than  Bameveldt  and  the  De 
Witts ;  in  arms,  none  exoel  Maurice  and  the  olher  princes 
of  Orange ;  in  naval  afbirs,  none  surpass  Heemskerk,  and 
Heyn,  and  Tromp,  and  De  Ruyter.  Holland  was  equally 
remarkable  for  intellectual  superiority.  Her  Universi- 
ties of  Leyden,  Utrecht,  and  Groningen  produced  scholars 
equal  to  most,  and  superior  to  many.  In  the  schools  of 
divinity,  few  have  obtained  higher  distinction  than  Agrie- 
ola,  Arminius,  Cocoeius,  Episcopius,  G-omarus,  Junius,  or 
Witsius.  In  classical  accomplishments,  few  scholars  have 
ever  surpassed  Grronovius,  Heinsius,  Scaliger,  or  Yossius. 
In  philosophy  and  science,  the  world  has  assigned  the 
highest  place  to  Erasmus,  Grrotius,  Plancius,  Huygens, 
Jansen,  and  Spinosa.  In  medicine  and  surgery,  none  have 
excelled  Boerhaave,  and  Ruysch,  and  Tulp.  Among  her 
own  sons,  Holland  has  found  worthy  historians  in  Bor, 
Brandt,  De  Laet,  Hoofb,  and  Van  Heteren.  In  lighter  lit* 
erature,  also,  the  Dutch  were  not  deficient ;  and,  though 
the  propensity  of  the  people  to  rhyming  perhaps  corrupted 
Ihe  national  taste,  the  illustrious  names  of  Cats  and  Yon- 
del  are  quite  sufficient  to  rescue  from  contempt  the  poet- 
ical reputation  of  their  Fatherland. 

Eminent  The  Netherlands,  too,  can  boast  of  having  produced 
some  of  the  most  eminent  artists.  There  were  bom  Badc- 
huysen,  Ouyp,  Q-erard  Dow,  Hobbima,  Hieris,  Paul  Pot- 
ter, Rembrandt,  Jan  Steen,  Van  der  Huyden,  Yander- 
velde,  Wouvermans,  and  many  others  of  nearly  equal  ce- 
lebrity. The  visitor  at  Gtmda  can  not  fail  to  render  a  trib- 
ute of  admiration  to  the  talents  of  the  brothers  Grabeih, 
who  painted  the  magnificent  glass  windows  in  the  cathe- 
dral, perhaps  among  the  finest  specimens  of  the  art  now 
existing.  The  engravers  of  Holland  have  been  among  the 
first  in  the  world ;  and  the  elaborate  pulpit  in  the  New 
Church*  at  Amsterdam  to  this  day  attests  the  eminence 

*  Tbit  baildiof,  UKKi(h  known  as  Uw  **N«w  CIniroli,"  is  more  Una  flour  centnrios  old. 


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CHARACTERISTICS  OF  THE  DUTCH.  461 

of  her  carvers  in  wood.     The  mvention  of  the  highest  of  c».  xiii. 
all  the  arts — ^that  of  printing — is  confidently  claimed  for 
Lawrence  John  Coster,  a  native  of  Haerlem.* 

The  Dutch  were  eminently  a  plain-spoken,  industri- c^rac ler-^ 
ous,  frugal,  charitable,  well-educated,  and  moral  people.  Dutch. 
Straight-forward  simplicity  and  boldness  of  speech  were  al- 
ways  their  peculiar  characteristics.    Their  blunt  frankness  Fraiikn«»a 
constantly  drew  upon  them  the  satire  of  the  rest  of  Eu- 
rope.    In  the  meanness  of  his  sycc^hancy  to  an  ungrate- 
ful king,  the  bitterest  couplet  that  Dryden  could  write 
about  them  was 

**  Well  may  they  boast  themselves  an  ancient  nation ; 
For  they  were  bred  ere  manners  were  in  fashion.** 

Party  spirit  ran  high  in  Holland,  as  it  ever  will  run  high  Party 
in  countries  where  the  expression  of  opinion  is  unrestrain- 
ed by  arbitrary  laws  and  sectarian  despotism.  Prom  the 
time  of  the  famous  factions  of  the  "  Hoeks"  and  the  "  Kab- 
beljaus,"t  the  country  was  never  free  from  political  con- 
tentions. But  these  disagreements,  though  sometimes 
pushed  into  popular  excesses,  so  fieir  from  retarding,  stead- 
ily accelerated  the  cause  of  civil  liberty,  by  interesting 
the  minds  of  the  masses  of  the  people.  The  intelligent 
Temple,  traveUing,  incognito,  to  the  Hague,  in  1667,  re- 
marked, that  the  chief  pleasure  he  had,  was  ^<  to  observe 
the  strange  freedom  that  all  men  took,  in  boats,  and  inns, 
and  all  other  common  places,  of  talking  openly  whatever 
they  thought  upon  all  public  affairs."? 

To  proverbial  industry,  the  Dutch  united  habits  of  thrift  K<»nomy 
and  economy.     These  habits,  in  connection  with  their  uy 
large  commercial  resources,  enabled  them  to  sustain  with 

It  was  foonded  in  1406.    The  "Cade  Kerk,**  or  Catbedral  of  Saint  Nicholaa,  was  built 
before  the  year  1300.  *  Daries,  ii.,  M5-600 ;  MeCoUagh,  ii.,  S87-W3. 

t  These  whimsical  names  are  said  to  have  originated,  about  the  year  1340,  in  a  dispuiA 
at  a  (bast,  whether  the  oodflih  (KabbeUan)  took  the  hook,  or  the  hook  took  the  co^h. 
Graror  history,  howerer,  alleges  that  these  honseludd  words  among  the  Dutch  earty 
tnarkcd  their  independent  spirit.  The  nobles  who  attempted  oppression  were  compared 
totheoodll8h,whlchdeToar8thearoaller(t7;  while  the  people  were  likened  to  the  hook, 
because,  though  apparently  insignificant,  it  can  master  the  all-devouring  cod.  Whatever 
may  have  been  their  aetnal  origin,  theoe  names  continued,  fat  nearly  two  centuries,  to 
distinguish  those  rival  parties,  the  fbnis  of  which,  while  they  temporarily  distrasted  Hol- 
land, gave  the  Dutch  that  habit  of  free  thou^  and  action  which  has  always  characterized 
the  nation.  t  Temple's  Works,  i.,  986. 


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468  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OP  NEW  YORK. 

Cfl.  xni.  ease  the  enoarmoas  pablio  expenses,  whieh  in  wme  yeaan 
— Tj  amounted  to  tiiree  times  the  yaloe  of  the  whole  produeo 
lo4o.  ^j  ^^  land.*  The  direct  taxes  and  excises,  which  oon- 
stitatedthe  chief  revenues  of  Holland,  were  ¥rilltngly  paid, 
because  there  was  no  suspicion  that  they  were  misapplied* 
"  No  great  riches,"  says  Temple,  "  are  seen  to  enter  by 
public  payments  into  private  purses^  either  to  raise  fami* 
lies,  or  to  feed  the  prodigal  expenses  of  vain,  extravagant, 
and  luxurious  men ;  bat  all  public  moneys  are  affiled  to 
the  safety,  greatness,  or  lumor  of  the  state."t  Among 
Hollanders,  it  was  always  a  cardinal  principle  to  live  with- 
in one's  income.  '^  Every  man  spent  less  than  he  had 
coming  in,  be  that  what  it  wotdd ;  and  he  wouM  be 
thought  to  have  lived  a  year  to  no  purpose  ^o  had  not 
realized  a  sum  to  lay  by  at  the  end  of  it."t 

Yet,  with  all  their  eocmomy  and  thrift,  the  Duteh  wert 
neither  mean  nor  sordid.     Their  houses  were  richly  fur* 
nished  with  pictures,  and  fixie  linen,  and  carved  work,  and 
plate ;  and  an  overflowing  hospitality  always  distinguish* 
ii^T^ty  ed  their  kind-hearted  and  liberal  inhabitants.     Their  be* 
«i«»^      nevolence  was  expansive;  among  civilized  nations  the 
Dutch  early  obtained  celebrity  for  their  kindness  to  the 
poor.     The  wealth  which  their  induntry  gained  was  lib- 
erally expended  in  acts  of  humanity  and  dbarity.     The 
thrifty  habits  of  the  working  classes  generally  enabled 
them  to  support  tliemselves  in  independence.     But  the 
sick,  and  aged,  and  poor,  were  always  sure  of  finding  com- 
fortable asylums  provided  for  them  by  the  large  benevo- 
lence of  their  more  opulent  countrymen.     The  orphan  was 
protected  and  reared,  and  the  soldiers  and  the  sailors,  who 
won  the  laurels  of  Holland,  were  never  fcMrgotten. 
Bariy  ea-       Neither  the  perils  of  war,  nor  the  busy  pursuit  of  gain, 
ment  of     nor  the  excitement  of  pcditical  strife,  ever  caused  the  Dutch 
■cbooto.     to  neglect  the  duty  of  educating  their  ofi^ring  to  enjoy 
^^^'  that  freedom  fcnr  ^diich  their  fathers  bad  fovight.     Sdioob 
were  every  where  provided,  at  the  public  expense,  with 
good  schodhnasters,  to  instruct  the  duldren  of  all  classes 


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MORAL  QUALITIES  OF  THS  DUTCR  468 

in  the  usual  branohes  of  eduoation;  and  the  oonsistories  of  cb.  xui. 
the  ohurches  took  zealous  care  to  have  their  youth  thor-  ^^^ 
oughly  taught  the  Catechism  and  the  Articles  of  Religion.* 

The  purity  of  morals  and  decorum  of  manners,  f<nr 
which  the  Dutch  have  always  been  conspicuous,  may, 
perhaps,  be  most  justly  ascribed  to  the  happy  influence 
of  their  women.  The  empire  which  the  sex  obtained  ioHimbm  or 
was  no  greater  than  that  which  their  beauty,  good  sense,  woomo. 
virtue,  and  devotion  well  entitled  them  to  hold.t  They 
mingled  in  all  the  active  af&ira  of  life,  and  were  always 
consulted  with  deferential  respect.  Their  habits  of  busi- 
ness enabled  them  to  manage,  with  skill  and  advantage, 
the  interests  which  their  husbands  confidently  intrusted 
to  their  care.  They  loved  their  homes  and  their  firesides, 
but  they  loved  their  country  more.  Through  all  their  toils 
and  struggles,  the  calm  fortitude  of  the  men  of  Holland 
was  nobly  encouraged  and  sustained  by  the  earnest  and 
undaunted  spirit  of  their  mothers  and  wives.l 

Of  all  the  moral  qualities  which  distinguished  the  Dutch,  Honeity  of 
and  to  which  their  prosperity  as  a  nation  is  to  be  attrib* 
uted,  perhaps  the  most  remarkable  was  their  honesty.  In 
their  darkest  hour  of  tnalj  none  doubted  their  national 
credit  The  interest  on  their  loans  was  punctually  paid. 
Their  word  was  always  faithfully  kept,  and  the  ^irit  of 
commerce,  ^'  honoring  the  people  of  whom  it  had  honor," 
won  for  them  the  confidence  of  the  world.  The  very  year 
the  truce  with  Spain  was  signed,  the  Bank  of  Amsterdam 
was  established  on  the  basis  of  so  high  a  credit  as,  by  de- 
grees, to  attract  to  its  coffers  a  large  portion  of  the  wealth 
of  Europe.  The  Dutch  soon  became  the  cashiers  of  the 
Old  World ;  and  the  nation,  which  had  been  trained  to  la- 
bor and  to  liberty  in  the  same  school  of  experience,  gath- 
ered the  substantial  rewards  of  integrity.  Their  high- 
minded  and  punctilious  honesty,  which  '^  shamed  out  of 
countenance  tiie  poor  prejudices  of  their  age,'H  became  a 
proverb  abroad,  as  iheii  commerce  expanded  over  every 

*  I>«Tlo«,U.,90t;  Decreet  of  Synod  or  lft80»ut.  17-19.    The  Mies  if  PHmImmI  €•> 
tabUebed  tbe  College  of  Frmneker,  in  1569,  vpon  the  free  princl]»le. 
1  Dai— ■rrhili,LiLiiraoL,lft.        $  DnTiee,i.»487i  ttL,«|.        4  Vefytaaek. 


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464  HISTORY  OPvTHB  STATE  OP  NEW  YOBJL 

ch.  xm.  sea,  and  wealth  flowed  back  apon  them  in  a  ceaseless 

tide.     At  home,  their  ooonsels,  guided  by  good  faith  and 

^^^'  mutual  oonfidenoe,  bound  all  ranks  togetiier  by  the  stron- 

gest  ties,  and  secured  their  well-deserved  prosperity. 
Firmness.  With  integrity,  the  Dutch  possessed  the  no  less  striking 
characteristic  of  firmness.  Nature  early  taught  them  that 
the  very  existence  of  their  country  depended  on  their  sleep- 
less vigilance  and  ceaseless  toil ;  and  from  sire  to  son  the 
hereditary  lesson  was  constantly  repeated.  The  dikes 
which  kept  the  ocean  ofi*  their  swampy  soil  were  not  more 
firm  than  the  will  of  the  men  who  built  them,  and  of  the 
posterity  which  kept  them  in  repair.  They  calmly  meas- 
ured their  strength  against  their  task,  and  what  they  calm- 
ly undertook  they  as  resolutely  accomplished.  And  they 
were  as  modest  as  they  were  undaunted.  In  prosperity 
and  in  adversity,  in  sunshine  and  in  storm,  they  pursued 
their  purposes  with  steadfast  constancy ;  and  animated  by 
a  determination  which  no  obstacles  could  discourage  and 
no  dangers  dismay,  ^^  they  acquired  power  in  the  struggle 
for  existence,  and  wealth  under  the  weight  of  taxation."* 
incormpti.  Houcst  and  firm,  the  Dutch  were  universally  patriotic 
i«m.  and  incorruptible.  Their  country  was  identified  wilh 
themselves ;  her  glory,  her  honor,  her  greatness  was  their 
own.  An  ardent  love  of  that  country  was  one  of  their  most 
distinctive  traits.  **The  Fatherland"  —  that  delightful 
word — always  awakened  the  most  dear 'and  cherished 
associations,  the  most  tender  and  sacred  feelings.  And 
thus  the  Dutch,  loving  tiicir  own  land  above  all  other  lands, 
were  universally  incorruptible.  During  all  the  long  war 
with  Spain,  not  a  solitary  traitor  was  found  to  barter  his 
country  for  gold ;  and  the  most  successful  among  the  ad- 
mirals of  Holland  added  enormous  wealth  to  her  treasury 
without  soliciting  the  smallest  portion  for  his  own  reward.t 
Such  was  the  Batavian  Republic,  and  such  were  the 
people  who  made  their  Fatherland  {prosperous,  great,  and 
respected.  The  descendants  of  such  an  ancestry  laid  the 
foundations  of  New  Y<»'k. 

*Goirr«ra«vlf«rris.  t  DmTies,tt.,l67;  Mte,p.l8l. 


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PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRXCTOR  GjBNERAL.  465 


CHAPTER  XIV. 
1647-1648. 
Well  .might  Peter  Stnyvesant  deaoribe  New  Nether-  ch.  xiv. 


land  as  in  a  **  low  condition"  on  his  arrival.     Excepting  T^TiT 
the  Long  Island  settlements,  scarcely  fifty  bouweries  could  com- 
be  counted;  and  the  whole  provinoe  could  not  furnish,  atSslS^JST* 
the  utmost,  more  than  three  hundred  men  capable  of  bear-  ^k^imni' 
ing  arms.     The  savages  were  still  brooding  over  ihe  loss 
of  sixteen  hundred  of  their  people.     Disorder  and  discon- 
tent prevailed  among  the  commonalty ;  Ihe  public  revenue 
w^as  in  arrear,  and  smuggling  had  almost  ruined  legiti- 
mate trade ;  conflicting  claims  of  jurisdiction  were  to  be 
settled  with  the  colonial  patroons ;  and  jealous  neighbors 
all  around  threatened  ihe  actual  dismemberment  of  the 
province.     Protests  had  been  of  no  avail ;  and  the  deci- 
mated population,  which  had  hardly  been  able  to  protect 
itself  against  the  irritated  savages,  could  offer  but  a  feeble 
resistance  to  the  progress  of  European  encroachment.* 
Under  such  embarraasing  circumstances,  the  last  director 
general  of  New  Netherland  began  his  eventful  government,  s?  May. 

The  arrival  of  Kieft's  successor  was  joyfully  hailed  by 
the  people  as  their  deliverance  from  a  terrible  evil.     But  smyre- 

sant's 

the  new  director's  supercilious  bearing  soon  indicated  the  hmoghu- 
character  of  his  future  government.  His  first  coming 
"  was  like  a  peacock's,  with  great  state  and  pomp."  Some 
of  the  principal  inhabitants  going  to  welcome  him,  were  left 
to  wait,  "  for  several  hours,  bareheaded,"  while  Stujrvesant 
himself  remained  covered,  "as  if  he  was  the  Czar  of  Mus- 
covy." Wlien  he  took  the  direction  firom  his  predecessor, 
the  whole  community  was  called  together  to  witness  the 

*  Hoi.  Doc.,  zi.,  813 ;  Breeden  Raedt,  19 ;  Doc  Hi*.  N.  T.,  i.,  060 ;  ir.,  10ft. 

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466  HISTORY  OP  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

ch.  XIV.  ceremony.     Kieft  began  by  liianking  the  people  for  their 
'       fidelity  to  him,  "which  he  much  exaggerated,  in  hopes 
Occur-      ^^^  *^®  conmionalty  would  unanimously  have  thanked 
htJ^augu-  him."    But  Kuyter  and  Meljm,  botli  members  of  the  board 
raiion.      ^f  u  Eight  Mcu,"  and  several  others,  spoke  out  boldly  that 
"  they  would  not  thank  him,  as  they  had  no  reason  to  do 
so."    Stuy vesant "  under  the  blue  heavens  loudly  declared 
that  every  one  should  have  justice  done  to  him."     The  as- 
surance  gladdened  the  commonalty;  nevertheless,  their  di- 
rector's haughty  carriage  "  caused  some  to  think  that  he 
would  not  be  a  father."* 
organixa-       Whatever  Stuyvesant  did,  he  did  vigorously.     His  first 
c^ncii.     care  was  to  organize  his  council,  which  consisted  of  Van 
Dinoklagen,  the  vice-director,  Van  Dyck,  Hie  fiscal,  Com- 
missary Keyser,  and  Captain  Bryan  Newton,  besides  the 
experienced  La  Montague,  who  was  retained  as  a  coun- 
selor, and  Van  Tienhoven  as  provincial  secretary.    Paulus 
Leendertsen  van  der  Grist  was  appointed  "equipage  mas- 
ter ;"  and  Baxter,  who  had  served  as  English  secretary 
38  June,     siucc  1642,  was  continued  in  that  post,  as  none  of  the  com- 
pany's officers  "could  tolerably  read  or  write  the  English 
language." 
31  May.         Proclamations  were  immediately  issued  with  a  zeal  and 
uiationi!^'  rapidity  which  promised  to  work  a  "thorough  reforma- 
tion."  Sabbath-breaking,  brawling,  and  drunkenness  were 
forbidden.    Publicans  were  restrained  firom  selling  liquors, 
except  to  travellers,  before  two  o'clock  on  Sundays,  "  when 
there  is  no  preaching,"  and  after  nine  o'clock  in  the  even- 
iJuiy.      ing.     To  the  savages  no  liquor  was  to  be  sold  at  any 
time.     The  revenue,  which  had  been  greatly  defi^uded  by 
the  smuggling  of  furs  to  New  England  and  Virginia,  for 
shipment  thence  to  England,  and  by  the  introduction  of 
foreign  merchandise  in  vessels  which  ran.  past  Fort  Am- 
sterdam during  the  night,  was  protected  by  stringent  reg- 
4  July.      ulations,  which  soon  excited  a  violent  opposition.     All  ves- 
lawJ."      sek  were  required  to  anchor  under  the  guns  of  the  fort, 

*  Vertoogb  ran  N.  N.,  in  U.,  N.  Y.  H.  S.  CoU.,  ii.,  308 ;  Breeden  Raedt,  S7,  S8 ;  Doe. 
Hist.  N.  Y.,  It.,  108, 100 ;  anUy  p.  433. 


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PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIBECTOR  GENERAL.  467 

near  the  <<  hand-board,"  which  was  erected  on  the  water-  ch.  xiv. 
side.     Further  to  replemsh  the  treasury,  an  excise  duty "~ 
was  now,  for  the  first  time,  levied  on  wines  and  liquors.  y}^^J,,' 
The  people,  who  had  looked  for  the  abolition  of  Kieft's  ob-  ^^' 
noxious  beer-excise,  murmured  at  the  new  inqx)6ition.    It 
was  '^like  the  crowning  of  Rehoboam;"  if  their  yoke  was 
heavy  under  Kieft,  it  was  still  heavier  under  Stuyvesant. 
The  export  duties  on  peltries  were  increased  and  regula- 
ted.    The  outstanding  tenths  due  firom  the  impoverished » July, 
farmers  were  called  in;  but  a  year's  grace  for  the  pay- 
ment was  allowed  litem,  in  consideration  of  their  losses  by 
the  war.     Still  further  to  aid  the  revenue,  two  of  the  com- 
pany's yachts  were  ordered  to  cruise  in  the  West  Indies, 
and  capture,  if  possible,  some  of  the  rich  galleons  return- 
ing to  Spain.     The  Court  of  Justice  was  also  organized  by  cout  or 
the  appointment  of  Van  Dincklagen  as  presiding  judge ;      ^' 
but  the  director  required  that  his  opinion  should  be  asked 
in  all  important  cases,  and  reserved  the  right  to  preside  in 
person  whenever  he  should  think  fit     The  municipal  af- 
fairs of  Manhattan  were  also  attended  to.     At  this  time 
its  aspect  w&s  unattractive ;  fences  were  straggling ;  the 
public  ways  crooked,  and  many  of  the  houses  encroached 
on  the  lines  of  the  streets.    Proprietors  of  vacant  lots  were,  25  Juiy. 
therefore,  directed  to  improve  them  within  nine  months ;  reguiaJion. 
and  Van  Dincklagen,  Van  der  Grist,  and  Van  Tienhoven  Imstel- 
were  appointed  the  first  "  surveyors  of  buildings,"  to  reg-  ""' 
ulate  the  erection  of  new  houses  "  within  or  around  the 
city  of  New  Amsterdam."* 

Stuyvesant,  who  was  a  devout  member  of  the  Reform- 
ed Church  of  the  Fatherland,  and  firmly  attached  to  its 
doctrines  and  discipline,  soon  became  a  member  of  the  pj^^." 
consistory  of  the  church  at  Fort  Amsterdam.  The  build-  '"e'd""- 
ing  was  still  unfinished ;  and  the  director,  as  an  elder  and 
church-master,  in  association  with  Jan  Jansen  Dam  and 
another  colleague,  undertook  to  complete  the  work  in  the 
course  of  the  next  winter.     Bogardus,  whose  difiiculties 

*  Alb.  Rec.,  Yii.,  S-01, 30&-S97 ;  New  ABMterdam  Record*,  L,  1-7 ;  Vertoogh«  at  sip., 
295,  296,  30i-30e ,  O'Call.,  ii.,  21-94 ;  Dnnlap,  U.,  App.  xxir.,  zxr. ;  ante,  p.  394 ;  App. 
NoteQ. 


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488  HISTORY  OP  THfi  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Oh.  xiy.  with  Kieft  had  produoed  disaffeoticm  in  the  (xmgregation, 
and  had  become  the  subject  of  remark  in  the  Glasais  <rf 
ttMy.  Amsterdam,  now  resigned  his  charge,  with  a  yiew  <rf  pro- 
ceeding to  H(Jland  to  meet  his  ecclesiastical  snperiiNrs. 
BogardM  Johannes  Backems,  formerly  the  clergyman  at  Gora^oa, 
bf  Baeke-  and  who  had  accompanied  Stay vesant  to  New  Neiherland, 
^^  was  installed  as  the  successor  of  Bogardus,  at  a  yearly 

salary  of  fourteen  hundred  guilders.* 
Temper  of      The  inherent  sentiment  of  popular  freedom,  which  had 
sBd^^iS^  exhibited  its  power  during  Kieft's  unquiet  government, 
moved  the  commonalty  throughout  Stuyvesant's  more  ar« 
bitrary  administration.     His  military  training  made  him 
imperious  in  his  ideas  of  government.     He  looked  upon 
himself  as  almost  supreme  in  the  far-off  province.    All  at- 
tempts of  the  people  to  limit  and  restrain  the  abuse  of  his 
delegated  authority  he  resisted  with  characteristic  vigor 
and  resolution.    On  the  other  hand,  the  colonists  were  con- 
stantly endeavoring  to  obtain  for  themselves  the  franchises 
and  freedoms  of  tiieir  Fatherland.    Affectionately  loyal  to 
the  government  of  their  native  country,  they  felt  that  a 
participation  in  tiie  liberties  which  their  brethren  enjoyed 
in  Holland  was  their  own  birth-right  in  New  Netherland. 
Kieft'e  o«-     The  contest  between  the  prerogative  of  the  provincial 
latit^    government  and  the  popular  sentiment  of  the  commonalty 
"^        was  reopened  soon  after  Stuy vesant  was  installed;  and 
Kieft's  reckless  administration  was  made  the  subject  of  a 
formal  complaint  to  his  successor.     Kuyter  and  Mdiyn, 
who  had  openly  refrised  to  join  in  a  vote  of  thanks  to  their 
late  director,  now  petitioned  that  the  members  of  his  coun- 
cil should  be  examined  on  searching  interrogatories,  which 
embraced  the  whole  provincial  policy  from  the  impositi<Hi 
of  the  Indian  tribute  in  1639.    The  evidence  thus  obtain- 
ed tiiey  proposed  to  use  with  effect  in  Holland, 
stayresant     Stuy  vcsaut  instantly  took  the  alarm.     If  the  adminis- 
iieft.       tration  of  Kieft  were  now  to  be  judged  at  the  demand  of 
the  people,  his  own  acts  might  have  to  pass  the  same  or- 

*  Corr.  a.  AiMt. ;  Alb.  Ree.,  ▼».,  W;  Rwr.  Dr.  De  Witt,  in  Proe.  N.  Y.  H.  S.,  MM, 
«0,  01,  74;  Breeden  Raedt,  ut  eop. ;  Mooltoo'e  N.  T.  hi  KITS,  18;  Vevtoogli tmi  N.  N., 
309;«ite,p.418. 


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PETER  STUTYESANT,  DHUSCTOR  GENERAL.  409 

deal.  The  precedent  would  be  dangerous  ;  the  preraga-  cm.  xiv. 
tive  of  the  directorship  must  be  sustiained.  He  therefOTe~rTjI" 
'<  ohoBe  the  side  of  Kieft ;"  and  looked  upon  Kuyter  and  ' 

Melyn,  not  as  members  of  the  former  board  of  Eight  Men, 
bat  simply  as  *' private  persons."  Convening  a  special 
council,  Stuyvesant,  without  waiting  for  the  advice  of  his 
associates,  announced  his  auth(»ritative  opinion.  The  pe-  h  June, 
titioners  had  not  shown  that  they  were  '^  solicited  by  the 
citizens  at  large''  to  propose  the  examination  of  the  late 
director  and  his  council,  by  whom  they  had  be^i  consid- 
ered ^'  disturbers  of  the  public  peace  and  tranquillity.'' 
^^  If  this  point  be  conceded,  will  not  these  cunning  fellows, 
in  <Nrder  to  usurp  over  us  a  more  unlimited  power,  dainl 
and  assume,  in  consequence,  even  greater  authority  against 
ourselves  and  our  c(»nmission,  should  it  happen  that  our 
administration  may  not  square  in  every  respect  with  their 
whims  ?"  The  officers  of  the  (Nrovinoial  government  should 
not  be  obliged  to  discdose  the  secret  instructions  of  the 
West  India  Company  on  tiie  demand  of  two  private  indi- 
viduals. In  the  opinion  of  the  director,  **  it  was  treason 
to  petition  against  one's  magistrates,  whetihier  there  was 
oause  or  not."  Stuyvesant's  decided  tone  swayed  thecMuA^ 
opinions  of  his  compliant  council,  and  tihie  petiticxi  of  the 
two  *'  malignant  subjects"  was  rejected. 

It  was  only  natural  that  the  unsuccessful  petiti<niers 
should  pay  the  penalty  of  their  temerity.  Instead  of  Kieft 
and  his  council,  Kuyter  and  Melyn  were  now  ordered  to 
be  examined  as  to  the  origin  of  the  Indian  war ;  and  they 
were  required  to  name  its  authors,  and  state  whether  their 
own  demand  for  an  investigation  had  been  authorized  by 
the  home  or  provincial  governments,  or  by  the  commonalty 
at  large.  If  so,  Kieft's  instructions  and  dispatches  might 
be  communicated  to  them ;  if  not,  the  accused  must  be 
Bsni  to  Holland  with  the  recalled  director,  whom  they  had 
Bumlpated,  to  make  good  their  complaints  before  the  States 
Oeneral. 

This  decision  was  a  triumph  for  Kieft.  Finding  that 
hia  successor  was  already  prepossessed  against  Kuyter  aad 


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470  fflSTORY  OP  THE  STATE  OP  NEW  YORK. 

.  Off.  XIV.  Melyn,  he  determined  to  gratify  his  personal  revenge,  and 
aooosed  them  before  Stuyvesant  of  being  the  authors  of 
18  June. '  tihi®  memorial  of  the  28th  of  October,  1644,  which  the  Eight 
m2?S' ""*  Men  had  addressed  to  the  College  of  the  XIX.,  a  copy  of 
SSJf  ^^  whirfi  tihie  directors  had  sent  to  him,  "  that  he  might  see 
his  impeachment,  and  purge  himself;  but  without  any 
authority  to  molest  the  signers  of  the  letter  on  that  ac- 
count." That  letter,  he  now  charged,  was  false  and  ca- 
lumnious, and  prepared  and  dispatched  clandestinely;  and 
he  alleged  that  the  majority  of  its  signers  had  been  ca- 
joled into  statements  tending  to  bring  their  magistrates 
into  contempt.  The  authors  should  be  compelled  to  pro- 
duce copies  of  all  their  letters  to  the  West  India  Company, 
and  should  be  banished  '^  as  pestilent  and  seditious  per- 
sons." Kieft's  application  was  granted,  and  Kuyter  and 
Melyn  were  ordered  to  answer  in  forty-eight  hours. 
2sjane.  In  their  defense,  the  accused  produced  evidence  to  sus- 
Kuyter  and  tain  their  charges  against  Kieft,  toward  whom  they  de- 
clared they  had  no  vindictive  feelings.  In  the  heat  of  war 
they  had  indeed  complained  to  the  West  India  Compemy, 
"  but  not  to  strangers,  nor  to  the  enemies  of  the  United 
Provinces."  Between  forty  and  fifty  bouweries  had  been 
destroyed  during  the  hostilities  with  the  Indians,  and  it 
was  only  right  that  a  searching  inquiry  should  now  be 
made.  They  had  used  no  deception  toward  any  of  the 
Eight  Men,  or  any  of  the  commonalty.  They  were  will- 
ing to  go  to  Holland,  not  as  <' pestilent  and  seditious"  per- 
sons, but  as  good  patriots,  who  by  the  war  had  lost  all  that 
they  had  possessed  in  New  Netherland.  The  four  surviv- 
ors of  the  Eight  Men,  who  had  jointly  signed  the  letters, 
should  nevertheless  accompany  them,  to  verify  their  com- 
plaints before  the  States  G-eneral. 
i  Jaiy.  In  Stuyvesant's  judgment,  the  frank  answers  of  the  ao- 

dieunent  oTcuscd  ouly  aggravated  their  offense ;  and  Fiscal  Van  Dyok 
cw«<i,       was  ordered  to  prosecute  tiiem  vigorously.     But  the  indict- 
ment which  he  prepared  was  tiiought  so  imperfect,  that  the 
director  and  council  determined  to  act  as  both  prosecutors 
II  July,     and  judges.     Melyn  was  accordingly  charged  with  rebell- 


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PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  471 

ions  oonduot ;  with  having  endeavored  to  entice  the  oom-  ch.  xiv. 
pany's  servants  away  from  their  employment;  and  with 
having  deprived  the  Indians,  before  the  war,  of  a  part  of 
their  lands.  Kuyter  was  aooused  of  counseling  treachery 
toward  ihe  savages ;  of  urging  the  mortgage  of  Manhat- 
tan to  the  English ;  and  of  having  threatened  Kieft  with 
personal  violence,  when  he  should  '^  take  off  the  coat  witii 
which  he  had  been  bedecked  by  the  Lords  his  Masters." 
Both  Melyn  and  Kuyter  were  charged  with  having  fraud- 
ulently procured  the  signatures  of  the  Eight  Men  to  the 
<<  calumnious  and  scandalous"  letter  of  the  twenty-eighth 
of  October,  1644,  which  it  was  also  alleged  the  common- 
alty had  not  authorized  them  to  write. 

These  charges  were  fully  answered  by  l^e  accused ;  and  le  juiy. 
Kuyter  for  himself  maintained  that,  as  a  member  of  tiie  KaytoT'and 
board  of  Eight  Men,  he  had,  in  good  faith,  advised  the   *^"" 
pledging  of  Manhattan  to  the  English,  as  a  measure  of 
necessity.    In  a  few  days  the  prejudged  case  was  decided, 
and  sentence  pronounced.     Stnyyesant  wished  Melyn  to 
be  punished  with  death,  and  the  confiscation  of  his  prop- 
erty ;  and  Kuyter  to  be  subjected  to  an  "  arbitrary  correc- 
tion," and  pay  a  fine  of  three  hundred  guilders.     But  thess  Joiy. 
majority  of  the  council  modified  the  director's  severe  opin- 
ion; and  Melyn  was  sentenced  to  seven  years'  banish- Tbetroon- 
ment,  to  pay  a  fine  of  three  hundred  guilders,  and  '*  to  for-  wnienc^ 
feit  all  benefits  derived  from  the  company;"  while  Kuyter 
was  sentenced  to  three  years'  banishment,  and  to  pay  a 
fine  of  one  hundred  and  fifty  g^ders.     One  third  of  both 
fines  was  to  be  given  to  the  poor,  one  third  to  tiie  Church, 
and  one  third  to  the  fiscal.     It  was  alleged  that  Melyn 
was  accused  more  bitterly,  and  punished  more  severely 
than  Kuyter,  <'  because  Kieft  had  formerly  flattered  him- 
self that  he  should  have  a  part  witihi  him  in  Staten  Island, 
and  finding  himself  deceived,  he  had  been  obliged  to  make 
other  conditions  with  otihier  persons."* 

The  right  of  i^peal  to  the  Fatherland,  which  Kieft  had 

•  Alb.  Rec.,  vii.,  0-17,  34-67 ;  Hoi.  Doe.,  ill.,  184-205 ;  t.,  31 ;  Breeden  Raedt,  28,  SO; 
0>CalU  it*.  M-M :  Doe.  HIM.  N.  Y.,  It.,  100, 110 ;  VeitoQgh,  808 ;  mUe,  p.  897-400, 416. 


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47*  HISTORY  OP  THE  OTATE  OP  NEW  YORK. 

OH.  XIV.  denied  to  Doughty  and  to  Van  Hardenborg,  was  now  again 
openly  denied  by  Stayresant.    "  If  I  were  p«rsuaded,"  said 

Right  or*  ^  director,  addressing  Melyn,  ^'that  you  would  divulge 

ni^"^  our  sentence,  or  bring  it  before  their  High  Mightinesses,  I 

Melyn.  ^quIj  havc  you  hanged  at  once  on  the  highest  tree  in  New 
Netherlands'  Not  long  afterward,  upon  leaving  the  Par- 
sonage house,  where  he  had  been  attending  a  meeting  of 

v»nHar-  the  ocmsistory,  Stuyvesant  interrupting  Van  Hardenburg, 
who  was  relating  Kiefli's  proceedings  in  his  case,  openly 
declared,  ^<If  any  one^  during  my  administration,  shall  ap- 
peal, I  will  make  him  a  foot  shorter,  and  send  the  pieces 

Doughty,  to  Holland,  and  let  him  appeal  in  that  way."  Doughty, 
too,  was  again  made  to  feel  the  abuse  of  provincial  au- 
thority. His  petition  to  be  allowed  to  return  to  Europe 
was  at  first  denied,  and  he  wsts  ^Hhreatened  with  this  and 
that,"  He  was  finally  permitted  to  depart,  <'  provided  he 
gave  a  promise  under  his  hand  that  he  would  not,  in  any 
place  to  which  he  might  come,  speak  or  complain  of  what 
had  befallen  him,  here  in  New  Netherland,  from  Directors 
Kiefb  or  Stuyvesant."* 

16  AngMt.  Elated  with  his  full  measure  of  personal  revenge,  Kieft 
embarked  for  Holland  a  few  weeks  afterward  in  the  ship 
Princess,  carrying  with  him  specimens  of  the  minerals  of 
New  Netherland,  and  "  a  fortune,"  which  his  enemies  es- 
timated  at  four  hundred  thousand  guilders.  Domine  Bo- 
gardus,  and  Van  der  Huygens,  the  late  fiiscal,  were  his 
fellow-passengers  in  the  richly-laden  ship,  on  board  which 
Kuyter  and  Melyn  were  also  brought  ^Mike  criminals." 
But  the  ^^  man  of  blood"  never  revisited  the  Fatherland. 
Within  four  years,  De  Vries's  parting  malediction  was  ter- 
ribly fulfilled.     The  Princess,  navigated  by  mistake  into 

97  8«pt.  the  Bristol  Channel,  struck  upon  a  rock,  and  was  wrecked 
'  on  the  rugged  coast  of  Wales.  Seeing  death  at  hand, 
Sjieft's  conscience  smote  him,  and  turning  toward  Kuyter 
and  Melyn,  he  said, ''  Friends,  I  have  been  unjust  toward 
yoo— can  you  forgive  me?"  Toward  morning,  the  ship 
went  to  pieces.    Kieft,  and  '^  eighty  other  persons,"  inolud- 

*  VfMtOfh,  la  U.,  N.  T.  H.  8.  CoU.,  11.,  100,  SIO;  BnedMi  Ratdt,  SO;  mt9,  p.  417. 


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PETER  STUYVE8A19T»  DHUGCTOR  GBMBIUL.  473 

iag  Bc^[ftrdu8,  Van  der  Huygens^  and  a  Mmof  Meljrn,  were  ch.  xiv. 
dfowned.    Of  all  on  board,  only  twenty  were  sa^ed.    Kuy-"TTT 
ter,  clinging  to  a  part  of  the  wreck  on  which  stood  a  can-  i^iiii'. 
n(xi,  was  thrown  <m  shore  '^  to  the  great  astonishment  of 
the  English,  who  crowded  the  strand  by  thousands,  and 
who  set  up  the  piece  of  ordnance  as  a  lasting  memorial." 
Melyn,  floating  on  his  back,  was  driven  on  a  sand-bank,  em^im  or 
from  which  he  reached  the  main  land  in  safety.    As  bothMei^*" 
Kuyter  and  Melyn  '^were  more  concerned  fat  their  papers 
ihnn  for  any  thing  else,"  they  caused  them  to  be  dragged 
for ;  and  on  the  third  day,  Kuyter  succeeded  in  recover- 
ing  a  small  box  of  them,  which  he  carried  to  Holland. 
Kieft's  retributive  &te  produced  no  sympathy  in  the  prov- 
ince he  had  misgoverned ;  tmd  when  intelligence  of  the 
sad  calamity  reached  New  England,  it  was  considered  to 
be  "  an  observable  hcind  of  GtoA  against  the  Dutch  at  New 
Netiierland,"  and  a  special  mark  of  the  Lcurd^s  '^  favor  to 
his  poor  people  here,  and  displeasure  toward  such  as  have 
opposed  and  injured  them."* 

The  grand  principle  of  "  taxation  only  hy  consent," 
which  the  Fatherland  had  maintained  since  1477,  was 
now  to  be  recognized,  to  a  limited  extent,  by  the  provin- 
cial government  of  New  Netherland.     According  to  his  in- 
structions, the  director  was  bound  to  ^'  use  di^atch  in  the 
repairs  of  Port  Amsterdam ;"  and  as  the  company^s  rev-< 
enue  was  embarrassed,  the  colonists  themselves  were  to  be 
"  induced  to  aid  in  the  work."     Trouble,  too,  was  appre- 
hended vnth  the  neighboring  savage  tribes,  whose  prom- 
ised presents  remained  in  arrear.    But  the  provincial  treas- 
ury was  ^^  actually  unprovided  with  money  or  goods,"  and  Popmar 
the  people  were  unwilling  ta  be  taxed  without  their  own tSndl?"*" 
consent.     In  this  exigency,  Stuyvesant,  distrusting  "  the  m  Angu'st. 
wavering  multitude,  ready  to  censure  him  if  war  should 
break  out,"t  demanded  the  advice  of  his  council. 

Necessity  produced  concession,  and  prerogative  yielded 
to  popular  rights.     The  council  recommei^ed  that  the 

*  Alb.  Rm.,  iT.,  1, 4, 11 :  Bree<UB  RMdt,  30, 31 ;  Doc.  Htot.  N.  Y.,  !▼.,  Ill,  1»;  Vm 
dor  Denek*a  N.  N.,  p.  30,  and  in  U.,  N.  Y.  H.  8.  Coll.,  i.,  lOS;  Winthrop,  U.,  310 ;  D« 
Tries,  183 ;  ante,  p.  SOO,  371.  t  Alb.  Rec.,  Tii.,  73 ;  <mie,  p.  lOf,  487. 


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474  HISTORY  OP  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

ch.  xit.  principle  of  representation  should  be  oonoeded  to  the  peo- 
pie.     Stuyvesant  assented ;  and  an  electicm  was  ordered 

cono^on  ^  ^  ^^I^'  ^^  which  the  inhabitants  of  Manhattan,  Breuck- 

SJn^!"^^*"  ®1®^)  Amersfoort,  and  Pavonia  chose  eighteen  "of  the  most 
notable,  reasonable,  honest,  and  respectable"  persons  am(mg 
themselves ;  from  whom,  "as  is  customary  in  the  Father- 
land," the  director  and  council  were  to  select  Nine  Men, 
to  advise  and  assist,  when  called  upon,  in  promoting  the 
welfare  of  the  province  at  large. 

In  a  few  days,  the  powers  and  duties  of  the  Nine  Men 
were  defined  in  a  proclamation  by  the  council.  Stuyve- 
sant was  reluctant  to  yield  at  all  to  the  people ;  the  con- 
cessions to  which  he  finally  assented  were  jealously  lim- 
ited and  guarded.  Yet  the  cause  of  popular  rights  gained 
largely.  Under  Kieft,  the  Twelve  Men,  and  afterward  Ihe 
Eight  Men,  had  possessed  scarcely  any  influence,  and  had 
been  treated  with  scsircely  any  respect.  Under  Stuyve- 
sant, the  Nine  Men  were  to  form  an  important  element  in 
the  provincial  administration.     The  proclamation,  which 

95  Sept.  may,  perhaps,  be  regarded  as  in  some  sort  a  charter  of 
popular  rights,  while  it  declared  that  nothing  was  more 
desirable  than  that  New  Netherland,  "  and  principally 
New  Amsterdam,  our  capital  and  residence,  might  con- 
tinue and  increase  in  good  order,  justice,  police,  popula- 
tion, prosperity,  and  mutual  harmony,  and  be  provided 
^  with  strong  fortifications,  a  church,  a  school,  trading-place, 

harbor,  and  similar  highly  necessary  public  edifices  and 
improvements,"  at  the  same  time  avowed  the  desire  of  the 
council  to  obtain  the  voluntary  assistance  of  the  whole 
commonalty,  "as  nothing  is  better  adapted  to  promote 
their  own  welfare  and  comfort,  and  as  such  is  required  in 
every  well-regulated  government."  As  it  was  difficult  "  to 
cover  so  many  heads  with  a  single  cap,  or  to  reduce  so 
many  opinions  into  one,"  it  had  therefore  been  proposed  to 

The  Nine  the  people  to  clcct  eighteen  persons,  nine  of  whom  should 
be  selected,  to  confer  with  the  director  and  council  "  as 
their  tribunes,  on  all  means  to  promote  the  welfare  of  the 
commonalty,  as  well  as  that  of  the  country."     The  Nine 


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PETER  STUYVESANT.  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  475 

Men  who  had  been  chosen  firom  the  double  popular  nom-  ch.  xiv. 
ination  were,  "  as  good  and  faithftil  interlocutors  and  trust- 
ees  of  the  commonalty,"  to  exert  Ih^nselves  "  to  promote  Tuetr  dn- 
the  honor  of  Grod,  and  the  welfare  of  our  dear  Fatherland,  ***■* 
to  the  best  advantage  of  the  company,  and  the  prosperity 
of  our  good  citizens ;  to  the  preservation  of  the  pure  Re- 
formed religion,  as  it  is  here,  and  in  the  churches  of  the 
Netherlands,  inculcated."  They  were  not  to  "  assist  at 
any  private  conventicles  or  meetings,"  and  they  were  to 
meet  only  when  convened,  '<in  a  legitimate  manner." 
After  consulting  together  upon  the  propositions  of  tiie  di- 
rector and  council,  they  might  then  ^^  bring  forward  their 
advice."  The  director,  as  one  of  the  council,  might  at 
any  time  attend  the  meetings  and  act  as  president.  Three 
of  the  Nine  Men,  in  rotation,  were  to  have  seats  at  the 
council  once  in  each  week,  '^  on  the  usual  court-day,"  to 
whom,  as  arbitrators,  civil  cases  might  be  referred.  By 
their  award  the  parties  were  to  be  bound ;  though  an  ap* 
peal  might  be  made  to  the  colonial  council  upon  the  pay- 
ment of  one  pound  Flemish.  "  The  number  of  nine  chosen 
men  shall  continue  until  lawfully  repealed,  provided  that  Term  or  of- 
annually  six  leave  their  seats,  and  from  the  most  notable 
citizens  again  twelve  be  nominated,  who,  with  the  nine 
assembled,  shall  be  communicated  to  Us,  without  Our  be- 
ing required  to  call  in  future  the  whole  commonalty  to- 
gether. This  meeting  shall  take  place,  after  next  New 
Year's  day,  on  the  last  of  December  annually." 

Thus  jealously  did  Stuyvesant  hedge  the  meagre  priv- 
ileges he  was  forced  to  concede  to  the  people.  In  the  first 
election  alone  was  the  voice  of  the  "  wavering  multitude" 
to  be  expressed ;  the  Nine  Men  were  to  nominate  their 
own  successors.  The  popular  tribunes  selected  by  the 
director,  and  who  were  immediately  sworn  "to  conduct  oaih  of  or 
themselves  reasonably,  and  be  faithAil  to  their  instruc- 
tions," were  Augustine  Heermans,  Arnoldus  van  Harden** 
burg,  and  Govert  Loockermans,  from  among  the  mer- 
chants ;  Jan  Jansen  Dam,  Jacob  Wolfertsen  van  Couwen- 
hoven,  and  Hendrick  Hendricksen  Kip,  from  the  citizens ; 


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476  HISTOKY  OP  THE  OTATE  OF  NEW  YORK.    , 

ca.  XIV.  and  Michael  JanBen^  Jan  Bvertsen  Bout,  and  Thomas 

Hall,  fifom  tihie  fiBurmers.* 
st^^  '       ^^  Nine  Men  were  soon  sammoned  to  deliberate.    The 
^^1^  fort  was  dilapidated ;  the  hooses  in  New  Amsterdam  were 
^"SiM    chiefly  built  of  wood,, and  tliatohed  with  straw ;  and  no 
^^^'        school  had  been  kept  for  three  months,  owing  to  the  want  of 
a  proper  school-house.    Confined  to  his  room  by  an  epidem* 
ioal  influenza,  which  raged  "  through  tiie  country,  among 
Indians  and  English,  French  and  Dutch,"  Stuyvesant  was 
15  Not.     obUgod  to  oommuuioate  his  views  to  the  meeting  in  writ- 
ing.    For  tihieir  own  security,  the  people  should  repair  the 
fort     The  company,  however,  would  defray  a  part  of  the 
expenses  of  education,  and  would  ocmtinue  their  assistance 
^*  to  promote  tihie  glorious  work ;"  while  temporary  aocom- 
modation  for  a  school  and  sohoolmaster  would  be  provided 
in  one  of  the  government  houses.    The  church  whidi  Kieft 
had  commenced  in  1642,  should  be  promptly  completed ; 
and  proper  municipal  regulations  should  be  adc^ted  for 
tiie  prevention  of  fires. 

Most  of  these  propositions  were  approved  by  the  Nine 
Men,  and  arrangements  wM*e  made  for  finishing  the 
church  and  reorganizing  the  publio  school.  For  these  pur- 
poses the  commonalty  were  willing  to  tax  themselves. 
But  the  suggestion  respecting  contributions  for  tihie  repair 
of  Fort  Amsterdam  was  promptly  rejected.  The  company 
had  distinctly  bound  itself  by  Hie  charter  of  1629,  '^to 
finish  the  f(^  on  the  island  of  tiie  Manhattes,  and  put  it 
in  a  posture  of  defense  without  delay."  As  the  common- 
alty was  obliged  to  pay  customs  duties,  excises,  and  tolls 
at  the  company's  mill,  the  expenses  of  maintaining  the 

*  Alb.  Rec.,  vii.,  73-84  ;  O'Call.,  ii.,  30-39.  Heermant,  a  Bohemian  by  birtb,  came  oat 
inder  tbe  patroiMg«  Joftht  Cliuiber  at  EBokhoyMO,  as  agent  of  the  nMraantUe  liovae  of 
Gabry  of  Amsterdam ;  Van  Hardenborg  emigrated  to  New  Netherland  in  1644,  and  waa 
fined  by  Kieft,  in  1640,  A>r  attempting  to  appeal  ftom  one  ofhia  deeisiont ;  Loockermana, 
wko  was  a  brother-in-law  of  doff  Stevenson  Tan  Cortlandt,  and  Jaoob  ram  CoQwenhorea, 
eame  out  with  Van  Twiller  in  1633 ;  Dam  was  one  of  the  **  Twelre  Men**  who  instigated 
Klefl  to  attack  the  laYages ;  Van  Coawenboven  eame  em  with  his  brother-in-law  Looek- 
ermana  in  1683 ;  Kip  was  a  tailor,  and  In  1643  had  advised  the  deposition  of  Kieft,  and 
afterward  opposed  his  treaty  of  1645 ;  Michael  Jansen  emigrated  to  RensBelaerswyck  in 
1636,  whence  he  removed  to  Manhattan ;  Jan  EvertsBB  Bout  was  Paaw*s  Mparinteodem 
at  Pavonia  in  1634,  and  one  of  the  Eight  Men  in  1643 ;  Thomas  Hall,  the  only  EngUshman 
tai  the  board,  was  also  one  of  the  board  of  Bight  Men.    Ante^  p.  317, 385, 4U,  454. 


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the  Nine 


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PETER  STUTVESANT,  DIRECTOR  GENlOtAL.  477 

fortifioationa  should  be  paid  oat  of  the  company's  reyenne  cu.  xir. 
from  these  souroes.* 


While  the  direotor  was  thus  engaged,  his  attention  was  -"^^^^  * 
called  to  a  new  effort  to  dismember  the  company's  Amer- 
ican  territory.     Lord  Stirling  dying  ihe  year  after  the  un- 
successful attempt  of  Farrett,  his  agent,  to  take  possession 
of  the  western  portion  of  Long  Island,  his  widow  determ- 
ined to  maintain  her  title,  and  accordingly  gave  a  power 
of  attorney  to  Andrew  Forrester,  a  Scotchman,  with  which 
she  sent  him  to  America.     On  his  arrival  at  Ylissingen,  saptMabar. 
Forrester  boldly  announced  himself  to  the  English  settlers 
there  and  at  Heemstede  as  Q-ovemor  of  Long  Island,  un- 
der the  Dowager  Countess  of  Stirling.    The  Schout  of 
Ylissingen  sent  intelligence  of  these  proceedings  to  Stuy- 
vesant ;  and,  the  day  after,  Fc^rester  himself  visited  Man- 
hattan.    He  had  c(»ne,  he  said,  to  see  the  Dutch  director's 
commission ;  if  that  were  better  than  his,  he  would  give 
way ;  if  not,  Stuyvesant  must  yield  to  him.     The  direct-  Amgt  or 
or,  surprised  at  Forrester's  ^<  very  consequential"  airs,  or-  liog^ 
dered  him  to  be  arrested  and  examined  before  the  council,  a?  sepc. 
where  he  stated  that  he  was  a  native  of  Dundee,  and  pro-ss  sept. 
duced  a  parchment  with  a  mutilated  seal,  and  Lady  Stir^ 
ling's  power  of  attorney.    But  Stuyvesant  promptly  reject- 
ed the  insufficient  claims  of  '^  this  pretended  governor." 
Copies  of  his  papers  were  taken,  and  the  agent  himself  was  Forreaiar 
sent  on  board  the  Falconer,  to  be  conveyed  to  Holland,  land, 
where  he  might  defend  himself  if  he  could.    But  the  ship 
put  into  an  English  port,  and  Forrester  escaping,  '^  never 
troubled  the  captain  afterward." 

By  the  same  vessel  was  sent  Ficquet,  a  Frenchman,  who  caaa  or 
had  been  sentenced  to  banishment  from  New  Netherland,4oS^r. 
and  eighteen  years'  confinement  in  the  '^  rasp-house"  at 
Amsterdam,  for  threatening  to  shoot  tihie  direotor  and  fis- 
cal.    The  convict  escaped  ashore  in  England ;  but  tihie  1648. 
Amsterdam  Chamber  hastened  to  admonish  Stuyvesant 
that  he  had  exceeded  his  authority  in  sentencing  a  pris- 
oner to  punishment  in  Holland.     The  magistrates  of  the 

*  Alb.  Rac,  yU.,  l06-m  {  Wlntfanp,  IL,  310 ;  O'CaU^  U.,  41, 49 ;  mOy  p.  IM. 


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478  HISTORY  OP  THE  STATE  OP  NEW  YORK. 

cb.  xiv.  Fatherland  would  hardly  '^deem  themselves  justifiable"  in 
executing  a  provincial  sentence.    "  We  would  advise  you," 
*  added  the  directors,  <'  to  punish,  after  due  inquiry,  all  de- 
linquents in  the  country  in  which  they  are  condemned."* 
corre.  Soou  after  his  inauguration,  Stuyvesant  addressed  court- 

with  New  ecus  Icttcrs  to  the  governors  of  the  neighboring  colonies, 
announcing  his  arrival,  and  expressing  his  feelings  of  am- 
25 June.     ity.     In  writing  to  Winthrop,  he  distinctly  asserted  "the 
indubiate  right"  of  the  Dutch  to  all  the  territory  between 
the  Ccomecticut  and  the  Delaware ;  and  suggested  an  in- 
terview for  the  purpose  of  arranging  all  differences.     This 
letter  Winthrop  immediately  communicated  to  tiie  com- 
missioners then  sitting  at  Boston.     Some  of  tihie  members 
advised  tiiat  Stuyvesant's  proposition  should  be  accepted, 
and  a  "visit  at  his  own  home,"  or  a  meeting  at  any  of  the 
New  England  towns,  be  tendered.     But  the  Connecticut 
commissioners  "thought  otherwise,  supposing  it  would  be 
more  to  their  advantage  to  stand  upon  terms  of  distance." 
17  Aognst.  Winthrop,  therefore,  merely  replied  that  a  meeting  would 
be  given  "  in  proper  time  and  place."     The  commission- 
ers on  their  part  also  joined  in  a  letter,  remonstrating 
agi^nst  the  "  dangerous  liberty"  the  Dutch  traders  were 
in  the  habit  of  taking,  in  selling  guns  and  ammunition  not 
only  at  Fort  Orange,  but  along  the  coasts  of  Long  Island 
Sound ;  complaining  of  the  high  recognitions  imposed  in 
New  Netherland  upon  imports  and  exports,  and  request- 
ing to  be  informed  of  their  precise  nature,  so  that  the  New 
England  merchants  "  might  steer  a  course  accordingly."! 
cn8ton»»        The  colonial  duties  which  the  West  India  Company  ex- 
New  Neiii-  acted  were  injuriously  high,  and  in  Stuyvesant  himself 
they  had  a  faithful  agent  in  executing  their  system  of  ex- 
clusion and  selfishness.     An  opportunity  soon  occurred  to 
17  Sept.     test  the  zeal  of  the  new  director.     Secretary  Van  Tienho- 
uiegmiiy     vcu,  accidentally  visiting  New  Haven,  found  lying  at  an- 
NewHa-   chor  an  Amsterdam  ship,  the  Saint  Beninio,  which  had 

▼en. 

been  trading  there  for  a  month  without  the  license  of  the 

*  Alb.  Ree.,  W.,  9-5 ;  Tii.,  85-88,  05 ;  Vertoogh,  ia  ii.,  N.  Y.  H.  8.  ColL,  ii.,  S75,  3tt; 
CCoU.,  a.,  40,  47 ;  anU,  p.  S08,  SM. 
t  M8.  Leoera,  Alb.,  L,  1-4;  WinUirom  iL»  814;  Hatard,  iL,  97, 98. 


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PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  479 

West  India  Company.     Meeting  the  Secretaiy  of  New  ch.  xiv. 
Netherland,  Westerhouse  and  Q-oedenhuysen,  two  of  the  "7TI 
owners  of  the  cargo,  applied  for  permission  to  trade  at  Man-  ■^'^' • 
hattan,  upon  the  payment  of  the  usual  duties.    Van  Tien* 
hoven,  on  his  return,  reported  the  ciroumstanoes  to  Stny- 
vesant,  and  the  desired  permit  was  sent  to  New  Haven. 
A  few  days  afterward,  Goedenhuysen,  arriving  at  Man- 
hattan, informed  Stuyvesant  that  the  ship  was  about  to 
sail  from  New  Haven  directly  to  Virginia ;  but  he  neither 
produced  his  manifest,  nor  offered  to  pay  any  duties.    The 
case,  which  from  the  first:  had  been  an  infringement  of 
the  charter  of  the  West  India  Company,  now  assumed  the 
aspect  of  an  open  violation  of  the  colonial  revenue  laws ; 
and  Stuyvesant  determined  to  seize  the  ship  as  she  lay  at 
anchor  in  New  Haven  harbor,  which  he  considered  to  be 
within  the  jurisdiction  of  New  Netherland.    A  short  time 
before  he  had  sold  one  of  the  company's  vessels  to  some 
merchants  of  New  Haven,  and  agreed  to  deliver  it  to  them 
at  that  place.     On  board  this  vessel  he  embarked  a  com-  seized  by 
pany  of  scddiers,  with  instructions  to  capture  the  Saint  ^t7«id 
Beninio.     The  stratagem  was  successful.     The  smuggler  MuS^ttl!^. 
was  seized  in  New  Haven  harbor,  "  on  the  Lord's  day,"  n  October. 
and  with  a  fair  wind  was  soon  brought  to  Manhattan,  and 
confiscated.* 

This  bold  movement,  which  was  executed  so  adroitly  Excue- 
that  the  New  Haven  people  had  no  time  to  interfere,  nat- iKwHa- 
urally  produced  a  great  excitement  there.     Stuyvesant^*"* 
had  accompanied  his  proceeding  with  a  letter  to  the  New 
Haven  authorities,  in  which  he  claimed  all  the  regions 
from  Cape  Hinlopen  to  Cape  Cod  as  a  part  of  the  territory 
of  New  Netherland,  and  asserted  his  right  to  levy  duties 
upon  all  Dutch  vessels  trading  at  New  Haven.     Eaton 
immediately  protested  against  the  Dutch  director  as  a  dis-  is  October 
turber  of  the  peace,  by  "  making  unjust  claims  to  our 
lands  and  plantations,  to  our  havens  and  rivers,  and  by 
taking  a  ship  out  of  our  hfirbor  without  our  license."    An- 
other cause  of  embarrassment  had  meanwhile  occurred. 

*  Alb.  Rec,  iii.,  315 ;  Til.,  7(K>79,  09-102 ;  Wintbrop,  ii.,  314 ;  Haitrd,  U.,  101-103. 


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480  HISTORY  OP  THE  STATE  OP  NEW  YORK. 

oa.  xnr.  Three  of  the  West  India  Company's  servants  had  fled  firom 

Manhattan  to  New  Haven,  where,  "  being  pursued,"  they 

ii^t^jj.^  were  apprehended  and  imprisoned.     The  provision  in  the 


Articles  of  Union  between  the  New  England  colonies  of 
1643,  for  the  mutual  delivery  of  fugitives  from  justice  or 
servitude,  had  been  virtually  extended  to  New  Nether* 
land,*  and  Eaton  had  agreed  to  surrender  the  prisoners. 
But  as  Stuyvesant  now  so  boldly  asserted  a  claim  of  ju- 
risdiction over  New  Haven,  the  delivery  of  the  fugitives 
might  be  interpreted  "  as  done  in  a  way  of  subordination," 
and  it  was  therefore  ''  not  thought  fit  to  send  them."    This 

Advice  of  decision  was  communicated  to  the  Massachusetts  govern- 

!IJS*^**"'  ment,  and  their  advice  requested.  The  General  Court 
wrote  at  once  to  the  New  Haven  authorities,  that  they 
"  might  deliver  the  fugitives  without  prejudice  to  their 
right  or  reputation."  Eaton,  however,  rejecting  the  ad- 
vice of  Massachusetts,  detained  the  runaways,  and  took 

15  Nov.  them  into  the  public  service.  The  Commissary  of  Port 
Amsterdam  arrived  soon  afterward  at  New  Haven,  with  a 
letter  from  Stuyvesant,  justifying  his  seizure  of  the  ship, 
and  entreating  that  the  frigitives  might  be  delivered  to 

»Nov.     him.     But  Eaton  declined,  and  sent  back  a  sharp  reply. 

t«r  to  siuy- "  You  havc  imposed  an  excessive  high  custom  for  all  goods 
sold  within  your  jurisdiction,  with  seizures  for  omissions 
or  misentries ;  our  vessels  must  anchor  under  your  erect- 
ed hand,  a  place  very  inconvenient ;  and,  as  if  you  meant 
to  shut  up  the  passage  by  the  Manhattans,  or  by  insufler- 
able  burthens  to  weary  the  English  out  of  trade,  you  be- 
gin to  take  recognitions  upon  goods  traded  elsewhere,  and 
in  their  return  passing  only  by  the  Manhattans."  The 
post  on  the  Paugussett  had  been  threatened  by  the  Dutch, 
and  slanders  against  the  En^ish  had  been  circulated 
among  the  savages.  "  I  doubt  not  but  we  may  retaliate," 
added  Eaton,  who,  referring  to  the  '<  sending  Captain  Por- 
rester  to  Holland,"  suggested,  in  closing  his  letter,  that 
the  English  colonies  might  hereafter  have  oocasion  ^'io 
write  after  the  same  copy." 

*  Qbl.  Doe.,  ▼.,  set;  iL,  N.  Y.  H.  S.  CoU.,  U.,  m. 


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PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  481 

Indignant  at  Eaton's  '^nnjost  charges,"  Stuyvesant  de-  cil  jov. 
olined  repl}ring  to  his  lecturing  letter,  but  sent  a  full  vin- 
dioation  of  his  own  conduct  and  administration  to  Q-ood-  ^^  ^^^  ' 
year,  the  deputy  governor  of  New  Haven.  *  Eaton's  letter  ^JS^. 
was  "  but  as  an  aggravating  of  former  passages  to  the  worst  ******^ 
sense,"  said  the  irritated  director;  ''ripping  up,  as  he  con- 
ceives, all  my  faults,  as  if  I  were  a  school-boy,  and  not  one 
of  like  degree  with  himself."     With  regard  to  the  recog- 
nitions exacted  at  Msuihattan,  ''every  state  hath  power  to 
make  what  laws  and  impose  what  customs  in  its  own  pre- 
cincts it  shall  think  convenient,  without  being  regulated 
or  prescribed  by  others;  yet,  notwithstanding  we  have 
been  so  favorable  to  your  countrymen  trading  here  that 
they  pay  eight  per  cent,  less  than  our  own."     As  Eaton 
was  "  so  full  of  his  retaliation,  he  must,  according  to  his 
own  words  and  practice,  give  us  leave  to  give  liberty  to 
any  that  shall  elope  from  your  jurisdiction  to  remain  un- 
der our  protection  until  our  fugitives  are  delivered."* 

The  threatened  measure  was  promptly  executed.     A  5  dm 
proclamation  was  issued,  reciting  the  provocations  which  mo?^ 
the  director  had  received  from  Eaton,  and  declaring  thatpn!^ 
"if  any  person,  noble  or  ignoble,  freeman  or  slave,  debtor "***" 
or  creditor,  yea,  to  the  lowest  prisoner  included,  run  away 
from  the  colony  of  New  Haven,  or  seek  refuge  in  our  lim- 
its, he  shall  remain  free,  under  our  protection,  on  taking 
the  oath  of  allegiance."! 

This  unwise  step  placed  Stuyvesant  in  a  false  position, 
both  at  home  and  abroad.  The  New  Netherland  colonists 
objected  to  it  as  tending  to  convert  the  province  into  a  ref- 
uge for  vagabonds  from  the  neighboring  English  settle- 
ments, who  would  not  be  a  desirable  addition  to  their  pop- 
ulation. This  view,  however,  did  not  impress  the  director 
as  strongly  as  the  apprehension  that  his  proclamation 
might  "  embitter"  the  other  English  colonies  against  the 
Dutch.  He  therefore  wrote  to  the  governors  of  Massachu- 
setts and  Virginia,  "  blaming  the  practice  in  general,  but 
excusing  it  in  this  particular  case"  as  a  measure  of  noces- 

•  Stoyvesant  Letters,  Alb.,  i.,  4-0.  t  Alb.  Rec.,  !▼.,  18 ;  tIL,  111,  US. 

Hh 


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t82  HMTTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

cu.  XIV.  sity,  and  which  had  referenoe  to  New  Haven  alone.    The 
following  spring,  finding  that  his  unwise  policy  prodnced 
^^*  no  good  result,  "he  wrote  privately  to  the  fugitives,"  offer- 


ing them  pardon  and  satisfaction  if  they  would  return  to 
New  Amsterdam.     Stuyvesant's  offer,  backed  by  letters 
from  Domine  Backerus,  was  gladly  embraced,  and  the  run* 
aways  "made  an  escape  and  returned  home."     Eaton  be- 
ing thus  signally  foiled,  the  obnoxious  proclamation  was 
revoked.* 
1647.       Almost  as  soon  as  Stuyvesant  landed  at  Manhattan,  he 
was  informed  of  the  injurious  behavior  of  Printz,  and  a 
JjJI"***  ^'^"  courier  was  promptly  dbpatched  to  the  South  River  with 
iTAnguit.  a  protest  against  the  Swedish  governor.     Soon  afterward, 
«8epc.     the  director  and  council  "  having  considered  the  abilities 
q^tS:  of  Andries  Hudde,"  confirmed  him  in  office  as  conmiissary 


ry.        '  at  Fort  Nassau.     In  the  beginning  of  the  next  year,  a 
1648.  Swedish  bark,  going  up  the  river,  passed  the  Dutch  post 
iMtiiui'or  without  stopping  or  displaying  her  colors,  was  fired  at, 
swedM.    and,  on  returning,  her  master  was  required  to  explain  his 
C(mduct.     But  the  schipper  only  boasted  that  he  acted  so 
to  insult  the  Dutch  commander,  and  would  *' certainly  do 
4  April,     so  in  future."    Some  of  the  Passayunk  sachems  now  came 
to  Port  Nassau  with  intelligence  that  the  Swedes  had  col- 
lected a  great  quantity  of  logs  for  a  new  fort  on  the  Schuyl- 
kill, where  they  had  already  constructed  some  buildings. 
By  this  means  they  hoped  to  cut  off  the  Dutch  from  all 
access  to  "  the  large  woods,"  and  secure  to  themselves  a 
trade  with  the  Minquas,  which  would  yield  some  thirty  or 
TteMT-    forty  thousand  beaver  skins  annually.     "  Why  do  you  not 
SSTdvu^i  build  on  the  Schuylkill  yourselves  ?"  demanded  the  sa- 
the  8«httyi-  chcms ;  and  Hudde,  feeling  that  without  the  trade  with 
the  inland  Minquas,  the  possession  of  the  South  River 
**  would  deserve  very  little  consideration,"  determined  to 
follow  ihe  suggestion  of  the  friendly  savages. 

Preparations  were   immediately  made  to  build,  and 
VApriL    Hudde  went  to  the  Schuylkill  <<  with  the  most  necessary 

*  WinthTom  il.,  315 ;  Hoi.  Doc,  ▼.,  16,  4S ;  0*CiJl.,  U.,  46^7 ;  Vertoofh,  in  tt.,  N.  T. 
H.S.CML,il.,Slt,tS9. 


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PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR  CHBNERilL.  499 

limber."     The  sachems  themselves  warned  the  intradkig  •*.  xnk 
Swedes  to  depart,  and  told  them  that  they  had  already  ^^^^^ 
oeded  the  spot  to  the  Dutch,  who,  moreover, "  should  build  ^^^^^ 
there."     Two  of  the  principal  ohiefe  then  '*  planted  therei 
with  their  own  hands,  the  colors  of  the  Prince  of  Orange," 
and  asked  Hudde  to  fire  a  gun  three  times  *<  as  a  mark 
that  he  had  taken  possession."     This  was  done ;  and  the  . 

first  house  in  the  new  Dutch  Fort "  Beversrede"  "V^as  raised  JJJiSfc 
in  Ihe  presence  of  the  sachems.* 

Toward  evening,  Huygens,  the  Swedish  oommissaryi  intarftp- 
arrived  at  Fort  Beversrede,  with  seven  or  eight  men,  and  swodM  , 
demanded  by  whose  authority  Hudde  was  raising  the 
building.  ^'  By  order  of  my  masters,  and  vrith  the  previ- 
ous consent  of  the  savages,"  replied  the  Dutch  commissary* 
The  sachems  now  interposed.  ^<  We  shall  grant  this  land  luprovad 
to  the  Dutch,  who  will  settle*  here ;  but  by  whose  orders  acw 
do  the  Swedes  erect  buildings  here  ?"  said  they  to  Huy* 
gens.  *^  Is  it  not  enough  that  the  Swedes  are  already  in 
possession  of  Matinnekonk,  the  Schuylkill,  Kinsessing,  Ka* 
kanken,  Uplsind,  and  other  places,  all  of  which  they  have 
stolen  firom  us  ?  About  ten  or  eleven^  years  ago,  Minuit 
had  no  more  than  six  small  tracts  of  land  upcHi  Paghagh- 
king,  which  he  bought  to  plant  there  some  tobacco,  of 
which  we  were  to  enjoy  half  the  produce.  You  would  be 
greatly  surprised  if  we  were  to  come  to  you  and  purchase 
land,  and  then  take  the  land  adjoining  it,  as  you  have 
done  on  the  liVer  here,  ai|d  yet  continue  to  do.  You  would 
even  prescribe  la,ws  to  us,  who  ^re  the  original  and  imtu* 
nd.p^rietors  Qf  the  land,  ^9  if  we  might  not  do  with  our 
own.vfhat  we  wish.  The  Swedes  have  only  lately  arrived 
on  the  river,  yet  they  have  already  taken  so  much  land 
firom  us,  which  they  have  actually  settled ;  while  the  Duto^ 
have  never  taken  firom  us  any  land,  although  they  have 
dwelt  here  and  conversed  with  us  more  than  thirty  years." 

With  this  admonition  from  the  savages,  Huygens  and 
his  party  retired,  and  Hudde  continued  his  <'  commenced 

Haf  wd,  Ann.  Penn.,  M-09, 115 ;  mt€,  SSI,  498. 


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484  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Ctt.  xiT.  work."  While  he  was  thus  engaged,  Mounoe  Kling,  the 
Swedish  lieutenant  of  the  fort  on  the  Schuylkill,  arrived 

ii^y  •  "  with  twenty.four  men,  fully  armed  with  charged  mus- 
kets, and  bearing  maces,  marching  in  ranks."  To  his  de- 
mand whether  the  Dutch  intended  to  proceed  with  their 
fort,  Hudde  promptly  replied,  "What  is  commenced  must 

Damacst   be  finished."     Upon  this,  the  Swedish  soldiers  were  or- 

ttio  ^dered  to  cut  down  every  tree  near  the  house.  The  order 
was  soon  executed ;  and  even  the  fruit  trees  which  Hudde 
had  planted  were  destroyed.* 

16  May.         Campauius,  who  had  accompanied  Printz  to  New  Swe- 

Sto^to'den  as  chaplain  six  years  before,  now  returned  home. 
His  desire  to  improve  tfie  condition  of  the  savages  induced 
him  to  study  their  language ;  and  he  has  the  honor  of  hav- 
ing been  the  first  missionary  among  the  Indians  of  Dela- 
ware and  Pennsylvaiiia.  After  his  return  to  Sweden,  he 
completed  the  translation,  which  he  had  begun  at  Timri- 
cum,  of  Luther's  Catechism  into  the  Lenni-Lenape  tongue, 
in  which,  accommodating  the  Lord's  Prayer  to  the  circum- 
stances of  the  savages,  he  interpreted  the  petition  tot 
"daily  bread"  into  a  supplication  for  "a  plentiful  supply 
of  venison  and  com."t 

nowdon        About  the  same  time.  Sir  Edmund  Plowden,  the  titular 

•vain  wimttM 

iEn^atun.earl  palatine  of  New  Albion,  whose  pretensions  had  been 
*^'  derided  by  Kieft  in  1643,  paid  a  second  visit  to  Manhat- 
tan. He  had  now  been  "  about  seven  years"  in  Virginia^ 
where  he  lost  all  the  property  he  had  brought  over.  Plow- 
den's  absurd  claim  seems  to  have  been  treated  as  con- 
temptuously by  Stuyvesant  as  it  had  been  by  Kieft ;  and 

uimM.  the  bankrupt  earl  palatine  went  to  Boston,  on  his  way  "to 
England  for  supply,  intending  to  return  and  plant  Dela- 
ware, if  he  could  get  sufficient  starength  to  dispossess  the 

*  Hndde's  Kvport,  439, 440 ;  8.  Haatrd,  Ann.  Pan.,  100, 101. 

t  Cunpanina,  Prefhce,  7S ;  Records  of  Swedes*  Cbnrch ;  S.  Hazard,  Ann.  Penn.,  101, 
lOS.  Tbe  tranalated  Cateehlsni,  a  copy  of  whidi  ia  in  ttie  llbrarj  of  the  Am  Phil.  Sod- 
•ty,  was  printed  in  Delaware  and  Swediah  at  SlocUiolai,  in  1006.  Canpanina  died  im 
tbe  I7th  of  September,  1083.  In  170S,  bia  grandson,  wbo  bad  nerer  been  in  Amerleai 
pnbUabed  tbe  **  Description  of  New  Sweden,**  now  generally  qnoted  as  **  Campaaias." 
A  translation  of  this  wotIe,  by  Mr.  Do  Poooean,  of  PbUadstpbia,  was  isaiad  by  the  Pson* 
qrlTania  Hiatorical  Society  in  1834. 


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PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  4g0 

Swedes.^'     But  his  purpose  was  never  executed ;  thoxkf^  cm  23v« 

upon  reaching  Lcmdon,  he  seems  to  have  published  a  ro- ~ 

mantio  pamphlet — <*  Description  of  the  Province  of  NeWpj^JlJ—  , 
Albion" — ^under  the  fabulous  name  of  Beauchamp  Plan- 5J^'J*o2^ 
tagenet."* 

In  the  mean  time,  the  West  India  Company  had  ex-  4  Apru. 
pressed  their  dissatisfaction  that  the  limits  between  the 
Swedes,  the  English,  and  the  Dutch  were  still  unsettled. 
Stuyvesant  accordingly  dispatched  Van  Dincklagen  andvanDinev 
La  Montagne  to  the  South  River,  with  instructions  to  pro-  La  M<m^ 
cure  a  formal  confirmation  of  the  lands  which  had  beentoibes^utii 
previously  purchased  of  the  savages.     Three  days  after  7Jmw. 
their  arrival  at  Fort  Nassau,  the  commissioners  proceeded 
to  Fort  Beversrede,  and  invited  to  a  conference  the  native 
chiefs  an4  '^  rulers  over  the  territories  and  lands  lying  oa 
and  around  the  Schuylkill,  called  Armenveruis."     Their  10  jqm. 
former  sale  to  Arendt  Gorssen,  of  ^^the  Schuylkill  and  ad- tiw  soiuiib 
joining  lands,"  was  now  irrevocably  confirmed ;  and  of  all  finned, 
this  territory  the  Dutch  officers  ^'took  a  public  and  lawful 
possession."!  .  , 

The  commissioners  then  sailed  to  Tinnicum  '^  with  a  be-  iDternew 
coming  suite,"  and  solemnly  protested  against  the  injuri-Pirintiu 
ous  acts  of  the  Swedish  governor.     Nevertheless,  Frintz 
continued  his  vexatious  conduct.    Hans  Jacobsen,  attempt-  s  juiy. 
ing  to  establish  himself  on  the  Schuylkill,  was  stopped,  and  annoy- 
threatened  "that  if  he  came  there  again  and  dared  totST* 
build,  he  should  carry  off  with  him  a  good  drubbing."    A  6  Juiy. 
few  days  afterward,  Thomas  Broen  was  treated  in  a  sim- 
ilar manner  at  "  New  Holm." 

The  next  autumn  Hudde  visited  Manhattan,  at  Stuy  ve-  8  smu 
sant's  summons,  and  made  m  report  on  the  situation  of  af-  port. 
fairs  on  the  South  River,  with  suggestions  for  thfeir  im- 
provement.    Not  long  afterward,  the  director  received  in-  m  sepu 
telligence  of  new  provocations  of  the  Swedes.     Frintz  had 

*  Winthrop,  ii.,  325 ;  ii.,  N.  Y.  H.  S.  Coll.,  ii.,  279,  333-336 ;  ante,  p.  381, 389 ;  Appendix,  '  ' 

note  E.    PUntagenet's  '*  Deaeription"  bas  been  reprinted  by  Mr.  Poree,  tn  his  Colle<$tioa 

t  Alb.  Ree.,  {▼.,  5 ;  Hudde't  Report,  440 ;  Hoi.  Doe.,  tUL,  55 ;  0*CaU.,  li.,  81 ;  Haxard» 
Ann.  Penn.,  103 ;  antCj  p.  338. 


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mnoKY  OP  TBd5  otate  of  new  toiul 

Ckw  kwr.  buitt  a  large  house,  thirty  feet  long  and  twenty  wide,  in 
"TTrr"6ont  of  Fort  Beversrede,  and  within  twelre  faet  of  its 
iflnS^  ff'^  ^  ^^  ^  could  now  be  scarcely  seen  from  the  riyer. 
The  inland  savages,  too,  were  dissati^ed  that  the  river 
was  not  '<  always  crowded"  with  Dutch  cargoes ;  fcnr  tiie 
Swedes  had  but  few.  The  commissariat  of  the  company 
was  •*in  want  of  every  necessary  article,"  and  there  were 
now  only  six  able-bodied  men  on  tiie  South  River  to  gar- 
riscm  the  two  Dutch  forts,"* 

It  was  therefore  determined  to  commence  the  colonisa* 


APaoM-  ticHi  of  Passayunk ;  and  patents  were  granted  to  Simon 
fioot  and  other  freemen,  to  settle  and  build  on  the  Schuyl- 
kill, at  <*the  Mast-maker's  Point."    With  these  patentees, 

16  oetoter.  Hudde  rotumed  to  Fort  Nassau.  Preparations  were  im- 
mediately made  for  building  in  the  neighborhood  of  Fort 
Beversrede ;  and  the  palisades  around  that  post  which  the 

fUtor.  Swedes  had  torn  down  were  replaced.  The  work  had 
soaroely  been  repaired,  before  it  was  destroyed  a  second 

intomipt«4  time  by  the  Swedes.     The  same  day,  the  Swedish  lieu- 

i&ete.  tenant,  Swen  Schute,  going  to  Mast-maker's  Point,  where 
Boot  was  beginning  to  raise  a  house,  forbade  him  to  pro- 
ceed. At  the  intercession  of  Adriaen  van  Tienhoven,  the 
elerk  of  the  court  on  the  South  River,  and  Alexander  Bey- 
er, ttie  deputy  commissary,  Schute  "relented"  until  they 
oould  send  to  Fort  Nassau  and  obtain  Hudde's  further  or- 

iNoT.  ders.  These  were  sent  the  same  night;  and  at  sunrise 
the  next  morning  Schute  warned  the  Dutch  officers  that 
he  had  also  received  "  positive  orders"  from  Printz  to  de- 
stroy what  they  heui  built.  Ordering  his  men  to  draw 
their  swords,  he  marched  to  Mast-maker's  Point,  followed 
by  the  Dutch.  In  spite  of  all  protests,  and  the  exhibitioii 
of  Stuyvesant's  instructions,  the  Swedes  presently  destroy- 
ed Root's  building,  "  using  their  swmxls  in  lieu  of  axes." 

TNoT.  Hudde,  not  having  "any  other  arms  than  paper,"  again 

cwDutch.  protested  against  this  "destruction  of  mutual  harmony  and 
friendship."    Van  Tienhoven  also  wrote  to  Stuy  vesant,  de- 

% 

*  Alb.  Rac,  T..  71 ;  ivU.,  868;  Hoi.  Doe.,  Titt.,  n^i  Hadde's  B«port,  440,  441 ;  S. 
Hasard,  78, 103-104. 


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PETER  STUYVE8ANT,  DIRECTOR  OroiERAL.  48} 

tailing  the  injurious  oonduot  of  the  Swedish  officers,  and  cb.  xiv. 
urging  him  to  examine  in  person  the  situation  of  the  Soutii  ^^^ 
River,  "  because  the  Swedes  do  here  what  they  please." 
They  had  entirely  shut  out  the  garrison  at  Fort  Bevers- 
rede  from  "  the  sight  of  the  water  on  the  kill,"  and  had 
not  left  them  land  enough  <'  to  make  a  small  garden  in 
the  spring."  The  savages,  too,  "  continually  renew  their 
demand  for  powder  and  balls."  Commerce  was  "  nearly 
spoiled ;"  for  the  Dutch  were  compelled  to  give  two  fath- 
oms of  white,  and  one  fathom  of  black  sewam  for  a  bea- 
ver. This  barter  was  "  rather  too  much  against  them." 
Every  fathom,  it  was  found,  amounted  <<  to  three  ells,"  as 
'^  the  Indians  always  take  the  largest  and  tallest  among 
them  to  trade  with  us."* 

The  director,  in  the  mean  time,  had  not  neglected  mu-  Manidpai 
nicipal  affairs  at  New  Amsterdam.     Commissary  Keyser,  New  Am- 
from  the  council,  and  Thomas  Hall,  Martin  Kregier,  and 
George  Woolsey,  from  the  commonalty,  were  appointed 
<^  fire-wardens,"  to  visit  and  inspect  all  the  houses  in  thesajaaiwy. 
toiTim,  "  between  the  fort  and  the  Fresh  Water."     In  case 
any  house  should  be  burned  through  the  owner's  negli- 
gence, he  was  to  be  fined  twenty-five  guilders.    If  the  fire-  Findi- 
waidens  should  condemn  any  chimney  as  foul,  the  owner 
wafi  to  pay  a  fine  of  three  guilders,  <*to  be  appropriated  to 
the  maintenance  of  fire-leulders,  hooks,  and  buckets,  which 
shall  be  provided  and  procured  the  first  opportunity."    Tav- 
erns were  also  regulated.    As  "almost  one  full  fourth  part 
of  the  town  of  New  Amsterdam"  had  become  "houses  for 
the  sale  of  brandy,  tobacco,  or  beer,"  it  was  ordained  thatioMmh. 
no  new  taverns  should  be  licensed,  except  by  the  unanimous  n^SSL^ 
consent  of  the  director  and  council.     Those  already  estab- 
lished might,  however,  continue  for  four  years  longer,  upon 
condition  that  their  owners  would  abstain  from  selling  to 
the  savages,  report  all  brawls  to  the  council,  and  procure 

*  Alb.  Rec,T.,0,  10,  11;  TU.ftOO;  xvii.,  340-348;  HoL  Doc,  Tiii.,  35,  30,  57,  56; 
Hadde's  Report,  441,  443 ;  0*CaIl.,  H.,  83 ;  Hazard,  Ann.  Penn.,  104-108 ;  ii.,  N.  Y.  H.  S. 
Coll.,  ii.,  t46.  A  Oubom  was  eommonly  aaUnaud  at  as  mieh  as  a  map  eould  reach  witk 
ooUtretched  arms.  The  Indiana,  tberefore,  had  (ood  reason  to  choose  their  **  largest  and 
tallest**  men  to  trade  with  the  Dutch. 


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488        HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OP  NEW  YORK. 

Oki.  xnr.  decent  houses,  aooording  to  their  ability,  '<  to  adorn  the 

town  of  New  Amsterdam."     To  prevent  furtiber  damage, 

I04o.  ^^  j^gg  jj^y  goats  were  thereafter  to  be  pastured  between 

Fort  Amsterdam  and  the  "  Fresh  Water,"  except  within 

M  April,  proper  inclosures.  With  the  approbation  of  Domine  Baok- 
erus,  the  council  also  ordained  that  '^  from  this  time  forth, 
in  the  afternoon  as  well  as  i^  the  forenoon,  there  shall  be 
preaching  from  God's  word,  and  the  usual  exercises  of 
Christian  prayer  and  thanksgiving,"  which  all  persons 
were  required  to  '^  frequent  and  attend."  Notwithstand- 
ing every  precaution,  the  savages  were  daily  seen  "  run- 
ning  about  drunk  through  the  Manhattans."     The  pla- 

IS  Mqr.  card  against  selling  them  strong  drink  was  thereforere  pub- 
lished ;  and  in  addition  to  former  penalties,  offenders  were 
now  "  to  be  arbitrarily  punished  without  any  dissimula- 
tion." Many  of  the  inhabitants  had  been  in  the  habit  of 
employing  the  Indians  as  servants,  or  work-people,  and  had 
allowed  Iheir  wages  to  become  in  arrear.  The  Indians 
had  threatened  to  right  themselves  in  their  own  fashion ; 

MStpi.  and  all  persons  were  therefore  warned  to  pay  their  debts 
to  the  savages  promptly,  under  penalty  of  a  fine.  A  new 
proclamation  forbade  the  townspeople  from  harboring  run^ 
away  servants,  whether  of  the  company,  "or  of  any  other 

15  Deo.  persons  living  here  or  elsewhere."  The  community  was 
also  warned,  "  for  the  last  time,"  to  improve  their  vacant 
lots  in  the  town  of  New  Amsterdam.  In  default,  such  lots 
would  be  assigned  to  persons  inclined  to  improve  them, 
and  a  reasonable  compensation  would  be  awarded  to  the 
original  owner.* 

ntNine       The  "  Nine  Men,"  as  we  have  seen,  had  commenced 

Mam  IskA  '  ' 

their  public  service  by  passing  upon  the  propositions  of  the 
director.  An  occasion  soon  arose  for  them  to  take  the  in- 
itiative. The  commonalty,  anxious  for  the  prosperity  of 
the  province,  desired  to  encourage  the  immigration  of  per- 
sons who  intended  to  make  New  Netherland  their  perma- 
nent home.  Whoever  came  with  such  an  intention  was 
welcome.     Many  strangers  had  already  settled  themselves 

*  New  AmtiL  Rec,  L,  S-11,  lA-10,  n-%i ;  Appendix,  Note  Q. 


I  take 


live. 


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PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIREOTOR  GENERAL.  489 

y 
in  and  on  Long  Island  without  awakening  an<r  ca.  xir. 
jealousy.     But  there  were  many  besides  who  had  come ' 


with  other  designs ;  and  the  Nine  Men  wished  to  check 
what  seemed  a  growing  evil.  A  remonstrance  was,  there-  is  p«b. 
fore,  addressed  to  Stuyvesant  and  his  council,  proposing  va- 
rious measures  for  remedying  the  injuries  caused  by  per- 
sons who  contributed  nothing  toward  the  advaincement  of 
the  province,  but  who  merely  carried  on  a  temporary  treule 
in  furs,  which  they  procured  from  the  Indians  by  improp- 
er traffic,  and  then  smuggled  out  of  the  country  at  night. 
The  remonstrance  of  the  Nine  Men  prompted  new  proc- 
lamations, which  only  produced  embarrassment.  No  per-  lo 
son  was  thereafter  to  be  allowed  to  carry  on  business  in 
New  Netherland  except  permanent  residents  who  had 
taken  the  oath  of  allegiance,  were  rated  at  firom  two  to 
three  thousand  guilders  at  least,  and  who  intended  to 


"  keep  fire  and  light"  in  the  province.  "  Old  residents," '***'^*^ 
however,  though  not  possessing  the  full  property  qualifi- 
cation, were  allowed  trading  privileges,  provided  they  re- 
mained in  the  province,  and  used  only  the  weights  and 
measures  of  "  Old  Amsterdam,  to  which  we  owe  our  name." 
To  carry  out  this  policy,  it  was  soon  afterward  ordained  is  smu 
that  ^'  all  Scotch  merchants  and  small  dealers,  who  come  nMnrchuitt 
over  from  their  own  country  with  the  intention  of  trading 
here,"  should  *'  not  be  permitted  to  carry  on  any  trade  in 
the  land"  until  they  had  resided  three  years  in  the  prov- 
ince ;  and  they  were  further  required  to  build  "  a  decent 
habitable  tenement"  within  one  year  after  their  arrival. 
Strangers,  however,  might  sell  goods  from  their  vessels,  if 
they  were  properly  entered,  and  the  duty  paid  on  all  sales. 
Every  Monday  was  to  be  a  market  day,  "  as  well  for  stran- 
gers as  residents."  In  imitation  of  one  of  the  customs  of 
the  Fatherland,  an  annual  "  Kermis,"  or  fair  for  ten  days,  ^ormif  or 
commencing  on  the  Monday  after  Saint  Bartholomew's 
day,  was  established,  at  which  all  persons  were  privileged 
to  sell  goods  from  their  tents.  The  trade  on  the  North  and 
South  Rivers  was  reserved  to  citizens  of  the  requisite  qual- 
ifications, who  had  obtained  a  pass  from  the  director.    The 


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490  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

'CB.  znr.  East  River,  however,  was  declared  to  be  <^free  and  open 
"TT^T^to  every  one,  no  matter  to  what  nation  he  may  belong." 
*  All  vessels  under  fifty  tons  were  to  anohor  between  the 
Capsey  "  Hoeck,"  which  divided  the  East  from  the  North 
Hand  or     River,  and  the  "  hand,"  or  guide-board  opposite  the  **  Stadt- 
w>«ni».      herberg,"  which  Kieft  had  built  in  1642.     Larger  vessels 
might  anchor  as  far  eastward  as  the  *'  second  guide-board,'' 
opposite  the  "  Smit's  Vleye."     No  freight,  however,  was 
to  be  landed,  nor  were  any  boats  to  leave  the  vessels  be- 
tween sunset  and  sunrise.* 

All  these  regulations  were  strictly  enforced.  The  con- 
traband trade  in  fire-arms,  of  which  the  New  England 
commissioners  had  complained,  was  as  severely  condemned 
by  the  commonalty ;  and  the  new  regulations  for  its  sup- 
pression met  their  warm  approbation.  All  they  desired 
was  that  they  "  should  be  executed  without  partiality." 
Cases,  however,  occurred  in  which  the  director's  action 
exposed  him  to  severe  criticism.  Qt>vert  Barent,  the  arm- 
orer of  Fort  Amsterdam,  Joost  Teunissen  de  Backer,  Ja- 
cob Reintsen,  Jacob  Schermerhorn,  and  his  brother,  were 
» Jniy.      arrested,  and  Reintsen  and  the  two  Schermerhoms  were 

Contra^ 

tendtrwto  conviotcd  and  sentenced  to  death  for  violating  the  proo- 
uw-  lamation  against  illicit  trade  in  fire-arms.  The  sentence, 
however,  was  commuted,  "  by  the  intervention  of  many 
good  men,"  to  the  confiscation  of  the  goods  of  the  convicts. 
Teunissen  was  released  on  bail ;  and  failing  to  receive  a 
passport  to  return  to  Holland,  he  left  New  Netherland  se- 
cretly the  next  year,  and  brought  his  case  before  the  States 
General.  Stuyvesant  was  blamed  for  undue  severity  in 
these  instances,  as  well  as  for  the  seizure  of  a  cargo  of 
goods  in  a  ship  consigned  to  Govert  Loockermans,  one  of 
the  Nine  Men.t  But  his  conduct  seems  to  have  been  dic- 
tated by  an  earnest  desire  to  repress  the  mischievous  traf- 
fic which  heui  been  carried  on  so  long  with  the  savages. 
This  trade  centered  chiefly  at  Rensselaerswyck,  where 

*  Alb.  Rae.,  rii.,  100-189  ;  New  AnMt.  Rec,  i.,  tO,  SI ;  CCaU.,  U.,  50-62 :  C.  P.  noff- 
BHa**  AddreM,  1847,  p.  t7. 

t  Alb.  R«j.,  Yll.,  S40 ;  vlU.,  00 ;  HoL  Doc,  hr.,  S38,  MS ;  0»C«I1.,  IL,  tt-64  j  U.,  N.  Y. 
H.  8.  Coll.,  U.,  S90,  811,  313,  834,  335. 


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PBTER  STUTTESANT,  DIRBCTOIt  CHBNEEAL.  481 

Brandt  van  Sleohtenhorst,  the  recently-appointed  commis-  om.  nv. 
•ary  of  the  infant  patroon,  had  now  arrived.     The  new  oo»  "TTTT" 
lonial  officer,  who  was  esteemed  '<  a  person  of  stabborn  and  ^  ^^ 
head:itrong  temper,"  took  an  early  opportanity  to  exhibit  J^JJ^^J^ 
his  devotion  to  hb  feudal  chief,  and  his  insnbcurdination  to^^^{^ 
the  provincial  government.    A  proclamation  for  the  ob-^ekT 
aervanoe  of  a  general  feist-day  throoghont  New  Nether- 
land  having  been  sent  to  Beverswyok  or  Beverwyck,  for 
publication.  Van  Slechtenhorst  protested  against  it  as  anMApro. 
invasion  of  the  right  and  authority  of  the  Lord  Patroon."  onunlitioii. 
Stuy  vesant,  whose  attention  had  already  been  called  to  the 
illicit  trade  <»urried  on  within  the  colonie,  therefore  de- 
termined to  hasten  hb  proposed  visit  there.     Embarking  juiy. 
with  a  small  escort  of  soldiers,  he  soon  afterward  reached  Bnggt, 
Fort  Orange,  where  Carl  van  Brugge  was  now  the  com- ^"Ht^poM 
pany's  commissary,  in  place  of  Bogaer'dt  onngp. 

The  arrival  of  the  commander-in-chief  was  greeted  by  starreauit 
salutes  from  the  artillery  of  Fort  Orange,  and  the  patroon's  onnn. 
"  three  pieces  of  cannon."    Van  Slechtenhorst,  summoned       ^' 
to  answer  for  his  contempt  of  the  company's  authority,  re- 
torted by  complaining  of  Stuyvesant's  infringement  of  the 
privileges  of  the  patroon.     The  director  general  was  in  no  ss  joiy. 
mood  to  trifle,  and  a  protest,  conveying  the  orders  of  the  van 
provincial  government,  was  handed  to  the  contumacious 
colonial  officer.     He  was  directed  to  refrain  from  putting 
up  any  buildings  within  range  of  the  guns  of  Fort  Orange, 
as  they  rendered  the  post  insecure.     No  new  ordinances 
affecting  trade  or  commerce  within  the  colony  were  to  be 
made,  unless  with  the  assent  of  the  provincial  authorities. 
The  pledge  which  the  patroon  and  his  officers  exacted  from 
the  colonists,  not  to  appeal  from  their  judgments  to  the  Su- 
preme Court  of  New  Netherland,  was  held  to  be  "  a  crime ;" 
and  the  annual  return  of  all  the  affairs  of  the  colony  to  the 
director  and  council  at  Manhattan,  provided  for  in  the  char- 
ter of  privileges,  was  peremptorily  required.    In  reply,  Van  ts  Joiy. 
Slechtenhorst  complained  that  the  director  had  acted  ^'  as  tenbom'k 
if  he  were  the  lord  of  the  patroon's  colonie."     The  pro- 
hibition from  building  near  Fort  Orange  was  unjustifiable; 


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HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

cilxiv.  far  <^a  few  years  ago"  the  patroon's  trading^honae  hai 

stood  on  the  very  border  of  the  moat,  and,  moreover,  the 

'  land  all  around  was  his.     After  direoting  that  the  pali« 

Port  Or-    sadea  of  the  fort  should  be  replaced  by  a  solid  stone  wall, 

n^ni,  and  after  endeavoring  to  induce  the  Mohawks  and  other 
neighboring  savages  to  preserve  peaoe  among  themselvesi 
with  the  Dutoh,  and  with  their  '*  brethren,  the  English 
and  French,"  the  provincial  commander-in-chief  returned 
to  New  Amsterdam,  saluted  on  his  departure,  as  he  had 
been  on  his  arrival,  by  all  the  artillery  at  Beverwyck. 
Notwithstanding  Stuyvesant's  orders,  Van  Slechtenhorst 

tSAocut.  persevered ;  and  a  new  protest  from  Manhattan  warned 
him  to  refrain  from  encroachments  on  the  precinct  of  Port 
Orange.     The  colonial  officer  replied  by  excepting  to  the 

•  stpi.  technical  formality  of  the  director's  legal  proceedings,  and 
by  contrasting  the  practice  at  New  Amsterdam,  where 
streets  full  of  houses  clustered  around  the  fort,  with  the 
more  severe  restrictions  at  Beverwyck,  where  no  building! 
were  thenceforth  to  be  erected  within  the  range  of  a  mus- 
ket ball  from  Fort  Orange.  Van  Slechtenhorst  followed 
up  his  letter  by  forbidding  the  company's  commissary  to 
quarry  stone,  or  cut  timber  within  the  colonic.  At  the 
same  time,  he  persisted  in  erecting  houses  for  the  patroon 
"even  within  pistol-shot  of  Fort  Orange." 

Soldiers         Stuyvcsaut  promptly  dispatched  a  corporal's  guard  to 

OfMfe.  Fort  Orange,  and  ordered  Commissary  Van  Brugge  to  de- 
molish the  prohibited  buildings,  arrest  Van  Slechtenhorsty 
and  keep  him  in  custody  until  he  produced  his  commis- 
sions and  instructions.  The  patroon's  officer  was  also 
summoned  to  appear  and  answer  at  Fort  Amsterdam ;  and 
the  importation  of  fire-arms  into  the  colonic,  without  the 
permission  of  the  "  Lords  Majors"  at  Amsterdam,  was  for- 
mally prohibited. 

The  unusual  presence  of  a  military  force  created  some 
excitement  in  the  quiet  hamlet.  The  bearing  of  the  sol- 
diers was  insolent;  Van  Slechtenhorst  himself,  while  walk- 

ti  sapc  ing  in  the  street  with  his  deputy,  was  rather  rudely  sa- 
luted ;  the  colonists  were  offended ;  and  the  Mohawk  sav- 


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PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  493 

ages  womlered  why  the  "  Wooden  Leg"*  wished  to  de-  ch.  xnr. 
stroy  the  houses  "  which  were  to  shelter  them  in  storms  "TTTT" 
and  winter."     They  oould  not  understand  the  motives  for  p^,j„g,i^ 
the  director's  military  restrictions.     "  Come  to  us  in  the{S,"J£^ 
Maquaas  country,"  said  they,  "  and   we,  will  give  you 
plenty  of  land." 

Van  Brugge,  unwilling  to  proceed  to  extremities,  for- 
bore to  demolish  the  houses  or  arrest  the  patroon's  officer ; 
but  he  executed  the  rest  of  his  duty ;  and  Van  Slechten- 


horst  refusing  to  produce  his  commissicm,  was  summoned  van  t 
to  appear  and  answer  at  Fort  Amsterdam.     The  soldiers  ■ummoned 

lo  Manhat- 

were  now  directed  to  return  to  Manhattan.  The  patroon's  tan. 
representative  again  exhibited  his  loyalty  in  a  protest  aooetobar. 
against  Stuy vesant's  infringement  of  the  privileges  of  his 
feudal  chief.  Van  Brugge's  mode  of  serving  the  summons 
had  not  technically  conformed  to  the  practice  at  home, 
and  was  not  legal.  The  patroon  was  master  on  his  own 
land,  and  his  officers  could  arrest  all  trespassers,  and  pre- 
vent the  cutting  of  timber.  It  was  a  mere  subterfuge  that 
his  buildings  interfered  with  the  safety  of  Fort  Orange, 
which  one  could  now  "  enter  or  quit  at  pleasure,  by  night 
or  by  day." 

The  provincial  government  promptly  maintained  that  ss  not. 
their  authority  '<  extended  to  the  colcmie  of  Rensselaers- ders  nmi 
wyek,  as  well  as  to  the  other  colonies,  such  as  Heemstede,  aanr*" 
Vlissingen,  and  Grravensande."     The  company's  chief  of- 
ficers, Van  Brugge  and  Labbatie,  were  directed  to  proceed 
with  the  repairs  of  Fort  Orange,  and  authorized  to  take 
timber  and  quarry-stones  for  that  purpose  from  any  place 
within  the  territory  of  New  Netherland.     All  buildings 
within  gun-shot  of  the  fort  were  to  be  destroyed,  and  the 
jurisdiction  of  the  company  over  its  precinct,  and  their 
"  ancient  and  uninterrupted  use"  of  the  land  in  its  neigh-^ 
borhood,  were  to  be  firmly  maintained.     A  fresh  citation 

*  The  aaTagea  eonatantly  gave  daacriptive  or  characteristic  names  as  well  to  the  En- 
npeans  as  lo  themselves.  They  called  Stoyresant  the  **  Wooden  Leg.**  Josseiyn,  in 
1<^4,  spoke  of  him  as  the  Dutch  foremor  "  with  a  sUtst  leg  ;**  and  Bbeling  and  AcrMns 
Mlow  Josoelyn.  The  Mohawks  and  Josselyn  were  probably  both  right ;  Stayresant  ssens 
lo  hare  ased  a  wooden  leg  strapped  with  ailrer  bands. 


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494  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Ctt.  XIV.  from  the  sohout-fisoai  aocompanied  these  orders.  Van 
Slechtenhorst's  insubordination,  it  averred,  had  become 

ID  Not.  *  Qotorious,  and  the  summons  whioh  had  been  served  upon 
him,  in  a  courteous  and  sufficiently  formal  manner,  had 
been  disobeyed,  though  '^  the  river  remained  open,  the 
winter  pleasant,  and  several  vessels  sailed  up  and  down 
during  the  whole  month  of  November."  To  cure  all  doubts, 
Van  Slechtenhorst  was  now  peremptorily  commanded  to 
appear,  the  next  April,  at  Fort  Amsterdam,  where  he 
would  *'  be  informed  of  the  complaint  against  him."  Thus 
ended  the  question  for  the  present.  In  Stnyvesant's  miU 
itary  judgment,  the  colcmists  at  Beverwyck  clustered  near 
Fort  Orange  '^through  pride."  Perhaps  a  still  stronger 
motive  was  their  natural  anxiety  to  be  as  near  as  possible 
to  the  only  firontier  citadel  whioh  could  protect  them,  in 
time  of  need,  from  the  wild  men  of  the  forests.* 

Megapoien-     Megapolcusis,  who  had  been  the  clergyman  of  the  col* 

Baekeriu.  ouic  sincc  1642,  haviug  requested  permission  to  return  to 
the  Fatherland,  at  the  earnest  solicitation  of  the  Classis 

iSAnguot.  of  Amsterdam,  agreed  to  remain  until  the  next  year. 
Dpmine  Backerus,  not  satisfied  with  the  condition  of 

t  Sept.  things  at  Manhattan,  also  asked  his  dismission.  This  re- 
quest was  seconded  by  Stuyvesant  and  the  other  elders 

II  s«pL  and  deacons,  who  desired  that  ^^  an  old,  experienced,  and 
godly  minister  might  be  sent  to  them,  to  the  end  that  their 
very  bewildered  people  might  not,  by  the  departure  of  their 
present  clergymen,  be  left  in  destitution."     The  Classis 

TDec  endeavored  to  procure  other  clergymen  for  New  Nether- 
land,  and  consultations  were  held  with  the  directors  of  the 
company  and  the  heirs  of  Van  Rensselaer ;  but  while  ev- 
ery effort  was  made,  it  was  difficult  to  find  any  experi- 
enced ministers  in  Holland  willing  to  undertake  ^^  ao  far 
distant  a  voyage."t 

The  popular  discontent  at  New  Amsterdam  had  now 
grown  to  a  very  significant  degree.     The  debts  due  to  the 

*  Alb.  Rm.,  !▼.,  16, 44 :  T.,  7S-40;  Til.,  Ifl^SlO;  StayrtmnVrnhmBn;  Rmm.  IfBS.; 
0*0111.,  ti.,  60-79 ;  ante,  104, 974, 4t6. 

t  0«r.  auato  AmK.  i  Lmtn  of  MegtpolMMto  oTOie  ISMi  of  Aosoat,  ■ada'BMisfW 
or  Uie  Id  of  September,  1648. 


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PETER  /rrUYYESANT,  DIREOTOR  GENERAL.  480 

oompany,  vrhioh  Eieft  had  left  oneolleoted  to  the  amount  ci.  xir. 
of  thirty  thousand  guilders,  were  called  in ;  while  the  peo-  "TTTT" 
pie  complained  that  their  own  claihis  for  wages  and  grain  Gnmth  u 
remained  unpaid.     The  Nine  Men  were  obliged  to  intlBr-  £jjS"11f ' 
fere ;  and  the  proceedings  which  the  fiscal  had  been  di-  i^SSSS!; 
rected  to  take  were  "  put  off  for  a  time.''     The  high  cus- 
toms'  duties  which  were  exacted  from  the  colonists,  amount- 
ing to  nearly  thirty  per  centum,  <*  besides  waste,"  and  the 
avidity  which  the  director  exhibited  to  confiscate,  was  a 
"  vulture,  destroying  the  prosperity  of  New  Netherland, 
diverting  its  trade,  and  making  the  people  discontented." 
The  "  bad  report"  spread  itself  every  where ;  among  the 
neighboring  English ;  north  and  south ;  and  even  in  the 
West  Indies  and  Garribee  Islands.    Not  a  i^p  dared  come 
from  those  places ;  while  credible  Boston  traders  assured 
the  Nine-  Men  that  more  than  twenty-five  vessels  would 
annually  visit  Manhattan  from  those  islands,  <*  if  the  own- 
ers were  not  fearful  of  confiscation." 

The  representatives  of  the  commonalty  complained  toTheNiM 
Stuyvesant,  and  contrasted  their  own  "desolate  and  ruin-piSnuJ* 
ous"  state  with  the  "flourishing  condition"  of  their  neigh- •aSr*' 
bors.     This  the  director  admitted  that  he  observed,  but 
could  not  remedy ;  he  only  followed  the  company's  orders. 
The  commonalty  now  thought  it  expedient  and  necessary  Deieg^km 
"  to  send  a  deputation  to  their  High  Mightinesses."    Stuy-  propoMd. 
vesant  commended  the  project,  and  "urged  it  strongly." 
A  person  was  already  spoken  of  to  go  as  delegate,  when  the 
director  required  that  the  communication  with  the  govern- 
ment of  the  Fatherland  should  be  "according  to  his  wish- 
es."   Perceiving  the  object  of  this  demand,  the  Nine  Men 
would  not  consent,  "and  the  matter  ^erefore  fell  asleep." 
The  English  emigrants,  "  who  had  been  depended  upon,  Dorbetkm 
and  who  were  associated  in  the  afiair,"  from  time  to  timegii«h  omn 
withdrew  from  the  Dutch,  who  were  eager  for  reforms.  Bide. 
This  made  the  necessity  of  action  greater ;  and  at  the  next  i 
election  the  Nine  Men  were  changed.* 

*  Hoi.  Doc,  W.,  40 ;  ii.,  N.  Y.  H.  S.  Coll.,  U.,  819-315,  S3»,  330.  Tbo  now  botfd  of  NhM 
IfMi  for  1040  oonototed  of  aeren  of  the  old  oMmbera,  with  Adriara  van  dv  Donok  and 
dorSUvanaM  Tan  Cortiaiidt 


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496  fflSTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

ca.  xiY.      The  onerous  castoms'  regulations  of  New  Netherland 
were  not  only  a  sore  annoyance  to  the  New  England  oo- 
The  iw   loiii^  governments,  but  they  produced  their  natural  conse- 
ISSUSi    quence.     Retaliation  was  threatened.     The  sale  of  guns 
JJJ"gfJ{J'jj"''and  powder  to  the  Indians  was  another  grievance.     By 
Slong?''  this  practice  the  greater  part  of  the  beaver  trade  had  been 
drawn  to  the  French  and  Dutch ;  and  the  means  of  the 
New  England  colonies  to  make  returns  for  English  oom« 
modities  "were  grown  very  short."* 
Mtfeh.  Early  in  the  year,  Eaton  had  written  to  Massachusetts, 

proposing  "a  prohibition  of  all  trade  with  the  Dutch  until 
satisfaction  were  given,"  and  accusing  the  director  of  hav- 
ing endeavored  to  "  animate  the  natives  to  war  upon  the 
Com-       English."    A  long  correspondence  ensued,  in  which  Stuy* 
Snb  tST  vesant  vindicated  his  conduct,  pressed  for  a  meeting  with 
gi^dau-    the  commissioners,  and  reiterated  his  peaceful  professions; 
April  to'    and  the  New  England  authorities,  on  their  side,  proposed 
to  fix  June  of  the  next  year  as  the  time  for  a  conferenoe. 
In  this  correspondence,  Stuyvesant,  betraying  too  much 
anxiety,  displayed  a  want  of  diplomatic  tact.     The  En- 
glish regarded  his  conduct  as  an  evidence  of  the  weakness 
both  of  the  West  India  Company  and  of  the  Dutch  colo- 
nial government,  and  thought  that  their  embarrassed  ad- 
versary, whose  spirit  was  *'  beginning  to  fall,"  could  very 
well  abide  their  convenience.! 

The  following  September  the  commissioners  met  at 
Plymouth,  and,  "  by  way  of  preparation  to  a  meeting  with 
the  Dutch  governor,  or  provision  for  their  own  safety  and 
(|8«iit  convenience,"  thought  fit  to  'write  to  Stuyvesant  The 
Mohawks  near  Fort  Orange,  whom  Pynchon,  at  Springfieldi 
had  described  as  the  '^  terror  of  all  Indians,"  were  growing 
bold  and  daring  with  the  possession  of  arms  furnished  to 
them  by  the  Dutch.  The  customs'  regulations  at  Man- 
hattan had  not  yet  been  modified ;  the  seizure  of  Wester- 
house's  ship  at  New  Haven,  and  the  claim  of  territcHrial 
jurisdiction,  were  unexplained.     They  therefore  notified 

♦  Winlhrop,  11.,  8H. 

t  Winthrop.  U ,  315,  J16,  3M-330 ;  Habbard,  438 ;  StayroMBt's  LMtan,  AHl.  L 


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pinm  sTtnnrESANT,  diiusctor  cosneral.  igff 

the  director  that  Dutoh  traders  in  New  England  must  ex-  ch.  xiv. 
peot  a  requital  of  the  "inconvenient  impositions"  laid  upon 
all  persons  within  "  the  Dutoh  Plantation ;"  that  guns  and  ^h^  ^^' 
ammunition  would  be  seized,  and  retaliatory  restraints  ^{**"*" 


upon  the  Indian  trade  would  be  enforced ;  and  that  future  of  reuiia- 
seizures  of  ships  within  English  jiprisdiction  would  be  met"®" 
by  "  all  suitable  and  just"  reprisals. 

Stuyvesant  replied  that  he  had  done  all  in  his  power  to  stnyre- 
repress  the  illicit  traffic  with  the  savages;  that  English pianauon*. 
traders  had  been  treated  with  all  possible  lenity,  and,  in 
some  respects,  were  even  more  fiavored  than  the  Dutch ; 
and  that  he  had  urged  the  West  India  Company  to  mod- 
ify their  injurious  regulations.  As  to  territorial  claims, 
what  the  English  called  Cape  Cod  the  Dutch  caUed  Cape 
Malebarre ;  what  he  himself  had  meant  by  Cape  Cod,  was 
Point  Judith.  His  own  comnj&ssion  was  as  ample  as  could 
be  desired.  New  Netheriand  Vat  n(A  a  "  plantation,"  as 
the  <k)mmis8ioners  had  errcmeously  called  it  The  States 
G-eneral  had  invested  it  with  tibe  privileges  ctf  a  "pror- 
ince,"  and  in  all  their  commissions  had  recognized  it  as 
such. 

The  director  also  wrote  to  tiie  West  India  Company,  ins8D«>. 
pressing  terms,  urging  that  the  differences  between  the  eo- 
lonial  governments  of  New  Netheriand  and  New  Ei^tuid 
ought  to  be  promptly  settled  in  Europe.*  But  the  di»> 
traoted  condition  of  England  prevented  any  immediate 
hope  of  an  arrangement. 

*  Wlntlirop,U.,3M;  Haurd,  IL,  101.106 ;  N.  T.  H.  8.  CoU.,  L,  SOS ;  StayTaMart  UU 
««• ;  CCail.,  iL,  O^MM ;  Aft.  B«.,  tv.,  n. 

Il 


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4Se  HISTORY  OF  THS  STATE  OF  NEW  TQRK. 


1649. 


CHAPTER  XV. 
1649-1661. 

Chap.  XV.  Thb  year  1649  was  one  of  the  most  memorable  in  his- 
'tory.  A  contest  between  the  peq>le  end  their  sovereign 
had  been  carried  on  in  England,  as  it  had  long  before  be^i 
carried  on  in  the  Netherlands.  Opposition  hetd  been  snc- 
oeeded  by  revolt  and  civil  war.  The  King  of  Grreat  Brit- 
ain, more  unfortunate  than  the  King  of  Spain,  became  a 
prisoner  in  the  hands  of  his  subjects.  A  revolutionary  tri- 
bunal pronounced  him  a  tyrant  and  a  traitor.     In  the  end 

9ojana«ry.of  January,  1649,  Charles  I.  was  beheaded  in  front  of  his 

chariM  L  own  banqucting-hall,  and  England  was  declared  to  be  a 
republic. 

Yet  the  English  monarchical  principle  survived.  The 
army  and  its  great  leader  were  si^nreme.  A  military  des- 
potism governed  the  land ;  and  Cromwell  at  length  beoarae 
dictator.  The  people  of  England  had  exercised  their  right 
to  revolt ;  but  they  did  not  gain,  by  a  change  of  masters, 
those  political  advantages  which  the  people  of  the  Netiier- 
lands  had  gained  by  the  deposition  of  their  sovereign  and 
the  declaration  of  their  national  independence. 

PMiingtor  The  terrible  tragedy  at  Whitehall  excited  the  detesta- 
tion  of  all  classes  throughout  the  United  Provinces.  The 
Dutch  government  was  seriously  embarrassed.  The  Prince 
of  Wales  and  the  Duke  of  York,  escaping  from  England, 
had  found  an  asylum  at  the  Hague,  with  their  brother-in- 
law  William,  prince  of  Orange,  the  stadtholder ;  and  their 
united  influence  had  prevailed  on  the  States  G-eneral  to 
refuse  an  audience  to  Strickland,  the  parliamentary  agent, 
while  Boswell  was  still  recognized  as  the  resident  minis- 
ter of  Great  Britain.     This  naturally  provoked  antipathy 


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PETER  STUYVBSANT>  DIREOTOR  QENERAL.  499 

and  suspioion  in  Lcmdon.     A  new  cause  of  bitterness  cbav.  xv 

arose,  when  Dorislaus,  who  had  been  sent  by  the  Parlia-"" 

m«it  to  propose  an  allianoe  with  the  United  Provinces,   ■'^"^^• 
was  murdered  by  some  Scotchmen  who  had  taken  refuge  isMay. 
at  the  Hague.     Soon  afterward,  Strickland  quitted  Hoi- Threatened 
land,  without  having  obtained  an  audience  of  the  States tS?2nEn-' 
General ;  and  Joachimi,  the  Dutch  ambassador,  was  or- SwN^her- 
dered  to  leave  London.    A  rupture  between  the  United 
Provinces  and  England  appeared  inuninent. 

The  shock  which  troubled  Europe  was  felt  in  America,  ea^  or 
The  new  order  of  government  established  in  England  was  death  ^o" 
viewed  with  more  favor  in  the  Puritan  colonies  than  in 
Virginia.  From  Cromwell's  jealousy  of  the  Dutch  much 
was  hoped;  and  the  dim  prospect  of  a  war  betwe^i  the 
Batavian  Republic  and  the  English  Commonwealth  could 
not  but  have  an  important  influence  upon  the  intercourse 
between  their  colonial  governments  across  the  Atlantic. 

At  this  crisis,  the  negotiations  between  New  Netherland  Negotia- 
and  New  England  were  renewed.     In  view  of  public  af-  the  united 
&irs,  the  West  India  Company  had  instructed  their  direct-  r  January. 
or  "  to  live  with  his  neighbors  on  the  best  terms  possible."* 
Eaton,  in  the  name  of  the  commissionerB,  now  proposed  ton  Apru. 
Stuyvesant  a  meeting  at  Boston,  in  June  or  July,  as  Brad- 
ford and  Dudley  were  both  too  far  advanced  in  life  to  make 
a  long  journey.     He  also  insisted  that  the  customs'  duties 
exacted  at  Manhattan  should  be  speedily  abolished.   Mean- 
while, Winthrop,  the  venerable  father  of  Massachusetts,  Death  or 
had  died,  at  the  age  of  sixty-one  years ;  and  his  death  vras  se  MareS!' 
regretted  by  the  Dutch  director  as  ''the  sad  loss  of  one 4 May. 
whose  wisdom  and  integrity  mi^t  have  done  much  in 
composing  matters"  between  New  Netherland  and  New 
England.     In  regard  to  the  proposed  interview,  Stuyve- conference 
sant  considered  Connecticut  a  more  ccmvenient  place  for^'^tn^e- 
both  parties  than  Boston ;  and  he  offered  to  visit  the  En- 10  May. 
glidi  governor  at  Nqw  Haven  to  have  a  friendly  conference. 

Eaton,  however,  did  not  think  that  a  private  interview  x«ton  do- 
could  be  satisfactory,  as  he  would  be  obliged  to  press  the 

*  ^b.  Ree,,  ir.,  19 ;  Bamage,  i.,  141-147  y  P«fiM,  U^  «7S-97« ;  Btaanii,  tt.,  14-17. 


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500  HISTORY  OP  THE  fiTATE  OF  NEW  YORK: 

onAt.  XV.  oomplwiti  of  his  own  people  very  urgently.    At  the  same 
time,  be  reqaested  speoifio  infonnation  respecting  the  ru- 
^  ^y  '  mored  changes  in  the  Dutch  customs'  regulations.     The 
directar  acquainted  him  ttiat  the  ten  per  cent,  fiwmerly 
levied  on  goods  imported  from  New  England  had  been  sus- 
pended ;  and  that  the  hand-board  which  marked  the  an- 
chorage-ground off  the  shore  of  New  Amsterdam  had  been 
blown  down,  and  would  not  be  re-erected.     Eaton  now 
17  June,     demanded  that  English  vessels  passing  to  and  from  Vir- 
ginia and  Delaware  Bay,  and  trading  at  Manhattan,  should 
be  entirely  free  from  all  charges,  "  by  what  name  soever 
called,"  both  on  goods  imported  and  exported.     Stuyve- 
tjoiy.      sant,  however,  replied,  that  he  had  yielded  already  as 
much  as  he  dared,  without  ftirther  orders  from  his  supe- 
riors.     To  them  alone  was  he  responsible ;  by  no  other 
power  would  he  allow  his  public  conduct  to  be  regulated.* 
The  commissioners  of  the  United  Colcmies  soon  after- 
tAugmt.   ward  held  an  extraordinary  meeting  at  Boston,  at  which 
Baton  urged  that  measures  should  be  taken  to  support  the 
New  Haven  people  in  their  proposed  settlements  on  Dela- 
ware Bay.    But  Stuyvesant  had  already  warned  Endicott 
and  Bradford  that  he  would  vigorously  maintain  tlje  right 
of  the  Dutch  to  the  South  River.     The  commissioners, 
therefore,  prudently  determined  not  to  encourage,  by  any 
public  act,  the  settlement  of  English  colonists  in  that  re- 
VV  Aoguit  gion.     They  insisted,  however,  upon  the  English  right  to 
^^Z£    New  Haven,  and  thence  eastward  to  Point  Judith  and 
JSS^rT  Cap©  Cod.     The  director's  reply  to  their  letter  of  the  pro- 
•*"*•        vious  September  was  unsatisfactory  and  defective.     He 
was  silent  with  respect  to  the  trade  in  guns  and  ammuni- 
tion carried  on  at  Fort  Orange ;  he  had  not  informed  them 
abou^  the  revenue  regulations  at  Manhattan ;  he  had  made 
no  reparation  for  the  seizure  of  Westerhouse's  ship  at  New 
Haven,  but  had  referred  him  "  to  the  justice  of  Holland.** 
They  therefore  notified  him  that  all  trade  with  any  of  tlie 
Indians  within  the  limits  of  any  of  the  United  Colonies 
iras  forbidden,  under  penalty  of  confiscation,  *'  to  all  per- 

•  8lnr*^Bttaffi  Lettm,  Alb.,  1. ;  0*ClU.,  n.,  104-i|06 ;  HmuxPs  Ann.  Ttoon.,  IIB. 


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PETER  STUTVE8ANT,  DniECTOR  GSOBRAL.  Ml 

mam  Imt  suoh  as  are  inhabitantB  witiiin  tho  said  Englkhciur.  xv. 
jurisdiotions,  and  subjeet  to  their  laws  and  government."* 

With  this  bold  st^,  tiie  odrrespondenoe  between  thop^^j^. 
oonnni8si(»iers  and  Stuyvesant  ended  fat  die  pres^it.    Ex*  S^dewuh 
eluding  the  Datch  from  the  valuable  Indian  trade  which  ^^J^^ 
diey  had  so  Icmg  enjoyed,  and  to  whioh  they  felt  they  had  ^^^^^ 
a  right,  it  only  added  to  the  oaoses  of  dissatisfMstion  al-Efl^ta 
ready  rankling  in  the  minds  of  the  people  of  New  Nether- erumd. 
land. 

At  the  last  election,  the  Nine  Men  had  been  strraigthen* 
ed  by  tiie  ohoiee  of  the  ^lergetio  Adriaen  van  der  Donok 
to  a  seat  at  their  board.     It  was  now  determined  that  the  Deiegttion 
projeot  of  sending  a  delegation  to  Holland,  whidi  had  fall-  again  pro- 
Mi  through  the  previous  year,  should  be  executed.     The 
eotjopany  had  been  waited  upon  a  long  while  in  vain.    Re- 
forms had  been  promised  from  time  to  time,  but  there  was 
no  emiendment.     The  Nine  Men  therefore  applied  to  Stny- 
vesant  for  leave  to  confer  with  the  oommonalty.     In  re- 
]^y,  tiie  popular  tribunes  received  ^'  a  very  long  letter,"  to  stnyvo- 
ihe  effect  that  <'  communication  must  be  made  through  noLiik 
the  directcHT,  and  his  instructions  be  followed." 

To  this  the  Nine  Men  could  not  assent.    They  informed  views  or 
Stuyvesant  that  they  would  not  send  any  thing  to  the  Fa-  Mm. 
thfflrland  without  his  having  a  copy,  so  that  he  could  an- 
swer for  himself ;  but  that  his  last  demand  was  onreasima- 
ble,  and  *'  antagonistic  to  the  welfare  of  tiie  oonntry."    The 
director's  letter,  however,  as  the  Nine  Men  read  it,  su^ 
gested  that  they  should  inquire  <<  what  approbation  the 
oommonalty  would  give  to  this  business,  and  how  the  ex- 
pense should  be  defrayed."    As  the  director  would  not  al- 
low the  people  to  be  convened,  the  popular  representatives 
^'went  round  from  house  to  house,"  and  spoke  to  their  The  oom- 
oonstituents.     This  excited  Stuy  vesant's  displeasure,  and  oonroitod. 
means  were  used  to  prevent  the  Nine  Men  from  doing  any 
thing.     Injurious  reports  were  spread  among  the  commcm-  intrifiM 
alty ;  and  the  English  settlers,  who  were  chiefly  in  the  in-  not 
terest  of  the  director  and  council,  were  empbyed  in  coun- 

•  Bnari,  U.,  If7-1M ;  II.  T.  H.  8.  CoIL,  I.,  SOS-tM ;  8.  Haxa«d>a  Ann.  PtiiB.,  llflL 


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sua  HISTORY  or  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK, 

c«A».  XV.  teraoting  the  efforts  of  the  popular  tribunes.  These  in- 
trigues  were  disoorered  and  exposed ;  so,  <<  in  order  to  make 
a  diversion,  many  suits  were  brought  against  those  who 
were  considered  the  ringleaders."  To  neutralize  the  pro- 
posed movement  of  the  Nine  Men,  the  director  and  council 
A  great  also  summoucd  a  meeting  of  delegates  from  the  militia  and 
^Soned.  the  burghers,  to  consider  the  question  of  sending  agents 
to  the  Fatherland  on  '*  some  important  points." 

The  Nine  Men,  feeling  their  responsibility,  considered 

it  necessary  that  regular  memoranda  should  be  kept,  from 

which  "a  journal"  might  be  drawn  up  at  the  proper  time. 

This  duty  was  intrusted  to  Van  der  Donck,  who,  "  by  a 

resolution  adopted  at  the  same  time;"  was  lodged  in  the 

Van  der     housc  of  Jimseu,  ouc  of  the  board.     The  director,  informed 

j<ra?nai'     of  this  by  Hall  and  Jansen,  went  to  Van  der  DonckV 

**  chamber  during  his  absence,  and  seized  the  "  rough  draft," 

stnd  other  papers  of  the  Nine  Men.     The  next  day.  Van  der 

Donck  himself  was  arrested  and  imprisoned. 

4  Marob.        A  short  time  afterward,  the  delegates  from  the  militia 
the  Great   and  the  burghcrs  met  in  "great  council"  at  Fort  Amster- 
dam.   Van  Dincklagen,  the  vice-director,  protested  against 
Stuyvesant's  arbitrary  (proceedings,  a^d  demanded  that 
Van  der  Donck  should  be  admitted  to  bail.     This,  how- 

5  March,    ever,  was  refused.     Van  der  Donck  now  asked  for  his  pa- 

Proceed- 

inga  pers,  to  corrcct  some  errors  which  had  crept  into  them 
\^"der  But  this  rcqucst  was  also  denied ;  and,  on  his  examination, 
he  "could  not  make  it  right  in  any  way."  Another  meet- 
ing of  the  council  was  summoned,  at  which  Stuyvesant  de- 
15  March,  livcred  his  written  opinion.  Van  der  Donck  had  been  ar- 
rested for  calumniating  the  officers  of  the  government;  he 
had  explained  his  libels  equivocally ;  his  conduct  tending 
to  bring  the  sovereign  authority  into  contempt,  he  should 
be  compelled  to  prove  or  to  retract  his  allegations ;  and,  in 
default,  should  be  excluded  from  the  council  and  from  the 
board  of  Nine  Men.  Van  Dincklagen  alone  opposed  the 
qpinion  of  the  director.  The  rest  of  the  members  sided 
with  Stuyvesant ;  and  Van  der  Donck  was  unseated.* 

*U.,N.T.H.S.CoU.,U.,815-317«SM;  0*0811.,  U.,8»-(tt;  BreedeaIU^t,80;  aite,p.489. 


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PBTBR  STtJYYESANT,  BmSCTOR  OXanSRAL.  gfjS 

In  the  mean  time,  the  harsh  judgment  agajnst  Kuyter  chaf.  xv. 
and  Melyn  had  been  reviewed  in  the  Fa&eriand,  and  acts 
had  been  passed  by  the  States  G-eneral  suspending  Stuy-  ^mm  or  ' 
vesant's  sentence,  citing  him  to  defend  it  at  the  Hague,  ^dyn'  *"'' 
and  granting  to  the  appellants  the  full  enjoyment  of  all  the 
rights  of  colonists  in  New  Netherland.     Bearing  these  au* 
thoritative  papers,  Melyn  returned  to  Manhattan.     Anx- 
ious that  his  triumph  should  be  as  public  as  his  disgrace 
had  been,  he  demanded  that  the  acts  of  their  High  Might-  8  March, 
inesses  should  be  read  and  explained  by  the  Nine  Men  to 
the  commonalty,  who  were  assembled  in  the  church  with- 
in Fort  Amsterdam.    A  hubbub  arose.    After  an  exciting 
debate,  the  point  was  yielded,  and  the  mandamus  and 
summons  were  read  to  the  people.     ^'  I  honor  the  states, 
and  shall  obey  their  commands,"  said  Stuyvesant ;  ^'  I  shall 
send  an  attorney  to  sustain  the  sentence."     This  was  aUioMareii. 
the  answer  he  would  give.     The  members  of  the  council  nut's  o5< 
explained  their  conduct  as  they  severally  thought  best. 
Van  Dincklagen  frankly  acknowledged  that  he  had  erred ; 
but  the  rest  of  his  colleagues  would  give  no  satisfactory  re- 
plies.   The  director  and  secretary  positively  refused  to  give  sa  March. 
the  written  answer  which  Melyn  demanded.    Stuyvesant's 
enmity  even  extended  to  Melyn's  family ;  and  his  son-in- 
law,  Jacob  Loper,  was  refused  permission  to  trade  on  the  14  June. 
South  River.* 

A  circumstance  now  occurred  which  added  to  the  pop-  Afiur  or 
ular  dissatisfaction.  The  directors  of  the  West  India  Com- 
pany, fearing  that  war  might  break  out  with  the  savages 
unless  their  anxiety  to  be  provided  with  arms  and  ammu- 
nition should  be  satisfied,  had  intimated  an  opinion  that 
"  the  best  policy  is  to  furnish  them  with  powder  and  ball, 
but  with  a  sparing  hand ;"  and,  upon  the  representation 
of  the  colonists  at  Rensselaerswyck,  Stuyvesant  had  order- 
ed G-errit  Vastrick,  a  factor,  to  bring  him  over  a  case  of 
guns  from  Holland.  These  arms  were  landed  f^  in  tiie  full  Apru. 
light  of  day,"  and  delivered  to  Commissary  Keyser  at  Port 

*  Bol.  Doc.,  HI.,  I9S-f98,  t83,  380-878}  t.,  (»-106;  Alb.  BM.,  1t^  M,  104^910;  tU., 
S4«:  HaxanTa Ann. Penn.|  117 ;  O^CaU., U., 60, 84 ;  Breeden Raedt, 31-80 ;  «nte»p.47S. 


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5M  HfiBTOBT  07  THB  ST^TB  OP  KCW  YORK. 

CBAP.  xY.  Amflteidam.    The  people  now  began  to  oemj^in  that  '^the 

direotar  was  every  tiungi  and  did  the  bosiness  of  the  whole 

oountry,  having  several  shops  himself;  that  he  was  a  brew- 
er, and  had  breweries ;  was  a  part  owner  of  ships,  and  a 
merohant  and  a  trader,  as  well  in  lawful  as  oontraband 
31  ApriL    articles."     Finding  how  strongly  public  opinion  was  run- 
ning against  him,  Stuyvesant  was  obliged  to  exhibit  the 
orders  of  tlie  directors,  and  explain  his  own  interest  in  the 
affair.    His  explanations,  however,  were  not  entirely  satis- 
fiwtory ,  and  the  traoeaetion  was  complained  of  to  the  States 
QmieraL     The  Amsterdam  Chamber  afterward  reproved 
their  director  lor  his  indiscretion,  and  also  ccmimented  upon 
S^*"     his  purchase,  for  private  purposes,  of  a  large  bouwei^  upon 
'^'^    Manhattan  Island.* 

stayreMnt     Van  dcr  Douck  had  now  become  a  political  martyr,  and 
gMMtiM    Stuyvesant's  inveterate  hostility  confirmed  tha  pc^ular 
trilmnes  in  their  determination  to  obtain  a  redress  of  thdr 
grievances  from  the  States  General.     Kieft's  placard  re- 
specting the  authentication  of  all  documents  before  the 
provincial  secretary  was  again  formally  enacted,  '^  for  the 
purpose  of  cutting  off  the  convenient  mode  of  proof;"  and 
8MtT.      the  director's  fears  even  led  him  to  tell  Domine  Backeros 
Domintt     in  person,  not  to  read  from  the  pulpit  any  papers  whatso- 
raad^ui.  ever  referring  to  the  provincial  govemm^it,  unless  tiiey 
pen  ftom^  had  been  previously  approved  by  the  adminifitratu>n.t    Bat 
^''  none  of  these  measures  could  repress  ihe  spirit  of  the  pop- 
ular representatives. 
soJniy.         A  memorial  to  the  States  G-eneral  was  prepared,  in 
or  um  Nine  which  the  reforms  sought  for  firom  the  government  of  the 
sutM  Gen- Fatherland  were  distinctly  stated.     I.  New  Netherland 
should  be  peopled  at  once  with  colonists,  to  be  brought 
over  from  Holland  in  public  vessels.     The  States  General 
should  also  ^'  be  pleased  to  take  this  province  under  their 
own  gracious  safeguard,  and  to  allow  their  fatherly  affec- 
tion for  this  land  to  be  promulgated  and  made  manifest 
tiuroughout  the  United  Netherlands  by  their  own  accorded 

*  AM.  Bm.,  iv^  1,  5I»  M,  31 ;  U^  If .  T.  H.  8.  GolL,  U.,  I10»  IU»  S34 ;  CCaU^  U.,  «!, 
,  U^SM.  t  AVb  B«o^  yUmMS;  U.,  N.  Y.H.  8.  OolL,  U.,S1& 


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PETER  STUYVESAHT,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  605 

privileges.  Many  would  then  be  attracted  toward  this  chap.  xv. 
oonntry;  while,  on  the  contrary,  every  one  ia  now  dis- 
cooraged  by  the  company's  harsh  proceedings  and  want  of 
means."  II.  The  States  G-enerai  should  establish  a  ^<  suit- 
able Burgher  Grovemment,  such  as  their  High  Mightiness-  BnrsiMr 
68  shall  consider  adapted  to  this  province,  and  resembling  SraT' 
somewhat  the  laudable  government  of  our  Fatherland." 
Free  trade,  colonial  commerce,  and  the  encouragement  of 
the  fisheries  would  also  contribute  materially  to  the  pros* 
perity  of  the  province.  III.  The  boundaries  of  New  Neth- 
erland  should  be  established,  30  that  the  people  might 
*<  dwell  in  peace  and  quietness,  and  enjoy  their  liberty,  as 
well  in  trade  and  commerce  as  in  intercourse  and  settled 
limits."  Referring  the  States  General  for  further  inform- 
ation to  their  annexed  ^^  Remonstrance,"  tiiis  bold  memo- 
rial to  the  government  of  the  Fatherland  was  signed  on 
the  twenty. sixth  of  July,  "  in  the  name  and  on  the  behalf  »Jaiy. 
of  the  commonalty  of  New  Netherland,"  by  Van  der  Donck, 
Heermans,  Hardenburg,  Couwenhoven,  Loockermans,  Kip, 
Van  Cortlandt,  Janisen,  Hall,  Elbertsen,  and  Bout,  all 
members  of  the  existing  and  former  board  of  Nine  Men.*  ^ 

The  inhabitants  of  New  Netherland  had  now  for  many 
years  observed  the  administration  of  the  New  England 
governments;  and  in  some  marginal  ^^ remarks  ai^  ob- Remains 
servations''  upon  their  memorial,  the  Nine  Men  explained,  tSuom  or 
in  detail,  to  the  States  G-eneral,  the  organization  of  the  uln.  "' 
Puritan  colonies,  where  "  neither  patroons,  nor  lords,  nw 
princes  are  known,  but  only  the  people."  Between  the 
system  of  their  '^  neighbors  of  New  England"  and  that  of 
the  United  Netherlands,  they  urged,  there  was  "  no  differ- 
enoe,  but  fundamentally  a  similarity."t  It  was  against 
the  misgovernment  of  the  West  India  (Company  emd  its 
agents  that  the  popular  representatives  complained ;  and 
they  now  asked  that  the  franchises  enjoyed  in  Holland 
should  be  enjoyed  in  New  Netherland,  and  that  the  got^ 
emment  of  the  province  should  resemble  the  '^  laudable 
government"  of  their  Fatherland. 

•  Hoi.  Doe.»  It.,  88-36;  Doc.  Hist.  N. T., L,  506-^9&  t  Hoi.  Doe.,  It.,  fi*-8i. 


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506  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chip.  XV.  The  "  Remonstranoe"  of  New  Netherland,  which  «o- 
companied  the  memorial  of  the  Nine  Men,  was  drawn  np 
a  Remon-  ^^^  *^®  purpose  of  detailing  the  grievances  of  the  people, 
iJJ^*i5'^t2fand  of  enforcing  the  necessity  of  the  political  reforms  for 
28  j5fy.  which  they  had  petitioned  the  States  General.  It  de- 
scribed the  aborigines,  and  the  physical  features  of  the 
country ;  sketched  the  first  discovery  and  occupation  of 
New  Netherland  by  the  Dutch ;  and  reviewed  the  policy 
and  proceedings  of  the  West  India  Company  and  of  its  co- 
lonial agents.  The  administrations  of  Kieft  and  Stuyve- 
sant  were  described  in  terms  of  severity,  and  the  personal 
characters  of  both  directors,  and  of  the  prominent  mem- 
bers of  their  councils,  were  graphically  sketched,  by  no 
Further  friendly  pen.  In  conclusion,  several  specific  measures  of 
STJSilf'  relief,  in  addition  to  the  reforms  requested  in  the  memo- 
rial, were  suggested.  "  In  our  opinion,"  said  the  repre- 
sentatives  of  the  commonalty,  "  this  country  will  never 
flourish  under  the  government  of  the  honorable  company, 
but  vriW  pass  away,  and  come  to  an  end  of  itself,  unless 
the  honorable  company  be  reformed.  Therefore  it  would 
be  more  profitable  for  them  and  better  for  the  country  that 
they  ghould  be  rid  thereof,  and  their  effects  be  transported 
hence.  *  *  *  It  is  doubtful  whether  divine  worship  will 
not  have  to  cease  altogether,  in  consequence  of  the  depart- 
ure of  the  minister,*  and  the  inability  of  the  company. 
There  should  be  a  public  school,  provided  with  at  least 
two  good  masters,  so  that  first  of  all,  in  so  wild  a  country, 
where  there  are  many  loose  people,  the  youth  be  well 
taught  and  brought  up,  not  only  in  reading  and  writing, 
but  also  in  the  knowledge  and  fear  of  the  Lord.  As  it  is 
now,  the  school  is  kept  very  irregularly ;  one  and  another 
keeping  it  according  to  his  pleasure,  and  as  long  as  he 
thinks  proper.  There  ought  also  to  be  an  alms-house  and 
an  orphan  asylum,  and  other  similar  institutions.  *  »  » 
The  country  must  also  be  provided  with  godly,  honorable, 
and  intelligent  rulers,  who  are  not  very  indigent,  and  who 
are  not  too  covetous.     A  covetous  governor  makes  pocw 

*  Doniine  JobtmiM  Bsekerai. 


Public 
««*hool. 


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PETER  STUYVB8ANT,  DIRECTOR  OBMSRAX.  Sff7 

subjeots.    The  mode  in  whioh  the  oountry  is  now  goYera-  chap.  xv. 

ed  falls  severely  upon  it,  and  is  intolerable,  for  nobody  is 

unmolested  or  secure  in  his  property  longer  than  the  di-  r: 

,        .  Vi  1       •       1.  Abetter 

rector  pleases,  who  is  generally  strongly  molined  to  oon-  ftuvem- 
fisoating.  *  *  *  A  good  population  would  be  the  oonse-  <i""^'^ 
qoenoe  of  a  good  government,  as  we  have  shown,  aocord- 
ing  to  our  ability,  in  our  memorial  And  although  to 
^ve  free  passage  and  equip  ^ip^,  if  it  be  necessary,  would 
be  expensive  at  first,  yet,  if  the  result  be  considered,  it 
would  ultimately  prove  to  be  a  wise  measure,  if  by  that 
means  farmers  and  laborers,  together  with  other  poor  peo- 
ple, were  brou^t  into  the  country  with  the  little  proper- 
ty which  they  have.  Of  these  the  Fatherland  has  enough 
to  spare.  We  believe.it  would  then  prosper,  especially  as  Pro«p.'r.i> 
good  privileges  and  exemptions,  which  we  regard  as  the  »*'*'"''^*''' 
HKither  of  population,  would  enoourage  the  inhabitants  to 
oarry  on  commerce  and  lawful  trade.  Every  one  would 
be  allured  hither  by  the  pleasantness,  situation,  salubrity, 
and  firuitfulness  of  the  country,  if  protection  were  secured 
within  the  already  established  boundaries.  It  would  then, 
with  G-od's  assistance,  according  to  human  judgment,  all 
go  well,  and  New  Netherland  would  in  a  few  years  be  a 
brave  place,  and  be  able  to  do  service  to  the  Netherland 
nation,  to  repay  richly  the  cost,  and  to  thank  its  benefac- 
tors." 

This  *'  Vertoogh,"  or  Remcmstrance,  which,  as  well  as  the  Amhorsbip 
memorial,  appears  to  have  been  drawn  up  by  Van  der5fthe""R" 
Donck,  was  signed  by  the  same  persons.     Three  of  themrance.*' 
signers,  Van  der  Donck,  Couwenhoven,  and  Bout,  were  de-  DeiegnieH 
pnted  by  the  rest  to  proceed  to  the  Hague,  and  lay  their  th«riand!' 
complaints  before  the  government  of  the  Fatherland.  Bear* 
ing  with  them  formal  letters  of  credence  to  the  States  G-en-  JJ  ^"Jj;^^, 
oral  firom  their  colleagues,  and  from  Van  Dincklagen,  the 
vice-director,  the  first  delegates  of  the  people  of  New  Neth- 
erland embarked  for  Holland  on  their  important  mission.*  15  Atigu^t. 

Domine  Backerus,  who  had  already  received  permission  Departure 
to  return  from  the  Classis  of  Amsterdcun,  now  took  hisBaek«nir 

•  Hoi.  Doc,  iT.,ti,  30,71-007, 906;  t^S7-^;  U.  N.  Y.H.  8.  ColL,  U.,  110,  390. 


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50g  HfaTORY  OP  THE  STATE  OP  NEW  YORK. 

csAT.  XT.  liMtve  of  tiie  chvordi  at  Manhattan.  Stajreaant  very  iiai» 
urally  apinrehended  that  the  Domine,  on  his  airival  in  Hoi- 
6ji^  land,  would  <<join  tiie  complainants"  ooming  firom  Now 
Netherland;  and  the  eyent  verified  the  direotor's  feant 
He  availed  himself,  however,  of  the  occasion  to  write  eam- 
Aucost.  estly  to  the  Classis  of  Amsterdam  to  send  oat  a  pious,  weU- 
qualified,  and  diligent  schoolmaster.  <<  Nothing,"  he  add- 
ed, '^  is  of  greater  importance  than  the  right  early  instruc- 
tion of  youth." 

Domine  Megapolensis,  having  alio  obtained  his  letten. 
of  dismission  from  the  church  at  Benssriaerswyok,  was 
about  to  sail  for  the  Fath^land,  whither  his  wife  had  al- 
ready returned.     The  colonists  appeared  to  be  threatened 
with  the  total  loss  of  a  ministry ;  and  Stuyvesant  preep»d 
Megapolensis  to  remain  at  Manhattan^  where  children 
were  every  Sunday  presented  for  baptism,  *'  sometimeB 
one,  sometimes  two,  yea,  sometimes  three  and  four  togetb- 
saoooeded  cr."     The  Domine  was  finally  f»evailed  upon  to  give  xxp 
i/nsiT^'^his  voyage  at  the  urgent  solicitation  of  tiie  council,  and 
^'^'^^  was  formally  installed  as  the  successor  of  Backerus,  in  the 
church  of  New  Amsterdam,  with  a  yearly  salary  of  twelve 
hundred  guUders.* 
99  Jui^.         All  this  time  Melyn  had  been  firuitlessly  endeavoring  to 
ease.        obtain  firom  Stuyvesant  a  reversed  or  mitigation  of  his  sen* 
tence.     Weary  of  suffering,  he  now  embarked  again  for 
Holland,  '<  witii  the  delegates  of  the  commonalty,"  to  seek 
tardy  justice  in  the  Fatherland.     The  director's  pride  was 
lOAQsmt.  sorely  wounded  by  the  action  of  the  States  General;  to 
mnt't  m-  whom,  howcvcr,  he  wrote  that  he  would  obey  their  sum- 
8u!uJ  Gen!  mens,  and  appear  in  person  at  the  Hague,  if  discharged 
by  the  company ;  but  that,  as  it  was,  he  should  send  an 
attorney.     He  thanked  them  for  having  ^'  kept  one  ear 
open,"  as  many  of  the  papers  necessary  to  his  justification 
had  been  lost  with  the  Princess,  in  whi^  Kieft  had  been 
wrecked.     Melyn  had  abused  their  safe-conduct,  and  had 
behaved  mutinously ;  and  he  himself  would  rather  never 

*  Cor.  Clania  Amsterdam;  Letter  of  Stoyyeeant  to  the  Claaels,  Angntt,  1049;  Alk 
Eee.,W.,l«,98;  vU.,  t99,MI-tt5«;  Beir  Dr.  Da  WW,  Is  N.  T.  H.  S.  Pne.*  1844»  TL 


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PETER  STOYYBSAlfT.  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  509 

have  received  the  oommiBsion  of  their  High  Mightinesses,  chav.  xv. 
than  have  had  his  anihoritj  lowered  in  the  eyes  both  of 
neighbors  and  subjeots.  ' 

Cornelis  van  Tienhoven,  the  secretary  of  the  province,  van  Tien- 
was  the  person  whom  the  director  selected  to  appear  fortoHoiitn? 
him  at  the  Hague.     Van  Tienhoven  was  "  cautious,  sub-  o? tLTcT" 
tie,  intelligent,  and  sharp-witted;"  he  had  been  long  in"* 
New  Netherland,  and  its  circumstances  were  thoroughly 
known  to  him.     The  representative  of  the  director  imme-  Augoac. 
diately  set  sail  for  Holland  in  a  small  vessel,  carrying  with 
him  a  mass  of  exculpatory  documents ;  among  which  wa:^ 
a  letter  to  the  Amsterdam  Chamber  from  the  magistrates  uttar  fru  . 
of  the  English  settlement  at  Gravesend,  who,  under  the 
influence  of  Baxter,  declared  their  confidence  in  Stuyve- 
sant's  ^^  wisdom  and  justice  in  the  administration  of  the 
common- weal."    To  insure  Van  Tienhoven's  earlier  arriv- 
al in  Holland,  he  was  sent  off  fourteen  days  before  the  ship 
i^diich  conveyed  the  popular  delegates  and  Melyn.     The 
secretary,  wishing  to  avoid  the  scene  of  Kieft's  shipwreck, 
went  by  the  north  of  Ireland.     But  the  experiment  was 
unlucky.     The  ship  in  which  Van  der  Donck  and  his  col- 
leagues sailed,  keeping  a  straight  course  for  the  channel, 
reached  the  Ritherlarid  before  Stuyvesant's  baffled  emis- 
sary could  make  his  port.* 

Since  Kieft's  treaty  of  1645,  the  disposition  of  the  sav-Teamrof 
ages  had  generally  been  friendly,  although  the  contiguity  RirernT- 
of  the  whites  occasionally  produced  excesses  and  blood-***** 
shed.     Early  in  the  spring  of  this  year,  a  Meckgackhanic 
Indian  killed  Simon  Vanderbilt  at  Paulus'  Hook.     Stuy- 
veeant  refrained  frt)m  attempting  retaliation ;  and  the  sav- 
£iges  sent  a  deputation  to  Fort  Amsterdam  to  solicit  for- July, 
giveness  and  renew  their  covenant  of  peace.     The  director 
tJianked  them  for  their  visit,  and  expressed  his  wish  to  live 
in  ''  neighborly  friendship."     Any  injuries  done  them  by 

*  Hoi.  Doc,  ir.,  8,  tl7 ;  t.,  6S,  «6,  8S-805 ;  ix.,  934 ;  Alb.  Ree.»  t11.,  S90-847 ;  0*CaU., 
ii.,  8C-88,  M3 ;  Breeden  Raedt,  37.  During  this  rlsit,  Melyn  smom  to  hare  prepared  the 
*'  Breeden  Raedt,'*  which  was  printed  at  Antwerp,  his  natlre  plaee.  It  Is  a  quarto  traot 
•TfiMty-flTO  pages,  bearing  the  data  of  1040,  and  is  the  earliest  kaown  separata  puMle»> 
tiofk  respecting  New  Netheriand.— See  a»U,  p.  49^  note ;  Int.  Maf.,  Dee.,  1851,  p.  M7. 


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510  HISTORY  OP  THE  STATE  OP  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  XV.  the  Datoh  would  be  surely  punubed,  if  they  cion^aiiiad 
directly  to  him.     Aooepting  their  gifts,  Stuyvesant  made 
'  them  some  presents  in  return ;  the  duun  of  peace  was 
again  rubbed  bright ;  <'  and  so  the  savages  departed  very 
much  satisfied." 
Katskiii         From  the  time  that  Van  der  Donok  attempted  to  estab- 
^kco(rJd\olish  a  oolonie  at  Eatskill,  the  patroon  of  Rensselaerswyck 
ofRen^^had  coveted  that  region;    and,  disregarding  the  patrat 
"^^^'^  *  which  Kieft  had  granted  three  years  before,  Van  Sleohten- 
19  April,    horst  now  procured  a  cession  of  the  Indian  title.    The  next 
27  Mty.     month,  a  large  tract  was  purchased  at  Claverack,  on  the 
opposite  side  of  the  river.     These  acquisitions  emboldened 
the  proprietors  of  the  colonic  to  reassert  their  claim  to  a 
staple  right  at  Beeren  Island.     The  arrogant  pretension 
was  derided ;  but  as  yet  Stuyvesant  had  taken  no  meas- 
14  July,     ures  to  oppose  it.     Two  months  afterward,  however^  he 
qua^eek  bought  for  tho  compauy  the  region  called  Weckquaesgeek, 
by  the  West  on  the  cast  shore  of  the  North  River,  comprising  a  large 
piny.  **"*"  proportion  of  the  present  county  of  West  Chester;  and  the 
Indian  grantors  at  the  same  time  promised  to  induce  the 
North  River  chiefs  "  to  talk  the  matter  aver,  and  not  to 
sell  to  any  without  the  knowledge  of  the  director  g^i- 
eral."*  • 

South  RiT.      In  the  mean  time,  Printz  had  spared  no  efforts  to  obtain 
^'  from  the  savages  all  the  lands  on  the  east  side  of  the  South 

River,  between  Fort  Nassau  and  the  Falls  at  Trenton, 
intelligence  of  this  design  was  communicated  to  the  gov- 
ernment at  Fort  Amsterdam,  who,  perceiving  that  its  ob- 
ject was  to  cut  the  Dutch  off  firom  intercourse  between 
38  May.     the  North  and  South  Rivers,  heartily  assented  to  Hudde's 
proposition  to  purchase  "  all  the  lands  above  Fort  Nassau.'^ 
As  the  commissary  was  unprovided  witii  means,  an  asso- 
ciation was  formed  with  Simon  Root  and  three  other  Duteh 
0  April,     traders,  providing  that  die  territory  they  might  obtain 
landiabSva  should  bc  transferred  to  the  company  whenever  their  ad- 
■Sr  '^'  vances  should  be  repaid.     Under  this  agreement,  the  part- 

*  Alb.  Rec,  Tli.,  95S ;  G.  O.,  507 ;  RenM.  M8S. ;  aCkll.,  U.,  05,  96»  159 ;  BokflR's 
Wmc  CiMtter,  i.,  105;  mtty  p.  378, 481. 


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PETER  STUYVBSANT,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  511 

liars  parohased  *<tiie  lands  at  ihe  east  and  west  side,"  ex-  csap.  xv. 

tending  southward  from  Rancoous  Creek,  in  West  Jersey, 

to  Fort  Nassau.  ^^^ 

At  the  same  time,  Thomas  Broen  was  authorized  by 
Stuyvesant  to  take  possession  of  "  Red  Hook,  otherwise 
called  Mantes  Hook,"  a  little  below  Fort  Nassau,  with  the 
promise  of  letters  patent,  as  soon  as  the  Dutoh  should  ex- 
tinguish the  Indian  title.  Broen,  presenting  his  author-  condvet  or 
ization  to  Printz,  solicited  his  assistance  in  the  construc- 
tion of  the  proposed  buildings.  The  Swedish  governor  as- 
sented, upon  condition  that  the  settlement  should  be  un- 
der his  jurisdiction.  To  this  Broen  refused  to  accede ;  and 
Printz  immediately  purchased  from  the  savages  the  lands 
fit)m  Mantes  Hook  downward  to  the  Narratikon  or  Rac- 
coon Creek,  and  erected  upon  it  a  post  with  the  arms  of 
the  Swedish  crown.*  Stuyvesant's  personal  presence  at 
Fort  Nassau  was  now  anxiously  desired.  But  affairs  at 
New  Amsterdam  were  too  pressing  to  allow  the  director  to 
leave  the  seat  of  government ;  and  the  Swedes,  who  far 
outnumbered  the  Dutch,  remained  for  more  than  a  year  in 
virtual  command  of  the  whole  of  the  South  River. 

On  reaching  Holland,  Van  der  Bonck  and  his  colleagues  The  popo. 
proceeded  at  once  to  the  Hague,  without  communicating  ntetaitiM 
with  the  Amsterdam  Chamber.     The  voluminous  papers   **^ 
which  the  delegates  of  the  commonalty  of  New  Neliier. 
land  submitted  to  the  States  General  were  referred  to  a 
committee,  with  instructions  to  examine  and  report  on  the  i3  octob«r. 
whole  case  as  soon  as  possible.    Several  weeks  afterward. 
Van  Tienhoven,  arriving  at  the  Hague,  presented  docu-9DM. 
ments  in  support  of  Stuyvesant's  proceedings  against  Me- 
lyn.     These,  together  with  several  other  memorials  and 
letters  complaining  of  the  director's  treatment  of  Teunis- 
sen,  Claessen,  and  Heermans,  were  referred  to  the  com- 
mittee of  their  High  Mightinesses,  who  had  already  made  is  d«l 
progress  enough  to  satisfy  themselves  that  there  were  in- 
deed grievances  in  New  Netherland  to  be  redressed.t 

•  DeVriaSflOS;  AIb.Bao.«xii.»5M;  ZTU.»t7(MM;  AflnlhM,4U,41S;  S.Hnvd,ABii. 
Pran.,  113-116 ;  mUe,  p;  S25.  t  Alb.  Rm.,  It.,  M  ;  Brt.  Dm.»  It.,  811,  S31,  SM,  SM. 


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612  HISTORY  OP  TnE  STATE  OP  NEW  YORK. 

CH4F.  XV.  The  popular  delegates,  fiBiithfal  to  their  trx^ty  now  kiid 
before  tiie  committee  a  fcHrraal  abatract,  detailing  sixty- 

^jjj„^  eight  specific  points,  in  which  they  alleged  that  the  com- 
pany had  treated  their  province  with  <<  excessive  and  most 
prejudicial  neglect*'     To  these  charges  Van  Tienhov^ii 

SI  January,  drew  up  a  reply  on  behalf  of  the  Amsterdam  Chamber. 
Addressing  themselves  again  directly  to  the  States  Glea- 

TFabnuuy.eral,  the  delegates  contrasted  the  conditioti  of  New  En- 
gland with  that  of  their  province,  and  urged  that  New 
Netherland  should  be  taken  under  the  sole  protection  of 
the  general  government,  and  the  administration  of  its  af- 
fairs be  intrusted  to  its  inhabitants.  Unless  this  were 
done,  they  distinctly  declared  that  its  prosperity  could  not 
be  assured.     Still  further  to  aid  their  efforts,  tiiey  caused 

The  *;^ver-  the  "  Vcrtoog^,*'  or  Remonstrance  of  the  ccmimonally,  to 

printed,     bc  printed  and  circulated.* 

The  distant  province  was  now  brought  prominently  to 

the  notice  of  the  people  of  the  Fatherland.    The  states  ot 

- 16  Feb.      G-uelderland  were  addressed.     "  The  name  of  New  Netli- 

Letter  of 

the  West   erland,"  wrote  the  Amsterdam  Chamber  to  Stuvvesant, 

India  Com-  '  .         i  -i     ^  ^ 

pany.  <<  was  scaxccly  ever  mentioned  before,  and  now  it  would 
seem  as  if  heaven  and  cfiurth  were  interested  in  it."  "  Your 
apprehensions  in  regard  to  Domine  Backerus  have  been 
verified.  He  has  made  a  common  cause  with  the  com- 
plainants who.  have  arrived  here  from  your  country.  These 
silly  persons;,  or  at  least  the  largest  part  of  the  petitioners, 
have  been  inq)osed  upon  by  a  few  worthless  persons,  name- 
ly, Comelis  Melyn,  Adriaen  van  der  Donck,  and  a  few 
others,  who,  as  it  appears,  will  leave  nothing  untried  to 
abjure  every  kind  of  subjection  to  government,  under  pre- 
text that  they  groaned  under  too  galling  a  yoke.  In  this 
frantic  opinion  they  are  confirmed  by  Wouter  van  T wiUer, 
who  aims  to  a{^int  himself  as  the  only  commander  on 
the  North  River,  and  dares  to  declare  in  public  that  he 

*  Hoi.  Doc,  T.,  I'M.  The  RemoiMtranee  was  printed  at  tke  Hagoe  in  16M,  to  At 
flmn  of  «  qoazto  tract  of  forty-nine  page*,  nader  the  tiae  of  "  Vertocgb  van  Nienw  Ned- 
eriandt,"  &c.  A  copy  which  I  procnred  in  Holland  is  in  the  library  of  the  N.  7.  H.  Soci- 
ety, and  a  tranalaUon,  with  notes  by  Mr.  Mnrpby,  it  in  ii.  N.  Y.  H.  S.  ColL,  iL,  S5S-8»L 
TbeM  flMBM  to  have  been  a  ma^  of  New  IVecheitand  aiuMMd  to  tli4  ortftauO,  b«t  I  cMld 
Mt  find  it  In  die  arohivM  at  ckt  Hagae. 


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PETER  STUYNTESANT,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  613 

does  not  intend  to  permit  any  one  to  navigate  this  river  cr^p.  xv. 
with  a  commercial  view ;  and  that  he  will  repel  with  force 
every  one  who  with  that  purpose  shall  come  there,  or  into  ■'^'^^• 
Rensselaerswyck."* 

Su£r&:estions  were  soon  made  that  several  hundred  char-  93  Feb. 

.  Measures 

ity  children  in  the  orphan  houses  at  Amsterdam  should  be  to  promote 
sent  over;  and  emigrants  in  large  numbers  pressed  their*'"***"'**" 
applications  for  means  of  conveyance.     But  the  company 
did  not  supply  sufficient  vessels  for  the  demand.     At  last 
Van  der  Donck  and  his  colleagues  succeeded  in  arranging  i9  March, 
for  the  conveyance  of  two  hundred  additional  persons. 
The  company  agreed  to  advance  four  thousand  guilders, 
and  to  allow  seven  thousand  more  out  of  the  colonial  rev- 
enue, upon  condition  that  the  emigrants  would  bind  them- 
selves to  remain  three  years  in  the  province.     Van  Tien- 
hoven  also  prepared  severed  explanatory  papers  respecting 
the  boundaries,  the  customs'  regulations,  tixe  mode  of  es- 
tablishing colonies  and  bouweries  in  New  Netherland,  and 
a  schedule  of  the  taxes  imposed  in  New  England,  which 
were  all  submitted  to  the  committee  of  the  States  G-en-  4  Marair.  ~ 
eral.    The  delegates  of  the  commonalty,  on  their  part,  pre- 
sented further  memorials  respecting  the  high  duties  exact-  7  March. 
ed  by  the  company,  and  the  unredressed  grievances  of  the 
provinoe.t 

After  fiill  consideration,  the  committee  reported  to  the  11  April. 
States  General  "  a  remedy"  which  it  was  thought  "  ought  the^m- 
to  give  contentment  to  both  parties  until  further  provision  the  s.  g.  on 
should  be  made."     Passing  over  for  the  present  several  eriand 
points  in  the  "great  Remonstrance  presented  from  the 
commonalty,"  they  submitted  the  draft  of  a  "  Provisional 
Order"  for  the  government  of  New  Netherknd,  which  they 
recommended  that  the  States  General,  with  the  advice 
and  consent  of  a  majority  of  the  directors  of  the  company, 
should  enact. 

The  proposed  Order  condemned  the  measures  by  which 
Kieft  had  brought  on  the  Indian  war,  and  required  that 

*  Alb.  Rec,  It.,  25,  96 ;  il.,  N.  T.  H.  S.  CoU.,  i.,  377 ;  a$Ue,  p.  420. 

t  HoL  Doe.,T.,  111»  183, 181»  194,  U9, 179, 191, 915;  Doe.  Hist.  N.  T.,  iy.,  3»-30. 

Kk 


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314  fflSTORY  OP  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

cbat,  XV.  in  future  no  hostilities  should  be  waged  ''  against  the  ab- 

.  origines  or  neighbow  of  New  Netherland"  without  the 

proviaion'ti  knowledge  of  the  States  General.     Dam  and  Planck,  who 

SJ2*]J/^.had  petitioned  for  the  war,  should  be  sent  to  the  Hague, 

New  Neih-  ^  ^®  examined.     The  trade  with  the  Indians,  in  guns  and 

"*"**■      ammunition,  should  be  gradually  and  totally  abolished ; 

the  inhabitants  should  be  armed  and  enrolled  as  militia ; 

and  the  forts  should  be  maintained  in  such  a  manner  as 

to  af&rd  proper  protection  to  the  inhabitants.     Three  cler- 

cteiymeii  gymcu  more  should  be  provided ;  one  to  attend  divine  senr- 

*"  "^^  *^'ice  at  Rensselaerswyck,  one  "in  and  around  the  city  of 


New  Amsterdam,'*  and  a  third  in  the  "distant  settle- 
ments ;"  while  the  commonalty  should  "  be  obliged  to 
cause  the  youth  to  be  instructed  by  good  schoolmasters.'' 
The  provincial  council  should  favor,  by  every  means,  agri- 
culture and  the  peopling  of  the  country,  restrain  the  ex- 
portation of  cattle,  and  promote  "  a  good  trade  and  com- 
merce" between  New  Netherland  and  Brazil.  The  com- 
monalty should  be  convoked,  and  be  induced  to  consent  to 
the  imposition  of  taxes  and  duties,  "placing  the  collection, 
administration,  and  payment  of  the  recognitions  on  such  a 
footing  as  their  constituents  shall  order."  Two  counselors 
should  be  elected  by  the  commonalty.  Stuy vesant  should 
be  instructed  "  to  return  to  Holland  and  report ;"  and  a  suit- 
able person,  "  experienced  in  matters  relating  to  agricul- 
ture," should  be  dispatched  "  to  take  charge  of  the  coun- 
try lying  on  both  sides  of  the  great  North  River,  extending 
south  to  the  South  River,  and  north  to  the  Fresh  River.** 
A  Court  of  Justioe  should  be  erected  in  the  province.  A 
Bngber  burghcr  government,  consisting  of  a  schout,  two  burgomas- 
ters, and  five  sohepens,  should  be  established  in  the  "city 
of  New  Amsterdam."  In  the  mean  time,  the  Nine  Men 
should  continue  three  years  longer,  and  should  have  limited 
judicial  powers  in  small  causes  "between  man  and  man." 
All  inhabitants  and  immigrants  should  take  "  an  oath  of 
fidelity."  Private  ships,  sailing  from  Holland  to  North 
America,  should,  according  to  their  tonnage,  be  compelled 
to  convey  emigrants*   And>  finally,  At  loaist  fifteen  thousand 


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PETER  STUTVESANT,  DIRECTCm  Gia^RAL.  (JJg 

goilders  should  be  expended  every  year  by  the  ^' oomnw-  c^a^.  xt. 
iioners  of  New  Netherland,"  in  the  Amsterdam  Chamber,  "TTZJ" 
in  the  transportation  of  poor  agrieultoral  emigrants.*  1WI». 

While,  on  the  one  hand,  this  Provisional  Order  did  not  ii  Apni. 
fully  meet  the  views  of  the  delegates  of  the  commonalty,  itardMB 
on  the  other  it  provoked  the  determined  resistance  of  theoppoMtdM 
Amsterdam  Chamber.     Its  statements  relative  to  Kieft's«^ " 


war  were  questioned.  In  regard  to  the  Indian  trade,  the 
{Mrovinoial  government  was  obliged  to  furnish  the  savages 
q[>aringly  with  arms, "  in  order  to  prevent  misunderstand- 
ing ;"  and  as  to  prices,  the  Indians  would  sometimes  in 
ttie  spring  pay  one  hundred  and  twenty  guilders  for  a  gun, 
and  ten  or  twelve  for  a  pound  of  powder.  The  patroons  of 
Rensselaerswyok  should  provide  a  clergyman  for  them* 
ielves ;  there  wcw  one  already  at  New  Amsterdam,  and 
**  none  are  required  far  the  more  distant  places.^'  It  was 
improbable  that  the  colonists  could  be  induced  to  defray 
Ae  public  expenses  voluntarily,  when  they  had  already 
complained  so  much  about  the  wine  and  beer  excises.  Fot 
tiie  satisfaction  of  the  colonists,  however,  two  persons  might 
be  added  to  the  council ;  but  they  should  be  selected  by 
the  company  from  a  triple  nomination  by  the  people.  It 
would  be  unnecessary  to  recall  Stuyvesant;  the  vice-di- 
rector  could  be  sent  for,  if  requisite.  The  Nine  Men  should 
have  no  more  power ;  the  administration  of  justice  in  the 
pfovince  had  better  be  left  "  as  it  then  stood.'*  Vessels  go- 
ing thither  would  be  required  to  carry  as  many  passengers 
as  their  burden  was  rated  in  tons;  but  it  would  be  unjust 
to  the  creditors  of  the  company  if,  in  the  exhausted  state 
of  their  treasury,  the  directors  should  be  bound  to  expend 
fifteen  thousand  guilders  a  year  for  the  conveyance  of  em- 
igrants to  New  Netherland. 

Thus  pertinaciously  did  the  Amsterdam  directors  oppose 
the  measures  of  improvement  suggested  at  the  Hague ; 
and  the  meagre  modifications  of  the  ''  Freedoms  and  Ex« 
esoptions"  of  1629  and  1640,  which  they  grudgingly  pro-MiUit. 
poeed,  scarcely  deserved  the  name  of  reforms.     The  Pro- 

*  Hoi.  Doe.»  Y.,  S99-«38 ;  O^CaU.,  U.,  1S9-1S7 ;  DO0.  HM.  It.  T.,  L,  ft0i^  fOt 


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516        HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

«EAP.  XV.  visional  Order  itself  was  referred  back  to  the  oommitte6| 

and  was  also  communioated  to  the  several  Chambers  of 

15  A^ru  *^®  company.  "  We  send  you  a  copy  of  this  resolution," 
uoi7i6  wrote  the  directors  to  Stuyvesant,  "  from  which  you  may 
11^^^'     lecun  what  vexations  we  have  suffered,  and  how  full  of 

danger  it  is  to  irritate  a  furious  multitude." 
R<>tuni  of       Leaving  Van  der  Donck  to  prosecute  in  the  Fatherland 
Ten  ud^^  the  cause  of  the  oonmionalty,  Couwenhoven  and  Bout 
obtained  letters  from  the  States  General  forbidding  Stuy- 
vesant to  molest  them ;  and  accompanied  by  Dirck  van 
8  ApriL     Schelluyne,  who  had  received  a  commission  to  practice  as 
a  notary  public  in  New  Netherland,  the  two  delegates  set 
sail  for  New  Amsterdam,  carrying  with  them  two  hund- 
red stand  of  arms  and  a  flag  for  the  use  of  the  burghers.* 
Ee<d«8ia«.       The  Classis  of  Amsterdam,  anxious  to  promote  the  cause 
'  of  education  and  religion  in  New  Netherland,  where  He* 
gapolensis  was  their  solitary  clergyman,  now  sent  out  Will- 
10 January. iam  Vestcus,  "a  good,  God-fearing  man,"  as  ^^  Siecken- 
trooster,"  or  consoler  of  the  sick,  and  schoolmaster  at  Han- 
Domine     hattau.     Dominc  Wilhelmus  Grasmeer,  a  son-in-law  of 
Apru.       Megapolensis,  also  set  sail  to  take  charge  of  the  church 
at  Beverwyck.     Grasmeer,  however,  had  been  under  the 
censure  of  the  Classis  of  Alckmaer,  and  his  departure  for 
America  without  their  approbation  was  considered  disor* 
4  ApriL     derly.     The  consistory  of  the  church  at  New  Amsterdam 
was,  therefore,  warned  not  to  cdlow  him  to  take  any  part 
in  the  administration  of  the  Gospel,  in  case  he  should  of- 
fer to  do  so,  <<  until  he  should  have  made  satisfaction  to  the 
Classis  of  AlcknMier."t 
Municipal       The  municipal  affairs  of  the  capital  oi  New  Netherland 
New^ABH  continued  to  be  administered  by  the  provincial  govern- 
ment.    Jan  Comelissen  was  employed  to  keep  the  oom- 
schooi.      mon  school ;  and  an  academy  was  contemplated.     Con- 
tracts for  land  on  Manhattan  Island  had  now  become  so 
7  Feb.       firequeut,  that  to  guard  against  fraud,  it  was  ordained  that 
all  sales  of  real  estate  should  be  void,  unless  approved  by 

*  Hoi.  Doc.,  v.,  909-307,  Sll  -213,  939-S59,  974,  976-996 ;  Alb.  Roc,  iv.,  99. 
t^oc.  Claasfai  Anutcnlan. 


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PETER  STTUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  gi^ 

the  director  and  oooncil.     Bakers  were  required  to  makecftip.  *t? 

their  bread  of  the  "  standard  weight  of  the  Fatherland," ^T" 

and  to  use  "  naught  else  than  pure  wheat  and  rye  flour  h  aJ^l  "• 
as  it  comes  from  the  mill."     The  currency  of  the  province 
was  again  regulated ;  and  ^^  there  being  at  present  no  other  so  May. 
specie,"  wampum  was  made  lawfully  current,  at  the  rate 
of  six  white  or  three  black  beads  of  "commercial  sewan," 
or  of  eight  white  and  four  black  of  the  "  base  strung," 
for  one  stuyver.     As  men  were  now  employed  in  repair- 
ing and  restoring  Fort  Amsterdam,  in  ob^ience  to  the  or- 
ders of  the  company,  the  inhabitants  were  warned  not  to  a?  June, 
let  their  cattle  run  at  large  without  a  herdsman,  "between 
the  fort  and  the  company*s  bouwery,  and  the  pasture- 
ground  occupied  by  Thomas  Hall,  and  the  house  of  Hr. 
Isaac  AUerton."* 

On  the  return  of  Couwenhoven  and  Bout,  the  common- 88  June, 
alty  learned  the  details  of  what  had  occurred  in  Holland,  ^f't^l^n- 
The  States  Greneral  had  not  turned  a  deaf  ear  to  the  com-  p^^uon  u> 
plaints  of  the  people  of  their  province ;  and  though  the  K?n "  ^ 
Provisional  Order  was  not  yet  ratified,  it  at  least  foreshad- 
owed reform.     The  Nine  Men  now  requested  the  director 
to  promulgate  iti)fl5cially ;  but  all  he  would  do  was  to  pro- 
claim the  peace  of  Westphalia,  in  obedience  to  the  orders 
of  the  States  General.    The  company,  he  said,  was  opposed 
to  the  Provisional  Order,  and  he  would  not  conform  to  an 
instrument  which  his  immediate  superiors  disregarded. 

For  two  years,  Stuyvesant's  jealousy  had  prevented  the  Fn»h  dim. 
mustering  of  the  burgher  guard ;  the  same  jeeJousy  now*^ 
refused  them  the  stand  of  colors  which  the  delegates  had 
brought  out  fix)m  Holland,     Even  the  arms  which  4iad  /* 

been  procured  for  their  use  were  not  delivered.    Food,  too,  ^ 

was  scarce  ;  for  the  previous  winter  had  been  so  odd  "that 
the  ink  froze  in  the  pen."  In  the  midst  of  this  famine, 
the  director  was  obliged  to  send  provisions  to  Cura^oa,  and  • 

victual  the  company's  vessels.  Van  Dincklagen  and  the 
Nine  Men  protested  against  diminishing  the  scanty  sup-  ■* 

plies  of  the  province.     The  people  were  exasperated,  and  is  Aogwc 

*  New  Anwt.  Rm.,  1.,  38-31,  33 ;  U.  N.  T.  H.  S.  CoU.,  U.,  331. 


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(1$  maroRY  of  tub  statb  w  ncw  yoiw; 

o^i^r.  XT.  stay YQsaiit  addofl  to  (h&  feeling  by  d^priymg  the  Nme 
"TTTT^lCen  of  the  pew  in  the  church  which  the  0(msbt(^  had 
rr  kqpifL  ^^ropriated  to  their  use.     In  writing  to  his  superiors  in 
Holland,  the  director  accused  the  returned  delegates  of  en- 
deavoring  to  draw  away  the  people  from  their  allegiance 
to  the  company  and  its  officers.     The  Gnglish  on  Long 
Island,  who  the  year  before  had  expressed  their  ccmfidence 
in  Stuyvesant,  again  endorsed  his  administration.     A  let* 
II  AufttM.  ter,  signed  by  Baxter  and  the  other  magistrates  at  Gravee« 
totter  (h>in  end,  was  addressed  to  the  Amsterdam  Chamber,  ^' thank* 
fully  acknowledging^'  the  benefits  which  they  had  enjoyed 
under  the  rule  of  the  company,  ^'  who  are  the  rightful 
owners  of  this  place."    The  delegates  who  had  come  back 
from  Holland  had  given  birth  to  ^<  schisms,  factions,  and 
intestine  commotions,"  which  could  be  best  preyented  "by 
supporting  and  maintaining  our  present  gov^mpr  against 
those  malignants,  and  by  our  superiors  in  Holland  discred- 
iting the  false  rq)orts  of  discontented  persons." 

But,  if  the  English  settlers  thus  exhibited  their  8yoo> 
phancy  to  Stuy vesant  and  their  devotion  to  the  West  In- 
dia Company,  the  "  idea  of  popular  freedom"  among  the 

iiit%ne  I)^^^  ^^^^^'^^'^^l^y  ^^d  i^^  ^  I'^i'^^^*    The  Nine  Men 
Mm  write  again  appealed  to  the  States  General,  whom  they  had  al- 
gjj^^  ready  found  to  be  their  "affectionate  Others."    No  amend- 
ment had  followed  the  interposition  of  the  home  govern- 
ment.    "We  can  not,"  wrote  the  tribimes,  "undertake 
any  thing  so  long  as  reform  is  withheld.    We  hope,  there- 
fore,  that  your  High  Mightinesses  will  confer  on  us  a  good 
and  wholesome  government."* 
aiwrvMut     In  this  extraordinary  position  of  afiiEiirs-^is  administra- 
*r<i.        tion  bitterly  opposed  by  his  own  countrymen,  and  akenu- 
ously  supported  by  the  English  residents — Stuy  vesant  pre- 
pared for  the  long-projectdd  meetii^  with  the  oommissioo- 
17  sapt.     ers  of  the  United  Colonies.    Embarking  at  Manhattan,  ao- 
oompanied  by  George  Baxter,  his  English  secretary,  and 
u  Sept.     a  large  suite,  he  touched  at  several  of  the  settlements  along 

*  Hof.  Doe.«  Y.,  S79,  SM,  S34 ;  y1.,  S5  ;  ix.,  t34 ;  Alb.  Ree.,  It.,  43 ;  0*Can.«  U.,  14&-143  s 
Bancroft,  iL,  30A. 


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PBTEE  STUTTE8AI9T,  BIREOTOlt  COJNERAL.  Sil^ 

the  Sound,  and  in  four  days  arriTed  at  HartfbnL    The  di-  chap.  xt. 
reotor  qpened  the  negotiations  by  a  v  letter,  reoapitii]atii^~~~ 
the  oonsiderations  which  had  mored  him  to  undertake  his  33  ^^ 
<^  troublesome  journey."     This  ocxnmumcation,  tiioughj'^'" 
signed  at  Hartf(Mrd,  was  dated  '<  New  Netherland."     To 
this  the  commissioners  took  exception;  and  Stuyvesant34s«pt. 
promptly  explained  that,  as  the  substance  of  his  letter  had 
been  agreed  upon  in  council  at  Manhattan,  it  had  been 
dated  as  it  was ;  if,  however,  the  commissioners  would  for- 
bear calling  Hartford  ^*  in  New  England,"  he  would  not 
date  his  letters  as  '^  in  Connecticut  in  New  Ne&erland." 

The  commissioners  declaring  themselves  satisfied,  the 
negotiation  proceeded.     After  a  long  correspondence,  in 
which  the  points  of  controversy  were  reviewed  and  ex* 
(Gained  in  detail,  it  was  agreed  that  ^'all  differences"  ss  sepc. 
should  be  referred  to  two  delegates  from  each  side,  who 
should  prepare  satisfiactory  articles  of  agreement.   On  their 
part,  the  commissioners  appointed  Simon  Bradstreet,  of  Arbitnton 
Massachusetts,  and  Thomas  Prence,  of  Plymouth;    and*     " 
Stuyvesant,  on  his  part,  delegated  Captain  Thomas  Willett 
and  Ensign  Greorge  Baxter.''^ 

<^  Upon  a  serious  examination  and  consideration  of  the 
particulars  committed  to  reference,"  the  arbitrators  deliv- 
ered their  award.     Judgment  as  to  what  had  happened  29  sept. 
during  Kieft's  administration  was  respited  until  Stoyve-ura!^ 
sant  could  communicate  with  his  superiors  in  Holland.    In  """^ 
regard  to  the  South  River,  both  parties  were  left  '4n  statu 
quo  prius."    Respecting  the  seizure  of  Westerhouse's  ship. 
New  Haven  should  acquiesce  in  Stnyvesant's  explanations. 
Concerning  bounds  and  limits,  the  arbitrators  determined, 
^^I.  That  upon  Long  Island,  a  line  run  from  the  western- soundvy 
most  part  of  the  Oyster  Bay,  so  and  in  a  straight  and  di-  New  Nein- 
rect  line  to  the  sea,  shall  be  the  bounds  betwixt  the  En-  New  sn. 
glish  and  Dutch  there ;  the  easterly  part  to  belong  to  the' 
English,  the  westernmost  part  to  the  Dutch.     II.  The 
bounds  upon  the  main  to  b^in  at  the  west  side  of  Green- 
wich Bay,  being  about  four  miles  from  Stamford,  and  so 

*  Hazard,  U.,  154-170 ;  i.,  N.  T.  H.  3.  OolL,  »0-«4;  Col.  Rm.  Conti.,  1S4, 108,  IM. 


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JIgO  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

CRAP.  XV.  to  run  a  northerly  line  twenty  miles  up  into  the  country, 
and  after,  as  it  shalLbe  agreed  by  the  two  govemments 
of  the  Dutch  and  of  New  Haven ;  {provided  the  said  Jine 
come  not  within  ten  miles  of  Hudson's  River.     And  it  is 
agreed  that  the  Dutch  shall  not,  at  any  time  hereafter, 
build  any  house  or  habitation  within  six  miles  of  the  said 
Greenwich,  line.    The  inhabitants  of  Greenwich  to  remain,  till  further 
consideration  liiereof  be  had,  under  the  government  of  the 
Dutch  p<M-  Dutch.     III.  That  the  Dutch  shall  hxAd  and  enjoy  all  tiie 
Hartford,    lauds  in  Hartford  that  they  are  actually  possessed  of, 
known  or  set  out  by  certain  marks  or  bounds ;  and  all  the 
remainder  of  the  said  land,  on  both  sides  Connecticut 
River,  to  be  and  remain  to  the  English  there.    And  it  is 
agreed  that  the  aforesaid  bounds  and  limits,  both  upon  the 
island  and  main,  shall  be  observed  and  kept  inviolate  both 
by  the  English  of  the  United  Colonies  and  all  the  nation, 
without  any  encroachment  or  molestation,  until  a  fall  and 
final  determination  be  agreed  upon  in  Europe  by  the  mu- 
tual consent  of  the  two  states  of  England  and  Holland." 
Further     It  was  also  agreed  that  the  provision  in  the  eighth  article 
prov  ons.  ^^  ^^^^  "Hew  England  confederation,  for  the  surrender  of 
runaway  slaves  and  fugitives  from  justice,  should  be  ob- 
served between  the  English  of  the  United  Colonies  and  the 
Dutch  within  the  province  of  New  Netherland.     And  the 
arbitrators  finally  suggested  that  the  proposition  of  "a 
nearer  union  of  friendship  and  amity"  between  the  English 
and  Dutch  colonists  in  America  should  be  recommended 
to  the  several  jurisdictions  of  the  United  Colonies.* 
stnyrestnt      Retumiug  to  Manhattan,  after  an  ineffectual  effort  to 
Manhattan,  arrancfe  the  proposed  alliance  with  the  United  Colonies 

IS  October  It 

80  Nov.  '  against  the  Indians,  Stuyvesant  reported  the  result  of  his 
negotiation  to  the  Chamber  at  Amsterdam.  But  he  omit- 
ted  to  send  them  a  copy  of  the  Hartford  treaty ;  and,  five 
years  afterward,  the  directors  expressed  their  apprehension 
that  the  discussions  with  the  commissioners  had  not  re- 
sulted in  a  definite  arrangementt 

*  Hasard,  ii.,  170-173;  Hoi.  Doo.,  Ttti.,  IM;  i.,  N.  T.  H.  8.  Coll.,  lS4-iS7,  Ml-M; 
TrambuU,  1.,  191 ;  O'CaU.,  ii.,  151 ;  Bancroft,  U.,  305 ;  ante,  p.  SOS. 
^^  t  Alb.  Rec.,  ir.,  177, 106  {  Stayveaant*a  Latter*,  10-13. 


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PETER  STXnrVESANT,  DfRIXn'OR  GENERAL.  SHI 

Both  the  referees  whom  Stnyvesant  had  appointed  at  ckat.  xv 
Hartford  were  Englishmen.     This  was  naturally  felt  as  a 
slight,  and  even  an  insult,  hy  his  own  countrymen,  who^pj^l^ 


now  avowed  their  opposition  to  a  treaty  which  they  had^^j^ 
had  no  hand  in  fipaming.  Complaints  were  sent  to  Hol-^^*JJ^jy 
land  that  the  director  had  surrendered  more  territory  than  ^*  ^^' 
might  have  formed  fifty  colonies ;  and  that  he  had  ceased 
to  consult  with  Vice-director  Van  Dinoklagen  and  Fiscal 
Van  Dyck,  aqd  had  taken  into  his  confidence  an  English- 
man who  did  not  understand  the  Dutch  language,  and  a 
Frenchman  heavily  in  deht  to  the  company. 

The  Nine  Men  again  brought  the  condition  of  the  prov-MDec 
ince  before  the  States  General.     Stuyvesant  had  refused  Men  coS^ 
to  select  from  their  nominations  to  fill  the  vacancies  about  ^'the 
to  occur  in  their  board,  which  was  Uius  threatened  with  General 
dissolution.     "  The  grievous  and  unsuitable"  government 
of  New  Netherland  should  be  reformed,  and  the  measures 
recommended  by  the  committee  of  their  High  Mightiness- 
es should  be  promptly  adopted,  "  so  that  we  may  livp  as 
happy  as  our  neighbors,"  wrote  the  representatives  of  the 
commonalty  to  the  home  government.     All  these  docu- 
ments were  sent  to  Van  der  Donok  at  the  Hague.* 

In  the  mean  time,  the  directors  of  the  Amsterdam  Cham- 
ber, deriding  the  pretension  that  Fort  Orange,  which  had  Preteo- 
been  constructed  and  garrisoned  "  years  before  any  men-  proprieta- 
tion  of  Rensselaerswyck  exists,"  was  built  upon  the  soil  n^nMe- 
of  that  colonic,  determined  to  use  their  "  sovereign  right"  rebaked  by 
to  the  confusion  of  the  ungrateful  Van  TwiUer,  who,  they  pany. 
declared,  had  ^^  sucked  his  wealth  from  the  breasts  of  the  i6  Feb. 
company  which  he  now^ abuses."    Stuyvesant  wais  accord- 
ingly instructed  to  repel >y  force  any  attempts  to  "vilify" 
his  jurisdiction.    Beeren  Island,  which  the  patroon's  agents 
had  "  usurped  in  such  a  lofty  way"  that  they  named  it 
"the  place  by  right  of  arms,"  and  levied  a  toll,  was  toTheNoitu 
be  deprived  of  its  artillery,  should  any  be  planted  again,  free. 
"  Every  one  shall  navigate  this  river  unmolested,  and  en- 
joy a  firee  trade  at  our  Fort  Orange,  which  these  colonistt 

*  Hd.  Doe.,  t!.,  4, 11, 15,  S5-70;  0*Cdl.,  II.,  lW-lft7. 


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SZ3  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OP  NEW  YORK. 

ciup.  XT.  pretend  is  oonstnictod  on  their  own  territory ,"  agiin  wrote 

the  directors  to  Stajrvesant.* 
confuetuiff      ^^^  ckums  of  the  proprietaries  of  the  colonie  to  the  ter- 
gJJSJiiu    ritory  about  Katskill  were  also  openly  denied  by  the  Weet 
^^•f'     India  Company;  under  whose  orders  Stuyresant  prohibit* 
ed  any  settlements  there  by  tenants  claiming  to  hc4d  under 
leases  which  had  been  already  granted  by  the  authorities 
i»  JuM.    of  Rensselaerswyok.   The  colcmial  officers  replied  that  th^ 
had  only  obeyed  tiie  instructions  of  their  patroons ;  and 
promising  to  refrain  from  taking  any  further  steps  to  oc- 
cupy the  disputed  territory,  they  requested  the  director  to 
suspend  action  on  his  part  until  the  question  could  be  set- 
tled in  Holland. 
0^1^       Domine  Grasmeer,  in  q)en  contempt  of  ecclesiastical 
censure,  had,  meemwhile,  arrived    at   Rensselaerswyck* 
The  Classis  of  Alckmaer  promptiy  susp^ided  him  from  the 
ministry ;  but  he  seems,  neverUieless,  to  have  preached 
with  acceptance  to  the  colimists,  who  were  glad  to  have 
ihe  services  of  an  ordained  clergyman,  even  though  he  was 
under  the  discipline  of  his  clerical  peers.     The  cause  of 
educatum  was  not  neglected ;  the  people  earnestly  entreat- 
ed the  colonial  officers  to  provide  them  v\th  a  proper  school- 
master, and  steps  were  taken  to  raise  a  imd  for  building  a 
»8»pi.      sdhool-house.     This  was  soon  accomplished,  and  Andries 
t«r.         Jansen  was  appointed  the  first  schoolmaster  of  Beverwyck. 
TMAMTor      In  the  autumn,  a  Tappan  savage  coming  up  to  Fort  Or- 
tewks.     ange,  reported  that  the  Mohawks  were  meditating  an  at- 
tack upon  the  Dutch.     "  Ye  Hollanders,"  said  he,  "  have 
'  now  been  selling  guns  long  enough  to  the  Maquaas,"  who, 
he  added,  had  been  endeavoringito  excite  the  Southern 
tribes  to  exterminate  the  isolate^^l(mists  as  soon  as  the 
river  should  freeze,  and  assistance  from  Fort  Amsterdam  be 
almost  impossible.     The  inhabitants  were  therefore  called 
ttsart.     together;  and,  after  free  consultation,  the  colonial  author- 
ities ai^pointed  commissioners  to  proceed  to  the  Mohawk 
country,  with  proper  presents,  and  renew  the  friendship 
and  alliance  of  the  Dutch  with  the  Iroquois.     Labbatie, 

*  Alb.  Ree.,  !▼.,  M,  40, 41 ;  U^  N.  T.  H.  &  CoU.,  U  377,  S78 ;  mU,  p.  301 


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Pima  sTcrrYESAifT^  DrnGcroii  ajsNEiuL.  egg 

the  €ompahy^8  oommissary  at  Fort  Orange,  who  had  ao-  chap.  xv. 
ODmpaiiied  Van  Curler  in  1642,  was  asked  to  repeat  his 
visit  with  the  new  emhaasy.     But  Labbatie,  feeling  him. 
self  secure  within  his  fortified  post,  declined.    The  colonial  2  ootobor. 
delegates  therefore  proceeded  alone  on  their  mission ;  andbsJyto*S« 
friendship  was  secured  with  the  Mohawks  by  the  distribu-  rmiy! 
tion  of  presents  to  the  value  of  nearly  six  hundred  guilders* 
The  main  fountains  of  ^'  mischief,  trouble,  and  animosity" 
were  the  trading  licenses,  and  the  ^'  bosch*loopers,"  ox  run- 
ners in  the  woods,  knovm  among  the  French  as  <'  coureurs 
de  bois."     This  system  of  licenses,  which  had  helped  the  Trading  u- 
patroon's  revenue  to  the  injury  of  the  colonists,  was  now^lShod. 
formally  abolished  l^  a  placard,  with  the  full  approbation 
of  the  people,  who  testified  their  assent  <<  in  Fort  Orange 
under  tiieix  own  hands."* 

Van  der  Ponok,  in  the  mean  time,  had  remained  a  faith-  van  <tor 
ful  representative  of  the  commonalty  of  New  Netherland  vaS  Tien- 
in  their  Fatherland.     Learning  that  Van  Tienhoven  was  HoiiaiMi.  • 
on  the  point  of  returning,  ^'to  exercise  his  vengeance"  on 
the  popular  party,  he  obtained  an  order  of  the  States  G-en-si  Joir. 
eral  for  the  examination  of  the  secretary  upon  fifty-nine 
specific  points  touching  the  misgovemn^ent  of  the  province. 
A.  long  report  upon  the  subject  was  accordingly  submitted  9  auiimi. 
to  their  High  Mightinesses.     The  letter  of  the  thirteenth 
of  September,  in  which  the  Kine  Men  renewed  their  de- 
mand for  ^'  a  good  and  wholesome"  government,  was  soon 
afterward  received ;  and  the  publication  of  the  Remon-  is  not. 
stranoe  of  the  commonalty  attracted  so  much  attention, 
that  a  formal  defense  of  the  West  India  Company's  ad- 
ministration in  New  Netherland  became  necessary.t 

For  this  purpose,  Van  Tienhoven,  after  a  year's  delay,  39  noy. 
drew  up,  and  submitted  to  the  States  Greneral  '^  a  brief  hoven^s^riv 
statement,"  in  answer  to  some  of  the  points  in  the  "  Ver-  KiiSn-* 
too^."    The  secretary's  reply  was  an  able  paper.    It  took  n^  Nab* 
DO  notice  of  the  charges  against  himself;  exhibited  a  suc-^^  ' 
cinct  and  skillful  defense  of  the  company  and  its  officers ; 

•  Alb.  Rae.,  vliL,  318 ;  Itonaa.  MSS. ;  0*Ca».,  U.,  101-103, 185 ;  Cor.  Claaaia  Amat. 
t  Hoi.  Doe.»  v.,  810-335,  33»-345,  354-357 ;  ante^  p.  519,  516. 


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634  HISTORY  OP  THE  STATE  OP  NEW  YORK. 

diLLP.  xv  and  closed  by  retorting  upon  the  signers  of  ilbe  Bemon^ 

stranoe  short  descriptions  of  their  individual  characters,  in 

terms  meant  to  be  by  no  means  flattering.* 
1651.       Van  der  Donok,  however,  soon  presented  another  me- 
14  January,  j^^^^^j  ^  ^j^^j^  High  Mightincsscs ;  and  the  Amsterdam 
14  March.  Chamber  was  directed  to  send  Yan  Tienhoven  and  his  fa- 
hoTen  or-'  thcr-iu-Iaw,  Jau  Jansen  Dam,  to  the  Hague  for  examinsp 
c^tothetion.     Bat  the  secretary,  who  had  employed  himself  dar- 
**^'     ing  the  winter  in  deceiving  a  poor  girl  at  Amsterdam, 
while  his  wife  was  yet  living  at  Manhattan,  was  about  to 
return,  with  the  spring  fleet,  to  New  Netherland ;  and  the 
company,  to  mark  their  appreciation  of  his  "  long  and 
faithful  services,"  had  renewed  his  appointment  as  provin- 
cial  secretary,  made  him  likewise  their  receiver  general  of 
revenue,  and  granted  him  a  well-stocked  farm.     The  di- 
«i  April,    rectors  wwe  now  ordered  to  prevent  Van  Tienhoven's  em- 
barkation until  he  should  have  reported  himself  at  the 
88  April.    Hague.     The  secretary,  obliged  to  obey,  was  arrested  on 
reaching  the  seat  of  government,  and  was  fined  for  adul- 
5  May.      tery.    A  week  afterward,  he  managed  to  embark,  in  spite 
of  the  prohibition  of  the  States  General;  and,  accompanied 
Van  Tien-  by  his  paramour,  he  returned  to  Manhattan,  where  the  rich 
tun?s"to     cargo  of  a  Portuguese  prize,  captured  on  the  voyage,  pro- 
eriand.      curcd  for  him  an  acquittal  in  the  fruitless  prosecution  com- 
menced by  his  undeceived  victim.t 
1650.       Melyn,  who  had  not  failed  to  bring  before  the  States 
Meiynre-   Grcneral  Stuyvcsant's  "irreverent  neglect"  of  their  man- 
New  Neih-  damns,  intrusting  his  undecided  case  to  an  attorney,  avail- 
eriand.      ^  himself  of  the  growing  interest  in  New  Netherland  to 
induce  Baron  Hendrick  van  de  Capellen,  of  Ryssel,  one  of 
the  committee  of  the  States  Greneral,  and  several  Amster- 
dam merchants,  to  form  an  association  for  the  colonization 
of  Staten  Island  and  its  neighborhood.     A  ship  called  the 
iSBiay.     "New  Netherland's  Fortune"  was  purchased,  in  which 
some  twenty  colonists,  with  proper  fiEurming  implements, 

*  Hoi.  Doc.,  T.,  30(M0I ;  U.,  N.  Y.  H.  S.  Coll.,  ii.,  329-338.  In  O^CaU.,  il.,  131-1S7.  this 
paper  la  erroneously  ante-dated  as  of  the  year  I64fl. 

t  Hoi.  Doc.,  T.,  404,  406,  410,  41S,  413 ;  t1.,  0,  33-90,  940,  S07-S80;  Alb.  Rae.,  tT^  70; 
CCaU.,  U.,  108, 100. 


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PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  525 

were  sent  out,  under  the  charge  of  Adriaen  Pos.     Proour-  ciuf.  xt. 
ing  a  new  letter  of  safe-conduct  from  the  States  General, 
Melyn  set  sail  in  his  influential  friend's  vessel;  which, so june.* 
forced  by  a  long  and  boisterous  voyage  to  put  into  Rhode 
Island  for  supplies,  did  not  reach  Manhattan  until  mid* 
winter.     Stuyvesant  eagerly  availed  himself  of  this  devi- 19  Doe 
ation  as  a  pretext  to  seize  the  ship  and  vent  his  animosi- 
ty against  the  patroon,  by  prosecuting  him  as  the  alleged 
owner.     As  the  vessel  was  owned  by  Van  de  Capellen 
and  his  associates  in  Holland,  the  action  against  Melyn 
failed ;  but  the  ship  and  cargo  were  nevertheless  confisca- 
ted and  sold.     The  patroon  now  went  to  his  colonic  at 
Staten  Island,  "  for  the  greater  security"  of  which,  Van 
Dincklagen  had  just  before  purchased  from  the  Raritans,  5  aqcmi. 
for  Van  de  Capellen,  the  lands  '^  at  the  south  side,  in  the  chuJd?' 
Bay  of  the  North  River."     Summoned  to  Manhattan  oautno. 
new  charges,  Melyn  refused  to  obey,  and  a  house  and  lot 
which  he  owned  at  New  Amsterdam  were  seized  and  sold 
Apprehending  further  trouble,  the  patroon  fortified  him-Meiynoa 
self  in  his  colonic,  where  he  established  a  manorial  court,  and. 
Before  long,  he  was  charged  with  distributing  arms  and 
ammunition  among  the  Raritans  and  the  South  River 
tribes,  and  with  stirring  up  the  Nyack  savages  against  stayro- 
Stuyvesant.     The  council  accordingly  passed  a  resolution  ^jf 
that  the  director  should  be  attended  by  a  body-guard  of  ^"^' 
four  *'  halberdiers"  whenever  he  went  abroad.* 

Notwithstanding  the  rebukes  which  his  administration  stuyvesant 
had  received  at  the  Hague,  Stuyvesant  persisted  in  his  ar-  S^bur^" 
bitrary  course.     But  the  spirit  of  the  Dutch  colonists  dij^™"*"^*^* 
not  slumber ;  and  the  vice-director,  and  the  fiscal.  Van 
Dydc,  joined  in  preparing  a  new  protest  expressing  the  1651. 
popular  griefia.     Stuyvesant  now  ordered  Van  Dincklagen  van  wnck- 
to  be  expelled  from  ^  council.     The  vice-director  refused  jlST^  a^ 
to  obey ;  for  his  commission  was  from  the  same  supreme     "^* 

♦  Alh.Bac.,lT.,90i  TlU.,  1-7, «,  64-66;  BoL  Doe.,  t.,  65,  S06 ;  Ti^4t,963;  ▼«.,»; 
Eact  Jersey  Records,  B.  7  ;  Whitehead's  East  Jersey,  19 ;  0*CaU.,  ii.,  130, 197.  158,  575. 
The  '*  New  Netherlands*  Fortune''  was  sold  to  Captain  Thomas  WUlett,  one  ofStoyre- 
saat's  HartAyrd  arbitrators,  who  sent  her  on  a  Toyage  to  Virginia  and  Holland,  wbers  she 
was  replevined  by  Van  de  Capellen ;  and  the  West  India  Company,  after  a  long  lawsuit, 
was  obliged  to  pay  heavy  additiooal  damages. 


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526  HESTORY  OP  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

ovAT.  XV.  authority  as  was  that  of  the  director  himself.    Newton  and 
Baxter,  with  a  file  of  soldiers,  therefore  arrested  Van  Dinck- 
'  lagen,  and  conveyed  him  to  the  guard-room,  where  he  was 
imprisoned  several  days.     After  his  liberation,  he  retired 
to  Staten  Island,  to  brood  with  Melyn  over  their  mutual 
vinscM-  injuries.     Van  Schelluyne,  the  notary,  who  had  authenti- 
Mtwra'V  cated  the  protest,  was  arbitrarily  forbidden  to  practice  his 
'*'****"'^'     profession,  and  scarcely  dared  to  keep  any  papers  in  his 
house  for  fear  they  should  be  seized  by  the  director.    Loock- 
ermans  and  Heermans  both  suffered  vindictive  prosecu- 
tions.    Stuyvesant's  displeasure  seemed  chiefly  directed 
against  his  own  countrymen  of  the  popular  party;  the  En- 
glish, who  had  shown  their  sycophancy,  were  treated  with 
consideration  and  regard. 

The  return  of  Van  Tienhoven  only  added  to  the  popu- 
19  Sept  lar  discontents.  '^Our  great  Moscovy  duke,"  wrote  the 
vice-director  to  Van  der  Donck,  "  keeps  on  as  of  old- 
something  like  the  wolf,  the  longer  he  lives,  the  worse  he 
liSbpc.  bites."  On  the  other  hand,  the  English  at  Gravesend,  at 
terfrom  Baxter's  instigation,  addressed  another  letter  to  the  Am- 
to7b?ii^  sterdam  Chamber,  expressing  their  great  satisfaction  that 
Stuyvesant  had  been  sustained  by  the  directors  in  Hol- 
land, and  praying  that  he  might  be  continued  in  his  ad- 
ministration. The  elective  franchise  desired  by  the  Dutch 
colonists  was  condemned  by  the  English  refugees.  "  We 
willingly  acknowledge,"  said  they,  "that  the  frequent 
ehange  of  government,  or  the  power  to  elect  a  governor 
from  among  ourselves — ^which  is,  we  know,  the  design  of 
some  here— ^ould  be  our  ruin  and  destruction,  by  reason 
of  our  factions  and  the  difference  of  (pinion  which  prevails 
among  us."  Private  traders  were,  in  their  judgment  j  **^th6 
oppressors  of  the  people."  They  therefore  asked  to  be  al- 
lowed to  hire  vessels  in  Holland  to  bring  over  farmers  and 
laborers,  provided  the  directors  VTould  permit  "these  ships, 
and  no  others,  to  trade  hither."  The  company  should  also 
supply  more  negroes.  It  was  not  in  New  Netherland  a» 
in  Holland,  or  in  states  whose  laws  and  institntioiis  wore 
matured.     "  Our  small  body,  composed  of  diveis  pieoQiy 


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PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTCMl  GENERAL.  flB? 

namely,  of  people  of  divers  nations,  requires  many  things  cbap.  xt. 
for  the  laying  a  foundation,  for  which  there  are  no  rales 
nor  examples,  and  which  must  therefore  be  left  to  the  dis- 
cretion of  a  well-experienced  governor."     A  similar  letter,  25  sepc 
certified  by  John  Moore,  their  clergyman,  was  addressed  ueciwied*. 
to  the  Amsterdam  Chamber  by  the  English  at  Heem- 
stede.* 

With  these  testimonials  in  their  favor,  it  was  no  won- 
der that  the  officers  of  the  West  India  Company  continued 
their  opposition  to  the  spirit  of  pc^ular  freedom  among  the 
Dutch  colonists,  and  to  the  liberal  movements  of  the  States 
G-eneral.  But  Van  der  Donck  still  remained  the  faithful 
representative  of  the  commonalty  in  their  Fatherland ; 
where  an  enterprising  bookseller  at  Amsterdam  again  drew  PobiiM. 
public  attention  to  the  province,  by  issuing  a  pamphlet^  Houanc 
containing  a  descriptive  account  of  the  European  settle- 
ments in  America.t 

The  Hartford  treaty  having  left  the  interests  of  the  a  new  ex- 
Dutch  and  the  English  on  the  South  River  "  in  statu  quo,"  nom  New 
several  inhabitants  of  New  Haven  and  Totoket  equipped  a  the  soath 
vessel,  in  which  fifty  emigrants  were  dispatched  to  settle 
themselves  upon  some  land  which  they  claimed  to  have 
purchased  there.     On  reaching  Manhattan,  two  of  the  pas-  Hmch. 
sengers  landed,  and  presented  to  Stuyvesant  a  letter  of  rec- 
ommendation from  the  ffovemor  of  New  Haven.     The  di-  stnyTemun 

^  defeats  tlM 

rector,  viewing  this  new  expedition  as  a  breach  of  the  re-  eni«rpri«i. 
cent  treaty,  committed  them,  as  well  as  the  master  and 
two  others  of  the  company,  "close  prisoners  under  a  guard" 
at  the  house  of  Martin  Kregier,  tiie  captain  lieutenant  of 
New  Amsterdam.  There  they  remained  in  custody  "  till 
they  were  forced  to  engage  under  their  hands  not  then  to 
proceed  on  their  voyage  toward  Delaware;"  and  the  de- 
feated expedition  returned  to  New  Haven.     Stuyvesant  at 

♦  Hoi.  Doc.,  Yl.,  5,  7,  53-«0.  67,  66 ;  Ix.,  «40-»48 ;  0»CaU.,  li.,  170-171. 

t  **  BesclnyTlnge  Tsn  Vtrginla,  NIeaw  Nederltndi,  Nleuw  Bngelandt,**  *«.,  Aiilat«iw 
daia,  1651.  Jooat  Haitgers.  This  pampklat  is  a  men  compUatioa  (Mm  De  Laac,  aad 
ftom  Van  der  Donck's  Vertoogh ;  and  thoogh  it  contained  nothing  new,  its  cheap  fonii 
no  donbt  gare  it  a  large  circulation  in  Holland.  Megapolensts*  tract  on  the  Mohawk  In* 
dians  was  now  also  pabllshed  by  Hartgers  fbr  the  first  time,  and,  according  to  Van  der 
Donck,  wtthoot  tta  authors  knowledge  or  eonsent ;  mitt  p.  S70,  note. 


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^3S  HISTORY  OP  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

CHAP.  XV.  the  same  time  wrote  to  Eaton,  threatening  ^^  force  of  arms 
and  martial  opposition,  even  to  bloodshed,"  against  all  En- 
11  April.  *  S^^  intruders  within  southern  New  Netherland.*" 

In  this  new  attempt  of  the  English  to  gain  a  foothcdd 
on  the  South  River,  Stuyvesant  perceived  a  covert  purpose 
to  dispossess  the  Dutch  of  all  their  American  territory. 
Calls  on     He  therefore  called  upon  the  authorities  at  Rensselaers- 
laerswyck  wyok  for  a  subsidy.     But  as  the  patroons  had  alone  borne 
«i<iy-        all  the  expenses  of  colonization,  this  demand  of  the  pro- 
vincial government  was  felt  to  be  unjust ;  and  Van  Sledi- 
M  April    tenhorst  went  down  to  Njew  Amsterdam  to  remonstrate. 
His  representations  were  disregarded ;  and  the  director,  to 
punish  him  for  his  conduct  with  respect  to  the  Katskill 
1  M«y.      settlements,  ordered  his  arrest.     In  spite  of  all  his  protests, 
tenborstar-Und  the  repeated  applications  of  the  colonial  officers  at 
Manbaitan.  Rensaelaerswyck,  Van  Slechtehhorst  was  arbitrarily  de- 
tained four  months  at  Manhattan.! 
viBwi  of        The  West  India  Company  had  now  become  aware  of  the 

the  West  .  ^  .  .  /    i  ,  ,   ^  ^ 

India  Com-  ncccssity  of  arranging  with  the  newly-crowned  Q,ueen  of 
the  South   Sweden  the  differences  respecting  jurisdiction  on  the  South 
«i  Mai^ch.  River.     In  the  mean  time,  they  instructed  Stuyvesant  to 
^^  endeavor  to  maintain  the  rights  of  the  company  in  all 
justice  and  equity,"  while  they  recommended  him  to  con- 
duct himself  with  discretion  and  circumspection.     The  di- 
rector, therefore,  resolved  to  make  his  long-projected  visit  to 
the  South  River,  where  his  presence  was  again  urgently 
sttt^'  esant  ^esired.     Upon  his  arrival  at  Fort  Nassau,  whither  he  was 
on  the  Del-  accompanicd  by  Domine  Ghrasmeer  and  a  large  suite  of 
officers,  he  communicated  to  Printz  an  abstract  of  the 
Dutch  title.     This  was  stated  to  rest  on  first  European 
discovery  and  occupation,  and  actual  purchase  from  the 
savages  ^^  many  years  before  the  Swedes  arrived  there." 
The  Swedish  governor  was  also  requested  to  produce,  on 
his  part,  proof  of  what  lands  his  coimtrymen  had  pur- 
chased, and  their  authority  to  possess  them.     But  Printz 
simply  replied  that  the  Swedish  limits  were  "  wide  and 

*  Hazard,  11.,  19S-195,  360 ;  New  Havon  Records,  40 ;  Trumbnll,  i.,  106 ;  Bounan,  iL, 
486, 487.  t  ReoM.  MSS  ;  O'Call.,  U.,  164,  ITS,  174. 


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PETER  STUYVBSANT,  DIRJfcCTOR  OBNiaUL.  089 

broad  enough ;"  and  exouaed  himself  from  producing  his  c&iv.  xv. 
muniments  of  title,  as  they  were  in  tfie  chancellery  at 
Stockholm.     Wappang-zewan,  one  of  the  chief  sachems,   ^"^'^• 
soon  afterward  informed  the  director  that  Prints  was  at 
this  very  time  endeavoring  to  purchase  from  him  the  lands 
upon  which  the  Swedes  were  settled.     He  had,  however, 
refused  to  sell;  and  he  now  ^< presented"  to  Stuyvesant, Newa^ou 
in  behalf  of  the  West  India  Company,  all  the  lands  on  the  landT 
east  and  west  shores;  commencing,  on  the  eastern  side, 
from  Narratikon  or  Raccoon  Creek,  ^  and  stretching  down 
the  river  to  Maetsingsing,  and  on  the  western  side,  from 
a  certain  creek,  called  Neokatoensing,  to  the  westward 
along  the  river  to  Settoensoene,  also  called  the  Minquas' 
Kill,  on  which  is  the  Swedish  Fort  Christina." 

StuyV'Csant  soon  summoned  all  the  Indian  chiefs  whoconfennee 
lived  near  the  river,  and  who  claimed  to  own  any  lands  ravaged 
there,  to  attend  a  grand  council  at  Fort  Nassau,  in  the 
presence  of  the  officers  who  had  accompanied  him  from 
New  Amsterdam.     After  a  solemn  oonference,  in  which  lojniy. 
the  sachems  declared  that  the  Swedes  had  usurped  all  the 
land  they  claimed,  except  the  precinct  of  Fort  Christina 
itself,  they  confirmed  to  '<  the  chief  sachem  of  the  Mcmhat-  More  tarn- 
tans,"  as  a  perpetual  inheritance  for  the  West  India  Com-cr'^**^ 


pany,  the  whole  territory  south  of  that  fort  to  "  Boomtje's" 
or  Bombay  Hook,  **  called  by  them  Neuwsings."  The 
conveyances  were  duly  attested  ;  and  the  only  conditions 
which  the  chief  Pemmenntta  imposed  were,  that  the  Dutch 
'^  should  repair  his  gun  when  out  of  order,"  and  give  the 
Indians,  when  they  required  it,  "  a  little  maize." 

The  director,  thinking  that  Fort  Nassau  ^^  was  too  far  Ton  hm. 


up,  and  laid  too  far  out  of  the  way,"  now  demolished  the  ishod,  and' 
post  which  the  Dutch  had  first  built  on  the  Jersey  shore,  mir  bum. 
twenty-eight  years  before,  and  erected  a  new  fort,  "called 
Casimir,"  on  the  west  side  of  the  river,  at  "  Sand  Hook," 
near  the  present  site  of  New  Castle,  and  about  four  miles 
below  the  Swedish  Fort  Christina.  Against  the  building 
of  this  new  fort  Printz  protested  in  vain ;  and  Stuy vesant, 
having  completed  his  object,  prepared  to  return  to  Man- 

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530  fflSTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OP  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  XV.  hattan.  Previously  to  his  departure,  he  had  several  inter- 
views  with  the  Swedish  governor,  in  which  both  officers 
"  mutually  promised  to  cause  no  difficulties  or  hostility 
to  each  other,  but  to  keep  neighborly  friendship  and  cor- 
respondence together,  and  act  as  friends  cuid  allies."* 

Foiled  in  their  designs  upon  the  South  Eiver,  the  New 
Haven  people  laid  their  case  before  the  other  colonies ;  and 
94  May.     the  Massachusctts  government  remonstrated  with  Stuyve- 
sant.     New  Plymouth  was  also  applied  to  for  assistance; 
5  June,      but  the  "  Old  Colony"  of  New  England  "  would  have  no 
hand  in  any  such  controversy."    At  their  annual  meeting, 
the  subject  was  brought  before  the  commissioners,  who 
«5  Sept     protested  against  the  director's  "hostile  carriage,"  and  de- 
clared the  Dutch  claim  to  the  South  River  no  better  ihan 
that "  which  the  English,  upon  as  good  grounds,  can  make 
Com-        to  the  Manhatoes."     Eventual  assistance  was  also  prom- 
New  Ha-    ised  to  New  Haven ;  and  information  was  asked  from  Ed- 
ward Winslow,  who  was  tiien  in  London,  "how  any  en- 
gagement by  the  colonies  against  the  Butch,  upon  the 
aforementioned  occasion,  will  be  resented  by  the  Parlia- 
ment."    Anxious  to  obtain  a  leader  of  courage  and  skill, 
the  New  Haven  people  made  liberal  offers  to  Captain  John 
10  oetober.  Masou ;  but  the  Greneral  Court  at  Hartford  opposed  his 
removal  from  Connecticut,  and  so  the  project  was  again 
frustrated.! 

A  change  was  now  made  in  the  provincial  government 

on  the  North  River.     Labbatie  was  superseded,  and  Jo- 

Dyckman  hauncs  Dyckmau,  a  former  clerk  in  the  Amsterdam  Cham- 

eommissa-  bcr,  who  had  comc  out  with  Van  Tienhoven  in  the  spring, 

Orange,     as  book-kceper  at  Fort  Amsterdam,  was  promoted  to  be 

commissary  and  vice-director  at  Fort  Orange.    Van  Slech- 

tenhorst,  the  patroon's  commissary,  who  had  remained  un- 

*  Alb.  Rcc.,  iT.,  46 ;  Hoi.  Doc.,  vlli.,  33-50,  59-65,  67, 77 ;  anU,  p.  153,  511 ;  S.  Hasaid, 
Ann.  Penn.,  ISS-ia? ;  0*CaU.,  ii.,  166, 167 ;  Smith's  N.  Y.,  i.,  9 ;  Ferris,  77, 78 ;  Acrelloi, 
412 ;  Chalmers,  633 ;  Bozman,  ii.,  481.  The  latter  writer  is  misled  by  the  errors  of  Chal- 
mers and  Aerelins.  Stayresant's  attendants,  on  the  19th  of  July,  when  the  Indians  ceo- 
▼eyed  their  land,  were  Domine  Graameer,  Isaac  Allerton,  Cornelia  de  Potter,  Captaia 
Newton,  Ensign  Baxter,  Isaac  de  Foreest,  C^tain  Martin  Kregier,  and  Surgeon  Abra- 
ham Staato. 

t  Plyroooth  OoU.  Rec.,  ir.,  334 ;  Col.  Reo.  Conn.,  t37 ;  Hazard,  L,  654 ;  ii^  I0»-196  ; 
S.  Haxard,  Ann.  Penn.,  123, 127-133 ;  TrmnboU,  L,  I07-40L 


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PETER  STDTVESANT,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  ((gf 

der  arrest  at  Manhattan,  finding  Stayvesant  inexorable,  at  chaf.  x¥. 
length  secreted  himself  on  board  a  sloop,  the  sohipper  of 
which  he  was  obliged  to  indemnify  against  future  harm,  sepi«iib«i. 
and  returned  to  Beverwyck.     The  director,  enraged  at  this  ^!^StJm^ 
audacity,  arrested  the  schipper  on  his  return  to  Hanhat-^^^ 
tan,  and  fined  him  two  hundred  and  fifty  guilders  andSJ^*^ 
costs  for  helping  the  escape  of  the  unfortunate  commis-  '^^' 
sary,  who  reckoned  the  whole  expenses  of  his  luckless  visit 
to  Fort  Amsterdam  at  about  a  thousand  guilders. 

One  of  Van  Slecfatenhorst's  motives  for  breaking  his  ar-  PropoMd 
rest  was  his  anxiety  to  cause  an  exploration  of  the  Kats-oruier 

kill  M^ 

kill  Mountains.     A  daughter  of  one  of  the  farmers  at  Kats-  ain» 
kill  had  found  a  stone,  ^' which  some  thought  was  silver;" 
and  the  proprietaries  in  Holland  had  directed  an  examin- 
ation of  the  country.     Van  Slechtenhorst,  therefore,  sent  lo  s 
his  son  Gerrit  to  make  a  search.     But  a  heavy  rain  set  in 
as  soon  as  the  young  adventurer  reached  the  patroon's 
newly-established  bouwery.     In  three  hours,  the  mount- 
ain torrent  rose  thirty  feet;  the  farm-house  was  swept 
into  the  kill,  and  all  the  cattle  and  horses  would  have  per- 
ished, but  for  the  exertions  of  G-errit  Van  SleohtenhcNTst, 
"  i«rho  was  an  excellent  swimmer."     The  ruin  which  thci 
flood  had  caused  diverted  all  thought  of  immediate  explo-  ofa 
rations ;  and  the  hope  of  finding  a  silver  miuQ  in  the  Kats- 
kill  Mountains  was  postponed. 

Fearful  that  the  director  would  execute  his  threatened 
purpose  of  extending  the  jurisdiction  of  Fort  Orange,  Van 
Slechtenhorst  now  called  upon  all  householders  and  free-  ss  Nov. 
men  of  the  colonic  to  take  the  "  Burgherlyok  oath  of  alle- 
giance."    At  the  appointed  day,  the  order  was  obeyed  by  as  not. 
a  number  of  the  residents,  who  bound  themselves  <<  to  main-  uke  Minor 
tain  and  support,  offensively  and  defensively,  against  every  ioumpT 
one,  the  right  and  jurisdiction  of  the  colonic."    Among  the 
persons  who  took  this  oath  was  John  Baptist  van  Rensse- 
laer, a  younger  half-brother  of  the  patroon,  and  the  first  of 
the  name  who  appears  to  have  come  to  New  Netherland.* 

*  RenM.  MSS. ;  0*CaU.,  ii.,  174-177 ;  Holgate*!  Ameriean  Genettogy. 


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(fgfi  iflSTO&Y  OF  THE  STAl^  Of  HE^  YORK. 


1652. 


CHAPTER  XVI. 
1653-1663. 

C|u  xvL  Thb  four  years  during  which  Stuyvesant  had  adminis* 
'tered  the  government  of  New  Netherland  were  marked 
by  arbitrary  efforts  to  repress  the  spirit  of  popular  freef 
dom  which  the  Dutch  emigrants  brought  with  them  from 
their  Fatherland.  In  turn,  the  Nine  Men,  the  viee-direotr 
or,  the  only  notary  in  the  province,  and  the  patroon  of 
Staten  Island,  were  made  to  feel  the  displeasure  of  aur 
thority.  Van  Dyck,  the  schout-fiscal,  who  sided  with  tha 
Nine  Hen,  was  early  excluded  from  the  oouncil,  and  per^ 
aonally  insulted  by  his  imperious  chief.  The  fisoaj^  in* 
deed,  had  been  complained  of  for  leading  ''  a  disorderly 
life,"  and  the  Amsterdam  Chamber  had  threatened  to  pun* 

%Mareii.  iah  him.  A  pasquinade  against  the  director,  of  which  he 
was  assumed  to  be  the  author,  was  now  ma4e  the  oooa? 

Fiwiai  Van  siou  of  his  rcmoval  from  office  by  the  council,  whose  ao- 

Dyck  8U- 

p«™«»«i.  tion  was  claimed  to  have  been  "  by  and  with  the  advice 
of  the  Nine  Men."  They,  however,  aftetrward  declared 
that  they  had  never  assented  to  the  resolution,  which  was. 
Stuyvesant's  own  work,  and  that  '^  the  secretary  haA  wise- 
ly appended  to  it  tiieir  names."  Van  Tienhoven  Wfts  ao* 
oused  by  Yan  Dyck  of  having  originated  the  lampoon 
to  accomplish  the  displacement  of  an  obnoxioua  official 

vuTien-  Whatever  may  have  been  the  truth  in  that  reepeot,  Yan 

footed.  Tienhoven  was  promoted  to  be  schout-fiscal ;  Yan  Brugge, 
the  fcnrmer  commissary  at  Fort  Orange,  ym»  made  proviiir 
oial  secretary;  and  Adriaen  Yan  Tienhoven,  lately  the 
derk  of  the  court  on  the  South  River,  suooeieded  his  htoib^ 

18S0PC.  er  as  receiver  general.  Appealing  to  the  States  General, 
Yan  Dyck  denounced  his  successor,  in  plain  terms,  as  '^  a 


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PETEH  dWYVESANT,  DIRECTOR  QBP^fBRAL.  fj^ 

reproaoh  to  this  country,  and  the  main  soontge  of  both  c*.  xft 
Ghristiaiis  and  heathens,  with  whose  sensaalities  the  di-  'TTZT' 
reetor  himself  hath  always  been  acquainted."* 

In  the  mean  time,  the  question  of  jurisdiction  at  Fort  Airiiiri  tk 
Orange  remained  unsettled.     If  Van  Slechtenhotst  wasange, 
earnest  in  maintaining  the  rights  of  the  patroon,  Dyckman 
was  no  less  so  in  support  of  the  director ;  and  personal  dif- 
ficulties now  vexed  the  quiet  hamlet  of  Beverwyck.    Some  i  January. 

Qoarrabiia 

of  the  soldiers  of  Fort  Orange,  out  on  a  New  Year's  night  serer. 
frolic,  fired  their  matchlocks  at  the  patroon's  house ;  and 
but  for  the  exertions  of  its  tenants,  ^e  thatched  building 
Would  have  been  destroyed.  Young  Van  Slechtenhorst  a  January, 
tras  assaulted  in  the  street  by  some  of  the  garrison  the 
next  day;  and  Philip  Pietersen  Schuyler,  who  came  to  the 
t'escue  of  his  brother-in-law,  was  threatened  by  Dyckman 
with  a  drawn  sword.  The  friends  of  Van  Slechterfiorst 
rowed  revenge ;  and  the  commissary  prudently  ordered  the 
guns  of  Fort  Orange  to  be  loaded  with  grape. 

Not  long  afterward,  Dyckman,  with  a  small  retinue, 
"went  to  the  court-rooto  where  the  magistrates  of  the  oolo-  spebmary 
nie  were  sitting,  to  publish  some  placards  which  Stuyve- 
eant  had  sent  up,  relative  to  the  jurisdiction  of  Fort  Or-  van  sia^ 
ange.     Van  Slechtenhorst,  viewing  the  commissary's  pro-  gy<««» 
iceedings  as  insulting,  ordered  him  to  retire.     Dyckman « Feb. 
again  demanded  that  the  obnoxious  [m)clamation8  should 
be  published  with  sound  of  bell ;  but  the  Colonial  court  re- 
fused, until  they  had  received  orders  from  the  States  G-en^ 
elral  and  their  own  immediate  superiors.     The  bell  of  Port 
Orange  was  now  rung  three  times ;  and  Dyckman,  return- 
ing to  the  patroon's  court-house,  ascended  the  "  stoep'^t 
with  his  attendants,  and  ordered  his  deputy  to  read  the  proo^ 
latnations.    Van  Slechtenhorst,  however,  snatehing  the  in- 
struments out  of  the  deputy's  hands,  again  protested  against 
the  attempted  infringement  of  the  rights  of  his  chief. 

The  director  promptly  sent  up  another  placard,  declar-5Maf«iL 

•  Hoi.  Doc.,  Ti.,  193-370  ;  Alb.  Rec.,  Ui.,  Sd4-S68 ;  It.,  74 ;  O^CaU.,  ii.»  181, 182 ;  ti.,  N. 
T.  H.  S.  CMl.,  IL,  tW. 

t  Anglic^, "th«  atepa  ttthe  entrance ofa homm."    Tbn wetd '' ■UMp"  la  atUl  in  i 
Mr  me  among  the  deaeendants  of  ov  old  Dutch  fkmUiea. 


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|84  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

fta.  xwL  ing  that  the  jurisdiotion  of  Fort  Orange  extended  a  dis- 

tance  of  six  hundred  paces  from  its  walls,  and  ordered 

p^™^;  Dyckman  to  afiix  copies  of  it  to  posts,  "  marked  with  the 


ciei«ri«-   company's  mark,"  to  be  erected  on  this  new  line,  "  north, 

*J2jo,^  south,  and  west  of  the  fortress."    No  bouse  was  thereafter 

"«*        to  be  built  within  these  limits,  except  by  the  permission 

of  the  director  and  council  at  Fort  Amsterdam,  or  their 

agents  at  Fort  Orange.     But  Yan  Slechtenhorst  was  not 

IS  March,  disposod  to  submit     He  had  just  purchased  for  his  pa- 

troon  two  large  additional  tracts  on  the  east  side  of  the 

river ;  one  called  ^<  Paanpaack,"  including  the  site  of  ibe 

present  city  of  Troy,  and  another  further  north,  called 

If  March    "Panhoosic;"  and  he  now  ordered  the  constable  of  Beyer- 

wyck  to  remove  the  posts  which  Dyckman  had  set  up.    A 

PMartof  new  protest  declared  that  the  colonists  of  Rensselaerswyck 


had  never  sworn  allegiance  either  to  the  West  India  Com- 
pany or  to  Stuyvesant,  and  that  they  recognized  no  mas- 
ters but  the  States  G-eneral  and  their  own  feuded  superiors, 
ti  March.  Fresh  troubles  soon  arose.     Dyckman,  attempting  to  ap- 
prehend a  negress  belonging  to  Alexander  Glen,  one  of  the 
colonists,  was  opposed  by  her  master,  who  was  arrested  the 
next  day  at  Fort  Orange.     It  was  now  rumored  that  the 
director  himself  was  about  to  revisit  Beverwyck,  and  that 
*'  a  new  gallows"  was  being  prepared  for  the  rebellious  Van 
Slechtenhorst  and  his  son,  and  Van  Rensselaer, 
stnrremai     Stuyvcsant,  who  had  been  detained  at  Manhattan  bj 
iSrtOr.    the  proceedings  against  the  fiscal.  Van  Dyck,  soon  after- 
*****       ward  arrived  at  Fort  Orange.     The  colonial  officers  were 
required  to  furnish  a  statement  of  the  bounds  of  Rensse- 
laerswyck ;  and  were  told  that  as  the  ^^  Exemptions"  al- 
lowed a  colonic  to  extend  sixteen  miles  on  one  side  of  a  riv- 
er, or  eight  miles,  if  both  banks  were  occupied,  the  direct- 
or would  recognize  the  patroon's  jurisdiction  only  to  that 
extent     As  the  authorities  of  the  colcmie  were  without  in- 
structions on  this  point,  the  question  was  postponed  until 
they  could  communicate  with  their  superiors  in  Holland. 
But  Stuyvesant  was  not  to  be  diverted  from  his  purpose 
lAjvu.     with  regard  to  Beverwyck.     Sergeant  Litschoe,  with  a 


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PETER  STUTYESAMT,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  535 

party  of  soldiers,  was  sent  to  the  patroon's  house,  and  Van  cr.  xtl 
Slechtenhorst  was  ordered  to  strike  the  colonial  flag.    Upon 
his  refusal,  ^^  fourteen  soldiers,  armed  with  loaded  muskets,  ^he  pa. 
entered  the  inolosure,  and,  after  firing  a  volley,  hauled  down  SJJ*JiiJ2i' 
ike  lord's  colors."     A  few  days  afterward,  a  proclamation  ^®''"* 
was  issued  declaring  Beverwyck  to  be  independent  of  the  10  Aprii. 

Bovcrwvc . 

patroon's  colonic,  and  establishing  a  Court  of  Justice  in  declared 
Fort  Orange  for  the  government  of  the  hamlet.     By  this  Fort  or- 
act  Stuyvesant  completed  his  long-cherished  design ;  and 
the  germ  of  the  present  city  of  Albany  (was  released  fi*om 
feudal  jurisdiction. 

Still,  Van  Slechtenhor^t's  loyalty  to  his  immediate  su- 
periors could  not  be  shaken.     The  director's  placard  was  15  Apru. 
torn  down,  and  a  counter-proclamation,  indicating  the 
claims  of  the  patroon,  was  posted  in  its  stead.     This  bold 
proceeding  filled  the  measure  of  Van  Slechtenhorst's  of-  le  Aprti. 
fenses.     He  was  arrested  and  imprisoned  in  Fort  Orange,  tenhomi 
and  afterward  conveyed  under  guard  to  New  Amsterdam,  to  New 
where  he  remained  until  he  was  released  for  the  purpose  dam. 

i.  .  11-        1  •  •        m  r     r        2  Sept 

of  mstallmg  his  successor  m  office. 

Before  leaving  Rensselaerswyck,  Stuyvesant  confirmed  s3  Apru. 
the  authority  of  the  West  India  Company  by  issuing  pat- 
ents to  several  of  the  principal  colonists  for  lots  of  land 
within  the  bounds  of  Beverwyck.     John  Baptist  Van  Reus-  m  April, 
selaer  took  Van  Slechtenhorst's  place  provisionally,  and  RenMdaer 
was  soon  afterward  formally  appointed  director  by  the  pa- 
troon.    About  the  same  time,  Grerrit  Swart  was  commis-  8  M«y. 
sioned  as  "  officer  or  schout,"  and  furnished  with  instruc-  swan 

•CbOQl. 

tions,  which  required  him  ^^  above  all  things  to  take  care 
that  divine  worship  shall  be  maintained  in  said  colonic, 
conformably  to  the  Reformed  religion"  of  Holland.* 

These  difficulties,  and  a  desire  to  free  themselves  firom 
subjection  to  the  patroon,  induced  several  inhabitants  of 

*  Alb.  Rec,  Yi.,  9 ;  ix.,  193 ;  Fort  Orange  Rec.,  Mortgage  Book  A,  Alb.  Clerk's  Ofllce ; 
RenM.  MSS. ;  Barnard**  Sketch,  198-130 ;  CCaU.,  175-184,  907,  M4-960,  587.  Upon  the 
reconqaeat  of  New  York  by  the  Dateb,  in  1673,  the  Weat  India  Company  admitted  that 
StayTesant*8  proceedinga  in  regard  to  Beverwyck  were  in  Tiolation  of  the  charter  of 
1090 ;  and  GoTemor  Dongan,  in  1086,  deemed  it  pnident  to  require  firom  the  patroon  of 
Uwt  day  a  formal  ralaaae  ofhis  daima  two  days  before  the  duMer  of  tiM  eHy  of  Albany 


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536  HISTORY  OF  THB  STATE  OP  NEW  YORK. 

Ofl.  xvL  Bensselaerswyok  to  seek  another  abode.  Between  Kats- 
kill  and  Manhattan  there  were  as  yet  few  European  inhal>> 
Pj^^^itants;  and  Thomas  Chambers,  who  had  oooupied  a  farm 
!S?*eSi^*^®*^'  what  is  now  the  city  of  Troy,  removing  with  some 
^^'  of  his  neighbors  to  ^'  Atkarkarton,''  or  Esopns,  an  *<  exoeed*- 

ingly  beautiful  land,"  began  the  actual  settlement  of  the 
present  county  of  Ulster.* 
/  On  his  return  to  the  seat  of  government,  fituyvesant,  in 

order  to  check  the  growing  disposition  on  the  part  of  indi- 
viduals to  monqjolize  large  tracts  of  wild  land  for  the  piir- 
1  My.      poses  of  speculation,  issued  new  regulations  on  the  sub- 
Regoitr     ject     The  sales  by  the  Indians  to  Van  Twiller  and  others 
pareiMMs  on  Long  Island,  to  Van  Slechtenhorst  at  Eatskill  and  Glav* 
*"       erack,  and  to  Van  de  Capellen  about  Nevesinok,  were  de- 
clared void.     The  "pretended  proprietors"  were  ordered  to 
return  the  purchase-money ;  if,  however,  they  petitioned 
within  six  weeks,  they  might  retain  such  tracts  as  the  di- 
rector and  council  might  assign  them.     All  persons  were 
forbidden  to  buy  any  lands  from  the  natives  without  Ae 
previous  consent  of  the  director  and  council.     This  order 
was  afterward  modified  by  the  Amsterdam  Chamber  in 
favor  of  the  purchasers  of  lands  near  Eatskill,  Claverack, 
and  Rensselaerswyck,  to  whom  grants  free  from  any  feud- 
al "  patronage"  were  to  be  issued  in  the  name  of  the  com- 
pany, 
NewMtae-     Several  additional  settlements  were  now  commenced  on 
Long  iti-    Long  Island,  under  patents  from  Stuyvesant.  One  of  these, 
immediately  east  of  Doughty's  colonic  at  Mespath,  was 
Middei-     called  by  the  Dutch  "Middelburgh,"  but  was  more  familiar- 
Newtown.  ly  kuowu  as  Ncwtowu.     Another  in  the  "  Vlacke  Bosch," 
or  Flatbush,  between  Breuckelen  and  Amersfoort,  the  prin- 
cipal patentees  of  which  were  Jan  Snedekcur,  Arendt  van 
Hattem,  and  Domine  Megapolensis,  was  named  by  Stny- 
MUdwontorvesant  "Middelwout"  or  Midwout.     The  Indian  title  to 

Flatbush. 

these  places  was  not,  however,  extinguished  for  several 
years ;  and  in  the  mean  time,  the  settlers  whose  bouwer- 

*  Megapotonsia  u>  OaasUi,  ft  Anf .,  1607 ;  Doe.  Hist.  N.  T.,  iU.,  107 ;  0*Can.,  U.,  S37, 
SM,  668 ;  ante,  p.  76, 306    In  I67S,  Chambera  became  propriety  of  the  manor  •f  FochaBk 


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PETER  OTUrfBSAKT,  DIRBCTOR  GENERAL.  Iggy 

ies  were  threatened  by  the  savages,  did  not  thrive.    Two  c».  xn 
other  large  tracts,  the  one  adjoining  the  company's  lands  ^^^ 
at  Gowanus,  and  the  othcar  at  "  Nyadk,"  within  the  pres-  ^*^^* 
ent  town  of  New  Utrecht,  were  also  purchased  by  Comelis  New 
van  Werckhoven,  an  influential  member  of  the  provincial 
government  of  Utrecht.     Van  Werckhoven  had  previously  1651. 
notified  the  Amsterdam  Chamber  of  his  intention  to  plant '^^*^^- 
two  colonies  in  New  Netherland ;  and  Augustine  Heer- 
mans  had  purchased  for  him  Ihe  lands  now  known  as  the  o  do6. 
"  Raritan  G-reat  Meadows,"  and  the  territory  along  the  wnrokbo- 
Staten  Island  Kills,  from  "  Ompoge,"  now  Amboy,  to  thecSii*in* 
"  Pechciesse"  Creek.    A  tract  on  the  south  side  of  the  Rar-  ■eyT  ^' 
itan,  opposite  Staten  Island,  called  '*  Kehackanick  Wako- 
naback,"  was  also  bought.     Van  de  Capellen,  however, 
objecting  to  these  acquisitions,  the  question  was  brought 
before  the  Amsterdam  Chamber.    Upon  their  decision,  Van  1652. 
Werckhoven  abandoned  his  purchases  in  New  Jersey,  and ''  ^^ 
began  a  settlement  on  his  Long  Island  lands ;  but  his 
death,  which  happened  in  1655,  retarded  Ihe  prosperity  of 
New  Utrecht.* 

After  nearly  two  years'  absence  in  New  Netherland,  EodMUb. 
Domine  Grasmeer  had  meanwhile  returned  to  Holland,  i%  Feb. 
with  warm  testimonials  fr(»n  the  people  at  Rensselaers- < 
wyok  and  Manhattan,  and  had  besought  the  Classis  to  rec- 
ommend him  to  the  West  India  Company  for  appointment 
as  second  minister  at  New  Amsterdam.    The  Classis,  how- 
ever, declined  his  request ;  and  the  directors  requested  the 
appointment  of  Domine  Samuel  Drisius,  of  Leyden,  who,  nomine 
having  lived  in  England,  could  preach  in  Dutch,  French,  a»  PeS! 
and  English,  and  who,  upon  his  examination,  gave  fiill 
satisfaction.     The  company  soon  completed,  its  arrange- is  March, 
ments  with  Drisius  to  become  the  colleague  of  Megapo- 
lensis,  at  a  salary  of  fourteen  hundred  and  fifty  guilders ; 
and  with  the  spring  fleet,  the  Domine  sailed  for  New  Am-  4  April, 
sterdam.     At  the  same  time,  the  directors  agreed  that 
the  public  school  should  be  established  in  the  "city  tav-i^wk 

•  Alb.  R«e.,  ir.,  88,  97 ;  ▼».,  818-390 ;  ▼»!.,  tO,  M,  IftI,  161, 191 ;  Hel.  Dm.,  tI.,  »1  ; 
New  AmM.  Ree. ;  Flatbush  R«c. ;  T>onipMn'i  L.  I.,  U.,  187,  MO ;  CCall.,  ii.,  186-187, 
IM ;  Whitehead's  East  Jersey,  19,  90 ;  Doe.  Hlsi.  N.  Y.,  i,  688 1  mUt,  p.  888, 410. 


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SSS  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OP  NEW  YORK. 

ch.  XVI.  era,"  if  practicable ;  and  La  Montagne  was,  for  the  pres- 
■T~~ent,  appointed  schoolmaster.* 

It  was  more  difficult  to  procure  a  proper  olei^man  fiwr 
Rensselaerswyck.     At  last,  Gideon  Schaats,  a  schoolmas- 
ter at  Beest,  and  a  candidate  in  theology,  signified  his  will- 
ingness to  go  to  America ;  and  his  examination  being  found 
oMay.      satis&ctory,  he  was  ordained,  in  full  Classis,  by  the  im- 
schaau.    position  of  hauds.     Two  days  afterward,  the  patroon  and 
6  May.      co-dircctors  of  Rensselaerswyck  signed  an  agreement  with 
RenMd-     the  Domine,  pledging  themselves  to  pay  him  an  annual 
**"^  '  salary  of  eight  hundred  guilders  for  three  years.    Besides 
his  regular  services  as  clergymem  of  the  colony,  he  was  '^  to 
use  all  Christian  zeal  there  to  bring  up  both  the  heathens 
and  their  children  in  the  .Christian  religion ;  to  teach,  also, 
the  Catechism  there,  and  instruct  the  people  in  the  Holy 
Scriptures,  and  to  pay  attention  to  the  office  of  schoolmas- 
ter for  old  and  young."     Under,  thb  agreement,  Domine 
Schaats  soon  afterward  sailed  for  New  Netherland.t 

The  news  of  the  demolition  of  Fort  Nassau  and  the 

erection  of  Fort  Casimir  reaching  Amsterdam,  the  directors 

4  April,     wrote  to  Stuyvesant.    "  Your  journey  to  the  South  River, 

the  Am-     and  what  has  passed  there  between  you  and  the  Swedes, 

Chamber    was  vcry  Unexpected  to  us,  as  you  did  not  ffive  us  befcnre 

FortCaaf.  so  mpch  as  a  hint  of  your  mtention."     "We  can  not  give 

an  opinion  upon  it,  until  we  have  heard  the  complaints  of 

the  Swedish  governor  to  his  queen,  and  have  ascertained 

how  these  have  been  received  at  her  court    We  hope  that 

our  arguments  to  prove  that  we  were  the  first  possessors 

of  that   country  will  be   acknowledged   as   sufficient'* 

"  Time  will  instruct  us  of  the  design  of  the  new-built  Fort 

Casimir.     We  are  at  a  loss  to  conjecture  for  what  reascm 

it  has  received  this  name.    You  ought  to  be  on  your  guard 

that  it  be  well  secured,  so  that  it  can.  not  be  surprised." 

♦  Cor.  CI.  Amsl. ;  Alb.  Rcc.,  Iv.,  «e,  75. 

t  Cor.  01.  Araat. ;  Renaa.  MSS. ;  0*Call.,  li.,  M7.  In  1557,  Domine  Sehaau  beeaav 
miniater  of  fieyerwyck  and  Fort  Orange,  where  he  continued  to  reaide  antil  bia  death,  \m 
16M.  I  hare  in  my  poaaeaaion  an  old  apoon,  giren,  according  to  cuatom,  to  one  oTifee 
pall-bearera  at  hia  Mineral,  bearing  a  Dutch  inacription  to  tliia  eflbct :  **  Gideon  Sehaala, 
preacher  at  Albany,  died  the  S7th  of  February,  lOM,  being  eighly-aix  years  old,  ia  tfea 
ftnty-aecoodofhiaaenriee.'*    Seealaoyotl,p.024, 025. 


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PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  539 

The  expeoses  of  the  last  year's  expedition  to  the  South  ch.  xvl 
River  now  pressed  so  severely  on  the  provincial  exchequer 
that  the  director  and  council  were  obliged  to  postpone  the4^„g^* 
payment  of  one  half  of  the  '<  just  demands"  against  them.*" 

In  the  mean  time,  Van  der  Donck  had  not  ceased  to  urge 
on  the  attention  of  the  States  Greneral  the  complaints  of 
the  commonalty  of  New  Netherland.     Stuyvesant's  Hart-  lo  Feb. 
ford  treaty,  too,  was  severely  censured  in  a  long  "  Deduc- 
tion," prepared  by  the  indefatigable  agent.    Too  much  had 
been  surrendered.     The  Fresh  River  should  have  formed  ia  Feb. 
the  eastern  boundary  of  New  Netherland,  and  the  whole  D^nekin 
of  Long  Island  should  have  been  retained.     The  Dutch  censm 
trade  was  seriously  injured;  for  by  the  treaty  New  En- Sbni treaty, 
gland  had  obtained  the  control  of  the  chief  manufactories 
of  wampum — the  lawful  currency  of  the  province — and 
New  Netherland  must  henceforth  ''eat  oats  from  English 
hands." 

The  States  G-eneral  now  r-equired  again  the  opinions  of  is  Feb. 
the  several  Chambers  of  the  West  India  Company  upon 
the  proposed  "  Provisional  Order."     To  gain  more  influ- 
ence at  the  Hague,  the  Amsterdam  directors,  in  the  mean 
time,  had  addressed  a  memorial  to  the  burgomasters  of  13  Feb. 
that  city,  detailing  their  views  respecting  the  "  disorders" 
in  New  Netherland.     The  municipal  authorities,  siding 
with  the  Chamber,  instructed  their  deputies  at  the  Hague  15  Feb. 
to  support  the  directors,  and  defend  their  privileges  against 
infringement. 

Emboldened  by  the  support  of  the  burgomasters  of  their  ss  Peb. 
city,  the  Amsterdam  directors  replied  to  the  States  G-en-  op^smon 
oral.     They  had  already  given  an  opinion  adverse  to  the  visionii  ^ 
Provisional  Order ;  they  were  surprised  that  that  plan 
should  now  be  revived;  and  they  had  hoped  that  their 
High  Mightinesses  would  have  disregarded  the  groundless 
complaints  of  "  the  pretended  and  disaffected  delegates  of 
a  few  evil-disposed  persons  in  New  Netherland."     The  1  March. 
Zealand  Chamber  at  Middelburgh  was  opposed  to  the  mo- 
nopoly which  the  Amsterdam  Chamber  enjoyed.     If  the 

*  Alb.  Rec,  tr.,  78 ;  tL,  8;  S.  Huanl*e  Ann.  Penn^  !»,  184. 


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540  HISlrORY  OF  THE  dTATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Gil.  XTL  existing  anrangement  should  be  changed,  it  would  assist 
in  introducing  reforms  into  New  Netherland  ;  but  at  pres- 
*  ent  it  did  not  feel  disposed  to  interfere.  The  Chamber  at 
Dordrecht,  which  had  already  approved  the  Provisional  Or*- 
t  March,  dcr,  also  thought  that  tiie  trade  to  New  Netherlfiind  should 
be  shared  by  the  several  Chambers  of  the  company ;  should 
be  open  to  private  enterprise ;  and  that  fifty  thousand 
guilders  should  be  advanced  to  promote  emigration.  In 
any  settlement  of  boundaries,  Long  Island,  "  lying  right 
in  front  of  the  coast,''  should  continue  a  part  of  New  Neth- 
erland. The  Groningen  Chamber,  and  the  Chamber  at 
Delft,  expressed  similar  opinions.*  The  **  Provisional  Or- 
der" was  popular  every  where  but  at  Amsterdam. 

It  was  now  evident  to  the  directors  of  the  "  Presiding 
Chamber"  that  they  must  make  concessions,  oir  else  low 
all  control  over  New  Netherland.     The  "  commonalty  at 
Manhattan"  was  therefore  informed  that,  to  show  theit 
4  Aprti      "  good  intentions,"  the  Amsterdam  directors  had  determ- 
■ion?toiheined  to  take  the  export  duty  off  tobacco;  to  reduce  the 
price  of  passage  to  the  province ;  and  to  allow  the  colo- 
nists to  procure  negroes  from  Africa.     At  the  same  time, 
4  Aprti.     they  communicated  to  Stuyvesant  their  assent  to  the  ed- 
gov?rn"    tablishment  of  a  "  burgher  government"  in  Manhattan ; 
^biished  which  the  Nine  Men  had  demanded  on  behalf  of  the  com- 
un.       '  monalty  in  1649,  and  which  the  Provisional  Order  of  1650 
had  contemplated.     The  citizens  were  to  be  allowed  to 
Burgonms-  clcct  a  schout,  two  burgomasters,  and  five  schepens,  "  as 
much  as  possible  according  to  the  custom  of"  the  metrop- 
olis  of  the  Fatherland.    These  officers  were  to  form  a  mu- 
nicipal court  of  justice,  subject  to  the  right  of  appeal  to 
the  Supreme  Court  of  the  province.     In  the  election  of 
these  magistrates,  "  every  attention  must  be  paid,"  added 
the  directors,  "  to  honest  and  respectable  individuals,  who, 
we  hope,  can  be  found  among  the  burghers ;  and  especial- 
ly do  we  wish  that  those  promoted  thereto  be,  as  much  as 
possible,  persons  of  this  nation,  who,  we  suppose,  will  give 
the  most  satisfaction  to  the  burghers  and  inhabitants." 

•  tltH,  Doe.,  n.,  1-60,  m-n% ;  Alb.  Ree.,  TilL,  8-11 


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PETBB  STUYVESANT,  MREOTOR  OENBEAL.  ^l 

The  instruotions  for  the  aohout  or  sheriff  declared  that  ca.  zm. 
he  should,  ^^  as  the  direotor-general  and  oouneil's  guardian 
of  the  law  in  the  district  of  the  city  of  New  Amsterdam,  inJ,^* 
preserve,  protect,  and  maintain,  to  the  best  of  his  knowl-  cu^'aJEili' 
edge  and  ability,  the  pre-eminences  and  immunities  of  the  I'i^. 
[privileged  West  India  Company,  in  as  fiar  as  these  have^**"^ 
bean  delegated  by  previous  instruction  to  the  board  of 
Burgomasters  and  Sohepens."    He  was  to  convoke  and  pre« 
side  at  the  meetings  of  the  city  government.     He  was  to 
prosecute  all  offenders  against  the  laws  of  the  city ;  and 
take  care  that  all  judgments  of  the  burgomasters  and 
schepens,  not  appealed  from,  be  executed  '^  according  to  the 
style  and  custom  of  the  Fatherland,  and  especially  the  city 
of  Amsterdam."     He  was  also  to  communicate,  once  ev- 
ery year,  to  the  director  general  and  council,  all  the  pro- 
ceedings of  the  city  fathers ;  and  to  refer  all  cases  within 
his  knowledge,  but  not  subject  to  his  jurisdiction,  to  the 
schout-fiscal  of  the  province.* 

Manhattan  had  now  won  the  concession,  to  a  great  ex- 
tent, of  the  burgher  government,  for  which  her  people  bad 
so  long  prayed.     But  there  were  other  grievances  in  the 
province  at  large  which  required  redress ;  and  the  States 
G-eneral  ordered  Stuyvesant  to  come  immediately  to  HoU  37  ikpvfl. 
land,  and  render  an  account  of  his  administration,  as  wello^e^Hi^- 
as  of  his  negotiations  with  the  United  Colonies  of  New  En-  ^^^' 
gland.     Van  der  Donck  being  about  to  return  home,  with 
a  special  privilege  of  making  a  testamentary  disposition  of 
his  estate  at  Colendonck,  the  mandate  of  their  High  Might- 
inesses was  intrusted  to  him ;  and  Stuyvesant  was  at  the^ 
same  time  commanded  to  offer  no  molestation  to  Van 
Schelluyne  in  the  practice  of  his  profession  as  notary.! 

The  recall  of  their  director  amazed  the  Amsterdam  97  Apru. 
Chamber,  who  wrote  at  once  to  Stuyvesant  that  this  sudden  the  Aimt«r- 
step  of  the  States  General  was  a  violation  of  their  charter,  bw. 
and  that  he  should  not  ^<  be  in  too  much  haste  to  commence 
his  voyage,  but  delay  it  until  the  receipt  of  further  orders." 

*  Alb.  Rec.,  W.,  6S-7ft:  Tiii.,  IMO,  S»-44»  13»-143;  Doe.  HisC.  N.  T.,  i.,  »9»-«0t; 
CCalL,  ii.,  187-lOS ;  Bapcroft,  il^99X  t  Hoi.  Doe.,  ri.,  117-198 ;  mnU, p.  411. 


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543  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OP  NEW  YORK. 

cr.  XVI.  Their  secretary  was  also  sent  to  ihe  Hagae  to  proonre  tiie 
revooation  of  the  order ;  and  the  deputies  from  Amster- 
*  dam  and  several  other  members  of  the  provincial  states 
protested  that  the  subject  "  ought  to  have  been  first  pro- 
posed to  the  states  of  Holland."     The  States  Greneral,  now 
on  the  eve  of  open  hostilities  with  England,  yielding  to  the 
leMay.     force  of  circumstances,  revoked  their  recall,  and  ordered 
•anfsre-   Van  dcr  Donck  to  deliver  up  their  letter.     The  general 
Toked.       government  had  shown  itself  fully  disposed  to  listen  to  the 
complaints  of  the  people  of  New  Netherland ;  and,  had 
not  the  presence  of  an  experienced  soldier  been  necessa- 
ry to  protect  their  American  province,  Stuyvesant  would 
scarcely  have  escaped  his  threatened  humiliation.     The 
«7  May.     Amsterdam  Chamber  gratefully  thanked  the  States  Gen- 
eral for  their  concession,  and  offered  to  give  such  full  ex- 
planations as  would  render  unnecessary  the  return  of  their 
director  to  Holland.* 

1650.  The  premature  death  of  William  H.,  prince  of  Orange, 
le  Not.     j^^^  j^^  vacant  the  office  of  stadtholder,  and  the  dignity 

remained  in  abeyance  during  the  minority  of  William  IH. 
This  event,  weakening  the  ascendency  of  the  Orange  par- 
ty in  the  Netherlands,  led  to  the  recognition  of  the  En- 

1651.  glish  commonwealth  by  the  Dutch  Republic ;  and  Saint 
18  JwMury.  j^j^^^  ^^^  Strickland  were  dispatched  to  the  Hague,  to  ne- 
gotiate a  league  of  amity  and  confederation  between  ibe 
two  nations.     Some  of  the  visionary  enthusiasts  in  Par- 

Propowjd  liament  even  entertained  designs  of  making  the  "  two  sov- 
twoen  En-  crcigu  statcs  ouc,"  to  be  governed  by  a  council  sitting  at 
the  Nether-  Loudou,  composcd  of  Dutchmcu  and  Englishmen.  To  ef- 
fect this  object,  the  embassy  was  instructed  to  use  the 
most  adroit  diplomacy.  The  ambassadors,  however,  de- 
manding, as  a  preliminary,  that  the  English  ftigitives 
should  be  expelled  from  Holland,  the  Dutch  government 
determined  not  to  interfere  in  any  way  between  Cromwell 
and  the  Royalist  party ;  and  the  English  negotiators  were 
openly  insulted  by  the  populace,  whose  attachment  to  the 
house  of  Orange  would  not  tolerate  the  presence  of  the 

*  HoL  Doc.,  Ti.,  180-140,  153,  150;  Alb.  Rac,  It.,  «».«8i  TlU.,  45-40;  0>Call.,  It,  Ifi. 


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PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  543 

"  executioners"  of  the  unhappy  grandfather  of  William  ch.  xvi. 

Ill*  

On  his  return  to  England,  Saint  John  gratified  his  re-^jmy 
venge  by  devising  a  measure  whereby  he  hoped  the  com-j|l*ol!^of 
mercial  ascendency  of  the  Dutch  might  be  destroyed.  **^  ^'^^^ 
Grotius,  one  of  the  most  glorious  of  the  sons  of  Holland, 
had  been  the  first  to  proclaim  the  doctrine  that  "  free  ships 
make  free  goods,"  and  had  boldly  appealed  to  the  judg- 
ment of  the  world  against  the  maritime  restrictions  "  which 
humanity  denounced  as  contrary  to  the  principles  of  social 
intercourse  ,"*  which  justice  derided  as  infringing  the  clear- 
est natural  rights ;  which  enterprise  rejected  as  a  mon- 
strous usurpation  of  the  oGean  and  the  winds."    The  coun- 
try of  Grrotius,  though  her  colonial  policy  was  apparently 
paradoxical,  had  herself  become  great  by  practicing  the 
doctrines  which  Grotius  had  so  eloquently  announced. 
The  commerce  of  Holland  covered  every  sea  over  which 
the  navy  of  Holland  rode  in  triumph.    In  Asia,  in  Africa, 
in  America,  the  tricolor  of  the  United  Provinces  floated 
over  the  Dutch  colonial  outposts.     England  saw  and  felt 
her  inferiority;  already  her  ships  began  to  lie  idle  at  her 
quays,  and  her  mariners  to  seek  employment  in  the  ves- 
sels of  the  Dutch.     The  celebrated  "Act  of  Navigation" 
was,  therefore,  carried  through  Parliament ;  and  the  ser-  9  October 
geant-at-arms  was  ordered  to  proclaim  it  at  the  old  Lon-^laof 
don  Exchange,  "  with  sound  of  trumpet  and  beat  of  drum."  uon.'^' 
This  act  decreed  that  no  productions  of  Asia,  Africa,  or 
America  should  be  brought  to  England,  except  in  English 
vessels  manned  by  English  crews ;  and  that  no  produc- 
tions of  Europe  should  be  brought  to  England,  unless  in 
English  vessels,  or  in  those  of  the  country  in  which  the  im- 
ported cairgoes  were  produced.     This  step  was  accompa- 
nied by  the  issue  of  letters  of  reprisal  to  such  persons  as 
considered  themselves  aggrieved  by  the  Dutch.t 

The  States  G-eneral  dispatched  ambassadors  to  London  so  Dee. 

*  Altiema,  iil.,  638-663 ;  Thurioe's  State  Papers,  I.,  174, 171>,  182, 183, 187-195 ;  Vertaal 
▼aa  BevemiDf ,  61,  63 ;  tuUey  p.  499. 

t  Commons'  Journal,  vil.,  87 ;  Anderson,  11.,  415, 416 ;  Llngard,  xl.,  197, 198 ;  Baneroft, 
i.,  S15, 916 ;  Daries,  iL,  707-710. 


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344  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

o«.  xvi.  to  protest  against  fhese  hoatile  measures,  and  at  the  samt 
time  gave  orders  for  the  equipment  of  a  fleet  of  one  hand* 

Protest  of  '■^  *^d  fifty  s^P^  ^f  ^*'-     The  ambassadors  were  also 

ihe  Dutch,  instructed  to  propose  a  treaty,  whioh,  among  other  things,, 
should  provide  for  a  free  trade  to  the  West  Indies  and  Vir- 
ginia, and  for  the  settlement  of  the  boundaries  between 
the  Dutch  and  English  colonic  in  America.  Schaep,  one 
of  the  ambassadors,  who  had  been  sent  to  London  the  year 
before  as  the  special  agent  of  the  province  of  Holland,  had 
been  then  empowered  to  propose  the  arrangement  of  a 
boundary  between  New  Netherland  and  New  England. 
1652.  The  proposition  was  now  made  by  the  ambassadors  in 

T>Sy  pro-  form ;  and  the  eleventh  and  twelfth  articles  in  thy  draft 
of  the  treaty  which  they  submitted  to  the  English  Coun- 
cil of  State,  provided  that  Dutch  and  English  subjects,  not- 
withstanding any  recent  prohibitions,  might  freely  sail  and 
trade  to  the  Carribee  Islands  and  to  Virginia  as  they  had 
before  done;  and  that  ^^to  maintain  good  friendship,  peace, 
and  neighborhood  between  both  of  the  aforesaid  nations 
on  the  continent  of  North  America,  a  just,  certain,  and 
immovable  boundary  line  there  shall  be  settled  and  de- 
termined as  soon  as  possible."* 

15  Mareh.       Neither  of  these  propositions  was  acceptable  to  the  Coun- 

negMU.  cil  of  State.  They  replied  that  the  English  had  always 
been  forbidden  to  trade  with  any  of  the  Dutch  ooionies, 
and  that  they  should  now  acquiesce  in  that  policy ;  and, 
on  the  other  hand,  as  the  Dutch  were  excluded  from  trad- 
ing to  any  of  the  English  plantations  by  the  recent  Navi- 
gation Act,  from  that  measure  the  council  did  not  ^'  deem 
it  fittiug  to  recede."  In  regard  to  the  colonial  boundary 
question,  the  English  had  been  the  '^  first  planters"  of 
North  America,  from  Virginia  to  Newfoundland ;  and  noi 
knowing  any  plantations  of  the  Dutch  there,  ^'  save  a  smaU 
number  up  in  Hudson's  River,"  they  did  not  think  it  nee 
essary  "  at  present  to  settle  the  limits,  which  may  be  done 

ft  May.  hereafter  in  a  convenient  time."  In  the  correspondence 
that  followed,  the  English  defended  their  restrictive  oolo- 

*  Alb.  Rec.,  ir.,  35 ;  Hoi.  Doc.,  ▼.,  419;  ri.,  184 ;  Aitzoma,  iU.,  094-60(1. 


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PETER  STUYVESANT.  DIREOTOR  GENERAL.  545 

nial  polioy  on  the  ground  of  retaliation;  but  suggested  ch.  xvi. 
that,  if  the  Dutch  would  propose  to  establish  a  mutual 
freedom  of  trade,  their  proposition  would  be  respectfully 
considered.  Unfortunately,  the  States  General  were  not 
now  in  a  position  to  incorporate  a  principle  so  congenial  to 
the  national  sentiment  of  the  TJnited  Provinces  into  the 
polioy  of  the  world.  They  had  unwisely  hampered  them- 
selves with  two  enormous  commercial  monopolies,  to  which 
they  had  intrusted  the  government  of  their  colonies ;  and 
the  influence  of  these  two  companies  was  fatal  io  any  prop- 
osition for  the  emancipation  of  colonial  commerce.  The 
Dutch  ambassadors  were  not  instructed  to  offer  to  the  En- 
glish a  reciprocal  free  trade  to  New  Netherland,  for  New 
Netherland  was  in  the  hands  of  the  West  India  Company. 
It  was  not  surprising,  therefore,  that  the  negotiations  at 
London  were  fruitless.  The  ambassadors  soon  received  is  Mty. 
instructions  from  Holland  to  defer  the  consideration  of  a 
boundary  line  in  America  until  a  more  fitting  time.*  The 
States  General  had  not  yet  ratified  Stuy vesant's  treaty  at 
Hartford  ;  and  they  did  not,  in  fact,  ratify  it  until  several 
years  afterward.t 

A  naval  war,  which  had  been  brewing  so  long,  at  last  N«Tti  war 
broke  out  between  England  and  the  United  Provinces,  the  Dutch 
Holland  ships  were  arrested,  without  warning,  in  English  gii»h. 
ports,  and  their  crews  impressed.     The  Dutch  fleet  had 
been  intrusted  to  the   command  of  Martin  Harpertson 
Tromp,<  with  instructions  from  the  Admiralty  to  protect 
Dutch  vessels  from  visitation  or  search  by  foreign  cruisers ; 
and  not  to  strike  his  flag  to  English  ships  of  war.     In  a 
few  days  Tromp  encountered  the  British  fleet,  under  Blake,  s9  May. 
in  the  Straits  of  Dover,  and  a  bloody  but  indecisive  battle 
followed.     All  hopes  of  peace  were  now  at  an  end.     Par- 
liament was  resolved  on  war,  and  the  Dutch  ambassadors 
soon  afterward  left  England.     A  series  of  brilliant  naval  17  Joiy 

*  Altxwna,  ii!.,  701-710 ;  Hoi.  Doc.,  ri.,  138. 138. 

t  Hoi.  Doc.,  YiU.,  194 ;  1.,  N.  Y.  H.  S.  CoU.,  i.,  p.  301 ;  mie,  p.  989;  poti,  p.  0S1. 

t  It  is  strange  that  so  many  English  and  American  writers  Insist  upon  pr^faUng  «  ■•- 
pmrHneoB  **  Van*>  to  Tromp's  name.  Bancroft  and  DaTles  are  among  the  ftw  wbo  avoid 
the  TVlgar  error.  The  name  of  the  Dutch  admiral  wm  do  more  Van  TVomp  tfiaii  tluit  <f 
ttm  Bnfflish  admiral  was  Van  Blake. 

Mm 


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§^  HWraSLY  OP  TW  9TATB  OP  HEW  YQBIL 

pp.  xvi  engagements  followed,  in  whioh  Trom]^  and  De  R«ytoiv 
and  Blake  and  Aysoue,  all  gained  inunortal  Iaarel&     Th* 
10  D^   first  year  of  hostilities  closed  with  a  victory  which  feroed 
Blake  to  take  refiige  in  the  Thames;  and  Tromp  placed  • 
broom  at  his  mast-head,  in  token  that  he  had  swqpt  tli# 
channel  free  of  all  English  ships.*  - 
Pree«a-         The  States  General  did  not  neglect  the  preoautiom 
suM^Gra^  which  a  state  of  war  demanded.     The  Admiralty  was  di- 
nj'ttiy.     rected  to  send  a  swift-sailing  frigate  to  New  Netheriaad 
and  the  West  Indies,  with  instructions  to  the  provinoiftl 
»  July,     governors.    Stuy  vesant  was  also  instructed  to  keep  a  oare* 
fill  watch,  in  the  present  condition  of  affairs  with  England, 
and  to  employ  no  person  in  the  public  service  of  wfaoaa 
loyalty  and  devotion  to  the  Fatherland  he  was  not  assured. 
The  views  of  the  West  India  Company  were  also  deairod 
respecting  the  best  mode  of  protecting  their  American  pos- 
10  jQir     sessions.    The  company  recommended  that  five  ot  six  firig- 
ates  should  be  sent  to  New  Netherland,  to  harass  Britiak 
commerce  on  the  coast  and  in  the  West  Indies ;  but  that, 
as  the  English  colonists  on  the  continent  were  very  strong, 
it  would  be  impolitic  to  attempt  any  thing  against  them.t 
6imfni«.       The  directors,  at  the  same  time,  wrote. to  Stuyvesant, 
tteAm-     '<  Although  we  do  not  doubt  but  that  you  have  agreed 
Chamber  u>  with  thosc  of  Ncw  England  about  limits,  in  conformity 
ubt.        with  our  intentions,  or  have  entered  into  a  more  close  union 
and  harmonious  compact  with  them  as  once  before,  so  titai 
we  have  nothing  to  fear  from  New  England;  neverthe- 
less, we  consider  it  an  imperious  duty  to  recommend  you 
to  arm  and  discipline  all  freemen,  soldiers,  and  sailors ;  to 
appoint  officers  and  places  of  rendezvous ;  to  supply  thfim 
with  ammunition ;  and  to  inspect  the  fortifications  at  New 
Amsterdam,  Fort  Orange,  and  Fort  Casimir.    To  this  end, 
we  send  you,  for  your  protection,  a  fresh  supply  of  anuna> 
nition."  ♦  ♦  ♦  "We  warn  you,"  they  added,  "not  ta 
place  an  unbounded  confidence  in  our  English  inhabitants, 
but  to  keep  a  watchful  eye  on  them,  so  that  you  may  not 


*  AitEMM,  ilL,  7U,  71S,  7(K  791 ;  TkmHoo,  i„  flOVtli ;  Baanaft,  In  161-SOl ; 
1^713;  HiiiiMiL10fard,iU,lS8-lM:  BaoaroA,  L,  917. 
t  Uol.  Doc^  Ti.,  Itt,  165, 186, 160, 170-08. 


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PBTEE  9JVmBMNT,  pmEGTQB  CHENBIUL.  ^7 

be  daeeived,  through  their  sinister  maohinatioBi,  by  a  show  a«-  xvi. 
9i  service,  as  we  have  been  before  deceived.     If  it  should  "T~ 
happen,  which  we  will  not  yet  suppose,  that  those  New  '^^' 
Englanders  incline  to  take  a  part  in  these  broils,  and  in- 
jure our  good  inhabitants,  then  we  should  advise  yoursngafe- 
honor  to  engage  the  Indians  in  your  cause,  who,  we  are  Sunt  ad!"' 
informed,  are  not  partial  to  the  English.    You  will  further  ^^**^ 
^nploy  all  such  means  of  defense  as  prudence  may  require 
for  your  security,  taking  care  that  the  merchants  and  in- 
habitants convey  their  valuable  property  williin  the  forts. 
Treat  them  kindly,  so  that  they  may  be  encouraged  to  re- 
main th^re,  and  to  give  up  the  thought  of  returning  to  Hol- 
land, which  would  cause  the  dep(^ulation  of  the  country. 
It  is  advisable,  therefore,  to  inclose  ^e  villages,  at  least 
the  principal  and  most  opulent,  with  breast- works  and  pal- 
lisades,  to  prevent.surprise."* 

The  <<  fastpsailing  ^liot"  by  which  this  letter  and  the 
(NTomised  supplies  were  dispatched  was  captured  by  tiie 
English.    The  States  General  again  admonished  the  West  s  scml 
India  CkHnpany  to  put  their  province  in  a  proper  state  of  ■traeuoM. 
defense.    Another  vessel  was,  therefore,  fitted  out,  and  a 
duplicate  of  the  intercepted  dispcU^h  was  forwarded.    The 
directors,  at  the  same  time,  wrote  to  Stuy  vesant  to  be  care-  is  dw. 
faUy  on  his  guard  against  the  ^'artful  wiles''  of  his  territo- 
rial neighbors,  and  to  avoid,  if  possible,  any  broils  with  the 
people  of  New  England.    All  honest  mecms  were  to  be  used 
to  cultivate  friendship  with  them,  and  also  to  promote 
commerce,  chiefly  with  the  Virginians,  by  which  means 
*<  must  the  Manhattans  prosper,"  her  population  increase, 
and  her  trade  and  navigation  flourish.     ^^  For  when  these  MaritUM 
once  become  permanently  established — ^when  the  ships  of  SSunSlt- 
New  Netherland  ride  on  every  part  of  the  ocean — ^thendietST' 
numbers,  now  looking  to  that  coast  with  eagw  eyes,  will 
be  allured  to  embark  for  your  island."     Such  was  ih^ 
prqiheoy  which  the  merchants  of  Amsterdam  addressed 
^  the  merchants  of  Manhattan  two  oenturiea  ago.t 

*  Alb.  Rac.,  hr.,  83,  84. 

t  Hot.  Doe.,  Ti.,  100, 109:  Al¥.Reo^lT.,S7,81i  Q*CaU.,lk,SOS,M«;  Buaroft,  ii.,  |N 


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548  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

ch.  XVI.  When  that  prophecy  was  uttered,  New  Amsterdam  was 
yet  a  small  village,  with  a  population  of  seven  or  eight 
Actual  hundred  souls.  Belonging,  in  fee,  to  the  West  India  Com- 
of  MMhSt-  P^'^y?  i*^  municipal  affairs  had  always  been  administered 
**"  by  the  director  and  council  of  the  province.     That  admin- 

istration, however,  had  never  been  advantageous,  either  to 
the  company  or  to  the  colonists ;  and  from  the  beginning 
of  Stuyvesanfs  government,  scarcely  one  new  bouwery 
had  been  planted  on  the  island.* 

The  time  had  now  come  when  its  inhabitants  were  to 
be  invested  with  the  civic  powers  which  the  Amsterdam 
Chamber  had  so  unwillingly  conceded  to  their  earnest  pray- 
organixa-  crs.    Its  municipal  government  was  to  resemble  "  as  muoh 
ftretmunic-  as  possiblc"  that  of  Old  Amsterdam ;  nevertheless,  the  fran- 
enunant  of  chiscs  which  the  citizens  of  New  Amsterdam  actually  ob- 
«teniBin.    taiued  were  far  less  extensive  than  those  which  the  burgh- 
ers of  the  parent  city  enjoyed.     The  director  general  re- 
tained in  his  own  hands  the  appointment  of  burgomasters 
md  schepens,  and  insisted  upon  the  right  of  the  provincial 
government  "to  make  ordinances  or  publish  particular  in- 
terdicts even  for  New  Amsterdam."     The  citizens  wwe 
not  allowed  to  elect  their  own  schout ;  the  city  govern- 
ment did  not  choose  its  own  clerk.     The  ungraceful  con- 
cessions of  the  grudging  Chamber  were  hampered  by  the 
most  illiberal  interpretation  which  their  provincial  repre- 
sentative could  devise. 
1653.       Stuyvesant  accordingly  issued  a  proclamation  an  the 
^^^'       feast  of  Candlemas,  appointing  Arendt  van  Hattem  and 
Martin  Kregier,  burgomasters,  and  Paulus  Leendertsen 
tartand     van  dcr  Grist,  Maximilian  van  Gheel,  AUard  Anth<Hiy, 
Willem  Beeckman,  and  Pieter  Wolfertsen  van  Couwenho- 
ven,  schepens  of  the  city  of  New  Amsterdam.     Cornelia 
Schout  and  vau  Ticnhoveu,  the  company's  fiscal,  was  made  schout  of 
the  city,  and  Jacob  Kip  was  appointed  secretary  to  the 
6  Fej).       municipal  government.     A  few  days  afterward,  the  bur- 
gomasters and  schepens  met  together,  and  gave  notice  ihat 
they  would  hold  their  ordinary  meetings  every  Monday 

*  Hoi.  Doc.,  ▼!.,  Str :  xi.,  til 


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PETEE  mTYYESANT,  DIRECTOR  OSNERAL.  .549 

morning  at  nine  o'clook,  '^  in  the  building  hitherto  called  cu.  xvi. 
the  City  Tavern,  and  now  named  the  Stadt  Huys  or  City 
Hall."     Stuyvesant,  whose  attention  had  been  so  mucipiJ^^. 
given  to  the  munioipal  affairs  of  the  capital,  often  attended  j^n^'J^ 
Aese  meetings  in  person.     Record  books  were  then  com-  ^^t!^' 
menced ;  and  a  solemn  form  of  prayer  was  adopted,  with 
which  the  proceedings  of  the  court  were  to  be  opened. 
The  island  of  Manhattan  had  at  last  formally  become  the 
city  of  New  Amsterdam.* 

The  organization  of  the  municipal  government  of  New  chueai 
Amsterdam  took  place  at  the  most  important  crisis  which  New  Nein- 
the  Dutch  province  had  yet  seen.     Holland  and  England, 
were  now  at  open  war.     The  Puritan  colonies,  sympathiz- 
ing with  Parliament,  longed  to  make  New  Netherland  a 
trophy  of  the  strife,  and  to  extend  the  English  power  from 
Stamford  to  the  Chesapeake.     Stuyvesant,  foreseeing  his  m  Feb. 
danger,  wrote  to  the  several  governments  of  Virginia  and  New  sn^ 
New  England,  expressing  the  friendly  feelings  both  of  the  vSiiiito. 
West  India  Company  and  of  the  authorities  of  New  Neth- 
erland, and  proposing  that  the  commercial  intercourse  be- 
tween the  Dutch  and  English  colonies  should  continue  on 
its  former  peaceful  footing,  notwithstanding  the  hostilities 
between  their  mother  countries.    At  the  same  time,  he  did 
not  neglect  proper  military  precautions  at  homo.    He  com-  is  Marcb. 
municated  to  a  joint  meeting  pf  the  provincial  council,  and  uonsforUM 
of  the  burgomasters  and  schepens  of  New  Amsterdam,  thethedty. 
dispatches  from  the  West  India  Company ;  and  also  inform- 
ed them  of  the  military  preparations  which  were  now  in 
progress  in  New  England.    The  meeting  promptly  resolv- 
ed that  "the  whole  body  of  citizens"  should  mount  guard 
every  night ;  that  Fort  Amsterdam  should  be  repaired ; 
and  as  it  was  not  large  enough  to  contain  all  the  inhab-  niteh  ud 
itants,  that  the  city  should  be  enclosed,  from  the  East  to^ 
the  North  River,  by  a  ditch  and  palisades  with  a  breast- 
work.    Schipper  Yisscher  was  directed  to  keep  his  sails 

*  Alb.  Ree.,  ▼).«  54,  90;  New  Amsterdam  Records,  i.,  lOft-107, 100;  O'CtU.,  ii.,  911; 
Valeotine^s  Manaal  for  1850*  538,  wbere  the  form  of  prayer  ia  Inaerted  at  length.  The 
Racorda  of  the  city  of  New  York,  commencing  with  tbia  date,  are  atili  preaerred  in  fOo4 
condition.    See  note  Q,  Appendix. 


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596  HISTOKT  OF  THB  8TJITB  OF  KCW  TOXS. 

tfu.  zvi.  always  ready,  and  ^  his  gtm  loaded  day  and  night.'^     1h 
— ~~  defray  all  these  expenses,  the  city  gof^mment  proposed  t» 
ip^i^^y^j  raise  about  six  thousand  guilders,  by  a  loan  from  the  prin- 
d^t  of  tbe  ^ip^i  citizens,  to  be  repaid  by  a  tax  upon  the  oommonahy. 
13  March.  In  two  days,  upward  of  five  thousand  guilders  were  snb- 
17  March.  soHbed.    A  contraot  was  made  with  Thomas  Baxt^  to 
provide  palisades  twelve  feet  high  and  eighteen  inohes  in 
girth;  and  the  inhabitants,  <<  without  one  exoeption,"  were 
required  to  work  at  the  fortifications,  under  penalty  of  fine, 
loss  of  citizenship,  and  banishment     Nor  did  the  people 
forget,  in  the  time  of  their  trouble,  to  call  upon  the  Al- 
mighty for  aid  ;  and  the  ninth  of  April  was  ordered  to  be 
FaMday.  observcd  as  a  day  of  fasting  and  prayer  throughout  the 
IS  May.     province.    The  inhabitants  at  Beverwyck  and  Port  Orange 
angl  and   wcrc  likewise  directed  to  assist  those  of  Rensselaerswyok 
wyA.      in  putting  the  redoubt  and  other  defenses  in  good  repair.* 
8w»  of         These  precautions  were  by  no  means  untimely.    Unoas, 
NowliT  the  Mohegan  ally  of  the  English,  had  spread  a  report  that 
Stuyvesaiit  had  been  plotting  to  excite  the  Narragansetts 
against  the  New  England  colonies;  and  nine  sachems, 
who  lived  "about  the  Manhatoes,"  sent  messengers  to 
Stamford  toward  the  end  of  March,  affirming  that,  aboat 
tt March,  a  month  before,  the  Dutch  governor  "did  earnestly  solicit 
the  Indians  in  those  parts  to  kill  all  the  English,  but  they 
all  refused  to  be  hired  by  him,  for  that  the  English  had 
done  them  no  harm." 
MApriL        An  extraordinary  meeting  of  the  commissioners  of  the 
ihe  New    United  Colonies  was  accordingly  held  at  Boston  in  the  end 
of  April.     Previously  to  the  meeting,  two  messengers  had 
been  sent  by  the  council  of  Massachusetts  to  interrogato 
Ninigret,  Pessaous,  and  Mixam,  three  of  the  Narraganselt 
chiefs,  as  to  Stuyvesant's  conduct.     But  the  sachems'  an- 
swers disproved  the  alleged  plot.     "  I  found  no  such  en- 
tertainment from  the  Dutch  governor  when  I  was  there,** 
said  Ninigret,  "to  stir  me  up  to  such  a  league  against  the 
English,  my  friends.     It  was  winter  time,  and  I  stood  a 

*Alb.Ilae.,Tl.,«6^7B;  ix.,fl7:  New  AmL  Rm.,  1, 150-153, 194,  in ;  CCtfUtt^Mii 
Valentine's  Manual  for  1850, 450. 


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PBTBR  STUYVESANT,  DIRBCTOlt  GENBRAL.  fJBl 

great  part  of  a  winter's  day  knooking  at  tbe  governor's  cs.  xn 
door;  and  he  would  neither  opea  it,  nor  smffer  oUiers  to  -^t-^ 
qpen  it,  to  let  me  in ;  I  was  not  wont  to  find  such  oarriage 
from  the  English,  my  friends."  Said  Mixam :  '^  I  know 
of  no  suoh  plot  that  is  intended  or  plotted  by  the  Dutch 
governor  against  the  English,  my  friends."  And  Pessaons 
replied,  "  that  for  the  governor  of  the  Dutch,  we  are  loth 
to  invent  any  falsehood  of  him,  though  we  be  far  off  from 
him,  to  please  the  English,  or  any  other  that  bring  these 
reports." 

The  commissioners  were  still  suspicious  and  unsatisfied. 
A  long  "  declaration"  was  therefore  drawn  up,  reviewing 
the  complaints  which  the  New  England  colonies  had  re- 
iterated for  thirteen  years,  and  embodying  the  new  charges  charge* 
against  the  Dutch  which  rested  upon  the  testimony  of  dumil 
^^  the  Indians,  who  know  not  Q-od,  but  Worship  and  walk 
after  the  prince  of  the  power  of  the  air,  serving  their  lusts, 
hatefai,  and  hating  one  another."  Upon  tiie  reading  of 
this,  the  commissioners,  "  being  exercised  with  different 
apprehensions,"  called  upon  the  Massachusetts  council, 
"  with  the  neighboring  elders,"  for  advice.  Their  advice 
was,  that  it  best  became  those  ^^  professing  to  walk  in  the 
Gospel  of  peace,  having  to  do  with  a  people  pretending  to 
the  same  profession,"  to  give  the  Dutch  governor  an  oppor* 
tunity  to  answer  for  himself. 

Stuy vesant,  however,  did  not  wait  for  the  action  of  the  ituyt*^ 
commissioners.     Hearing  of  the  charges  against  him,  he  duct, 
wrote  at  once  to  the  governors  of  New  Haven  and  Massa- 
chusetts, denying  the  plot,  and  offering  to  come  or  send  to 
Boston  to  clear  himself,  or  desiring  that  delegates  might 
be  sent  to  Manhattan  "to  consider  and  examine  what  may 
be  charged,  and  his  answers."    The  commissioners  accord-  Agents  to 
ingly  appointed  Francis  Newman,  a  magistrate  of  New  Nether- 
Haven,  and  Captain  John  Leverett,  and  Lieutenant  Will- 
iam Davis,  of  Boston,  to  visit  New  Netherland.    The  agents 
were  instructed  specifically  as  to  their  duties  in  procuring 
testimony,  and  intelligence  from  Europe  or  Vitginia,  and 
were  also  furnished  with  letters  which  Underhill  had  Writ>> 


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(582  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  TOEK. 

gb.  XVI.  ten  to  the  commissumers,  aooording  to  the  tenor  of  whioh 
""  they  conceived  that  "  himself  and  the  English  at  Hemp- 

ioDo.  g^g  ^jij  produce  such  evidence  as  the  case  requires."    A 
13  May.     letter  to  Stuy vesant,  at  the  same  time,  embodied  their  long 
"  declaration"  of  complaints,  and  demanded  "  speedy  and 
just  satisfaction  for  all  jfbrmer  grievances,  and  due  aeou- 
prepara-    rity  for  the  future."     The  commissioners  likewise  made 
war.         preparations,  in  case  '^  God  call  the  colonies  to  make  war 
against  the  Dutch."    Five  hundred  men,  ^^  for  the  first  ex- 
pedition," were  to  be  proportionally  raised  out  of  the  four 
jurisdictions;  and  Captain  Leverett  was  judiciously  chosen 
commander-in-chief,  '*  with  respect  to  the  opportunity  he 
now  hath  to  view  and  observe  the  situation  and  fortifica- 
tion at  the  Manhatoes." 
23  May.         The  New  England  agents,  on  reaching  New  Amsterdam, 
the  Bngiiah  were  lodged  at  'Hhe  Basse's  house  in  Manhatoes."    They 
Si^^Am-  at  once  proposed  to  choose  '^  some  convenient  place,  within 
the  United  Colonies  of  New  England,"  for  Stuyvesant  to 
produce  evidence  to  clear  himself  from  the  charges  against 
him.    This  proposition  the  director  declined.    The  agents 
tt  May.     then  asked  that  the  place  might  be  at  Flushing  or  Heem- 
4  stede ;  that  they  should  have  full  power  to  call  such  to 

testify  as  they  might  think  meet ;  that  the  magistrates 
there  should  be  obliged  to  administer  oaths  to  the  witness- 
es ;  and  that  no  person  should  be  molested  for  the  testi- 
AMwerof  mouy  hc  might  give.  To  these  exactions  Stuyvesant  and 
totbeir  de-  his  councU,  ^'  together  with  those  that  represent  the  partic- 
ular courts  of  justice  in  the  colonies  of  New  Netherland,'' 
avowing  themselves  <^  guiltless  of  any  plot,  either  offensive 
or  defensive,  against  the  English  nation,"  readily  assented, 
upon  condition  that  the  proposed  examinations  should  be 
held  in  the  presence  of  three  persons,  to  be  associated  with 
the  New  England  commission,  namely.  La  Montague,  the 
first  counselor  in  New  Netherland,  David  Provoost,  and 
Govert  Loockermans,  "  which  all  jointly  in  some  measure 
understand  the  Dutch,  English,  and  Indian  speeches."  If 
any  person  should  be  found  '^  that  would  stand  to  the  ac- 
cusation," he  might  be  examined,  and  might  also,  "  aooord- 


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PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  553 

iBg  to  the  oustom  of  our  laws  of  New  Netherland,"  be  ca.  xvi. 
"  touched  and  heard,"  in  the  presence  of  the  New  England     ~ 
agenttf,  before  the  director  and  council  at  New  Amsterdam  ■*^^*^* 
and  the  representatives  of  the  particular  colonies  and  courts 
of  the  province.     And  all  inferior  magistrates  and  officers 
should  be  commanded  to  bring  before  the  joint  commis- 
sion "  all  such  as  they  shall  require,  whether  they  be  Dutch 
(X  English."* 

These  liberal  conditions  did  not  suit  the  Puritan  agents. 
With  lawyer-like  precision  they  '*  excepted"  to  the  num-iiMay. 
ber  and  the  character  of  the  signers,  the  mode  in  which  rei«cttiM 
they  stated  the  question,  and  the  examination  of  witnesses  Dutek. 
according  to  the  laws  of  New  Netherland ;   and,  in  the 
name  of  the  United  Colonies,  demanded  "due  and  full 
satisfaction"  for  all  the  particulars  in  their  letter.     They 
seemed  to  have  visited  the  Dutch  province  as  inquisitors, 
to  collect  evidence  criminating  the  Dutch,  and  to  collect 
no  other  evidence ;  and,  with  peculiar  assurance,  they  saw 
no  impropriety  in  requiring  the  authorities  of  New  Nethr 
erland,  in  their  own  capital,  to  suspend  their  established 
rules  of  law  in  favor  of  those  of  New  England. 

The  director's  temperate  reply,  rebuking  their  pertinac- im  May. 
ity,  submitted  a  series  of  general  propositions.  I.  Neigh- •ant»»r». 
borly  friendship,  without  regard  to  the  hostilities  in  Eu- 
rope ;  II.  Continuance  of  trade  and  commerce,  as  before ; 
III.  Mutual  justice  against  fraudulent  debtors ;  IV.  A  de- 
fensive and  offensive  alliance  against  the  enemies  of  both 
the  Dutch  and  English  provinces;  and,  Y.  In  case  the 
agents  had  not  full  powers  to  negotiate  on  these  points, 
that  the  Dutch  government  would  be  pleased  to  send  plen- 
ipotentiaries to  the  commissioners  of  the  United  Colonies. 

But  the  New  England  agents  repelled  Stuyvesant'sasMay. 
friendly  overtures;  and  "concluded  their  negotiation"  byuauouaiui. 
declaring,  in  the  name  of  the  commissioners,  that  "  if  so 
be  you  shall  offer  any  injury  to  any  of  the  English  in  these 
parts,  whether  by  yourselves  or  by  the  Indians,  either  upon 

*  Hazard,  ii.,  234,  335.  Beaidea  Stayresant  bimtelf,  this  leuer  waa  aigned  by  Warek- 
hoven,  Newton,  Kregler,  J.  B.  van  Rensselaer,  Van  der  Griat,  Van  Carloe,  Willein  Beaek- 
■Ma»  Pietar  Wolfertaen,  Allard  Anthony,  and  Kotfer  Jaaobaaa. 


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554  HISTORY  O^  THE  STATE  OP  NEW  YOI^. 


1698. 


Chi.  XVI.  tiie  national  cfaarrelj  of  by  reason  of  any  diifereti<^  4te- 
■  pending  between  the  United  English  Colonies  and  yotir- 
selves  of  the  province  of  New  Netherland,  that,  as  'BUb 
oommissioners  of  the  United  Colonies  will  do  no  wrong,  *) 
they  may  not  suffer  their  countrymen  to  be  oppressed  upon 
any  such  account."  This  paper  was  delivered  to  Stuyve- 
sant  about  six  o'clock  on  Sunday  afternoon.  About  nine 
o^clock  the  same  evening,  the  New  England  agents,  with« 
out  waiting  for  Stuyvesant's  reply,  took  their  leave,  and 
^*  cloaking  their  sudden  departure  under  pretence  of  the 
day  of  election,  to  be  held  this  week  at  Boston,"  they  de- 
clined a  friendly  invitation  to  remain,  and  abruptly  left 
New  Amsterdam. 
«Mty.  The  next  day  Stuyvesant  dispatched  Atigustine  Heer- 
miit*s  an-  man  to  Boston  with  a  full  reply  to  the  letter  of  the  commnr- 

■wer  to  the  ^  *^ 

"^»™-  sioners,  and  an  abstract  of  "passages"  between  New  Nefli- 
erland  and  New  England.  Touching  the  reiterated  charge 
of  conspiracy  with  the  natives,  there  would  "  never  any 
appearance  of  truth  be  found  in  it."  If  the  New  England 
messengers  had  made  inquiry,  "  according  to  due  coune 
and  manner  of  law,"  the  case  would  have  been  "  truly  di^ 
covered  and  found  out."  Ninigret  had  come  to  New  Am- 
sterdam in  the  month  of  January,  with  a  pass  from  file 
younger  Winthrop,  "  to  be  cured  and  healed."  What  he 
had  done  on  Long  Island  "  remains  to  us  unknown ;  only 
this  we  know,"  added  Btu3rvesant,  "that  what  your  war- 
ships lay  unto  our  charge  are  false  reports  and  feigned  in- 
formations. Your  honored  messengers  might,  if  they  had 
pleased,  have  informed  themselves  of  the  truth  of  this  at 
Nayack  and  Q-ravesande,  and  might  also  have  obtained 
more  friendly  satisfaction  and  security  concerning  our  real 
intentions,  if  they  had  been  pleased  to  have  staid  a  day  or 
two  or  three  with  us,  to  have  heard  and  considered  far- 
ther of  these  articles." 

On  their  way  homeward,  the  New  England  agents 
stopped  at  Flushing,  Stamford,  and  New  Haven,  and, 
"  without  any  help  or  concurrence  from  the  Manhatoes," 
took  all  the  testimony  they  oould  procure  to  sustain  thw 


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PETfiR  dTOTVBSANT,  DIRfiCTOR  aSNERAL.  ggg 

^Murges  against  the  New  Netherknd  auilK>ritied.  The  oh.  xn. 
hearsay  stories  of  several  Indians  were  eagerly  recorded. 
A  conversation  at  Underhill's  house,  in  Flushing,  withj^jj^y.  ' 
the  wife  of  Van  der  Donck,  who  said  that  ^'the  Maquaas 
are  ready  to  assist  the  Dutch  if  the  English  fall  upon 
them,"  and  wiUi  Doughty,  her  father,  who  ^^said  that  he 
knew  more  than  he  durst  speak,"  was  carefully  noted. 
Several  depositions  of  disaffected  Englishmen  at  Heem-  Testimoiiy 
stede  and  Middelbnigh  were  secured.  The  <Mily  point  real-  Long  isi 
ly  ascertained  upon  which  to  found  the  charge  of  a  plot^ 
was  that  Stuyvesant  had  ixAA  Robert  Ooe,  one  of  the  Mid- 
delburgh  magistrates,  that  ^'  if  the  English  came  against 
him,  he  had  spoken  to  Indians  to  help  him  against  the 
English."  William  Alford  also  swore  that  Stuyvesant  had 
told  him  '^he  had  no  hand  in  any  such  plot ;  but  confess- 
ed that  in  case  any  English  should  come  against  him,  then 
he  would  strengthen  himself  with  the  Indians  as  much  as 
he  could."  This  was  all  that  the  agents  succeeded  in 
proving.  These  declarations  were  made  by  Stuyvesant 
without  any  mystery  or  purpose  of  concealment.  They 
were  merely  the  announcement  of  his  intention  to  obey  the 
instructions  of  the  Amsterdam  directors,  who  had,  as  we 
have  seen,  written  to  him  the  previous  August,  that,  in 
case  the  New  Englanders  inclined  ''to  take  a  part  in  these 
broils,  and  injure  our  good  inhabitants,  then  we  should  ad- 
viie  your  honor  to  engage  tiie  Indians  in  your  cause."  The 
Puritan  colonists  had  themselves  set  the  example  of  em- 
ploying Indian  allies  in  the  Pequod  war ;  and  the  policy 
which  New  England  originated  continued,  until  the  end 
of  the  American  Revolution,  a  repulsive  feature  in  the 
British  colonial  administration.* 

Meanwhile,  Underbill  had  been  agitating  a  revolt  on^«««wi^ 
Long  Island.    His  unstable  nature  longed  for  change ;  and  qom. 
the  moment  seemed  propitious  to  betray  the  friends  who 
had  sheltered  and  honored  him  when  humiliated  by  the 
ecclesiastical  discipline  of  Massachusetts.     At  the  instiga- 
tion of  Eaton  and  the  agents  of  New  England,  he  had 

*  Hazard,  tt.,  S(B-(W7 ;  Alb.  Baa.,  It.,  83 1  Nortk  Am.  Itov.,  vUi*  9^105 ;  mte,  p.  047. 


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566  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

'yn  XVI.  busied  himself  in  oolleoting  the  testimcmy  which  he  had 
promised  the  oommisaioners,  and  had  openly  charged  the 
fiscal,  Van  Tienhoven,  with  plotting  against  the  English. 
undorhiu   He  was,  therefore,  arrested  at  Flushing,  and  conveyed  to 
New  Amsterdam  under  guard.     After  a  short  detention, 
he  was  dismissed  without  trial.     Returning  to  Long  Isl- 
and, he  committed  open  treason  against  his  adopted  coun- 
try by  hoisting  '*  the  Parliaments'  oolors"  at  Heemstede 
20  May.     and  Flufihing,  and  crowned  his  treachery  by  issuing  a  se- 
proceed-     ditious  addross  to  the  commonalty  of  New  Amsterdam,  aet- 
SiiSlnstede  tiug  forth  the  reasons  which  had  impelled  the  insurgenti 
ing.         ^<  to  abjure  the  iniquitous  government  of  Peter  Stuyvesant 
over  the  inhabitants  living  and  residing  on  Long  Island, 
in  America."    After  enumerating  the  specific  wrcHigB, 
which  he  declared  were  '*  too  grievous  for  any  brave  En^ 
glishman  and  good  Christian  to  tolerate  any  longer,"  he 
exhorted  ^^  all  honest  hearts,  that  seek  the  glory  of  God  and 
their  own  peace  and  prosperity,  to  throw  off  this  tyran- 
nical yoke."     '' Accept  and  submit  ye  then  to  the  Parlia- 
ment of  England,"  concluded  this  bold  address,  ^^  and  be- 
ware ye  of  becoming  traitors  to  one  another,  for  the  sake 
of  your  own  quiet  and  welfare."* 

But  Underbill's  mutinous  appeal  fell  upon  unwilling 
ears.     The  loyalty  of  the  Dutch  to  their  Fatherland  was 
proof  against  all  treasonable  placards ;  and  though  they 
had  themselves  felt  the  pressure  of  Stuyvesant's  arbitrary 
rule,  they  could  not  think  of  abjuring  their  allegiance  to 
the  States  Greneral,  to  become  subjects  of  the  Pariiament 
underhui   of  England.     Upon  the  departure  of  the  New  England 
27  May.     agcuts,  Underbill  was  ordered  to  quit  the  province.     Fly- 
ing to  Rhode  Island,  he  addressed  a  letter  to  the  commis- 
9  June,      sioners  at  Boston,  offering  his  services  and  loyalty,  as  he 
was,  like  Jephthah,  "  forced  to  lay  his  life  in  his  hands," 
to  save  English  blood  from  destruotkm.     To  this  end  he 
had  '<  requested  our  neighbors  of  Rhode  Island  to  afhii 
some  small  assistance."     This  '^  assistance"  was  granted 

*  Alb.  Reo.,  iT.,  131 ;  Hoi.  Doc.,  Ix.,  237 ;  Hazard,  U.,  913 ;  Hartlbrd  Ree.  Towna  and 
Lands,  i.,  81 ;  CoL  Roe.  Conn.,  376  (  0*GaU.,  U.,  235-397 ;  TnuBlmn,  i.,  90». 


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PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  557 

the  next  day,  in  the  form  of  a  commission  ^^  under  the  seal  ch.  xti. 
of  the  colony  of  Providence  Plantations,''  giving  "  fall  pow-     ~ 
er  and  authority  to  Mr.  William  Dyer  and  Captain  John  3  j^^ 
Underhill  to  take  all  Dutch  ships  and  vessels  as  shall  come  ^joiSJJb'y 
into  their  power,  and  to  defend  themselves  from  the  Dutch  JJJ!***  ****' 
and  all  enemies  of  the  commonwealth  of  England."* 

The  New  England  agents,  on  reaching  Boston,  reported  31  May. 
their  proceedings  in  New  Netherland,  with  the  testimony  miMioMrt 
they  had  collected ;  and  also  submitted  to  the  commis-  chusaus  at 
sioners   some  propositions  for  protection  and  assistance 
which  had  been  presented  to  them  on  behalf  of  the  disaf- 
fected English  at  Heemstede  and  Hiddelburgh.     Upon  a 
statement  of  the  case,  the  Q-eneral  Court  of  Massachusetts  3  June, 
desired  a  consultation  with  the  commissioners,  and  ap- 
pcnnted  a  committee  to  prepare  a  'joint  report  of  the  facts 
respecting  the  difference  with  the  Dutch.    The  joint  com- 
mittee, however,  could  not  agree ;  and  two  separate  state-  4  jom. 
ments  were  drawn  up,  one  on  the  part  of  the  commission- 
ers, by  Governor  Eaton,  and  another  on  the  part  of  Mas- 
sachusetts, by  Major  Q-eneral  Denison.     A  conference  was 
then  held  before  the  General  Court  of  Massachusetts  ^*and 
divers  neighboring  elders,"  to  whom  the  testimony  was 
submitted  for  their  opinion  "  what  the  Lord  calleth  to  do." 
The  elders  found  enough  to  '*  induce  them  to  believe"  in  7  jom. 
the  reality  of  "that  late  execrable  plot,  tending  to  the  de- 
struction  of  so  many  dear  saints  of  God,  which  is  imputed 
to  the  Dutch  governor  and  fiscal."     Yet,  upon  serious  ex- 
amination, they  could  not  find  the  proofs  "  so  fally  con- 
clusive as  to  clear  up  present  proceedings  to  war."     The 
next  day,  the  General  Court  of  Massachusetts  voted  thatsjvne. 
they  were  not  "  called  to  make  a  present  war  with  the 
Dutch."     This,  however,  was  not  the  general  sentim^it 
out  of  Boston.     The  "  teacher  of  the  church  at  Salem" 
wrote  to  the  commissioners,  urging  immediate  hostilities,  is  Mar 
the  postponement  of  which  had  already  '<  caused  many  a 
pensive  heart."     3ix  out  of  the  eight  commissioners  were 

•  Htxard,  it,  919;  Btftftrl  Bm.  Tpwm  tad  Unds,  I.,  79;  O^Ctfl.,  IL,  999,  99ft| 
tturiraU*  i.,  905. 


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908  HISTORY  OF  Tm  StTATB  OF  mW  YORK. 

OB.  XVI.  for  instant  war.     Tha  General  Court  pt  Maasaohiisatti, 

however,  again  interpoeed.    In  an  able  etxpositioa  of  tha 

w  Jtt^   Articles  of  Oonfederation,  liiey  deolaied  that  it  was  not 

oompetent  ^^  for  six  oommissiooers  of  the  other  colonies  te 

put  forth  any  aot  of  power  in  a  vindiotive  war,  whereby 

they  shall  command  tiie  colonies  dissenting  to  assist  them 

MsMdia-  in  the  same."    Thus  Massachusetts,  affirming  the  doctrine 

!^?^ar  of  <^  state  rights,"  prevented  New  England  from  conmieno> 

N«uier.^^  ing  an  ^^  offensive  war"  against  New  Netherland.     Tha 

13  Jane.     Commissioners,  foiled  in  their  hostile  designs,  sent  a  peer 

vish  reply  to  Stuyvesant,  reiterating  that  the  English  wei^ 

right  and  the  Dutch  were  wrong  on  every  point  in  oontKO> 

versy,  and  telling  him,  with  insulting  pertinacity,  that  his 

^^  confident  denials  of  the  barbarous  plot  charged,  will  weigk 

little  in  the  balance  against  such  evidence,  so  that  we  ouuft 

still  require  and  seek  due  satisfaction  and  security."* 

But  if  open  war  was  averted,  covetousness  was  not  re* 
pressed.     Underbill,  finding  his  ofi*^  of  service  neglected] 
availed  himself  of  his  Rhode  Island  ccnnmission  to  better 
his  private  estate  at  the  expense  of  his  recent  friends. 
rjqpe.     Gk»ing  to  the  unoccupied  Dutch  F(»rt  Good  Hope,  he  post- 
Port  Good  ^  upon  it  a  notice,  declaring  that,  ''with  permission  from 
^3^  ^y   the  General  Court  of  Hartford,"  he  did  ^^  sdze  upon  this 
uoderhiu.  Ij^tu^^  ^^^  lauds  thcreunto  belongingi  as  Dutch  goods 
claimed  by  the  West  India  Company  in  Amsterdam,  en* 
emies  of  the  commonwealth  of  England,  and  thus  to  t^ 
main  seized  till  further  determined  by  the  said  court"t 
fftjane.        A  Special  meeting  of  the  General  Court  of  Connecticut 
ftJoiy.      lyas  now  held  at  Hartford,  and  a  representation  was  or- 
dered to  be  made  to  '^  the  Bay,"  humbly  craving  that  ^'  tha 
design  may  go  on  aeoording  to  tha  consult  of  the  commit* 
aoners,"  and  that  CioBneotiout  mi^t  have  liberty  tp 

*  Crt.  Rao.  Gobi.,  S44  {  Hwwrd,  Un  913,  S48,  S50-250, 88S-f73 ;  TnunbiUlA.  S06^ 
Hntehincon,  i.,  107, 168. 

tHntftirdRoe.TbwnBUHlLMidi,l.,n»8l,eS-M;O'Cill.,tL,tM,670.  Wiitainftw 
OKwUtf ,  UndorhUl  twice  aold  the  Dutch  ftnt  and  lands,  as  him  prirate  prise,  to  citisens  of 
Rtiode  Island  and  Hambrd.  But  thongh  he  alleged  that  bs  htd  psrnilsiiiiB  frowi  t>»  Cs» 
«al  Coon  to  make  the  seizare,  tliere  is  noching  in  the  records  of  Conneccicat  to  JosCiiy 
Mai— fHoq ;  sa  iIm  cpsinify^  Hart/bi4  |hA  Mft  X«Rr  sMHVUli^  Ik*  ponwU^  te 
wM.—CiA,  Rec.  Conn.,  354,  ItfCh  April,  16M. 


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PETER  sTuryEaAmr,  directqr  qsneral.  059 

<<  gather  up  volunteers"  in  Haasaohusetts ;  and  Haynes  99.XV1. 
and  Ludlow  were  appointed  to  confer  with  the  govern-     ^ 
ment  of  New  Haven  on  the  subject     Eaton  and  the  New^  j^Jlf  * 
Haven  court  fuUy  coincided  with  their  brethren  at  Hart*  7Juiy. 
ford ;  and  messengers  were  sent  to  Massachusetts  to  urge  cu(  and 
that  ''by  war,  if  no  other  means  will  serve,  the  Dutch,  atvenurg* 

war. 

and  about  the  Manhatoes,  who  have  been  and  still  are  like  8  July. 
to  prove  injurious  and  dangerous  neighbors,  may  be  re- 
moved."    But  Massachusetts  again  refused  to  act  ''  in  S034  juiy. 
weighty  a  concernment  as  to  send  forth  men  to  shed  blood,"  wtuanSa 
mdess  satisfied  ''  that  God  calls  for  it ;  and  then  it  must'^ 
be  dear  and  not  doubtful,  necessary  and  expedient"* 

In  the  mean  time,  Stuy  vesant  had  not  neglected  meas* 
ures  for  the  security  of  New  Netherland.     A  new  danger 
seemed  to  threaten  the  province  from  Virginia,  where 
Berkeley,  the  royal  governor,  had  been  obliged  to  capitu-  165SL 
late  to  a  parliamentary  expedition,  and  had  been  succeed- ^^^'"'^ 
ed  by  Richard  Bennett,  one  of  the  Roundhead  commis-  so  Apru. 
sioners.     Maryland,  too,  was  reduced  to  subjection,  and  Jane. 
Lord  Baltimore's  authority  was  abrogated.     In  this  situ- 
ation of  affairs,  Stuyvesant,  in  obedience  to  his  instruct 
tions  to  arrange,  if  possible,  a  treaty  with  Virginia,  sent  1653. 
Van  Tienhoven,  the  fiscal,  and  Van  Hattem,  one  of  thftjiy*]^,^ 
burgomasters  of  New  Amsterdam,  to  negotiate  with  Ben-  ^"**"**- 
pett.     But,  the  Puritan  governor  did  not  feel  at  liberty  to 
conclude  a  treaty  without  instructions  from  Westminster. 
Hoi  nevertheless,  agreed  to  submit  Stuyvesant's  proposi- 
tions to  the  home  government;  and  with  this  promise  the 
Dutch  agents  returned  to  New  Amsterdam. 

It  was  also  thought  necessary  to  send  Allard  Anthony,  ^jmie. 
(me  of  the  schepens,  as  a  special  agent  to  represent  the  sit*  hSu!ii!l 
uation  of  affairs  to  the  Amsterdam  Chamber.  The  volup^ 
tary  loan  raised  by  the  inhabitants  in  the  spring  had  en- 
ilJ4ed  the  municipal  authorities  to  inclose  a  part  of  th^ 
city  with  palisades.  Fort  Amsterdam^  however,  was  not 
yet  entirely  repaired ;  and  Stuyvesant  called  upon  the  city  «  My. 

•  Col.  Rm.  Coqo.,  Ui ;  New  HvK«n  B^.,  9, 8,  U,  lJ|,.t7;  0»CaU.,  iL,  231 ;  TnmhiiU, 


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560  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

ch.  XVI.  government  for  assistance.     The  corporation  replied  that 

the  citizens  had  done  all  they  had  undertaken  to  do,  and 

a9Jniy.  '  should  not  be  further  burdened,  as  they  were  "altogether 

2  Aogurt.   in  the  background."     A  few  days  afterward,  Stuyvesant's 


ment  b«-    demand  was  submitted  to  a  meeting  of  the  principal  bur^- 

director     ers  at  the  City  Hall.     The  meeting,  considering  that  the 

corern-     repair  and  maintenance  of  the  fort  was  a  proper  charge 

upon  the  provincial  revenue  alone,  unanimously  resolved 

"not  to  contribute  any  thing  until  the  director  general 

give  up  the  whole  excise  on  wines  and  beers."    With  this 

resolution,  the  burgomasters  waited  upon  Stu)rvesant,  who 

peremptorily  refused  to  yield ;  and  the  meeting  promptly 

resolved  not  to  contribute  any  thing  "  unless  the  director 

general  acceded  to  their  terms."* 

Return  or  '    Van  der  Donck  now  prepared  to  return  to  New  Neih- 

Dmiekfromerland,  jBrom  which  he  had  been  absent  nearly  four  years. 


He  had  taken  the  degree  of  Doctor  of  Laws  at  the  Uni- 
versity of  Leyden,  and  had  been  admitted  to  practice  aa 
an  advocate  in  the  Supreme  Court  of  Holland.     During 
his  leisure  hours,  he  had  occupied  himself  in  writing  a 
"  Description  of  New  Netherland,"  which  he  submitted  to 
the  West  India  Company  for  their  approval.     The  direct- 
14  May.     oTs,  plcascd  with  the  book,  recommended  it  to  the  States 
t4  May.     Grcneral ;  and  a  copyright  was  granted  to  the  author.    The 
"i>«|jerip-  work,  however,  as  it  had  been  prepared,  was  chiefly  a  top- 
Ne^r-     ographical  description  of  New  Netherland — ^an  amplifica- 
tion of  parts  of  the  "  Vertoogh."     Wishing  to  give  it  a 
more  historical  character  and  value.  Van  der  Donck  de- 
ferred its  publication,  and  applied  to  the  company  for  per- 
mission to  examine  the  records  in  the  office  of  the  provin- 
cial secretary.     He  also  asked  to  be  allowed  "  to  follow 
his  profession  as  advocate  in  New  Netherland."     The  di- 
rectors referred  Van  der  Donck's  application  to  examine 
••July,     their  records  to  Stuyvesant,  with  an  intimation  that  the 
permission,  if  given,  should  not  be  so  used  that  "the  com- 
pany's own  weapons  should  be  turned  against  itselfi  and 

*  Hazard,  i.,  560-593 ;  Alb.  Rec,  1t.»  \\1,  192,  185 ;  Tiii..  M,  g?;  ix.,  57 ;  XTijI.,  163; 
New  Amat.  Rec.,  i.,  199,  S19-S21 ;  O'CaU.,  U.,  S16, 335, 254 ;  Yaleotine'a  Manna],  1850^  456. 


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PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  561 

new  troubles  raised  to  its  annoyance."  As  to  his  other  ch.  xvi. 
demand,  they  resolved  to  permit  him  "  to  give  his  advice  -^-^ 
to  all  who  may  desire  to  obtain  it ;"  but  as  regards  his 
pleading  before  the  oourts,  they  could  not  see  "that  it  can 
be  admitted  yet,  with  any  advantage  to  the  director  and 
council  in  New  Netherland."  "  Besides  that,"  wrote  they 
to  Stuyvesant,  "we  are  ignorant  if  there  be  any  of  that 
stamp  in  your  city  (who,  nevertheless,  before  they  can  be 
admitted,  must  apply  to  your  honor,  or  directly  to  our  de- 
partment) who  can  act  and  plead  against  said  Van  der 
Donck  in  behalf  of  the  other  side."  Returning  to  New 
Amsterdam,  he  was  "  suspected  so  vehemently"  by  Stuy- 
vesant, that  he  was  obliged  to  petition  the  municipal  au- 1  Dee. 
thorities  of  the  city,  whose  interests  he  had  so  ably  repre- 
sented in  the  Fatherland,  for  protection  "  as  a  citizen  or 
burgher."* 

To  strengthen  the  council  of  New  Netherland  "withwjoiy. 
another  expert  and  able  statesman,"  the  Amsterdam  Cham-  eooMeior. 
ber  at  the  same  time  commissioned  Nicasius  de  Sille,  "  a 
man  well  versed  in  the  law,  and  not  unacquainted  with 
military  affairs,"  as  first  counselor  to  the  director,  to  reside 
at  Foirt  Amsterdam.     Comelis  van  Ruyven  was  likewise  vaa  Ray- 
appointed  provincial  secretary,  and  Van  Brugge,  whomXsSi«o- 
Stuy  vesant  had  provisionally  named  to  that  office,  was  or-  "**^ 
dered  to  be^mployed  in  the  custom-house,  where  he  serv- 
ed before.     Upon  the  arrival  of  these  new  officers,  the  di- 
rector  again  endeavored  to  arrange  a  commercial  treaty 
with  Virginia.     Domine  Drisius,  whose  knowledge  of  the  Domine 
English  recommended  him  for  the  position,  was  selected  sent  to  vir- 
as  the  envoy  of  New  Netherland,  and  sent  with  specific  Kd^. 

•  Hoi.  Doc.  yU.,  4(M7;  Alb.  Rec.,  Iv.,  Ill,  118,  135;  TiU.,  75;  N.  T.  H.  S,  Coll.,  i., 
198-190,  978,  379 ;  ii.,  S56, 959 :  New  Ainat.  Roe.,  i.,  891.  Van  dor  Donck  appears  never 
to  liaTe  gained  Stnyveaanrs  good  will,  or  even  a  permiaaion  to  examine  the  prorineial 
reeorda ;  and  we  have  tliiia  loot  what  would  no  donbt  hare  been  an  intereating  history 
of  the  early  daya  of  New  Netherland  and  of  Minoit^s  and  Van  Twiller'a  directorahipa. 
He  published  his  book  aa  he  wrote  it  in  Holland,  under  the  title  of  "  Beaohryvinge  Tan 
Nienw  Nederlandt,"  *c.  The  flrat  edition  waa  printed  at  Amaterdant  in  1655,  In  which 
year  the  author  himaelf  died,  leaving  to  hia  widow  hia  eatate  at  Colendonck.  In  1055, 
the  second  edition  waa  publiahed.  Tt  contained  a  map  reduced  from  the  larger  one  of 
Viascber,  which  had  Juat  appeared,  and  waa  embelliahed  by  a  view  of  New  Amsterdam, 
drawn  by  Au^uatine  Heermana.  Both  editiona  are  in  the  library  of  the  N.  T.  Historical 
Society,  and  a  tranalation  of  the  aeoond  in  ii.,  CoU.,  i.,  199.    See  post,  p.  674,  note. 

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562  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

cv.  xvL  proposals  to  Bennett  for  liie  regulation  and  enoourage- 
ment  of  trade  between  the  two  provinces.     The  Dcnnine's 
*  success  in  this  negotiation  prepared  the  way  for  a  more 
formal  treaty  several  years  afterward.* 

In  ihe  mean  time,  Stuyvescmt's  high-handed  proceed- 

1652.  ings  at  Beverwyck  had  been  brought  under  review  in  Hd- 
comSaint«l^^^^-  The  proprietors  of  Rensselaerswyck  complained  to 
pri^ra^r  ^^  Amsterdam  Chamber  that  he  had  extended  the  juris- 
iMiSS^ck.  diotion  of  Fort  Orange ;  demanded  the  production  of  the 

colonial  records ;  imprisoned  Van  Slechtenhorst ;  absolved 
G-errit  Swart,  the  newly-appointed  schout,  from  his  oath 
of  office,  and  obliged  him  to  swear  allegiance  to  the  com- 
pany; levied  taxes  and  excises,  for  the  company's  benefit, 
on  the  colonists ;  and  encouraged  a  contraband  traffic  wilh 
the  savages.  The  company  answered  unsatisfoctorily ; 
20  Dec.      and  the  proprietors  of  the  colony  addressed  a  memorial  to 

1653.  the  States  Greneral.  The  direct(»rs  soon  sent  their  reply  to 
jusiSy^^the  Hague.  They  were  not  aware  that  the  patrocm's  flag 
company,  j^^^  \)QQii  haulcd  dowu,  OT  his  colouists  released  from  their 

oaths,  or  his  lots  taken  away,  or  that  a  court  of  justioe 
had  been  established  in  Fort  Orange.  As  to  the  jurisdic- 
ticm  of  that  post,  it  had  been  determined  <^  before  the  col- 
onie  of  Rensselaerswyck  was  granted."  The  schout,  Ger- 
rit  Swart,  had  not  been  absolved  from  his  oath  to  the  pa- 
troon,  but  had  only  been  obliged  to  swear  alle^hmce  to  the 
company,  "  remaining  subject  to  both  masters."  The  char- 
ter authorized  Stuyvesant  to  demand  the  production  of  the 
colonial  rolls  and  papers,  and  to  levy  taxes  and  excises 
within  the  colonic.  Van  Slechtenhorst  had  been  arrested, 
in  order  to  curb  his  "insufferable  insolence,  effircmtery,  and 
abuse  of  power."  In  regard  to  the  sale  of  arms  and  am- 
munition to  the  savages,  "  it  was  deemed  prudent  that  it 
Counter  should  bc  uow  and  then  permitted."  The  company  then 
c  arges.  ^j^^^yg^  ^j^^  proprietors  of  the  colonic  with  having  unlaw- 
frdly  attempted  to  engross  additional  territory  on  the  North 
River ;  monopolize  trade ;  assert  an  unfounded  claim  to  a 

*  Alb.  Ree.,  It.,  100,  M)7,  111,  117;  ▼!!.,  888;  tat.,  57-^;  0»Can.,  li.,  »8,  M7;  post, 
p.  683. 


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PETER  8TUYVESANT,  DIBaCTOR  GENERAL.  56S 

''  staple  right ;"  stop  the  vessels  of  private  traders ;  gain  c^.  xvl 
possession  of  Port  Orange ;  grant  Uoenses  to  private  per- 
sons  to  sail  to  the  coast  of  Florida ;  and  with  having  Ibrbid-  ^"^^• 
den  tiieir  colonists  to  remove  within  the  company's  juris- 
diction, famish  wood  for  Fort  Orange,  pay  the  debts  they 
owed  the  people  at  that  post,  or  appeal  from  the  judgments 
of  the  colonial  court,  as  the  ^^  Exemptions"  had  provided. 
They  had  refused  to  allow  extracts  from  their  records,  or 
the  publication  of  the  directors'  proclamations ;  had  neg- 
lected to  meke  the  required  annual  reports ;  and  had  incit- 
ed their  colonists  and  offices  not  to  obey  the  legal  process' 
of  the  provincial  government.     Moreover,  the  oadi  which 
their  colonists  were  compelled  to  take  recognized  neither 
the  States  Greneral  nor  the  company,  and  was  therefore 
<'  seditious  and  mutinous."   A  rejoinder  was  soon  presented  ao  Feb. 
oa  behalf  of  the  proprietors ;  but  some  of  the  copartners  i9jane. 
beginning  to  quarrel  among  themselves,  no  definite  action 
upon  the  points  in  dispute  with  the  company  seems  to  have 
been  taken  by  the  States  General.     In  writing  to  Stuy  ve- « June. 
sant,  the  Amsterdam  Chamber  now  suggested  whether,  for  ^dSg^ 
protection  against  the  Mohawks  and  to  &cilitate  the  fiiraboroFort 
trade  with  the  Canadian  Indians,  it  would  not  be  expedi- 
ent to  build  a  trading -house,  eighteen  or  twenty  miles 
above  Fort  Orange.* 

Hostilities  had,  meanwhile,  been  renewed  between  the  Tiie  mo- 
Iroquois  and  the  French.     The  Mohawks,  supplied  with<J»P»«nch 
fire-arms  by  the  Dutch,  invaded  the  Huron  country  soon 
after  the  death  of  Father  Jogues,  and  attacked  the  Jesuit  1648. 
missions.     The  village  of  Saint  Joseph  was  destroyed,  and  *  ^^^ 
Father  Daniel,  murmuring  the  name  of  Jesus,  perished  in 
the  midst  of  his  converts.     BreboBuf  and  Lallemfiint  were 
captured  at  Saint  Louis,  and  burned  at  the  stake  with  1649. 
horrid  torture.     G-arnier  was  beheaded  near  Saint  John's, 
and  Chabanel  was  lost  in  the  forest.     The  Huron  missions 
were  Inroken  up,  and  the  desolated  country  became  a  hunt- 
ing-ground of  the  Iroquois.     War  parties  of  the  Mohawks 

*  AU>.  Rac.,  W.,  06;  viii.,  59-63,  315-SSI ;  Hoi.  Doe.,  rt,  803-S06 ;  vii.,  1-87,  48^1 ; 
0*CaU.,  iL,  206-210. 


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564  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Oh.  XVI.  hovered  along  the  Saint  Lawrence,  and  scomfolly  passed 

before  the  walls  of  Quebec.     In  vain  did  the  governor  of 

J"w  '  Canada  call  on  New  England  for  aid.     The  Puritan  felt 
unable  to  help  the  Papist ;  and  the  commissioners  of  the 
United  Colonies,  alleging  that  the  Mohawks  were  <^  neither 
16  Sept.     in  subjecticm  to,  nor  in  any  confederation  with''  them- 
selves, turned  a  deaf  ear  to  the  appeal. 
1653.       The  Onondagas  declared  for  peace,  but  the  Mohawks 
p^i^Jf**"*  continued  warlike.     Father  Joseph  Poncet  was  seized  at 
Poncct.      Three  Rivers,  and  hurried  off  through  the  Richelieu  Riv- 
er and  Lake  Champlain  to  the  Mohawk  castles.     The 
6  Sept.      prisoner  was  doomed  to  torture ;  but  his  life  was  saved  by 
adoption  into  the  family  of  an  old  member  of  the  tribe.    A 
few  days  afterward,  word  came  that  peace  was  about  be- 
ing concluded  with  De  Lauzon,  the  governor  of  Canada, 
who  had  required  the  restoration  of  "  the  Uack  gown"  as 
20  Sept.     a  preliminary  condition ;  and  Poncet  was  conveyed  to  Fort 
Orange,  to  be  clothed  and  healed.     Notwithstanding  De 
Lauzon's  letters  of  recommendation,  he  was  coldly  received 
by  Dyckman,  the  commissary.     But  "  a  worthy  old  Wal- 
loon" colonist  invited  the  father  to  his  house ;  and  a  sur- 
geon, employed  by  a  Scotch  matron  "who  was  always 
kind  to  the  French,"  dressed  his  wounds.    After  adminis- 
tering the  rites  of  religion  to  two  Roman  Catholic  residents, 
3  October,  the  missionary  took  leave  of  his  generous  friends  at  Be- 
16  ootdber.  vcFwyck,  and  returned  to  the  Mohawk  country,  whence  he 
set  out  for  Canada.    Travelling  by  way  of  the  Oswego  and 
Lake  Ontario,  he  descended  the  Saint  Lawrence  to  Q,rie- 
bec.     Of  Europeans,  Poncet  appears  to  have  been  the  next 
after  Champlain  to  visit  the  borders  of  Onondaga.* 
II  Sept.         At  the  annual  meeting  of  the  commissioners,  Massachu- 
vmSbw    setts  maintained  her  proud  position  with  a  firmness  which 
uovera-     almost  perilled  the  stability  of  the  confederation.     A  bit- 
ter altercation  between  the  representatives  of  the  otiier  col- 
onies and  the  Greneral  Court  was  terminated  by  an  am- 
»  Sept.     biguous  concession,  which,  nevertheless,  averted  hostilities. 

*  Tanner,  531-^543;  Relatioa,  lMS-0, 105S-3,  4«-77 ;  Crenxlos,  «7»-08S ;  CluileToix, 
i.,  S8S-316;  Haxard,  ii.,  183;  Buieroft,  iii.,  188-149;  CCall.,  ii.,  SOO-301;  HiMrelfe,  U.« 
87,  88 ;  Maeerata  Relation,  1653 ;  ante,  p.  4S3. 


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PETER  STUTVESAMT,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  566 

The  Cknmeotioat  governments  seemed  animated  by  the  ch.xvi. 
most  vindictive  feelings;  and  their  own  reoent  historian 
laments  the  refusal  of  the  Massachusetts  authorities  to  bear 
part  in  an  offensive  war  against  New  Netherlands  as  an 
'<  indelible  stain  upon  their  honor  as  men  and  upon  their 
morals  as  Christians."* 

The  commissioners,  however,  had  the  power  to  cause 
some  annoyance  to  the  Dutch ;  and  they  used  their  powd- 
er.    Thomas  Baxter,  a  former  resident  of  New  Amster-  ThomM 
dam,  inflamed  with  zeal  in  the  parliamentary  cause,  turn-  pinciM. 
ed  pirate,  and  committed  various  outrages  on  Long  Island 
and  the  neighborhood.    Under  an  alleged  commission  from 
Rhode  Island,  he  seized  in  Heemstede  harbor  a  vessel  be- 
longing to  New  Plymouth,  and  also  captured  a  Dutch  boat 
near  Manhattan.     Stuyvesant  promptly  dispatched  two 
vessels  with  a  hundred  men  to  blockade  Baxter  in  Fair- 
field Roads.     But  the  commissioners  declared  it  ^*  neces-  97  sept. 
sary"  that  every  jurisdiction  should  prohibit  all  Dutch  ves-  MisezeiiHi. 
sels  from  coming  into  any  harbor  belonging  to  any  of  the  New  bh- 
confederate  colonies,  without  express  license;  and  made&n.  " 
it  lawfril  for  each  colonic  to  "  surprise  and  seize"  any  such 
offenders.     The  New  Netherland  blockading  force  was, 
therefore,  obliged  to  retire ;  and  Baxter  continued  his  dep- 
redations against  both  Dutch  and  English  property,  until 
he  was  eventually  ordered  to  be  arrested  by  the  autiiorities  »  D«r. 
'  of  New  Haven  and  Hartf(»rd.t 

The  hostile  feelings  of  Connecticut  could  scarcely  be  re- 
pressed. It  was  thought  that  Hartford  and  New  Haven 
were  strong  enough  to  subdue  the  Dutch  without  any  aid 
from  Massachusetts ;  and  Stamford  and  Fairfield,  under- 
taking to  raise  volunteers  on  tiiieir  own  account,  appointed 
Ludlow  their  leader.  These  irregular  proceedings  were 
suppressed  with  some  difficulty  by  the  government  of  New 
Haven,  and  the  ringleaders  were  punished.     An  address 

*  Httcard,  it,  y74-488 ;  TramtniU,  i.,  SIS ;  Noith  ▲nierican  Reriew,  tUU,  iM-I05. 

t  Hazard,  li.,  S85-888,  S04 ;  Alb.  Rep.,  ix.,  117, 1S9, 155 ;  New  HaTen  Rec,  31, 34 ;  Col. 
Rm.  Cmm.,  S5t,  S5S ;  0*CaU.,  U.,  SS5;  R.  I.  Hiat.  CoU.,  t., 95.  Baxter  waa  aftarward 
annendered  on  StnyYeaant'a  reqniaitloii ;  bat  eaeaplng  fh>m  Jail,  hia  reaael  and  hoQaa  tt 


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566  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OP  NEW  YORK. 

ca.  xYt  was  sent  to  Cromwell,  urgiAg  tbat  ^^ike  Dntoh  be  either 
removed,  or  so  far,  at  least,  subjected  that  the  oobnies  may 
octob^'  be  free  from  injurious  affircmts,  and  seemed  against  the 
l^^^l^g}^!^  dangers  and  mischieYous  effeots  whieh  daily  grow  upon 
^^^'     them  by  their  {dotting  with  the  Indians  and  fimushing 
them  with  arms  against  the  English."    And  Hooke  wrote 
13  Nov.     from  New  Haven  to  the  Lord  G-eneral,  that  those  of  ^^  the 
Bay"  had  lM*oken  ^<  the  brotherly  covenant"  in  declining 
to  draw  the  sword ;  and  that,  if  the  Dutch  be  not  remov- 
ed, ^^  we  and  our  posterity  (now  almost  pr^ared  to  swarm 
forth  plenteously)  are  confined  and  straitened."     Two  or 
three  frigates  should,  therefore,  be  sent  '^  for  the  clearing  of 
the  coast  from  a  nation  with  which  the  English  can  not 
either  mingle,  nor  easily  sit  under  their  government,  nor 
so  much  as  live  by,  witlrout  danger  of  our  lives  and  all  our 
comforts  in  this  world."* 
Libeitoiu        That  nothing  might  be  left  undone  to  excite  animosity 
piS^iied   in  En^and,  a  rancorous  pamphlet  was  published  in  Lcm- 
**"'  don,  entitled  "  The  second  part  of  the  Amboyna  Tragedy; 
or  a  faithful  account  of  a  bloody,  trecusherous,  and  cruel 
plot  of  the  Dutch  in  America,  purporting  the  total  ruin 
and  murder  of  all  the  English  colonists  in  New  England; 
extracted  from  the  various  letters  lately  written  fitim  New 
England  to  different  m^x^hants  in  London."     In  this  ex- 
traordinary publication  the  '^devilish  project"  to  stir  up 
the  savages  to  assault  the  New  England  colonists  ^^on  a ' 
Sunday,  when  they  would  be  altogether  in  their  meeting- 
houses, and  murder  and  bum  all  which  they  could  effect," 
was  roundly  charged  against  the  Dutch,  and  amplified 
without  scruple,  to  move  popular  hostility.     The  Amster- 
4  Nov.      dam  directors  immediately  ordered  the  translation  of  what 
they  termed  this  '^most  infamous  lying  libel,"  a  copy  of 
which  they  sent  to  Stuyvesant  and  his  council,  '^that  your 
honors  may  see  what  stratagems  that  naticHi  em{doys,  not 
only  to  irritate  the  populace,  but  the  whole  world,  if  pos- 
sible, and  to  stir  it  up  against  us."t 

*  Col.  Rm.  Coan.,  $48;  New  BaTea  Ke«.,  r ;  Thaitoe'k  Scale  P^mn,  L,  IM,  Mi; 
TraBban,  1.,  91t,  «4, 91ft. 
t  Alb.  Rec.,  iT.,  ISl ;  Till.,  147-190 ;  0*Cdl.,  ii.,  971.    The  origlMl  appew  t*  U  rtf. 


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PETER  STUTTESANT,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  567 

The  ocmipaiiy,  now  s^oasly  alanned  lat  the  danger  cn.  xti. 
which  threatened  their  American  province  on  the  side  of 
New  England,  presented  to  the  States  Genial  a  long  me-  ^  ^^    ' 
morial,  aoccmipanied  by  various  explanatory  papers,  ask-  JJajJ^o 
ing  for  an  immediate  confirmation  of  Stuyvesant's  provi-  G^neJiiTo 
sional  agreement  at  Hartford,  (|nd  tiiat  the  boundary  ques-  [^^^ 
tion  might  be  included  in  the  instructions  to  the  ambassa-  *»*»"<>*^ 
dors  in  England.     The  importance  of  tiiie  trade  to  Barba- 
does  was  also  urged ;  and  the  directors  warmly  represent- 
ed that  the  Dutch  interests  in  America  and  Che  West  In,- 
dies  were  as  worthy  of  the  favcwr  of  the  Fatherland  as  were 
those  in  the  East  Indies.     The  subject  was  seriously  con-  s  Nov. 
sidered  in  the  meeting  of  Ihe  States  General.     But  the  t^on  tbr 
ambassadors  at  London  were  now  engaged  in  discussing,  Enl^and. 
with  the  English  Council  of  State,  the  details  of  a  general 
treaty  of  peace,  under  the  auspices  of  the  new  Pensionary 
of  Holland,  John  de  Witt ;  and,  perhaps  to  avoid  embar- 
rassing the  more  important  negotiation,  the  question  of 
New  Netherland  was  postponed.* 

In  this  critical  situation  of  provincial  affairs,  with  a  ii  not. 
bankrupt  treasury  and  a  mouldering  fort,  Stuyvesant  wasamSnof 
at  length  obliged  to  yield  to  the  demands  of  the  burghers  sterdam. 
of  New  Amsterdam.     The  principal  citizens  were  called 
together,  and  informed  that  the  director  had  consented  to 
give  up  a  part  of  the  excise ;  and  the  meeting  unanimous- 
ly resolved  to  submit  to  such  ordinances  as  should  be  made 
for  the  defense  of  the  city.     On  the  same  day,  a  petition 
of  the  inhabitants  was  presented  to  the  municipal  author- 
ities, praying  that  a  burgher  schout  might  be  chosen,  fiind 
thai  the  company's  fiscal  should  no  longer  act  as  a  city 
officer.     Stuyvesant,  however,  yielded  what  he  had  with 
great  reluctance,  and  with  the  condition  that  the  city  gov- 
ernment should  support  the  two  clergymen,  the  school- 
masters, and  the  secretary.     But  the  burgomasters  and  i»  Not. 
schepens,  finding  it  "  incompatible  to  continue  thus,^'  unan- 
imously agreed  to  ask  their  dismission  firom  office,  unless 
the  whole  city  revenue  should  be  surrendered  to  them. 

*  Hoi.  Doc,  tU.,  63-109 ;  Verbael  van  fieroniinek,  0O»-eil ;  DaTles,  U.,  7SS,  794. 


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568  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

ch.  XVI.  The  director,  however,  replied  that  he  could  neitiier  ac- 
oept  their  resignations,  nor  give  up  the  whole  of  the  excise. 
25  Not.  ^hc  demand  was  renewed ;  and  Stuyvesant  at  last  agreed 
rend!red"io^  Surrender  to  the  city  the  excises  upon  liquors  consumed 
the  ciiy.  within  New  Amsterdam,  upon  condition  that  the  burgo- 
masters and  schep^is  should  furnish  subsidies  for  the  main- 
tenance of  the  city  works,  and  for  the  support  of  civil  and 
ecclesiastical  officers,  and  that  the  excise  should  be  pub- 
licly farmed  out  to  the  highest  bidder,  '^  after  the  manner 
of  Fatherland."* 
DiMiibc-  A  spirit  of  disaffection  had,  meanwhile,  been  spreading 
Bngiithim  amoug  the  Engli^  on  Long  Island.  Notwithstanding  its 
and.'  '  sycophantic  letter  to  the  Amsterdam  Chamber  in  1651, 
Grravesend,  under  tiie  influence  of  Ensign  Creorge  Baxter 
and  Sergeant  James  Hubbard,  was  now  foremost  in  op- 
posing the  provincial  government.  Contrary  to  its  charter, 
that  town,  instead  of  openly  nominating  for  magistrates 
three  of  its  ablest  ^'  approved  honest  men,"  had  determined 
to  choose  ^'  one  leading  man,"  who  should  select  a  second, 
and  they  two  a  third,  and  so  on  until  six  were  chosen. 
Three  of  these  were  to  be  magistrates,  and  the  other  three 
assistants.  The  object  of  this  change  was  to  exclude,  if 
possible,  the  Dutch  from  any  influence  in  the  town  mag- 
istracy. Baxter  had  at  first  opposed  the  innovation,  and 
had  called  on  Stuyvesant  not  to  approve  the  nominations. 
And  the  director  did  not,  in  fact,  a{^rove  them  until  tiie 
nominees  had  sworn  allegiance  to  the  States  G-eneral,  the 
West  India  Company,  and  the  provincial  government  of 
Gwwend.  New  Ncthcrland.  This  oath,  however,  sat  very  lightly  on 
the  consciences  of  the  Grravesend  magistrates  when  news 
of  the  war  in  Europe  reached  America.  Nevertheless,  the 
feeling  of  disaffection  was  chiefly  against  Stuyvesant  him- 
self and  his  council.  During  the  summer  of  1653,  the 
numerous  losses  which  the  Long  Island  colonists  had  suf- 
fered from  the  savages  and  from  pirates  induced  them  to 
take  some  measures  for  their  security.  Deputations  firom 
Gravesend,  Middelburgh,  and  Heemstede  accordingly  as- 

*  New  AoMterdam Roe., i., MKMIO;  CCtil., U., SM. 


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PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTCm  GENERAL.  569 

semUed  at  Flushing,  and  opened  a  oommnnioation  witii  cb.  xvi. 
the  municipal  government  of  New  Amsterdam.* 

This  led  to  a  meeting  of  delegates  at  the  City  Hall,  to^^^' 
(xmaidei  what  could  be  best  done  "for  Ihe  welfare  of  the  JJJ^JJJb"'^ 
country  and  its  inhabitants,  and  to  determine  on  somej^^^. 
wise  and  salutary  measures  to  arrest  these  robberies.'' ^**°*' 
La  Montague  and  Werokhoven  attended  on  the  part  of 
the  provincial  council ;  Kregier  and  Van  der  Grist  repre- 
sented New  Amsterdam ;  Baxter  and  Hubbard  came  from 
Ghravesend;  Hicks  and  Feake  from  Flushing;  and  Ck)e 
and  Hazard  from  Middelburgh  or  Newtown.  An  order 
from  Stuyvesant  was  read,  directing  the  delegates  sev* 
erally  to  communicate,  in  writing,  their  opinions  respect- 
ing the  best  means  of  protecting  the  country  from  robbers. 
But  the  English  ddegates,  headed  by  Bsixter,  first  required 
to  know  by  what  right  Werokhoven,  whose  purchase  at 
New  Utrecht  encroached  upon  Gravesend,  sat  in  the  con- 
vention. They  would  not  recognize  him  as  a  del^ate  from 
the  council,  and  refrised  to  allow  any  representative  of  the 
provincial  government  to  preside  in  tiieir  meeting.  At  the 
same  time,  they  desired  to  continue  in  allegiance  to  the 
States  General  and  the  company,  and  to  ^'  enter  into  a  firm 
union  with  the  burgomasters  and  schepens."  The  New 
Amsterdam  delegates,  however,  would  not  consent  to  such  S7  Nor. 
an  alliance  until  they  bad  consulted  witii  .tiie  provincial 
government  and  tiie  several  villages.  <^  If  the  burgomas- 
ters and  schepens  will  not  unite  with  us,"  replied  the  En- 
glish delegates,  <^  we  shall  enter  into  a  firm  union  among 
ourselves  on  Long  Island,  for  the  director  general  affords 
us  no  protection."  Stuyvesant  did  not  object  to  the  New 
Amsterdam  delegates  co-operating  with  those  from  the  En- 
glish villages ;  but  as  the  Dutch  would  be  outvoted  now,  PropoMd 


he  announced  his  intention  to  incorporate  Amersfoort,  tion  orthe 
Breuckelen,  and  Hidwout,  <<  so  as  to  possess  with  Fort  Or-  uge*. 
ange,  on  all  future  occsLsions,  an  equal  number  of  votes." 

The  New  Amsterdam  delegates  at  length  recommended  99  Nor. 
a  remonstrance  to  the  West  India  Company ;  and  with  a 

«  Alb.  Roc,  Ttti.,  6S ;  Gnveaeod  Ree.,  9Ui  Jan.,  1051 ;  lOth  Mwoi^  IMd ;  mtU,  p.  41S. 


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S70  lOSTO&T  OP  THE  ffTATB  OF  MEW  TOIUL 

ca.  xn.  Tiew  of  learning  tlie  opinkms  of  the  colonists  on  LiHig  Isl- 
and  and  Staten  Island,  pioposed  an  adjoomment.     It  was, 
*  therefore,  agreed  to  meet  again  on  tiie  tenUi  of  Deoember. 
A  parting  ooUaticm  was  given,  to  whioh  Stnyvesant  was 
invited,  and  he  was  informed  in  biuht  t^ms  ^^  that  they 
should  meet  again  on  the  tenth  of  tha  next  month ;  he 
might  then  do  as  he  pleased,  and  [Mrevent  it  if  he  conld.'^ 
A  conTen-  The  citjT  government  also  formally  notified  the  director  of 
manded.    Hio  intention  of  the  delegates  to  addresd  the  West  India 
Company,  and  asked  that  he  would  summon  the  villages 
to  send  representatives  to  the  proposed  oonvmition,  to  assist 
in  the  preparation  of  a  rraoonstrance. 
3  Dee.  Stuyvesaut  very  reluctantly  sanctioned  the  meeting, 

asMDu!*"  whioh  he  could  not  prevent.  The  conduct  of  the  English 
delegates  ^'  smelt  of  rebellion,  of  contempt  of  his  high  an* 
thority  and  commission."  He  had  done  all  he  oould  to 
protect  them  from  marauders;  but  the  cokmists  had,  con* 
trary  to  orders,  scattered  their  dwellings,  so  that  hundreds 
of  soldiers  could  scarcely  guard  them  from  the  robbers, 
<'who  ofben  come  as  friends  and  neighbors,  and  are  pro- 
vided with  lodgings  by  tiie  English."  He  had  doubts 
whether  the  convention  would  be  beneficial ;  for  the  ad- 
ministration of  his  predecessor,  as  well  as  his  own,  had  al* 
ready  witnessed  the  evils  of  pedlar  assemblies.  Nev^- 
theless,  as  he  had  nothing  mcnre  at  heart  than  the  prosperity 
of  New  Netherland  and  the  union  of  her  people,  ^'without 
any  distinction  of  (»rigin,"  he  assented  to  the  proposed 
meeting.  It  was,  ^^  under  the  direction  of  two  of  the  oonn* 
oil,"  to  agree  upon  an  address  truly  representing  the  con- 
dition  of  the  country  to  the  Fatherland ;  but  to  do  noth- 
ing to  prejudice  the  action  of  the  goveomment  in  disap{m>v-. 
8  Dee.  iug  the  couduct  of  the  former  delegai»s.  Writs  to  this  ef- 
dag^V  feet  were  soon  afterward  sent  to  the  several  neighboring 
c^IT'^^villt^es,  for  the  election  of  representatives  to  meet  in  a 
'<  Landtdag,"  or  Diet,  at  New  Amsterdam.  The  season 
was  too  far  advanced  to  communicate  readily  with  the 
oolcmists  at  Fort  Orange  and  on  the  South  River.* 

*  Alb. See., H^ i» 9, 1»-M» S6, 47 1  New  AiMt.  Ree.» L,  t7^ Sl^SM, Oft. 


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PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR  GONERALu  57I 

The  most  important  popular  conv^ition  that  had  ever  cb.  xvi. 
assembled  in  New  Netherland  acoordin^y  met  at  New 

Amsterdam.    The  metropolis  was  represented  by  Van  Hat- n,  jjec. 
tern,  Kregier,  and  Van  der  Grist ;  Breuckelen  by  Lubbert-  JJ?Ji!llel 
sen,  Van  der  Beeck,  and  Beeokman;  Flushing  by  Hicks  ^^°"' 
and  Feake ;  Middelburgh^  or  Newtown,  by  Coe  and  Haz- 
ard ;  Heemstede  by  Washburn  and  Somers ;  Amersfocurt, 
or  Flatlands,  by  Wolfertsen,  Strycker,  and  Swartwout ; 
Midwout,  or  Flatbush,  by  Elbertsen  and  Spicer;   and 
Gravesend  by  Baxter  and  Hubbard.     Of  the  towns  repre- 
sented, four  were  Dutch  and  four  English ;  of  the  dele- 
gates, ten  were  of  Dutch  and  nine  of  English  nativity. 
But  as  Baxter  had  probably  most  experience  in  preparing 
State  Papers,  the  duty  of  dravdng  up  the  Remonstrance 
of  the  Diet  was  intrusted  to  him. 

The  next  day,  the  delegates  unanimously  adopted  andnn^c. 
signed  the  document  in  which  Beixter  had  ably  embodied  «tnnce  or 
their  views.  The  authority  of  the  States  General  and  thetion. 
West  India  Company  was  distinctly  recognized ;  and  the 
rights  of  the  colonists  were  claimed  to  harmonize  '^  in  ev- 
ery respect  with  those  of  Netherland,  being  a  member  de-* 
pendent  on  that  state,  and  in  no  wise  a  people  conquered 
or  subjugated."  '^  Composed  of  various  nations  from  dif- 
ferent parts  of  the  world,  leaving  at  our  own  expense  our 
country  and  countrymen,  we  voluntarily  came  under  the 
protection  of  our  sovereign  High  and  Mighty  Lords  the 
States  General,  whom  we  acknowledge  as  our  lieges ;  and 
being  made  members  of  one  body,  subjected  ourselves,  as 
in  duty  bound,  to  the  general  laws  of  the  United  Prov- 
inces, and  all  other  new  orders  and  ordinances,  which  by 
virtue  of  the  aforesaid  authority  may  be  published,  agree- 
ably to  the  custcxns,  freedoms,  grants,  and  privileges  of 
the  Netherlands."  With  this  loyal  preface,  the  conven- 
tion proceeded  to  declare  its  view  of  the  evils  which  af- 
flicted New  Netherland,  and  to  demand  redress.  I.  The 
fear  of  the  establishment  of  an  arbitrary  government.  New 
laws  had  been  enacted  by  the  director  and  council,  with- 
out the  knowledge  or  consent  of  the  people.     This  was 


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572  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK- 

ch.  XVI.  "contrary  to  the  granted  privileges  of  the  Netherland  gov- 
~~emment,  and  odious  to  every  free-bom  man,  and  especially 
^^^^^'  so  to  those  whom  Gtod  has  placed  mider  a  free  state,  in 
newly-settled  lands,  who  are  entitled  to  claim  laws,  not 
transcending,  but  resembling  as  near  as  possible  those  of 
sutement  the  Netherlands."  It  was,  therefore,  contrary  to  the  priv- 
^*^"*  ileges  of  the  people  of  New  Netherland  to  enact  laws  with- 
out their  consent.  II.  As  the  provincial  government  does 
not  protect  the  people  against  tiie  savages,  the  people,  must 
look  to  their  own  defense.  III.  Officers  and  magistrates, 
without  the  consent  or  nomination  of  the  people,  "are  ap- 
pointed to  many  places,  contrary  to  the  laws  of  the  Nether- 
lands." IV.  Old  orders  and  proclamation^  of  the  director 
and  council,  made  without  the  knowledge  or  consent  of  the 
people,  remain  obligatory,  and  subject  them  to  loss  and 
punishment,  through  ignorance.  V.  Promised  patents,  on 
the  faith  of  whioh  large  improvements  had  been  made  at 
Hiddelburgh  and  Midwout,  and  elsewhere,  had  been 
wrongfully  and  suspiciously  delayed.  YI.  Large  tracts  of 
land  had  been  granted  to  favored  individuals,  to  the  great 
injury  of  the  province.  "  As  we  have,  for  easier  reference, 
reduced  all  our  grievances  to  six  heads,"  concluded  the 
delegates,  "  we  renew  our  allegiance,  in  the  hope  that  sat- 
isfoction  will  be  granted  to  the  country  according  to  estab- 
lished justice,  and  all  dissensions  be  settled  and  allayed."* 
WD«;.  A  copy  of  this  paper  was  delivered  to  Stuyvesant,  and 
of  uw  Re-  a  "  categorical  answer"  to  each  of  its  heads  was  demand- 
■trance,  ed.  Though  jjrawn  up  by  Baxter,  it  was  approved  and 
signed  by  every  del^ate ;  and  it  expressed  the  unanimous 
opinion  of  the  convention.  Its  tone  was  as  affectionately 
loyal  to  the  Feftherland  of  the  Dutch  as  was  the  memorial 
which  Van  def  Donpk  hcui  prepared  in  1649.  In  the  midst 
of  the  war  be^een  Holland  and  England ;  with  natural 
leanings  toward  the  side  of  their  countrymen ;  with  hearts 
full  of  bitterness  against  Stuyvesuit  and  his  administra- 
tion, yet  with*  an  honest  admiration  of  the  government  of 

*  Alb.  Rec,  ix.,  2fr-83 ;  Hoi.  Doe.,  xt.,  16&-17S ;  Tbompwrn's  L.  L,  L,  111,  US ;  iL,  ai»- 
aoe ;  CCaU.,  lL,S3»-940,  SOI,  S04 ;  Bancroft,  it,  806. 


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PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  573 

the  Republican  Provinces,  the  representatives  of  the  En-  on.  xvi. 
glish  villages  desired  not  to  ingraft  on  New  Netherland 
the  Puritan  polity  of  Massachusetts  and  Connecticut,  from 
the  severity  of  which  some  of  them  had  themselves  fled, 
but  they  demanded  laws  "resembling,  as  near  as  possible, 
those  of  the  Netherlands."     The  Dutch  colonists  had  been 
taught,  by  the  example  of  their  forefathers,  to  rely  on 
themselves.     The  convention  itself  was  a  "  Landtdag,"  or  Not  of  pn 
Diet,  known  in  the  Fatherland  long  before  the  first  settle-  gm. 
ment  in  New  England,  suggested  by  the  burgomasters 
and  schepens  of  New  Amsterdam,  and  called  by  the  arbi- 
trary director  whose  government  it  censured. 

This  remonstrance  was  the  severest  blow  which  Stuy- 12  doc^ 
vesant  had  yet  received.  To  weaken  its  effect,  he  de-««»t'««>- 
clared  that  Brei;ckelen,  Jlidwout,  and  Amersfoort  had  "no 
right  to  jurisdiction,"  and  could  not  send  delegates  to  a 
popular  convention.  The  other  members  were  "  a  few  un- 
qualified delegates,  who  assume,  without  authority,  the 
name  and  title  of  commonalty."  In  that  name  they  had 
no  right  to  address  the  director  or  "  any  body  else."  "  The 
most  ancient  colonic  of  Manhattan,  particularly  reserved 
on  behalf  of  the  company,  the  colonies  of  Rensselaersv^ck 
and  Staten  Island,  and  the  settlements  at  Beverwyck  and 
on  the  South  River,  are  too  prudent  to  subscribe  to  all  that 
has  been  projected  by  an  Englishman ;  as  if  among  the 
Netherlands'  nation  there  is  no  one  sagacious  and  expert 
enough  to  draw  up  a  remonstrance  to  the  director  and 
council."  "  It  is  very  doubtful,  indeed,  if  Q-eorge  Baxter, 
the  author,  himself  understood  what  he  meant."  If  the 
rights  of  the  people  of  New  Netherland  were,  as  represent- 
ed, the  same  as  those  of  the  people  in  'the  Fatherland, 
they  might  then  claim  to  send  delegates  to  the  assembly 
of  their  High  Mightinesses.  As  to  the  demand  for  an  ex- 
tension of  franchises,  "  it  must  be  observed  that  these  En- 
glishmen, the  actors,  instigators,  and  leaders  of  tiiese  nov- 
elties, actually  enjoy  greater  privileges  than  the  New 
Netherland  Exemptions  allow  to  any  Dutchman."  The 
English,  especially  at  G-ravesend,  not  only  nominate  their 


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574  BISTORT  OP  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

CH.  xvL  own  offioers,  but  absolutely  ^<  usurp  their  eleotkm,  and 
actually  appoint  whatever  magistrates  they  please,  pay- 
stu^  ing  no  regard  to  the  religion  these  profess."  At  New  Am- 
•wot'*"'  sterdam,  the  magistrates  are  appointed  by  the  director 
and  oounoil;  and  this  policy  would  be  oontinned  until 
other  orders  from  Holland.  If  the  opposite  rule  "  was  to 
become  a  cynosure — if  the  nomination  and  election  of 
magistrates  were  to  be  left  to  the  populace,  who  were  the 
most  interested,  then  each  would  vote  for  one  of  his  own 
stamp;  the  thief  for  a  thief;  the  rogue,  the  tippler,  and 
the  smuggler  for  his  brotiier  in  iniquity,  so  that  he  may 
enjoy  more  latitude  in  vice  and  fraud."  The  question 
which  the  convention  had  been  called  to  consider — the 
protection  of  the  province  against  pirates — ^had  been  pass- 
ed^ by,  and  the  English  delegates  had  dedared  their  un- 
willingness to  act  against  their  countrymen.  The  large 
grants  of  land  which  had  been  complained  of  were  made 
by  order  of  ihe  directors  in  Holland^  who  are  not  respons- 
ible to  their  subjects  for  what  they  do.  If  tiie  English 
colonists  would  look  at  themselves,  they  would  find  that  a 
large  part  of  the  territory  claimed  by  Heemstede,  Pludi- 
ing,  and  Gravesend  was  neitiier  settled  nor  improved ;  but 
because  the  time  for  the  payment  of  their  debts  was  ap- 
proaching, they  wish  to  repudiate  diem,  and  establish  **  a 
new  form  of  government,"  on  the  ground  that  "  ihe  com- 
pany can  not  or  will  not  protect  them."  And  Stnyveeant 
concluded  his  earnest  defense  of  arbitrary  power  by  repri- 
manding the  city  government  of  New  Amsterdam  for  s^- 
ing  '^  this  dangerous  (^portunity  to  conspire  with  a  natiixi 
so  much  suspected  by  ^em ;  in  whom  tiiey  lately  said  no 
confidence  could  be  placed ;  who  were  ever  hatching  mis- 
chief, but  never  performing  their  promises ;  and  who  might 
to-morrow  ally  tiiemselves  with  the  Ncnrth." 

But  the  delegates  were  not  to  be  tlius  silenced.     In 

13  Dee.     their  rejoinder  they  appealed  to  ihe  ^^  Law  of  Nature,'' 

of  tbe^ora.  which  pcnuits  all  men  to  assemble  for  the  protection  of 

their  liberties  and  their  property ;  and  declared  tJiat,  in 

case  the  director  refrised  to  consider  the  several  points  of 


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PETER  STUTVESANT,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  576 

their  remonstranoe,  ihey  wonld  protest  to  their  commcn  ca.  xvi. 
superiOTs,  the  States  G-eneral  and  tiie  West  India  Company. 

Stuyvesant  had  already  exhausted  argument.     All  that 
remedned  was  to  exercise  his  pren^tive.     The  members 
of  the  convention  were  ordered  to  disperse,  "  on  pain  of  m  dw. 
our  highest  displeasure,"  in  a  farewell  message  which  ar-  ^€011^^' 
rogantly  declared  tiiat  "  we  derive  our  authority  from  Qt)d   " 
and  the  company,  not  from  a  few  ignorant  subjects ;  and 
we  alone  can  call  the  inhabitants  together."     And  letters 
were  sent  to  Breuckelen,  Amersfoort,  and  Midwout,  or-  le  Dec. 
dering  them  to  prohibit  their  delegates  from  appearing,  for 
the  present,  in  any  meeting  at  New  Amsterdam.* 

The  popular  voice,  however,  was  not  stifled.     The  bur- 
gomasters and  schepens  of  New  Amsterdam  addressed  a  34  Dec. 
letter  to  the  West  India  Company,  declaring  that  Stuyve^  bu^<^ 
sant's  instructions  of  the  2d  of  Februcury  were  "too  nar-8cheS?nsio 
row,"  and  asking  for  municipal  powers  as  nearly  as  possi-  India  com- 
ble  according  to  the  form  of  government  of  the  "  beloved  ^"^' 
city  of  Amsterdam,"  from  which  "  we  have  received  our 
name."     The  city  sohout  should  be  chosen  by  and  from 
the  burghers,  and  should  not  be  the  company's  own  fiscal. 
The  whole  of  the  excise,  "  without  any  limitation,"  should 
go  into  the  city  treasury ;  and  as  that  was  insufficient  to 
pay  salaries  and  keep  the  public  works  in  repair,  the  mu- 
nicipal government  should  have  power  to  levy  new  taxes,  Morepow- 
and  to  farm  out  the  ferry  between  New  Amsterdam  and  *"  " 
Breuckelen.     The  city  should  be  empowcared  to  ascertain 
its  debts ;  be  enabled  to  convey  lands ;  have  a  seal  sepa- 
rate from  that  of  the  province ;  be  granted  a  Stadt  Huys, 
or  City  Hall ;  and  sufficient  munitions  of  war  should  be 
provided  for  defense  against  the  "  unfriendly  English."t 

The  Gravesend  magistrates  also  sent  a  letter  pretestings?  Dec. 
their  allegiance  to  the  States  G-eneral  and  the  company,  Gr!!^Lend. 
"  under  whose  protection  they  had  placed  themselves,  with- 
out any  intention  to  revolt."     Van  Werckhoven's  grant, 
however,  encroached  on  their  patent,  and  was  a  sore  griev- 

*  Alb.  Rec.,  U.,  84-M ;  CCftll.,  U.,  947-49) ;  Bancroft,  U.,  107;  Tbompson,  I ,  lit. 
t  New  Amst.  Rec.,  i.,  845-350 ;  Alb.  Rec.,  viii.,  96-W. 


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676  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

ch.  xvi.  anoe.  Such  grants  to  private  persona,  under  the  pretense 
of  promoting  oolonization,  oould  not  contribute  to  the  pros- 
Liter  from  P®'%  of  the  province.  "  As  long  as  you  see  throu^  the 
GwtmenA,  QyoQ  q{  ^q  qj  three  persons,  who  perhaps  have  their  own 
profit  only  in  view,  and  are  prompted  by  ambition,  without 
regard  to  the  interests  of  the  commonalty  or  that  of  the 
company,  so  long  you  can  not  obtain  a  true  account  of  the 
real  condition  of  this  province,  nor  of  your  own  private 
concerns."  "  We  appreciate  the  high  value  of  a  lawful 
liberty  which  we  claim,  and  for  which,  if  granted,  and  if 
it  please  God,  in  his  merey,  to  reconcile  the  differences  be- 
tween the  two  commonwealths,  we  shall  not  only  feel  grat- 
"  ified,  but  thankful."  "  For,  if  your  honors  should  lose  this 
country,  though  we  sincerely  wish  to  be  long  &vored  with 
your  protection,  it  will  be  through  the  means  of  those  who 
are  intrusted  with  the  chief  command." 

A  letter  of  a  similar  tone,  signed  by  Kregier,  Baxter, 

80  Dec.      and  others,  was  also  addressed  to  the  burgomasters  and 

schepens  of  the  city  of  Amsterdam.     All  these  papers 

were  intrusted  to  Francis  le  Bleeuw,  an  advocate,  who 

Agent  tent  was  dispatched  as  agent  to  Holland  at  the  exp^ise  of  tiie 

'  city,  with  instructions  to  use  every  legitimate  means  to 

procure  the  reforms  which  the  people  demanded.* 

Though  the  building  of  Fort  Casimir  had  seriously  em- 
barrassed the  Provincial  Exchequer,  it  embarrassed  the 
South  RiT-  Swedes  on  the  South  River  still  more.     Printz,  finding 
his  situaticm  becoming  every  day  mo/e  unpleasant,  applied 
to  his  government  for  permission  to.  return  home.     The 
Swedish  colonists  themselves  seemed  inclined  to  submit 
to  the  Dutch  jurisdiction,  and  even  made  overtures  to 
6  October.  Stuyvcsaut,  who,  however,  declined  to  act  until  he  had 
learned  the  views  of  the  Amsterdam  Chamber.     His  supe- 
riors, willing  to  protect  all  who  were  obedient  to  their  laws, 
4  Not.      wrotc  to  the  director,  ^^  The  population  of  the  country,  that 
bulwark  of  every  state,  ought  to  be  promoted  by  all  means, 
so  that  the  settling  of  freemen  may  not  be  shackled." 

*  Alb.  Rec.,  iv.,  IM:  tUI.,  53-68 ;  Hql.  Doe.,  ix.,  95(^-960 ;  xt.,  185 ;  0*CalL,  U.,  S»- 
S66,M0. 


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PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL  677 

Without  waiting  for  his  leave  to  return,  Printz  executed  ch.  rvi. 
his  design ;  and  leaving  his  son-in-law,  John  Pappegoya, 
in  temporary  charge  of  affairs,  he  embarked  for  Holland,  Deptnure 
bearing  a  private  letter  from  Stuyvesant  to  the  West  India  fj^"** 
Company  "  in  favor  of  the  late  Swedish  governor."*    Law- 
rence Charles  Lokenius,  a  Lutheran  clergyman  who  had  Lokentm. 
succeeded  Campanius,  remained  with  the  people  at  Tinni- 
cum  and  Christina. 

The  government  of  Sweden  had  meanwhile  placed  the 
management  of  their  interests  on  the  South  River  in  the 
hands  of  the  "  Greneral  College  of  Commerce."  Prepara- 
tions were  made  to  dispatch  a  ship  with  two  hundred  per-  ii  octohcr. 
sons  to  assist  the  colony,  where  there  were  now  only  six- 
teen men  to  garrison  the  three  Swedish  forts ;  and  John 
Rising,  formerly  secretary  of  the  College  of  Commerce,  i«  Dec. 
was  commissioned  as  deputy  governor  under  Printz.  He  pomied 
was  to  endeavor  to  extend  the  bwedish  jurisdiction  on  both  governor, 
sides  of  the  river,  "but  without  a  bfeach  of  friendship 
with  the  English  and  Dutch,  or  exposing  to  risk  what  we 
already  possess."  With  respect  to  Fort  Casimir,  which 
the  Dutch  had  just  built,  if  he  could  not  induce  them,  by 
remonstrances,  to  abandon  it,  he  was  to  avoid  resorting  to 
hostilities,  and  rather  to  "  suffer  the  Dutch  to  occupy  the 
said  fortress,  than  that  it  should  fall  into  the  hands  of  the 
English,  who  are  the  more  powerful,  and,  of  course,  the 
most  dangerous  in  that  country."  Another  Swedish  fort 
should  be  constructed  lower  down  the  river ;  but  the  mild- 
est measures  should  be  pursued,  as,  "  by  a  rupture  with 
the  Dutch,  the  English  may  seize  the  opportunity  to  take 
possession  of  the  aforesaid  fortress,  and  become,  in  conse- 
quence, very  dangerous  neighbors  to  our  possessions." 
With  these  instructions,  Rising,  accompanied  by  another 
clergyman,  Peter  Lindstrom  an  engineer,  and  a  large  mil- 
itary force,  set  sail  for  New  Sweden.t 

*  Alb.  Rec,  iv.,  191, 138 ;  Hoi.  Doe.,  tUI..  32, 84 ;  S.  Haurd,  Ann.  Penn.,  139, 140, 147, 
148 ;  Plymootb  R«g.,  il.,  87 ;  ante,  p.  484. 

t  Thurloe'8  Suue  Papers,  i.,  524 ;  Reg.  Penn.,  It.,  374,  300;  S.  Hszard,  Ann.  Penn., 
141-140 ;  AcreUna,  414. 

Oo 


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578  lOSTQity  or  ths  stats  of  nbw  tork. 


CHAPTER  XVII. 

1664-1655. 

ch.  xvn.      New  Amstbroam  had  now  ^joyed  for  a  year  its  limited 

municipal  government.     But  its  burghers  pined  for  the 

1654.  ij^yggy  flranchiaea  of  the  cities  of  their  Fatherland ;  and  the 
burgomasters  and  sohepens^  whose  t^m  of  servioe  was 
27  jammry.  about  Jo  expire,  petitioned  Stuyvesant  (or  liber^  to  pie- 
sterdam  af^sent  a  doublc  sct  of  namcs,  firom  among  whidi  the  magis- 
trates for  the  next  year  should  be  chos^i.    They  also  asiud 
that  the  magistracy  should  reoeive  salaries.     The  direct- 
or, however,  ^'  ht  pregnant  reasons,"  declined  a  ocMnplianoe 
38  January.  <<  respecting  the  nomination^"  but,  ^'  for  the  sake  of  peace 
and  harmony/'  continued  the  old  magistrates  in  offioe,  and 
appointed  Jochem  Pietersen  Kuyter  and  Oloff  Stevenaai 
van  Gortlandt  to  fill  two  vacancies  in  the  board  of  Sohe- 
pens.     The  application  for  salaries  was,  however,  granted. 
Salaries  ai- Each  buTgomaster  was  allowed  three  hundred  and  fiftjr 
guilders  a  year,  and  each  schepen  two  hundred  and  fifty, 
as  they  were,  ^^  for  the  most  part,  such  persons  as  must 
maintain  their  houses  and  fiBonilies  by  trade,  fifurming,  or 
mechanical  labor."* 
Critical  aitP     The  situatiou  of  the  {province  at  the  beginning  of  this 
tbeproy-    year  was  extremely  critical.     Taking  advantage  of  the 
continued  hostilities  between  Holland  and  England,  pi- 
rates and  robbers  infested  the  shores  of  the  East  River, 
and  committed  unrepressed  excesses  on  Long  Island  and 
around  New  Amsterdam.     The  English  residents  began 
to  mutter  threats  of  mutiny,  and  many  of  them  were  sus- 
pected of  communicating  with  the  freebooters,  who  were 

*  New  Amst.  Rec.,i.,  83©,  37^-375 ;  Alb.  Rec,  tU.,  S7«,  t88 ;  ix.,  70, 71.  On  tta  ISA 
of  Janoarr,  the  bnrgomaaten  and  acbepena  aU(«wed  their  aeeralary,  Jneob  Kip,  a  aalary 
of  two  Inndred  gnUdera,  at  reoeiTer  of  ttie  city  rereniie. 


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PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  079 

diiefly  their  own  ooanlTynieQ.     Grayesend  was  notorioiis-  om  trm 
ly  disaffected.     Sir  Henry  Moody  himself  did  not  soniple  ^^^ 
to  join  in  a  certificate  declaring  that  Captain  John  l[an-D|..|,^' 
ning,  who  had  been  playing  the  ^y  while  he  was  carry- g^^'J,,^ 
ing  on  an  nnlawfhl  trade  between  New  Hayen  and  Man- 
hattan, <<had  tendered  himself  and  vessel  to  serve  the 
commonwealth  of  England."* 

But  New  Amsterdam  nobly  maintained  her  loyalty. 
The  city  government  recommended  that  a  vessel  be  sta^  m  Pt^ 
tioned  at  ^'  Minnewit's  Island,"  and  likewise  proposed  to 
Stuyvesant  to  raise  a  militia  force  of  some  forty  men  among  Miim» 
the  several  villages  and  settlements,  according  to  a  ratable  poruoned. 
proportion.t     John  Scott,  of  Long  Island,  and  others,  were 
arrested  and  examined  as  suspected  persons,  at  the  instance  le  Marcn. 
of  the  fiscal.     Breuckelen,  Amersfoort,  and  Midwoat  were 
specially  invited  by  the  metropolis  ^'to  lend  their  aid  at  ss  March 
this  critical  ocmjunctore,  to  further  whatever  may  advance 
the  public  defense."     The  Dutch  villages  heartily  agreed 
"  to  assist  with  all  their  mi^t."     Every  third  man  was 
detailed  to  act  as  a  minute-man,  whenever  required ;  and  28  Maretu 
tiieir  whole  population  was  pledged  to  be  ready  to  defend  7  Apni. 
tiieir  firesides  in  case  of  invasicm. 

The  provincial  government  immediately  commissioned  a  xpru. 
several  yachts  to  act  against  the  pirates.     A  proclamaticm  b^vm^ 
was  issued  prohibiting  all  persons,  under  the  penalty  of 
banishment  and  the  confiscation  of  goods,  from  harboring 
the  outlaws,  for  each  of  whom  a  reward  of  one  hundred 
thalers  was  offered ;  and  all  strangers  without  passports 
were  directed  to  be  detained  until  they  gave  satisfactory 
accounts  of  themselves.     To  prevent  any  misunderstand-  u  Apru. 
ing  with  the  neighboring  governments.  Burgomaster  Kre- 
gier  and  Fiscal  Van  Tienhoven  were  sent  to  New  Haven, 
to  explain  that  the  only  object  of  the  Dutch  proceedings 

*  New  Haven  Rec,  40-49 ;  0'Call.»  U.»  S04 ;  TnunbnU,  i.,  218.  Manning  was  arreatad 
•nd  trtod  at  New  Haren  in  April,  16A4,  and  hia  veasel  oondemnad  and  aald,  ^*  by  inek  of 
MUMUe,**  aa  a  lawAil  prise.    See  alao  pottf  p.  743. 

t  Thla  proportion  waa,  Manhattan,  eight ;  Heematede,  fbmr ;  VHaaengan,  three ;  Gfwrea- 
e»d,  three ;  BCiddelbnrgh  and  Meapath  Kill,  three ;  Breaokelon,  the  Ferry,  and  tlM  Wal- 
loon <|Qarter,  four ;  Midwoat,  two ;  Ameraftxirt*  two ;  Stalen  lalaod,  two  -,  Panlna*  Hoak, 
one  ;  Bererwyck,  (bur ;  colonie  oTRenaaelaarawyck,  Amr.— New  hmm  Rec.,  t,  S78. 


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580  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

6m,  xvn.  was  the  protection  of  their  oommeroe  and  the  ponishmeat 
^         of  robbery.* 

It>D4.       rpj^g  prompt  loyalty  of  Breuckelen,  Amersfoort,  and  Mid- 
wont  now  reoeived  its  reward ;  and  Stuyvesant  executed 
the  purpose  he  had  announced  the  autumn  before,  of  giv- 
ing them  such  municipal  privileges  as  would  connterbal- 
anoe  the  political  inEuence  of  the  English  villages.   Breuok- 
Apru.       elen  had  already  two  schepens ;  two  more  were  now  added, 
len,  Amen-  and  David  Provoost,  the  former  commissary  of  Fort  Hope, 
MidwoS    was  made  her  first  separate  schout.    Midwout  was  fimnted 
nieipti  goT.  the  right  to  nominate  three  schepens.     Amersfoort  obtain- 
ed  two.     The  powers  of  these  local  magistrates  were  some- 
what similar  to  those  of  the  municipality  of  New  Amster- 
dam.    A  superior  '^  district  court^'  was  also  organiaed, 
composed  of  delegates  firom  each  town  court,  together  with 
the  schout.     This  district  court  had  general  authority  to 
regulate  roads,  build  churches,  establish  schools,  and  make 
local  laws  for  the  government  of  the  district,  subject  to  the 
approval  of  the  provincial  government.     This  arrangement 
continued  until  1661.t 

Up  to  this  time,  the  Dutch  on  Long  Island  had  been 
without  a  church  or  a  minister ;  and  to  attend  public  wor- 
ship they  had  been  obliged  to  cross  the  East  River  to  New 
Amsterdam.     The  metropolitan  clergymen  occasionally 
preached  at  private  houses  in  the  Dutch  villages ;  but  the 
want  of  a  settled  minister  at  length  became  so  serious  an 
0  Feb.       embarrassment,  that  Domine  Megapolensis  and  a  commit- 
Midwoutortee  of  the  provincial  council  were  sent  over  to  Midwout 
to  assist  the  people  in  organizing  a  church.    On  their  part, 
S3  Fab.      the  West  India  Company  did  what  they  could  to  remedy 
the  evil.     Six  hundred  guilders  were  appropriated  for  a 
salary ;  and  the  Classis  of  Amsterdam  was  requested  to 
select  a  qualified  preacher  '^  to  watch  over  the  public  re- 

*  New  Amst.  Ree„  i.,  37&-4S7 ;  Alb.  Rec.,  tU.,  S64-9M ;  tx.,  80,  81, 107-110 ;  (TCm^ 
U.,  S58 ;  Thompson's  L.  !.,  i.,  113. 

t  Alb.  Rec.,ix.,  10,  35,  47,  118,296;  z.,  10,  30,47,79,115,940,309,  345;  xi^  187;  xix^ 
01,  444 ;  0*CbU.,  ii.,  371,  279,  499 ;  Doe.  Hiat.  N.  Y.,  i.,  633-655 ;  Flatboali  Rac ;  Mte, 
p.  499,  509.  New  Utrecht  and  Boewyck,  or  Boshwick,  were  Joined  to  Brevefcetaa,  Ai»- 
enfoort,  and  MIdwoat  in  1661,  when  the  dlatriot  was  called  the  **  PiTe  Dutch  Tswm.* 
FroTooat  remained  aehoot  of  Breackelen  until  1666,  when  he  waa  aoceeeded  bj  ] 
Tonneman,  who  held  the  offloe  nntil  1660.    Adriaen  Hag eman  waa  then  appoiwd. 


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PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  ggj 

Bgion  there."     But  before  a  (nroper  clergyman  was  found  ch.  xni. 

willing  to  emigrate  from  Holland,  Domine  Johannes  The- "~ 

odorus  Polhemus,  who  had  been  for  some  time  stationed  j^^^' 
at  Itaraaroa,  in  Brazil,  arrived  in  New  Netherland,  and  ac-  ^^"* 
oq[)ted  the  call  of  the  people  of  Midwout.    The  magistrates 
of  Midwout  and  Amersfoort  petitioned  the  council  for  as- 
sistance in  their  enterprise;  and  permission  was  accord- is ootoiMr 
ingly  given  them  to  employ  Domine  Polhemus,  '<  until  an 
answer  be  received  from  Holland,"  and  to  raise  funds  for 
his  support  by  a  general  collection.     A  small  wooden 
church  in  the  form  of  a  cross,  about  sixty  feet  long  and 
twenty-eight  wide,  was  ordered  to  be  constructed  at  Mid-  n  vtc 
wout ;  and  Megapolensis,  with  two  of  the  magistrates  of  niS^w£ 
the  village,  were  appointed  "  to  promote  the  work  to  the 
best  advantage  of  the  public."    Upward  of  three  thousand 
guilders  were  contributed  by  the  Dutch  inhabitants  of  New 
Amsterdam,  Fort  Orange,  and  Long  Island ;  and  Stuy  ve- 
sant  added  four  hundred  more  out  of  the  (nrovinoial  treas- 
ury.    The  West  India  directors  approved  of  the  arrange- 
ment; but  intimated  that  the  people  of  Midwout  must 
pay  the  salary  of  their  clergyman  without  recourse  to  the 
company.     In  this  first  Reformed  Dutch  church  on  Long 
Island,  Domine  Polhemus  preached  every  Sunday  morn- 
ing, and  in  the  afternoon  at  Breuckelen  and  Amersfoort 
alternately.     Thus   affairs  remained  until  1660,  when 
Domine  Henry  Selyns  arrived  from  Holland,  and  became 
the  pastor  of  the  people  at  Breuckelen.* 

The  Lutherans  had  now  become  so  numerous  at  NewLmiMnuw 
Amsterdam,  that  they  proposed  to  call  a  clergyman  of  ? 
their  own  denomination.  To  this  end  they  asked  formal 
permissbn  of  Stuyvesant  to  worship  publicly  in  a  church 
by  themselves.  The  director,  however,  who  was  a  zeal- 
ous Galvimst,  declined,  for  the  reason  that  he  was  bound 
by  his  oath  to  tolerate  openly  no  other  religion  than  the 
Reformed.  The  Lutherans  tiien  addressed  themselves  di- 
rectly to  the  West  India  Company  and  to  the  states  of 

*  Cor.  aafl«ii  Amst. ;  Lettera  of  SOth  Febraary,  and  11th  Norember,  1654;  Megapo- 
iMMte  u»  Claaaia,  18tti  March*  1A55 ;  New  Amat.  Roc. ;  Alb.  R«c,  ir^  179 ;  ix.,  lOS,  tt8^ 
JOS ;  z.,  33S :  xiv.,  80,  61 ;  O'Call.,  li.,  9f73 ;  Thompsoh'a  L.  I.,  li.,  90S-904. 


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5(0  HfiSTOBY  OP  THE  OTATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

om.  xviL  Holland.     Bat  the  Dutoh  eleffgymen  at  Manliattaii,  aad 
the  daasis  of  Amsterdam  represented  that  suoh  a  oompli- 
„u^^'  anoe  would  prodnoe  bad  ocxisequenoeB ;  for  the  Anabap^ 
^S^lh?!^  ti^  <u^  English  Independents,  of  whom  liiere  were  maiij 
therana.    ^  ^^  province,  would  then  demand  the  same  liberty. 
The  directors,  therefore,  resolved  that  they  would  enoour* 
age  BO  other  doctrine  in  New  Nellifflrland  llian  ^'  the  true 
12  Mareb.  Reformed  f"  and  Stu jresant  was  instructed  to  use  ^'  all 
moderate  exertions"  to  allure  the  Lutherans  to  the  Dutch 
ohuzohes,  ^'  and  to  matriculate  them  in  the  public  Be- 
96  Feb.      formed  religion."     In  conmmnioating  this  r^dution  to 
MegapoljBnsis  and  Drisius,  the  Classis  expressed  their  hope 
that  tiie  Reformed  religion  would  now  ^<  be  preserved  and 
maintwied,  without  hindrance  from  the  Lutheran  and 
other  errras."     This  departure  from  the  policy  of  the  Ba- 
tavian  Republic  was  a  triumph  of  bigotry  over  statesmaiL- 
dbip ;  and  one  of  the  crowning  ^ories  of  the  Fath«rlaBd 
was,  for  a  seaaon,  denied  to  New  Netherland."*^ 
1653.       The  representations  which  Connecticut  and  New  Haven 
^^'     had  addressed  to  Cromwell  strongly  influenced. the  ambi- 
^rtMctoT.  taous  soldier,  who  had  just  assumed  the  office  of  Protector. 
Though  negotiations  for  peace  were  in  progress,  England 
was  still  at  open  war  with  the  United  Provinces ;  and  a 
favorable   opportunity  of  engaging  the   support   of  the 
friends  of  New  England,  by  seizing  New  Netherland,  was 
1664.  now  oflered  to  Oliver.     He,  therefore,  advised  the  govern- 
Febniary.  ^^  ^£  ^^  jj^^  England  colonies  that  the  number  and 
strength  of  the  ships  destined  for  those  parts  had  been  in- 
creased, and  called  upon  them  to  give  their  '^  utmost  as- 
sistance for  gaining  the  Manhattoes,  or  other  places  under 
1}  Feb.     the  power  of  the  Dutch."     At  the  same  time.  Major  Rob- 
JSS^^"  ert  Sedgwick  and  Captain  John  Leverett  were  instructed 
flriud.^   to  proceed,  with  four  ships  of  war,  to  some  good  port  ia 
New  England,  and  ascertain  whether  the  colonial  govern- 
ments would  join  in  ^'  vindicating  the  English  right  and 
extirpating  the  Dutch."     '^  Being  come  to  the  Hanhat- 

•  Cer.  a.  AouCafdun;  Letter  orifegarelnito  and  DrteiM,  Oih  Oelober,  1603 ;  Ut»m 
or  ClMsle/96lb  Petovery,  liM ;  Alb.  Ree.,  !▼.,  180 ;  onlc,  p.  819, 411. 


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PETER  STCYVE&Airr,  DIRECTOR  GXHBKAL.  gS3 

toes,"  wrote  Secretary  Thiirloe,  ^^yoa  shall,  by  way  of  snr*  ca.  zvu. 
prise,  open  foroe,  or  otherwiM,  »  *  *  endeavor  to  take  in  ^^^ 
that  place  for  tiie  use  of  his  Highness  the  Lord  Protector  i^,^^. ' 
of  the  Coramcmwealth  of  England,  Scotland,  and  Ireland;  '^"'- 
and  you  have  power  to  promise  and  give  them  &ir  quar- 
ter, in  case  it  be  rendered  upon  summons,  without  hostile 
opposition.     The  like,  also,  you  shall  do  to  the  Fort  of  Au- 
ranea,  or  any  other  place  upon  Hudson's  Eiver."    "  If  the 
Lord  give  his  blessing  to  your  undertaking,  that  the  forts 
and  places  be  gained,  you  shall  not  use  cruelty  to  the  in- 
habitants, but  encourage  those  that  are  willing  to  remain 
under  the  English  government,  and  give  liberty  to  others 
to  transport  themselves  for  Europe."     With  these  instmc* 
tions,  Sedgwick  and  Leverett  promptly  set  sail  for  New 
England.    But  the  squadron  running  southwardly  to  Fay- 
al,  the  Protector's  commissioners  did  not  reach  Boston  un-  ^j  June, 
til  the  beginning  of  the  next  summer.^ 

In  the  mean  time,  the  cupidity  of  Ccmnecticut  had  been  sequMtra* 
partially  gratified  by  iiie  formal  sequestration  of  the  Butch  c^od  a^ 
fort  at  Hartford.     Disregarding  Unde Aill's  volnnte^  seiz-  ucol  "**" 
ure,  and  referring  to  an  order  from  the  parliamentary  Coun* 
cil  of  State  to  act  against  the  Dutch ''  as  against  those  that 
have  declared  themselves  enemies  to  the  commonwealth 
of  England,"  the  Q-eneral  Court  directed  that  ^^  the  Dutch  A  ^p^^^ 
house,  the  Hope,  with  the  lands,  buildings,  and  fences 
thereunto  belonging,  be  hereby  sequestered  and  reserved, 
all  particular  claims  or  pretended  right  thereunto  notwith- 
standing ;"  and  with  hasty  thrift  it  claimed  the  disposal 
of  all  "  rent  for  any  part  of  the  premises." t 

One  of  the  vessels  which  had  been  dispatched  from  En-  May. 
gland  arriving  at  Boston  early  in  May,  brought  intelli- the  bd- 
gence  of  the  projected  expedition  against  New  Neiherland.  Jwoo***^ 
Informed  of  his  danger  by  Isaac  Ailerton,  Stuyvesant  in-  tg  May. 
stantly  summoned  a  meeting  of  the  council  at  Fort  Am- 
sterdam, to  consider  the  state  of  the  province.     The  direct- 
or was  full  of  apprehension.     He  did  not  expect  that "  the  m  Mty. 

•  Thnrioe,  i.,  7S1, 7tt ;  U.,  418,  410, 4t9.    TlM  InglUlh  MUAlly  tpalltd  •*  Port  Orufe^ 
as  the  Dutch  pronoaneed  It—**  Fort  Anranea." 
t  Col.  Rec.  Conn.,  854 ;  Trumbull,  t.,  817 ;  0»Call.,  «.,  tOO ;  ante,  p.  558. 


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584  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

CH.XVIL  people  residing  in  the  coontiy — not  even  ihe  Dutch" — 
would  assist  him  in  case  of  an  unexpected  attack.  <'  The 
*  English,  although  they  have  sworn  allegiance,  would  take 
up  arms  gainst  us  and  join  the  enemy."  <^  To  invite 
them  to  aid  us  would  be  bringing  the  Trojan  horse  within 
our  walls."  Shall  we  abandon  Fort  Casimir,  and  recall 
all  Dutch  subjects  from  the  South  River  ?  Shall  we  allow 
the  King  Solomon  to  sail  ?  If  we  do,  the  people  will 
clamor,  <<  for  we  have  no,  gunners,  no  musketeers,  no  sail- 
ors, and  scarcely  sixteen  hundred  pounds  of  powder." 

As  a  last  resource,  Stuyvesant  proposed  that  a  loan 
should  be  raised,  to  repair  and  garrison  Fort  Amsterdam. 
The  burgomasters  and  schepens  of  New  Amsterdam,  and 
the  magistrates  of  Breuckelen,  Amersfoort,  and  Midwout, 
sjane.      therefore,  met  with  the  director  and  council  at  the  fort 
The  joint  meeting  resolved  to  enlist  a  force  of  sixty  or  sev- 
enty men,  ^^  in  silence,  and  without  beat  of  drum,"  and  to 
borrow  money  to  pay  them,  and  provide  supplies  for  the 
13  jone.     city,  in  case  of  a  siege.     It  was  also  resolved  '^  not  to  aban- 
•urdim     don  Fort  Casimir  for  the  present,  neither  to  call  its  garn- 
*Mu  Of  do-  son  from  there  to  re-enforce  that  of  this  city ;  and  as  to  the 
ship  King  Solomon,  she  is  to  remain,  to  gratify  the  inhab- 
itants."   The  patriotism  of  the  people  was  aroused.     The 
fund  which  the  representatives  of  the  commonalty  had 
r^anctioned  was  quickly  raised.     The  Dutch  inhabitants, 
i^pade  in  hand,  worked  heartily  at  the  fortifications ;  and, 
though  treason  yet  lurked  within  her  walls.  New  Amster- 
dam was  soon  put  in  a  state  of  defense. 

In  truth,  Stuyvesant's  government,  which  had  weaned 
from  him  the  affections  of  the  Dutch,  had  entirely  alien- 
ated the  English.  Many  of  the  adopted  citizens  of  New 
Amsterdam  were  now  observed  "stirring  to  mutiny  the 
otherwise  well  disposed,"  sending  off  their  effects,  commu- 
nicating with  privateers,  and  in  active  correspondence  with 
T  July.  New  England.  All  persons,  "  of  whatever  rank,"  found 
removing  their  property  were,  therefore,  declared  subject 
to  banbhment  and  the  confiscation  of  goods,  and  the  au- 
thors and  propagators  of  false  reports  to  severe  pumshmeot 


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PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  585 

On  Long  Island,  it  was  rumored  that  the  Dntoh  had  hired  ch.  xvn. 
Frenchmen  and  savages  to  massacre  the  inhabitants  of   -^.^ 
the  English  villages ;  and  the  magistrates  of  G-ravesend, 
Heemstede,  and  Middelbnrgh  were  summoned  to  give  an 
account.     Loyalty  to  Holland  was  renounced  as  soon  asMiddei. 
news  of  the  proposed  expedition  irom  New  England  ar-  oraveJImd. 
rived.    Middelburgh  proposed  to  "  open  the  ball."    Graves- 
end  wrote  to  Boston,  offering  to  seize  the  ship  King  Solo- 
mon, lying  at  New  Amsterdam,  and  carry  her  off  to  Vir- 
ginia.    The  right  of  the  director  and  council  to  pass  upon 
nominations  was  disowned ;  and  twelve  men  were  appoint- 
ed to  manage  the  affairs  of  the  town,  and  to  choose  mag- 
istrates and  local  officers.* 

The  Protector's  letters  roused  New  England  to  action. -,1^  June. 
New  Haven  sent  delegates  to  Boston,  and  eagerly  pledged 
herself  to  the  most  zealous  efforts.     Connecticut  promised  ||  jum. 
two  hundred  men,  and  even  five  hundred,  "  rather  than 
the  design  should  fall."     The  "council  of  war"  at  Plym- }•  june. 
outh  ordered  fifty  men  to  be  pressed  into  the  service ;  and, 
averring  that  they  only  concurred  in  hostile  measures 
against  their  ancient  Dutch  neighbors  at  Manhattan  "  in 
reference  unto  the  national  quarrel,"  intrusted  the  com-  waruke 
mand  of  these  forces  to  Captain  Miles  Standish  and  Cap-  S^nTin' 
tain  Thomas  Willett,  the  latter  of  whom  Stuyvesant  had  gitod. " 
so  unwisely  mcule  one  of  his  negotiators  at  Hartford,  in 
1650.     Massachusetts,  however,  showed  less  zeal.     The 
Greneral  Court,  declaring  their  readiness  to  attend  the  ^  June. 
Protector's  pleasure,  as  far  as  they  could  "  with  safety  to 
the  liberty  of  their  consciences  and  the  public  peace  and 
welfare,"  simply  consented  that  Sedgwick  and  Leverett 
might  raise  five  hundred  volunteers  against  the  Dutch 
within  their  jurisdiction.! 

In  the  mean  time,  the  negotiations  for  peace  between 
Holland  and  England  had  been  vigorously  proscMDuted. 
Upon  assuming  the  Protectorate,  Oliver,  receding  from  the 

*  New  Amst.  Rec,  i.,  4«5-4M;  Alb.  Rae.,  Is.,  13S-171 ;  x.,  71 ;  xi.,  IS ;  O'CalL,  II., 
9B1-S05;  S.  Haxard,  Ann.  Penn.,  151. 

t  Haxard,  i.,  587-^80,  A05,  M6 ;  Col.  Rae.  Conn.,  950,  S0O ;  HatehinMD,  1.,  1«6 ;  Tliim- 
bvD,  i.,  SIO. 


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586  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  TORX. 


1654. 


ck.  xvo.  parliamentcury  prcqxMitkm  for  a  ooalitioii  betweea  tiw  oom- 
'mon  wealth  and  the  repnbiio,  which  the  States  G-enend 
had  unanimously  rejected,  proposed  more  acceptable  terms 
to  the  Dutch  ambassadors.     New  obstacles  arose ;  but  at 
length  the  treaty,  by  which  England  quietly  abandoiml 
A  April,   most  of  her  pretensions,  was  definitely  signed.     The  Pro- 
pJi^^b^  tector,  however,  insisted  upon  the  exclusion  of  the  Prince 
RiBi?d  and'  of  Oraugc  from  the  office  of  stadtholder  as  the  oonditioii 
**  *"  ■    of  his  ratification  of  the  treaty.    The  States  (General  woold 
have  rejected  this  condition ;  but  the  adroitness  of  the 
grand  pensionary,  John  de  Witt,  prevailed  with  the  states 
of  Holland.     An  act  of  the  desired  t&not  was  passed  in  that 
88  April,    body,  and  sent  to  the  ambassadors  in  England.    Upon  its 
®*'*y-      delivery,  Oliver  ratified  the  treaty,  and  issued  a  proc- 
lamation restraining  all  English  subjects  from  committing 
Jf  luy.    any  further  acts  of  hostility  against  the  Dutch.     And  or- 
coontOT^    ders  were  promptly  diq>atched  to  Sedgwick  and  Leverett 
""^*     countermanding  their  previous  instructions  to  surprise  Ae 
Dutch  possessions,  and  requiring  tiiem  '^  to  desist  firom  that 
design."* 
f i  Jane.        Thcsc  important  documents  reached  Boston  a  few  days 
N^'i^   after  the  arrival  of  the  Protector's  commiE»ionerB.     The 
delegates  of  Connecticut  and  New  Haven,  assembled  at 
Charlestown,  apprehending  that  ^^a  satisfying   account 
could  not  be  given  of  any  further  acting  in  this  design 
against  the  Dutch,"  reluctantly  agreed  to  dismiss  their 
session.     The  forces  intended  to  act  against  New  Nether- 
land  were  sent  to  dislodge  the  French  from  the  coast  of 
Maine ;  and  for  ten  years  longer  the  coveted  province,  the 
possession  of  which  the  Englbh  government  had  now  vir- 
tually resigned  to  the  Dutch,  continued  under  the  sway 
of  Holland.t 

The  joyful  intelligence  of  peace  between  the  Fatherland 
and  England  reaching  New  Amsterdam  a  few  days  aftor- 

«  Basfiftge,  i.,  819,  33S-^M ;  Altxema,  ill.,  898,  850, 980 ;  Tertmel  ran  Bevemtfick,  337- 
499;  Thurloe,  ii.,  919,  938,  953,  9M»;  Lingard,  xi.,  187-191 ;  DcTles,  il.,  737-730.  The 
Slate  Papers  ooUeoted  by  SeeiataiT  Thofloe  show  that  the  SnglMi  gorernment  had 
eonetantly  the  beet  intelligenoe  of  what  ¥ra8  going  on  in  Holland.  Eiren  Ibe  dfsf 
to  and  (hm  the  Dotch  ambaaeadora  appear  to  have  been  opened  and  eofpied. 

t  Tbnrioe,  ii.,  490 ;  Hutchinaon,  i.,  169 ;  Hazard,  i.,  589,  590 ;  Baneroft,  i.,  44S. 


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PETER  STUTVESANT,  0IREOTOR  QENERAL.  fig? 

wurd)  waa  pablished  bom  the  City  Hall  ^'  witii  linging  ch^xvil 
of  belL"     The  twelfth  of  August  was  appointed  as  a  day 
of  general  thanksgiving;  and  Stuyresant  piously  called ,9 j^^  ' 
on  all  the  inhabitants  to  praise  the  Lord,  who  had  se-^f"g^; 
oured  their  gates,  and  blessed  th^  possessions  with  peaoe,  eriM<r  ^^^' 
'^  even  here,  whmre  the  threatened  torch  of  war  was  light- 
ed, where  the  wayes  reached  our  lips,  and  subsided  only 
through  the  power  of  the  Almighiy."* 

With  the  news  of  peace  came  also  the  determination  of 
the  West  India  Conquiny  upon  tiie  various  demands  of  re- 
form which  the  agent,  Le  Bleeuw,  had  carried  to  Holland. 
His  errand  not  being  ^^  suited  to  the  taste"  of  iiud  direct- 
ors, he  was  forbidden  to  return  to  New  Netherland.    "  We 
are  unable,"  wrote  they  to  Stuyvesant,  ^'  to  discover  in  the  is  May. 
whde  remonstrance  one  single  point  to  justify  complaint."  v^S^ 
^^  You  ought, to  have  acted  with  more  vigor  against  the  vMMit.'"^' 
ringleaders  of  the  gang,  and  not  have  condescended  to  an- 
swer protests  with  protests,  and  then  to  have  passed  all  by 
without  farther  notice."     '^It  is,  tiierefore,  our  express 
command  tiiat  you  punish  what  has  occurred  as  it  de- 
serves, so  that  others  may  be  deterred  in  future  from  fol- 
lowing such  examples."    As  to  '^  the  seditious"  of  Graves- 
end,  they  were  to  be  puni^ed  '^  in  an  exemplary  manner." 
To  the  burgomasters  and  ^hqpens  of  New  Amsterdam  the  is  umy. 
directors  wrote  recommending  and  charging  ^'that  youuiecityau- 
conduct  yourselves  quietly  and  peaceably,  submit  your-k^^iuL 
selves  to  the  government  placed  over  you,  and  in  no  wise  ^^ 
allow  yourselves  to  hold  particular  convention  with  the 
English  or  others  in  matters  of  form  and  deliberation  on 
affairs  of  state,  which  do  not  appertain  to  you,  and  what 
is  yet  worse,  attempt  an  alteration  in  the  state  and  its 
government."  *  '' 

The  directors  at  the  same  time  consented  that  ihe  office 
of  city  schout  should  be  separated  from  that  of  the  provin- 
cial fiscal,  but  they  would  not  give  the  burgomasters  and 
schepens  the  power  of  appointment.     A  commission  was  Kuyter  ap- 
accordingly  inclosed  for  Jochem  Fietersen  Kuyter,  whoSdiout.    ^ 

*  Alb.  Rec,  TiU.,  121 ;  ix.,  180 ;  New  Amst.  R«c.,  i.»  40». 


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588  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

en.  xvn.  had  formerly  anfTered  so  mnoh  from  Stuyvesant's  vindio- 

'     ~~tivenes8,  and  to  whom  it  was  perhaps  now  felt  that  some 

1004.  j^njQjjdg  should  be  made.     The  city  authorities  were  also 

required  to  pay  the  public  salaries  out  of  the  wine  and  beer 

exoise ;  and,  if  permitted  by  the  provinoial  government, 

they  might  impose  other  taxes  ''  with  the  consent  of  the 

commonalty."     They  were  empowered  to  mortgage  and 

convey  real  estate  within  the  limits  of  the  city,  and  were 

City  iian   granted  the  use  of  the  City  Hall.     "  We  have  decreed  that 

*""***    a  seal  for  the  city  of  New  Amsterdam  shall  be  prepared 

and  forwarded,"  added  tiie  directors ;  but  as  for  arms  and 

ammunition,  Ihey  must  be  obtained  from  the  provincial 

government.     The  city  authorities,  gratefully  acknowl- 

'       edging  the  <<  benefits"  which  the  Amsterdam  Chamber  had 

s;  July,     bestowed,  at  the  same  time  earnestly  justified  their  own 

Reply  or    conduct,  and  repudiated  the  chstrge  of  disaffection.     ^^  We 

uioritiet*""have  never  thought  of  uny  thing,"  wrote  they,  "but  of 

discharging  our  duties  to  the  utmost ;"  and  of  exhibiting, 

'^  to  the  best  of  our  ability,  the  situation  and  necessity  of 

this  country." 

Kuyter,  however,  did  not  live  to  receive  the  tardy  atone- 
ment by  which  the  company  proposed  to  wipe  out  the 
memory  of  Stuyvesant's  early  tyranny.     Not  long  after 
Koyter     his  appointment  as  a  schepen  of  New  Amsterdam,  he  had 
been  murdered  by  the  Indians.     The  office  of  city  schout 
»i  July,     was  therefore  offered  by  Stuyvesant  to  Jacques  Cortelyou, 
a  tutor  in  Van  Werckhoven's  family.     But  Cortelyou,  ow- 
ing to  scruples  respecting  his  instructions,  declined  the  ap- 
pointment.    The  burgomasters  and  schepens,  finding  that 
no  other  steps  were  taken,  urged  that  the  schout  might 
be  appointed  "  in  conformity  with  the  orders"  of  the  Cham- 
ber at  Amsterdam.     Yet,  notwithstanding  all  the  efforts 
Van  Tien-  of  the  municipal  authorities,  Stuyvesant  obstinately  por- 
ting u"'  sisted  in  continuing  the  two  offices  of  city  schout  and  pro- 
vincial fiscal  in  the  hands  of  Van  Tienhoven.* 

•  Alb.  Rec,  iT.,  135-M3;  rill.,  95-99;  Ix.,  174;  N«w  Amtterdam  R«c..  I.,  497-90$; 
O'Call..  ii.,  36»-4<»,4S9;  Doot  Hist.  N.  Y.,  ill.,  397;  Valentine's  Manual,  1847,  373; 
IMS,  378.  Not  long  afterward  Cortelyou  began  tbe  settlement  of  New  Utrecht,  on  Long 
Island  ;po»t^  p.  693. 


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PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  539 

Up  to  this  time  there  had  been  such  "  daily  oonfiision"  ch.xtii. 

among  the  ferrymen  on  Manhattan  hland,  that  the  in- — ^ 

habitants  often  waited  "whole  days  before  they  oonld  ob- ,  j,^^^ 
tain  a  passage,  and  then  not  witiiout  danger,  and  at  an  M?Satun 
exorbitant  price."     The  director  and  council,  therefore,  or-  "«^*^- 
dained  that  "  no  person  shall  ferry  from  one  side  of  the 
river  to  the  other  without  a  license  from  the  magistrates ;" 
that  "  the  ferryman  shall  always  keep  proper  servants  and 
boats,  and  a  lodge  on  both  sides  of  the  river,  to  protect 
passengers  from  the  weather ;"  that  he  should  not  "  be 
compelled  to  ferry  any  thing  over  before  he  is  paid,"  nor 
"  be  obliged  to  ferry  during  a  tempest  or  when  he  can  not 
sail ;"  and  it  was  expressly  provided  that  "  the  director 
and  members  of  the  council,  the  court  messenger,  and 
other  persons  invested  with  authority,  or  dispatched  by 
the  executive,  are  to  be  exempt  from  toll."* 

In  a  few  days  a  new  difficulty  arose.    Stuyvesant,  com-  9  Avgoat. 
plaining  that  the  burgomasters  and  schepens  had  beencmties 
"  prodigal  of  fine  promises,  without  any  succeeding  action,  manieiiMi 
during  the  last  year,"  required  them  to  make  provision  for  nSmof 
the  maintenance  both  of  the  political  and  ecclesiastical  stardam. 
ministers,  and  of  the  troops  which  the  company  had  sent 
over  in  the  last  ships,  as  well  as  those  which  were  soon 
expected ;  and  to  give  an  account  of  the  income  and  dis- 
bursement of  the  excise  which  the  city  had  received.    The 
account  was  promptly  rendered,  and  the  city  magistrates  10  Aucnat. 
informed  the  director  that,  having  estimated  the  last  and 
present  year's  expenditure  for  "  outside  and  inside  works" 
at  sixteen  thousand  guilders,  they  would  make  up  their 
quota  along  vrith  "  the  other  courts  of  justice ;"  and  they 
agreed  to  contribute  three  thousand  guilders  as  their  pro- 
portion, provided  they  should  be  authorized  to  lay  a  tax 
on  all  real  estate  under  their  jurisdiction.     But  Stuyve- 
sant  was  dissatisfied.     The  municipal  authorities  had  not 
paid  the  salaries  of  the  clergymen,  and  besides,  they  had 

*  Alb.  Rec,  Til.,  907 ;  ix.,  163 ;  Val.  Man.  for  1848,  385,  386.  The  ratea  of  toll  wtn  as 
Mlowa :  for  a  wagon  and  horsea,  9  gnildora  10  atayTora,  or  one  dollar ;  a  one-horae  wag- 
OBt  9  guilders,  or  80  eenta ;  a  horae  or  homed  beaat,  one  guilder  10  atnyrera,  or  90  centa ; 
**  a  aaTage  mala  or  fomale,"  6  atoyrera ;  *'  each  other  person,"  3  atayTera. 


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590  msTomr  of  the  state  of  mew  york. 

ca.xyn.  (^edited  their  aooormt  with  the  •xpenses  of  the  agrat,  Le 
"~~"  Bleeaw,  whom  they  had  sent  to  Holland.     The  provindal 
13  iuvut  g'i'veniment,  therefore,  determined  to  resume  the  oontrol  of 
the  surrendered  exoise,  and  farm  it  out  for  ike  bniefit  of 
94  AQgiut.  the  company.    A  special  war  tax  of  twenty  stayvers  on 
wd.        oTery  mcnrgen  of  arable  land,  the  hundredth  penny  on  eadi 
house  and  lot  in  New  Amsterdam  and  Beverwyok,  one 
guilder  on  every  horned  beast,  and  ten  per  q&dL  on  all 
merchandise  exported  during  the  seascm,  wets  soon  after- 
ward decreed  by  die  provincial  government,  to  meet  the 
loan  which  had  been  contracted  in  the  spring.     Under 
these  circumstances,  the  burgomasters  and  schepens  again 
31  AvgoM.  addressed  the  director  and  council  .  They  formally  offered 
to  support,  at  the  expense  of  tlM  city,  one  of  the  ministers, 
a  ^<  fioffesinger,''  to  act  also  as  schoolmaster,  and  a  dog-whip» 
per  or  sexton,  of  the  ecclesiastical  officers ;  and  g[  the  civil 
department,  the  schout,  both  liie  burgomasters,  the  five 
schepens,  the  secretary,  and  ihe  court  messenger.     With 
respect  to  the  support  of  the  soldiers,  the  burghers  were 
not  able  to  contribute,  and  should  be  excused ;  they  hid 
already  <'  continually  engaged  in  the  general  works,  sub- 
mitting to  watchings  and  other  heavy  burdens,"  and  had 
already  proved  their  bravery  and  willingness  in  timee  of 
calamity.     But  the  prmncial  government  was  ^iil  dis^ 
satisfied.     The  city  authorities  had  expended  the  moneys 
borrowed  in  def^ises  for  the  city,  &nd  not  in  repairs  ts 
Fort  Amsterdam ;  they  had  not  fixed  their  quota  of  three 
thousand  guilders  high  enough ;  and  they  had  &iled  in 
their  undertakings  respecting  subsidies  and  salaries.    The 
16  Sept.     director  and  council,  therefore,  insisted  upon  resuming  the 
rasamed  by  excisc.     It  was  femned  out  to  the  highest  bidder ;  the  sal* 
nnt.        aries  of  the  clergymen  were  paid  up ;  and  the  city  govem- 
3ss«pc.     ment  again  appealed  to  the  Amsterdam  Chamber.* 
16  April.        Stuyvesant  had,  meanwhile,  revisited  F<»rt  Orange,  aini} 
Fort  Or.    to  put  au  cud  to  the  unsettled  question  of  jurisdiction,  had 
formally  demanded  of  the  patroon's  officers  to  fix  the  point 

*  Alb.  Ree.,  ix.»  18S,  ISB,  904-«M;  New  AiiMt«rd«n  Rac,  i.,  907,  617;  ik»  16-18; 
CCidL,  U.,  200,  S70i  ValMtlne**  MmoMl,  1847,  375;  IMS,  87a 


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FETIR  flTUYYESANT,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  091 

of  dqpftTtofe  for  the  bonndftries  of  the  oolonie  aeoording  to  ca.  xvn. 
Ilie  charter  of  Freedoms.    These  boundaries,  however,  were 
not  to  inohide  "the  limits  of  Port  Orange."     But  the  oo- 
lonial  officers,  being  uninstructed  by  their  superiors  in 
Holland,  asked  delay.     The  next  month  fresh  difficulties 
occurred.     Commissary  Dyokman  was  ordered  to  levy  anititey. 
excise  upon  all  liquors  retailed  "  within  a  circuit  of  one 
ihous€uid  rods  from  the  fort ;"  and  the  right  to  collect  tithes 
within  that  district  was  also  asserted  on  behalf  of  the  West 
India  Company.     But  the  colonial  officers  issued  orders  to 
refiise  the  payment  of  the  excise,  alleging  that  the  provin- 
cial government  did  not  ccmtribute  any  thing  toward  their 
looal  expenses.     And  as  to  the  claim  of  tithes,  neither  the  T&xes  tt 
colonists  nor  the  inhabitants  of  Beverwyck  "  could  be  in*  wyck. 
dnoed,  either  by  monitions  or  persuasions,  to  pay  them."* 

The  peace  with  the  French,  which  Ihe  Mohawks  had  The  iro. 
confirmed  in  the  autumn  of  1653  by  the  restoration  of  uw  French. 
Father  Poncet,  was  more  the  result  of  policy  than  of  a  de- 
sire to  be  at  rest  They  were  anxious  to  attract  the  Hu- 
rons  from  the  north  to  supply  the  places  of  the  warriors 
whom  they  had  lost.  In  this  sentiment  some  of  the  otiier 
Iroquois  tribes  participated,  especially  the  Onondagas,  who 
b<^an  to  fidel  unfriendly  toward  the  Mohawks  for  treating 
them  ill  when  they  passed  through  that  country  to  the 
Dntdi  at  Fort  Orange.  The  Onondagas,  therefore,  sought 
the  friendship  of  the  French,  and  sent  an  embassy  to  the  5  Feb. 

^  The  Odoo» 

governor  of  Canada,  asking  that  a  Jesuit  mission  might  be  dtfM. 
established  in  their  country.t  Father  Simon  le  Moyne, 
who  had  already  had  eighteen  years  experience  as  a  mis- 
•loaBxy  among  the  Hurcms,  accordingly  set  out  from  Q,ue«s  jmy. 
bee  for  Onondaga,  in  the  hope  *<of  winning  tiie  whde  West 
and  North  to  Christendom."  Ascending  the  Saint  Law* 
rence,  and  coasting  along  Ontario,  or  ^^  the  Lake  of  the 
Iroquois,"  he  landed  on  the  southern  shore,  and  visited  the 

*  Alb.  Rec.,  It.,  213 ;  Ix.,  121-li9 ;  0»Call.,  It,  304  ;  New  Amst.  Rec.,  I.,  419. 

t  M'TiM  word  Onnonta,  which  in  the  boqnoii  tongve  sifnifles  a  moaiitaiii,  kM  given 
the  nune  to  the  TiUage  caUed  OnnontaA,  or,  as  others  call  it,  Onnontagn*,  beeanoe  il  la 
on  a  Aoontain,  and  the  people  who  Inhabit  It  conseqoemly  style  themselTes  Onnsola*- 
iMiMBa.  or  OnnotttagiiAronBOOo.**— RelaUoB,  IWfS,  10 ;  1.,  Dm.  Hlrt.  N.  T.,  44;  ante, 
^8l,fie4.  ^ 


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592  HISTORY  OP  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

c».  zviL  prinoipal  village  of  the  Onondagas,  where  he  was  treated 
"  as  a  brother."     Deputies  jfrom  three  of  the  neighbOTing 
lOAvigtM.  tribes  soon  met  in  council.     A  chief,  speaking  for  "five 
M^Si?  entire  nations,"  invited  the  French  to  establish  a  settle- 
onondaga.  jrn^nt  on  the  banks  of  the  lake,  and  to  fix  thwnselves  "  in 
is'Attfiu*.  the  heart  of  the  countary."    With  pious  joy,  the  Jesuit  Fa^ 
ther  now  recovered  the  New  Testament  once  belonging  to 
BrebcBuf,  and  a  book  of  devotion  used  by  G-amier.     Just 
before  his  return  to  Canada,  Le  Hoyne  immortalized  his 
name  by  discovering  what  was  afterward  to  form  one  of 
16  Augiut.  the  largest  sources  of  the  wealth  of  New  York.     Coming 
ofthe  aS  to  the  entrance  of  a  small  lake,  fiill  of  salmon-trout  and 
**'    other  fish,  he  tasted  Ae  water  of  a  spring  which  his  In- 
dian guides  did  not  dare  to  drink,  "saying  that  there  was 
a  demon  within  which  renders  it  ofiensive."     The  Jesuit, 
however,  found  it  to  be  "  a  fountain  of  salt  water,"  from 
'  which  he  actually  made  salt  "  as  natural  as  that  of  the 
sea."     Taking  with  him  "a  sample,"  Le  Moyne  descend* 
ed  the  Oneida,  and,  retracing  his  way  along  Lake  Ontario 
11  Sept.     and  the  Saint  Lawrence,  arrived  safely  at  Q^uebec  wiUi 
the  news  of  his  great  discovery.* 

The  Mohawks,  in  the  mean  time,  had  sent  a  deputation 

4  July,      to  Canada.     Finding  that  they  had  been  anticipated  by 

uieMo-     the   Onondagas,  they  openly  expressed  their  vexation. 

""We  of  the  five  nations,"  said  their  orator,  "have  but  one 

cabin,  we  make  but  one  fire,  and  we  have  always  dwelt 

under  the  same  roof."     "  You  do  not  enter  by  the  door, 

which  is  on  the  first  floor.     We  Mohawks  are  that  door. 

You  enter  by  the  roof  and  chimney,  for  you  begin  with 

the  Onondagas."     The  irritation  of  the  Mohawks  was 

promptly  appeased ;  and  the  embassy  returned  with  the 

assurance  that  Father  Le  Moyne  would  visit  their  valley .t 

lUy.  A  crisis  had  now  occurred  on  the  South  River.     On 

reaching  New  Sweden,  Rising,  in  violation  of  his  instruo- 

•  RelaUon,  1653-4,  p.  13, 14, 51-07 ;  Doc  Hist.  N.  Y.,  i.,  33^M.  In  Clark*t  Onottdap, 
i,  130-138,  Le  Moyne't  visit  is  errooooiuly  dated  ia  1653 ;  sod  tbe  reference,  in  toL  ii., 
p.  6,  to  tbe  RelaUon  of  1645-4,  shonld  be  to  that  of  165^-6,  as  quoted  in  voL  i^  p.  150. 

t  Relation,  1653^  p.  54;  Creiuias,  705-716 ;  CharteTOix,  i.,  971,  316-390}  Baoeiail, 
iil.,  143 ;  O'Call.,  U.,  303 ;  HUdreth,  ii.,  68 ;  ante,  p.  83. 


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PETER  STUTYESANT,  J^mOTXOi  SUNWJkL.  099 

tions,  determined  at  all  hazards  to  possess  himself  of  Fort  cb.  xwn. 
Casimir.     Gerrit  Bikker,  the  eommandant  of  the  Datch 
fort,  perceiving  a  strange  sail  in  the  offiag,  sent  Adriaen^j^i^  ^' 
van  Tienhoven  with  a  small  party  "to  investigate."    TheSf^^fr^ 
next  day  the  messengers  returned  with  news  "that  it  was  J  jJS?' 
a  Swedish  ship  full  of  people,  with  a  new  governor,  and 
that  they  wanted  to  have  possession  of  this  place  and  the 
Ibrt,  as  they  said  it  was  lying  on  the  Swedish  govem- 
menf  s  lancL"     The  Dutch  residents  called  on  Bikker  to 
defend  the  fort ;  but  the  commander  only  replied,  "  What 
can  I  do  ? — ^there  is  no  powder."     An  hour  afterward,  a 
boat  from  the  Swedish  ship  landed  twenty  or  thirty  soU 
diers,  headed  by  Swen  Schute.     Bikker  received  them  civ- 
illy  on  the  beach,  and  "  bade  them  welcome  as  friends." 
But  the  Swedes,  finding  the  gate  open,  hurried  into  the 
fort,  and  made  themselves  masters  of  the  place.     Van 
Tienhoven  and  another  commissioner  vrere,  howavw,  al-» 
lowed  to  go  on  board  the  Swedish  ship  to  obtain  an  ex* 
planation.      Rising  informed  them  that  he  was  obeying 
the  orders  of  his  government,  whose  representative  at  ike 
Hague  had  been  told  that  neither  the  States  G-eneral  nor 
the  West  India  Company  had  authorized  the  erection  of 
this  Dutch  fort  on  the  territory  of  the  Swedish  crown. 
Two  shotted  guns  were  then  fired  over  the  fort  as  a  sig-capcm«r 
nal,  and  the  ten  or  twelve  Dutch  soldiers  in  garrison  weren^r. 
immediately  disarmed.     Seven  or  eight  of  these,  with  Van 
Tienhoven,  were  sent  to  Manhattan;  the  others,  with  Bik- 
ker, remained,  and  took  an  oath  of  allegianoe  to  Sweden. 
The  capture  of  Fort  Casimir  hf4)pening  on  Trinity  Sun- 
day, the  name  of  the  post  was  changed  to  "  Trefalldig-  Named 
heet,"  or  Trinity.     It  was  soon  rebuilt  under  the  superin-ityMth" 
tendence  of  Lindstrom  the  engineer,  who  also  constructed 
a  large  map,  including  both  sides  of  the  river  as  far  as  San- 
kikan,  or  the  Falls  at  Trenton.     Swen  Schute  was  install- 
ed as  commander  of  Fort  Trinity ;  and  Rising,  after  an- 
nouncing to  Stuyvesant  his  arrival  and  the  capture  of  the  a?  May. 
Dutch  fort,  relieved  Pappegoya  of  his  tempcmtry  authority,  •^"'*^ 
and  assumed  the  government  of  New  Sweden.     A  meet* 

Pp 


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504  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

ck.  xviL  ing  was  soon  held  with  the  Indian  sachems  at  Timiioom, 
and  a  treaty  of  friendship  was  arranged  witti  the  natives. 

iij^  '  The  next  month,  Rising  informed  his  goyernroent  that, 
from  seventy  persons  whom  he  found  in  New  Sweden, 
the  population  there  had  now  risen  to  three  hundred  and 
sixty-eight,  "including  the  Hollanders  and  others."  "I 
hope,"  he  added,  "  we  may  be  able  to  preserve  them  in 
order  and  in  duty,  and  to  constrain  them,  if  necessary.  I 
will  do  in  this  respect  all  that  depends  upon  me.  We 
will  also  endeavor  to  shut  up  the  river."* 

Jane.  The  ucws  of  the  surprise  of  Fort  Casimir  reached  Stuy- 

vesant  in  the  midst  of  his  prepsurations  to  defend  New 
Netherland  from  the  expected  attack  of  the  English.  It 
was  out  of  the  question  to  attempt  the  recovery  of  that 
distant  post,  in  the  threatening  aspect  of  public  affairs  at 

27  July.     New  Amsterdam ;  but  the  mortified  director  took  care  to 

sanft  re-  communioate  to  his  superiors  in  Holland  all  the  details  of 
Bikker's  pusillanimous  conduct  in  '^  this  dishonorable  sur- 
render of  the  fbrt."t 

«  Sept.         Not  long  afterward,  an  opportunity  of  retaliating  was 

ship  seized  afforded  to  Stuyvesant.     A  Swedish  ship,  the  Grolden 

wn.  "  Shark,  in  charge  of  Hendrick  van  Elswyck,  bound  to  the 
South  River,  entered  Sandy  Hook  Bay  by  mistake,  and 
anchored  behind  Staten  Island.  Discovering  his  error,  the 
captain  sent  a  boat  up  to  Manhattan  for  a  pilot  The 
director  instantly  ordered  the  boat's  crew  to  the  guard- 

35  Sept.  house ;  and  s^it  soldiers  down  to  seize  the  ship,  and  bring 
the  factor  a  prisoner  up  to  Fort  Amsterdam. 

1  October.  Stuyvcsaut  uow  invited  the  Swedish  governor  to  visit 
New  Amsterdam,  ''  to  arrange  and  settle  some  unexpect- 
ed differences ;"  and  promised  him  "  a  cordial  receptioD, 
with  comfortable  lodgings,  and  a  courteous  treatment" 
But  Rising,  preferring  his  lodgings  at  Tinnicum,  declined 
the  Dutch  director's  proffered  hospitality.  The  Shark  was 
therefore  detained,  and  her  cargo  removed  to  the  ooropa- 

*  Hoi.  Doc.,  YtU.,  4ft,  40,  85-00,  106,  107;  Alb.  Rec.,  U.,  94S ;  Aeraiiua,  414 ;  Caove- 
hijm,  76-78,  88 ;  CCtJl.,  U.,  S74, 875 ;  S.  Hasaitl,  Ann.  Peon.,  148-165, 158.  Boonan,  IL, 
488,  400,  mieled  by  Cbalmera'  absurd  aoooant,  038,  fUIa  into  a  aeries  of  Tery  cvioM 

t  Hoi.  Doc,  TiU.,  88;  Alb.  Rec.,  Ix.,  m. 


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PETER  SrrUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  ggg 

ny's  magazine,  ^^  until  a  reoiprooal  restitution  shall  have  ca.xvii. 
been  made.'^  The  Swedish  factor  sent  a  long  protest  to 
Stuyvesant,  complaining  of  his  conduct,  and  defending  ^f^l^^ 
that  of  Rising ;  and  the  Dutch  authorities,  in  reply,  oom^ 
mented  severely  upon  the  proceedings  of  the  Swedish  gov- 
ernor, who  had  surprised  Fort  Gasimir  "  at  a  moment  when 
we  and  our  nation  were  in  great  distress,  and  utterly  in- 
capable to  resist  at  the  same  time  two  such  powerful  neigh- 
bOTs  in  their  attacks  jfrom  two  opposite  quartos."* 

In  the  mean  time,  news  had  reached  Fort  Amsterdam  senjemem 
that  some  Englishmen  from  the  New  Haven  colony  hadatwiliT^ 
begun  a  settlement  near  "  Vredeland,"  in  West  Chester,    ^^' 
wh^e  Anne  Hutchinson  had  formerly  lived.     The  leader 
of  these  perscms  was  Thomas  Pell,  of  Norfolk,  an  adherent 
to  the  royal  cause,  who,  on  emigrating  to  New  Haven,  had 
lefused  to  swear  allegiance  to  the  colonial  authorities,  and 
had  been  twice  fined  for  contempt     Fiscal  van  Tienho- 
ven  was,  therefore,  sent  to  forbid  the  English  intruders  5  Nov. 
from  settling  themselves  on  the  lands  <<  long  befcnre  bought 
and  paid  for,  near  Yredeland."     But  Pell,  disregarding 
Stujrvesant's  mandate,  soon  afterward  purchased  from  the  |J  nw. 
sachem,  ^' Ann  Hook,''  and  five  others  of  his  tribe,  a  large 
tract,  including  the  pres^it  town  of  Pelham,  in  West  Ches- 
ter, and  began  to  build.t 

A  tract  of  land  on  Oyster  Bay,  which  from  the  time  of  oyster 
the  Hartford  treaty  New  England  seems  to  have  consid-  ^' 
ered  a  debatable  territory,  having  been  purchased,  in  1653, 
from  the  Sachem  of  Mattinnecock,  by  Wright,  Mayo,  Lev- 
eridge,  and  several  other  Englishmen  from  Sandwich,  the 
purchasers  applied  to  New  Haven  to  be  received  under 
that  jurisdiction.  But  Stuyvesant,  viewing  the  settlement 
as  an  encroachment  upon  the  Dutch  boundary,  complained 
to  the  New  England  authorities.  No  notice,  however,  was 
taken  of  the  complaint,  and  the  English  intruders  remain- 
ed quietly  in  their  new  settlement. 

*  Alb.  Ree.,  ix.,  236, 341-9M,  963-27S;  S.  Httard,  Ann.  Penn.,  159-106;  New  Araat 
Jtec.U. 

t  Alb.  Re«.,  ix.,  975;  Bolton**  W«st  CheoCer,  i.,  515-589;  U.,  156;  COO.,  tL^  983; 
MtefP.  306. 


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Sfg  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Oi^rvn.  The  seditioas  proceedings  at  Ghravesend,  whioh  the 
"7~~  West  India  Company  had  directed  to  be  punished  "  in  an 
J^^'  exemplary  manner,"  had  meanwhile  been  chastised  by  the 
JJ;f2"  removal  fifora  the  magistracy  of  the  arch  traitors  Baxter 
oraTosend.  ^^^  Hubbard.  To  allay  any  populaip  discontent,  Stayve- 
sant  now  visited  that  settlement  in  person,  and  became 
the  gnest  of  Lady  Moody.  The  people  were  eaUed  to- 
gether, and  told  that  they  might,  if  they  pleased,  nomin- 
ate new  magistrates,  or  might  remain  until  the  time  for 
the  next  election  under  the  existing  board,  consisting  of 
William  Wilkins,  commissary,  John  Maurice,  sheriff,  and 
John  Tilton,  town  clerk.  Or,  a  fourth  member  might  be 
immediately  added  to  the  court,  if  it  should  be  desired. 
But  the  people  preferred  that  things  should  remain  as  they 
were  for  the  present ;  and  Stuyvesant,  recommending  to 
them  ^'  to  unite  with  their  fear  of  God  the  honor  of  their 
magistrates,  and  to  pay  obedience  to  both,"  returned  to 
New  Amsterdam,  in  the  vain  hope  that  8editi<m  had  been 
quelled,  and  covetonsness  repressed,  and  the  Dutch  terri- 
tory effectually  secured  against  the  plotting  of  its  Engliali 
inhabitants.* 

The  internal  condition  of  New  Netherland  waa  now 
such,  in  the  director's  judgment,  as  to  warrant  him  in 
leaving  the  province  and  undertaking  a  voyage  to  tbe 
West  Indies  for  the  purpose  of  establbhing  a  trade  widi 
those  islands.     In  taking  this  step,  however,  he  acted  en- 
tirely upon  his  own   responsibility,  and  ^'without  Ae 
knowledge  or  approbation"  of  the  Chamber  at  Amsterdam, 
a  Dec       A  ''gay  repast"  was  given  to  him  at  the  City  Hall,  where 
ooatof      he  delivered  to  liie  presiding  burgomaster,  Martin  Kr^er, 
New  Am-  the  painted  coat  of  arms,  the  seal,  and  the  silver  signet  of 
New  Amsterdam,  which  had  just  been  received  from  tbo 
directors  in  Holland.     The  city  gov^nment  again  endeav- 
ored to  obtain  from  him  the  right  to  nominate  proper  per- 
sons from  among  whom  the  new  magistrates  for  the  next 
year  should  be  chosen.     Stuyvesant,  however,  declined ; 

*  Alb.  Kee.,  lx.,tS,lM,  100, ISO,  266,907;  Nnr  HafMi  B«e.,  i., 09, 00 ;  aCMUtt. 
007,  381,  S89 ;  Tbompwm's  L.  1.,  i.,  485 ;  iL,  178. 


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PBTER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  SSfJ 

and  the  old  board  was  oootinued^  with  Allard  Antiiony  as  ob.  myu. 
a  new  burgomaster,  and  Johannes  Nevins  as  sohepen*  "T^IT" 
Leaving  the  government  of  the  provinoe  m  the  hands  of  ^  ^^  ' 
De  Sille  and  his  oolleagoes,  the  director  set  sail  for  the^J^g^^J^ 
West  Indies  on  Christmas  eve  *  JS"  '"* 

The  burgomasters  and  sohepens,  finding  that  a  better  1665. 
polioe  was  neoessary,  now  appointed  the  notary,  Dirok  van  vrn  sche 
SoheUuyne,  to  be  the  high  constable  of  New  Amsterdam,  i^n^Hto^ 
and  furnished  him  with  detailed  instructions  for  the  exe-  ^!^!£!^"" 
cution  of  his  duties.     The  City  Hall,  which  had  hitherto 
been  encumbered  by  the  storage  of  a  quantity  of  salt,  and 
by  various  "  lodgers,"  was  ordered  to  be  repaired  and  i  Mawn. 

Cltv  Hall 

<^ lined  with  boards;"  and  its  former  tenants  were  notified rqMiro. 
to  depart,  ^<  so  that  the  Stadt  Huys  be  not  wholly  ruined 
by  the  salt,  nor  occupied  by  others."t 

Serious  embarrassments  annoyed  the  provincial  council 
from  the  moment  the  administration  fell  into  its  hands. 
Baxter,  who,  on  being  superseded  in  his  magistracy  at 
Gravesend,  had  gone  to  New  England,  returned  to  Long 
Island  early  the  next  year,  and  spread  reports  that  the  Pro-  Jannwy. 
tector  had  ordered  the  governors  of  tiie  New  En^nd  col«aDcw«s 
onies  to  take  the  whole  of  that  island  from  the  Dutch,  and 
by  force  if  necessary.  Fiscal  Van  Tienhoven  was  there- 
fore  sent,  with  Burgomaster  Anthony,  to  the  English  vil* 
lag;es  to  quell  the  threatened  disturbances.  The  oommis- 
sioners  reached  Gravesend  iust  as  Baxter,  Hubbard,  andoMveit 


Crrover  were  hoisting  the  British  flag,  and  reading  a  sedi-  Habbwd, 
tioua  paper  declaring  ttiat  "we,  as  free-born  British  sub-w. 
jects,  claim  and  assume  to  ourselves  the  laws  of  our  na- 
tion and  Republic  of  England  over  this  place,  as  to  our 
persons  and  property,  in  love  and  harmony,  according  to 
the  general  peace  between  the  two  states  in  Europe  and 
this  country."     The  chief  traitors,  Baxter  and  Hubbard^ 

*  Alb.  Ree.,  !▼.,  130, 151, 180 ;  viil.,  98 ;  Ix.,  997,  SQ8,  300 ;  X.,  96, 70 ;  New  Anwt.  Rec., 
U.,  M,  60 ;  Doc.  HiaC.  N.  Y.,  lii,  307 ;  Vtl.  Man.,  1851,  490.  ThB  dty  Mtl  eoulMW  tf 
the  arms  of  Old  Amsterdam— three  crowes  saltier— -yfith  a  beaver  for  a  crest.  On  the 
mantle  above  were  the  Initial  letters  O.  W.  C,  for  **  Cbarterod  West  India  Company," 
to  which  the  island  of  Manhattan  especially  belonged.  Underneath  was  the  legend 
**  SioiLLOM  Amstbllobambmsis  IN  NoTo  Bbloio,'*  and  aro«nd  the  border  was  a  wreatll 
of  laurel.  t  New  Amsu  Rec.,  ii.,  76,  77-81.  09 ;  VaL  Mao.,  1848,  884. 


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598  HMTTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YOBJL 

Cm.  xvn.  were  instantly  arrested,  and  sent  to  the  keep  at  Vort  Am- 
sterdam,  where  they  remained  imprisoned  until  the  next 

RuurMd  y^^'    The  time  for  the  election  of  new  magistrates,  whioh 

JJJ5SJed.h^  ^®^  postponed  the  jHrevious  autumn,  was  near  at 
hand.     But  the  <<  loyal  inhabitants,"  thinking  that  the 

i3  march.  pubUc  mind  was  too  much  excited,  just  then  petitioned 
that  it  might  he  further  deferred  ^^  until  it  shall  please 
G-od  Almighty  to  bless  our  governor  the  director  general 
with  a  safe  return." 

oysiwBay.  The  English  who  had  settled  themselves  at  Oyster  Bay, 
notwithstanding  Stuyvesant's  complaint,  had  continued 
during  Ihie  winter  in  possession  of  their  purchase.     To  as- 

M  Mureh.  scrt  the  jurisdiction  of  the  Dutch,  a  protest  was,  therefore, 
served  upon  Leveridge  and  his  companions,  threatening 
them  with  legal  proceedings  if  they  persisted  in  their  un- 
lawful occupation. 

In  spite  of  the  director's  warning  in  the  previoas  an- 
tumn,  Pell's  colonists  at  West  Chester  had  also  continued 

19  April,  to  occupy  their  settlement  The  council,  therefore,  sent 
their  marshal,  Glaes  Van  Elsland,  with  a  pmtest.    The  En- 

it  April,    glitfh  arms,  carved  on  a  board,  were  found  hanging  on  a 

eibih  nt-   tree ;  and  armed  men  appeared  at  the  creek  to  prevent  the 

woMCiMv- landing  of  the  Dutch  messenger.  "  I  am  cold,  let  me  go 
ashore,"  said  Van  Elsland,  as  he  sprung  on  the  beach, 
followed  by  '^  Albert  the  Trumpeter."  The  English  com- 
mander came  up  with  a  pistol  in  his  hand,  and  accompa- 
nied by  eight  or  nine  armed  men,  to  whom  Van  Elsland 
read  his  protest.  ^'I  can  not  understand  Dutch,"  replied 
the  Englishman ;  <'  when  tiie  fiscal  sends  English,  I  will 
answer.  We  expect  the  determination  on  the  boundaries 
by  the  next  vessel.  Time  will  tell  whether  we  shall  be 
under  the  Dutch  government  or  the  Parliament.  Until 
then  we  remain  here,  under  the  state  of  England."* 

Portorw  Early  this  year.  Commissary  Dyckman,  whose  violent 
ocmduct  at  Fort  Orange  had  already  given  occasion  of  sus- 
picion, became  insane;   and  the  local  magistrates  were 

*  Alb.  Ree.,  x.,  6-10,  f»-3f ;  Hoi.  Doe.,  tx.,  106,  919,  961-967 ;  0*CdL,  U.,  98»-90i;Mf ; 
',U..167. 


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tor. 


.  PETER  STUYVBSANT,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  .699 

obliged  to  inform  the  provincial  government  of  his  oondi-  cb.  xvii. 
tion.     Johannes  de  Decker,  a  young  man  of  high  charac- 
ter,  who  had  formerly  been  a  public  notary  at  Bchiedam, 
had  just  arrived  from  Holland,  with  a  letter  from  the  di-  Apru. 
rectors  recommending  him  for  the  first  vacant  '^  honorable 
office."     The  provincial  authorities  at  New  Amsterdam, 
therefore,  appointed  De  Decker  to  succeed  Dyckman  as  si  Jane, 
vice-director,  "to  preside  in  Fort  Oranee  and  the  villaire appointed 
of  Beverwyck,  m  the  Court  of  Justice  of  the  commissaries  ry  at  Fort 
aforesaid,  to  administer  all  the  affairs  of  police  and  justice 
as  circumstances  may  require,  in  conformity  to  the  instruc- 
tions given  by  the  director  general  and  council,  and  to  pro- 
mote these  for  the  best  service  of  the  country  and  the  pros- 
perity of  the  inhabitants."* 

Gravesend  had  now  become  so  tranquil,  that  the  provin- 
cial government  felt  safe  in  directing  the  schout  and  Lady  is  Jane. 
Moody,  "  as  the  oldest  and  firat  patentee,"  together  withomveMnd 
the  other  inhabitants,  to  nominate  their  magistrates.    The 
nomination  was  made,  and  sent  to  Fort  Amsterdam  for  ap-  s  juiy. 
proval.     But  the  Dutch  settlers  protested  against  a  can-9Jaiy. 
firmation.     They  had  not  been  duly  notified  of  the  elec- 
tion ;  traitors,  and  those  who  had  fled  the  country  "  tor- 
tured by  their  consciences,"  had  voted ;  no  hired  Dutch- 
man had  been  permitted  to  vote  in  the  absence  of  his  mas- 
ter; persons  had  declared  that  if  any  Dutchmen  were 
elected  they  would  leave  the  country;  and  obedience  to 
magistrates  who  had  been  exiled  or  imprisoned  for  their 
misconduct  was  required,  which  the  Dutch  inhabitants 
would  not  promise  to  yield,  unless  compatible  with  the 
welfare  of  the  state.     The  council,  however,  considering 
the  magistrates  to  have  been  nominated  by  "  a  majority  Election 
of  the  inhabitants,"  from  motives  of  public  pk)licy  ccmfirm-  ^ 
cd  the  election.     The  West  India  Company,  upon  reoeiv- 
ing  intelligence  of  Baxter's  unexpected  treachery,  express- 

*  Alb.  Rec,  iv.,  171,  207 ;  x.,  66 ;  0*CaU.,  11.,  305.  De  Decker  roTislted  Holland  in  the 
winter  of  1656,  and  in  May,  1657,  returned  to  New  Netherland  ai  receiver  general  aad 
member  oTthe  coancil.  He  was  one  of  the  Datch  commissionera  who  aifned  the  c^itii- 
latlon  to  the  English  in  1064 :  and  many  of  hie  descendants  are  still  living  in  New  Jers«gr« 
where  his  name  survives  in  that  of  the  settlement  of  **  Deekerville.*'    See  poat,  625. 


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600  msrroRY  of  the  state  or  new  tork. 

ciL  xvH.  ed  th^  astoniflhment,  and  ordered  Stayresant  to  keep 
him  and  his  acoomplioes  in  confinement.     And  strict  in- 

j6Mi^     struotions  were  added  "  to  avoid  bestowing  any  office  of 

SlS^ihe  trust  upon  foreigners  who  are  not  interested  in  the  ooun- 

21^p^J|*try,  and  who  but  seldom  can  deserve  our  confidence."* 

The  peace  with  England  now  induced  the  hope  that  the 

open  question  of  the  boundary  between  New  Netherland 

IQ^    and  New  England  might  be  arranged ;  and  the  College 

iTSeiK. '  of  the  XIX.,  being  desired  to  send  to  the  Hague  a.  con- 

•nr  que*-  donsod  Statement  of  the  Dutch  title,  immediately  submit- 
ted to  the  States  General  a  memorial,  accompanied  by  a 
map  of  New  Netherland.  These  documents,  tc^th^  with 
copies  of  the  papers  which  the  company  had  oommunica- 

t9  s«pc  ted  the  previous  November,  were  transmitted  to  the  am- 
bassadors at  London,  with  instruotions  to  arrange  the 
boundary  question  upon  the  basis  which  they  proposed.! 

f  OMober.  But  the  ambassadors  found  themselves  surrounded  with 
diffioulties.  The  West  India  Company's  papers  were  dis- 
oovered  to  be  defective ;  they  did  not  even  contain  a  copy  of 
the  provisional  treaty  at  Hartford  in  1650.  In  the  former 
discussion,  the  English  had  declined  to  consider  the  bound- 
ary question ;  and  it  was  now  clear  that  nothing  would 
be  done  by  the  government  at  Whitehall  without  the  con- 

t7  Not.  scut  of  Ncw  England.  Under  these  circumstances,  the  am- 
bassadors recommended  a  convention,  referring  the  whole 
question  to  the  arbitration  of  the  Dutch  and  English  co- 
lonial authorities  in  North  America ;  and  this  suggestion 

9  Dm.  was  communicated  to  the  West  India  Company.  The 
directors,  however,  had  not  yet  received  a  copy  of  the 

ioD«5.  Hartford  treaty;  but  they  sent  to  the  States  General  a 
compilation  from  various  pajiers  in  their  archives,  showing 
the  priority  of  the  Dutch  discovery  and  possession  of  New 
Netherland,  explaining  the  "  unjust  and  violent"  usurpa- 
tions of  the  English  within  their  territories,  and  intimat- 
ing tiiat  although  they  thought  the  question  could  be  best 

♦  Alb.  Rec.,  W.,  189 ;  x.,  67-76 ;  xl.,  6-Sl ;  O'CaU.,  U.,  281 ;  Tlioinp«>n'B  L.  I.,  U.,  171. 

t  Hoi.  Doc.,  Til.,  104-107 ;  Verbael  ran  Bovorninck,  603 ;  LambreelitMn,  106.  1  «•- 
dWTored  to  procure  the  map  sent  to  tbe  ambaMadora  at  LondoD  on  this  occaaiOB,  but 
without  ancceas. 


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PBTER  STXnrVESANT,  DIRBOTOR  GENERAL.  eOl 

•ettted  in  England^  upon  Uia  basis  of  <<  nti  possidetis  ita  on.  zvii. 
possideatis,"  they  were  willing  to  refer  it  back  to  the  re- "7177" 
speotive  ocrfonial  goYemments.     These  doooments  were  all ,  f^^, 
sent  to  the  Dnteh  ambassador  at  London*     By  the  next 
ships,  the  Amsterdam  Chamber  wrote  to  Stuy  vesant  to  be  20  Aprti. 
upon  his  guard  against  the  English  on  Long  Island,  and  tumrto 
ordered  a  fort  to  be  oonstmoted  ''at  the  east,  on  the  mostsaou 
eligible  spot."     The  director  was  also  oensured  for  not 
having  sent  over  to  Holland  any  of  the  official  documents  m  Mty. 
respecting  the  Hartford  treaty.    The  States  G-^ieral  again  si  May. 
calling  to  their  ambassador's  attention  the  boundary  ques« 
tion,  Nieupoort  had  an  interview  vnth  Thurloe.     But  the  4  June. 
secretary  replied,  that  the  New  England  authorities  ''had  with  the 
SMit  him  as  yet  no  information  at  all ;"  and  that,  upon  the  govern- 
sole  allegations  of  one  side,  the  Loord  Prelector,  having  no 
knowledge  of  the  affitir,  could  not  be  expected  to  come  to 
a  positive  decisicMi.* 

Upon  receiving  intelligence  of  the  "  infamous  surrender"  1654. 
of  their  Fort  Casimir,  the  Amsterdam  directors  immedi-  (^dwaW 
ately  ordered  Stuyvesant  to  "exert  every  nerve  to  avenge SycfPon 
that  injury,  not  only  by  restoring  affairs  to  their  former^***"**'' 
situation,  but  by  driving  the  Swedes  from  every  side  of 
the  river."     Two  armed  ships,  the  King  Solomon  and  the 
Grreat  Christopher,  were  put  into  commission ;  the  drum 
was  "beaten  daily"  in  the  streets  of  Amsterdam  for  volun* 
teers ;  and  orders  were  given  for  the  instant  arrest  of  Bik- 
ker,  who  had  "  acted  in  his  office  very  unfaithfully,  yea, 
treacherously."    The  next  week  the  directors  again  wrote  «not. 
that  tiiey  hardly  knew  whether  they  were  "  more  aston- 
ished  at  the  audacious  enterprise  of  the  Swedes  in  taking 
our  tort  on  the  South  River,  or  at  the  cowardly  surrender 
of  it  by  our  commander,  which  is  nearly  insufferable ;" 
and  Stuyvesant  was  directed  to  send  over  authenticated 
copies  of  all  documents  relating  to  that  occurrence,  and  to 
the  Dutch  titie  to  the  territory. 

The  proceedings  of  the  municipal  authorities  of  New 

*  Hot.  Dm.,  vU.,  108-174 ;  Alb.  R«i.«  !▼.,  177. 187  {  tliartoe,  11.,  638 ;  ill.,  477 ;  Berei^ 
«lt»  MS,  0Ot ;  S.  Hasard,  Ann.  Peon.,  179. 


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forced. 


602  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

cr.  xvil  Amsterdam  respecting  the  excise  were  at  the  same  time 
severely  criticised.     Stuyvesant  was  reprcved  for  not  hav- 
san^   ing  "  made  use  of  his  autitority,"  and  was  instraoted  to  en- 
NeJfAm-*'  ^^^^  ^^  colleotion  of  taxes  for  the  benefit  of  the  company 
jtepdamto  ^yg^  against  the  will  of  the  people,  "  so  that  these  men 
shall  no  longer  indulge  themselves  in  the  visionary  dream 
that  contributions  can  not  be  levied  without.their  consent." 
1655.       The  next  spring,  the  directors  commended  Stuyvesant's 
46  ApriL    a  prudence"  in  arresting  Elswyck's  vessel  and  cargo,  but 
expressed  their  <<  small  contentment"  that  he  had  under- 
taken his  voyage  to  the  West  Indies  without  their  '^  knowl- 
edge or  approbation."     A  large  vessel  of  thirty-six  guns, 
<^the  Vigilance,"  was  also  chartered  from  the  burgomas- 
ters of  Amsterdam,  and  added  to  the  squadrcm  already 
MMay.     scut  to  Ncw  Nethcrlaud.     Besides  dispatdiing  this  force, 
•ranat  Sm  the  directors  renewed  their  instructions  to  the  provincial 
government  to  engage  vessels  at  Manhattan,  ccnnpelling, 
if  necessary,  the  owners  and  scdiippers  to  submission,  as 
^'  no  excuse  nor  private  interests  can  be  admitted."    At  the 
same  time,  the  orders  of  November  were  somewhat  modi- 
fied, and  Stuyvesant  was  directed  to  allow  the  Swedes  "to 
hold  the  land  on  which  Fort  Christina  is  built,  with  a 
garden  to  cultivate  the  tobacco,  because  it  appears  that 
they  made  this  purchase  with  the  previous  consent  of  the 
company,  provided  said  Swedes  will  conduct  themselves 
as  good  subjects  of  our  government."* 
26  May.     .    A  spcoial  dispatch  was  also  addressed  to  the  burgomas- 
the  burgo.  tcrs  and  schepens  of  New  Amsterdam,  enjoining  submis- 
New  Am-  siou,  and  announcing  that  as  they  had  applied  a  part  of 
the  excises  which  had  been  granted  them  in  paying  an 
agent  to  Holland,  and  in  other  private  afiairs,  "to  the  in* 
jury  and  discontent  of  the  company,"  that  revenue  should 
now  be  restored  to  the  provincial  treasury.! 

The  purpose  of  Stuyvesant's  voyage  to  tie  West  Indies 
had,  meanwhile,  been  entirely  defeated  through  Crom- 
well's jealous  policy.   A  few  days  before  the  director  sailed 

*  Alb.  Ree.,  iv.,  Ift7-169, 163,168, 180, 186, 101,  109;  CCaU.,  iL,984;  8.H«MH.AfiB. 
Penn.,  168-170, 178, 170.  t  New  AmsU  Rac.,  it.,  17»-174 ;  Alb.  Roo.,  TliL,  1«. 


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PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  603 

from  Manhattan,  commission's  were  appointed,  <^  under  ch.  xvu. 
the  broad  seal  of  England,"  for  the  management  of  British 
affairs  in  the  West  Indies.     These  commissioners,  on  their 
arrival,  laid  an  embargo  upon  all  the  shipping  they  found ; 
and  eight  Dutch  vessels,  including  the  tiiree  v^hich  Stuy- 
vesant  had  brought  from  New  Netherland,  were  seized  n  F«b. 
at  Barbadoes,  notwithstanding  '^the  islanders"  there  didintiMWa«t 
"  much  desire  commerce  with  strangers."    Stuy  vesant  at- 
tempted ^^  to  plead  the  cause  of  his  countrymen ;"  but  the 
English,  who  were  more  in  fear  that  he  should  discover  i«  Mtrciu 
their  weakness  '^  than  all  the  world  besides,"  continued 
the  embargo,  and  <'  spoiled  the  sport"  of  a  '<  fair  trade." 
After  several  months  delay,  finding  the  English  inexora- 
ble, the  disappointed  director  succeeded  in  leaving  Barba- 
does, and  returned  to  New  Amsterdam  about  the  middle  ii  juiy. 
of  the  summer.* 

Stuyvesant  lost  no  time  in  executing  the  orders  of  his 
superiors  to  reduce  the  Swedes,     As  both  he  and  Coun- 
selor La  Montague  were  unwell,  Vice-director  De  Sille  and  isAaguM. 
Fiscal  Van  Tienhoven  were  appointed  to  superintend  the  tiorS*^ 
preparations,  in  conjunction  with  ^^  the  valiant  Frederick  swedM. 
De  Koninck,"  captain  of  the  flag-ship  "  The  Balance."   The 
twenty-fifth  day  of  August  was  solemnly  set  apart  as  a 
day  of  fasting  and  prayer,  <'  to  implore  the  only  bountiful 
God  that  it  may  please  him  to  bless  the  projected  enter- 
prise, undertaken  only  for  the  greater  security,  extension, 
and  consolidation  of  this  province,  and  to  render  it  pros- 
perous and  successful,  to  the  glory  of  his  name."     An  in- 
vitation was  given  '^  to  any  individuals  loving  the  increase,  19  Angwt 
welfare,  and  security  of  this  now  flourishing  province  of  edum 
New  Netherland,"  to  enlist  in  the  expedition  at  reasona-  "**" 
ble  wages,  with  a  promise  that  all  the  wounded  should  re« 
ceive  ^^  due  compensation."     Proper  pilots  were  engaged ;  m  Au«u»t. 
each  ship  in  harbor  was  required  to  furnish  two  men,  and 
supplies  of  ammunition  and  provisions ;  and  three  North 
River  yachts  were  chartered.     A  French  privateer,  L'Es- 
perance,  which  had  just  arrived  at  New  Amsterdam,  was  si  ing^. 

*  Thoiioo,  Ui.,  16, 14S,  S51 ;  It.,  034 ;  CCaU.,  U.,  28S. 


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604  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OP  NEW  YORK. 

CH.  xvn.  alao  engaged  tar  the  expedition.  The  question  whether 
the  Jewish  residents  should  be  enlisted  was  decided  by 

jewBuxeiL  dodaring  them  exempt)  and  by  lenrying  instead  a  tax  odP 
sixty-five  stayrers  a  month  upon  all  between  sixteen  and 
dixty  years  of  age.* 

s^ff*  of      On  the  first  Sonday  in  September,  "after  the  sermon,** 

ibeexoodi-  the  sQuadron  of  seven  vessels,  with  a  force  cm  boaid  of  be- 
tween  six  and  seven  hundred  men,  set  sail  for  tiie  South 
River.  Stuyvesant  commanded  the  expedition  in  person, 
and  was  aooompanied  by  Yioe-direotor  De  Sille  and  Dom- 
ino Megapolensis.  The  next  afternoon  they  anchored  be- 
fore Fort  Elsingburg,  which  was  in  ruins  and  deserted. 
Here  the  squadron  was  reviewed,  and  divided  into  five 

10  8«iic  sections.  Wind  and  tide  being  propitious,  on  Friday  morn- 
ing the  Dutch  sailed  up  just  beyond  Fort  Casimir,  and 
landed  their  forces.  Stuyvesant  instantly  dispatched  En- 
sign Smit,  with  a  drununer,  toward  the  fort,  "to  claim 
the  direct  restitation  of  our  own  property."  Bwen  Sdiute, 
the  Swedish  conunandcmt,  though  re-enforced  from  Fort 
Christina^  now  asked  p^mission  to  commnmicate  with  Ri- 
sing. This  was  refosed ;  the  passes  between  Fort  Casimir 
and  Fort  Christina  were  occupied  by  fifty  Dutch  soldiers ; 
and  the  Swedes  were  twice  summoned  to  surrender.  A 
delay  till  early  the  next  morning  was  "  humbly  suppli- 
cated," and  granted  by  the  director,  because  his  batteries 

slmSndw  ^^^  ^^*  quite  ready.     Whwi  morning  came,  Sohute,  see* 

cwSir  ^  *^  ^^^-y  ^^  ftiifA^r  resistance,  went  on  board  the  Bal- 
ance, and  signed  a  capitulation  wilii  Stuyvesant  The 
Swedes  were  allowed  to  remove  all  the  artillery  belonging 
to  the  crown ;  twelve  men,  with  their  full  arms  and  ao- 
cootrements,  w^e  to  march  out  of  the  fort  with  the  com- 
mandant, as  his  life-guard,  and  the  rest  with  their  side 
arms  only ;  and  the  officers  were  to  retain  their  personal 
property.  About  noon  the  Dutch  troops,  "  with  flying  cc^- 
ors,"  marched  into  the  fort.  Some  thirty  of  the  Swedes 
immediately  submitted  themselves  to  the  government  of 
New  Netlierland,  and  asked  to  be  sent  to  Manhattan.    The 

•  Alb.  Ree.,  act.,  tt-4S;  New  AmC.  R«e.,  ii.,  177 ;  S.  Haard,  Ann.  Pann.,  179-ias. 


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PETGR  arUTVI^AIfT,  DIRBOTC»l  GSICQIAL.  600 

next  day  being  Sunday,  Dcmiine  Hegapdettsis  preached  a  Ctt..xTu. 
sermon  to  the  troops ;  and  Stuyvesant  dispatched  an  acoonnt  'TZZZ' 
of  his  suooess  to  the  ooonoil  at  Fcart  Amsterdam,  with  di-  jg  ^^* 
rections  for  the  appointment  of  a  day  of  thanksgiving. 

Finding  that  he  was  also  to  be  attacked,  Rising  en- 
deavored to  strengthen  his  potation  at  Fort  Christina.     In  is  sept. 
a  few  days,  the  Dutch  forces  established  a  battery  on  thetinainvrnt 
c^posite  bank  of  the  Christina  Creek  ;  and  taking  posses* 
•ion  of  the  "  Third  Hook,"  they  invested  the  Swedish  fort 
on  all  sides.     The  ships  were  anchored  at  the  mouth  of 
the  Brandywine;  and  Stuyvesant  demanded  of  Rising 
"  either  to  evacuate  the  country,  or  to  remain  there  under 
Dutch  protection."     The  Swedes,  however,  determined  to 
hold  out ;  and  the  Dutch  forces  pillaged  tile  people  outside 
of  the  fort.     At  length,  the  garrison  b^inning  to  showsssept. 
signs  of  mutiny,  a  parley  was  held.     The  next  day  thcMSept 
Dutch  guns  were  brought  into  battery,  and  a  drummer 
summoned  the  Swedish  fort  to  surrender  within  twenty- 
four  hours.     The  following  morning,  articles  of  capitula*  95  sept. 
tion  were  signed  "  on  the  paved  place,"  between  the  Swed-  of  fS? 
ish  fort  and  the  IhitGli  camp,  by  Stuyvesant  and  Rising ; 
the  Swedes  marched  out  '^with  their  arms,  cedars  flying, 
matches  lighted,  drams  beating,  and  fifes  playing;  and 
the  Dutch  took  possession  of  the  fort,  hauled  down  the 
Swedish  flag,  and  hobted  their  own." 

According  to  the  terms  of  the  surrender,  private  pit>p*TenMor 
erty  was  to  be  respected,  and  such  of  the  Swedes  as  wish-  Sn. 
ed  to  leave  the  country  might  do  so.  Those  that  remained 
were  to  enjoy  religious  freedom,  and  a  minister  to  instruct 
them  in  the  Augsburg  doctrine,  upon  condition  of  sv^ear^ 
ing  allegiance  to  the  Dutch  authorities.  It  was  also  stip- 
ulated that  Rifling  and  Elsviryck  should  be  landed  either 
in  England  or  France,  and  that  tiuree  hundred  pounds 
Flemish  should  be  advanced  to  Rising,  upon  the  security 
of  the  goods  and  effects  at  Fort  Christina.  In  obedience 
to  the  instructions  of  the  West  India  Company,  Stuyve- 
sant, immediately  after  the  surrender,  offered  to  restore 
Fort  Christina  to  the  Swedes,  <<  on  honorable  and  reason^ 


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606  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

CM.xvn.  ble  teims."     Bnt  this  offer  was  deolined  by  Rising,  who 

— 2 preferred  to  adhere  to  the  capitulation. 

1656.  rpjj^g  f^jj  ^^  Swedish  power  on  the  South  River.  The 
bloodless  campaign  was  achieved  by  the  largest  army  and 
the  most  powerful  squadron  that  had  ever  gone  into  action 
in  North  America.  Resistance  would  have  been  absurd. 
After  a  distinct  existence  of  a  little  more  than  seventeen 
years,  New  Sweden  reverted  to  New  Netiieriand.  A  proo- 
sft  sapt.  lamation  was  immediately  issued,  firantinfi^  permission  to 
mentor  the  all  who  wcrc  disDoscd  to  remam,  upon  condition  of  uieir 
eron£e  taking  au  oath  of  allegiance ;  and  some  twenty  Swedes 
«r.  '  availed  themselves  of  the  offer.  Two  of  the  Lutheran  cler- 
gymen on  the  river  were  sent  back  to  Sweden ;  but  Lo- 
kenius  was  retained  to  instruct  the  Swedes  and  Finns,  two 
hundred  of  whom  were  living  a  few  miles  up  the  river, 
above  Fort  Christina.  One  of  the  motives  for  what  Mega* 
polensis  thought  '^  too  easy"  terms  in  the  capitulation  was, 
that  the  Dutch  had  no  Reformed  preacher  who  understood 
the  language  of  the  Swedes  to  establish  there.  Another 
was  the  intelligence  that  trouble  had  broken  out  at  Man- 
hattan with  the  Indians,  '^  and  m^i  required  quick  dis- 
patch" to^  repair  matters  there.  Leaving  Ensign  Dirok 
Smit  as  temporary  commandant  on  the  South  River,  Stny- 
vesant  hastened  back  to  Fort  Amsterdam.* 

Ten  years  had  passed  away  since  Kieft's  treaty  at  FotI 
Amsterdam,  during  which  interval  the  relations  between 
the  Dutch  and  the  savages  had  generally  been  friendly. 
A  new  provocation  now  roused  the  red  man  to  vengeance. 
Van  Dyck,  the  superseded  schout-fiscal,  having  killed  a 
squaw  whom  he  had  detected  in  stealing  some  peaches 
firom  his  garden,  her  tribe  burned  to  avenge  her  death. 
The  neighbcnring  savages  shared  in  the  sentiment ;  and 
aware  of  the  absence  of  the  Dutch  forces,  they  resolved  to 
attack  their  defenseless  settlements.  A  party  of  Mahi- 
cans,  Pachamis,  Esopus  Indians,  Haokinsacks,  and  Tap- 

*  Alb.  Rec,  X.,  134 ;  xiii.,  348-Ml  ;  Hoi.  Doc.,  vm.,  49,  108-116 ;  ii.,  N.  T.  H.  S.  CoIL, 
L,  109,  418,  44t-448;  Doc  Hiet.  N.  T.,  111.,  105;  AereUne;  Lunbrechtaea,  89;  FttrH 
87-105 ;  Buieroft,  Ii.,  397 ;  O'CeU.,  U.,  986-989 ;  S.  Huard,  Ann.  Penn.,  189-197 ;  Loo4 
Doc,  It.,  171 ;  N.  T.  Col.  1C8S.,  tti.,  349. 


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PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  ©07 

pans,  with  some  others  from  Stamford  and  Onkeway,  sup-  ch.  xvii. 
posed  to  number  nineteen  hundred,  of  whom  from  five  to 
eighteen  hundred  were  armed,  suddenly  appeared  before  „  ^^  ' 
New  Amsterdam  in  sixty^four  canoes.     Landing  before  J^JlJJ  *o"* 
the  break  of  day,  they  scattered  themselves  through. the  JJJdaJir' 
streets,  while  most  of  the  inhabitants  were  yet  asleep ;  and, 
under  the  pretense  of  searching  for  '^  Indians  from  the 
north,"  broke  into  several  houses.     The  council,  the  city 
magistrates,  and  some  of  the  principal  inhabitants,  assem- 
bling in  Fort  Amsterdam,  called  the  dhief  sachems  before 
them,  and  made  them  promise  to  leave  Manhattan  at  sun- 
set, and  pass  over  to  Nutten  Island.     But  when  evening 
came  the  savages  broke  their  word.     Van  Dyck  was  shot 
with  an  arrow  in  the  breast,  and  Van  der  Grist  was  struck 
down  with  an  axe.     The  town  was  instantly  aroused  ;  and 
the  soldiers  and  the  burgher  guard,  sallying  from  Fort  Am- 
sterdam, attacked  the  Indians  and  drove  them  to  their  ca- 
noes.    Passing  over  to  the  Jersey  shore,  the  savages  laid  Hoboken, 
waste  Hoboken  and  Pavonia,  and  killed  or  captured  mostuidstatef^ 
of  the  inhabitants.     Staten  Island,  where  ninety  colonists  ^ 


were  cultivating  eleven  flourishing  bouweries,  was  deso- 
lated. In  three  days  one  hundred  of  the  Dutch  inhabit- 
ants were  killed,  one  hundred  and  fifty  were  taken  pris- 
oners, and  three  hundred  more  ruined  in  estate.  Twenty- 
eight  bouweries,  besides  several  plantations,  were  destroy- 
ed ;  and  the  colonists  computed  their  damages  at  two  hund- 
red thousand  guilders. 

Again  terror  seized  the  land.     Most  of  the  farmers  fled 
to  Manhattan  as  to  a  city  of  refuge.     The  English  villages  Long  isi- 
on  Long  Island  sent  word  that  the  savages  had  threatened 
to  kill  the  Dutch  who  lived  there.     Lady  Moody's  house 
at  Gravesend  was  again  attacked.     The  few  families  who  empm  de- 
had  settled  themselves  at  Esopus  abandoned  their  farms 
in  alarm.    Even  Manhattan  itself  was  not  secure.    Prowl-  Manhat. 
ing  bands  of  savages  wandered  over  the  island,  destroying 
all  that  came  in  their  way.    "  As  the  citizens  were  reluct- 
ant to  go  a  great  distance  from  the  fort,"  ten  Frenchmen 
were  enrolled  to  guard  the  house  and  fieimily  of  the  absent 


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Q06  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

c*.  xm.  director ;  and  fui  expresa  was  sent  to  the  South  ftiver  to 
"j~7"oall  Stuyvesant  immediately  home  to  New  AmBterdanL 
12  octoter.     ^*^^  return  of  Ae  energetic  director  revived  the  spirits 
nintw  o^  ^^^  colonists.     Soldiers  were  sent  to  the  neighboring 
^^^^'        settlements  i  the  ships  in  pcHrt  were  detained ;  and  such  of 
their  passengers  as  could  bear  arms  were  forbidden  to  leave 
the  province  <^  until  it  should  jdease  God  to  change  the 
Prompt     aspect  of  affairs."     Those  who  protested  were  fined,  and 
tor  defend,  bid  to  ^^posscss  their  souls  in  patience."     Ail  persons  were 
forbidden  to  go  into  the  oountry  without  special  permis- 
sion,  nor  unless  in  sufficient  numbers  to  secure  their  safe- 
ty.    To  prevent  the  savages  irom  scaling  the  wall,  a  plank 
'<  curtain"  was  built,  and  upward  of  six  thousand  guildeiH 
were  assessed  npoa  and  contributed  by  ^^  the  merohanta, 
traders,  schippers,  factors,  passengers,  and  citizens  gener- 
ally," to  pay  the  expense. 

The  savages  finding  the  captives  a  burden,  now  sent  back 
Pos,  the  superintendent  at  Staten  Island,  with  proposals 
.1^  October,  for  their  ransom ;  and  a  few  days  afterward,  the  chief  of 
the  Hackinsacks  liberated  fourteen  of  his  prisoners,  asking 
for  some  powder  and  ball  in  return.  Stuyvesant  imme- 
diately sent  the  chief  a  present  of  ammunition  and  two  In- 
21  October,  dians  in  exchange.    Twenty  •eight  more  "  Christians"  weie 

Prisoners    ^  iiii  i 

r»Daoined.  brought  baok,  and  a  message  that  others  would  be  restor- 
ed for  a  proper  ransom.     It  was  not,  however,  the  red 
man's  practice  to  exchange  prisoners ;  and  no  Europeans 
26  oetober.  would  be  givcu  up  for  Indians.     Several  more  captives 
were  soon  ransomed  by  a  stipulated  payment  in  powder 
K  sei»t.     and  lead.     The  commissioners  of  the  United  Colonies  in 
of^N.B.  session  at  New  Haven,  hearing  that  ihe  savages  had  taken 
•ionere.     many  Dutch  prisoners,  agreed  to  send  "two  or  three  meet 
messengers  to  endeavor  their  redemption."     But  news 
coming  that  "  the  worst  was  passed,"  and  that  the  Dutch 
were  in  treaty  with  the  Indians,  the  commissioners  "  ceased 
any  further  prosecution."* 

Bising  now  coming  to  New  Amsterdam,  on  his  return 

*  Alb.  Rec.,  ir.,  218;  Tiii.,  158;  x.,  13S-165;  New  Amst.  Rec.,  ii.,  tlft-295;  RdHioii, 
lfSK6»n;  HaMrd»ii.,SW;  O^CblL, U., 280^94 ;  ThMnpsotfa L. I., iS., ITS ;  «llc^6M. 


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PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  609 

to  Europe,  charged  Stuyvesant  with  a  breach  of  the  capit-  ca.  xvjl 
ulation  on  the  South  River.     The  director  vindicated  him- 
self  with  dignity  and  effect.     A  few  days  afterward,  the  ^  octob«. 
late  governor,  of  New  Swedeh  embarked  with  his  suite  in  rSSS**'^ 
two  vessels  of  the  West  India  Company ;  and,  landing  at^^°'     i 
Plymouth,  he  communicated  the  recent  occurrences  to  the  ae  Dee. 
Swedish  minister  at  London. 

A  subordinate  government  was  immediately  organized  39  not. 
on  the  South  River.     John  Paul  Jacquet,  who  had  been  in  mem  or- 
the  company's  service  at  Brazil,  was  commissioned  as  vice-  the  souib 
director ;  Andries  Hudde  was  made  secretary  and  survey- 
or; and  Elmerhuysen  Klein  was  adjoined  as  counselor. 
These  three  officers,  with  two  of  the  "  most  expert  free- 
men," were  to  form  the  Court  of  Civil  Justice.     Fort  Cas- 
imir,  now  regaining  its  origincd  name,  was  to  be  the  seat 
of  government,  above  which  no  trading  vessels  were  to  go. 
The  Swedes  were  to  be  closely  watched,  and  if  any  should 
be  found  disaffected,  they  were  to  be  sent  away  "  with  all 
imaginable  civility,"  and,  if  possible,  be  induced  to  come 
to  Manhattan.     The  vice-director  was  also  required  to  s  Dee. 
^<  maintain  and  protect  the  Reformed  religion,  as  it  is 
learned  and  taught  in  this  country,  in  conformity  to  the 
word  of  God  and  the  Synod  of  Dordrecht,  and  to  promote 
it  as  far  as  his  power  may  extend." 

On  reaching  the  South  River,  Jacquet  found  that  the  is  Dee. 
whole  population  consisted  of  only  about  a  dozen  families,  vice-di- 
Police  regulations  were  immediately  adopted;  and  Fort 
Casimir,  on  a  survey,  was  found  to  be  in  very  "  disrupted  as  Dec. 
and  tottering  condition."     A  deputation  of  the  neighbor- 
ing sachems  soon  visited  the  new  vice-director,  and  a  lib- 
eral commercial  treaty  was  arranged,  with  the  assistance  39  Dee. 
of  the  inhabitants.    In  the  absence  of  a  Dutch  clergyman, 
Lokenius,  the  Lutheran  minister  at  Christina,  occasion- 
ally came  down  to  Fort  Casimir  to  conduct  divine  service.* 

The  vessels  which  conveyed  Rising,  carried  out,  also,  a  October. 
'^  simple  and  true  narrative"  of  the  recent  Indian  troubles, 

♦  Alb.  Rec.,  X.,  135-14«.  173,  186-191.  399,  403-407 ;  xi.,  187-133 ;  xiil.,  345-807 ;  Hoi. 
Dbe.,  tUI.,  1, 10 ;  S.  Hastrd,  Ann.  Penn.,  197-908. 


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610  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Oh.  xvn.  in  the  form  of  a  petition  to  the  States  General,  tiie  West 
India  Company,  cmd  the  city  government  of  Amsterdam. 

AMii»ttiiM  T^®  defenseless  condition  of  the  country  was  explained, 

HouandT  ^^^  assistancc  was  earnestly  implored.  In  the  mean  time, 
the  popular  mind  was  ill  at  ease ;  and  Stujrvesant  took 

10  Nov.  the  opinions  of  his  council  respecting  the  propriety  of  a 
war  with  the  Indians,  the  best  means  to  recover  the 
Dutch  who  still  remained  prisoners  among  the  Weckquaes- 
geeks  and  the  Highland  tribes,  and  the  replenishment  of 
the  treasury,  which  had  been  exhausted  by  the  Soutli 
River  expedition  and  the  ransom  of  the  Christian  captives. 
The  only  counselor  in  favor  of  war  was  Van  Tienhoven. 
Stuy vesant  himself,  attributing  the  recent  outbreak  to  the 
rashness  of  a  few  ^<  hot-headed  individuals,"  thought  a 

pr«ca«ion-  War  inexpedient.     The  people  should  rather  reform  them- 


ary 
ares  pro- 


ares  pro-    selves,  abate  all  irregularities,  and  promote  the  settlement 
^'^  '       of  villages  with  proper  defenses.     A  block-house  should 
be  built  at  Hackinsack,  and  another  at  Weckquaesgeek, 
and  all  armed  Indians  should  be  excluded  from  the  settle- 
ments of  the  Europeans.    To  raise  a  fund  for  the  redemp- 
tion of  the  remaining  captives,  he  proposed  an  increase  of 
the  taxes  on  lands,  houses,  and  liquors ;  as,  in  his  judg- 
ment, the  luxurious  habits,  and  high  wages  common  in 
the  province  did  not  argue  an  inability  to  contribute  for 
the  public  service,  but  "  rather  a  malevolent  unwilling- 
ness, arising  from  an  imaginary  liberty  in  a  new,  and,  as 
some  pretend,  a  free  country."     But  the  council,  in  view 
of  the  condition  of  the  province,  resisted  any  addition  to 
the  direct  taxes.     The  excise,  however,  was  increased ; 
Excises     that  of  New  Amsterdam  was  farmed  out,  for  a  year,  at 
five  thousand  and  thirty  guilders,  and  that  of  Beverwyck, 
including  Rensselaerswyck,  Katskill,  and  Esopus,  at  two 
27  Nov.     thousand  and  thirteem.     A  delegation  from  the  Long  Isl- 
and!n-      and  Indians  now  visited  Manhattan,  declaring  that,  since 
peaceful,    the  gencrjJ  peace  of  1645,  they  had  done  the  Dutch  no 
harm,  "  not  even  to  the  value  of  a  dog."     They  had  been 
twelve  years  at  war  with  the  enemies  of  the  Hollanders; 
and  they  now  sent  a  bundle  of  wampum  as  a  token  of  the 


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PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  611 

friendship  of  the  Eastern  chiefs.     The  River  Indians,  nev*  cb.  xm. 
ertheless,  oontinoing  sullen,  kept  the  captive  Christians  as  ^^^ 
pledges  to  secure  them  from  the  vengeance  of  the  Dutch.* 

The  close  of  this  year  was  marked  by  a  new  display  of 
Stuyvesant's  imperious  character.  Through  all  their  so- 
cial and  political  trials,  the  Dutdh  colonists  had  preserved 
their  hereditary  elasticity  of  spirit ;  and  bringing  with  them 
the  cheerful  habits  of  their  nation,  they  naturally  desired  to 
enjoy  in  New  Netherland  the  pastimes  in  which  they  had 
joined  at "  Pinokster"  and  other  holidays  in  Holland.  But 
the  severe  director  would  not  tolerate  within  his  govern- 
ment those  frivolities  which,  in  the  Fatherland,  were  '^  look- 
ed at  through  the  fingers."  An  ordinance  was  according-  31  Dee. 
ly  published,  declaring  that  "  from  this  time  fcnrth,  within udiu^ 
this  province  of  New  Netherland,  on  New  Year,  or  May- JJJwSSd. 
days,  there  shall  be  no  firing,  nor  planting  of  May-poles, 
nor  any  beating  of  drums,  nor  treating,"  under  penalty  of 
twelve  guilders  for  the  first  offense,  double  for  the  second, 
and  "  arbitrary  correction"  for  the  third- 1 

On  his  way  from  (Quebec  to  the  Mohawk  country,  the  September. 
Jesuit  Father  Le  Moyne  visited  Beverwyck,  where  he  wasM^yrott 
hospitably  received  by  the  Dutch  colonists  and  by  De  Deck*  wyS' 
er,  the  new  vice-director.     The  Mohawks  welcomed  the  visus  nic 
Canadian  missionary  to  their  castles ;  and  the  gentle  spirit 
of  Christianity  seemed  at  last  to  have  won  that  warlike  na- 
tion  to  peace  with  the  French. 

News  of  the  outbreak  of  the  Indians  around  Manhattan  October, 
soon  reached  Fort  Orange;  and  the  authorities,  alarmed ^i^f^*' 
lest  the  Iroquois  might  make  common  cause  with  their  red  Dlu^h  Mi 
brethren  at  the  South,  prudently  renewed  the  ancient  aUSTJkJ! 
liance  between  the  Dutch  and  the  Mohawks.     The  next  is  Nov. 
month,  a  hundred  warriors  of  that  tribe  visited  Fort  Or- 
ange, to  announce  that  they  were  about  to  attack  the  Hu- 
rons,  and  to  ask  the  Dutch  to  remain  neutral.    At  the  same 
time,  they  complained  that  they  were  not  treated  as  hos- 
pitably at  Fort  Orange  as  the  Hollanders  were  at  the  Mo- 

*  Alb.  Rec.,  X.,  139-142 ;  150-173  ;  Heomstede  Ree.,  i.,  25;  O'Call.,  U.,  39^806. 
t  New  Amsterdam  Rec.,  i.,  30,  407 ;  ii.,  990. 


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§12  HISTORY  OP  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

am  zvu.  hawk  eastles ;  and  that  for  the  most  triflmg  repairs  to  Hkm 

gons  they  were  obliged  to  pay  in  wampum.     This  was  not 

.,,^™j^  treating  them  as  brethren.     The  Dntoh  authorities  fmrni- 
{JJ^j^  ised  neutrality,  and  explained  that  their  people  visited  the 
Mohawk  country  only  in  small  numbers ;  if  their  red  bretk- 
ren  would  observe  a  similar  rule,  they  would  be  handsome- 
ly entertained  at  Beverwyok.    The  Hollanders  earned  tiuir 
own  bread ;  and,  as  they  were  acoustomed  to  receiye  the 
rewards  of  labor,  their  Mohawk  brothers  should  not  oom- 
plain  at  being  treated  as  the  Christians  treated  each  other. 
These  explanations  were  satisfactory ;  and  the  red  men, 
laying  their  wampum  belts  at  the  feet  of  the  Dutch,  r^ 
oeived  presents  of  powder  and  lead,  '^  with  their  customary 
barbarous  applaudings,"  and  departed  in  great  joy. 
ustvc         Light  now  gleamed  over  the  regions  west  of  the  Mo- 
M  oetobw.  hawks.     Two  Jesuit  missionaries,  Joseph  Chaumonot  and 
Md  Dtf^   Claude  Dablon,  setting  out  from  Quebec,  passed  up  the 
Saint  Lawrence,  and  landed  at  Oswego.     In  a  few  days 
s  Nofr.      the  Fathers  were  hospitably  welcomed  at  the  prinoipal  vil- 
lage of  the  Onondagas ;  and  a  site  for  a  permanent  settle- 
9  Hot.      ment  was  diosen  at  <<Lake  Genentaha,"  near  the  Salt 
nsDUka.    Springs  which  Le  Moyne  had  visited  the  year  before.   With 
Csrvid  eloquence,  Chaumonot  preached  the  word ;  and  the 
excited  crowd  sang  the  chorus,  led  by  their  chief,  "  GHad 
tidings  !  glad  tidings  !  it  is  well  that  we  have  spoken  to- 
18  Not.     gcthcr."    The  zeal  of  the  natives  built  a  temporary  chapel 
2^ftt^  of  bark  in  a  single  day ;  the  solemn  service  of  the  Roman 
Church  was  chanted  in  the  silent  forest;  and  the  emblem 
of  Christianity  and  the  banner  of  France  were  simultane- 
ously raised  in  Onondaga.* 

*  Relation,  1655^,  7-t3 ;  1657-8,  30 ;  Journal  de  Dablon ;  Craoxias,  739-775 ;  Oiario- 
▼olx,  i., 880-391;  BuicroA,  iii,  143-144;  Renaa.  MSS.;  Port  OrugB  Rm.;  O'CalL.iL, 
SOS,  300 ;  Clark's  Onondaga,  i.,  139-151,  171, 17S;  Doc.  HiM.  N.  Y.,  1.,  44;  tmU,  p.  SM. 


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PETER  STUTVB8AIIT,  DIRECTOR  GEIflRAL.  gU 


CHAPTER  XVm. 
1656-1658, 

The  Indian  ravages  of  1655  repeated  to  the  people  of  ch.  xvm. 

New  Netherland  the  lesson  which  they  had  first  learned  in 

1643.     Their  losses  were  mainly  owing  to  the  isolated  sit-  ^wO. 
nation  of  the  farmers.     To  prevent  future  calamity,  Stuy-  is  Jan. 
vesant  issued  a  proclamation,  ordering  all  who  lived  in  se-  ^^Sltoftm 
eluded  places  in  the  country  to  collect  themselves  together  ^'•^ 
by  the  next  spring,  and  to  form  villages  "after  the  fashion 
of  our  New  England  neighbors.*' 

The  burgomasters  and  schepens  of  New  Amsterdam  now  njaa. 
renewed  the  demand  to  be  allowed  the  right  to  name  their 
successors.    Almost  all  the  villages  in  New  Netherland  pos- 
sessed this  privilege.    Why  should  it  be  denied  to  the  cap- 
ital of  the  province  ?    The  director  explained  that  the  priv- 
ilege had  been  conferred  on  those  places  on  account  of  their 
distance  from  the  seat  of  government.     He  would  nowisjm 
make  the  same  concession  to  New  Amsterdam,  provided  vieidftotii* 
the  magistrates  actually  in  office  should  always  be  under-  vmmS^ 
stood  as  nominated  for  approval ;  that  only  persons  well  ^ 
qualified,  and  not  unfriendly  to  the  provincial  authorities, 
should  be  named ;  and  that  a  member  of  the  council  should 
have  the  right  to  assist,  when  the  nominations  were  made. 
The  city  authorities  accepted  these  conditions,  and  propos-  si  ju. 
ed  their  candidates.     But  Stuyvesant  objecting  to  some  of  his 
ihem,  "on  account  of  former  disputes,"  refused  to  sanction 
the  nomination.     The  question  was  earnestly  discu^ed 
in  the  council ;  but  the  director  maintained  his  ground. 
Eventually,  five  of  the  old  officers  were  continued  for 
another  year;  and  Willem  Beeokraan  and  Hendrick  Kip9F«». 
were  appointed  new  schepens,  to  fill  two  vacancies.^ 

*  Alb.  Roe.,  X.,  2S0,  SfiO ;  xU.,  109 ;  New  Amst.  Ree.,  I.,  37 ;  U.,  S2S-34S. 


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(yl4  HISTORY  OF  TOE  STATE  OF  NEW  TOBJL 

/Ch.  xvra.     New  Netherland  was  now  to  witness  within  her  own 
borders  a  gross  violation  of  the  rights  of  oonsoience.    Un- 
Reiigioas   ^  1654,  the  ecclesiastical  policy  of  her  government  had 
■^**"*      not,  practically,  departed  from  tiiat  of  the  Fatherland, 
where,  notwithstanding  the  establishment  of  a  national 
Reformed  Chnrch,  we  have  seen  that  all  other  sects  were 
tolerated,  and  allowed  the  use  of  their  several  forms  of 
worship.     The  West  India  Company  recognized  tiie  au- 
'thority  of  the  Established  Chnrch  of  Holland  over  their  co- 
Au<^ority   lonial  possessions ;  and  the  specific  care  of  the  Transatlanr 
2^.**f  tic  churches  was  early  intrusted  by  the  Synod  of  North 
dam.        Holland  to  the  Glassis  of  Amsterdam.    By  that  body  all  the 
colonial  clergy  were  approved  and  commissioned.     With 
its  committee,  ^'  ad  res  exteras,"  they  maintained  a  con- 
stant correspondence.     The  Classis  of  Amsterdam  was,  in 
fact,  the  Metropolitan  of  New  Netherland.     For  more  than 
a  century  its  ecclesiastical  supremacy  was  affectionately 
acknowledged ;  and  long  after  the  capitulation  of  the  prov- 
ince to  England,  the  power  of  ordination  to  the  ministry, 
in  the  American  branch  of  the  Reformed  Dutch  Church, 
remained  in  the  governing  Classis  in  Holland,  or  was  ex- 
ercised only  by  its  special  permissic«i.* 
Colonial        The  clergymen  commissioned  by  the  Classis  of  Amster- 
dam were,  of  course,  Calvinists.    They  were  generally  men 
of  high  scholarship  emd  thorough  theological  training ;  f<nr 
the  people,  who  at  Leyden  preferred  a  university  to  a  fair, 
insisted  upcm  an  educated  ministry.     The  colonial  clergy 
had  much  work  to  do,  and  peculiar  difficulties  to  encoun* 
•  ter.     A  letx  morality,  produced  by  the  system  of  govern- 
ment and  the  circumstances  of  the  province,  undoubtedly 
prevailed. among  many  of  the  New  Netherland  colonists. 
It  was  difficult  to  minister  the  offices  of  religion  to  scat- 
tered feo'mers  and  isolated  traders.     It  was  still  more  dif- 
ficult to  teach  the  word  to  the  savages.     Yet,  Megapolen- 

*  Dr.  Giinii*8  Memoirs  of  Dr.  Liviiigston,  7S-09 ;  Dr.  D«  Witt,  N.  T.  H.  S.  Pnx:.,  1844. 
ee-76.  WlUle  in  Bolland,  in  1841, 1  had  an  interrlew,  to  behalf  of  tbe  Genwal  Synod, 
with  the  Classis  of  Amsterdam,  and  obtained  flrom  its  archives  extracts  of  ita  proceed 
ings,  and  moeh  valuable  correspondence  with  the  dergj  and  ehnrches  in  New  Netheriand 
and  New  York,  from  1041  to  1775,  of  which  I  have  availed  myself  in  this  work. 


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PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR  OENBRAL.  616 

sisy  ooatemporaneoosly  with  Jogues,  had  attempted  to  in-  ch.  xviii 
struct  the  Mohawks  several  years  before  Eliot  began  his 
missionary  labors  near  Watertown  and  Dorchester.     At  "'•"^* 
Manhattan,  too,  the  work  was  tried,  but  with  very  indif- 
ferent success.     The  Dutch  colonists  themselves  gladly  Feeiinxsoi 
listened  to  the  Grospel  which  they  had  heard  in  the  Father-   ®  *^* ' 
land ;  and  churches  were  built,  partly  by  voluntary  con- 
tributions of  the  commonalties,  at  Manhattan,  Bevcrwyok, 
and  ^idwout    To  these  churches  the  country  people  made 
toilsome  journeys,  to  bring  their  children  to  baptism,  to 
hear  the  words  of  the  preacher,  and  to  join  in  that  simple 
but  majestic  music  which  they  had  first  sung  far  across  the  . 
sea,  where  the  loud  chorus  overpowers  the  diapasons  of 
Haerlem  and  Amsterdam. 

In  the  beginnii^g  of  the  year  1656,  there  were  four  Re-  clergymen 
formed  Dutch  clergymen  in  New  Netherland.     Megapo-SaiNe^*. 
lensis  and  Drisius  were  colleagues  at  New  Amsterdam ;  dam,  b^V. 
Schaats  ministered  at  Beverwyck ;  and  Polhemus  had  thcand  u^ns 
joint  charge  of  Breuckelen,  Mid  wout,  and  Amersfoort.    Be- 
sides his  regular  services  at  New  Amsterdam,  Drisius  oc- 
casionally visited  Staten  Island,  where  a  number  of  Yau- 
dois  or  Waldenses  soon  settled  themselves ;  and  his  knowl- 
edge of  the  French  language  enabled  him  to  preach  satia* 
fftctorily  to  these  feiithful  men,  who  fled  to  Holland  and 
to  America  from  the  tyranny  of  their  despotic  sovereign. 
Flushing,  which  had  obliged  Doughty  to  quit  the  place  and  Fiuahing . 
go  to  Virginia,  had  been  for  more  than  a  year  without  a 
minister.     At  Heemstede,  where  there  were  many  Dutch  Haemttede. 
and  English  Galvinists,  Bichard  Denton,  a  Presbyterian 
clergyman,  and  '^  an  honest,  pious,  and  learned  man,"  had 
preached  since  1644.     He  had  ^<  in  all  things  conformed" 
to  the  Established  Church  of  the  province.     The  Puritan 
Independents  of  the  place  <^  listened  attentively"  to  his 
preaching ;  but  when  he  began  to  baptize  the  children  of 
such  parents  as  were  not  communicants,  '^  they  some- 
times burst  out  of  the  church."    At  Middelburgh,  or  New-  iiiddei. 
town,  where  the  Independents  outnumbered  the  Presbyte-        ' 
rians,   John  Moore,  who  did  not  administer  sacraments, 


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616  HISTORY  OP  THE  STATE  OP  NEW  YQRK. 

ch.  xvm.  preaohed  with  aooeptanoe.  The  people  of  Grravesend  were 
understood  to  be  "  Mennonists,"  or  Anabaptists.     They  re- 

Grmmd.  j^^^  infant  baptism,  the  Sabbath,  the  office  of  preacher, 
and  the  teachers  of  G-od's  word,  '^  saying  that  through  these 
have  come  all  sorts  of  contention  into  the  world."  When- 
ever they  met  together,  one  or  other  "  read  something  for 

Weal  them."  The  English  settlers  at  West  Chester  were  Puri- 
tan Independents.  They  had  no  preacher,  but  held  Sunday 
meetings,  ''  reading  a  sermon  from  an  English  book,  and 

BMpiw.  making  a  prayer."  At  Esopus,  or  "  Atkarkarton,"  the  few 
Dutch  inhabitants,  having  no  clergyman,  had  conducted 
divine  service  themselves  on  Sunday,  one  of  them  reading 
"  something  out  for  a  postille,"  or  commentary.     On  the 

soBth  Rtw-  South  River,  Lokenius,  the  Lutheran  clergyman,  continued 
his  ministrations  to  the  Swedes  and  Finns  near  Fort  Chris- 
tina. He  was  represented  to  lead  '^  a  godless  and  scandal- 
ous life,"  and  to  be  "more  inclined  to  look  into  the  wine 
kan  than  to  pore  over  the  Bible."  At  Fort  Cflisimir,  the 
Dutch  residents,  being  without  a  minister,  appointed  a  lay- 
man, "  who  should  read  every  Sunday."  In  the  Far  West, 
Jesuit  missionaries  preached  to  the  Onondagas.  So  stood 
New  Netherland,  with  regard  to  religion.  As  to  popular 
education,  excepting  at  Manhattan,  Beverwyck,  and  Fort 
Casimir^  there  was  no  schoolmaster.  Though  the  people 
at  large  were  anxious  that  their  children  should  be  in- 
structed, they  found  great  difficulty,  because  many  of  them, 
coming  "neiked  and  poor  from  Holland,"  had  not  sufficient 
means,  and  because  there  were  few  qualified  persons,  ex- 
cept those  already  employed,  who  could  or  would  teach.* 

Jmimmjaf  In  their  correspondence  with  the  Classis  of  Amsterdam, 
the  Dutch  clergymen  at  Manhattan  had  frequently  refer- 
red to  the  increase  of  Mennonists  and  Lutherans  in  the  prov- 
ince. At  New  Amsterdam,  the  Lutherans,  as  we  have 
seen,  had  been  refused  permission  to  worship  publicly  in 
a  church  of  their  own.  Nevertheless,  the  directors  of  the 
Amsterdam  Chamber  did  not  sanction  in  their  province 

•  LfstUjrs  to  Classis,  5th  Aug.  and  SSd  Oct.,  1657 ;  Doct.  Hist  N.  T.,  iii.,  103-106,  IM^ 
190 ;  Dr.  D«  Witt,  ia  N.  Y.  H.  8.  Proc,  18i4,  60,  70 ;  Thomps.  L.  I.,  ii.,  90 ;  ante,  p.  37S. 


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PETKt  STUTVESANT,  DIREOTtm  GENiaUL.  617 

a  seotarian  perseention  mnknown  in  die  liberal  Father-  cn,  zvm. 
land. 

The  immediate  cause  of  tiie  first  exhibition  of  religious 
intolerance  in  New  Netherland  was  ecclesiastical  jealousy, 
and  a  too  rigid  constuction  of  official  duty.  Early  in  the 
year  1656,  the  metropolitan  clergjrmen,  Megapolensis  and 
Drisius,  complained  to  the  director  general  that  unquali- 
fied persons  were  preaching  and  holding  conyenticles  at 
Middelburgh,  '^  from  which  nothing  could  be  expected  but 
discord,  confusion,  and  disorder  in  Church  and  State." 
Stuyyesant  was  himsdf  a  zealous  soa  of  the  Church.  He 
was  an  over-strict  constructionist,  and  loved  the  display 
of  arbitrary  power.  A  proclamation,  assuming  ''  to  pro- 1  v^ 
mote  the  glory  of  Q-od,  the  increase  of  ihe  Reformed  relig-  r^**"**" 
icm,  and  the  peace  and  harmony  of  the  country,"  soon  ap-  ^hohz^ 
peared,  forbidding  preachers,  <<  not  having  been  called  there-  lim.^^ 
to  by  ecclesiastical  or  temporal  authority,"  from  holding 
conventicles  not  in  harmony  with  tiie  established  religion 
as  set  forth  by  the  Synod  of  Dort,  '^  and  here  in  this  land, 
and  in  the  Fatherland,  and  in  other  Reformed  churches 
observed  and  followed."  Every  unlicensed  preacher  who 
should  violate  this  ordinance  was  subjected  to  a  penalty 
of  one  hundred  Flemish  pounds ;  and  every  person  wlu> 
should  attend  such  prdiibited  meetings  became  liable  to  a 
penalty  of  twenty-five  pounds.  The  ordinance,  however, 
expressly  disclaimed  ^'  any  prejudice  to  any  patent  hereto- 
fore given,  any  lording  over  the  conscience,  or  any  prohi- 
bition of  the  reading  of  God's  holy  word,  and  the  domestic 
praying  and  worship  of  each  one  in  his  family."  A  simi-  lOMtrek 
lar  proclamation  was  immediately  published  by  De  Deck- 
er, the  vice-director  at  Port  Orange. 

The  invidious  law  was  enforced.    Recusants  were  fined 
and  imprisoned.    Complaints  to  Holland  followed ;  and  the 
West  India  Company  promptly  rebuked  their  director  for 
his  bigoted  zeal.     "  We  would  fain  not  have  seen,"  wrote  m  June, 
they  to  Stuyvesant,  "your  worship's  hand  set  to  the  pla-nouJoftbo 
card  against  the  Lutherans,  nor  have  heard  that  you  op-  comply. 
pressed  them  with  the  imprisonments  of  which  they  have 


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618  HISTORY  OP  THE  STATB  OF  NEW  YORK. 

ch.  xvm.  oomplained  to  us,  because  it  has  always  been  our  intentioD 

to  let  them  enjoy  all  calmness  and  tranquillity.     Where- 

lodo.  £^^^^  y^^  ^m  Q^^  hereafies  publish  any  similar  plaoards 
without  our  previous  consent,  but  allow  to  all  the  free  ex- 
ercise of  their  religion  within  their  own  houses."* 

Injbrmation  had  meanwhile  reached  the  provincial  gov- 
ernment that  the  English  intruders  at  West  Chester  not 
only  sheltered  and  encouraged  fugitives  from  justice,  but 
had  kept  up  a  constant  correspondence  with  the  Indians 
during  the  late  <<  dismal  engagements  with  the  savages." 
0  March.    To  defend  the  rights  of  the  West  India  Company,  Captain 
sent  to  ^"  De  Koninck,  Captain  Newton,  and  Van  Tienhoven,  the 
Cheater,    schout-fiscal,  wcrc  uow  sent  thither  with  a  sufficient  force, 
and  ordered  to  apprehend  the  leaders  and  compel  the  other 
settlers  to  remove  thence  with  their  property.     The  expe- 
dition was  met  with  a  show  of  resistance  by  Lieutenant 
Wheeler  and  an  armed  force ;  but  the  English  were  prompt- 
ly disarmed,  and  twenty-three  of  them  were  conveyed  as 
.  prisoners  to  New  Amsterdam,  and  secured  on  board  the 
HMaiei^  ship  Balance.     The  runaways  from  the  Dutch  were  sent 
to  priscm ;  those  from  New  England  and  elsewhere  were 
16  March,  put  Under  civil  arrest.     Wheeler  and  his  party  soon  offered 
to  submit  themselves  to  the  Dut<^  government,  upon  con- 
dition of  being  allowed  tp  elect  their  magistrates,  make 
laws  not  contrary  to  those  of  the  province,  divide  the  lands 
among  the  townsfolk,  and  have  their  arms  restored.    Stuy- 
vesant  replied  that  they  should  have  the  same  privileges 
^<  as  the  freemen  of  the  villages  of  Middelbur^,  Breucke- 
len,  Midwout,  and  Amersfoort  were  enjoying."     The  pris- 
35  Marcn.  cHicrs  wcro  thcu  rclcascd ;  and  a  few  of  the  English  who 
had  taken  up  arms  were  '^  commanded  to  depart  the  limits 
of  New  Netherland,  unless  some  of  the  inhabitants  of  Vrede- 
land  adopt  them  and  become  bail  for  their  good  behavior." 
A  few  days  afterward,  a  double  nomination  of  magbtrates 
was  sent  to  Stuyvesant,  with  a  petition  that  the  settlers 
might  have  certain  local  privileges,  that  they  might  be 

*  Cor.  Claaaia  Amaterdam ;  Latlera  of  flfh  October,  1653 ;  95th  Joly,  1654 ;  IScL  March. 
1655 ;  Alb.  Rec.,  iv.,  130,  21S;  tU.,  S55-357;  New  AmaU  Rec.,  i.,  41,  49;  IL,  350,  Fori 
Orange  R«:. ;  CCaU.,  U.,  817,  390 ;  Baaeroft,  IL,  300 ;  imU,  p.  101,  101,  50. 


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PETER  STUYVESANT,  DOUBCTOR  GENERAL.  619 

furnished  with  a  oopy  of  the  laws  of  the  pfovinoe  <<  drawn  CH.rvin. 
out  in  English,"  and  that  the  writings  passed  between  them 
and  the  provincial  authorities  might  be  in  English,  so  that 
they  might  '^  fully  and  perfectly  understand  them."    Stuy- 
vesant  promptly  selected  Thomas  Wheeler,  Thomas  New-  98  March. 
man,  and  John  Lord,  from  the  nominees,  as  the  first  mag-  iitretM  or 
istrates  of  West  ChestOT,  which  now  obtained  the  name  of  or  west  ' 
^'  Oost-dorp,"  or  East  Village.     A  decision  upon  the  peti- 
tion was,  however,  postponed  for  further  consultation.*' 

Another  village  was  now  incorporated  on  Long  Island. 
Upon  the  petition  of  several  of  the  inhabitants  of  Heem- 
stede  for  permission  to  begin  a  plantation  about  midway 
between  tiiat  village  and  Amersfoort,  Stuyvesant  readily 
granted  them  free  leave  to  establish  a  town  with  such  priv-  si  Mtndi. 
ileges  <'  as  the  inhabitants  of  New  Netherland  generally  do 
possess  in  their  lands,  and  likewise  in  tiie  choice  of  their 
magistrates  as  in  the  other  villages  or  towns."     The  new 
settlement  was  named  by  the  Dutch  ^^  Rust-dorp,"  or  <<  Q,ui-  Rut^orp, 
et  Village."     The  settlers  themselves  wished  to  call  it  **''""■**'• 
'^  Jemeco,"  after  the  Indian  name  of  the  beaver  pond  in  its 
neighborhood.    The  village  is  now  known  as  Jamaica.    At 
the  first  regular  town  meeting,  in  the  spring  of  the  next 
year,  Daniel  Denton,  the  oldest  son  of  the  Presbyterian  Daniei 
clergyman  at  Heemstede,  was  appointed  clerk,  ^^to  write  town  cierk. 
and  enter  all  acts  and  orders  of  public  concernment  to  the 
town."    A  few  years  afterward,  he  published  the  first  orig- 
inal English  '^  Description  of  New  York,  formerly  called 
New  Netherland."! 

Baxter  and  Hubbard  had  now  been  nearly  a  year  in  the 
keep  of  Fort  Amsterdam.  At  the  intercession  of  Sir  Hen- 
ry Moody  and  the  Gravesend  magistrates,  Stuyvesant  re- 
leased Hubbard,  and  transferred  Baxter,  upon  bail,  to  the 
debtor's  room  at  the  court-house  until  tikd  Amsterdam 
Chamber  should  decide  upon  his  case.     A  few  weeks  aft- 

*  Alb.  Rec,  ir.,  187 ;  x.,  38,  S50,  315-340;  xi.,  283-381 ;  xri.,  303;  O'CaU.,  ii.,  319- 
314 ;  Bolton's  Wo«t  Cbasier,  ti.,  157-1«1 ;  ante,  p.  601. 

t  Alb.  Rec.,  X.,  330 ;  xir.,  IS ;  Janwloa  Rec. ;  TbompMn't  L.  I.,  U.,  SO,  06,  07 ;  0*CalL, 
ii.,  323.  Denton's  work  was  printed  at  London  in  1670,  and  a  basdaone  edition,  with 
notes  by  Mr.  Fannan,  was  repablisbed  here  in  1845. 


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600        HISTORY  OP  THE  STATE  OP  NEW  YORK. 

Ob.  xvni.  erward,  the  fkitkless  Bnglishman  forfeited  big  Iratil  and  e»- 
oaped  to  Ghravesend,  where  he  again  began  to  plot  against 

Baxter  at*  ^  former  patrons.     Several  of  the  inhabitants  were  in* 

GraTesend.  duoed  by  him  to  sign  a  memorial  praying  Cromwell  to  take 
them  mider  the  protection  of  England,  and  emancipate 
tl^m  from  tiie  dominion  of  the  Dutch.  The  memorial  waa 
carried  to  London  by  James  G-rover,  who,  with  Baxter  and 
Hubbard,  had  hoisted  the  English  colors  at  Grrayesend  the 
year  before.  To  public  treason  Baxter  now  added  private 
dishonesty.  Besides  otiier  debts,  he  owed  two  hundred 
guilders  to  the  poor  fund ;  and  his  cattle  were  under  seiz- 
ure. These  he  secretly  removed  at  night.  His  defrauded 
creditors  became  clamorous;  his  farm  and  other  efifects 

Bmpaa  to  Were  scizcd  in  execution ;  and  the  bankrupt  traitor  fled  to 

gland.  *  New  England  to  work  all  the  mischief  he  could  against 
New  Netherland.* 

On  ihe  South  River  the  Swedes  remained  generally  ley- 
al ;  though  some  of  them,  found  plotting  with  the  savagea, 
were  ordered  to  be  sent  to  Fort  Amsterdam,  and  such  aa 
would  not  take  the  oath  of  allegiance  to  be  transported. 

swediah    Early  in  the  spring,  the  Mercury,  a  ship  which  had  been 

801S11  Riv-  dispatched  from  Sweden,  with  one  hundred  and  thirty  em- 
igrants, before  news  of  the  surrender  had  been  rec«ved, 
arrived  at  Port  Casimfar ;  and  Stuyvesant,  on  learning  the 

»  Maroh.  circumstauces,  directed  Jacquet  to  prevent  tfie  landing  of 
the  Swedes,  but  to  allow  the  Mercury  to  come  to  Manhat- 
tan for  a  supply  of  provisions.     Huygh,  the  Swedish  cap- 

11  kprik  tain,  then  proceeded  overland  to  New  Amsterdam,  and  laid 
hie  case  before  the  director.  But  Stuyvesant  would  allow 
no  foreigners  to  settle  themselves  on  the  South  River;  and 

19  April,  a  messenger  was  dispatched  thither  with  directions  to  send 
the  Swedish  ship  to  Fort  Amsterdam.  Meanwhile,  sev- 
eral Swedes  and  Indians,  headed  by  Pappegoya,  had  board- 
ed the  Mercury  and  ccmveyed  her  up  the  river  as  far  as 
Mantes  Hook.     The  rumor  soon  reaching  New  Amster- 

t7  April,    dam.  Ensign  Dirck  Smit  was  sent  with  a  re-enforoement 

*  Alb.  Rm.,  It.,  900 ;  ▼.,  S67 ;  x.,  180,  984,  309 ;  xi.,  IK,  189,  300 ;  xil.,  S31 ;  Hoi.  Doe., 
Ix.,  16S, ;  0*Call.,  ii.,  843 ;  anU,  p.  597. 


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P£TER  STUYVESAMT,  DIRBCTOR  GENERAL.  621 

cf  twelve  or  fifteen  scddiers  acrofis  the  oountry  to  the  South  oh.  zvia 
Biyer ;  and  a  few  days  afterward,  the  ship  Balanoe  was 
dispatehed,  with  two  members  of  the  council  and  thegrongiiit^ 
Swedish  captain,  to  secure  the  veasel,  and  '< soothe  the  an- 1^^ 
imosities  between  the  Christians  and  the  savages."     The^^''*^' 
Mercury  was  soon  recovered  and  anchored  befofe  Fort  Am- 
sterdam, whence,  after  her  cargo  had  been  sold,  she  return- 
ed to  Sweden.* 

The  States  G-eneral,  hearing  of  the  arrival  in  England 
of  the  Swedish  soldiers  whom  Stuyvesant  had  sent  home, 
onlered  the  Amsterdam  directors  to  inform  them  fiilly  of  ^ju. 
tho  circumstances.     A  few  days  afterward,  the  company 
submitted  a  long  '^  deduction,"  with  voluminous  appendi-94Jaa. 
oes,  explaining  all  the  proceedings  on  the  South  River  from 
the  year  1638 ;  and  soliciting  help  to  secure  them  in  pos- 
aession  of  their  recovered  territory.    These  documents  were  38  Ju. 
referred  to  a  committee  of  their  High  Mightinesses,  in  se- 
erei  sassion.t 

Having  at  last  received  a  copy  of  the  Hartford  treaty,  the  3s  Feb. 
Amsterdam  Chamber  applied  to  the  States  G-eneral  to  rati-  tion  oTotB 
fy  it  on  their  part,  and  thus  promote  the  settlement  of  the  treaty, 
long-delayed  boundary  question.     A  formal  act  was  there- 
fore passed,  under  the  seal  of  their  High  Mightinesses,  ap- 
proving and  ratifying  the  arrangement ;  and  the  West  In- 
dia Company  was  at  the  same  time  dnreoted  <'to  take  care 
that  the  like  act  of  ratification  of  the  said  articles  be  ob- 
tained of  the  Lord  Protector  of  England."    But  this  injunc- 
tion seems  never  to  have  been  fulfilled ;  and  the  affair  re- 
mained thus  in  suspense  until  the  restoration  of  Charles  H^ 

Intelligence  of  die  conquest  of  New  Sweden  now  reach- 
ing Stockholm,  the  king  directed  his  resident  at  the  Hague 
to  bring  the  subject  before  the  Dutch  government.     Ap- 

•  AU>.  Itee.,  X.,  851-184, 41 1-4S1 ;  xi.,  3S»-«74, 483 :  xiH.,  1-7, 374 ;  Lond.  Doc.,  It.,  m ; 
N.  Y.  Col.  Rec,  UU,  343 ;  S.  Uaurd,  Ann.  Penn.,  SU-310:  Aereliut,  419. 

t  not.  Doc,  Tiii.,  1-1 17.  Appended  to  these  papers,  as  they  exist  in  the  archives  at  the 
BafiM,  !•  a  ODpy  of  an  engraved  map  of  New  Netbeiland,  publlabed  just  before  at  Am- 
•teplam,  entitled  **  Notri  Belgn^  Nova  qw  AngUa,  nee  9on  partu  Vjrgma  TtUmlOf  rmiUu 
fc  locu  tmmdoUi^  d  Ifieolao  Jomma  Vitschero.** 

I  Alb.  Rae.,  It.,  SOT;  Hoi.  PM.,  riii.,  110-189;  Ix.,  98,  09;  x.,  15;  Thnrloe,  It.,  586; 
Letters  of  De  Witt,  Ui.,  198 ;  Haaard,  ii.,  549 ;  Oroot  Ptaoaatbook,  ii.,  1878 ;  Lambreete- 
•en,  106  {  MKe,  p.  580, 545 ;  post  pi  065. 


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623  HISTORY  OP  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

ch.  xvin.  pelboom  aoeotdin^y  presented  a  menKNrial  setting  forth  the 
right  of  the  Swedes  on  the  South  River,  "optimo  titolo 
ttMareiL*  j^^"^)"  ^^^  F&yu%  that  the  injuries  whioh  they  had  suf- 
^ISr^   fered  from  the  West  India  Company  might  be  redressed, 
^i^Jfat  Sweden,  however,  was  now  at  war  with  Poland ;  Oxen- 
uie  Hagae.  gtiema  was  no  more ;  and  the  throne  of  the  viotorions  G-us- 
tavus  was  filled  by  the  less  fortunate  Charles  the  Tenth. 
The  oomplaints  of  Sweden,  though  renewed  during  eight 
years,  never  moved  the  government  at  the  Hague.     But 
the  Swedish  colonists  remained  on  the  shores  of  the  Dela- 
ware ;  at  Stockholm  they  were  remembered  with  affection- 
ate regard;  and  in  the  New  World  where  they  had  chosen 
their  home,  a  part  of  their  descendants  '^  still  preserve  their 
altar  and  their  dwellings  round  the  graves  of  their  fathers.""*^ 
13  May.         The  Wcst  India  Company  now  sent  directions,  to  Stuy- 
edto  bo  *  vesant  to  build  a  fort  at  Oyster  Bay,  and  maintain  by  foroe 
oyater      of  arms,  if  necessary,  the  integrity  of  the  Dutch  province, 
the  boundaries  of  which  had  just  been  formally  confirmed 
by  the  States  G-eneral.     "We  do  not  hesitate,"  they  add- 
ed, "  to  approve  of  your  expedition  on  the  South  River,  and 
its  happy  termination,  while  it  agrees  in  substance  with 
our  orders.     We  should  not  have  been  displeased,  however, 
if  such  a  formal  capitulation  for  the  surrender  of  the  foria 
had  not  taken  place,  but  that  the  whole  business  had  been 
transacted  in  a  manner  similar  to  t«hat  of  which  the  Swedes 
set  us  an  example  when  they  made  themselves  masters  of 
Fort  Casimir."t 
13  May.         At  the  same  time,  the  company,  yielding  to  the  "reit- 
hoTen  m-  crated  complaints"  of  the  people  of  New  Netherland,gave 
orders  to  Stuyvesant  no  longer  to  employ  eitiier  Cornells 
van  Tienhoven  or  his  brother  Adriaen  in  the  public  serv- 
ice.    The  schout^fiscal  was  declared  to  be  "  the  prominent 
cause  of  that  doleful  massacre"  the  previous  autunm,  and 
his  brother  was  detected  in  fraud  as  receiver  general.    Ni- 
no suieaincasius  de  Sille  was  appointed  schout-fiscal  of  the  province, 
hia^puoe^  &nd  Dc  Dccker  confirmed  as  commissary  at  Fort  Orange. 

*  Hoi.  Doe.,yiU.,  130-135;  x.,  »-41 ;  Lettera  of  Do  Witt,  L,  976;  ili.,  tOl,  «tt;  Tlnir- 
loo,  iT.,  6M,  013 ;  Aitxoma,  Hi.,  1360;  t.,  347 ;  Hoi.  Mor.,  1656,  p.  30;  0*Can.,  U.,  337, 
573 ;  Bancroft,  U.,  397, 906.       t  Alb.  Ro^,  W.,  904-907 ;  S.  Hacard,  Ann.  Fenn.,  909. 


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PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  623 

Hearing  of  Van  Tienhoven's  disgrace,  the  burgomasters  ch.  xviii. 
and  schepens  of  New  Amsterdam  petitioned  Stuyvesant  to 
appoint "  an  intelligent  and  expert"  person  from  among  the  ^  j,,y  * 
citizens  as  schout  of  the  city.     The  director,  however,  re-  ^JJ^jJiJ*' 
ferring  to  the  company's  instructions,  declined;  and  De*"^*- 
Sille,  the  new  provincial  fiscal,  was  commissioned  as  city  20  June. 
schout.     In  the  following  autunm,  the  municipal  govern^  7  Nov. 
ment  again  applied  to  the  Amsterdam  Chamber  for  further 
privileges.    Stuyvesant  himself,  however,  now  saw  the  ne- 
cessity of  some  change,  and  the  burgomasters  and  sche- 
pens were  allowed  an  enlarged  criminal  jurisdiction,  in  si  Dec. 
oases  of  "minor  degree."     New  police  regulations  were 
adopted ;  and,  for  fear  of  the  savages,  a  patrol  was  estab- 
lished during  divine  service.     The  number  of  children  atpabuc 
the  public  school  having  greatly  increased,  further  accom-  ^ 
modation  was  allowed  to  Harman  van  Hoboken  the  school- 
master.    A  survey  of  the  city,  made  by  Captain  De  Ko-  smrey  ird 
ninck  at  the  request  of  the  authorities,  showed  that  there  or  ihe  me- 
were,  at  this  time,  one  hundred  and  twenty  houses  and 
one  thousand  souls  in  New  Amsterdam."*^ 

Opposition  to  the  excise  at  Beverwyck  continuing,  De  13  May 
Decker  was  ordered  to  arrest  such  of  the  tapsters  as  refus-  sever- 

wyck. 

ed  to  pay,  and  convey  them  to  New  Amsterdam.     One  of 
them  was  accordingly  lodged  in  Fort  Orange  until  the  sloop  24  Hay. 
should  be  ready  to  sail.     The  prisoner  escaping,  however, 
fled  to  the  patroon's  house ;  and  Yan  Rensselaer,  going 
down  to  the  capital,  protested  against  Stuyvesant's  exac- 
tions.    The  West  India  Company  had  not  fulfilled  its  ob-  20  June. 
ligation  to  protect  the  inhabitants.     On  the  contrary,  the  wiLr  p!t' 
colonists  had  thrice  come  to  the  assistance  of  the  compa-  stuyve- 
ny's  officers ;  once  during  the  French  and  Indian  war, 
again  in  the  troubles  with  New  England,  and  lately  dur- 
ing the  outbreak  of  the  savages  around  Manhattan.     The 
colonic  had  always  been  the  first  to  purchase  the  friend- 
ship of  the  Indians,  and  its  proprietors  had  borne  all  the 

*  Alb.  Rec.,  iv.,  200,  218 ;  xi.,  424 ;  xiU.,  268,  802-319 ;  xt.,  166 ;  New  Amat.  Rec.,  \i., 
341 ,  363,  377.  433, 467-488, 640, 600 ;  0*CaU.,  11.,  322,  MO.  Van  Tienhovaa  and  lUa  braCb- 
er  aoon  afterward  absconded  (Vom  the  proTinoe.  Ttiere  waa  formerly  a  street  ontaido  of 
the  wall,  known  as  '*  Tienhoven's"  street ;  but  the  name  It  now  extinct. 


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624  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

ca.  xvm.  expense  of  ministers  and  officers  of  justioe.     It  was,  there- 
fore,  unjust  for  the  oompany  to  appropriate  the  excise  and 
17  June. '  demand  tithes.      Stuyvesant,  however,  pronounced  Van 
Rensselaer's  protest  to  be  ^^  frivolous,^'  and  fined  him  twen- 
ty guilders  for  making  such  ^^  absurd  assertions."    By  the 
eighteenth  article  of  the  "  Freedoms  and  Exemptions"  of 
1629,  the  patroon's  colonists,  after  ten  years,  were  as  much 
bound  as  the  other  inhabitants  of  New  Netherland  to  con- 
Rensseiaer  tribute  to  the  public  rcvenue.     As  Van  Rensselaer  him- 
ordei^to  sdf  was  the  instiffator  of  the  opposition  of  the  "  contuma- 
cious  tapsters,"  he  was  ordered  to  give  a  bond  m  three 
thousand  guilders  for  their  appearance  at  New  Amsterdam, 
or  else  remain  there  himself  under  civil  arrest. 
•  JnJj.  A  proclamation  was  soon  afterward  issued,  forbidding 

the  removal  of  crops  in  any  town  or  colonic  within  the  prov- 
ince until  the  company's  tithes  had  been  paid.  The  an- 
thorities  of  Rensselaerswyok  refused  to  publish  this  pla- 
card ;  but  the  tapsters  were  sent  down  to  New  Amsterdam. 
7  AQgnst.  They  pleaded  that  they  had  acted  under  ihe  orders  of  their 
oooTicted.  feudal  superiors.  This  defense,  however,  was  overruled ; 
and  one  was  fined  two  hundred  pounds,  and  the  other  eight 
hundred  guilders. 

Measures  had  been  taken,  in  the  mean  time,  to  build  a 
new  church  at  Beverwyck,  in  place  of  the  small  one  which 
had  been  used  since  1643.  The  court  at  Fort  Orange  ap- 
propriated fifteen  hundred  guilders,  and  the  proprietors  of 
Rensselaerswyok  subscribed  one  thousand.  A  site  was 
chosen  in  middle  of  the  highway,  at  the  intersectiwi  of 
what  were  long  known  as  Yonker's  and  Handelaar's  Streets, 
New  and  afterward  as  State  and  Market  Streets.  The  corner- 
BeTer-  stouc  was  laid,  in  the  presence  of  the  authorities  and  the 
tJine.  inhabitants,  with  appropriate  ceremony,  by  Rutger  Jacob- 
sen,  one  of  the  oldest  magistrates  of  ihe  colonic.  The 
work  went  rapidly  on;  and  the  inhabitants  subscribed 
twenty-five  beavers,  worth  about  two  hundred  guilders,  to 
purchase  an  oaken  pulpit  in  Holland.  The  Amsterdam 
Chamber  added  seventy-five  guilders  to  this  subscription ; 
and,  the  next  year,  presented  Domine  Schaats  and  his  ccm- 


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PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  625 

gregation  with  a  bell  '^  to  adorn  their  newly-constructed  ck.  xviii. 
little  church."  "7717" 

De  Decker,  being  about  to  return  to  HoUand,  now  re- 
signed his  office  as  vice-director  at  Fort  Orange.    La  Hon-  28  sepi. 
tagne,  one  of  the  provincial  council,  was  appointed  as  his  logne  riec- 
successor,  and  Johannes  Provoost  was  made  secretary.  Fon  or- 
The  vice-director  lived  in  a  two-storied  house  within  the 
fort,  the  upper  floor  of  which  was  used  as  a  court  room. 
One  of  the  most  important  duties  of  the  provincial  officers 
was  the  oversight  of  the  large  fur  trade  which  was  now  Fur  trade, 
concentrated  at  Fort  Orange,  from  which  post,  and  from 
its  neighborhood,  upward  of  thirty-five  thousand  beaver 
and  otter  skins  were  exported  during  the  year  1656.* 

Upon  receiving  the  official  ratification  of  the  Hartford  22  August, 
treaty  by  his  government,  Stuy vesant  wrote  to  the  com-  co'iSes^nd- 
missioners  of  the  United  Colonies,  expressing  his  joy  at  the  New  En- 
peace  between  Holland  and  Englemd ;  renewing  his  prop-  *  "^ ' 
osition  for  a  union  and  combination  between  the  Dutch 
and  English  colonies ;  asking  for  the  appointment  of  a  time 
and  place  to  exchange  the  ratifications ;  and  urging  that 
the  New  England  governments  should  detain  "all  persons 
of  no  note  or  qualification,"  coming  from  New  Netherland 
without  a  proper  passport,  and  promising  to  do  the  like  in 
return.     The  commissioners  replied  that  they  desired  the  ^  Sept. 
continuance  of  peace ;  expressed  no  wish  for  a  "  nearer 
union ;"  passed  the  boundary  question  by,  with  an  insinu- 
ation that  the  Dutch  had  no  right  to  claim  jurisdiction  over 
**the  English  plantation  at  Oyster  Bay;"  complained  of 
Stuy  vesant's  treatment  of  John  Young  of  Southold,  "  when 

*  Alb.  Records,  It.,  233,  239,  268;  x.,  08;  xi.,  400-499;  xili.,  72,  221-883;  XTlii.,  83; 
ReiiHH.  MSS. ;  Fort  Orange  Rec. ;  Let.  ofDominc  Scliaata,  26tb  June,  1657;  O'Call.,  11., 
307-310 ;  Munseirs  Alb.  Reg.,  1849 ;  on/e,  p.  375, 538, 539.  The  site  ofthls  church,  in  which 
Schaats  ministered  for  many  years,  was,  until  within  a  short  time  ago,  partly  inclosed 
hy  an  iron  railing  in  the  centre  of  the  street,  in  Ot>nt  of  the  Albany  Exshange.  In  1715,  a 
new  church  was  erected  around  the  walls  of  the  one  built  in  1656,  so  that  public  wor^ 
ship  was  suspended  only  three  Sundays.  In  the  windows  of  this  new  church  were  in- 
serted panes  of  glass,  on  which  were  painted  the  coats  of  arms  of  most  of  the  old  Dutch 
families  of  Albany.  There  they  remained  until  the  church  was  demolished  in  1806.  The 
old  octagonal  oalc  pulpit  is  now  in  the  attic  of  the  North  Dutch  church ;  and  a  nragment 
of  the  little  bell,  which  bears  the  inscription  **  Anno  1601,''  is  still  preserred.  Margaret, 
one  of  the  daughters  of  Rutger  Jacobsen,  who  laid  the  corner-stone  of  the  church  of  1656, 
was  married  in  1667  to  Jan  Jansen  Bleecker,  who  emigrated  from  Meppel  in  1658,  and 
who  was  the  ancestor  of  the  Bleeclter  family  in  this  state. 

Rr 


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626  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

ch.  xyui.  he  oame  peaceably  to  trade  at  the  Manhattoes ;"  and  ended 
their  repulsive  letter  by  declaring  that  the  Dutch  "as  yet 
*^  •  have  made  no  satisfying  resignation  of  G-reenwich."* 
94  October.      The  Luthcraus  at  Nevr  Amsterdam  now  informed  the 
at  New  "  director  that  their  friends  in  Holland  had  obtained  from 
dam.  ^'     the  West  India  Company  a  promise  that  there  should  be 
the  same  toleration  in  New  Netherland  "  as  is  the  practice 
in  the  Fatherland  under  its  estimable  government ;"  and 
as  they  expected  a  clergyman  to  arrive  the  next  spring 
from  Holland,  they  hoped  they  should  no  longer  be  inter- 
rupted in  their  religious  exercises.     The  petition  was  con- 
sidered in  council,  and  it  was  determined  to  ask,  by  the 
next  vessel,  the  "  further  interpretation"  of  the  West  In- 
dia  Company.     In  the  mean  time,  however,  the  ordinance 
against  public  conventicles  must  be  executed. 

At  Flushing,  where  the  people  had  been  for  some  time 
without  any  ordained  clergyman,  the  ordinance  was  severe- 
ly enforced.    William  Wickendam,  "  a  cobbler  from  Rhode 
Island,"  coming  there,  began  to  preach,  and  "  went  with 
the  people  into  the  river  and  dipped  them."     This  soon 
oame  to  the  director's  ears,  with  the  additional  intelligence 
that  William  Hallett,  the  sheriff,  had  "dared  to  collect 
conventicles  in  his  house,"  and  had  permitted  Wickendam 
to  preach  and  administer  sacraments,  "  though  not  called 
8  Nov.       thereto  by  any  civil  or  ecclesiastical  authority."     Hallett 
enforced    was  therefore  removed  from  office,  and  sentenced  to  a  fine 
Baptivu  at  of  fifty  pouuds,  or,  in  default  of  payment,  to  be  banished. 
Wickendam  was  fined  one  hundred  pounds,  and  ordered  to 
be  banished.     As  he  was  poor,  and  had  a  family,  the  fine 
was  remitted ;  but  he  was  obliged  to  leave  the  provinoe.t 
29  Dec.  The  English  settlers  at  West  Chester  havinc:  sent  to 

Affairs  tt  °  ,       1  ,  .         .  -  T^ 

ooai-dorp.  New  Amsterdam  a  double  nomination  of  magistrates  for 
the  next  year.  Captain  Newton,  Secretary  Van  Ruyven,  and 
Commissary  Van  Brugge  were  directed  to  go  there  and  ad- 
minister the  oath  of  office  to  the  three  persons  selected,  and 
the  oath  of  allegiance  to  the  actual  inhabitants.     Embark- 

*  Hazard,  ii.,  36»-365 ;  Hntebinson,  i.,  189 ;  Trumboll,  i ,  9S8,  SS9. 
t  Alb.  Rec.,  xltt.,  140,  974-9n ;  Cor.  Claa^B  Amsterdam ;  0*CaU.,  il.,  3S0,  391 ;  Doc 
Hist.  N.  Y.,  iii.,  100. 


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PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  637 

ing  early  in  the  morning  in  an  open  boat,  the  commission-  ch.  xyul 
ers  passed  safely  "through  Hell-gate,  and  by  the  fast-an-     ~ 
chored  Brothers,  to  the  kill  in  front  of  Oost-dorp."    It  was  3^  p^  * 
late  on  Saturday  evening  when  they  arrived ;  and  as  they 
wished  to  return  to  New  Amsterdam  the  next  day,  they 
asked  that  the  inhabitants  might  be  summoned  to  meet 
early  in  the  morning.     But  the  Puritan  settlers  "  were  in 
no  way  so  inclined ;"  and  the  commissioners  were  obliged 
to  tarry  over  Sunday.     Secretary  Van  Ruyven,  attending  si  Dec 
service,  found  a  gathering  of  about  fifteen  men  and  twelve 
women.     There  was  no  clergyman.     "  Mr.  Baly  made  a 
prayer,  which  being  concluded,  one  Robert  Bassett  read  a 
sermon  from  a  printed  book  composed  and  published  by  an 
English  minister  in  England.    After  the  reading,  Mr.  Baly 
made  another  prayer,  and  they  sung  a  psalm  and  separa- 
ted."    The  next  day  the  new  magistrates  were  sworn  in,   1657. 
and  most  of  the  inhabitants  took  the  oath  of  allegiance,  dur-  ^  ^^' 
ing  their  residence  in  the  province.    On  their  return  to  New 
Amsterdam,  the  commissioners  submitted  a  report  to  the 
council,  embracing  several  points  in  which  the  English  set- 
tlers felt  aggrieved ;  and  a  dozen  muskets  and  a  quantity  3  Jan. 
of  ammunition  were  sent  to  Oost-dorp,  as  the  savages  wereiowSto 
becoming  insolent,  because  the  inhabitants  having  submit-  iunu). 
ted  to  the  pro\dncial  government.  Pell,  who  had  purchased 
the  land  from  them,  required  that  they  should  either  re- 
turn his  money,  or  "  free  him  from  the  Dutch  nation."* 

For  a  long  time,  as  we  have  already  seen,  the  cities  of 
Holland  had  possessed  certain  municipal  privileges,  and 
their  burghers  had  enjoyed  certain  peculiar  rights.     In 
1652,  a  modification  of  the  old  system  was  adopted  at  Great  and 
Amsterdam;  and  its  burghers  were  divided  into  the  twob^her- 
classes  of ''  Great"  and  "  Small."    All  those  who  paid  five  Amatcr'- 
hundred  guilders  were  enrolled  as  Great  burghers.    They  ***"^ 
had  the  monopoly  of  all  offices,  and  were  exempted  from 
attainder  and  confiscation  of  goods.     The  Small  burgh- 
ers paid  only  fifty  guilders,  and  had  only  the  freedom 

*  Alb.  Ree..  xv.,  8 ;  Doc  Hist.  N.  Y.,  Ui.,  9Sm»0 ;  O'CaU.,  U.,  315, 310;  Boltoo's  Waat 
Cbester,  ii.,  161. 


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628  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

cr.  xvm.  of  trade  and  the  privilege  of  beooming  members  of  the 

T^  guilds* 

This  example  was  soon  followed  in  New  Amsterdam. 
Its  inhabitants,  while  they  welcomed  all  who  came  in- 
tending to  make  New  Netherland  their  permanent  home, 
were  exceedingly  jealous  of  itinerant  traders ;  and  it  had 
become  the  established  law  that  those  who  wished  to  en- 
gage in  commerce  must  keep  "  fire  and  light''  in  the  j^ov- 
ince.  Manhattan,  too,  had  been  declared,  in  the  charter 
of  Freedoms,  to  be  the  emporium  of  New  Netherland,  and 
had  been  invested  with  the  important  privilege  of  "sta- 
ple right."  The  residents,  however,  found  that  their  me- 
tropolitan immunities  were  constantly  infringed ;  and  ev- 
ery year  larger  numbers  of  '*  Scotchmen,"  or  peddlers,  came 
over,  who,  proceeding  at  once  into  the  interior,  finished 
thenr  trade,  and  returned  to  Europe  without  contributing 
M  Jan.  any  thins:  to  the  advantafi:e  of  the  country.  The  burfi^omas- 
the  author-  tcrs  and  schcpcns  of  New  Amsterdam,  therefore,  address- 
New  Am-  ed  a  petition  to  the  director,  settini?  forth  these  circum- 

steidam  for  *^  .  . 

iniifher  stauccs,  and  asking  that,  in  consideration  of  the  burdens 
which  the  citizens  were  obliged  to  bear,  and  the  loyalty 
they  had  always  exhibited,  they  should  be  fiavored  with 
"  some  privileges."  As  the  "burgher  right"  was  "<Mie  of 
the  most  important  privileges  in  a  well-governed  city,"  they 
prayed  that  no  persons  except  city  burghers  should  be  al- 
lowed to  carry  on  business  in  the  capital,  and  none  but 
"  settled  residents"  to  trade  in  "  any  quarter  hereabout, 
without  this  place." 
30  Jan.  The  provincial  government  considering  the  petition  fa- 

of  Great     vorably,  ordained  that  "  the  arriving  traders,"  before  sell- 

and  Small 

bnrgher-  ing  their  goods,  should  "  set  up  and  keep  an  open  store 
within  the  gates  and  walls"  of  New  Amsterdam,  and  ob- 
tain from  the  burgomasters  and  schepens  the  Common  or 
Small  burgher-right ;  for  which  they  should  pay  twenty 
guilders  to  the  support  of  the  city.  *'  In  conformity  to  the 
laudable  custom  of  the  city  of  Amsterdam  in  Europe,"  a 

*  Wagenaar's  Amsterdam,  i.,  583 ;  lU.,  141-101 ;  ante,  p.  4S3.    This  distinetiTB  sjs- 
taoi,  howerer,  not  working  well,  was  abolished  in  1668. 


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PETEB  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  629 

Great  burgher-right  was  also  established,  "  for  which  those  ch.  xvm. 
who  may  request  to  be  therein  shall  pay  fifty  guilders.    All "~" 
such,  and  such  only,  shall  hereafter  be  qualified  to  fill  all  ^*^*^' 
the  city  offices  and  dignities ;  II.,  be  exempt  for  one  year 
and  six  weeks  from  watches  and  expeditions ;  and.  III.,  be 
free  in  their  proper  persons  from  arrest  by  any  subcdtem 
court  or  judicial  benches  of  this  province."    At  the  request 
of  the  municipal  authorities,  the  present  and  future  bur- s  Feb. 
gomasters  and  schepens,  and  the  director,  counselors,  cler-aon^  ^'" 
gymen,  and  military  officers,  with  their  male  descendants, 
were  declared  to  belong  to  the  class  of  Great  burghers,  oreat 
The  class  of  Small  burghers  was  to  include  all  natives  and  smaii 

°  burgh  rn 

all  who  had  resided  in  the  city  a  year  and  six  weeks,  all 
who  had  married  or  should  marry  the  daughters  of  burgh- 
ers, all  who  kept  stores  or  did  business  within  the  city,  and 
all  salaried  officers  of  the  company.  Thus  absurdly  imi- 
tating an  invidious  policy,  which  the  mother  city  was  soon 
obliged  to  abandon,  Stuy  vesant  attempted  to  establish  in 
New  Amsterdam  that  most  offensive  of  all  distinctions,  an 
aristocracy  founded  on  mere  wealth.* 

In  the  mean  time,  the  West  India  Company,  embarrass- 
ed by  its  losses  in  Brazil  and  Guinea,  and  heavily  in  debt 
to  the  city  of  Amsterdam  for  the  aid  which  it  had  afibrded  1656. 
in  fitting  out  the  South  River  expedition,  had  offered  tooi^k 
transfer  to  its  burgomasters  and  schepens  Fort  Casimir  and  t£  south 
the  lands  in  its  neighborhood,  where  the  city  might  estab-  eity?r a)^ 
l\sh  a  colony.     The  proposition  was  received  with  favor,  3  u^xch. 
as  soon  as  the  States  General  had  ratified  the  Hartford 
treaty.     Beside  the  hope  of  more  effectually  securing  the 
Dutch  possession  of  New  Netherland,  a  nobler  motive  was 
presented.     Hundreds  of  Waldenses,  escaping  from  the 
persecutions  of  the  Duke  of  Savoy,  had  fled  for  refuge  to 
Amsterdam.      There  they  were  cordially  received ;   and 
the  city  government,  not  content  with  giving  them  anMHaieh. 
asylum,  liberally  appropriated  large  sums  from  its  treas-sojono. 
ury  for  their  support.     With  such  materials,  the  city  of 

*  New  Amflt.  Ree.,  il.,  704,  7S»-7S4,  741-745 ;  Ui.,  MT-STS  ;  Alb.  Roe.,  tU.»  389-301 ; 
XV.,  54  •  anUy  p.  194,  943,  480.    S«e  alM  Kent's  CUy  Charters,  243-S4fl. 


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630  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

ch.  XVIII.  Amsterdam  now  undertook  to  found  a  colony  of  its  own  in 
New  Netherland.* 

12  j^  ^  agreement  was  soon  made,  by  which,  for  the  sum  of 

seven  hundred  thousand  guilders,  the  company  transferred 
to  the  city  of  Amsterdam  all  the  Dutch  territory  on  the 
South  River,  fix)m  the  west  side  of  Christina  Kill  to  the 
"  Boomtje's  Hook,"  now  corrupted  into  **  Bombay  Hook," 

city'acoi-  at  the    mouth  of  the  river.      This   region  was   named 

Amstei.  "  Nieuwer-Amstel,"  after  one  of  the  suburbs  belonging  to 
the  city,  between  the  River  Amstei  and  the  Haerlem  Sea. 
Six  commissaries  were  appointed  by  the  burgomasters  to 
manage  the  colony,  who  were  "to  sit  and  hold  their  meet- 
ings at  the  West  India  House  on  Tuesdays  and  Thurs- 

GmiditioM. days."  A  set  of  "conditions"  was  drawn  up,  offering  a 
free  passaige  to  colonists,  lands  on  the  river  side  for  their 
residence,  and  provisions  and  clothing  for  one  year.  The 
city  engaged  to  send  out  "  a  proper  person  for  a  schoolmas- 
ter, who  shall  also  read  the  holy  Scriptures  in  public  and 
set  the  Psalms."  The  municipal  government  was  to  be 
regulated  "  in  the  same  manner  as  here  in  Amsterdam." 
.  The  colonists  were  to  be  exempted  from  taxation  for  ten 
years  ;  after  that  time  they  should  not  "  be  taxed  higher 
than  those  who  are  taxed  lowest  in  any  other  district  un- 
der the  government  of  the  West  India  Company  in  New 
Netherland."  Specific  regulations  were  adopted  with  re- 
spect to  trade;  and  besides  the  recognitions  payable  to  the 
West  India  Company  on  goods  exported  from  Holland,  four 
per  centum  was  to  be  paid  in  New  Netherland.t 

i6Angiu«.  All  these  arrangements  were  ratified  and  confirmed  by 
the  States  G-eneral,  upon  condition  that  a  church  should 
be  organized  and  a  clergyman  established  as  soon  as  there 
were  two  hundred  inhabitants  in  the  colony.     Prepara- 

*  Hoi.  Doc.,  XT.,  1, 2, 117, 118, 191 ;  Commelin^s  Amsterdam,  115-117 ;  Wagenaar's  Am- 
sterdam, i.,  594 ;  Lambrechtsen,  63-^ ;  Report  of  Mr.  Sidney  Lawrence  to  the  Senate  of 
New  York,  3d  Febmary,  1844,  Sen.  Doc.,  No.  49,  page  6. 

t  These  "  conditions''  are  i^ipended  to  the  second  edition  of  Van  der  Dmick's  Descrip- 
tion of  New  Netherland,  which  was  published  this  year;  on/e,  p.  561,  note.  Transla- 
tions are  in  Hazard,  ii.,  543 ;  i.,  N.  Y.  H.  S.  Coll.,  i.,  S91 ;  ii.,  1, 238 ;  O'CaU.,  ii.,  328.  Ab- 
stracts are  in  S.  Hazard,  Ann.  Penn.,  220 ;  Dnnlap,  il.,  Appendix,  xii.  Dmilap  errs  in 
dating  them  in  1633,  and  in  making  them  refbr  to  New  Amsterdam. 


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PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  631 

tions  were  immediately  made  to  organize  the  colony,  of  cb.  xviu 
which  Jacob  Alrichs,  an  uncle  of  Beck,  the  vice-director 
at  Curaqoa,  was  appointed  director.     Martin  Kregier,  of  j^^  ^i- 
New  Amsterdam,  upon  Stuyvesant's  "good  report,"  wasj*^^,*' 
commissioned  as  captain  of  a  company  of  sixty  soldiers,  *  '^• 
and  Alexander  d'Hinoyossa,  who  had  formerly  served  in 
Brazil,  was  made  lieutenant.     Ordinances  were  also  pass-  9  Pec. 
ed  requiring  the  colonists  to  take  an  oath  of  allegiance  to 
the  States  General,  the  burgomasters  of  Amsterdam,  and 
the  director  and  council  of  New  Netherland,  and  likewise 
to  promise  faithfully  to  observe  the  articles  which  defined 
their  duties  and  obligations  to  the  city.     These,  among 
other  things,  required  them  to  remain  four  years  at  New 
Amstel,  unless  they  gave  satisfactory  reasons  for  leaving, 
or  repaid,  within  the  proper  time,  the  expenses  incurred  on 
their  account. 

The  West  India  Company  informed  Stuy vesant  of  all  i»  d«c. 
these  arrangements,  and  instructed  him  to  transfer  the  ter-  inttme-'  ^ 
ritory  which  the  city  had  purchased  to  Alrichs  on  his  ar-  stuyve- 
rival  in  New  Netherland.     At  Forts  Christina  and  New 
Gottenburg,  "  now  called  by  us  Altona  and  the  island  of 
Kattenberg,"  he  was  to  maintain  for  the  present  a  small 
garrison.     "  The  confidence  which  we  feel,"  they  added, 
"  about  the  success  and  increase  of  this  new  colony,  and 
of  which  we  hope  to  see  some  prominent  features  next 
spring,  when  to  all  appe€urance  large  numbers  of  the  exiled 
Waldenses,  who  shall  be  warned,  will  flock  thither  as  to  an  waidcn- 
asylum,  induces  us  to  send  you  orders  to  endeavor  to  pur- 
chase, before  it  can  be  accomplished  by  any  other  nation, 
all  that  tract  of  land  situated  between  the  South  River  and 
the  Hook  of  the  North  River,  to  provide  establishments  for 
these  emigrants."* 

About  one  hundred  and  sixty-seven  colonists  embarked  95  Dec 
in  three  vessels — ^the  Prince  Maurice,  the  Bear,  and  theu^ofwi- 
Flower  of  Guelder — and  set  sail  from  the  Texel  on  Christ-  ** 
mas-day.     Evert  Pietersen,  who  had  passed  a  good  exam- 

*  Hoi.  Doc.,  yUI.,  138-177;  XT..fl-10»  119, 121, 184,  lW-903;  Alb.  Ree.,  It.,  MS ;  xtIII., 
400 ;  S.  Haurd,  Ann.  Peon.,  3S3, 235,  226 ;  LunbieolitMii,  649. 


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632  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

ch.  xviu.ination  before  the  Classis,  acoompanied  the  emigrants  as 

~~ schoolmaster  and  Zieken-trooster,  "to  read  Grod's  word 

and  lead  in  singing,"  until  the  arrival  of  a  clergyman.    A 

storm  separated  the  squadron ;  and,  after  a  long  voyage, 

the  Prince  Maurice,  with  Alrichs,  Kregier,  D'Hinoyossa, 

Van  Sweringen  the  supercargo,  and  most  of  liie  emigrants 

1657.  on  board,  struck  about  midnight  on  the  south  coast  of 

lupnck  Long  Island,  at  a  place  c«dled  "  Sicktewacky,"  or  Secon- 

wtndl'    tague,  near  Fire  Island  Inlet.    The  next  morning,  the  crew 

9  March.    ^^^  passcugcrs  cscapcd  through  the  ice  to  a  barren  shore, 

"  without  weeds,  grass,  or  timber  of  any  sort  to  make  a 

fire."    The  shipwrecked  emigrants  were  visited  before  long 

12  March,  by  somc  of  the  neighboring  Indians,  by  whom  Alrichs  sent 

a  letter  to  Stuyvesant  imploring  help. 

Yachts  were  immediately  dispatched  from  New  Amster- 
dam, and  the  director  went  in  person  to  the  scene  of  the  dis- 
30  HudL  aster.     The  emigrants  and  most  of  the  cargo  were  brought 
in  safety  to  New  Amsterdam,  where  the  other  vessels  had 

13  Apru.  meanwhile  arrived.  In  a  few  days,  Stuyvesant,  in  obedi- 
pon  CMi-  ence  to  the  company's  orders,  formally  transferred  to  Al- 
ffJhs.    '  richs  "  the  Fortress  Casimir,  now  named  New  Amstel,  with 

all  the  lands  dependent  on  it,  in  conformity  with  our  first 

purchase  from  and  transfer  by  the  natives  to  us  on  the 

nineteenth  of  July,  1651,  beginning  at  the  west  side  of  the 

Minquas,  or  Christina  Kill,  named  in  their  language  Sus- 

pencough,  to  the  mouth  of  the  bay  or  river  included,  named 

Boomtje's  Hook,  in  the  Indian  language  Canaresse,  and 

this  as  far  in  the  country  as  the  limits  of  the  Minquas'  land." 

17  April.    A  vessel  was  immediately  chartered,  and  Alrichs  sailed  for 

Bkutothe  the  South  River,  with  from  one  hundred  emd  twenty-five 

«r!"      ^"  to  one  hundred  and  eighty  emigrartts.     Upon  his  arrival  at 

New  Am-  Fort  Casimir,  Alrichs  received  from  Jacquet  a  surrender  of 

imml        his  authority,  and  the  government  of  the  colony  of  New 

Amstel  was  formally  organized.* 

The  region  north  of  Christina  Kill  remained  under  the 
jurisdiction  of  the  West  India  Company,  in  obedience  to 

*  Alb.  Rec.,  xU.,  40»-411 ;  xt.,  194, 125 ;  S.  Hazard,  Ann.  Penn.,  SS»-Sa3 ;  0*CaU.,  H . 
335 ;  Lottd.  Doe.,  It.,  173 ;  N.  Y.  Col.  M88.,  UL,  344 ;  Letter  of  Claeeia  of  Amst.,  85th 
May,  1657 ;  Montanns,  194 ;  Doe.  Hiat.  N.  T.,  tr.,  181 ;  mte,  p.  599. 


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PETHt  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  633 

whose  orders  the  name  of  Fort  Christina  was  changed  tocK  xvuj. 
that  of  "  Altona."     It  had  been  Stayvesant's  intention  to 
continue  Jaoquet  in  command  of  this  territory ;  but  com-  ^t^„^  * 
plaints  of  his  misgovernment  having  been  made  by  Aller- J^JJ^- 
ton  and  others,  the  director  ordered  him  to  transfer  the  b^^H^^f. 
company's  effects  to  Hudde.    This  was  done ;  and  Jaoquet,  94  May. 
on  his  return  to  Manhattan,  was  arrested  and  prosecuted.* 

During  the  first  few  months  of  ALrich's  directorship,  New 
Amstel  prospered.     In  the  absence  of  a  clergyman,  the  re- 
ligious instruction  of  the  colonists  was  superintended  by 
Evert  Pietersen  the  "Voorleezer,"  who  had  accompanied 
them  fix)m  Holland.     The  Classis  of  Amsterdam,  however,  0  Manh. 
soon  commissioned  Domine  Everardus  Welius,  a  young  weiiQs. 
man  of  much  esteem  '<  in  life,  in  studies,  in  gifts,  and  in 
conversation,"  to  take  charge  of  the  congregation ;  who 
sailed  for  the  South  River  in  company  with  about  four  95  May. 
hundred  new  emigrants.     On  their  arrival,  a  church  was  si  Aofoat. 
organized,  of  which  Alrichs  and  Jean  Williams  were  ap-  New  Am- 
pointed  elders,  and  Pietersen  ^<  fore-singer,  Zieken-trooster, 
and  deacon,"  with  a  colleague.     The  municipal  govern- 
ment was  now  remodelled;  the  town  was  laid  out;  build- 
ings were  rapidly  erected ;  industry  promised  success ;  and 
thirty  families  were  tempted  to  emigrate  firom  Manhattan 
to  the  flourishing  colony  of  .New  Amstel.t 

The  Gravesend  memorial  which  Grover  had  carried  to  English 
Cromwell  the  last  year  awakened  the  attention  of  the  gov-  territorial 
emment  at  Whitehall ;  and  a  statement  of  "  the  English 
rights  to  the  northern  parts  of  America"  was  prepared,  in 
which  Cabot's  voyage  and  the  Virginia  and  New  England 
patents  were  assumed  to  give  the  English  the  ''best  gen- 
eral right,"  the  Dutch  were  roundly  affirmed  to  be  intrud- 
ers, and  the  absurd  story  was  gravely  repeated  that  King 
James  had  granted  them  Staten  Island  ''  as  a  watering- 
place  for  their  West  India  fleets."  It  was,  therefore,  ad- 
vised that  the  English  towns  at  the  west  of  Long  Island 

*  Alb.  Re&,  xw^  138,  ISO,  140-151, 187 ;  S.  Haxard,  S8S-4S9 ;  Acreliua,  41&-491. 

t  Letter  of  CUasts  of  AnMterdam,  Sftth  May,  1657 ;  Piaterseo  to  Claaain,  Itth  Avfwt, 
1067 :  ISth  December,  1050 ;  Alb.  Ree.,  ir.,  S37,  S47 ;  rii.,  406 ;  xii.,  417-440 ;  llel.  Doe., 
XV.,  318-352 ;  xvl.,  106-300 ;  OTaU.,  IL,  336,  337 ;  S.  Hsurd,  Ann.  Penn.,  337-S4I. 


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634        HISTORY  OP  THE  STATE  OF^  NEW  YORK. 

ch.  xviu.  should  be  '^  very  cautions  of  making  tiiemselves  guilty  ei- 

~~      ther  )f  ignorant  or  willful  betraying  the  rights  of  their  na- 

*  tion,  by  their  subjecting  tiiemselvea  and  lands  to  a  foreign 

state."* 

Letter  of        A  letter  was  accordingly  addressed  by  the  Protector  to 

toEngiisb  «the  English  well-affected  inhabitants  on  Long  Island,  in 

uiand.      America,"  which  Grrover,  having  conveyed  to  Gravesend, 

insisted  should  be  opened  and  read.    The  magistrates,  how- 

24  AQgnst.  ever,  declined,  until  they  had  consulted  Stuyvesant,  who  at 

once  ordered  Grover  to  be  arrested,  and  brought,  with  his 

papers,  to  New  Amsterdstm.     Hearing  of  this,  the  Englbh 

14  Sept.     in  the  neighboring  villages  called  a  meeting  in  Jamaica 

^'  to  agitate ;"  and  it  was  proposed  at  Gravesend  to  send  a 

messenger  to  inform  Cromwell  of  the  "  wrongs  and  injuries 

which  we  receive  here  from  those  in  authority  over  us." 

The  director,  however,  was  neither  intimidated  nor  thrown 

30  October,  off  his  guard.     He  discreetly  sent  the  letter,  unopened,  to 

siuyrewnt  flie  Amsterdam  Chamber,  so  as  not  to  be  accused  by  the 

to  the  Am-  _,-^  ^,  .  -  •i^i  ti 

sterdam  di-  Lord  Protector  "  of  the  crime  of  opeumg  his  letter  or  break- 
rectors.      ,       ,  .  ,  111.  .       - 
ing  his  seal,"  or  to  be  censured  by  his  own  superiors  for 

"  admitting  letters  from  a  foreign  prince  or  potentate,  from 
which  rebellion  might  arise."t 
Lutheran        In  the  mcau  time,  the  Lutheran  congregation  at  Am- 
c^ejjgyman  g^^j^^j^  j^^^  taken  measurcs  to  send  out  a  clergyman,  John 
eriand.      Emcstus  Goctwatcr,  t.o  organize  a  church  and  preach  at 
Manhattan.     Neither  the  West  India  Compemy  nor  the 
Classis  of  Amsterdam  were  consulted.     "  We  can  not  yet 
7  April,     resolve,"  wrote  the  directors  to  Stujrvesant,  "  to  indulge  the 
Lutherans  with  greater  freedom  in  the  exercise  of  their  re- 
ligious worship  than  we  allowed  them  in  our  letter  of  the 
fourteenth  of  June,  1656."     Upon  learning  that  Goetwa- 
95  May.     tcr  had  actually  sailed,  the  Classis  informed  their  minis- 
ters at  New  Amsterdam  that  the  company's  intention  was 
to  permit  "  every  one  to  have  freedom  within  his  own 

*  Thtnloe,  r.,  81-83 ;  Hazard,  i.,  603-805 ;  on/c,  p.  8S0.  The  qaeattoii  of  tiUe  baa  been 
conaidered,  ante,  p.  4, 44, 08, 144, 180.  It  may  be  added  that,  in  the  opinion  or  Louie  XI V^ 
the  right  of  the  Dutch  waa  "  the  beat  fbunded,''  and  for  the  Engliah  to  call  them  **  iotmd- 
era"  waa  **  a  apeeiea  of  rooekery.**— Let.  D'Eatradea,  til.,  840. 

t  Hoi.  Doc,  ix.,  185-188,  380, 971 ;  Alb.  Rec.,  ir.,  fi85;  GraTeaend  Reoorda;  0*CaU., 
IL,  343-345. 


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PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  635 

dwelling  to  serve  G-od  in  such  a  manner  as  his  religion  re-  ch.  xviii. 
quires,  but  without  authorizing  any  public  meetings  or  con-  "771 
ventioles."  ^^^^• 

The  arrival  of  G-oetwater  at  New  Amsterdam  was  the  e  Joiy. 
signal  for  fresh  troubles.    The  Dutch  clergymen  represent- atN^?**"^ 
ed  the  inconvenience  of  allowing  the  Lutherans  to  organ-  dam.  ^^' 
ize  a  church ;  and  Goetwater  was  cited  before  the  civil  au- 
thorities.    Having  frankly  admitted  that ''  he  had  no  other 
commission  than  a  letter  from  the  Lutheran  Consistory  at 
Amsterdam,"  he  was  directed  not  to  hold  any  meeting  or 
do  any  clerical  service,  but  regulate  his  conduct  according 
to  the  placards  of  the  province  against  private  conventicles. 
At  the  instance  of  the  Established  clergy,  he  was  soon  aft-  4  sept. 
erward  ordered  to  return  to  Holland.    Against  this  the  Lu-  return, 
therans  protested  in  vain ;  and  Goetwater's  ill  health  alone 
induced  the  director  to  suspend  the  execution  of  his  heursh  le  October 
decree.* 

New  England  had,  meanwhile,  been  maturing  her  sys- 
tem of  intolerance,  and  "  Laud  was  justified  by  the  men 
whom  he  had  wronged."  Among  the  independent  sects  to Theoeopia 
which  the  political  troubles  in  England  had  given  rise,  Quakers. 
none  had  gone  quite  so  far  as  "the  people  called  Quakers." 
Under  the  preaching  of  George  Fox,  the  son  of  a  weaver 
at  Drayton,  numerous  converts  to  a  benevolent  faith  had 
declared  their  emancipation  from  the  creeds  and  ceremo- 
nies of  all  existing  ecclesiastical  organizations.  The  dis- 
ciples of  Fox  soon  found  their  way  to  America ;  and  their 
fervid  enthusiasm  alarmed  the  governments  of  New  En- 
gland. Several  of  them  were  imprisoned  at  Boston,  and 
*'  thrust  out  of  the  jurisdiction."  A  special  statute  was 
passed  that  none  of  the  "  cursed  sect"  should  be  brought 
into  Massachusetts.  This  was  followed  by  a  law  forbid-  h  October. 
dins:  all  persons  to  "entertain  and  conceal"  a  known  Qua- of MM»a-  * 

r  ,  1  .      .  ,1  i  1  chtwetis. 

ker ;  and  the  unhappy  sectarians  were  threatened,  on  con- 
viction, with  the  loss  of  ears,  and  with  having  their  tongues 
bored  with  a  red-hot  iron.     New  Plymouth,  Connecticut, 

*  Alb  Rec.,  iv.,  234 ;  xlr.,  233,  405 ;  Cor.  Classis  Anwt. ;  Letters  of  99d  May,  5tb  and 
14th  August,  22d  October,  1657  ;  Doc.  Hist.  N.  T.,  lU.,  104;  ante,  p.  017, 026. 


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636  fflSTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

CH.  xvm.  and  New  Hayen  adopted  similar  statutes.  But  Rhode  I0I- 
~  and,  nobly  trae  to  her  grand  principle  of  religious  liberty, 
,3 Qgj^*^  steadily  refused.  "These  people,"  she  replied  to  Massa- 
of  Rhode^  chusetts,  "begin  to  loathe  this  place,  for  that  they  are  not 
Island,      opposed  by  the  civil  authority."* 

Unhappily,  the  spirit  of  Ma^acbusetts  rather  than  that 
of  Rhode  Island  seems  to  have  moved  the  government  of 
oAugurt.  New  Netherland.    An  English  ship,  the  "  Woodhouse,"  ar- 
arrive  at    rivcd  at  Ncw  Amsterdam,  with  a  number  of  (Quakers  on 
Hierdam.    boMd,  amoug  whom  were  several  of  those  who  had  been 
banished  from  Boston  the  previous  autumn.     Two  of  these 
persons,  Dorothy  Waugh  and  Mary  Witherhead,  began  to 
preach  publicly  in  the  streets,  for  which  breach  of  the 
law  they  were  arrested  and  imprisoned.     A  few  days  aft- 
erward they  were  discharged ;  and  the  ship,  with  most  of 
14  August,  hcr  Quaker  passengers,  sailed  onward,  through  Hell-gate, 
Rhode isi-  to  Rhode  Island,  "where  all  kinds  of  scum  dwell,  for  it  is 

nothing  else  than  a  sink  for  New  England."! 
caae  of  But  Robcrt  Hodgsou,  one  of  the  Quakers,  wishing  to  re- 
Hodgson,  main  in  the  Dutch  province,  went  over  to  Long  Island.  At 
Flushing  he  was  well  received.  On  visiting  Heemstede, 
however,  where  Denton,  the  Presbyterian  clergyman,  min- 
istered, Hodgson  was  arrested  and  committed  to  prison, 
whence  he  was  transferred  to  the  dungeon  of  Fort  Amster- 
dam. Upon  his  examination  before  the  council,  he  was 
convicted,  and  sentenced  to  labor  two  years  at  a  wheel- 
barrow, along  with  a  negro,  or  pay  a  fine  of  six  hundred 
guilders.  After  a  few  days  confinement,  he  was  chained 
to  a  barrow,  and  ordered  to  work ;  and  upon  his  refusal, 
was  beaten  by  a  negro  with  a  tarred  rope  until  he  fell 
down.  At  length,  after  frequent  scourgings  and  solitary 
imprisonments,  the  suffering  Quaker  was  lib^ated,  at  the 

*  HaMTd,  iL,  347,  349,  551-S54 ;  Col.  Laws  Mass.,  123, 133 ;  Col.  Rec.  Conn.,  283, 384 ; 
Hatchinaon,  1.,  161,  454 ;  Bancroft,  i.,  451-453  ;  ii.,  326-354 ;  Hildretb,  i.,  401-406. 

t  Letter  of  Megapolensia  and  Driaius  to  Classls,  14th  August,  1657 ;  Haichinsoo,  L, 
180,  181 ;  Besae,  iL,  182;  Hazard,  Reg.  Ponn.,  vi.,  174 ;  Thompson's  L.  I.,  U.,  73,  288. 
The  Quakers  who  came  to  New  Netherland  in  the  Woodhouse  wore  Christopher  Htdder, 
John  Copeland,  Sarah  Gibbons,  Dorothy  Waugh,  and  Mary  Witherhead,  who  had  been 
banished  fVom  Boston  the  year  before,  and  Humphrey  Norton,  Robert  Hodgson,  Richard 
Dowdney,  William  Robinson,  and  Mary  Clarke. 


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PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  637 

interoession  of  the  direotor's  sister,  Anna,  widow  of  Nioho-  ch.  xviii 
las  Bayard,  and  ordered  to  leave  the  province. 

In  defiance  of  the  ordinance  against  conventicles,  Henry 
Townsend,  one  of  the  leading  inhabitants  of  the  new  set- 
tlement of  Rustdorp,  or  Jamaica,  had  ventured  to  hold 
meetings  at  his  house.     For  this  offense  he  was  sentenced  15  Sep.. 
to  pay  an  "  amende"  of  eight  Flemish  pounds,  or  to  leave  TowiLn.i 
the  province  within  six  weeks,  under  pain  of  corporeal  pun* 
ishment     This  was  followed  by  a  proclamation  somewhat 
resembling  the  enactments  of  Massachusetts.     Any  person  Prociamu- 
entertaining  a  (Quaker  for  a  single  night  was  to  be  fined  ll^n«t 
fifty  pounds,  of  which  one  half  was  to  go  to  the  informer ;  ^^^^ 
and  vessels  bringing  any  Quaker  into  the  province  were 
to  be  confiscated.    Upon  its  publication  at  Flushing,  where 
Townsend  formerly  resided  and  had  many  firiends,  a  spirit- 
ed remonstrance  to  Stuyvesant  was  drawn  up  by  Edward 
Hart  the  town  clerk,  and  signed  by  the  inhabitants.    They  37  Dec. 
refused  to  persecute  or  punish  the  Quakers,  because  ^'thestraoceof 
law  of  love,  peace,  and  liberty  in  the  state,  extending  to 
Jews,  Turks,  and  Egyptians,  as  they  are  considered  the 
sons  of  Adam,  which  is  the  glory  of  the  outward  state  of 
Holland,  so  love,  peace,  and  liberty,  extending  to  all  in 
Christ  Jesus,  condemns  hatred,  war,  and  bondage."     Ap- 
pealing to  their  charter,  they  declared  that  they  would 
not  lay  violent  hands  upon  any  who  might  come  among 
them  in  love.     This  remonstrance,  bearing  the  names  of 
twenty-nine  of  the  inhabitants,  and  of  Henry  and  John 
Townsend  of  Jamaica,  was  carried  to  New  Amsterdam  by 
Tobias  Feake,  the  schout  of  Flushing. 

Stuyvesant's  indignation  was  instantly  aroused.    Feake  1658. 
was  arrested ;  and  Farrington  and  Noble,  two  of  the  mag-  M^rir^ 
istrates,  with  Hart,  the  town  clerk  of  Flushing,  were  sum-  phwhing 
moned  to  Fort  Amsterdam.     Noble  and  Farrington,  crav-  p"""***^" 
ing  pardon  for  having  subscribed  the  remonstrance,  were 
forgiven  upon  promising  good  behavior;  and  Hart,  its  au- 10 January. 
thor,  after  three  weeks  imprisonment,  was  pardoned  upon 
his  humble  submission  and  the  intercession  of  several  of  «3  January 
his  neighbors.     The  weight  of  Stuyvesant's  vengeance  fell 


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638  raSTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

ch.  xvni.  upon  the  sohout     In  the  face  of  the  placards  of  the  direct- 
or  and  council,  Feake  had  given  lodgings  to  "  that  heret- 
ical  and  abominable  sect  called  Quakers,"  and  he  had  been 
.    foremost  in  composing  and  procuring  signatures  to  "a  se- 
28  January,  ditious  and  dclcstable  chartabel."    He  was,  therefore,  sen- 
tenced to  be  degraded  from  his  office,  and  to  pay  a  fine  of 
two  hundred  guilders,  or  be  banished.     To  prevent  future 
disorders  "  arising  from  town  meetings,"  Stuyvesant  soon 
afterward  determined  to  modify  the  municipal  franchise 
which  Kieft's  patent  had  assured  to  Flushing.     It  was, 
«« March,  therefore,  decreed  that  seven  of  the  "best,  most  prudent, 
lion  of**    and  most  respectable"  inhabitants  should  be  chosen  as  a 
chSrter.'    "  Vrocdschap,"  or  board   of  counselors,  with  whom  the 
schout  and  magistrates  should  consult,  and  that  whatever 
they  might  all  agree  upon  respecting  the  local  affairs  of  the 
town  should  be  "  submitted  to  by  the  inhabitants  in  gen- 
eral."   As  there  had  now  been  no  "  good,  pious,  and  ortho- 
dox" minister  there  since  Doughty's  departure  for  Virginia, 
the  authorities  were  directed  to  procure  a  proper  clergy- 
man, to  be  supported  by  a  tax  of  twelve  stuy  vers  on  every 
morgen  of  land ;  and  all  persons  who  should  not  submit  to 
this  arrangement  were  to  dispose  of  their  property  and 
leave  the  place.* 

These  severe  measures  against  Flushing  did  not  check 
the  spread  of  Quakerism  elsewhere.  Henry  Townsend,  of 
Bustdorp,  undeterred  by  his  former  sentence,  was  again 
brought  before  the  council,  and,  confessing  that  he  had  dia- 
ls Jan.  regarded  the  placards  of  the  government,  was  sentenced  to 
be  fined  one  hundred  pounds  Flemish.  Upon  his  refusal 
to  pay  this  fine,  Townsend  was  imprisoned  in  the  dungeon 
of  Fort  Amsterdam,  until  his  friends  procured  his  release 
"  by  giving  the  oppressors  two  young  oxen  and  a  horse." 
Graveacnd.  The  doctriues  of  Fox  fouud  a  welcome  reception  among  the 
Anabaptists  of  Gravesend ;  and  John  Tilton,  its  town  clerk, 
convicted  of  lodging  a  Quaker  woman,  was  fined  twelve 
Flemish  pounds.     Viewing  the  "raising  up  and  propaga- 

♦  Alb.  Roc.,  xlv.,  1-68,  IC9-173,  275 ;  xix.,  275 ;  Sewel»a  Hist.,  217-219 ;  Basso,  iL,  1»- 
184 ;  0*CaU.,  IL,  347-353 ;  Thonipoon'a  L.  L,  ii.,  7»-74,  28&-292 ;  aUej  p.  410. 


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PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  639 

ting  a  new,  unheard-of,  abominable  heresy  called  Quakers,"  ch.  xvni. 
as  a  sign  of  Q-od's  judgment,  the  director  and  council  pro- 
claimed  a  day  of  fasting  and  prayer  throughout  the  prov- jg  j^^' 
ince.    At  Heemstede,  where  the  Presbyterians  had  already  JjJJiiSjd. 
shown  their  zeal  against  Hodgson,  the  magistrates,  observ- 
ing many  seduced  from  "  the  true  worship  and  service  of 
God,"  ordained  that  no  person  should  entertain  or  have  any  is  Apm. 
conversation  with  the  people  called  (Quakers.    But  the  per-  ** 
secuted  sectarians,  refused  admittcince  into  the  houses,  per- 
sisted in  holding  their  meetings  in  the  woods.     The  wives 
of  Joseph  Scott  and  Francis  Weeks  were  presently  arraign-  is  Apru. 
ed  before  the  village  magistrates  for  attending  a  conventi- 
cle, "  where  there  were  two  Quakers,"  and  were  each  fined 
twenty  guilders.     Symptoms  of  disaffection  also  appear- 
ed at  Breuckelen ;  and  three  persons  were  summoned  by  m  March. 
Tonneman,  the  schout,  for  not  contributing  to  the  support  le"" 
of  Domine  Polhemus.     The  excuses  they  pleaded — ^that  ^ 

they  did  not  belong  to  the  Established  Church,  and  did 
not  understand  Dutch — ^were  pronounced  "  frivolous,"  ands  Apru. 
each  was  fined  twelve  guilders.     These  measures  against 
sectarianism  and  non-conformity  were  accompanied  by  an 
ordinance  setting  forth  that  as  it  had  become  common  for  is  Jan. 
parties  to  put  off  marrying  for  a  long  time  after  their  banns  w^pecung 
had  been  proclaimed,  "  which  is  directly  in  contravention 
of,  and  contrcuy  to  the  excellent  order  and  customs  of  our 
Fatherland,"  all  persons  must  thenceforward  be  married 
within  one  month  after  the  proclamation  of  their  banns,  un- 
less they  could  give  a  good  excuse.* 

The  beginning  of  this  year  was  marked  by  a  very  im-NewAm- 
portant  concession  to  the  citizens  of  New  Amsterdam.  Its  affliim. 
burgomasters  and  schepens  were  at  last  allowed  to  nom- 
inate a  double  number  of  persons,  from  whom  the  new  mag- 
istrates were  to  be  chosen  by  the  director.  It  was  now 
found  that  the  division  of  the  citizens  into  two  classes  pro- 
duced inconvenience,  in  consequence  of  the  small  number 
who,  by  being  enrolled  as  Q-reat  burghers,  were  eligible  to 

*  Alb.  Rec.,  xiv.,  12-26,  168-184 ;  Now  Amst.  Rec.,  I.,  79,  80;  iU.,  25,  26,  85-87;  Cor. 
Classia  Amst. ;  Besae,  il.,  196, 197 ;  Tbompaon'a  L.  I.,  U.,  11, 12,  291. 


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640  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YOllK 

ch.  xvm.  office ;  and  the  goyernment  was  obliged  to  enlarge  that  un- 
popular  order.     A  double  list  of  candidates  was  then  sub- 
as  Jan.      mitted  to  Stuyvesant,  who  sent  it  back  the  next  day,  ob- 
lioJ!^?*"    j^^^ting  that  it  was  not  properly  signed,  and  that  the  nom- 
JJJgf      ination  had  not  been  made  in  the  presence  of  the  schout. 
31  jao.      rJ^Y^Q  informality  was  corrected ;  and  the  director  and  coun- 
2  Feb.       cil  selected  and  confirmed  the  new  magistrates  from  the 
candidates  proposed  by  the  municipal  authorities.    No  con- 
cession, however,  was  made  respecting  a  separate  schout, 
which  office  De  Sille  continued  to  fill  for  two  years  longer. 
Foreign         Foreign  residents  had  now  become  so  numerous,  that  the 
government  thought  it  necessary  to  order  that  the  procla- 
mations against  smuggling  should  be  translated  into  French 
and  English.     New  Amsterdam,  however,  though  its  com- 
mercial prosperity  seemed  to  be  assured,  was  by  no  means  a 
Fire  appa-  well-regulated  city.    Most  of  its  houses  were  wooden ;  and 
the  risk  of  destruction  appeared  so  great,  that  the  burgo- 
masters and  schepens  were  authorized  to  demand  one  bea- 
ver, or  its  equivalent,  from  each  householder,  to  pay  for  two 
hundred  and  fifty  leather  fire-buckets,  to  be  procured  in 
Rattle       Holland,  and  for  hooks  and  ladders.     A  ''  rattle  watch,"  to 
^'^  do  duty  from  nine  o'clock  at  night  until  morning  drum- 

popniared-  beat,  was  also  established.  The  education  of  youth,  though 
not  neglected,  had  hitherto  been  imperfect;  and  volunteer 
instructors  were  not  regarded  with  favor.  Jacob  Corlaer, 
who  had  imdertaken  the  duty  of  a  teacher,  was  interdict- 
ed by  Stuyvesant,  notwithstanding  the  remonstrance  of  the 
city  authorities,  because  he  had  presumed  to  take  the  office 
on  himself  without  authority  from  the  provincial  govern- 
ment. The  attention  of  the  West  India  Company  had  al- 
ready been  called  by  Domine  Drisius  to  the  advantage  of 
establishing  a  Latin  school  at  New  Amsterdam,  and  the 
project  had  been  favorably  received.  In  exhibiting  the  con- 
dition and  wants  of  the  city  to  the  Amsterdam  Chamber, 
i«  Sept.  the  burgomasters  and  schepens  represented  that  the  inhab- 
■chooide-  itants  were  desirous  to  have  their  children  instructed  in 
people.^  *  the  most  useful  languages,  especially  Latin,  and  were  will- 
ing to  build  a  school-house.     As  the  nearest  place  where 


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PETER  STUTVESANT,  DIRBGTOR  QEN^UL.  641 

tfaey  ooald  send  them  for  olassioal  instruction  was  Boston,  ca.  xvm. 
they  urged  that  a  suitable  master  of  a  Latin  school  should  ^^-^ 
be  sent  over ;  ^^  not  doubting  but,  were  such  a  person  here, 
many  of  the  neighboring  places  would  send  their  children 
hither."  Thus  New  Amsterdam  might  <' finally  attain  to 
an  academy,  whereby  this  place  arriving  at  great  splen- 
dor,  your  honors  shall  have  the  reward  and  praise."* 

To  promot-e  agriculture,  and  establish  '*  a  place  of  amuse-  4  March. 
ment  for  the  citizens  of  New  Amsterdam,"  the  government  lenT 
resolved  to  form  a  village,  to  be  called  "  New  Haerlem," 
at  the  northern  part  of  Manhattan  Island,  ^*  in  the  vicinity 
of  the  lands  of  Jochem  Pietersen  Kuyter,  deceased."   Large 
privileges  were  offered  to  persons  disposed  to  settle  them- 
selves there;  and  a  good  road  was  to  be  made,  ^^so  that  it 
may  be  made  easy  to  come  hither  and  return  to  that  vil- 
lage  on  horseback  or  in  a  wagon."     A  ferry  to  Long  Isl-  Road  and 
and  was  to  be  established,  so  that  correspondence  with  the  "^' 
English  might  be  encouraged ;  a  court  was  to  be  organ- 
ized; and  '^a  good  orthodox  clergymcui"  was  to  be  settled 
as  soon  as  the  place  should  contain  twenty-five  families. 
It  was  more  than  two  years,  however,  before  New  Haer- 
lem contained  inhabitants  enough  to  entitle  it  to  the  pat- 
ent which  Stuyvesant  promised.! 

Staten  Island  and  the  country  in  its  neighborhood  con-  staten  hi- 
tinned  to  feel  the  effects  of  the  Indian  massacre  of  1655 ;  ""** 
and  Melyn,  leaving  New  Netherland,  from  the  authorities 
of  which  he  had  suffered  so  much  injustice,  took  an  oath 
of  fidelity  to  the  government  of  New  Haven.     Van  de  Ca-  1667. 
pellen,  however,  sent  out  fresh  colonists,  and  endeavored  "  ^^^ 
to  encourage  the  former  settlers  to  return  to  their  deserted 
homes.    To  secure  the  good-will  of  the  savages.  Van  Dinck- 10  jmj. 
lagen,  his  agent,  repurchased  from  the  sachems  of  Tappan,  ed^  the 
Hackinsack,  and  its  neighborhood,  their  hereditary  rights 
to  the  whole  of  the  island,  which  they  called  **  Eghquaous," 
and  concluded  with  them  a  treaty  of  peace  and  alliance, 
**  with  submission  to  the  courts  of  justice  at  Hospating, 

•  Alb.  Ree.«  It.,  968 ;  xiT.«  65,  87-00,  S3S ;  New  AnMl.  Rae.,  i.,  73,  74 :  iU..  4^-64, 87, 
68»  S30-S34,  336-330.       t  Alb.  Rec.,  vU.,  4S(M99 ;  ziv.,  130-133, 4S2 ;  xxiv.,  366,  300. 

Ss 


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MS  HISTORY  OP  THE  8TATB  OP  MEW  YORK. 

OS.  JCviD.  near  Hackingsaok^on  Waerkimins-Coimie,  in  New  Nether- . 
land."     This  transaction  thwarted  the  policy  of  the  West 
'  India  directors,  who  insisted  that  all  the  land  titles  should 
pass  through  them  or  their  provincial  authorities.     Stuy* 
9s  Dea      vesant  was  accordingly  ordered  to  declare  Van  Dinckla* 
gen's  purchase  void ;  to  procure  for  the  company  the  In* 
dian  title ;  and  then  to  convey  as  much  land  to  Van  de  Ca- 
pellen  as  he  might  require.* 
1658.       In  order  to  hasten  the  settlement  of  the  country  on  the 
pwlhiLfle   ^^  ^^^  ^f  ^^  North.  River,  and  quiet  doubts  respecting 
^N^^*^'  title,  Stuyvesant  formally  purchased  from  the  Indiaxis  all 
^^^      the  territory  now  known  as  Bergen,  in  New  Jersey,  "  begin- 
ning from  the  great  rock  above  Wiehaokan,  and  from  there 
right  through  the  land,  until  above  the  island  Sikakes,  and 
from  there  to  the  Kill  van  Col,  and  so  along  to  the  C<»i- 
stable's  Hook,  and  thence  again  to  the  rook  above  Wie- 
e«'jj«^hackan."     The  farmers  at  "  Gramoenepa,"  or  Comnmnipa, 
<Mnip«-     who  had  been  foroed  to  desert  their  settlements  in  1655, 
now  petitioned  to  be  restored  to  their  former  homes.     The 
director  promptly  complied  with  their  request;  but,  to 
guard  against  future  danger  from  the  savages,  required 
them  to  concentrate  their  dwellings,  so  that  a  village 
might  eventually  be  incorporated  there.t 
»*j[y^        The  West  India  Company,  having  now  been  informed 
i!ldia<?m- ^^  Stuy vesant's  proceedings  against  Goetwater,  approved 
ra^tir^    ®^  what  had  been  done,  "  though  it  might  have  been  per- 
t^uther-  formed  in  a  mwe  gentle  way."     As  the  chief  reason  why 
the  Lutherans  wished  to  separate  themselves  from  the  pro- 
vincial Church  was  the  use  of  a  "  new  formulary"  of  bap- 
tism, it  was  recommended  that  the  old  Liturgy,  ^^  adopted 
in  the  times  of  the  Reformation,"  be  followed  as  less  oifens- 
ifod«nuon  ive ;  and  that  more  moderate  measures  should  be  employ- 
ed, "so  that  those  of  other  persuasions  may  not  be  fright- 
ened away  through  such  a  preciseness  in  the  public  Re- 
fcnrmed  Church  there,  but  by  attending  its  services  may 

♦  Alb.  Rec.,  It.,  225,  258,  259;  rii!.,  161 ;  O'CaU.,  11.,  425,  426,  575.  Van  DincUagm 
died  probably  in  the  aatamn  or  winter  of  1657 ;  certainly  before  the  2d  April,  1658. 

t  Alb.  Rec.,  xiY.,  27,  28,  82,  83 ;  N#w  Anwt.  Rec,  ii.,  S12 ;  Ut.,  143;  WbitaiMiid'e  BaM 
Jan^^  M,  21 ;  New  Jersey  BUI  ia  Ckmotry^  Hift,  p.  ft;  mi^  p.  537. 


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PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  043 

in  time  be  attracted  and  gained.''    And  in  subsequent  dis-  on.  xvjii. 
patohes  the  directors,  wishing  that  nothing  ahoald  be  left  ^^-^ 
nntried  to  win  the  Lutherans  '*  by  moderation  and  forbear-  j,  j,^  * 
anoe,"  ordered  that  the  **  old  formulary,  wmrd  for  word,"  Sir  ofSr 
should  be  used  in  IJie  New  Netherland  churehes.  ^^"^ 

These  instructions  were  oommunicated  by  Stuyvesanti9A«fMt 
to  the  Dutch  clergymen  at  New  Amsterdam ;  who,  feeling 
that  they  were  unjustly  accused  of  <<  too  great  preciseness," 
drew  up  an  elaborate  defense,  which  was  submitted  to  the  23  aosmi. 
director  and  council.    The  question,  however,  being  one  of 
an  ecclesiastical  nature,  the  whole  subject  was  referred  toMSept. 
the  Glassis  of  Amsterdam.     In  their  letters  to  the  Classis,  ninaotm 
MegapolensiB  and  Drisius  gave  an  interesting  account  of  at^SSw 
the  state  o(  religion  in  the  province ;  and,  in  view  of  the  dam. 
rapid  growth  of  other  sects,  earnestly  entreated  that  ^^good 
Dutch  clergymen"  should  be  speedily  sent  over ;  as,  be- 
sides themselves,  Sehaats  at  Beverwyck,  Polhemns  at  Mid- 
wout,  and  Welius  at  New  Amstel,  were  now  the  only  min- 
isters of  the  Reformed  Church  in  New  Netherland. 

Scarcely  had  these  letters  been  dispatched  before  three  a»8«pt 
persons,  ^'  suspected  of  being  Q^uakers,"  came  over  the  river  rh>m  co*^ 
from  G-amoenepa  to  New  Amsterdam,  and  were  brought 
before  the  director  and  council  for  examination.  Their  par- 
ticular offense  seems  to  have  been  that  they  had  entered  the 
court  with  their  heads  covered.  As  they  had  committed 
no  other  impropriety,  they  were  merely  ordered  to  be  sent 
back  to  Communipa.  They  then  asked  to  be  allowed  to 
go  to  New  England.  But  Stuyvesant,  unwilling,  perhaps, 
to  offend  his  Puritan  neighbors,  peremptorily  refused,  and 
warned  them  not  to  return  to  New  Amsterdam.* 

The  Jesuit  missions  in  Western  New  York  had,  mean- 
while, undergone  great  vi<»8sitndes.  Leaving  Chaumonot 
at  Onondaga,  Dablon  returned  to  Canada  to  urge  the  es- 

•  Alb.  Rec.,  Iv.,  2M,  875,  S77 ;  x!v..  333,  369,  405 ;  Cor.  CI.  Amst. ;  Letter  of  Megapo- 
lentia  and  Driaiaa,  94tli  Saptanber,  1058.  In  anothar  laltar  affSCli  Sepcembar^  Magapa- 
lensia  reconunendad  to  the  Claaaia  hia  aon  Saorael,  then  "  going  into  Ua  85ch  year,*'  who, 
after  etadying  Latin  and  Engtiah  at  the  "  Academy  of  New  England  in  Cambridge,**  now 
want  to  the  PatherlHid  to  eompleta  Ma  advcattoB  it  the  Unlveralty  at  Utraeht.  Altar 
taking  bia  degreea  in  Theology  and  in  Medicine,  Samuel  waa  ordained  to  the  miolatry, 
mnd  relumed  to  New  Netherland  in  16M ;  pott^  p.  TSO. 


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644  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

en.  xvnL  tablishment  of  a  French  colony  among  the  IroqtKHS.     The 
governor  yielded  a  ready  assent,  and  Father  Le  Meroier, 
liwreh.*  *^®  superior  general,  accompanied  by  Dabbn  and  five  other 
J^Jjf***"  missionaries,  with  fifty  Frenchmen  under  the  command  of 
ijig^^  the  Sieur  Dupuys,  set  out  for  Onondaga.     Entering  Lake 
11  Jaij.     G^nentaha,  on  the  shores  of  which  tiiey  designed  to  pitch 
their  camp,  they  remarked  the  salt  fountains  on  tiie  east- 
em  side,  where  in  the  spring  there  gathered  ^^  so  great  a 
quantity  of  pigeons,  that  thousands  are  caught  of  a  mom- 
ing.     A  grand  salute  of  five  pieces  of  cannon,  breaking  the 
silence  of  the  forest,  announced  their  arrival  to  *^  the  an- 
ts July,     cients  of  the  country."     Formal  possession  was  taken  in 
the  name  of  Christ ;  cabins  were  soon  constracted  for  the 
17  July.     French  colonists ;  and  a  redoubt^  the  ruins  of  whidi  were 
yet  visible  fifty  years  ago,  was  built  on  an  eminence  com- 
manding  the  eastern  shore  of  the  lake.    At  the  grand  ooun- 
•4  Jnij.     oil,  the  superior,  Le  Meroier,  and  Ohaumonot,  "  ^o  spoke 
the  Iroquois  language  as  well  as  the  natives  of  the  coun- 
try," explained  the  Roman  faith ;  and  hope  whispered  that 
8LMar7*8,  ^^  Saint  Mary's,  of  Q-enentaha,"  was  to  be  the  pledge  of 
uha.^""*  union  between  Onondaga  and  Ghristendcm. 
Obpodtioa      The  Mohawk  delegates  to  the  grand  council  of  the  oon- 
bawks.  ^  federation,  disliking  the  alliance  between  the  Onondagas 
and  the  Canadians,  *'  made  a  harangue  fiiH  of  sneers  and 
Friendship  ridiculc  agaiust  the  French."    But  the  Cayugas  sought  in- 
vm,  '^'  stracUon  in  ih»  faith ;  and  Father  Ren^  Mesnard  and  two 
Md  8^  Frenchmen  were  sent  to  their  villages.     The  On^idas,  too, 
asked  for  a  teacher ;  and  early  the  next  year,  Chaumonot 
passed  on  toward  the  Senecas,  in  the  hope  of  founding  a 
permanent  mission.     Thus  France  pushed  her  influence 
westward,  beyond  the  beautiful  valleys  of  Onondaga ;  and 
the  Jesuit  Fathers  carried  the  cross  from  the  banks  of  the 
FMiingfl  of  Mohawk  to  the  borders  of  the  Q-enesee.     The  unjealous 
colonists.   Dutch  colonists  rejoiced  at  their  settlement  in  those  coun- 
tries, and  wished  to  bring  them  **  horses  and  other  things.*' 
The  Amsterdam  directors,  however,  viewing  the  presence 
o^Stwestof  the  Jesuits  in  the  West  with  less  favor,  instraoted  Stuy- 
iiid^  Com-  vesant  to  be  upon  his  guard. 


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PETER  STUYYEGANT,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  :^l^ 

Bat  supplies  from  Quebec  soon  began  to  HeuI  ;  and  theca.  ztul 
savages,  finding  that  they  received  no  presents,  relaxed  """* 
their  regard  for  Christianity  as  they  withdrew  their  affeo-     ^^\ 
tioos  from  the  French.     The  warlike  spirit  of  the  Iroquois 
was  unchanged.     The  Eries  suffered  under  their  exterm- 
inating wraUi ;  several  Huron  converts  were  massacred ;  Aug iim. 
and  tboree  Frenchmen  were  surprised  by  a  band  of  Onei- 
das  near  Montreal.     A  general  conspiracy  seemed  to  have 
been  formed  to  cut  off  the  Jesuit  missionaries.     D'Aille-  Noromber. 
boust,  who  had  succeeded  De  Lauzon  in  the  government  quota  i^ 
of  Canada,  retaliated  by  imprisoning  all  the  Iroquois  with-  "^ 
in  his  province.     This  step  produced  a  violent  commotion 
among  the  cantons;  but  the  wary  warriors,  postponing 
their  vengeance,  entreated  Father  Le  Moyne,  who  was 
now  among  the  Mohawks,  to  go  to  Quebec  and  intercede 
for  their  captive  countrymen.'*'' 

Le  Moyne,  however,  instead  of  going  to  Canada,  passed  1658. 
the  winter  in  New  Netherland.     He  had  frequently  been  {^nIw^ 
to  Fort  Orange  with  the  Mohawks ;  and  now  took  the  op-  ^^^ 
portunity  to  make  a  first  visit  to  New  Amsterdam,  where 
a  number  of  Roman  Catholics  were  residing.     During  his 
stay  at  the  Thxtchi  capital,  he  formed  a  warm  friendship  HitUMiiMi- 
with  Megapolensis,  whose  early  missionary  efforts  among  g^ioifliiato. 
the  Mohawks  led  him  to  look  with  lively  interest,  if  not 
with  entire  sympathy,  on  the  zealous  labors  of  the  Jesuit 
fathers.    On  this  occasion,  Le  Moyne  communicated  to  his 
friend  an  account  of  his  visit,  in  1654,  to  the  '*  salt  fount- 
ains'' at  Onondaga.     In  detailing  this  information  to  the 
Glassis  of  Amsterdam,  however,  the  Domine  could  not 
help  adding,  somewhat  uncourteously,  ^^  I  will  not  debate 
whether  this  is  true,  or  whether  it  is  a  Jesuit  lie."t  ' 

^tuyvesltnt  availed  himself  of  Le  Moyne's  presence  to 
obtain,  through  his  influence,  a  permission  from  the  gov- 

•  Alb.  R«e.,  It.,  232;  Relation.  1655-6,  1656-7;  Creaxint,  770;  Charievoix,  i.,  8t>- 
SM;  Buieroft,  iU.,  144,  145;  Clark*8  Onondaga,  i.,  152-179 ;  11.,  14«,  147 ;  Doc.  Oat.  N. 
T.,i.,45;  ante,p.«12. 

t  Leltera  ofMofapolenala  to  Claaaia  of  Amaterdam,  of  24th  and  28th  September,  1056; 
•alt,  p.  592.  Tbaae  lettera  contain  Interaating  detaHa  aboat  the  Mohawka,  or,  an  **  they 
•all  iheraaelvea,  Kaylngehaga,**  the  reatoration  of  Joguea'  mlaaal,  ritual,  ftc,  and  tlia 
saalooa  eflhrta  of  Father  Le  Moyne  to  convert  hia  Dutch  clerical  (Hend  to  the  Roman  fUth. 


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fl|g  HBTCmY  OF  THE  STATE  OP  NEW  YORK. 

QikKTiiLenMNr  of  Canada  for  Dai;di  yessals  ta  trade  in  the  Saint 
"~~"  Lawrenoe.    D' Aillaboast  prcnnptly  wrote  to  the  fiftther  that, 
ts^^'  in  view  of  the  friendship  between  the  Netherlands  and 
^1^^  Pranoe,  the  Dutdi  might  open  a  commeroe  with  Canada 
JJ^^'^'vdienever  they  pleased,  provided  they  refrained  from  trad- 
c«Q»4a.    ijig  jffi^  ^^  savages,  and  from  the  publio  exereise,  on 
shore,  of  ^^  the  religion,  which  is  contrary  to  the  Roman." 
t  April.     The  governor's  letter  was  immediately  sent  to  New  Am* 
sterdam  by  the  kind-heairted  father,  who  was  then  at  F.ort 
Orange.     The  merohants  of  New  Amsterdam  hastened  to 
avail  themselves  of  this  opportunity  to  extend  their  com* 
t  Joiy.      meroe ;  and  a  bark  was  presently  cleared  for  Q^uebec,  with 
a  cargo  upon  which  all  duties  were  remitted,  in  considera* 
nn«        tion  of  its  being  the  <^  first  voyage"  from  Manhattan  to  Can^ 
ada.    But  the  unlucky  pioneer  vessel,  in  entering  the  Saint 
Lawrence,  was  wrecked  on  Antioo^i. 
i^^ary.       lu  the  mean  time,  the  French  oolonists  of  Onondaga  had 
ch?F7!ncii  passed  a  winter  of  anxiety  and  alarm.     Rumors  of  a  geiv 
gft.  ^^^     oral  rising  of  the  Iroquois  constantly  reached  their  ears; 
and  there  was  no  hope  of  succor  from  Quebec.     Early  in 
the  year  numerous  bands  of  Mohawk,  Oneida,  and  Onon- 
daga warriors  took  the  field.     Dupuys,  informed  by  a  ooi^ 
verted  savage  of  the  plot  against  him,  now  resolved  to  re- 
treat with  his  countrymen  into  Ctmada.     But  no  means 
of  conveyance  were  ready,  and  the  enemy  was  alert  and 
watchful.     Light  boats  were  secretly  built  in  the  large 
store-house,  where  none  of  the  savages  were  allowed  to  en- 
ter.    When  all  was  ready,  the  Onondagas  were  invited  to 
a  feast.     Trumpets  and  drums  drowned  the  preparations 
for  departure.     While  the  revelry  was  at  its  height,  the 
10  Mtidi.  French  were  noiselessly  embarking  on  the  lake.     A  heavy 
Meep  overpowered  the  unsuspecting  savages ;  and  long  be- 
fore they  awoke  from  their  lethargy,  Dupuys  and  all  his 
to  March,  countrymeu,  abandoning  their  chapel  and  their  cabins, 
■yntofiewere  safe  beyond  pursuit,  working  through  the  floating 
ice  their  perilous  way  to  Canada. 

Thus  ended  the  attempt  of  France  to  found  a  colony 
'^Uhin  the  present  territory  of  New  York.     Le  Moyne  had 


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PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  0*^ 

already  left  the  Mohawk  ocmntry ;  and  the  next  year,  the  ch.  xvm. 
Iroqaois,  whose  warriors  were  estimated  to  number  more       ^ 
than  two  thousand,  were  again  in  open  hostility  with  the  ^^  ,^ ' 
Canadians.     As  long  as  New  Netherland  oontinned  to  be  J"SSr wtS 
a  Dutch  province,  the  enmity  of  the  Mohawks  against  tiie"**  ''^•~* 
French  could  scarcely  be  allayed ;  though  the  milder  Onon* 
dagas  sought  to  bury  the  hatchet  of  war,  and  the  bell,  which 
had  called  the  faithful  to  worship  in  the  chapel  of  the  Jes-   1661. 
uits,  summoned  the  deputies  of  the  Western  Iroquois  to 
the  council  of  peace.* 

In  the  mean  time,  the  settlers  who  had  been  driven  away  empus 
from  Esopus  by  the  Indians  in  1655,  had  returned  to  their 
farms,  hoping  that,  with  the  restoration  of  peace,  they 
should  enjoy  security.     But,  in  spite  of  all  proclamations, 
the  farmers  persisted  in  isolating  themselves  from  each 
other,  and  in  buying  peltries  from  the  savages  for  brandy.   1658. 
Outrages  naturally  followed.     One  of  the  settlers  was  kill- 1  May. 
ed,  the  house  and  outbuildings  of  another  were  burned,  tiw  ««r. 
and  the  Dutch  were  forced,  by  threats  of  arson  and  mui^ 
der,  to  plow  up  the  patches  where  the  quarrelsome  savage* 
planted  their  maize.    At  this  time  there  were  between  8ix«> 
ty  and  seventy  colonists  at  Esopus,  who  had  just  sowed 
nearly  a  thousand  "  schepels"  of  grain.     "  We  pray  you  to  «  mij. 
send  forty  or  fifty  soldiers,"  wrote  they  to  Stuyvesant,  <*  tomanded. 
save  the  Esopus,  which,  if  well  settled,  might  supply  the 
whole  of  New  Netherland  with  provisions."t 

The  Amsterdam  Chamber  had  already  instructed  their 
director  to  build  a  redoubt  at  Esopus  for  the  protection  of 
the  inhabitants,  and  had  sent  out  an  additional  military 
force  and  a  supply  of  >ammunition.     Stuyvesant  now  went  28  May. 
up  the  river,  accompanied  by  Govert  Loockermans  and  fifty  visits  Bao- 
soldiers.     The  morrow  after  he  reached  Esqnis  was  As« 
cension  day;  and  the  people,  having  no  churoh,  assembled  so  May. 
at  the  house  of  Jacob  Jansen  Stol  to  keep  the  festival.    The 

*  Alb.  Rec.f  xlT.,  775 ;  Stuyvesant'a  Lettera ;  Fort  Oraoga  Rac. ;  RalaUon,  1067-9% 
I65»-00;  Charlevoix,  i.,3Sa-336;  Bancrod,  iii.,  145-148;  Hildrelh,  ii.,91 ;  Clark'a  Onoo- 
daga,  i.,  179-189 ;  O'Call.,  ii.,  303-905 ;  Doo.  HlaC  N.  T.,  U  46-65. 

t  Alb.  Rec,  xiv.,  305 ;  xvi.,  7-13.  To  this  day  tba  flat  laoda  aloiig  tbe  eraaks  in  UlaUr 
eoanty  are  proverbiaT  for  their  fortuity. 


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618  mSTORY  OP  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORJK. 

Cm.  xviii.  direotor  immediately  reoommeoded  them  to  foiin  a  TdUage, 

which  oould  easily  be  palisaded,  and  afford  them  full  pro- 

The  <»i^'  tection ;  but  the  colonists  objected  that  it  would  be  inoon- 

^^*    venient  to  remove  their  residences  while  their  crops  were 

^^^£^yet  ungathered,  cmd  that  it  would  be  difficult  to  select  a 

*****         site  for  a  village  which  would  please  all.     They,  therefore, 

asked  that  the  soldiers  should  be  allowed  to  remain  with 

them  until  after  harvest.     This  the  director  refused,  but 

promised  that,  if  they  would  agree  at  once  to  pcdisade  the 

ground  for  a  village,  he  would  stay  with  them  until  the 

w<Hrk  should  be  completed. 

Word  had  meanwhile  been  sent  to  the  neighboring  ohieft 
to  come  and  meet  the  '^  grand  sachem  firom  Manhattan ;" 
M  May  and  some  fifty  savages,  with  a  few  women  and  children, 
soon  appeared,  and  seated  themselves  under  an  old  tree. 
The  director  went  to  meet  them,  accompanied  by  two  fol- 
ocmAnBoe  lowers  and  an  interpreter.  One  of  the  chiefs  made  a  long 
MTafM.  harangue,  reciting  the  events  of  Kieft's  war,  and  the  losses 
which  his  tribe  had  then  suffered.  The  director  replied 
that  the  general  peace  had  settled  all  the  questions  con- 
nected with  that  war,  "  Has  any  injury  been  done  yon,*' 
he  demanded,  '^  since  that  peace  was  made,  or  since  I  came 
into  the  country  ?"  "  Your  sachems  have  asked  us,  over 
and  over  again,  to  make  a  settlement  among  you.  We 
have  not  had  a  foot  of  your  land  without  paying  for  it,  nor 
do  we  desire  to  have  any  more  without  making  you  fall 
compensation.  Why,  then,  have  you  committed  this  mur- 
der, burned  our  houses,,  killed  our  cattle,  and  why  do  you 
continue  to  threaten  our  people  ?"  After  a  long  pause,  one 
of  the  chie&  replied,  "  You  Swannekens  have  sold  our  chil- 
dren drink.  The  sachems  can  not  then  control  the  young 
Indians,  nor  restrain  them  from  fighting.  This  murder  has 
not  been  committed  by  any  of  our  tribe,  but  by  a  Minni- 
sinck,  who  is  now  skulking  among  the  Haverstraws."  "  If 
this  be  not  stopped,"  rejoined  Stuyvesant,  "  I  shall  have 
to  retaliate  on  old  and  young,  on  women  and  children.  I 
expect  that  you  will  repair  sdl  damages,  seize  the  mur- 
derer if  he  come  among  you,  and  do  no  fui^ther  mischief. 


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PETER  9TUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  649 

The  Dutch  are  now  going  to  live  together  in  one  spot.     It  ca.  zviil 
is  desirable  that  you  should  sell  us  the  whole  of  the  Eso- 
pus  land,  as  you  have  often  propos^ed,  and  remove  further 
into  the  interior."    Thus  ended  the  oonfsrence ;  and  the  In- 
dians departed,  promising  to  consider  well  what  had  par^^ed. 
^  The  settlers,  adopting  Stuyvesant's  advice,  now  signed  si  May. 
an  agreement  to  form  a  village,  the  site  of  which  they  left  out  UTeso- 
to  the  director's  judgment.     He  accordingly  chose  a  spot  ^^' 
at  a  bend  of  the  kill,  whedre  a  water-front  might  be  had  on 
three  sides ;  and  a  part  of  the  plain,  about  two  hundred 
and  ten  yards  in  circumference,  was  staked  out. 

A  few  days  afterward,  while  the  Dutch  were  busily  at 
work  stockading  their  village,  a  band  of  savages  was  ob- 
served approaching,  and  the  soldiers  were  ordered  to  stand  4  Jan«. 
by  their  arms.     But  the  visit  of  the  Indians  was  one  of  cession  of 
peace.     They  had  come  to  give  the  land  on  which  the  vil-  Ibe  i"^  ^^ 
lage  was  commenced  as  a  present  to  the  grand  sachem  of  **^ 
the  Hollanders,  ^'to  grease  his  feet,  as  he  had  taken  so  long 
and  painful  a  journey  to  visit  them."     The  work  now  went 
merrily  on.     In  three  weeks  the  palisade  and  ditches  were 
completed,  the  buildings  removed,  a  bridge  thrown  over 
the  kill,  and  a  guard-house  and  temporary  barracks  built. 
Stuyvesant  detailed  twenty-four  soldiers  to  remain  as  a 
garri:son ;  and,  after  seeing  the  new  village  fairly  started,  m  juh*. 
he  took  leave  of  Esopus  and  returned  to  the  capital.* 

The  next  month  witnessed  the  settlement  of  the  diffi-  Juiy. 
oulties  between  the  provincial  government  and  the  author-  of  diSSu?.* 
ities  of  Rensselaerswyck.     In  place  of  the  tenths  demand-  erwyck. 
ed  by  Stuyvesant,  the  colonists  agreed  to  pay  a  yearly  con- 
tribution of  three  hundred  schepels  of  wheat.     About  the 
same  time,  John  Baptist  van  Rensselaer  was  succeeded  as 
director  of  the  colonic  by  his  brother  Jeremias,  who  contin-  Jeremias 
ned  for  sixteen  years  to  manas^e  its  affairs  with  discretion  Miaer  di- 

rM*tnr  nf 

and  acceptance.    He  soon  acquired  a  great  influence  among  RenMo- 
the  neighboring  savage  tribes,  and  was  sincerely  respected 
by  the  French  in  Canada.t 

*  Alb.  Ree.,  !▼.,  246 ;  xvi.,  16-415 ;  Kingston  Ree. ;  0*Call.,  il,  357-301 
t  Ronss.  MSS. ;  O'Call.,  U.,  310,  551, 552;  ante,  p.  OM. 


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eSO  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NBW  YORK. 

CM.  xviii.     In  the  mean  time,  the  Hohawka  had  obtained  from  the 

Canadian  government  the  release  of  some  of  their  oaptive 

^iDOo.  warriors.     Six  of  them,  however,  were  detained  until  the 
Iroquois  sachems  should  come  in  person  and  make  a  gan- 
13  AQgost.  eral  treaty  of  peace.     Several  Mohawk  chiefs  now  visited 
•t*Fort  Or-  Fort  Orange  to  procure  an  interpreter  to  go  with  them  to 
"*^        Canada,  bh  they  did  not  understand  the  French 'tongue. 
But  Le  Moyne  had  now  returned  home,  and  the  Dutch  au- 
thorities did  not  know  of  any  one  who  could  serve  their 
purpose.     The  Mohawks  were  dissatisfied.     "When  you 
were  at  war  with  the  Indians,"  they  replied,  "we  went  to 
the  Manhattans,  and  did  our  best  to  make  peace  for  you. 
You  are,  therefore,  bound  to  befriend  us  now."    The  Dutch 
could  not  resist  this  appeal ;  and  the  public  crier  was  sent 
around  to  offer  a  bounty  of  one  hundred  guilders  for  a  vol- 
isAvfuai.  unteer.     One  of  the  soldiers,  Henry  Martin,  agreeing  to 
rmSSSt  go,  was  furnished  with  a  letter  from  Vice-director  La  Mon- 
ihitoh.      tagne  to  La  Potherie,  the  governor  of  the  Three  Rivers,  and 
accompanied  the  savages  under  a  promise  to  be  brought 
safely  back  in  forty  days.     When  near  the  Three  Rivers, 
Martin  lost  himself  in  the  woods ;  and  ten  of  the  Mohawks, 
presenting  themselves  to  La  Potherie  without  La  Mon- 
tague's letter,  were  seized  as  spies,  and  sent  as  prisoners  to 
Argenson,  the  new  governor  general  of  Canada,  who  "did 
good  justice"  upon  them  for  the  recent  murder  of  some 
Algonquins  under  the  very  guns  of  Quebec* 

15  Ofliober.     Before  the  winter  set  in,  Stuy vesant  revisited  Esopus,  to 

provide  for  its  security  and  obtain  some  further  concessicHis 

16  oetober.  from  the  ludiaus.    The  savages  demurred,  and  adroitly  en- 
revisttc     deavoredjto  divert  him  from  his  purpose  by  promising  a 

lai^e  trade  with  the  Minquas  and  Senecas,  if  tlie  Dutch 
would  furnish  them  with  ammunition.  After  waiting  sev- 
eral days,  the  director  found  that  the  chiefs  would  not  yield 
to  his  wishes ;  and,  from  their  anxiety  to  have  the  soldiers 
removed,  he  suspected  them  of  treacherous  designs  as  socm 
as  the  closing  of  the  river  should  isolate  the  settlers.  On 
19  ooMber.  his  return  to  New  Amsterdam,  he,  therefore,  left  a  garrison 

*  RelaUoD,  1057-M,  60-09 ;  ChaileTOix,  i.,  338, 139 ;  O'CiU.,  ii.,  380, 3«7 ;  tmt€,  p.  647. 


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PET£R  STUYYESANT,  DIRECTOE  G£N£BAL.  ^Bi 

of  fifty  men,  under  the  command  of  Ensign  Diroi(  Smit,  09.  xvui. 

with  instraotions  to  keep  a  steady  watch,  act  only  on  the 

defensive,  allow  no  Indians  inside  the  stockade,  and  detail  dLx  snii 
a  proper  guard  for  the  protection  of  the  farmers  while  work-  S?)"'^**" 
ing  in  the  fields.* 

On  the  South  River,  New  Amstel— -where  several  ship-  sootb  uv- 
wrecked  Englishmen  from  Virginia,  whom  Alrichs  had  ran- 
somed from  the  savages,  had  become  residents^-began  to 
wear  an  appecurance  of  prosperity,  and  was  now  '<a  goodly 
town  of  about  one  hundred  houses."    An  inevitable  con-  conte- 
sequence,  however,  of  the  establishment  of  the  city's  col-  the'^Sab. 
ony  was  the  increase  of  smuggling.     The  revenue  suffered  New'^m^ 
severely,  and  the  regular  traders  complained.     The  colo- 
nists at  New  Amstel  seemed  to  think  themselves  inde- 
pendent of  the  company  and  of  its  provincial  authorities 
at  New  Amsterdam.     These  and  other  considerations  in- 
duced the  council  to  advise  Stuyvesant  to  go  there,  and 
correct  all  irregularities  in  person. 

Accompanied  by  Tonneman,  the  director  accordingly  setso  Apru. 
sail  for  the  South  River.  '  On  his  arrival  at  Altona,  the  8  May. 
Swedes  were  called  upon  to  take  the  oath  of  allegiance  Tisiu !£"' 
which  was  required  of  all  the  other  colonists.     This  they 
willingly  took,  and  at  the  same  time  asked  for  certain  spe- 
cific favors ;  among  others,  that  they  should  be  allowed  to 
remain  neutral  in  case  of  war  between  Holland  and  Swe- 
den.    Some  of  these  requests  were  evaded ;  others  were 
granted ;  and  the  Swedes  were  allowed  to  choose  their  own 
officers.     On  his  return  to  New  Amsterdam,  Stuyvesant  is  May. 
in£Drmed  the  council  that  ^'many  things  are  there  not  asth?^^i. 
they  ought  to  be ;"  smuggling  and  fraud  had  prevailed,  by 
reason  of  the  shipments  to  the  city  colony ;  and  Alrichs^ 
though  he  now  promised  amendment,  had  entirely  omitted 
from  the  oath,  required  of  the  newly-arrived  colonists,  any 
mention  of  the  West  India  Company  and  of  i^eir  provin- 
cial authorities  of  New  Netherland. 

Fearing  that  the  English  from  Virginia  would  endeavor 
to  intrude  at  Cape  Hinlopen,  '^as  they  before  tried  it  frx>m 

*  Alb.  Bee.,  xiT.,  360 ;  vi,,  41-M ;  OM^aU.,  U.,  967-S70. 


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HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Cm.  xviii.  the  side  of  New  England,"  the  West  India  directors  now 
recommended  that  Alrichs  should  '^disentangle  himself,  in 
tBMay.     *^^  ^^^^  manttcT  possible,"  from  the  Englishmen  whom  he 
had  allowed  to  settle  at  New  Amstel,  and,  '^  at  all  events, 
not  to  admrt  any  English  besides  them  in  that  vicinity, 
7  Jane,      much  Icss  to  allurc  them  by  any  means  whatever."    A  few 
uoniofihedays  afterward,  they  instructed  Stuyvesant  to  purchase 
paAv'to  buy  from  the  Indians  the  tract  between  Cape  Hinlopen  and 
Cape  Hin-  the  Boomtje's  Hook,  so  that  it  might  be  afterward  legally 
*^^'       conveyed  to  the  commissaries  of  the  city  of  Amsterdam. 
"  You  will  perceive,"  they  added,  "  that  speed  is  required, 
if  for  nothing  else,  that  we  may  prevent  other  nations,  and 
principally  our  English  neighbors,  as  we  really  apprehend 
that  this  identical  spot  has  attracted  their  notice."    '^  When 
we  reflect  on  the  insufferable  proceedings  of  that  nation, 
not  only  by  intruding  themselves  upon  our  possessions 
about  the  North,  to  i^ch  our  title  is  indisputable,  and 
when  we  consider  the  bold  arrogance  and  faithlessness  of 
those  who  are  residing  within  our  jurbdiction,  we  can  not 
expect  any  good  from  that  quarter." 
MJviy.         To  maintain  the  rights  and  authority  of  the  company, 
Beeckman  Stuy  vcsaut  immediately  appointed  Willem  Beeckman, "  an 
JlSdl-     expert  and  respectable  person,"  and  one  of  the  earliest 
magistrates  of  New  Amsterdam,  as  conmiissary  and  vice- 
director  on  the  South  River.     Beeckman,  however,  did  not 
28  October,  receive  his  instructions  until  late  in  the  autumn.     They 

Boeek* 

awi'8  in-  required  him  to  live  at  first  at  Altona,  but  to  have  his  per- 
manent residence  at  or  near  New  Amstel,  where  he  could 
more  conveniently  attend  to  the  collection  of  the  revenue. 
He  was  invests!  with  all  the  powers  of  the  company  on 
tiie  whole  of  the  SoutJi  River,  except  the  district  of  New 
Amstel,  and  was  bound  to  maintain  the  Reformed  relig- 
ion.    With  regard  to  the  proposed  purchase,  he  was  to  act 
in  concert  with  Alrichs,  and  obtain  a  deed  from  the  In- 
dians as  soon  as  possible. 
Failure  of       The  prosperity  of  New  Amstel  had,  meanwhile,  become 
and 8*151!^ clouded.     The  colonists  had  planted  in  hope;  but  heavy 
New  Am.  raius  scttiug  in,  their  harvest  was  ruined,  and  food  became 


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PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  6S8 

scarce  and  dear.  An  epidemic  fever  broke  out ;  the  sur-  ch.  xvra. 
geon  and  many  children  died;  and  most  of  the  inhabit- 
ants  sTiffered  from  a  climate  to  which  they  were  not  ac- 
customed. While  the  disease  was  yet  raging,  the  ship 
"  Mill"  arrived  from  Holland,  after  a  disastrous  voyage,  September, 
bringing  many  new  emigrants,  among  whom  were  several 
children  from  the  Orphan  House  at  Amsterdam.      The  lo  octoi^-r. 

Population 

population  of  New  Amstel  now  exceeded  six  hundred ;  but 
its  inhabitants  were  **  without  bread,"  and  the  ship  which 
brought  the  new  emigrants  brought  no  supply  of  provi- 
sions. Industry  was  crippled,  while  wages  advanced; 
Commissary  Rynvelt  and  many  "respectable"  inhabit- as  October 
ants  perished,  and  a  long  winter  stared  the  famished  sur- 
vivors in  the  face.* 

In  the  autumn  of  1658,  an  important  event  happened  in 
England.  After  raising  his  country  to  a  prouder  position 
among  the  nations  of  the  earth  than  she  had  ever  before 
held,  the  grand  adventurer  Cromwell  died,  in  the  zenith  3  Sept. 
of  a  power  which  eclipsed  the  majesty  of  legitimate  kings,  oiirer 
The  night  before  his  death  was  stormy.  The  wind  blew 
a  hurricane.  Trees  were  uprooted  in  the  Park  at  West- 
minster, and  houses  were  unroofed  about  the  London  Ex- 
change. The  Roundheads  asserted  that  God  was  warn- 
ing the  nation  of  the  loss  it  was  about  to  suffer ;  while 
the  Cavaliers  maintained  that  the  Prince  of  the  power  of 
the  air  was  hovering  over  Whitehall  to  seize  the  soul  of  the 
expiring  Protector. 

The  reins  of  government  fell  quietly  into  the  hands  of 
Oliver's  oldest  son,  Richard.     But  the  feeble  young  man 
was  not  the  heir  of  his  father's  great  qualities.     He  sign-  1659. 
ed  a  commission  for  the  dissolution  of  Parliament,  andDown'Skii 
found  that  he  had  signed  his  own  act  of  abdication.    The  tertoratT" 
army  again  became  supreme.     Monk  marched  his  sol- 
diers across  the  Tweed ;  and  before  many  days  it  was  cer- 
tain that  Charles  the  Second  would  be  restored  to  the 
throne  of  his  ancestors.! 

*  Alb.  Rec.,  iv.,  273,  S74;  TiU.,  185  ;  xii.,  S85,  456^489;  xiT.,  SS7-849,  314,  380-499; 
Hoi.  Doc.,  xvl.,  57-79 ;  O'Call.,  II.,  872-375 ;  8.  Hazard,  Ann.  Penn.,  239-254 ;  ante,  p.  633. 
t  Llngard,  xi.,  298-300 ;  xU.,  1-60 ;  Macaulay,  1.,  136-147  ;  Baneroft,  if.,  S3-S& 


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BHTOKT  OP  TH£  STATE  OP  NEW  TOUL 


1659. 


CHAPTER  XIX. 

1669-1660. 

ch.xix.      Thoucfh  the  treaty  at  Hartford  had  not  been  ratified  by 
'the  English  goyemment,  and  the  New  England  ooloniea 
had  taken  no  steps  to  procure  such  ratification,  its  provi- 
sions had  now,  for  several  years,  met  a  general  and  qniet 
acquiescence.    Up  to  this  period,  whatever  annoyance  had 
been  caused  to  the  Butch  province  by  the  progress  of  En- 
glish encroachment  at  the  East,  had  been  chiefiy  caused 
by  Connecticut  and  New  Haven.     But  the  time  had  oome 
for  Massachusetts  to  take  a  step  which  brought  her  in  di* 
root  conflict  with  New  Netherland. 
Basteni         The  Hartford  treaty  had  settled  the  boundary  "be- 
ofNew     tween  the  Englbh  United  Colonies  and  the  Dutch  prov- 
land.        ince^  on  the  main  land,  as  extending  from  the  west  side 
of  Q-reenwich  Bay  on  a  northerly  line  "  twMity  miles  up 
into  the  country,  and  after,  as  it  shall  be  agreed  by  the 
two  governments  of  the  Dutch  and  of  New  Haven,  provid- 
ed the  said  line  come  not  within  ten  miles  of  Hudson's  Riv- 
er."    That  treaty  had  been  solemnly  signed  by  the  pleni- 
potfflitiaries  of  the  New  England  commissioners,  of  whom 
Simon  Bradstreet,  of  Massachusetts,  was  one.     Massachu- 
setts, however,  now  found  it  convenient  to  understand  the 
agreement  as  extending  only  <^  so  far  as  New  Haven  had 
Territorial  jurisdiction."     Under  her  own  charter,  she  claimed  all  the 
MuMchu^  Amencan  territory  between  a  line  three  miles  south  of  the 
Charles  River  and  a  line  three  miles  north  of  the  Merrimac 
River,  and  extending  west  fix>m  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific. 
The  most  northerly  of  these  lines  was  claimed  to  be  three 
miles  north  of  the  outlet  of  the  Winnipbeogee  Lake.    5lie 
southernmost  was  at  about  the  forty-secood  parallel  of 


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PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  636 

Imtitude.     If  extended  westward,  it  woald  have  crossed  the  g&  xix 
Hudson  River,  near  Red  Hook  and  Saugerties.     The  be- 
ginning  of  the  forty-third  degree  of  latitude  now  forms  the  ^*^*^- 
southern  boundary  of  the  State  of  New  York,  from  the  Del- 
aware River  to  the  county  of  Erie,  in  Pennsylvania.     All 
tiie  territory  as  far  north  of  tiiis  line  as  ihe  present  coun- 
ties of  Warren  and  Oswego,  in  the  State  of  New  York,  and 
as  far  west  as  the  Pacific  Ocean,  was  claimed  by  Massa- 
dbusetts,  in  virtue  of  her  patent  from  Charles  the  First* 
Nor  did  Massachusetts  hesitate  to  assert  her  extravagant 
demand,  under  a  charter  which  was  eight  years  younger 
than  that  of  the  West  India  Company,  and  which,  as  far 
aa  it  interfered  with  New  Netherland,  was  "  utterly  void." 
A  grant  of  land  on  the  Hudson  River,  opposite  to  Fort  Or-  mmmoiiii. 
ange,  was  mcule  to  a  number  of  her  principsd  merchants,  i!^^£ 
who  were  "  enterprising  a  settlement  and  a  trade  with  the  Ri"^~" 
Indians."     Early  in  the  summer,  an  exploring  party,  set- 
ting out  from  Hartfinrdy  saUed  up  the  North  River,  and  Ezpiortog 
spent  several  weeks  in  examining  its  attractive  shores.      ^' 
Finding  the  region  around  the  Wappinger's  Kill  more 
beautiful  than  any  they  had  seen  in  New  England,  they  se- 
lected a  spot  near  its  mouth  as  the  place  of  their  proposed 
settlement.    Thence  proceeding  up  to  Fort  Orange,  theyjaiy. 
were  honorably  received  and  entertained  by  Commissary 
La  Montague.     The  region  between  the  North  River  and 
the  valley  of  the  Connecticut  being  yet  a  wilderness,  the 
English  party  asked  Stuyvesant  for  permission  to  pass  and 
repass  by  water.     This,  however,  he  refrised ;  for  he  fcwre-  Reftwed 
saw  that  such  a  settlement  in  the  heart  of  the  Dutch  prov-  ^mI^m 
ince  would  be  fatal,  "as  many  hounds  are  death  to  theRfvw?"^ 
hare."     To  prevent  the  English,  he  determined  to  estab- 
Ksh  a  Dutch  settlement  at  the  Wappinger*s  Kill,  and  earn-  4  sept 
estly  entreated  the  Amsterdam  Chamber  to  send  out  im-  SScKi 
mediately  as  many  Polish,  Lithuanian,  Prussian,  Dutch,  w!!^p'!n.'' 
or  Flemish  peasants  as  possible,  to  form  a  colony  which '''''^"*' 
should  protect  the  yachts  sailing  up  and  down  the  river.t 

*  HMarff,  i.,  S71,  501 ;  HatehittMiH  U  tOI.  IM;  Jownral  H.  Y.  Pror.  AsMinMy,  6tli 
lUreb,  1773 ;  Dmilap^t  N.  T.,  ii.,  Apfpendtx,  etr.-^ri\. ;  Revised  Stetntes  N.  T.,  t.,  64 ; 
«if«,  p.  189, 519, 520.  t  Alb.  Reo.,  X^UL,  n-34 ;  xtkf.,  S15 ;  HvtelliiiMB,  i.,  MOl 


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666  fflSTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OP  NEW  YORK. 

CH.  xiz.      Yielding  to  the  earnest  solioitation  of  the  oitizens  of  New 

Amsterdam,  the  West  India  Company  reluctantly  oonsent- 

13  F^b      ^  ^**  *^®^'  province,  which  had  already  heen  allowed  to 
OTiMdtN*"  trade  for  slaves  on  the  coast  of  Africa,  should  now  try  the 
^Sgatnal' "  experiment"  of  a  foreign  commerce  with  France,  Spain, 
Italy,  the  Carribean  Islands,  and  elsewhere,  upon  condition 
that  the  vessels  should  return  with  their  cargoes  either  to 
New  Netherland  or  to  Amsterdam,  and  that  furs  should  be 
exported  to  ]^olland  alone.     This  concession  was  followed^ 
by  another,  perhaps  quite  as  important.    The  "  vigilant  ex- 
ertions" of  the  directors  to  provide  New  Amsterdam  with 
ss  Apriu    a  Latin  schoolmaster  resulted  in  the  engagement  of  Doo- 
Latm       tor  Alexander  Carolus  Curtius,  a  professor  in  Lithuania, 


at  a  salary  of  five  hundred  guilders,  and  some  perquisites 
In  the  course  of  the  summer  the  **  rector"  arrived  at  New 
4  July.  Amsterdam ;  and,  on  commencing  his  duties,  was  allowed 
by  the  city  government  two  hundred  guilders  yearly 
Curtius  likewise  practiced  as  a  physician.* 
18  Feb.  The  Amsterdam  directors  also  enjoined  Hegapolensis  and 

Drisius  to  obey  the  former  orders  of  the  Chamber,  and,  "to 
prevent  schism  and  promote  tranquillit}',"  directed  them  to 
follow  the  old  form  of  baptism  without  waiting  for  the  spe- 
cial directions  of  the  Classis  of  Amsterdam.     Finding  that 
the  metropolitan  clergymen  hesitated,  these  orders  were  re- 
»  Dec.      newed.    All  moderate  ministers  in  Holland,  they  were  told, 
•lily  in  re-  lookcd  upon  the  new  formulary  as  an  "  indifferent"  subject, 
jo1ni?y    and  as  wanting  the  unanimous  sanction  of  the  Church. 
uj.  Harmony  could  never  be  preserved,  unless  a  too  **  overbear- 

ing preciseness"  should  be  avoided ;  and,  if  they  should 
persist  in  their  former  course,  the  company  would  be 
obliged  to  allow  the  Lutherans  a  separate  church  of  their 
own.  At  the  same  time,  the  directors  promised  to  send 
out  other  Dutch  clergymen  to  New  Netherland  ;  but  these 
must  be  '^  men  not  tainted  with  any  needless  preciseness, 
which  is  rather  prone  to  create  schisms  than  it  is  adapted 
to  edify  the  flock."t 

*  Alb.  Rec..  iv.,  900,  S91,  303;  Tiii.,  901 ;  xvlU.»  19;  xxir.,  193;  New  Amsl.  IUe.,% 
97, 06 ;  Uf.,  rS,  381 ;  It.,  S09 ;  antt,  p.  MO ;  Pudding's  New  AmMardam.  4S. 
f  Alb.  Rec,  It.,  S89,  383,  394 ;  Tiu.,  195 ;  enle,  p.  043. 


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PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  657 

The  letters  which  Megapolensis.and  Brisius  had  sent  to  ch.  xdl 
the  Fatherland  the  last  autumn  awakened  the  attention 
of  the  Classia  of  Amsterdam  to  the  spiritual  wants  of  New 
Netherland;  and  earnest  representations  on  the  subject  cicrfymc*^ 
were  addressed  to  the  College  of  the  XIX.    It  was  difficult 
to  induce  any  settled  clergyman  to  leave  his  charge  in  Hol- 
land ;  but  the  Classis  encouraged  Hermanns  Blom,  a  can- 
didate for  the  ministry,  to  come  out  to  New  Amsterdam, 
where  he  arrived  at  the  end  of  April.     Esopus  now  seemed  Apru. 
most  in  want  of  a  clergyman ;  and  its  inhabitants,  though 
anxious  for  a  settled  minister,  had,  up  to  this  time,  been 
obliged  to  content  themselves  with  the  services  of  a  com- 
forter of  the  sick,  who  read  to  the  people,  in  one  of  the 
houses,  on  Sundays  and  festivals.     Blom  accordingly  vis-  siom  e«u- 
ited  the  new  village,  where  he  preached  two  sermons.    The  pus. 
people  immediately  organized  a  church,  and  presents  the  n  August, 
candidate  with  a  call  to  become  their  pastor,  ^hich,  hav- 
ing accepted,  he  returned  to  Holland,  to  pass  his  examin-  September 
ation  before  the  Classis  and  receive  ordination.* 

The  war  now  raging  between  the  Iroquois  and  the  French  Temper  of 
seemed  to  excite  a  thirst  for  European  blood'among  the  oth-  afeel*^' 
er  savage  tribes.     Two  soldiers  who  had  deserted  from 
Fort  Orange  were  murdered  near  the  Tachkanio  Mount- si  Joiy. 
ains,  while  on  their  way  to  Hartford.     The  next  montli, 
some  Raritans,  tempted  by  a  roll  of  wampum,  massacred  xo  Ancut. 
a  family  at  Mespath  Kill,  on  Long  Island.     At  Esopus  Eaopue. 
great  fear  prevailed ;  for  the  savages  had  already  begun  to 
complain  that  Stuy  vesant  had  not  given  them  their  prom- 
ised presents.     The  folly  of  the  Dutch  soon  brought  on 
another  collision.     Thomas  Chambers,  one  of  the  original 
settlers,  having  employed  several  Indians  to  husk  his  corn,  t 
at  the  end  of  their  day's  work  gave  them  some  brandy  for 
which  they  asked.     A  carouse  followed ;  and  one  of  the 
savages  about  midnight  fired  off  his  gun.    The  garrison  at 
the  block-house  was  alarmed,  and  the  sergeant  of  the  guard 
-was  sent  out  to  see  what  was  the  cause  of  the  disturbance. 
On  his  return,  he  reported  that  it  was  only  the  revelry  of 

*  Hoi.  Doc.,  ix.,  103, 103 ;  Cor.  01.  Amst.,  Letter  of  lOUi  September.  lOM. 

Tt 


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§58  fflSTORY  OP  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

OB.  XIX.  some  dmnken  savages.     Notwithstanding  the  prohibition 

of  Ensign  Smit,  an  armed  party,  headed  by  Stol,  left  the 

oui^  by  fortress,  and  fired  a  volley  among  the  unsuspecting  red 
the  Dutch.  jjjjQjj  Finding  his  authority  set  at  naught,  the  oommai)d- 
ant  told  the  oolonists  that  he  would  return  the  next  day 
with  his  soldiers  to  New  Amsterdam.  The  people,  how- 
ever, took  oare  to  hire  all  the  boats  and  yachts  in  the  neigh- 
borhood ;  and  Smit,  iiius  deprived  of  the  means  of  depart- 
21  Sept.  ure,  was  obliged  to  send  an  express  to  8tuyvesant  asking 
his  immediate  presence  at  Esopus. 

The  dastardly  assassination  of  the  sleeping  savages  pro- 
Revenge  of  voked  an  awful  retaliation.   Returning  from  the  river  side, 
diaat.'      the  courier's  escort  fell  into  an  Indian  ambuscade,  and  thir- 
teen prisoners  were  carried  off  by  the  savages.    Open  war 
was  now  declared.    Houses,  bams,  and  harvests  were  burn- 
ed up ;  cattle  and  horses  were  killed.     Pour  or  five  hund- 
red savage  warriors  invested  the  Butch  post ;  and  fen*  near- 
ly three  weeks  not  a  colonist  dared  trust  himself  outside 
the  stockade.     Foiled  in  their  attempts  to  set  fire  to  the 
fortress,  the  savages  avenged  themselves  by  burning  eight 
or  ten  of  their  prisoners  at  the  stake.     "Without  any  doubt, 
the  colonists  at  Esopus  '^  did  court  and  begin"  their  new 
calamity.* 
6  Sept.  In  the  mean  time,  a  Mohawk  delegation  had  visited  Fc»t 

Tiflu  Fort  Orange,  to  keep  bright  the  chain  of  union  vrith  the  Dutch; 
"^*  to  demand  that  no  more  "fee  vrater"  should  be  sold  to 
their  people ;  to  ask  that  their  guns  might  be  repaired,  and 
ammunition  be  furnished  to  them ;  and  to  require  the  as- 
sistance of  men  and  horses  for  the  rebuilding  of  their  cas- 
8  Sept.  ties,  as  they  were  now  at  war  with  the  French.  The  Dutch 
presented  the  Hohawks  with  fifty  guilders ;  and,  assuring 
them  of  tiieir  desire  to  maintain  the  ancient  league,  prom- 
ised to  submit  their  requests  to  the  director  general,  who 
was  daily  expected  at  Fort  Orange. 

Stuyvesant,  however,  being  detained  by  illness  at  New 
Amsterdam,  the  authorities  of  Fort  Orange  and  of  Rens- 

*  Alb.  Rec.,  iT.,  330 ;  xTi.,  tfCM^T ;  xTiii.,  85-37 ;  xxiv.,  68 ;  Renss.  MSS. ;  0*C«I).,  U.. 
3M-398;«n<e,p.686,061. 


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PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR  ^BNERia.  659 

selaerswyok  determined  to  send  a  joint  embassy  to  oonfirm  gb.  xix 
and  renew  their  old  allianoe  with  the  Mohawks.    Twenty- 
five  of  the  priodpal  inhabitants  aooordingly  visited  the  jQrst  ^  ^ 
Kohawk  oastle  at "  Kaghnuwag6."»    The  chiefe  of  aU  the  ^5fSJ" 
villages  attended ;  the  couneil-fire  was  lighted ;  and  the  ^^^^ 
oalumet  of  peace  was  smoked.     Amcmg  the  delegates  from 
Beverveyok  was  Arendt  van  Curler,  who  in  1642  had  ex- 
plored the  way  to  the  castles  of  the  Mohawks.    '<  Mothers,"  m  sept. 
said  the  Dutch  orator,  '' sixteen  years  have  now  passed  at  cm«k- 
away  since  friendship  and  fraternity  were  first  established  "*''■*** 
between  you  and  the  Hollanders;  sinoe  we  were  bound  to 
each  other  by  an  iron  chain.     Up  to  this  time,  that  chain 
has  not  been  broken,  neither  by  us  nor  by  you."    Explain- 
ing Stuyvesant's  absence,  the  orator  promised  that  the 
Dutch  would  remain  the  Mohawks'  ^'  brothers  for  all  time 
— ^for  the  roads  are  so  bad  that  we  can  not  come  hither  ev- 
ery day."     Their  gunsmiths,  however,  could  not  be  forced 
to  repair  their  brothers'  fire-arms  without  pay,  ^*  for  they 
mutt  earn  food  for  their  wives  and  little  ones,  who  other- 
wise must  die  of  hunger  or  quit  our  land,  if  they  get  no 
wampum  for  their  work."     "  Bro&ers,"  he  added,  "  our 
chiefb  are  v^  angry  that  the  Dutch  sell  brandy  to  your 
people,  and  have  always  forbidden  them  to  do  ao.    Forbid 
your  people  also.     Will  ye  that  we  take  from  your  people 
their  brandy  and  their  kegs  ?     Say  so,  then,  be^Hre  all  here 
present."     Powder  fmd  lead  were  then  giv^i  to  the  Mo- 
hawks to  be  used  against  the  '^  hostile  Indians."     As  tiie 
Dutch  were  '^  all  sick,"  and  the  hills  at  Caughnawaga  so 
steep  that  their  horses  could  not  draw  timber  f<»r  the  Mo- 
hawk fort,  fiifteen  axes  were  presented  instead. 

Fully  satisfied  wiih  this  oration,  the  Mohawks  readily 
agreed  that  the  Dutch  should  seize  the  liquor  kegs  of  their 
people.     But  when  the  Beverwyck  d^egates  attempted  to  Mohawks 
procure  the  release  of  some  French  prisoners  in  their  hands,  ubemJ^ 
the  chiefs  refused  until  all  the  castles  had  been  c(Hisulted,  pAnch 
and  complained  that  their  hunting  parties  were  constantly  ^ 

*  The  ooonty  town  of  MoDlfoiaery  ooooty,  oa  the  north  htnk  of  Iht  Motewk,  ahovt 
forty  miles  trom  Albany,  finr  many  years  bore  the  sonorous  abwiglnal  name  of"  Caofh- 

nawaga." 


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060  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

ch.  XIX.  attacked  by  the  Canada  Indians,  who  were  always  acoom- 
panied  by  "skulking"  Frenchmen. 

While  the  conference  was  yet  going  on,  intelligenoe 

came  from  Fort  Orange  of  the  new  outbreak  at  Bsopas, 

which  was  immediately  communicated  to  the  Mohawks. 

The  chiefs  replied  that  if  the  river  Indians  should  endear- 

or  to  obtain  their  assistance  against  the  Christians,  they 

would  answer  "  we  will  have  nothing  to  do  with  you !'' 

tiutpi.     The  firm  friendship  of  the  most  powerful  tribe  of  the  Iro- 

tiw deleft-  quois  being  now  secured,  the  Dutch  delegates  set  out  from 

erwyck.     Caughnawaga  early  the  next  morning ;  and,  after  a  hard 

day's  journey  upon  the  Indian  trail,  along  the  banks  of  the 

Mohawk,  and  across  the  barren  pine  plain  of  "  Schonowe" 

— now  so  pleasantly  traversed  in  the  "  rapid  car" — arrived, 

the  same  evening,  at  Beverwyck.* 

The  courier  from  Esopus  had,  meanwhile,  reached  New 
ttsept.  Amsterdam,  where  a  severe  epidemic  fever  was  raging. 
Ill,  and  troubled  by  the  news  which  had  also  c<Hne  horn 
the  South  River,  Stuyvesant  hastened  to  visit  the  neigh- 
10  8eoc  boring  settlements ;  called  upon  the  city  authorities  for  vol* 
toSe^.  unteers  ;  and  ordered  into  service  the  company's  peq>le  at 
Fort  Orange  and  Beverwyck.  The  burghers  of  the  me- 
tropolis, however,  while  they  "were  ready  to  defend  their 
own  firesides,  were  reluctant  to  go  upon  a  distant  expedi- 
tion. Few  volunteers  offered  themselves ;  and  a  draft  from 
the  city  militia  was  directed.  At  length,  one  hundred 
drafted  men  and  forty  volunteers  from  New  Amsterdam, 
and  twenty-five  English  and  as  many  friendly  Indians 
from  Long  Island,  were  collected.  With  this  force  Stuy- 
vesant embarked  on  Sunday  evening,  <<  after  the  second 
sermon;"  and,  on  reaching  Esopus,  found  that  the  savages, 
unable  to  carry  or  reduce  the  post,  had  broken  up  the  si^[e. 
Heavy  rains  having  flooded  the  country  around,  it  was  im- 
possible to  pursue  the  enemy ;  and  the  expedition  returned 
to  the  capital. 

The  Mohawks  and  Mahicans  now  exhibited  the  sincer- 
ity of  their  friendship ;  and,  at  the  suggestion  of  the  aa- 

*  Fort  Orange  Rec;  ReoM-MSS.;  0*CaU.,  U..  3W-S0I ;  flil»»p.  MC,St3;6IL 


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PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  .    Qg] 

thorities  at  Port  Orange,  a  number  of  their  chie&  went  ch.  zol 
down  to  Eaopus,  where  they  procured  the  release  of  two 
prisoners,  and  compelled  the  sachems  to  agree  to  a  truce. ,  j^^ 
The  savages,  however,  would  not  consent  to  a  permanent  JJ^JJJ^ 
peace,  nor  would  they  surrender  the  younger  captives  in***''^ 
their  hands.-    Stuyvesant,  therefore,  represented  the  cou-mdm. 
dition  of  the  province  in  earnest  terms  to  the  Amsterdam  menu  Mk- 
Chamber ;  and  urged  that  re-enforcements  be  sent  at  once  company, 
for  the  security  of  the  country,  whose  inhabitants  would 
otherwise  leave  it,  and  seek  for  ^'  some  place  of  residence 
and  such  government  where  they  will  be  protected."* 

The  opening  of  this  year  found  New  Amstel  in  deep  dis-  DtotNMai 
tress.     Disease  and  famine  had  almost  decimated  its  pop-  neL 
ulation,  and  the  heat  of  the  summer  had  enfeebled  the  un- 
acclimated  survivors.     The  wife  of  the  director  was  one  of  «  ju. 
the  victims.     Every  one  had  been  occupied  in  building 
houses  and  in  preparing  gardens,  so  that  little  grain  was 
sown ;  and  the  emigrants  from  Holland  brought  very  scanty 
supplies  of  provisions.     "Our  bread  magazine,  our  pantry 
room,  our  only  refuge  is  to  Manhattan,"  wrote  the  despond-  iianb. 
ing  Alrichs  to  Stuyvesant. 

Intelligence  now  reached  the  colony  that  the  burgomas- 
ters of  Amsterdam  had  altered  the  conditions  which  tiiey 
had  originally  offered  to  emigrants.  These  alterations  Aitamion 
seemed  to  have  been  suggested  by  the  large  expenditures  SmoMl^ 
which  the  city  had  made  for  a  colony  which  had  produced  mutmoir 
no  returns,  and  was  already  seven  thousand  guilders  in  ar- 
rear.  To  guard  against  further  loss,  it  was  determined  that 
such  colonists  only  as  had  left  Holland  before  December, 
1658,  were  to  be  supplied  with  provisions ;  goods  should 
be  sold  only  for  cash;  the  city  was  no  longer  to  be  bound 
to  keep  supplies  in  its  magazine ;  exemption  from  tenths 
and  taxes  was  to  cease  several  years  before  the  period  orig- 
insdly  stipulated  ;  and  merchandise  exported  by  the  colo- 
nists was  thereafter  to  be  consigned  to  the  city  of  Amster- 
dam exclusively.  The  commissaries  of  the  colony,  how- 
ever, remonstrated  against  this  restriction  of  trade,  which 

*  Alb.  lUc,  zVi.,  101-107 ;  xrUi.,  54-70 ;  lUnM.  MSS. ;  O'CaU.,  U.,  306-^1. 


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tfiSi    •  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

dir.  xnt.  ^<  had  tbe  appearance  of  gross  slavery  and  chain-fettering 
Ae  free  spirit  of  a  worthy  people.''    The  remonstrance  was 
'  well-timed ;  for  the  West  India  Company  had  jost  determ- 
ined to  enlarge  the  commercial  privileges  of  the  provincial 
10  March,  merchants.     The  city  council  was  finally  obliged  to  con- 
sent that  all  traders  on  the  South  River  might  export  all 
goods,  except  peltries,  to  any  place  they  chose. 
Kfitet  St        This  measure  only  added  to  the  difficulties  of  the  col- 
mT.        ony.     The  emigrants  began  to  grow  disiarustfiil  of  the  good 
faitii  of  their  patrons,  and  nimibers  came  to  Alrichs  be- 
seeching him  to  let  them  go  to  Manhattan,  and  accept  the 
remnant  of  their  property  in  discharge  of  their  debts  to  the 
city.     But  the  director  only  replied,  "  Ye  are  bound  to  re- 
main for  four  years."     The  despairing  inhabitants  began 
to  leave  the  colony ;  and  even  soldiers  of  the  garrison  de- 
serted their  service,  and  took  refuge  in  Virginia  and  Mary- 
land.    New  Amstel  had  already  won  **  such  a  bad  name 
tiiat  the  whole  river  could  not  wash  it  off." 

Yet  the  regions  around  the  South  River  were  among  the 
most  fertile  and  productive  in  all  New  Netherland.  Not 
only  was  there  a  wild  luxuriance  of  vegetation,  and  an  al- 
most exhaustless  supply  of  furs,  but  the  earth  gave  prom- 
ise of  great  mineral  wealth,  the  fame  of  whidi  had  abeady 
^fff'-  reached  Holland.  *^  We  lately  saw  a  piece  of  mineral," 
SSm*  wrote  Hie  directors  to  Stuyvesant,  "said  to  have  be«i 
brought  from  New  Netherland,  which  was  such  good  and 
pure  copper,  that  we  deemed  it  worth  inquiring  about  of 
oae  Kloes  de  Ruyter,  as  we  presumed  he  must  know  if  the 
fact  is  as  stated.  He  asserted  that  there  was  a  copper 
mine  at  Minnisinck ;  and  that  between  the  Manhattans 
and  the  South  River  there  had  been  discovered  a  mount- 
ain of  crystal,  of  which  he  said  he  Inrought  several  speci- 
mens with  him."* 

♦  Alb.  Rec.,  It.,  904 ;  xii.,  480-485 ;  Hd.  Doc.,  xv.,  Jl-27 ;  xvL,  il5-«18 ;  Wtgeniar, 
Baseli.  Amst.,  I., 904;  anU,  p.  6M;  8.  Huard,  Ann.  Fran.,  t50-4S5.  TVwMllMi  tJBnM 
Um  Mriy  eziatenoe Amines  In  tbo  upper  TaU«y  oTtbo  Delaware,  wUeb  were  worked  bf 
*'  minera  ttom  Holland."  Mr.  Samuel  Preeton,  in  a  commonication  to  Mr.  Samad  Rax- 
*rd,  expreaeed  himaeir  <*  eleariy  ef  opinion  tliat  MeneelQk  waa  tbe  oldest  Eoropeaa  iaiSe* 
Dient  of  equal  extent  ever  made  In  the  territory  afterward  named  PenasylTania.**— Has- 
■rd'a  Reg.  Penn.,  1.,  498, 440 ;  ante,  p.  4t2. 


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P£T£R  STinrVESANT,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  (Qa 

The  West  India  Company,  suspicioos  of  the  fid^ity  of  ob.  xix 
the  Swedes,  had  meanwhile  instrooted  Stayvesant  not  to~ 
appoint  them  to  public  office,  and  to  induce  them  to  settle  13  ^ 
themselves  more  at  large  among  the  other  inhabitants  of 
the  proTince.     Beeokman,  the  vice-director  at  Altona,  was 
now  ordered  to  complete  the  purchase  of  the  territory  south- 
ward  of  the  Boomtje's  Hook.     He  accordingly  went  with  ss  May. 
BUnoyossa  to  the  mouth  of  the  bay,  and' bought  from  the  Jane. 
native  chiefs  the  Horekills,  which  included  the  site  of  Deoruieuorn- 
Vries  and  Gbdyn's  unfortunate  colony  at  Swaanendael.   A 
trading  post  was  immediately  established,  and  a  few  sol- 
diers stationed  there  to  keep  possession. 

Rumors  were  now  spread  among  the  Dutch  that  the  En-  Deaicns  or 
glish  in  Maryland  <<  pretend  that  this  river  country  is  their  land  go?' 
property,"  and  that  persons  were  soon  to  be  sent  to  claim 
the  possession.     Letters,  too,  were  said  to  have  been  writ- 
ten from  Virginia  to  the  Swedes,  ^<  that  they  might  remain 
here  as  a  free  colony  under  the  English."     The  messen- 
gers whom  Alrichs  had  dispatched  to  reclaim  the  deserters 
in  Maryland  returned  with  tidings  that  Lord  Baltimore  aojtuy. 
had  given  orders  that  the  territory  on  the  South  River  wbm 
to  be  reduced  under  his  jurisdiction.     As  soon  as  it  wasiSAufust 
known  that  Fendall,  the  governor  of  Maryland,  was  about 
to  execute  these  orders,  anxiety  and  alarm  prevailed  among 
the  Dutch  colonists ;  business  was  suspended,  and  every 
one  prepared  for  flight.     Within  a  fortnight,  fifty  perscms,  xiann  m 
including  several  families,  removed  to  Maryland  and  Vir-  •tei. 
ginia.     Scarcely  thirty  feimilies  remained  at  New  Amstel. 
*^  A  chief  excuse  for  these  removals,"  wrote  Stuyvesant  to  4  Sept. 
the  directors  at  Amsterdam,  '<  is  supposed  to  be  the  too 
great  preciseness  of  the  honorable  Alrichs."     ^^  It  would 
seem  as  if  those  of  the  South  and  North  are  jealous  of  each 
other,"  wrote  Alrichs  to  his  own  superiors,  <<  and  dread  that 
this  settlement  should  become  great  and  flourishing." 

The  government  of  Maryland  lost  no  time  in  executing 
their  proprietary's  orders.  A  meeting  of  the  council  was 
held  at  Ann  Arundel,  at  which  G-ovemor  Fendall  and  Sec- 
retary Philip  Calvert,  Lord  Baltimore's  brother,  were  pres- 


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664  HISTORY  or  the  state  of  new  YORK. 

ch.  xix.  ent.     Colonel  Nathaniel  Utie  was  directed  to  repair  "  to 

the  pretended  governor  of  a  people  seated  in  Delaware  Bay, 

lAu^M*  within  his  lordship's  province,"  and  require  him  to  depart 
n«w"aS.'°  thence.     Utie  was  further  ipstruoted,  in  case  he  found  op- 
'*^*         portunity,  ''to  insinuate  into  the  people  there  seated,  that 
in  case  they  make  their  application  to  his  lordship's  gov* 
ernor  here,  they  shall  find  good  conditions."     Fendall  at 
i^erof    the  same  time  wrote  to  Alrichs:  ''I  received  a  letter  from 
und  ^7/  you  directed  to  me  as  the  Lord  Baltimore's  governor  and 
lieutenant  of  the  province  of  Maryland,  wherein  you  sup- 
pose yourself  to  be  governor  of  a  people  seated  in  a  part  of 
Delaware  Bay,  which  I  am  very  well  informed  lyeth  to  the 
southward  of  the  degree  forty ;  and  therefore  caji  by  no 
means  own  or  acknowledge  any  for  governor  there  but  my- 
self^ who  am  by  his  lordship  appointed  lieutenant  of  his 
whole  province,  lying  between  these  degrees,  thirty-eight 
and  forty,  but  do  by  these  require  and  command  you  pres- 
ently to  depart  forth  of  his  lordship's  province,  or  otherwise 
desire  you  to  hold  me  excused  if  I  use  my  utmost  endeav- 
or to  reduce  that  part  of  his  lordship's  province  unto  its 
due  obedience  under  him."* 

Utie  soon  arrived  at  New  Amstel  with  a  suite  of  six  per- 
sons, and  spent  some  days  in  sowing  ''  seditious  and  mu- 
8  sepc.      tinous  seed  among  the  community."   At  length  he  demand- 
New  Am-  ed  an  audience  of  Alrichs,  who  requested  the  presence  of 
Beeckman,  as  the  representative  of  the  West  India  Com- 
pany.    In  a  "  pretty  harsh  and  bitter"  manner,  Utie  de- 
livered  Fendall's  letter,  and  peremptorily  commanded  the 
Dutch  to  leave  the  South  River,  or  else  declare  tliemselves 
injOTTjew  subject  to  Lord  Baltimore.    "  This  communication  appears 
Dutch  offi-  very  strange  to  us  in  every  respect,"  replied  the  Dutch  offi- 
cers,  '^  as  we  have  been  in  possession  of  this  land  during 
so  many  years."     "  I  know  nothing  about  it,"  answered 
Utie ;  "  it  was  granted  to  Lord  Baltimore,  and  was  con- 
firmed by  ihe  king  himself,  and  renewed  two  years  ago, 
and  sanctioned  by  Parliament,  to  the  extent  of  forty  de- 

•  Alb.  Rao.,  iv.,  991 ;  xU.,  400,  50S-506,  514 ;  xtJU.,  88^,  4%  45 ;  Hoi.  Doc.,  xvi.,  9B. 
188-207  ;  N.  Y.  H.  S.  CaII..  lii..  368,  S09 ;  AcreUui,  421,  4« ;  S.  Huani,  Ann.  Penn.,  851, 
SSfr-MO,  973 ;  ante,  p.  206,  990,  S9EL 


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PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  g^S 

grees."  "  You  should  take  hold  of  this  opportunity,"  he  c«.  xix 
added,  "  as  your  men  have  chiefly  deserted  you,  and  they 
who  yet  remain  will  be  of  little  or  no  aid.  It  is  our  inten- 
tion to  seize  this  occasion,  as  we  are  convinced  of  your 
weakness,  and  it  now  suits  us  best  in  the  whole  year,  as 
the  tobacco  is  chiefly  harvested.  We  therefore  demcmd 
a  po:sitive  answer — just  as  you  may  fdease."  "  The  case 
must  be  left  to  our  lords  and  prineipals  in  England  and 
Holland,"  answered  the  Dutch  officers,  "  and  we  are  in  duty 
bound  to  refer  the  case  to  the  director  general  of  New  Neth- 
erland,  to  whose  government  we  are  also  subject ;  and  it 
will  require  some  time  to  consult  them." 

The  next  day  Utie  was  summoned  to  the  fort  to  receive  9  s«pi. 

Ttjinlv  to 

the  written  reply  of  the  Dutch  officers.  Beeckman  had  ad-  ut^. 
vised  that  the  Maryland  delegates  should  be  arrested  and 
sent  as  prisoners  to  Manhattan.  But  Alrichs  and  Hino- 
yossa  objected,  "fearing  great  calamities  from  it,  and  a  re- 
volt of  the  citizens."  A  protest  was  therefore  drawn  up, 
on  receiving  which  Utie  merely  "  repeated  his  former  say- 
ing;" and  addressing  Beeckman,  who  he  learned  was  com- 
mander at  Altona,  he  added,  "  You,  too,  must  depart  from 
there,  as  it  is  situated  within  forty  degrees."  "  If  you  have 
any  t  ling  to  say  to  me,"  replied  Beeckman,  "you  should 
appear  at  the  place  of  my  residence." 

Two  days  afterward,  the  English  delegates  returned  toiisopt. 
Maryland.     Rumors  soon  spread  that  five  hundred  men 
were  to  march  upon  the  South  River ;  and  messengers  were 
dispatched  overland  to  Stuy vesant  to  ask  for  large  re-en-  9i  8«pt. 
forcements.     "  It  seems  to  me,"  added  Beeckman,  "that asked (Von 
Alrichs  and  Hinoyossa  are  much  perplexed,  and  full  of  fearnMr*" 
with  respect  to  the  English  coming  from  Maryland,  which 
I  can  not  believe."* 

The  news  of  the  troubles  on  the  South  River  found  Stuy- 
vesant  already  sufficiently  embarrassed  by  the  hostile  at- 
titude of  the  Esopus  savages.     Sixty  soldiers,  however,  2s  sept 
were  sent  at  once,  under  the  command  of  Captain  Kregier,  1     "^*"^ 

*  Alb.  Roe.,  xli.,  500-514 ;  xvii.,  ft-IS ;  Hoi.  Doe.,  xvL,  117 ;  Load.  Doe.,  It.,  174, 175; 
N.  Y.  Col.  MSB.,  iii.,  344 ;  O'CaU..  ii..  S77-380;  Uaurd,  Ann.  Ponti.,  200-360^  879. 


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ggg  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

ch.  XIX.  and  he,  with  Secretary  Van  Ruyven,  was  ocmunissioned  to 

"  act  as  general  agents  for  the  service  of  the  company.     At 

165^.  ^^^  gj^j^g  time,  Stuyvesant  severely  censured  Alrichs  and 
Beeokman  for  a  "  want  of  prudence  and  courage"  in  their 
whole  conduct  toward  Utie. 
Embawy       Augustiuc  Hcermaus  and  Resolved  Waldron,  the  under 
land.        schout  of  Ncw  Amsterdam,  were  also  dispatched  on  an  em- 
bassy to  the  government  of  Maryland  to  request  the  sur- 
render of  fugitives,  or  threaten  retaliation,  and  to  demand 
reparation  for  the  seditious  proceedings  and  ^^  frivolous  de- 
mands and  bloody  threatenings"  of  Colonel  Utie  on  the 
South  River.     Stuyvesant  likewise  wrote  a  letter  to  Fen- 
23  sepc     dall,  accrediting  his  representatives,  and  comfrfaining  of 
Utie's  conduct  as  a  breach  of  the  treaty  of  1664  between 
England  and  Holland.* 

The  Dutch  ambassadors,  proceeding  with  a  small  escort 
overlfiuid  from  New  Amstel,  after  many  embarrassing  ad- 
0  October,  vcuturcs  arrived  in  a  week  at  Patuxent     While  awaiting 
an  audience  with  the  governor,  they  were  hospitably  en- 
tertained, and,  among  others,  accidentally  met  Doughty, 
6  October,  the  former  minister  at  Flushing.     Dining,  on  one  occasion, 
^i  cSk^  with  Secretary  Calvert,  they  were  surprised  to  find  him 
claiming  that  Maryland  extended  to  the  limits  of  New  En- 
gland.    "Where,  then,  would  remain  New  Netherland?" 
asked  the  envoys.     With  provoking  calmness,  Calvert  re- 
plied, "  I  do  not  know." 
16  October.     A  wcck  aftcrward,  the  ambassadors  had  an  interview 
withPoQ.  with  Fendall  and  his  council,  to  whom  they  delivered  a 
"  declaration  and  manifesto"  in  behalf  of  the  government 
of  New  Netherland,  setting  for<h  ihe  Dutch  title  to  the 
South  River,  the  first  possession  of  which  was  "  sealed  with 
the  blood  of  many  souls."     In  regard  to  this  possession, 
there  had  never  been  difficulty  between  New  Netherland 
and  Virginia  or  Maryland  until  Utie's  unwarrantable  pro- 
ceedings.    Satisfaction  should  be  made  for  this ;  and  run- 
aways into  Maryland  should  be  surrendered,  otherwise  the 

*  Alb.  Rec.,  ktU.,  4M  ;  xiz.,  331 ;  N.  T.  H.  S.  CoU.,  Ui.,  370-973 ;  Httard,  Ann.  Fran., 
«0-«73;  Aa«ttQ«,«tt. 


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P£TER  STUYVE8ANT,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  667 

goTemment  at  Manhattan  woold  feel  constrained  '^  to  pub-  ciu  xn. 
lish  free  liberty,  access,  and  recess  to  all  planters,  servants, 
negroes,  fugitives,  and  runaways,  which  from  time  to  time 
may  come  out  of  the  jurisdiction  of  Maryland  into  the  ju- 
risdiction of  New  Netherland."  Lord  Baltimore's  claim  sutemrac 
to  the  South  River  was  utterly  <<  denied,  disowned,  andDotch. 
rejected."  His  patent  was  only  twenty-four  or  twenty- 
seven  years  old ;  while  the  Dutch  had  been  forty  years  in 
just  and  lawfril  possession.  Lord  Baltimore's  patent  did 
not  refer  to  the  Delaware  Bay  as  much  as  did  Plowden's 
"  invalid"  charter.  The  Dutch  title  to  New  Netherland, 
moreover,  had  been  acknowledged  and  confirmed  by  the 
Lord  Protector's  omission  to  reduce  it  to  subjection,  and  by 
the  Peace  of  1654.  Yet,  '^  to  prevent  further  mischief," 
the  envoys  proposed  that  <' three  rational  persons"  might 
be  chosen  from  each  province,  ^^to  meet  at  a  certain  day 
and  time,  about  the  middle  of  between  the  bay  of  Chesa- 
peake and  the  aforesaid  South  River  or  Delaware  Bay,  at  a 
hill  lying  to  the  head  of  Sassafras  River,"  with  full  powers 
to  settle  the  bounds  between  New  Netherland  and  Mary- 
land, or  otherwise  that  the  dispute  be  referred  for  settle- 
ment to  their  common  sovereigns  in  Europe.* 

This  statement  produced  ^'an  astonishing  change"  initephror 
Fendall  and  his  council ;  and  a  long  discussion  followed. 
The  Maryland  governor  declared  that  he  had  not  intended 
to  meddle  with  the  government  at  Manhattan,  but  only 
with  the  settlers  on  Delaware  Bay,  to  whom  Utie  had  been 
sent ;  and  on  being  told  that  the  Dutch  colcnists  there 
were  subordinate  to  the  provincial  government  of  New 
Netherland,  he  replied  that  he  "  knew  no  better."  With 
great  vehemence,  Utie  broke  in :  '^  All  that  has  been  done  utie^M  in- 
was  against  people  who  had  dared  to  settle  within  the  prov- 
ince of  my  Lord  Baltimore;  if  the  governor  will  renew  my 
commission,  I  will  do  as  I  did  beftMre."  "  If  you  return 
and  act  as  you  did,"  replied  Heermans,  <<you  will  lose  the 

*  Thlt  **  declarmtlon  and  manll^eu^  was  drawn  np  In  Dnteh,  and  "  EngUahad"  by  Mr. 
Simon  Orersee,  at  Patoxent,  by  order  of  the  Maryland  comcU.  A  copy  of  tbat  Taraioo, 
wbieh  is  Imperfbct,  is  In  N.  T.  H.  S.  Coll ,  lii.,  973-381,  and  in  Hatard's  Ann.  Psnn.,  t77- 
«4.    Copies  of  the  original  Dotcb  are  in  Hoi.  Doc,  ix.,  171,  t74 ;  xtI.,  1S7. 


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668        HISTORY  OP  THE  STATE  OP  NEW  YORK. 

ch.  XIX.  name  of  ambassador,  and  will  be  treated  as  a  disturber  of 
"~~"  the  public  peace." 

17  October.     ^^  ^^^  morrow,  Fendall  exhibited  Lord  Baltimore's  pat- 
ent to  the  Dutch  envoys,  who,  detecting  its  weakness,  drew 
Comment  up  a  memorandum  neatly  embodying  their  views.   "  Lord 
Dnichen-  Baltimore,"  they  stated,  ^<hath  petitioned  his  royal  majes- 
Loi^BS^ti.  ty  of  England  for  a  country  in  the  parts  of  America  whidi 
JS"*****^"  was  not  seated  and  taken  up  before,  only  inhabited  (as  he 
saith)  by  a  certain  barbarous  people,  the  Indians.     Upon 
which  ground  his  royal  majesty  did  grant  and  confirm  the 
said  patent     But  now,  wherecis  our  South  River,  of  oM 
called  Nassau  River  of  New  Netherland  (by  the  English 
surnamed  Delaware),  was  taken  up,  appropriated,  and  par- 
chased,  by  virtue  of  commission  and  grant  from  the  High 
and  Mighty  States  G-eneral  of  the  United  Provinces  long 
before,  therefore  is  his  royal  majesty's  intention  and  jn»> 
tice  not  to  have  given  and  granted  that  part  of  a  country 
which  before  was  taken  in  possession  and  seated  by  tbo 
subjects  of  the  High  and  Mighty  States  General  of  the 
United  Provinces,  as  is  declared  and  manifested  heretofora 
So  that  the  claim  my  Lord  Baltimore's  patent  speaks  of  to 
Delaware  Bay,  or  a  part  thereof,  in  several  other  respecb 
and  punctuality  is  invalid." 
Jjgjj^'j^      This  clever  paper  took  Fendall  by  surprise.     In  defense 
uSdlS^'  ^f  ^^^  English  title,  he  insisted  that  the  king  had  fully  in- 
*"^         tended  to  include  Delaware  Bay  in  the  Maryland  patent; 
and  he  required  the  Dutch  to  produce  their  patent  for  New 
Netherland.     The  envoys  replied  that  they  had  not  come 
for  that  purpose,  but  only  to  arrange  a  future  meeting 
between  the  parties.     Fendall  then  remarked  that  Clay- 
borne,  who  had  made,  without  avail,  a  similar  objection 
respecting  his  earlier  possession  of  Kent  Island,  had  beoi 
obliged  to  beg  Lord  Baltimore  to  save  his  life.    ^<  That  was 
ADswerof  a  different  case,"  answered  the  New  Netherland  nesotia- 

Om  Dutch.  .  ^ 

tors:  ^^we  are  not  subjects  of  England,  but  a  free,  sov- 
ereign people  of  the  Dutch  nation,  who  have  as  much 
right  to  counti'ies  in  America  as  any  other  state." 

As  the  Dutch  envoys  had  not  produced  their  patent,  the 


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PETER  STUY^TESANT,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  680 

oonnoil  thought  that  the  easiest  method  of  tr^ting  their  ch.  xix. 
exceptions  to  the  Maryland  charter  was  "  to  take  no  no- 
tice."     The  next  day,  a  reply  to  Stuyvesant's  letter  was  ,g  octoiw 
delivered  to  the  ambassadors.     Utie's  proceedings  on  thej^'^Sch 
South  River  were  justified,  and  the  colonists  settled  there '**'*^ 
were  declared  to  be  intruders.     The  "  original  rights  of  the 
kings  of  England"  must  be  maintained.     "  The  pretended 
title"  of  the  Dutch  was  pronounced  to  be  "  utterly  none," 
and  their  alleged  patent  from  the  States  General  "void 
and  of  none  effect."     With  respect  to  "  indebted  persons," 
the  Maryland  courts  would  be  open  as  freely  to  the  Dutoh 
as  to  the  Virginians.     Upon  receiving  this  reply,  Waldron  90  oetobw. 
returned  to  Manhattan ;  while  Heermans  went  on  to  Yir-  rotunu. 
ginia  "  to  inquire  of  the  governor  what  is  his  opinion  upon  goestovif. 
the  subject ;  to  create  a  division  between  them  both ;  and  *' 
to  purge  ourselves  of  the  slander  of  stirring  up  the  In- 
dians to  murder  the  English  at  Accomac."* 

Stuyvesant  took  care  to  communicate  all  these  transac-MDee. 
tions  to  his  superiors  in  Holland.    "  Your  honors  may  see,"  Mni»8  n- 
said  he,  "that  notwithstanding  our  remonstrance  and  that  w.i.co. 
of  the  commissioners  with  regard  to  the  honorable  compa- 
ny's indisputable  title,  right,  and  actual  possession  of  the 
South  River,  those  of  Maryland  held  fest  to  their  frivolous 
pretensions ;  from  which  it  may  be  presumed  that  they 
will  take  hold  of  the  first  opportunity  to  expel  our  people 
from  our  possessions,  unless,  ere  long,  regard  is  paid  by  your 
honors  and  the  burgomasters  of  Amsterdam  to  the  popula- 
tion and  defense  of  these  parts.     We  are  already  informed 
with  some  certainty  that  the  governor  of  Maryland  has 
already  caused  a  survey  to  be  made  of  these  lands  at  the 
distance  of  about  one  or  two  miles  from  the  fortress  of  New 
Amstel,  and  made  a  distribution  of  these  among  several 

•  Heermans*  Joornal,  In  Alb.  Ree.,  xtIH.,  337-305,  and  Hoi.  Doe.,  zvl.,  MI-IM;  Hax- 
mrd'a  Ann.  Penn.,  38^-996;  N.  Y.  H.  8.  Coll.,  ill.,  38»-380 ;  O'Ciai.,  ii.,  381-388.  Not- 
withstanding the  contemptuoQS  treatment,  by  Pendall  and  his  council,  of  the  exceptions 
of  the  Datch  envoys  to  Lord  Baltimore's  patent,  those  exceptions  ftnrmed  the  ground  uptm 
which  the  English  f  Committee  of  Trade  and  Plantations  decided  in  1085  that  Delaware 
did  not  belong  to  Maryland.  Indeed,  it  may  safely  be  asserted  that  the  Independent  ex- 
istence of  the  present  Slate  of  Delaware  is  mainly  owing  to  the  very  reasons  wbleh  tbs 
Dutch  maintained  so  aUy  in  1059.— See  Baneroft,  U..  306,  393,  394,  and  the  authoritiea 
there  cited;  Lond.  Doe., L, 05-70 i  N.  Y.Col.M8S^UI^9»-S7;  Bmmao, H., 9 ;  anle. p. SSS. 


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670  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORE. 

cs.  XIX.  inhabitants  of  Maryland;  against  y^Iuhh,  if  they  take  aet> 
ual  possession,  we  earnestly  solieit  your  honors'  orders  to 
know  what  we  have  to  do,  and  how  to  conduct  ourselves 
against  such  usurpers.-'* 

The  disastrous  oondition  of  the  city's  oolony  had  mean- 
while sorely  annoyed  the  burgomasters  of  Amsterdam,  at 
so  Sept.     whose  suggesticHi  the  city  council  resolved  to  retransfer 
New  Amstel  to  the  West  India  Company.     But  the  com- 
pany <^  showed  no  inclination  whatever  thereto ;"  and  the 
8  Nov.      city  was  obliged  to  vote  a  further  subsidy  of  twelve  thou- 
sand guilders  for  the  support  of  its  colony.     The  oompa- 
M  omtibm.  ny  attributed  the  misfortunes  of  New  Amstel  chiefly  to 
"  the  too  rigid  preoiseness  of  Director  Alrichs."     On  the 
other  hand,  Alrichs  accused  Van  Ruyven  and  Kregi^r  of 
8  Doo.       causmg  disaffection ;  while  Hinoyossa  and  Van  Sweringea 
laid  all  the  blame  upon  their  own  chief.     In  the  midst  of 
«^^^    these  troubles,  Domine  Welius  fell  a  victim  to  the  ^id^- 
!>omin<'     io,  and  the  afBicted  colonists  lost  a  kind  friend  who  had 
helped  to  sustain  them  under  their  heavy  trials.    A  few 
so  Dee.     wccks  aftcFward  Alrichs  died,  having  intrusted  the  gov- 
ernment to  Hinoyossa.    The  colony  was  overwhelmed  with 
debt ;  of  all  the  soldiers  who  had  be^i  sent  out  from  Hol- 
land, but  five  remained  at  the  Horekills,  and  ten  at  New 
Amstel.     At  the  close  of  the  year  1659,  the  ii^bited  part 
oi  the  colony  on  the  South  River  did  not  extend  beyond 
two  Dutch  miles  from  the  fort.t 
Etnera         Emigrants  from  New  En^and  had  all  the  while  beoi 
^d  under  aotivcly  colcmizing  the  northern  shores  of  Long  Island,  east- 
cm-         ward  of  Oyster  Bay,  which  the  Hartford  treaty  had  sur- 
sottthamp-  rendered  to  the  English.     Southampton  had  been  under 
the  jurisdiction  of  the  General  Court  at  HsurtJEbrd  since 
Eaethamp.  1644 ;  aiui  Easthampton,  whidi  was  purchased  in  1648, 
from  Wayandanck,  the  "  sachem  of  Montauk,"  and  three 
other  chiefs,  was  likewise  "  annexed^  to  Connecticut  in  the 
spring  of  1658.     Releases  of  land  further  to  the  west  were 

•  Alb.  Ree.,  xTiU.,  60 ;  8.  Htserd,  Ann.  Peon.,  S06. 

t  Alb.  Ree.,  tr.,  110-813 ;  xvU.,  t»-S5 ;  xtUI.,  417--«W;  Hoi.  Doc,  zri.,  100,  IM,  l«7, 
m,  MO;  Cor.  Claaotii  AnMt.,  Alrioho*  Jettor,  ItUi  Deeomber,  1060;  Waceuar,  L,  M»i 
AoroHoi,  «tt;  0*C«U.,  U.,  388 ;  8.  HaMvd,  Am.  Ponn.,  i07-IOO. 


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PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  671 

also  obtained  from  Wayandanok  by  Riohard  WoodhuU  and  ch.  xix. 
others,  and  settlements  were  begun  at  Huntington  and  Se- 
tauket,  on  Cromwell's  Bay,  now  a  part  of  the  town  of  Brook-  HunSgtin 
haven.     The  restless  Underbill,  finding  himself  at  Setau-  {JJ|  ^"***' 
ket,  joined  with  the  inhabitants  in  petitioning  the  General  OAngvat. 
Court  at  Hartford  to  receive  that  settlement  as  ^'  a  member 
of  the  said  body  politic,"  with  the  same  privileges  which 
Southampton  and  Easthampton  enjoyed,  in  consideration 
of  their  "  remoteness  fcom  the  head  court,  and  the  uncer- 
tain passage  over  the  Sound."     The  next  spring,  a  similar  1660. 
request  was  presented  from  Huntington.     The  Q-eneral  ^^  ^'^^ 
Court  accepted  the  propositicms  of  both  these  plantations, 
*'  so  far  as  they  may  be  consistent  yrith  the  articles  of  oon^ 
federation ;"  and  the  next  autumn  liberty  was  granted  by  September 
the  commissioners,  to  the  jurisdiction  of  Connecticut,  <^  to 
take  Huntington  and  Sautaukett,  two  EngUsh  plantations 
on  Long  Island,  under  their  government."     Much  embar- 
rassment was  caused  to  the  people  of  Southampton  and  its 
neighborhood  by  the  same  Captain  John  Scott,  who  in  1654  capuin 
had  been  arrested  and  examined  at  New  Amsterdam,  and 
who  now  returned  to  England.     Claiming  to  have  obtain-  e  October. 
ed  from  the  Indians  laige  tracts  of  land,  he  executed  nu- 
merous conveyances,  which,  after  much  litigation,  were 
found  to  be  fraudulent  and  void."*^ 

Unwilling  to  relinquish  their  purpose  of  establishing  1659. 
themselves  on  the  North  Eiver,  the  Massachusetts  adven-  ^J^*^*^"' 
turers  brought  their  case  before  the  commissioners,. who '^^'^"" 
wrote  to  Stuyvesant  requesting  that  the  planters  might  be  n  sept. 
allowed  a  free  passage  up  the  Hudson  River,  ^^  they  de-  the  c^m. 
meaning  themselves  peaceably,  and  paying  such  moderate    ^  **"*" 
duties  as  may  be  expected  in  such  cases."     The  exact 
bounds  of  the  Massachusetts  patent  '^  we  leave  to  that  gov- 
ernment to  clear,"  added  the  commissioners,  "only  we  con- 
oeive  the  agreement  at  HartfDrd,  that  the  English  should 
not  come  within  ten  miles  of  Hudson's  Biver,  doth  not  prej- 

*  Alb.  Rec,  xviil.,  166;  Lond.  Doc.,  1.,  77-88;  N.  Y.  Col.  MSS.,  lii.,  27-29;  Col.  Rec. 
Coira.,  112,  200,  316^  S41,  M8,  866,  100,  flTTS;  Hasanl,  11.,  7,  ia»  M,  173,  101,  384,  434 ; 
TrumboU,  1.,  235,  237 ;  Thompson't  L.  I.,  1.,  208-302,  380, 408-411,  433,  465,  484-488 ;  ii., 
390 ;  Hntcb.  Coll.,  880 ;  mU,  p.  907-800,  570. 


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672  HISTORY  or  THE  STATE  OP  NEW  YORK. 

cb.  XIX.  ndioe  the  rights  of  the  Massachusetts  in  tlie  ufdand  ooan* 
try,  nor  give  any  right  to  the  Dutch  there."     Stuyvesant, 
•  however,  remembering  the  history  of  the  English  settle- 
19  October,  mouts  ou  the  Connecticut,  explained  that  his  orders  from 
MinfsM-  the  West  India  Company  obliged  him  to  refuse  "categor- 
ically" to  all  persons,  except  citizens  of  New  Netherland, 
the  right  of  trading  upon  or  passing  up  and  down  the  North 
River.     At  the  same  time,  he  again  earnestly  wrote  to  the 
Amsterdam  Chamber,  and  asked  that  a  frigate  of  fourteen 
or  sixteen  guns  should  be  at  once  stationed  at  New  Am- 
sterdam, to  protect  the  river  and  transport  soldiers.     Dis- 
satisfied with  Stuyvesant's  reply,  the  Massachusetts  Gen- 
\f  Not.    eral  Court  sent  Hawthorne  and  Richards  "  to  communicate 
their  honest  intentions  in  this  matter,  and  to  demonstrate 
the  equity  of  the  motion  of  the  commissioners  in  their  be- 
cimifns  of  half."     The  agents  claimed  that  as  the  upper  part  of  the 
etaoMtto     North  River  was  covered  by  the  patent  of  Massachusetts, 
within  which  "  the  Dutch  perhaps  may  have  intruded," 
that  river  should  afford  the  English  a  passage,  as  the  Rhine 
and  the  Elbe  were  free  to  the  various  countries  on  their 
upper  banks.     The  Hartford  treaty  did  not  affect  Massa- 
chusetts ;  her  commissioners  had  been  merely  arbitrators; 
even  had  they  been  principals,  it  would  not  alter  the  case, 
for  the  provisional  boundary  line  extended  only  twenty 
miles  northerly  from  the  sea ;  and,  as  the  south  line  of' 
Massachusetts  was  beyond  that  point,  her  patent  was  not 
impaired  by  the  treaty.* 

This  bold  claim  was  urged  upon  the  director  at  the  very 
moment  that  Maryland  was  asserting  an  adverse  title  to 
n  Doc.     ihe  South  River.     The  Amsterdam  Chamber  promptly  ap- 
proved his  proposition  to  establish  a  Dutch  cdony  at  the 
Wappinger's  Kill,  and  directed  him  to  purchflise  the  land 
there  to  check  the  projected  enterprise  of  the  New  England 
1660.  men.     Instructions  were  soon  afterward  sent  him  to  allow 
iJSHS!*    no  English  to  settle  themselves  on  the  North  River,  and  to 
wi.cooDh  repress  all  attempts  at  encroachment  as  he  had  already  op- 
***"^*       posed  the  Maryland  project  on  the  South  River.     Feeling 

*  Haxwrd,  ii.,  406 ;  Hotehinson'a  ColL.  318;  AM).  JUe.,  xTui.|  61, 88 ;  uiT^  161-164. 


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PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  673 

that  he  had  the  right  cm  his  side,  Stayyesant  now  drew  up  ch.  xix. 
an  argument  in  which  he  refuted  the  pretension  of  Mas-  ^ 
sachusetts.     Her  patent  had  no  oonneotion  ynih  the  ques-  ^^p^  ' 
tion,  for  it  was  not  granted  until  after  that  of  the  West  In-  JiSK  reply 
dia  Company.     The  North  River  having  been  discovered  ^J^  ^f 
by  the  Dutch,  and  constantly  visited  by  them  for  more  than  JJ^!!*"**"' 
half  a  century,  and  actually  cdonized  by  the  West  India 
Company  for  over  thirty-seven  years,  the  claim  that  that 
river  was  within  the  Massachusetts  patent,  which  was  only 
thirty-two  years  old,  '^  scarcely  deserves  a  serious  answer." 
The  Dutch  had  not "  intruded."    With  much  more  justice 
might  those  be  called  ''  intruders"  who  now  endeavor  to 
thrust  themselves  within  the  Dutch  limits,  and  who  had 
already  settled  themselves  between  the  Fresh  River  and 
the  North  River,  upon  territory  which  the  Dutch  had  pos- 
sessed and  secured  by  forts  many  years  before  ^^one  single 
Englishman  had  any  land  or  possession"  there.    The  Rhine 
and  the  Elbe  were  not  like  ihe  Ncnrth  River.     There  was 
more  analogy,  in  respect  to  situation,  between  it  and  the 
Thames ;  yet  the  English  did  notthrow  open  that  river  to 
other  nations.     The  Dutch  had  never  prohibited  their  In- 
dians from  trading  with  other  nations;  but  they  could  not 
grant  Massachusetts,  or  any  other  foreign  government,  the 
right  to  come  and  traffic  within  their  own  lawfully-pur- 
chased territory.     At  the  time  of  the  Hartford  treaty,  Mas- 
sachusetts had  made  no  claim  to  lands  on  the  North  River ; 
if  such  a  claim  had  been  then  advanced,  it  would  have 
been  fairly  discussed  and  fully  disproved.* 

But,  while  Stuyvesant  was  preparing  this  able  reply  to 
the  encroaching  claims  of  Massachusetts,  he  was  not  blind 
to  the  almost  desperate  condition  of  New  Netherland. 
**  Place  no  confidence,"  wrote  he  to  the  Amsterdam  Cham-  ti  Aprii. 
bar,  ^'in  the  weakness  of  the  English  government  and  its 
indisposition  to  interfere  in  affairs  here.     New  England 

*  Alb.  R«c.,  iT.,  m,  331 ;  xxir^  lOft-174.  If  Stnrreaant  eoald  have  examined  the  Mae- 
sacbusette  patentf  he  would  probably  have  etreogthened  his  argument  by  taking  groond 
•imilar  to  that  whloh  Heerowns  and  Waldron  did  reapaetlng  the  Maryland  Charter,  and 
would  bare  inaialed  that  the  proviso  in  the  patent  actvally  declared  it  **  void"  with  regard 
to  the  territory  poeaeaeed  by  the  Dutch  beflsre  the  3d  oTNorenibar,  IMO ;  anU^  p.  189, 06& 

Uu 


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674  WffTORY  or  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  FOWC. 

OS.  XDL  does  not  mm  madi  about  its  troaUes^  and  does  not  want 
"~~"  its  aid.     Her  people  are  fiilly  convinoed  l^t  Hk/W  potwer 
ioou.  overbalances  ours  tenfold ;  and  it  is  to  be  apprehended  tliat 
they  may  make  ftirtfaer  attempts,  at  Hob  oipportaiaky,  with- 
out fearing  or  caring  for  home  interference."    Two  montiw 
23  juue.     afterward  he  again  wrote,  ^^the  dencurnds,  SQcroaohments^ 

StUVV6"  ^^ 

saDt'8  dia.  and  usurpations  of  the  EngMsh  give  the  people  here  great 

patches  to  ,,         J  .  J.  V.         .    1  I*  J  X.V 

the  w.  L  concern ;"  and  m  sucoeedmg  dispatches,  he  urged  uie  com- 
pany to  send  out  re-enforoemeiEts ;  to  station  a  frigate  at  the 
moutii  of  the  North  River ;  and  to  put  him  in  a  position 
au&oritatively  and  suooess&lly  to  repel  the  oharaoteristic 
assumption  1^  whidi  the  English  maintained  that  they 
alone  had  chartered  rights  to  the  possession  of  lands  in  'Ae 
northern  regions  of  Amerioa.** 

New  Amsterdam  now  obtained  wiiat  she  had  so  long 

9  April,  asked  in  vain,  a  schont  of  her  own ;  and  Pieter  Tounenum, 
Mhoat  of  lately  of  Breuofeelen,  returning  fipom  Holland  with  a  com- 
sterdam.  misskm  Irom  the  Amsterdam  directors,  took  his  oatii  of  of- 
5AuguK.  fice,  and  his  seat  in  the  City  HaU  in  place  of  De  Sille.   The 

merchants  of  the  metropolis  were  also  gratified  by  a  further 

Burgher    oonccsslou  from  Stuyvesaat,  which  extended  their  '^  bivgh- 

tended,     er  right"  to  all  parts  of  tiie  provinee.    A  second  survey  and 

a  map  of  the  city  were  made  this  summer  by  Jacques  Gor- 

telyou,  and  New  Amsterdam  was  found  to  contain  three 

hundred  and  fifty  houses.     At  the  request  of  the  bui^omas- 

6  October,  ters,  the  director  sent  this  map,  together  with  <<  a  perepeot- 

surreyof  ive  viow,'' which  Hcemians  had  made  some  years  befere, 

^terdam.    to  the  Amsterdam  Chamber,  in  case  it  should  be  thought 

good  "  to  make  it  more  public  by  having  it  engraved/t 

10  AluraM.  Ncw  Hacrlom  having  by  this  time  become  sufficiently 
lenTincor.'' populous  to  entitle  it  to  a  village  government  of  its  own, 
'*""**  ■     an  inferior  court  was  organized  tiiere,  and  Jan  Pietersen, 

Daniel  Temeur,  and  Pieter  Coussen,  were  appointed  its 

*  Alb.  Ree.,  xviii.,  89,  90, 104, 123, 140, 144;  Hoi.  Doc.,  ix.,  109-171 ;  Smith's  HisL  N. 
Y.,  i.,  11, 13 ;  O'CaU.,  ii.,  40»-406 ;  Bancroft,  ii.,  SIO. 

t  Alb.  Rec,iT.,S39;  nil,9M,9ffI;  zvUL,  107, 118;  xztv.,296;  HflL  Doe^  zvL, 111 ; 
New  AoMt.  R«;.,  L,  96 ;  UL,  a9l<Mft,  4S0;  !▼.,  W6,  991;  mU,  p.  OSS,  6S8y  MO.  Cwtol- 
yofQ's  Btp  does  not  appew  tol«v»  been  angraved,  aa4 la  pcataMy  mw loat;  tm  Haer- 
maaa'  aketdi,  lutTing  been  added  to  Hia  Map  wliiek  aeoonpanied  tbe  aaeowl  edMoa  of 
Van  d«r  Doiiek*a  work,  haa  beaa  piaaervid^  mU,  p.  Ml,  aoce^ 


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PBTER  STUTVESANr,  IHBBGTQB  QBNBRAL.  9|S 

fint  magistrates,  WI&  a  limited  jtuisdietkxi,  and  in  sabor^  cml  xaa 
dination  te  the  hig^  tribimals  of  tiie  oapital.  ^ma 

The  reoent  oeearrenoas  at  Eaopiis  beii^  considered  inj^p^ 
oonnoil,  in  connection  with  tiio  diffionlties  with  Uaryland  JJ^SH^ 
and  Massachusetts,  it  was  detevminad  that  hoetittties  witit^'^^^' 
the  savages  should  be  postponed,  and  that  steps  shGfaU  be 
taken  to  raise  a  force  of  at  least  a  handled  men,  <^  without 
distinction  of  nation,"  in  Virginia,  or  in  the  North*     Ser- 
geant Andries  Laurensen  was  accordingly  commiasionediMMvit. 
to  go  to  the  South  River,  and  endeavor  to  enlist  soldiers  tot 
the  Esopns  war  among  the  Swedes  and  Finns,  who  wwe 
estimated  to  number  about  one  hundred  and  thirty  men 
able  to  bear  arms. 

The  Indians  around  New  Amsterdam  now  desiring  a  6  March, 
closer  friendship  with  the  Duteh^  a  new  treaty  wiis  made^^uie 
with  the  Long  Island,  Staten  Island,  Hackmsadc,  Havcds mdsnd' 
straw,  and  Weckquae^edk  tribes^  to  seal  wid^  more  firm^  dunV  ^ 
ly,  Stuyvesant  required  the  savages  to  aUow  some  o€  tiieir 
children  to  be  educated  by  tlw  Dutch.    ^^  Whereas,"  reads 
the  interesting  record,  '^  our  posterity,  aftor  the  lapse  of 
ages,  will  see  and  know  what  we  now  speak  and  conclode 
together,  while  your  posterity  can  not  do  it  equally  well, 
as  they  can  not  read  nor  write,  we  demand  that  you  intrust  Indian  chii- 
us  Willi  the  education  of  some  of  your  children."    The  red  educated  i»y 
men  assented ;  and,  leaving  a  child  at  New  Amsterdaoi, 
promised  to  bring  others  when  the  opportunity  offered. 
The  next  week,  the  diief  of  the  Wappingers  asked  that  is  March. 
the  Esopus  savages  might  be  included  in  the  new  treaty ; 
but  the  director,  suspecting  their  sincerity,  required  that 
they  should  come  in  person  to  New  Amsterdam.     ^<  They 
are  too  much  frightened,  and  dare  not  come,"  replied  the 
Wappinger  mediator ;  and  Stuyvesant,  hoping  that  his  pres- 
ence might  move  the  savages  to  peace,  promptly  set  out  for 
Esopus.     On  his  arrival,  he  found  that  Ensign  Smit  had  is  March. 
gone  with  forty  men  into  the  interior,  where  he  had  cap-  ^^i^l 
tured  twelve  savages,  and  taken  a  quantity  of  com,  pease, 
and  bearskins,  besides  the  palisaded  fort  of  '^  Wiltmeet" 
The  prisoners  and  booty  were  ordered  to  be  sent  to  New 


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876  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  Of  NEW  YORK, 

qk.  xdl  Amsterdam,  and  the  rehudmng  Mivages  to  be  driTen  a<ffon 
^  the  Katskill.  Gomg  tip  the  rirer  to  Fort  Orange,  Stnjrve- 
is  Much!  ^^^^  issued  a  formal  declaration  of  offensive  and  defensive 
u!?^TO  ^^'  against  the  Esopos  savages  and  their  adherents,  and 
^^  ord^ed  all  vessels  navigating  the  North  River  daring  tiie 
•*▼•««••    hostilities  to  s€dl  in  company.* 

4  Aprti.         The  savages  were  soon  attacked  and  rofuted ;  and  the 
chiefs  from  the  neighboring  tribes,  who  came  to  Vort  Or- 
91  aimtu.    ange  and  Esopos  to  solicit  peace,  were  referred  to  the  di- 
MMay.     rcctor  general.     A  month  afterward,  three  Mahican  sa- 
chems visited  Fort  Amsterdam,  ^and  declared  that  the  Eso- 
pus  savages  were  willing  to  give  up  their  land  as  a  com- 
pensation to  the  Dutch,  if  they  would  surreoider  their  pris- 
oners and  make  a  firm  peace.     Stuyvesant,  however,  de- 
dined  to  do  BO  as  long  as  Christian  ciqytives  remained  in 
ft  May.     the  hands  of  the  savages.     The  next  day,  an  order  was 


priaonera   made  in  council  for  the  transportation  of  several  of  the-  pris- 
toMmtto  oners  to  Cura^oa,  ^'to  be  employed  there  or  at  Buenaire, 


Che  West 


with  the  negroes  in  {he  company's  service."  In  this  se- 
vere measure  Stuyvesant  followed  the  example  of  Massa- 
chusetts in  1637.  But  the  red  men  never  forgot  their  ex- 
iled brothers ;  and,  before  long,  the  Dutdi  settlers  at  Bso- 
pus  bitterly  atoned  for  the  conduct  of  their  provincial  chief. 
3(^May.         Again  the  savages  were  attacked.     Smit,  with  a  large 


War 


Mainat  tbe  fierce,  advauccd  against  their  encampment,  some  distance 
MT^.  above  the  second  fall  on  ^^  Kit  Davit's  Kill,"  about  nine 
miles  from  the  North  River,  and  captured  Preummaker, 
the  ^^  oldest  and  best  of  their  chie&,"  whom  they  had  left 
behind  in  their  hurried  retreat.  '^  As  it  was  a  considera- 
ble distance  to  carry  him,"  the  Dutch  '^  struck  him  down 
with  his  own  axe."  Meanwhile,  one  of  the  principal  sa- 
chems of  the  tribe,  after  obtaining  the  unanimous  voice  of 
the  warriors,  and  squaws,  and  young  men,  in  favor  of  peace, 
had  gone  down  to  Communipa,  to  obtain  the  mediation  of 
9  jime  the  Hackinsaok  and  Haverstraw  chiefs.  While  there,  news 
came  that  Preummaker  had  been  killed  by  the  Dutch ;  and 
the  envoy  returned  to  his  tribe  wiih  a  heavy  heart     The 

•  Alb.  Rec,  xvii.,  45 ;  xzhr.,  55-76, 115,  IIS-IST ;  S08,  M» ;  ante,  p.  641,  Ml 


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PETEE  STUYVESANT,  DIB2CT0R  OBNSBAL.  977 

next  day,  Oritany,  the  ohief  of  the  Haokuuaoks,  Wttit  over  ctu  la. 
to  Fort  Amsterdam,  and  a  truoe  was  agreed  to,  iqx»i  con-  ^^^ 
dition  that  he  should  personally  visit  Esopos  with  Glae8,j,|^^* 
Jansen  Ruyter,  the  Dutch  interpreter."*^ 

Up  to  this  time,  Esopns  had  been  a  dependency  of  Fort 
Orange.    But  the  people,  who  had  aLready  organized  a  con- 
gregation and  called  a  clergyman,  felt  that  they  were  now 
entitled  to  a  municipal  government  of  their  own ;  and  Boe- 
lof  Swartwout,  a  son  of  one  of  the  original  settlers,  who  had 
visited  the  Fatherland  and  engaged  several  colonists  to  ao- 
ocnnpany  him  to  New  Netherland,  induced  the  Amsterdam 
directors  to  make  the  settlement  an  independent  jurisdic- 
tion. Swartwout  was  UTunediately  commissioned  as  sdiout,  isApru. 
and  furnished  with  full  instructions ;  and  Stuyvesant  was  Mboot  or 
ordered  to  induct  him  in  office,  and  establish  a  separate 
court  of  justice  at  Esopus.     This  action  of  lus  superiors 
did  not  please  the  director,  who  wrote  back  that  he  hadssjmie. 
postponed  the  (Nrganization  of  a  court  for  '*  lack  of  persons  stuyrwaM 
qualified  to  preside  over  it,"  and  that  Swartwout  was  atheeowt 
minor,  and,  in  his  judgment,  incompetent. 

On  learning  the  occurrences  at  Esopus  the  previous  au-  0  MaieiL 
tumn^  the  directors  also  recommended  that  &e  Mohawks  nrantSiio. 
should  be  engaged  to  act  as  warriors  on  the  side  of  the  omnumti 
Dutch.     But  Stuyvesant  knew  the  nature  oi  the  Indians 
better  than  lus  superiors  in  Holland.     ^<  The  Mohawks,"  sAJm^ 
he  replied,  '^  are,  above  all  other  savages,  a  vainglorious,  stujy 
proud,  and  bdd  tribe,  and  yet  more  presumptuous  on  ac- 
count of  their  continued  victcnries  over  the  French  and  the 
French  Indians  in  Canada.     If  their  aid  be  demanded  and 
obtained,  and  success  follow,  they  will  only  become  the 
more  inflated,  and  we  the  more  contemptiUe  in  the  eyes 
of  the  other  tribes.  "^^  *  "^^  It  appears  the  safest  way  to  stand 
on  our  own  feet  as  long  as  possible."    The  reasoning  of  the 
director  was  satisfactory  to  the  Amsterdam  Chamber,  and 
the  thought  of  employing  the  Mohawks  was  abandoned.! 

Learning  that  the  Esopus  savages  were  now  really  anx- 

•  Alb.  Rae.,  tL,  398-m ;  xrl.,  195-185;  xxhr., t»-9M,  «7»-t85 ;  ante,  p.  STt, 900, «». 
t  Aft.  Bm.,  tr.,  SSI,  MO,  948 ;  tUI.,  S14-918 ;  xvUi.,  lOS,  lOS,  108. 


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9m,  xoL  iow  for  feaee,  Stajrrosant  set  icni  ftom  New  Amstanisoi, 
~~"aooo]iipMiMl  by  Kregiorand  Van  CotiliiiMdt ;  aad,  on  maoh- 
11  j^   ing  Eaiqpais,  fimnd  Van  Curler  udd  delegttfcea  Stom  the  Mo- 
^^^^  hawks,  Mahioans,  Wappiogecs^  Minquafi^  Haokinflacksy  and 
^'^^^'     Staten  bland  Indians^  awaiting  his  airival  to  assuit  in  the 
neg^atioa.     Batnoneof  the  EsG^pnsflHudiems  were  iheie; 
and  messengers  were  sent  to  summon  ihem.    After  wait- 
14  July,     -ing  sevieral  <lays,  the  director  invited  the  delegates  of  tt» 
^Ahihe'^^ other  tribes  to  a oon£^renoe,  at  which  he  explained  his  own 
^^^^   desire  to  eonelude  a  peaoe,  and  urged  theon  to  bring  the 
Esopus  savages  to  terms.     His  words  impressed  ihe  grav« 
assembly.     Messen^rs  again  went  into  the  interior;  and 
isiuiy.     the  next  day  four  Esopus  saehen^  appeared  before  Ihe 
gate  of  the  village.     All  the  inhabitants  were  now  sum- 
moned to  a  grand  eounoU ;  and  Stuyvesant  and  his  attend- 
ants, with  theddegates  firom  the  various  tribes,  bei^  seait- 
ed,  a  Minqua  sachem  asked  a  peaoe  in  bdialf  of  ihe  Baa- 
pus  iM{vages.     To  this  the  difeotor  assented,  provided  Ae 
Mohawks,  Ifinquas,  and  olher  tribes  would  answer  for  its 
faithful  observanoe.     A  Mohawk  and  a  Minqua  then  ad- 
monished the  Es(^us  chiefs  to  live  with  the  Dutch  as  broth- 
ers ;  and  a  Mcdiawk  warned  Ihe  settlers  not  to  kritate  the 
TiMty  pie- savages.     The  hatchet  Was  trampled  in  the  earth ;  and 
Stny vesant  pvoposed  the  eonditioAs  of  the  treaty.     Hostil- 
ities were  to  eease,  and  past  injmfies  be  forgotten;  the 
Esopus  savages,  in  coiiq>en8ation  for  damages,  w^pe  to  con- 
vey '*  all  (the  ilands  ^of  Esopus"  to  the  Duftoh ;  ei^t  hund- 
red scbepels 'of  com  wove  to  be  paid  as  jransom  for  the  cap- 
itine  Cifaristians ;  fixture  damages  were  to  be  reciprocally 
paid  for ;  murd^ers  should  be  aniutnally  surread^^d  nnd 
fmnished ;  the  eavages  were  not  to  appvoach  the  Butdi 
fiaotations  miOi  ^utns,  but  might  trade  fieely  if  unarmed  ; 
no  spirituous  liquors  were  to  be  drank  near  the  houses  ^ 
(the  Duiteh ;  aU  other  fiiendly  4aribes  were  to  be  included 
in  the  )>eaoe ;  4bad  the  'mediatcMrs  art  'the  treaty  were  to  be- 
•oome  iboond  for  its  £aithfiil  eicecuticm,  and,  m  oase  the 
Esopus  savages  should  break  it^  were  to  assist  the  Dutch 
Raufied.    in  subduing  Ihem.     These  teums  were  accepted;  and  the 


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tiei^  was  fonaally  ratified,  ''near  tha  oanoentratiaA  of  om. xk. 
Efiopnsy  w^det  the  blue  sky  of  heaven."*  "Tfim" 

From  Esc^ns  Stayvesaiit  went  up  to  Fort  Orange,  where 
his  presenoe  was  urgently  demaivled.     The  ookmista  at 
Beverwyok  being  almost  all  fox  traders,  and  oompetition 
inoreasing  with  the  progress  of  population,  rminers  or 
^^  bosch-loopers"  from  the  village,  like  the  "ooureurs  de  Bosch-ioop 
bois"  of  Canada,  perseveringly  waylaid  the  Indians  as  they  on^.''" 
oame  down  to  tide- water.     Irregularities  followed;  and 
both  the  savages  and  the  Itonest  traders  oomplained.    The 
measures  -whioh  had  been  adopted  in  1650  to  oheek  tiiis 
evil  seemed  to  have  been  unavailing.    The  authorities  now  si  Mmj. 
interfered  again;  and  ordinances  were  passed  to  prohibit MJane. 
the  employment  of  runners.     But  the  people  would  not  re* 
apeot  the  law,  and  many  deolared  that  they  would  ^^soonr 
the  woods  with  Dutch  brokers,  whetiber  permitted  or  not" 
The  MduLwks  again  oomplained  of  the  conduct  of  the 
bosoh*loopers,  and  threatened  to  break  tiieir  treaty  with 
the  Dutch,  when  <<  perhaps  matters  mi^t  end  as  at  Esoi- 
pns."     Commissary  La  Montagne  was  at  last  obliged  to 
visit  the  woods  himself  with  a  detaohment  of  soldiers,  to  m  jaiy. 
disoovw  and  arrest  the  oiSenders,  among  whom  were  sev- 
eral of  the  Beverwyok  magistrates. 

On  reaching  Fort  Orange,  Stuyvesant  issued  a  proolap-MJiiy. 
mation  against  the  boeeh-loop^cs,  and  at  the  same  timeanSftoT 
CKplained  to  the  authorities  of  Reasselaenswyok  the  oom-"^ 
pany's  instructions  respecting  jurisdiotion.    An  oath  of  al- 
legiance to  the  company  was  to  be  taken  by  the  colonial 
sohout,  and  the  collection  of  tithes  was  to  be  enforoed. 
A  few  days  afterward,  several  Seneca  delegates  came  down 
fcom  the  western  door  of  the  '^  Long  House"  of  the  Iroquois, 
to  renew  the  covenant  with  the  Duteh,  which  they  had 
made  some  years  before  at  Manhattan.    A  grand  comKulssjoiy. 
with  the  red  men  from  the  fiur-off  '<  Niaugaurah"  was  held  wtifcow  "^ 
at  Fort  Orai^e,  which  vras  attended  by  the  ccdonial  and 
provincial  magistrates  and  by  the  pTififiipal  residentB  of 

*  Alb.  Rm.,  tL,  aaO ;  xiL,  tl7,  318 ;  xvliL,  11$,  119 ;  SSlI^  ST,  «B ;  xjttT.,  SOI,  S18, 
390,  S3»-343 ;  O'Call.,  U.,  406-490. 


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6^  HSffTOAY  OF  TWtmATE  or  mWYOtOL 

Qm.  JUL  BevMTwyok  and  its  ne^borhood.  The  Seneoas  demand- 
ifion  ^  *^^  trade  should  be  ma(k  free,  whUe  tiie  bosofa-loop- 
ers  should  be  restrained ;  and  they  asked  for  supplies  of 
ammunition  to  enable  them  to  hunt  beavers  in  Iheir  ene- 
mies'  oountry.  Stuy vesant  pres^ited  tobacoo  and  powder 
tn  return,  and  urged  the  Seneoas  to  make  peace  with  the 
Minqoas,  so  that  the  Dutch  might  ''use  the  road  to  them 
m  safety."  But  he  could  not  comply  with  tiieir  demand 
that  a  piece  of  cloth  should  be  the  price  of  a  beaver,  as  long 
as  it  "  must  come  so  far  over  the  water."* 
i«  Feb.  In  the  mean  time,  Domine  Blom  had  been  ordained  to 

Biomor-    preadi  in  New  Netherlands  ''both  on  water  and  on  the 
land,  and  in  all  the  neighborhood,  but  principally  in  Eso- 
pus,"  and  his  call  had  been  approved  by  the  Classis  and 
•i«  March,  confirmed  by  the  West  India  Company.     The  want  of 
another  clergyman  on  Lcmg  Island  was  also  supplied  by 
Domine     the  appointment  of  Domine  Henricus  Selyns  to  preach  at 
Breuckelen.    Blom  and  Selyns  left  Holland  soon  afterward, 
I  Uvnh.    bearing  with  them  a  letter  from  the  Classis  to  the  Dutdi 
churches  in  New  Netherland,  which  were  earnestly  exhort- 
ed  "  not  to  depart  from  the  usual  formulary"  of  baptism. 
The  troubles  with  the  northern  Indians  retarded  the  set- 
tlement of  the  new  clergymen ;  and  it  was  not  until  the 
]9Se|ii.     autumn  that  Blom  began  his  ministry  at  Esopus.     The 
BMpw.     church  at  first  consisted  of  sixteen  members  only.     But 
the  people  gladly  listened  to  the  preaching  of  the  word, 
and  all  was  soon  "  well  ordered  in  church  matters  and  in 
consistory." 

Domine  Selyns,  after  preaching  a  few  sermons  at  New 

Amsterdam,  Esopus,  and  Fort  Orange,  was  formally  in- 

3  Sept      stalled  as  the  clergyman  of  Breuckelen,  where  he  found 

Breoeke-    one  elder,  two  deacons,  and  twenty-four  members  of  the 

church.    The  population  of  the  village  was  now  one  hund- 

popoiatioii.  red  and  thirty-four  persons,  in  Uiirty-one  families.     Steps 

(:iiQrch.     were  immediately  taken  to  build  a  church ;  and,  in  the 

mean  time,  the  ccHigregation  worshiped  in  a  bam.     The 

*  Alb.  Ree.,  It.,  Ml ;  ri.,  SW-S88,  S54-Sn ;  zxiT.,  S4»-S59 ;  0*C«n.,  U.,  490-4M ;  tmU, 
p.  083. 


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PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRBOTCHl  GENERAL.  0^1 

bonnds  of  Domine  Selyna'  charge  inoladed  ^'  tiie  Ferry,  the  ob.  zut 
Wcud-bogt,  and  Gujanes."    As  the  people  there  were  tin-  ^^5^^" 
able  of  themselves  to  pay  his  salary,  tiiey  petitioned  the 
oouncil  for  assistance ;  and  Stuyvesant  individually  agreed 
to  contribute  two  hundred  and  fifty  guilders,  provided  Dom- 
ine Selyns  would  preach  a  sermon  on  Sunday  afternoons      1 
at  ihe  '^  director's  bouwery,  on  the  island  of  Manhattan." 
To  this  arrangement  the  Domine  assented*    The  director's  stwyve- 
"  bouwery"  was  a  sort  of  "  stopping-plaoe,  and  the  pleas-  BoJrwery.  . 
ure-ground  of  the  ManhaUans."     Thither  the  people  came 
from  the  city  to  evening  service ;  and  besides  Stuyvesanfs 
own  household,  about  forty  negroes,  who  lived  in  that  neigh-      1 
borhood,  received  religious  instruction.     In  announcing 
these  arrangements  to  the  Amsterdam  Chamber,  Stuy ve-  6  oetoker. 
sant  urged  that  more  clergymen  should  be  sent  over,  tog3^aT«.' 
supply  the  wants  of  New  Utrecht,  Gravesend,  and  New^"*'**' 
Haerlem,  "  besides  a  newly-commenced  village  of  about 
one  hundred  and  thirty  families  on  the  North  Biver."  ' 

After  the  installation  of  Selyns  at  Breuckelen,  Polhemus  pohmms 
confined  his  services  to  Midwout  and  Amersfoort,  whose  pe-  wo«l 
tition  to  the  council  for  aid  was  answered  by  a  promise  of  4  Nov. 
four  hundred  guilders  ^'  as  soon  as  the  treasury  shall  per-     « 
mit  it."     At  Beverwyck  and  Fort  Orange,  Sohaats  felt  scbaau  At 
some  annoyance  that  the  Lutherans  were  promoting  awyok.' 
subscription  for  a  clergyman  of  their  own.     Nevertheless, 
they  were  submissive,  and  attended  the  Dutch  church,    ^ 
which  had  now  increased  to  two  hundred  members.    The  churobat 
church  at  New  Amsterdam  continued  to  flourish  under  the  sterdun. 
ministration  of  Megapcdensis  and  Drisius,  although  the 
question  of  the  form  of  baptism  seemed  to  have  placed  the 
Amsterdam  Chamber  for  a  time  in  direct  opposition  to  the     ^ 
governing  Classis  in  Holland.* 

Stuyvesant  now  revisited  Esopus,  to  see  after  the  finish- 10  not. 
ing  of  the  redoubt  and  the  settlement  of  Domine  Blom  in iubik^^ 
a  proper  residence.    Thence  he  went  again  to  Fort  Orange, 

♦  Alb.  R«c,  Ir.,  837,  SM ;  tUI.,  «70-«78,  804 ;  XTilL^lW ;  xrir.,  149,  888-388,  441,  442; 
Cor.  CI.  Amst. ;  Letters  of  Polhemus,  99tli  Sept. ;  Sehsats,  99d  Sept. ;  Drisius  and  Selyns, 
4th  October,  1660 ;  Blcin,  ISth  Sept.,  1668 ;  Doe.  Hist.  N.  T..  ilt,  109,  961,  96S;  CCsU., 
U.,  431, 437 ;  Dr.  De  Witt,  in  N.  Y.  H.  S.  Proc.,  1844»  74»  76 ;  ante,  p.  657. 


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688  HKBTOHY  OF  THE  iVTATE  OF  IfEW  TORK. 

GB.  xoL  at  thfi  lequeit  of  the  governor  of  MasBaehiuettB,  to  use  hk 
~~~gDod  offices  with  the  Moha^s,  who  vr&pe  moditatang  on 
FOTt^^  expeditioii  agminst  the  Keimebeok  saTages.     The  director 
*^'       urged  the  eaohems  to  be  at  peioe,  and  was  so  fisr  saooees- 
ftii  that  diey  promised  ^^  to  disouss  that  point  with  the 
oilier  duefs.'^ 
January.       On  fliwuming  tho  goventment  of  New  Amstel  at  Ahrkhs' 
N^^  death,  Hmoyossa^  by  hiA  indieiereet  ooodnot,  prodnoed  great 
disoocds,  whioh  were  inereased  when  news  of  the  proposed 
12  May.     retiftns&r  of  ike  oolony  to  the  West  India  Company  reach- 
ed the  Soutib  River.     Wilii  Beeokman  his  relations  were 
•23 Mat.     soareeiy  pleasant;  and  -oomplaints  were  constantly  made 

8  October,  to  Ncw  Amsterdam  of  his  haughty  and  insolent  demean* 

9  Dec.      or,  and  his  contempt  of  ih&  provincial  regulations  respect- 

ing the  sale  of  liqnors  to  liie  savages. 

The  hostile  attitude  of  tiie  Maryland  authorities  had,  in 

the  mean  time,  been  under  the  consideration  of  the  Ain- 

g  March,    stcrdam  dhreetors,  who  ordered  Stuyvesant  to  oppose  th^ 

ortw^  encroa^ments,  ^  first  warning  them  in  a  civil  manner  not 

eSSSSoii-*  to  usurp  our  territory ;  but  if  they  desqpise  sudi  kind  en- 

MaryhMd.  treaties,  theft  nothing  is  left  but  to  drive  them  from  tlia«, 

*     as  our  (daims  and  rights  on  the  lands  upcm  South  River 

are  indisputable/'    But  while  the  company  was  thus  stren* 

nous  m  asserting  its  territorial  rights  to  the  whole  South 

Rhrer,  it  deolined  to  receive  back  from  the  city  of  Amster- 

s7  AQffaV  dam  the  oolony  of  New  Amstel ;  and  the  city's  commissa- 

diMoror  ries,  obliged  to  continue  their  reluctant  support,  i^spointed 

■ceT        Hinoyossa  director  in  place  of  AJrichs.''^ 

During  the  whole  of  the  Protectorate,  and  while  a  spirit 
of  war  was  inflamed  by  Ncw  England,  Virginia  had  main- 
intercoorvetained  a  friendly  interoourse  with  New  Netherland,  and 
Jnia.  '*  reciprocal  courtesies  had  confirmed  Ute  good-will  which 
Harvey  had  promised  to  De  Vries.  Notwitiistanding  par- 
liamentary ordinances,  Dutch  vessels  conveyed  liie  prod- 
ucts of  Virginia  to  Europe,  and  carried  on  a  mutually  satis- 
feictory  oommeroe ;  and  envoys  from  New  Amsterdam  had 

*  Alb.  Ilee.,»r.,S»,  aW,  9S^  ;  iiTtt.,S9-t6, 141 ;  &ziT.,109, 115»  181,  SM,  460;  AeraUw, 
4»»  4S8 :  S.  Hazard,  Aab.  Peoa.,  3M-«M)  ;  mU,  p.  «7§. 


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PETim  8TUYVESANT,  X>}RJK)TOil  OEN^UL.  1688 

oonduqted  pleasant  uegotiatigais  witii  the  autbaritios  at  u^xix. 
Jamestown.    Upon  the  death  of  Qovermxc  MatbBiffi,  Sir"~~^ 
William  Berkeley  was  called  from  his  eight  years'  letiro-  *""^- 
ment,  and  reinstated  by  the  Assembly,  which  foresaw  the 
triumph  of  the  royal  cause  in  England.    Stuy¥esant>  whose 
brother-in-law,  Nicholas  Varlett,  was  about  visiting  James-  28  Feb. 
town  on  private  business,  took  advantage  of  the  occasion 
to  appoint  him  and  Captain  Bjryan  Newton  commission- 
ers to  negotiate  an  intercdonial  treaty.     They  were  in- 97  Feb. 
structed  to  go  to  Virginia  ^<  to  renew  our  former  and  ancient  tionera  to 
friendship^  correspondence,  and  neighborship ;  to  propose  to  treaty, 
them  a  more  strict  offensive  and  defensive  union  agauist 
the  savage  and  barbarous  nations,  the  enemies  of  both;  an4 
to  conclude,  on  a  more  certain  basis,  a  treaty  of  commeoroe, 
in  the  manner  our  lords  and  principals,  with  iimt  subjeotSj 
are  enjoying  in  Europe."     The  Dutch  agents  were  also  di- 
rected to  endeavor  to  enlist  as  many  Scotcdunea  as  they  1  March, 
could  obtain ;  to  inquire  in  Maryland  if  danger  threatened 
the  South  River ;  and  to  avail  Uiemsebres  of  the  '^aid  sani 
tongue  of  Augustine  Heermans,"  who  was  then  in  Virginia. 
On  reaching  Jamestown,  Varlett  and  Newton  were  received 
with  favor,  and  a  satisfactory  treaty  was  promptly  nag<^  Mareh. 
tiated.    A  <<£ree  trade  and  commerce"  was  stipulated  be- Treaty  ar- 
tween  New  Netherland  and  Virginia ;  ihe  inhabitaHtd  of  '^ 
the  respective  provinces  were  reciprocally  to  enjoy  '^«qual 
dispatch  and  justice  in  each  other's  courts  of  judicature;" 
runaway  servants  were  to  be  mutually  surrendered ;  and 
the  creditors  of  absconding  debtors  were  assured  swift  re- 
dress.    The  Assembly  at  once  passed  a  law  to  give  effect  Mareb. 
to  the  treaty  in  Virginia ;  and  with  equal  promptitude  the 
New  Netherland  government  established  a  favorable  tariff  e  May. 
of  duties  on  imports  and  exports  from  and  to  Virginia. 

Soon  afterward,  Berkeley  dispatched  Sir  Henry  Moody,  is  May. 
the  son  of  Lady  Moody  of  Gravesend,  ^^  on  an  embassy  toembaLyto 
the  Monhadoes,"  to  -exchange  the  ratifications  of  the  treaty. 
Upon  his  reaching  New  Amsterdam,  the  "  ambassador  of  the  ai  June, 
governor  and  assembly  of  Virginia'^  was  reoeived  with  all 
the  usoial  difdonuitie  kotiors.     Two  members  of  the  coun- 


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684  HISTCmY  OF  THE  STATE  OP  NEW  YORK. 

ca.  ux.  oil,  aooompanied  by  halberdiers,  were  sent  ^^  to  oompliment 
— TIT"  him  in  his  lodgings ;"  and  Moody,  appearing  with  the  oom- 
low.  yjjitj;^  jji  p^rt  Amsterdam,  presented  his  credentials,  and 
also  private  letters  from  Berkeley  soliciting  a  loan  of  four 
thousand  ponnds  of  tobacco  from  tiie  Dntoh,  to  be  returned 
in  kind  Ihe  next  November.     Twelve  hundred  guilders 
were  accordingly  advanced ;  and  the  articles  of  the  treaty 
(!orr«-       were  discussed  and  adopted.     A  correspondence  followed, 
wittbvir-   in  which  Stuyvesant  unsuccessfully  attempted  to  draw 
from  the  governor  of  Virginia  an  express  recognition  of  the 
|J  A«8Mt  Dutoh  title  to  New  Netherland.   "  Truly,  sir,"  wrote  Berke- 
uSwtto  *  ley  in  reply,  " you  desire  me  to  do  that  concerning  your 
^r^     titles  and  claims  to  land  in  this  northern  part  of  America 
which  I  am  in  no  capacity  to  do ;  for  I  am  but  a  servant 
of  the  Assembly,  neither  do  they  arrogate  any  power  to 
themselves  further  Ihan  the  miserable  distractions  of  En- 
gland force  them  to.     For  when  G-od  shall  be  pleased  in 
his  mercy  to  take  away  and  dissipate  the  unnatural  divi- 
sions of  their  native  country,  they  will  immediately  return 
to  their  own  professed  obedience.   What,  then,  they  should 
do  in  matters  of  contract,  donation,  or  confession  of  right, 
would  have  little  strength  or  signification ;  much  more  pre- 
sumptive and  impertinent  would  it  be  in  me  to  do  it  with- 
out their  knowledge  or  assent.'*     The  Amsterdam  direct- 
ors promptly  signified  their  approbation  of  Stuyvesant's  ne- 
gotiations with  Virginia.     "A  free  and  unshackled  com- 
M  sapi.     merce  with  that  nation,"  wrote  they  in  reply,  "  must  be  con- 
ducive to  the  prosperity  of  your  city  and  its  inhabitants.*** 
»May.         The  fugitive  King  of  England  had,  meanwhile,  been  re- 
J^JSJJ;^    stored  to  the  throne.     On  his  way  from  Breda  to  London, 
charietn.  Charles  the  Second  was  magnificently  entertained  at  the 
Hague ;  and  as  he  took  his  leave  of  the  States  General,  he 
pointedly  declared  that  he  would  feel  jealous  if  the  Dutch 
should  prefer  the  friendship  of  any  other  state  to  that  of 
Great  Britain.     But  England,  observing  her  commercial 

*  Alb.  Ree.,  It.,  351 ;  zriii.,  07,  157;  xzIt.,  101-lM,  100,  301,  30S,  80»-40S;  Herriaf*! 
iUt  at  Itrge,  510.  540;  CbalnMrt,  135;  Smith's  N.  V.,  t.,  10, 11 ;  O'CaU.,  fi.,  406, 413- 
415;  Col.  Rae.  Coon.,  387;  TiMMBp«m'«L.I.,IL,174;  BanoroA,  ll.,S10t  HUdretli,ln30iu 
44S ;  ante,  p.  550, 50S.    Varlatt'a  aame  is  oftmi  tpeUed  "  Verletf*  and  "  Variack*' 


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PETER  STUYVESANT.  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  686 


1660. 


prosperity,  envied  Holland ;  and  the  convention  Parlia-  cii,  xix. 
ment,  which  had  called  home  the  king,  took  early  steps  to ' 
render  still  more  obnoxious  one  of  England's  most  selfish 
measures.  The  Navigaticm  Act  of  1651  was  revised ;  and  Aet  orNtT. 
it  was  now  enacted,  that  after  the  first  day  of  December, 
1660,  no  merchcmdise  should  be  iipported  into  or  exported 
from  any  of  his  majesty's  plantations  or  territories  in  Asia, 
Africa,  or  America,  exeept  in  English  vessels,  of  which 
^<  the  master  and  three  fourths  of  the  mariners  at  least  are 
English."* 

Charles  had  hardly  reached  Whitehall,  before  Lord  Bal-94  Jojy. 
timore  instructed  Captain  James  Neale,  hb  agent  in  Hoi- more  de- 

11  •  f  At      t-rr         -r     f     /-*  •   i  i  mtnds  the 

land,  to  require  of  the  West  India  Company  to  yield  up  to  rarreiuier 
him  the  lands  on  the  south  side  of  Delaware  Bay.  Neale  Dutch  pos- 
accordingly  made  a  formal  demand  for  the  surrender  of  the  soath 

RiTor. 

New  Amstel,  and  informed  the  directors  that  Lord  Balti-  ^  Aagnit. 
more  would  use  all  lawful  means  to  defend  his  rights  and 
subject  the  Dutch  to  his  authority.  The  Amsterdam  Cham- 
ber referred  the  question  to  the  College  of  the  XIX.,  who 
returned  a  '^  proud  answer"  that  the  company's  rights  were  1  sepi. 
by  possession  under  grant  of  ihe  States  General ;  that  they  the  w.  i. 
were  resolved  to  defend  tiiose  rights ;  and  that,  if  Lord 
Baltimore  should  persevere  and  resort  to  violent  measures, 
<<  they  would  use  all  the  means  whidi  God  and  nature  had 
given  them  to  protect  the  inhabitants  and  preserve  their 
po83essions."t 

Seriously  alarmed  at  the  conditicm  of  New  Netherland, 
which,  after  an  outlay  of  <nie  million  of  guilders,  was  only 
now  in  a  position  to  sustain  itself,  the  College  of  the  XIX.  5  not. 
addressed  a  memorial  to  the  States  General,  praying  them  onhe  w.i. 
to  instruct  their  ambassadors  at  London  to  demand  of  the  to^bT"^ 
king  that  Lord  Baltimore  should  be  ordered  to  desist  from  oeMnii. 
his  pretensions  until  a  boundary  line  should  be  settled ;  and 
also,  that  the  territory  which  the  English  had  usurped  at 

*  Aitzema,  It.,  508 ;  Bunage,  1.,  600 ;  Lingard,  zil.,  65-00;  DaTies,  ill.,  10-18 ;  Ban- 
croft, ii.,  30-43 ;  Chalinera,  Ml,  857 ;  Aot  zli.  ChariM  II.,  cap.  xtUI.,  Statatea  at  larga, 
ill.,  IM ;  anitt  p.  543, 053. 

t  Alb.  Ree.,  !▼.,  354 ;  Till.,  SOS-309;  Hoi.  Doc,  ix.,  IIMtO,  175-177 ;  Lond.  Doe.,  ir., 
175-177 :  N.  T.  Col.  MSS.,  ill.,  344, 845 ;  CCaU.,  U.,  460, 401 ;  8.  Banid,  Abb.  Fbdb., 
317,  818 ,  Smith*!  N.  Y.,  I.,  W. 


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ggg  HISTORY  OP  THE  STATE  OP  NEW  YORK. 

cr.  XIX.  tile  Bast,  and  on  Long  Island,  should  be  restored,  and  tiie 
"""  inhabitants  be  required  to  condnot  themselves  as  Datdi 
^^^*  sabjeots.    The  memorial  likewise  prayed  Ihat  tiie  treaty  at 
Southampton  of  1635,  whioh  allowed  the  company's  ship^ 
Ihe  free  use  of  En^ish  ports,  should  be  r^Qewed.    Aooora- 
panying  the  memorial^  the  directors  {^resented  vari^ue  ex- 
planatory papers,  including  a  deduction  of  their  titie  to 
New  Netherland,  and  detailing  the  usurpations  of  the  En- 
^ish  from  the  time  of  Van  Twiller.     The  States  Greneral 
communicated  these  papers  to  their  ambassadors,  who  were 
about  to  set  out  for  London,  and  instructed  them  to  call 
the  king's  attenticm  to  the  subject  as  soon  as  possible. 
X  July.        One  of  ttie  first  acts  of  Ihe  royal  government  had,  mean- 
punciuion  while,  been  to  appoint  a  committee,  '<  to  receive,  hear,  ex- 
amine, and  deliberate  upon  any  petitions,  memorials,  or 
other  papers  presented  by  any  persons  respecting  the  plan- 
tations in  America,  and  to  report  their  proceedings  to  Ihe 
council  from  time  to  time."     Of  this  committee  Lord  Say 
and  Seal  was  one  of  the  principal  members.     In  the  fd* 
X  Not.    lowing  autumn,  a  standing  "  Counsell  of  Trade"  was  ore- 
Trade,      ated  by  patent.     Soon  afterward,  the  Plantation  Ccmmut- 
tee,  appointed  in  July,  was  superseded  by  another  patent, 
which  constituted  Hjrde,  the  lord  chanoellor,  and  several 
fj  Dec.     others,  a  Standing  Council  for  Foreign  Plantations,  with 
c^n^u  ftM-  instructions  to  acquaint  themselves  with  the  state  of  the 
piuita-     colonies,  to  correspond  with  the  governors,  to  regulate  trade, 
and  generally  to  take  "  all  pi^dential  means  for  the  ren- 
dering thole  dominions  useful  to  England,  and  Bb^and 
helpful  to  them."* 

*  Bol.  Doe.,  ix.,  IBMOl ;  London  Doe.,  i.,  84-104 ;  R.  T.  Col.  HS8.»  iiL»  S0-J7. 


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FETE&  SmJTVBS^tPT,  NRECrrOR  aSNBRAL.  M7 


CHAPTER  IX. 
1661-1664. 

The  Restoration  of  Charles  the  Seoond,  tiioagh  healed  at  cha?.  xx. 
fiiwt  with  joy  in  H<dland,  did  not  prodoee  in  Great  Britain 
more  friendly  feelings  toward  the  Dntoh.    The  two  nations  bJ^wi  * 
were  now  oommeroial  rivals ;  and  it  was  soon  perceived  atiSJ^uuh.^ 
the  Hague  that  another  crisis  with  Bn^and  was  ajqnroach- 
ing.     The  Act  of  Navigation  had  already  dosed,  against 
Holland  and  New  Netherland,  the  ports  of  New  En^and, 
Virginia,  and  Maryland ;  and  it  was  evident  that  no  more 
was  to  be  hoped  from  the  king  than  fr^m  the  Protector. 
While  British  statesmen  were  exhibiting  such  a  spirit  of 
oommeroial.  exolusiveness,  a  new  element  was  introduced 
into  political  affairs.     The  Restoration  had  by  no  means 
been  the  unanimoos  act  of  the  nation ;  and  at  Breda 
Charles  had  endeavored  to  win  the  good- will  of  all  hi^ 
subjects  by  declaring  liberty  to  tender  consciences.     But 
the  Royalists  and  Churchmen,  who  had  so  long  ^idured  intoieranc*- 
the  yoke  of  Puritanism,  now  that  they  were  again  in  pow-  aiisu.  °' 
er,  insisted  upon  restoring  the  hierarchy.     The  Independ- 
ents and  Dissenters,  wounded  where  they  were  most  sens- 
itive, could  scarcely  ccmceal  their  vexation ;  and  many  of 
them  desired  to  seek  new  homes  not  subject  to  English 
rule,  and  where  they  would  be  free  alike  from  monardiy 
and  prelacy. 

These  considerations  were  not  overlooked  in  Holland ; 
and  the  West  India  Company,  finding  that  there  were 
scarcely  any  colcmists  within  their  territory  between  the 
North  and  South  Rivers,  now  forming  the  State  of  New  Jer- 
sey, determined  to  invite  emigration  thither  by  the  offer 
of  large  inducements.  A  new  charter  of  ^<  conditions  and 
privileges"  was  therefore  drawn  up,  granting  to  '*  all  such 


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eSH  HISTORY  OF  THE  (STATE  OP  HEW  YORK. 

c«AP.  XX.  people  as  shall  be  disposed  to  take  up  their  abode  in  those 
parts"  fifteen  leagues  of  land  along  the  sea-coast,  '^and  as 
far  in  depth  in  the  continent  as  any  plantation  hath,  or 
may  be  settled  in  New  Netherland."  The  emigrants  were 
Liberal  to  have  '^  high,  middle,  and  low  jurisdiction ;"  freedom  fnnn 
^rid  by  "  head  money"  for  twenty  years ;  the  property  in  mines ; 
trompany.  freedom,  for  ten  years,  from  taxes  or  recognitions  to  ihe 
company ;  the  right  to  use  their  own  ships ;  freedom  of  the 
fishing  trade ;  and,  in  case  of  difference  with  Stuyvesant 
or  his  successor,  ^^  to  choose  a  director  or  chief — only  they 
shall  issue  out  all  writs,  of  what  nature  soever,  in  the  name 
of  the  States  General  of  the  United  Netherlands."  The 
advantageous  situation  of  the  counl^y  was  described  in 
glowing  terms.  "  Therefore,"  added  the  company,  "  if  any 
of  the  English  good  Christians,  who  may  be  assured  of  the 
advantages  to  mankind  of  plantations  in  these  latitudes 
from  others  more  southerly,  and  shall  be  rationally  dis- 
posed to  transport  themselves  to  the  said  place  under  the 
conduct  of  the  United  States,  they  shall  have  full  liberty 
to  live  in  the  fear  of  the  Lord  upon  the  aforesaid  good  con- 
ditions, and  shall  be  likewise  courteously  used." 
A  ^wed  These  conditions  were  immediately  approved  by  the 
by  tiM  States  General.  An  act  under  their  seal  was  issued  at  the 
«^-  Hague,  by  which  was  granted  to  "  all  Christian  people  of 
tender  conscience,  in  England  or  elsewhere  oj^ressed,  full 
liberty  to  erect  a  colony  in  the  West  Indies,  between  New 
England  and  Virginia,  in  America,  now  within  the  juris- 
diction of  Peter  Stuyvesant,  the  States  General's  governor 
for  the  West  India  Company ;"  and  all  concerned  were  for- 
bidden tQ  hinder  such  colonists,  and  were  enjoined  to  af- 
ford them  ^'  all  favorable  help  and  assistance  where  it  shall 
be  needftil."* 

While  the  West  India  Company  and  the  States  General 
were  thus  endeavoring  to  attract  emigrants  to  New  Netii- 
erland  by  the  promise  of  courteous  treatment,  and  *'  full  lib- 
erty to  live  in  the  fear  of  the  Lord,"  their  chief  provincial 
officer  was  reviving  the  religious  persecutions  which  for 

*  Alb.  Roe..  iT.,  MS;  Lond.  Doo.,  f.,  106-109;  N.  Y.  Col.  MS8.,  iU., r-39. 


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PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIREOTOR  GENERAL.  0S9 

the  last  two  years  had  been  generally  suspended.    Bat  the  chaf.  xx. 
Quakers  were  still  objects  of  suspicion ;  and  the  cruelties 
with  which  Massachusetts  and  New  Haven  visited  the  dis- 
ciples of  Fox  seem  to  have  stimulated  the  director  of  New 
Netherland  to  fresh  severities.     In  spite  of  the  law,  the 
Quakers  had  continued  to  attend  private  ocmventicles  atQnaken 
the  house  of  Henry  Townsend,  of  Rustdorp,  who  had  al-  •ecutX'^ 
ready  been  twice  fined.     Richard  Everett  and  Nathaniel 
Denton  now  communicated  to  Stuyvesant  the  names  of 
eleven  persons  who  had  attended  these  prohibited  meet- 
ings ;  and  the  inhabitants,  at  the  same  time,  petitioned 
that  a  minister  might  be  sent  from  New  Amsterdam  to 
baptize  some  of  their  children.     Domine  Drisius  was  ac- 
cordingly desired  to  visit  Jamaica  and  administer  the  holy 
rite ;  and  W&ddron,  the  deputy  schout,  and  Bayard,  one  of 
the  director's  clerks,  were  sent  to  examine  into  the  affair 
of  the  conventicles.    John  and  Henry  Townsend,  of  Jamai-  8  Jan. 
ca,  and  John  Tilton  and  Samuel  Spicer,  of  Grravesend,  were  Jamaica 
arrested  and  conveyed  to  New  Amsterdam,  where  Henry  Grareaenu 
Townsend  and  Spicer  were  sentenced  to  be  fined,  and  John  30  Jan. 
Townsend  and  Tilton  to  be  banished.     This  was  followed 
by  the  appointment  of  the  two  infcnrm^rs,  Everett  and  Den-34  ju. 
ton,  together  with  Andrew  Messenger,  to  be  magistrates  of  ia^iM^at 
Rustdorp,  and,  by  stationing  soldiers  in  the  village,  to  sup-        **' 
press  the  unlawful  meetings.    The  people,  soon  petitioning  10  p«b. 
that  the  detachment  might  be  withdrawn,  were  answered 
that  they  would  be  gratified  upon  signing  a  pledge  to  sus- 
tain the  government.     The  new  magistrates,  with  twelve 
of  their  townsmen,  accordingly  set  their  names  to  a  paper,  11  Feb. 
drawn  up  by  Denton  the  clerk,  engaging  "  that  if  any 
meetings  or  conventicles  of  Q,uakers  shall  be  in  this  town 
of  Rustdorp,  that  we  know  of,  then  we  will  give  informa- 
tion to  the  authority  set  up  in  this  place  by  the  governor, 
and  also  assist  the  authority  of  the  town  against  any  such 
person  or  persons  called  Q,uakers  as  needs  shall  require." 
But  some  refusing  to  sign  the  pledge,  the  soldiers  werei5FM>. 
quartered  upon  them,  and  Townsend  was  ordered  to  leave 
the  province.    The  Independents  and  Presbyterians  of  Mid- 

Xx 


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690  raSTORT  OP  THE  STATE  OP  NEW  YORK. 

ciAr.  XX.  delburgh,  however,  ^'  fearing  that  some  of  the  inhabitantB 
may  be  led  away  by  the  intrusion  of  Q^uakers  and  oUier 
MWdd-     heretics,"  petitioned  the  director  to  aid  them  in  obtaining 
fOT  a  miSi  *  niiniater  in  place  of  the  deceased  John  Moore  * 
^'  Stuyvesant's  refusal  to  erect  a  court  at  Esopus  had, 

meanwhile,  brought  upon  him  the  severe  censure  of  the 
Amsterdam  directors,  who  peremptorily  ordered  him  to 
16  May.     cxccute  their  commands.     By  a  formal  charter,  municipal 
EMpiJ  or  powers  were  accordingly  conferred  on  the  settlement,  which 
wyck!"      was  now  ordered  to  be  called  "  Wiltwyck,"  or  Indian  vil- 
lage, as  the  ground  on  which  it  stood  was  a  gift  from  the 
savages.     The  charter  appointed  Evert  Pels,  Cornells  Ba- 
First  mag.  rentscu  Slcght,  and  Elbert  Heymans  Roose,  schepens,  who, 
with  a  schout  to  be  named  by  the  director,  were  to  form  a 
court  of  justice  for  the  government  of  the  village.     These 
magistrates  were  to  see  the  laws  of  the  Fatherland  and 
the  ordinances  of  the  director  and  council  faithfully  exe- 
cuted, and  were  forbidden  to  publish  any  acts  of  their  own 
without  the  previous  consent  of  the  provincial  government 
As  it  was  customary  in  the  Fatherland  that  annual  changes 
should  take  place  in  the  magistracy,  the  schepens  were  re- 
quired to  "pay  due  attention  to  the  conversation,  conduct, 
and  abilities  of  honest  and  decent  persons,"  inhabitants  of 
their  village,  and  to  inform  the  authorities  of  New  Amster- 
dam, "  about  the  time  of  the  next  election,  as  to  who  might 
be  sufficiently  qualified  to  be  then  elected  by  the  director 
«r  June,    general  and  council."     The  next  month,  Stuyvesant  com- 
tchottt.      pleted  the  organization  of  the  first  municipal  court  in  the 
present  county  of  Ulster,  by  installing  Roelof  Swartwout 
as  schout  of  Wiltwyck.t 

Beyond  Esopus  Fort  Orange  was  now  the  extreme  front- 
ier post  of  New  Netherland.  The  territory  west  and  north 
of  Beverwyck  had,  indeed,  been  explored ;  but,  excepting 
a  few  scattered  husbandmen  near  the  Cohooes  Falls,  no 

*  Alb.  Ree.,  xix.,  9,  11, 18,  Sl-28, 4<M6,  55,  56 ;  Jamaica  Ree.,  i.,  ISO ;  T1)oinpsoii*a  L. 
I.,  i.,  380 ;  U.,  143,  S92,  203 ;  O'Call.,  U.,  450,  451 ;  Hntchinaon,  i.,  183, 164 ;  Hazani,  ii^ 
565-572 ;  on/e,  p.  63d.  Moore,  of  Newtown,  died  on  the  13th  of  October,  1657.— Letter  of 
M egapolensis  and  Drisiiia  to  aaesia,  2ad  of  October,  1657. 

t  Alb.  Rec.,  iv.,  852;  xriii.,  158;  xlx.,  36,  112,  114, 125-131, 187-140  ;  Kingatoo  R«c ; 
O'Call..  il.,  432-487 ;  ante,  p.  76,  677.    The  name  is  frequently  apeUed  WlMwyck. 


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PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  691 

pioneers  of  civilization  had  yet  fixed  their  homes  within  chap.  xx. 
the  eastern  hunting-ground  of  the  Mohawks.  That  ter- 
ritory,  however,  which,  when  Fort  Nassau  was  first  built, 
had  abounded  in  beavers  and  wild  deer,  was  now  almost 
destitute  of  peltries ;  and  its  aboriginal  owners  felt  dis* 
posed  to  sell  the  land,  which  to  them  had  become  of  little 
value.  On  the  other  hand,  many  of  the  inhabitants  of 
Beverwyck,  where  there  was  often  a  dearth  of  food,  were 
anxious  to  settle  themselves  as  farmers  in  the  neighborhood 
of  Fort  Orange,  yet  not  as  dependents  of  the  patroon  of 
Rensselaerswyck.  Van  Curler  accordingly  applied  to  Stuy-  w  Jane, 
vesant  for  permission  to  buy  the  "  Great  Flat"  west  of  the 
fort,  "  toward  the  interior  of  the  country ;"  which  was 
promptly  given,  upon  condition  that  the  lands  should,  as^uui*. 
usual,  be  transferred  to  the  director  and  council  as  the  rep- 
resentatives of  the  West  India  Company,  and  that  "what- 
ever the  petitioners  shall  pay  for  the  aforesaid  lands  to  the 
original  proprietors  shall  in  due  time  be  returned  to  them, 
or  be  discounted  to  them  against  the  tenths."  The  next 
month,  several  chiefs  appeared  before  Vice-director  La  Mon-  ^j  Juiy. 

Porehaseof 

tagne  at  Fort  Orange,  and  formally  conveyed  to  Van  Cur-  sehenect^. 
ler  the  Great  Flat,  lying  between  Fort  Orange  and  the  Mo- 
hawk country,  "called  in  Indian  Schonowe."  This  was 
the  first  step  toward  the  settlement  of  "  Schaenhechstede," 
of  which  the  name  survives  in  that  of  the  present  city  of 
Schenectady.  The  next  year  the  provincial  government 
confirmed  the  purchase  by  a  grant;  but  the  lands  were  not 
surveyed  and  laid  out  until  the  spring  of  1664.* 

Not  long  afterward,  another  court,  similar  to  that  at  Eso- 
pus,  was  established  back  of  Gamoenepa,  where  there  was 
now  a  thriving  settlement.  The  name  given  to  the  new 
village  was  "  Bergen,"  after  that  of  a  small  town  in  North  is  sapt 
Holland ;  and  Tielman  van  Vleeck,  a  notary  in  New  Am-  B«rjfn. 
sterdam,  was  appointed  the  first  schout,  and  Michael  Jan- 
sen,  one  of  the  former  "  Nine  Men,"  Hermanns  Smeeman, 
and  Casparus  Steynmets,  the  first  magistrates  of  the  ear- 

*  Alb.  Roe.,  Ti.,  345 ;  xix.,  179, 180 ;  xxi.,  135-139 ;  xxU.,  109,  334 ;  Fort  Ortoge  Roe. ; 
Renn.  MBS. ;  O'CaU.,  il.,  438,  439 ;  ante,  p.  300,  (MO;  pott,  p.  7SS. 


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692  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

ctf Ap.  XX.  liest  organized  municipal  government  within  the  present 
State  of  New  Jersey.  A  log  building,  to  sefve  as  a  place 
Church  at  ^^  worship,  was  presently  erected  by  the  inhabitants,  who 
Berfen.  voluntarily  taxed  themselves  for  the  purpose ;  and  nine 
male  and  eighteen  female  members  composed  the  first 
church.  For  many  years  divine  service  was  conducted, 
and  the  sacraments  were  administered  at  Bergen  by  the 
clergymen  of  the  neighboring  metropolis.* 

The  difficulties  respecting  the  title  to  Staten  Island  were 
svmnder  uow  arranged.     Melyn,  visiting  Amsterdam,  surrendered 
olainuuo'  to  the  Wcst  India  Company  all  his  rights  as  a  patroon,  for 
and.      '  which  he  received  fifteen  hundred  guilders,  indemnity  for 
his  losses,  the  promise  of  certain  privileges  as  a  "  free  col- 
onist and  inhabitant"  in  New  Netherland,  and  a  '<  full  am- 
nesty with  regard  to  all  disputes."     Under  this  arrange- 
ment Melyn  returned  to  New  Amsterdam.     This  was  fol- 
ofvande  lowcd  by  the  purchase  of  all  the  claims  and  estate  of  Van 
*""'  de  Capellen,  who  had  recently  died,  to  any  part  of  Staten 
Island.     The  whole  island  thus  became  the  property  of  the 
company,  which  by  this  time  had  sufficient  experience  of 
the  inconvenience  of  patroonships.     Grants  of  land  were 
is  Aufoat.  presently  made  to  various  persons,  among  whom  were  sev- 
and  Hague- eral  Frcuch  Waldenses,  and  afterward  many  Huguenots 
from  Rochelle.    A  new  village  was  commenced  a  few  miles 
south  of  the  Narrows,  where  twelve  or  fourteen  families 
vuiage  and  wcrc  soou  Settled.     To  secure  themselves  against  the  sav- 
hottse.       ages,  they  built  a  block-house  in  1663,  which  was  provided 
with  two  small  guns  and  a  garrison  of  ten  soldiers.     At 
the  request  of  the  inhabitants,  who  were  not  able  to  sup- 
Domine     port  a  clergyman  of  their  own,  Domine  Drisius  visited 
Staten  Island  every  two  months,  to  preach  in  French  and 
administer  the  sacraments.t 

*  AH).  Rm.,  six.,  S7S  ;  u.,  l77-t80;  nlT.,  m,  14S,  m%  808;  0*Can.,  Il.,4«;  <Mlt,^ 
64S.  The  Bergen  drarch  racorda  begin  la  lOM ;  and  in  1680,  a  atone  ediOoe  of  an  oe- 
tagonal  form  vrtm  bnflt.  I  am  indebted  to  the  Rev.  Dr.  B.  C.  Taylor,  ito  present  minlMer, 
fbr  an  interesting  aketeh  ofthla  firat  chnreh  in  New  Jeraey. 

t  Alb.  Ree.,  !▼.,  383,  307,  369,  384,  425,  437, 457, 461 ;  riii.,  933, 990 ;  xvliL,  11, 140, 160, 
108,  336,  351,  395;  xxi.,  49;  Hoi.  Doc,  xii.,  141 ;  New  Amat.  Rec,  iv.,  350;  Driatna  to 
Claseia,  5lh  Aug.,  1664 ;  Dr.  De  Witt,  In  N.  Y.  H.  S.  Proc  ,  1844, 60, 70 ;  1848, 78 ;  OXJaU., 
il..  496,  576  ;  antey  p.  615,  641. 


DriaiOB. 


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PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTO&  QENERAL.  699 

Ob  the  sonih  aide  of  the  Narrows,  the  lands  whioh  had  ciuf.  xx- 
been  granted  to  Van  Werokhoven  remained  uninhabited 
for  several  years.     After  his  death,  Jacques  Cortelyou,  his 
former  agent,  oommenoed  a  settlement,  which  was  named  i 


"  New  Utrecht,"  in  compliment  to  Van  Werokhov«tt's  place  utrecut 
of  birth.     Fiscal  De  Sille  became  one  of  the  proprietaries, 
and  the  village  grew  slowly  until  1660,  when  it  was  de- 
termined to  palisade  it,  and  build  a  block-house  in  its  cen- 
tre.    At  the  end  of  the  next  year.  New  Utrecht  received  a  »  Dec 
village  charter,  giving  it  municipal  powers  similsur  to  those  enarter. 
of  New  Haerlem ;  and  Jan  Tomasse,  Rutger  Joosten,  and 
Jacob  Hellekers  were  appointed  its  first  magistrates.     It 
had,  however,  no  schout  of  its  own,  the  duties  of  which 
office  were  performed  by  Adriaen  Hegeman,  who  had  suc- 
ceeded Tonneman  as  schout  of  the  neighboring  villages  of 
Breuckelen,  Amersfoort,  and  Midwout. 

Several  Frenchmen  wishing  to  settle  themselves  on  the 
lands  between  Breuckelen  and  Middelburgh,  Stuyvesant, 
at  their  request,  went  thither  early  in  1660,  and  fixed  upon 
a  place  ^^  between  Mespath  Kill  and  Norman's  Kill"  as  the 
site  for  a  new  village.    In  a  year  the  settlement  contained 
twenty-three  families,  and  the  director  again  going  there,  u  Mtren. 
at  the  request  of  the  inhabitants,  named  the  place  ^^  Bos- 
wyck,"  now  known  as  Bushwick.    A  few  days  afterward,  a  95  MarciL 
subaltern  court  was  established  at  the  new  village,  of  which  ehaner. 
Pieter  Jansen  de  Witt,  Jan  Tilje,  and  Jan  Comelissen  were 
appointed  the  first  magistrates.     Two  block-houses  were 
built  in  1663  for  the  defense  of  the  village,  which  had  in- 
creased so  rapidly  as  to  contcdn  forty  men  able  to  becur  arms. 
Boswyck,  like  New  Utrecht,  having  no  schout  of  its  own, 
was  subject  to  the  jurisdiction  of  Hegeman^the  schout  of 
Breuckelen,  Amersfoort,  and  Midwout;   and  the  district  The  pwe 
now  became  known  as  "  the  Five  Dutch  Towns."*  Towns. 

The  metropolis  had  continued  to  prosper;  and  its  inhab- 
itants, still  jealous  on  the  subject  of  residence,  now  obtain-  si  Jan. 
ed  from  Stuyvesant  a  decree  that  those  who  should  absent  right. 

*  Alb.  Rae.,  xtIU.,  135 ;  xix.,  444 ;  Doc  Htot.  N.  ¥.,  i..  083-6M ;  N«w  Utrootat  Roe. ; 
Bnriiwlek  Reo. ;  TbompMn's  L.  L,  ti.,  165, 190 ;  CCall.,  U.,  4S9, 480 ;  Killer's  Newtowi, 
56^  51 ;  ante,  p.  537, 580. 


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694  fflSTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chip.  XX.  themselves  from  New  Amsterdam  for  four  months,  '^  witii- 
out  holding  fire  and  light"  there,  should  lose  their  bnrgher 
4  oecober*.  'ig^t-     I*  was  also  proposod  to  replace  the  decaying  stock- 
J^J^*"  ade  with  a  more  substantial  defense,  and  to  require  each 
North  River  yacht,  in  lieu  of  wharfage,  to  make  one  or  two 
voyages  to  Tappan  for  stone,  "  in  order  to  surround  the  city 
with  a  wall  in  course  of  time."     A  better  currency  having 
IS  October,  also  bccomc  indispensable,  the  burgomasters  and  schepens 
tempiat^"'  rcsolvcd  to  writc  the  Fatherlana  for  authority  to  establish 
a  mint  for  the  coinage  of  silver,  and  after  this  should  come 
into  circulation,  to  ]:][iake  wampum  or  sewan,  without  which 
no  beavers  could  be  obtained  from  the  savages,  an  article  of 
trade.    This,  however,  the  Amsterdam  directors  would  not 
Latin        consent  to  yield.     The  Latin  or  High  school,  which  had 
been  established  in  1659,  did  not  prosper  under  the  su- 
perintendence of  Curtius,  who  fell  into  disputes  with  the 
parents  of  some  of  his  pupils  in  regard  to  discipline,  and 
with  the  burgomasters  and  schepens  respecting  the  collec- 
cnrtiu»  re-  tion  of  taxes,  from  which  he  claimed  to  be  exempt.     Cur- 
Houand.    tius,  therefore,  returned  to  Holland,  and  was  succeeded  by 
1662.  Domine  ^gidiuis  Luyck,  who  came  out  from  the  Fatherland 
s!^^^^  especially  to  educate  Stuyvesant's  sons.     Under  Luyck's 
Lu^k.'***"*  superintendence,  the  High  School  at  New  Amsterdam 
gained  such  a  reputation  that  children  were  sent  to  it  from 
Fort  Orange,  the  South  River,  and  Virginia. 

A  number  of  breweries,  brick-kilns,  and  other  manufac- 
tories were  now  in  successful  operation ;  and  the  potteries 
1661    ^^  Long  Island  were  esteemed  equal  to  those  of  Delft.     Salt- 
14  April,    works  were  also  attempted ;  and  Dirck  de  Wolf,  having  ob- 
on  Coney   taiucd  from  the  Amsterdam  Chamber  an  exclusive  privilege 
for  seven  years  to  make  salt  in  New  Netherland,  began  its 
manufacture  upon  Coney  Island,  of  which  he  received  a 
grant.     But  the  people  of  Gravesend,  who  claimed  the  isl- 
and,  forcibly  arrested  De  Wolf's  enterprise,  which  he  was 
obliged  to  abandon,  notwithstanding  Stuyvesant  sent  a 
military  force  to  protect  and  encourage  him.* 

*  Alb.  Rec.,  It.,  841, 878, 875, 887, 890, 411  ;  Tiii,  319, 321 ;  xvii.,  150 ;  xrUl.,  44, 85, 164. 
228 ;  xxl.,  2S7-S70 ;  New  Amst.  Rec,  i.,  99 ;  iv.,  136,  S90, 406, 435, 635 ;  Bancroft,  it.,  311  ; 
0*CaU.,  U.,  549, 546 ;  antty  p.  656, 674.    Luyok  afterward  became  a  magiatrate  oTtbe  dty 


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PSTER  STUTVESANT,  DIRBOTOR  GIQVERAL.  995 

In  the  mean  time,  the  New  England  colonies  had  re-  chap.  xx. 
oeived  the  news  of  the  Restoration  with  varied  feelings.  "TZZ 
Massachusetts  adopted  an  apologetic  address  to  Charles  tibe  Ma^bu- 


Second ;  ordered  the  royal  warrants  against  the  fugitive  SSJiS^n. 
regicides,  Whalley  and  Goffe,  to  be  executed ;  and  even  n  May. 
asked  Stuyvesant  to  deliver  them  up.     The  refugees,  how-  ^®*"^'**'''* 
ever,  found  an  asylum  in  New  Haven.    The  Greneral  Court  n  June, 
at  Hartford,  in  a  loyal  address  drawn  up  by  Governor  peutiooH 
Winthrop,  besought  the  king  to  accept  that  colony  as  "  ater. 
little  branch^'  of  his  empire,  and  also  petitioned  for  a  royal 
charter  to  ''assure"  them  possession,  against  their  ''nox- 
ious neighbors"  the  Dutch,  of  the  territory  for  which  they 
had  "not  so  much  as  a  copy  of  a  patent."     The  governor  winuirop 
was  also  commissioned  as  agent  in  England,  and  instruct-  ***"** 
ed  to  procure  a  charter  which  should  include  all  the  region 
"  eastward  to  Plymouth  line,  northward  to  the  limits  of  the 
Massachusetts  colony,  and  westward  to  the  bay  of  Dela- 
ware, if  it  may  be,"  together  with  the  adjacent  islands. 
With  these  instructions^  Winthrop,  repairing  to  New  Am-*si  July, 
sterdam,  where  he  met "  honorable  and  kind  reception,"  set  New  An- 
sail  for  England  in  the  Dutch  ship  "  De  Trouw." 

The  ready  submission  of  the  Hartford  Court  did  not 
please  the  more  sturdy  republicans  of  New  Haven,  who 
for  several  months  omitted  to  proclaim  the  king.    At  length,  U  AufiiM. 
"  taking  encouragement  from  what  has  been  done  in  the iHcttontt 
rest  of  the  United  Colonies,"  they  ungraciously  acknowl- JIST  ^* 
edged  Charles  the  Second.     But  the  extorted  avowal  dis- 
gusted many  of  the  more  rigid  Puritans,  who  dreaded  a 
prelacy  surrounding  the  throne.* 

And  now  the  liberal  conditions,  which  the  States  Gen- 
eral and  the  West  India  Company  had  published  in  the 
spring,  becoming  generally  known,  several  persons  visited 
New  Netherland,  to  examine  the  lands  between  the  North 
and  South  Rivers  proposed  to  be  colonized.  A  report  of 
their  courteous  entertainment  soon  reached  New  Haven ; 

•  Alb.  Rec.,  !▼.,  389, 405 ;  xriU.,  IM ;  Lond.  Doc,  I.,  110-117 ;  N.  Y.  Cd.  MSS.,  Ul.,  8»- 
49 ;  U.,  N.  T.  H.  S.  CoU.,  1.,  456 ;  Haurd,  il.,  451. 586-588 ;  Col.  Roe.  Conn.,  867-369, 57»- 
565 ;  TrambiUl,  I.,  940-948,  511-514 ;  Hntchinoon,  i,  195-901 ;  CtulUMra,  950-453;  Baa 
croft,  U.,  50-54,  71-74 ;  Hildrech,  1.,  448^50 ;  amte,  p.  969,  654. 


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096  HI8T0R7  OP  THE  OTATE  OF  NBW  TORK. 

ckap.  XX.  and  Fenn  and  Treat,  two  of  the  magistrates  of  the  disBat- 

isfied  oolony,  acoorapanied  by  two  others,  came  to  New 

38  Not      Amsterdam  to  negotiate  for  the  establishment  of  a  Puritan 

^^^JJJ^  colony  mider  the  Dntch  provincial  government     The 


AoMur.     agents  insisted  upon  seveml  preliminary  conditions.  These 
( onditions  were  the  rieht  to  establish  a  dinrch  ^^  in  tiie  Congregation- 


dam. 

('ond 
lenandod. 


al  way,  such  as  they  have  enjoyed  in  New  England ;"  the 
calling  of  a  synod  by  the  English  churches  in  New  Netb- 
eriand,  ^'  for  the  suf^ressing  of  heresies,  schisms,  and  false 
worship,  and  for  the  establishment  of  truth  and  peace^  in 
those  churches ;  the  establishment  of  a  civil  government, 
to  be  administered  by  their  own  elected  magistrates  and 
officers,  under  laws  similar  to  those  of  New  Haven,  and 
without  any  right  of  appeal ;  the  extinguishment  of  the  In- 
dian title  by  the  Dutch  government,  and  the  conveyance 
of  the  lands  to  the  settlers ;  the  exclusion  of  all  p^sons 
from  settling  among  them,  except  such  as  they  might  ap- 
prove ;  and  the  right  to  collect  debts, 
suiyra-  To  all  of  thcsc  demands  Stujrvesant  prcmiptly  acceded, 
c«uioiM.  except  to  that  which  contemplated  the  introduction  of  the 
New  Haven  system  of  government.  "  In  the  way  of  mag- 
istrature,  judicature,  and  civil  affairs,"  he  replied,  "  shall 
be  granted  to  the  petitioners  all  such  power,  authority, 
}Nrivilege,  and  liberty,  as  all  other  towns  and  ocdonies  in 
New  Netherland  have  obtained."  This,  however,  did  not 
satisfy  the  New  Haven  men.  They  insisted  upon  intro- 
ducing their  own  civil  code  in  all  its  vigor,  and  wiliioiit 
any  appeal  to  the  supreme  provincial  authorities  of  New 
1662.  Netherland.  The  suspended  negotiation  was  renewed  the 
next  spring.  But  Stuyvesant,  feeling  that  he  had  already 
conceded  enough,  insisted  upon  the  double  nomination 
30  May.  and  the  right  of  appeal ;  and  the  authoritative  decision  of 
ite  w.  I.  the  question  was  referred  to  the  Amsterdam  directors.* 
^**°'**"^*  Doubts  had,  meanwhile,  arisen  in  the  council  of  Mary- 
land whether  New  Amstel  was  really  within  their  limits; 
and  all  further  demcuistrations  had  been  delayed  until  the 

*  Alb.  Rae.,  xlx.,  400^»1 ;  zx.,  73-n,  147 ;  K.  A.  Rae. ;  0*C«U.,  il.,  447, 448; 
lM»4*s  But  Jerwy,  SS,  163. 


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tiM 

Com- 


PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR^  GENERAL.  $97 

will  of  the  proprietary  diould  be  ascertained.     Baltimore,  cbat.  xx. 
however,  took  care  to  obtain  from  the  king  a  confirmation  "~T~ 
of  the  patent  which  had  been  granted  by  Charles  I. ;  and  coninna^ 
Stuyvesant,  receiving  the  news,  wrote  to  the  directors  }jJJy*J^JJf 
"that  Lord  Baltimore's  natural  brother,  who  is  a  rigid  Pa-JflJ^^ 
pist,  being  made  governor  there,  has  received  Lord  Balti-  SSfl^i.. 
jaaore's  claim  and  protest  to  your  honors  in  council  (where- ^v!l!S 
with  he  seems  but  little  satisfied),  and  has  now  more  hopes  p^^^* 
of  success.     We  have  advice  from  England  that  there  is 
an  invasion  intended  against  these  parts,  and  the  country 
solicited  of  the  king,  the  duke,  and  die  Parliament,  is  to  be 
annexed  to  their  dominions.''     The  savages  around  the 
South  River  showing  signs  of  hostility,  Hinoyossa  and  Pie- 
ter  Alrichs  went  to  Maryland  to  propose  the  negotiation  of  o  sepc 
a  general  treaty  of  peace  with  the  neighboring  Indians. 
Calvert  approving  the  suggestion,  soon  afterward  sent  com- 
missioners to  the  South  River,  who  were  courteously  re- 
ceived by  Beeckman  at  Altona.    On  their  return,  they  were 
accompanied  by  Hinoyossa,  who  met  Calvert  at  the  head 
of  the  Apoquinimy  Creek,  where  a  treaty  was  concluded  oeiober. 
with  the  sachem  of  the  savages.     The  English,  at  the  same  with  um 


time,  proposed  to  deliver  two  or  three  thousand  hogsheads 
of  tobacco  annually  to  the  Dutch,  in  return  for  negroes  and 
merchandise.* 

In  the  mean  time,  active  measures  had  been  taken  by 
the  city  of  Amsterdam,  whither  Van  Sweringen  had  gone, 
'*  to  remonstrate  the  condition"  of  its  colony.  A  full  re- »  March. 
pott  was  made  to  the  burgomasters;  and  the  West  India 
Company,  on  its  part,  readily  agreed  to  modify  the  condi-  si  March, 
tions  under  which  New  Amstel  had  been  conveyed  in  1656. 
These  changes,  which  promised  great  advantages,  were  ap- 
proved by  tiie  city  government ;  and  the  burghers  of  Am- 
sterdam were  invited  to  take  an  interest  in  its  colony. 

Public  attention  was  soon  drawn  toward  the  South  Riv- 
er, and  various  plans  of  emigration  were  proposed.  The 
region  between  New  Amstel  and  Cape  Hinlopen  being 

*  Alb.  Rac..  xvU.,  100, 119,  194,  1S7,  129,  US,- 140,  377;  xvlii.,  140;  S.  Hazard,  Ann. 
P»nn.,  3S0-330 ;  Smith's  N.  Y.,  1.,  13 ;  McMahon,  S5 ;  Bancroft,  ik,  S30»  309. 


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698  raSTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OP  NEW  YORK. 

csAP.  XX.  almost  anoooupied,  seemed  to  present  special  attractions, 
and  a  number  of  Mennonists,  or  Anabaptists,  proposed  to 
Mennon-'  establish  themselvcs  in  a  colony  at  the  Horekill.  A  oorre- 
jJ^^PJ*;^  spondence  with  the  burgomasters  resulted  in  the  forma- 
^^7ncn  tion  of  a  company,  and  the  adoption  of  one  hundred  and 
10  Jan.  seventeen  articles  of  association  for  the  government  of  the 
M'il!K!i?.°^  proposed  settlement,  which  are  among  the  most  extraor-. 
iJorekSi  dinary  of  the  early  memorials  of  American  <K>lonization. 
«*»»ony.  ^j^^  associates  were  to  be  either  married  males,  or  single 
men  twenty-four  years  old,  who  were  free  from  debt 
Each  was  to  bind  himself  to  obey  the  ordinances  of  the  so- 
ciety, and  not  to  seek  his  own  advancement  over  any  other 
member.  No  clergymen  were  to  be  admitted  into  the  so- 
ciety. Religious  services  were  to  be  as  simple  as  possible. 
Every  Sunday  and  holiday  the  people  were  to  assemble, 
sing  a  psalm,  and  listen  to  a  chapter  from  the  Bible,  to  be 
read  by  one  of  the  members  in  rotation ;  after  which  an- 
other psalm  was  to  be  sung.  At  the  end  of  these  exer- 
cises, the  court  was  to  be  opened  for  public  business.  The 
object  of  the  association  being  to  establish  a  harmonious 
society  of  persons  of  different  religious  sentiments,  it  was 
determined  to  exclude  from  it  "all  intractable  people- 
such  as  those  in  communion  with  the  Roman  See ;  usurious 
Jews;  English  stiff-necked  Quakers;  Puritans;  fool-hardy 
believers  in  the  Millennium ;  and  obstinate  modem  pre- 
tenders to  revelation."  Laws  were  to  be  ordained  by  tie 
votes  of  two  thirds  of  the  members ;  but  they  must  be  ap- 
proved by  the  authorities  of  the  city  of  Amsterdam  before 
they  could  become  binding.  Ten  persons  were  to  be  an- 
nually proposed  as  officers^  of  whom  the  burgomasters  of 
Amsterdam  were  to  select  five,  to  serve  for  one  year.  Dur- 
ing the  first  five  years  after  their  arrival,  the  emigrants 
were  to  live  in  common.  At  the  end  of  that  time  the  prop- 
erty was  to  be  divided,  and  each  head  of  a  family  to  re- 
ceive his  proportionate  share.  Idle  and  dissolute  persons 
might  be  expelled  by  a  vote  of  two  thirds  of  the  members. 
The  laws  of  Holland,  and  especially  those  of  the  city  of 
Amsterdam,  were  to  govern  the  new  association,  and  no 


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PETER  STUTYESANT,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  099 

magistrate  was  to  receive  any  oompensatiim,  "  not  even  a  chap.  xx. 
st^yver."  — — 

These  singular  articles,  together  with  a  description  of  pobue^too 
the  country  and  various  papers  and  arguments  in  favor  of  y^^ 
the  project,  were  published  in  Holland  ;  and  the  city  gov- 
ernment granted  an  advance  of  two  hundred  guilders  eachao  Apru. 
to  twenty-five  families  of  Mennonists  about  to  emigrate  to 
New  Netherland.     A  few  months  afterward,  articles  wereo  Jana. 
agreed  upon  between  the  burgomasters  and  Pieter  Come-  between 
lis  Plockhoy,  as  the  leader  of  the  colonists,  to  whom  was  dam  «nd 
granted  a  tract  of  land  at  the  Horekill,  to  be  free  from  tax-  nonisM. 
es  for  twenty  years.     The  emigrants  were  to  establish  for 
themselves  such  laws  as  they  thought  proper,  provided  they 
did  not  conflict  with  the  general  ^'  conditions"  which  the 
city  had  published  in  1656.    Arrangements  were  made  for 
the  transportation  of  the  colonists ;  and  twenty-five  hund- 
red guilders  were  loaned  to  the  association,  for  the  repay- 
ment of  which  the  whole  body  was  to  be  bound.* 

The  condition  of  New  Amstel  and  Altona,  however,  had  A«wr«  at 
not  improved.     The  officers  of  the  city's  colony  became  »tei  and  ai- 
daily  more  independent,  refusing  to  publish  Stuyvesant's  12  Mnrcii. 
thanksgiving  proclamations,  and  requiring  vessels  to  lower 
their  colors  while  passing  New  Amstel.     Hinoyossa  de-isMty. 
nounced  the  provincial  government,  and  threatened  that 
if  the  burgomasters  of  Amsterdam  did  not  support  his  au- 
thority he  would  follow  the  example  of  Minuit,  "  who,  in 
consequence  of  the  ill  treatment  he  had  received  from  the 
oompany,  had  brought  the  Swedes  to  the  South  River." 
Beeckman,  on  his  part,  charged  Hinoyossa  with  pecula- 
tion ;  and  Van  Sweringen,  having  accidentally  shot  one  of  si  June, 
the  company's  soldiers,  was  protected  by  the  city's  director 
against  the  criminal  process  of  New  Netherland.     Mean- 
Tvhile,  religious  ordinances  were  discontinued,  fior  there 

•  Hoi.  Doc.,  XT..  37-51, 133-133 ;  rri.,  2S1-S89 ;  Alb.  Rec.,  !▼.,  877 ;  ▼ill.,  33^-337 ;  xrUi., 
105 ;  Lond.  Doc,  Iv.,  177 ;  N.  T.  Col.  MSB.,  Ui.,  S45 ;  Wafmiaar,  i.,  695 ;  CCaU.,  U.,  461-460. 
These  articles  form  a  part  of  the  Appendix  to  a  small  quarto  pamphlet  of  64  pages,  com- 
piled ttom  De  Last,  De  Vriea,  and  the  Vertoof  h,  entitled  "  Korle  Verhael  Tan  Nieaw  Ne- 
derlandts  Gelegenthied,"  d^c,  4cc,  printed  in  1063.  The  copy  which  I  procured  in  Hol- 
land Is  in  the  library  of  the  N.  Y.  Historical  Society ;  and  a  translation  will  probably  be 
indaded  in  its  eollectiooi. 


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700        HISTORY  OP  THE  STATE  OP  NEW  YORK. 

qkuw,  XX.  weore  no  dergpaien  to  baptijss  the  duldren  or  administer 
I""  the  communion.     It  was  now  evident  that  either  the  own- 
yf^^^  pany  or  the  oitj  most  be  sufNreme  lliere.     To  aooomplish 
JjJJJ^U.    ^^  object,  eameat  representations  were  sent  to  Holland ; 
September,  whithcr  Hinoyossa  announoed  that  he  wonld  return  by 
viaitoHoi-  way  of  Virginia,  ^'to  give  an  accurate  description  of  the 
colony  to  his  lords  and  patrons,  and  to  convince  them  of  the 
necessity  of  obtaining  possession  of  the  South  River."* 
In  the  mean  time,  the  relations  between  England  and 
1661.  the  Netherlands  had  been  far  from  harmonious.     Charles, 
si^oeorge  indeed,  had  paid  the  Dutch  the  compliment  of  accrediting 
£itSh"iSn.to  them  the  first  ambassadcHr  whom  he  sent  to  a  foreign 
J27b^^ court  after  his  Restoration.     But  the  king's  choice  was 
singularly  infelicitoas.      The  new  ambassador  was  Sir 
George  Downing.     He  had  been  educated  in  Massachu- 
setts, and  was  one  of  the  earliest  graduates  of  the  college 
at  Cambridge  in  the  year  1642.     Going  over  to  England, 
Downing  entered  Cromwell's  army,  and  was  afterward  sent 
by  the  Protector  as  ambassador  to  the  States  General.    In 
this  position  he  had  conducted  himself  with  great  haugh- 
tiness toward  the  republic,  and  had  become  personally  ob- 
noxious to  tlie  Dutch  statesmen.     Changing  with  the 
change  of  the  times,  he  recommended  himself  to  the  vers- 
atile king,  who  reinstated  him  in  his  former  post     On  his 
return  to  the  Hague,  Downing  became  still  more  arrogant. 
Able  and  bold,  but  faithless  and  unscrupulous,  his  charac- 
ter had  already  become  a  provwb  among  his  countrymen, 
who  were  used  '*  to  say  of  a  false  man  who  betrayed  his 
trust,  that  he  was  an  arrant  George  Downing."! 

It  was  no  wonder  that  the  negotiations  for  a  treaty  of 
commerce  and  alliance  between  England  and  the  United 
Provinces  were  protracted.  Besides  embarrassing  ques- 
tions arising  out  of  the  new  Act  of  Navigation,  there  were 
other  reasons  why  Charles  was  not  anxious  for  a  definitive 
arrangement  with  the  Dutch,    hotd  Baltimore  had  already 

«  Alb.  llee.,  ztH.,  151-917 ;  xvlU.,  IW ;  CHML,  H.,  464,  469 ;  8.  Hazanl,  Aim.  P«ul, 


t  HutehlMOB,  L,  167, 444 :  S«v«fe*s WInlhrop,  t., 46 ;  U., 94»-94S:  Lettrea  d'SstndM, 
U.,364;  BMDace,t,6M;  Brteren  tm  De  Witt,  iT.,  IM;  Dvriei^ttL,  S6,  tl. 


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PETER  arrUT\rESANT,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  701 

appealed  to  him  in  behalf  of  Maryland ;  and  now  Henry,  omnr.  xx. 
the  third  Earl  of  Stirling,  urged  his  petition  that,  in  any 
treaty  which  might  be  made  widi  the  Netherlands,  the 
Dutch  upon  Long  Island  should  be  required  to  submit  31  M»y. 
themselves  to  English  authority.     The  king's  obvious  pol-'^*^'- 
icy  was  procrastination.     Not  so  that  of  the  Dutch.     The 
States  General,  wearied  with  delays,  at  length  sent  orders  1 
to  their  ambassadors  to  conclude  the  treaty  which  had  been 
so  fully  discussed,  or  else  leave  London.     TUhe  ambassadors 
were  put  off  some  time  longer;  but,  in  the  end,  a  conven- 14  s«pc. 
tion  was  signed  at  Whitehall.     At  first  the  alliance  seem-  tion  be- 
ed  to  promise  well ;  the  Dutch  fulfilled  their  stipulations  united 
with  promptness  and  honor;  and  the  king  declared  that  and  oreat 
as  they  had  been  the  first  to  execute,  so  he  would  be  the 
last  to  violate  the  treaty.     But  the  event  did  not  verify  the 
royal  word.     A  bitter,  hereditary  jealousy  of  the  Dutch 
was  deeply  seated  in  the  minds  of  the  English  people. 
Amsterdam  had  overshadowed  London ;  the  commerce  of 
Holland  had  prospered  more  than  that  of  England ;  Dutch 
fleets  had  humbled  the  arrogance  which  claimed  to  rule 
the  seas ;  and  Saint  John's  vindictive  Act  of  Navigation 
had  been  followed  up  by  the  still  more  selfish  statute  of 
the  Twelfth  of  Charles  the  Second.     That  act  contempla- 
ted the  total  exclusion  of  all  foreigners  from  any  trade  or 
commerce  with  the  British  colonies.     Though  its  restrio- 
tions  violated  the  rights  of  mankind,  they  were  looked  upon 
with  less  repugnance  in  New  England,  where  envy  of  the. 
Dutch  in  New  Netherland  predominated,  than  in  Virginia, 
where  a  more  magnanimous  pdicy  obtained.     The  inter- 
colonial treaty  which  Stuyvesant  had  negotiated  with 
Berkeley  in  1660  had  given  satisfaction  to  the  people  of 
both  provinces.     The  new  Act  of  Navigation  was  felt  to  ba 
a  serious  grievance,  and  its  provisions  were  virtually  evad- 
ed.    Dutch  ships  continued  to  convey  to  forelga  markets 
the  tobacco  which  otherwise  would  have  been  the  prize  of 
monopoly  at  London  or  Bristol ;  and  Governor  Berkeley  Berkeley 
was  sent  to  England  as  agent  of  Virginia,  to  ask  relief  ^/SSl^ma. 
from  commercial  oppression.     But  the  king  was  indiffer- 


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702  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

cbap.  xjc  ent,  and  Parliament  was  inexorable.    At  the  very  time  ihe 
"~~"  treaty  with  the  Netherlands  was  matured,  the  oonnoil  for 
23  Augnil.  Foreign  Plantations  was  oonsidering  the  question  of  the  se- 
4s«pt.      oret  trade  between  the  Dutch  and  the  English  colonies  in 
hi  s«pt.    America ;  and  Berkeley  was  presently  instructed  to  cause 
gauon  Act  the  Act  of  Navigation  to  be  "carefully  and  faitiifully  ex- 
be  obwjriSdecuted  and  observed"  in  Virginia,  where  the  government 
gu^^oi^  had  certain  knowledge  that  "  very  much  tobacco  is  shipped 
"  ***         in  that  our  colony  in  Dutch  vessels."    Well  might  Stuyve- 
sant  inform  the  Amsterdam  Chamber  that  Berkeley  had 
"effected  very  little  in  favor  of  the  English  Virginians."* 
Connecticut  was  more  fortunate  in  her  agent  than  was 
Virginia.     Though  the  son-in-law  of  the  executed  Hugh 
Peters,  Winthrop,  by  his  personal  character,  talents,  and  lit- 
erary attainments,  soon  commanded  respect  and  won  con- 
23  Apru.    fidence.    Before  long  a  royal  charter  passed  the  great  seal, 
tar  of  Con-'  by  whioh  "  the  governor  and  company  of  the  ^^nglish  colcxiy 
of  Connecticut,  in  New  England,"  were  incorporated,  and 
invested  with  jurisdiction  over  all  the  territory  bounded  on 
Boandm-     the  cast  by  the  Narragansett  Bay,  on  the  north  by  the  south 
line  of  Massachusetts,  on  the  south  by  the  sea,  and  on  the 
west  by  the  Pacific  Ocean ;  together  with  "  the  islands 
thereunto  adjoining."     Thus  the  "  careless  benevolence^ 
of  Charles  the  Second  gave  to  Connecticut  the  whole  of 
New  Haven,  besides  the  greater  part  of  New  Netherland, 
including  Long  Island,  then  claimed  by  Lord  Stirling;  and 
Bneroaeik.  the  covcted  possessious  of  the  Dutch  appeared  at  last  to  be 
Njuwr-     within  the  grasp  of  those  who  had  striven  so  long  to  ap- 
propriate the  territory  of  their  "  noxious  neighbors,"  and 
'*  crowd  out"  the  original  discoverers  of  the  land.t 

The  next  autumn,  the  charter  was  presented  and  read 
-.  at  the  annual  meeting  of  the  commissioners  of  the  United 
Colonies ;  and  the  English  settiers  at  the  eastern  end  of 
Long  Island  hastened  to  acknowledge  their  allegiance  to 

*  Lond.  Doo.,  1.,  110-1S3 ;  N.  Y.  Cd.  MSS.,  iU.,  39-44 ;  Alb.  Rec,  xriU.,  157, 156, 197 ; 
Chalmera,  S43-S44 ;  Hazard,  ii.,  610 ;  Brieren  van  De  Witt,  !▼.,  291-304 ;  Aitxama,  iw^ 
1111-1114;  Baanage,  1.,  605 ;  Bancroft,  ii.,  69, 196, 309 ;  Verplanck,  in  iU.,  N.  T.  H.  S.C0O., 
87 ;  ante,  p.  683,  685. 

t  Hazard,  11.,  597-605 ;  Chalmera,  S93 ;  Bancroft,  1.,  485 ;  li.,  51-54 ;  Trambnll,  t,  9<9 , 
ante,  p.  sot,  334, 695. 


n«cUeiit. 


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PETER  STUYV^ANT,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  703 

Gonneotiout.     Southold  ohose  Captain  John  Young  as  her  chap.  xx. 
deputy  to  the  next  General  Court  at  Hartford.     Young's 
previous  proceedings  had  awakened  the  attention  of  the 
New  Netherland  government ;  and  Stuyvesant  now  inform-  is  ocu*«r. 
ed  the  Connectiout  authorities  that  they  were  ^'  an  absolute  sant't  let- 
breaoh  and  a  nullification"  of  the  boundary  treaty  of  1650,  ceiMrai 
and  that  they  gave  the  States  Q-eneral  and  the  West  India  conneeu. 
Company  a  just  ground  to  demand  and  recover  all  their 
ancient  rights  to  the  territory  between  Greenwich  and  the 
Fresh  River.     The  General  Court  was,  therefore,  request- 
ed to  return  its  <^  categorical  answer"  about  Young's  **se* 
ditious  doings."     This  was  soon  given.     The  charter  was  ^  oct 
exhibited  to  Captain  Nicholas  Varlett,  who  had  brought  his 
brother-in-law's  letter,  and  the  court  desired  that  Stuy  ve-  Reply  of 
sant  ^^  would  not  in  any  wise  incumber  or  molest  his  maj-  cot. 
esty^s  subjects  comprehended  within  the  extent  of  our  pat- 
ent by  any  impositions,  that  thereby  more  than  probable 
inconveniences  may  be  prevented."    Southold  was  received 
under  the  protection  of  the  court,  and  Young  was  admitted 
a  freeman  of  the  corporation.     West  Chester  was  declared  «3  October, 
to  be  included  in  Connecticut,  and  the  inhabitants  were  ter,  oreen. 
required  to  send  deputies  to  its  next  General  Court.  Green-  the  Long 
wich  was  also  accepted,  and  annexed  with  West  Chester  to  towni  to- 
the  jurisdiction  of  the  local  court  at  Fairfield.     The  settle- 
ments at  Huntington,  Setauket  or  Ashford,  and  Oyster  Bay, 
were  notified  to  choose  constables ;  and  "  all  the  Planta- 
tions on  the  bland,"  including  Jamaica,  Flushing,  Graves- 
end,  Heemstede,  and  Middelburgh,  were  ordered  to  "  at- 
tend the  established  law  of  this  colony  for  the  rule  of  rat- 
ing," and  to  appear  at  the  General  Assembly  to  be  held 
the  next  May.* 

Religious  zeal  had,  meanwhile,  been  animating  the  Jes- 
uits in  Canada  to  new  efforts  for  the  conversion  of  the  sav- 

*  Alb.  Rec.,  It.,  379,  38S ;  xTiii.,  818,  319 ;  xx.,  349, 353,  S63 ;  xxl.,  97>101 ;  Dnnlap,  U., 
App.  xxix. ;  Hazard,  ii.,  407 ;  Hartfbrd  Rec.,  i.,  19 ;  ii.,  1, 108;  Col.  Roe.  Coon.,  384-300 ; 
Bolton's  West  Cheater,  U.,  90,  103,  103 ;  Riker's  Newtown,  54.  The  particular  reason 
wby  Captain  Varlett  went  to  Hartford  was  because  his  sister  Judith  bad  been  imprisoned 
there,  on  a  "  pretended  accusation  of  witchery  f  and  the  Dutch  director's  letter  warmly 
urged  her  release.  Judith  afterward  married  Stuyresant's  nei^iew,  Nicbdas  Bayard,  and 
in  1080  resided  in  tbs  **  Hoogb  Straat,**  or  Higii  Street,  In  the  city  of  New  York. 


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704        HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  XX.  ages,  and  Father  Le  Moyne  onoe  more  TiBitai^  Jie  couuify 
of  the  Iroquois.     Thou^  the  Mdiawks  were  implaoabidy 
u  M^  the  Western  tribes  showed  firiend^p ;  and  depoties  from 
[f^^^l^  the  Senecas,  Cayugas,  and  Onondagas,  assembled  at  the 
IS  AugoA.  gom^d  of  the  bell,  which  had  once  summoned  the  &ithfiil 
to  worship  in  the  deserted  chapel  of  the  Jesuits.    The  coun- 
cil seemed  inclined  to  peace ;  but  the  Western  nations  oouM 
1662.  not  influence  the  fiercer  Mohawks,  and  the  next  spring  Le 
cSSS!***  Moyne  returned  to  Canada. 

After  having  crushed  the  Hurons,  the  Mohawks  execu- 
ted their  threatened  design  against  the  Eastern  savages, 
30  April,  and  a  formidable  war  party  visiting  the  English  traders  on 
on  the  Ken.  the  Kcnncbeck,  forced  them  to  an  unwilling  traffic.  Thence 
they  proceeded  to  the  Penobscot  fort,  where  they  surprised 
3  May.  and  captured  a  party  of  Abenaquis,  who  had  come  thither 
UMAtw^ft-  to  trade.  On  their  return,  the  Mohawks  killed  the  catUe 
rob  the  Bn-  of  the  English,  and  robbed  their  store-houses  *'  to  the  value 
^  of  three  hundred  poands."     To  obtain  redress  f(H-  these 

aggressions,  delegates  from  Boston  accompanied  Captain 
Thomas  Breedon,  the  governor  of  Nova  Scotia,  to  New  Am- 
37  July,     sterdam;  and  the  director  at  once  proceeded  with  the  En- 
glish agents  to  Fort  Orange.     The  Mohawk  sachems  offisr- 
ed  an  atonement  of  wampum,  but  would  surrender  no  pris- 
oners ;   and,  abruptly  breaking  up  the  conference,  they 
threatened,  unless  the  English  declared  themselves  satis- 
3  AofiMt.  fied,  to  ravage  the  borders  of  Connecticut.    At  length  Stuy- 
t^^  vesant  arranged  an  accommodation,  and  purchased  by  pres- 
H^ttion.  ents  the  release  of  some  of  the  captives.     Breedon,  how- 
ever, still  unsatisfied,  complained  to  the  commissioners  at 
Boston  that  "  no  recompense"  could  be  obtained  ;  and  the 
Jj  Sept.    Board,  apprehending  "the  insolenoies  and  wrongs  done  by 
of^thSrTB.  the  aforesaid  Indian  Mohawkes  have  been  very  great,"  rec- 
ommended the  several  colonies  to  allow  the  governor  of 
Nova  Scotia  to  enroll  volunteers  within  their  jurisdictions 
"  for  his  just  relief  and  satisfaction." 

At  the  very  moment  Stuyvesant  and  the  English  dele- 
gates were  negotiating  with  the  sachems  at  Fort  Orange, 
a  war  party  of  Mohawks  and  Oneidas  was  threatening 


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PETER  STUY VESANT,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  705 

Montreal.     A  post  near  its  gates  was  attacked,  and  the  chap.  xx. 
garrison  killed  or  captured.     Father  Vignal  was  slain ; 
Brignao  was  burned  at  the  stake.     Three  of  the  prisoners  „  xogn-i. 
escaping  with  great  difficulty,  after  nine  days  of  constant  JJ2JJ®lJ. 
suffering  and  peril,  reached  Fort  Orange,  where  they  were  ][SJ*  ^"" 
hospitably  entertained  and  clothed.     Thence  they  were 
conveyed  to  New  Amsterdam,  and  finally  reached  Quebec 
by  way  of  Boston.     The  situation  of  Canada  was  now,  in- 
deed, alarming.     Reduced  to  forty-five  associates,  the  im- 
poverished and  disheartened  proprietaries  of  New  France 
resi&:ned  all  their  rights  to  the  kinsr ;  and  the  surrendered  Raorgaoi 
provmce  was  soon  afterward  conveyed  by  Louis  XIV.  to  nw  fowc- 
the  new  and  wealthier  West  India  Company,  which  his  ^ 
great  minister  Colbert  had  organized,  and  under  whose 
auspices  Alexander  de  Frouville,  Marquis  de  Tracy,  was  1663. 
conmiissioned  as  French  viceroy  in  America.*  ^'  ^^' 

Stuyvesant  had  scarcely  returned  from  Fort  Orange 
when  he  felt  himself  called  upon  to  interfere  again,  to 
check  the  progress  of  Quakerism  on  Long  Island.     And 
now  the  scene  of  persecution  was  at  Flushing.    Among  the 
early  emigrants  Ihither  was  John  Bowne,t  a  plain,  strong-  joim 
miaded  English  farmer.     His  wife  soon  became  attached  FioIbSir 
to  the  society  of  the  Quakers,  who,  owing  to  the  severe 
measures  of  the  provincial  government,  were  obliged  to  hold 
their  meetings  privately,  in  the  woods  and  solitary  places. 
Bowne,  out  of  curiosity,  having  attended  some  of  these 
meetings,  invited  the  (Quakers  to  his  house,  and,  before  long, 
joined  their  society.     The  magistrates  of  Jamaicfll  faith-  34  Av«wt. 
ful  to  their  promise,  informed  the  director  that  BWne's  and  fined 
house  had  become  a  '' conventicle"  for  the  Quakers  of  allingQoak. 
the  neighboring  villages ;  and  the  new  convert,  upcm  being 

*  Alb.  Rec.,  It.,  433 ;  xx.,  178,  184-104  ;  Hoi.  Doe.,  xi.,  311 ;  Hazard,  U.,  44»,  463 ;  Re- 
lation, 1000-1, 1001-8, 1003-4, 1004-5 ;  CharieTOlx,  i.,  348-380 ;  Baneroft,  ill.,  148 ;  O'CaU., 
ii.,  458,  453  ;  Hildretb,  ii.,  91  ;  ante,  p.  047,  088. 

t  Bowne  was  born  at  Matlock,  in  Derbyahire,  in  1037.  He  came  orer  to  Boston  in 
1640,  and  soon  afterward  settled  himMlfat  Fluebing,  wbere.  In  1056,  he  was  married  to 
Han  nab,  a  daugbter  of  Robert  Field,  and  a  eieler  orEUiabetb,  tbe  wife  of  Captain  John 
Uoderbili.  In  1001,  Bowne  erected  a  fine  dwelling-honae  at  the  eastern  end  of  Plash- 
ing, where  it  may  still  be  seen.  Near  this  hoase  were  two  large  oak*trees,  under  whieh 
George  Pox  preached  in  1078.  One  of  these  trees  was  blown  down  in  September,  1841 ; 
the  other,  still  standing,  Is  supposed  to  be  at  least  ftov  osntorles  old. 

Yy 


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706  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OP  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  XX.  arrested,  oonfessed  his  ofiense.     To  punish  Bowne's  ocm- 

tempt  of  authority,  Stuyvesant  condemned  him  to  "an 

i4Sepc      amend",  of  twenty-five  Flemish  pounds,  and  threatened 

him  with  banishment. 
21  Sept.         The  next  week,  a  new  proclamation  declared  Ihat  the 
io^for'  public  exercise  of  any  religion  but  the  Reformed,  "  in 
^ui&n-  houses,  bams,  ships,  woods,  or  fields,"  would  be  punished  by 
!ution.       a  fine  of  fifty  guilders ;  double  for  a  second  offense ;  and 
for  the  third  quadruple,  with  arbitrary  correction.    The  im* 
p(»rtation  or  distribution  of  all  seditious  books  was  fc»rbid- 
den,  imder  penalty  of  fine  and  confiscation.    Strangers  ar- 
riving in  the  province  were  to  report  themselves  within  six 
weeks  to  the  secretary,  and  take  the  oath  of  allegiadbe. 
And  magistrates  who  permitted  the  violation  of  this  proc- 
lamation were  threatened  with  immediate  removal  firom 
office.     But  the  threat  of  punishment  did  not  repress  the 
:» October,  scal  of  thc  Quakers.     John  Tilton,  and  Mary  his  wife,  and 
Midiael  and  Samuel  Spicer,  of  Gravesend,  persisting  in  fre- 
quenting conventicles,  were  ordered  to  lea^e  the  province 
before  the  twentieth  of  November.     Meanwhile,  Bowne, 
refusing  to  pay  his  fine,  had  remained  imprisoned  at  New 
Amsterdam ;  and,  at  the  end  of  three  months,  ^^  for  the  wel- 
14  Dee.      fare  of  the  community,  and  to  crash  as  £Eur  as  it  is  possi- 
councu'*    ble  that  abominable  sect  who  treat  with  contempt  both  the 
rS^?.     political  magistrates  and  the  ministers  of  God's  holy  wcml, 
aiKl  endeavor  to  undermine  the  police  and  religion,"  an  or- 
der was  made  in  council  "  to  transport  from  this  province 
the  aforesaid  John  Bowne,  if  he  continues  obstinate  and 
pervicacious,  in  the  first  ship  ready  to  sail,  for  an  exam{de 
to  others."    The  Quaker  convert,  however,  remaining  firm, 
1663.  the  director  executed  his  threat.     Bowne  was  ord^ed  on 
siwiie      board  the  Gilded  Fox ;  and  Stuyvesant  wrote  to  the  Am- 
bamthed.  g^jp^^m  Chamber  that  the  contumacious  prisoner  had  been 
banished  as  a  terror  to  others,  who,  if  not  discouraged  by 
this  example,  would  be  dealt  with  still  more  severely. 

But  the  banishment  of  Bowne  was  the  harbinger  of  a 
better  day  for  New  Netherland.  On  reaching  Amsterdam, 
the  exile  '^  manifested  his  case"  to  the  directors  of  the  West 


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PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  707 

India  Compaiiy,  who  did  not  utter  ^^  one  word  tending  to  ckap.  xx 
the  approval  of  any  thing"  that  their  provincial  govern- 
ment  had  done  against  the  Quakers.     So  far  from  justify- 
ing Stuy  vesant,  tiiey  thus  rebuked  him  in  their  next  dis- 
patches.    ^^  Although  it  is  our  cordial  desire  that  similar  le  adtii. 
and  other  sectarians  may  not  be  found  there,  yet  as  the  company 
contrary  seems  to  be  the  fact,  we  doubt  vary  much  wheth-  emuon. " 
er  rigorous  proceedings  against  them  ought  not  to  be  did- 
oontinued ;  unless,  indeed,  you  intend  to  check  and  destroy 
your  population,  which,  in  the  youth  of  your  existence, 
ought  rather  to  be  encouraged  by  all  possible  means. 
Wherefore,  it  is  our  opinion  that  some  connivance  is  use- 
fal,  and  that  at  least  the  consciences  of  men  ought  to  re- 
main free  and  unshackled.     Let  every  one  remain  free  as 
long  as  he  is  modest,  moderate,  his  political  conduct  irre- 
proachable, and  as  long  as  he  does  not  offend  others  or  op- 
pose the  government.     This  maxim  of  moderation  has  al- 
ways been  the  guide  of  our  magistrates  in  this  city ;  and 
the  consequence  has  been  that  people  have  flocked  from  ev- 
ery land  to  this  asylum.    Tread  thus  in  their  steps,  and  we 
doubt  not  you  will  be  blessed."     This  reproof  was  effect- Pcr«yju- 
ual.    Persecution  ceased  in  New  Netherlaiid ;  and  Bowne, 
returning  after  two  years  absence,  met  Stuy  vesant  as  a  pri- 
vate citi2en,  who  ''  seemed  ashamed  of  what  he  had  done.""*^ 

The  Amsterdam  Chamber  also  instructed  Hieir  director  S6  March. 
that  it  would  gratify  them  if  the  i»roposed  settlement  of  tions  of  mc 
Puritans  on  the  Raritan  River,  which  might  serve  as  a  bul-  paiiyrc^'"" 
wark  against  the  Raritans  and  Minnisincks,  should  be  car-  i^ua'If  *' 
ried  into  effect.     '^  The  principal  obstacle  was  the  appeal  on  thrR». 
in  criminal  cases,  and  capital  crimes  of  fornication,  adul- 
tery, and  similar  offenses,  which  they  punish  acccurding  to 
the  law  and  the  ex{Hressed  word  of  Grod.     Against  which 
maxim,  although  the  laws  of  our  Fatherland  use  some  con- 
nivance in  this  respect,  we  make  no  objection ;  but  we 
could  not  willingly  transfer  to  them  the  absolute  disposal 
of  all  criminal  cases  whatever  without  apTpeal."     The  di- 

*  Alb.  Rec,  iv.,  437 ;  xviii.,  221,  223 ;  xz.,  199,  30&-3i0, 380-S33,  M3,  291  ;  Bewe,  ii., 
587 ;  Thompson's  L.  I.,  U.,  74-79,  293-295, 8«V-388 ;  Bancroft,  ii.,  300 ;  Dr.  De  Witt,  in  N. 
Y.  H.  S.  Proc,  1844,  73;  O'Call.,  ii.,  4M-467i  <mte,  pw  069. 


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708        HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  XX.  roetors,  however,  consented  that  no  appeals  shotdd  take 

plaoe  in  oases  of  voluntary  confession ;  but  this  oould  not 

ooDoes^    be  oonoeded  "  in  all  oiher  cases  of  a  dubious  nature.'' 


^  /^^^ Further,  "their  laws,  in  punishing  all  similar  crimes 
pany.  agaiust  the  maxims  of  our  Fatherland,  should  only  be  put 
in  practice  against  their  own  countrymen,  and  not  against 
such  of  our  nation  as  might  settle  among  them."  "  Your 
honor  must  not  give  up  this  point  as  long  as  it  is  tena- 
ble ;  it  is  of  too  high  importance.  If,  however,  the  ob- 
ject in  view  is  not  attainable  without  this  sacrifice,  then 
your  honor  is  authorized  to  treat  with  the  English  on  such 
terms  as,  in  your  opinion,  are  best  adapted  to  promote  the 
welfare  of  our  state  and  its  subjects." 
to  July.  On  receiving  this  dispatch,  so  consistent  with  the  oon- 
o^^y '  ditions  offered  in  1661,  Stuyvesant  informed  the  applicants 
Mor^  that  most  of  their  demands  would  be  granted,  and  a  char- 
ter be  sealed  to  assure  their  rights.  They  would  be  allow- 
ed to  elect  their  own  magistrates,  upon  condition  that  these 
should  be  annually  presented  to  the  director  and  council 
to  be  confirmed  and  sworn.  They  might  establish  their 
own  courts,  and  make  such  laws  as  they  pleased,  which,  if 
found  "to  concur  with  the  holy  Scriptures,"  would  be  con- 
firmed by  ihe  provincial  government.  In  convictions  upon 
confessicm,  capital  sentences  might  be  executed  without 
appeal ;  in  "  dark  and  dubious"  cases,  such  as  witchcraft, 
tiie  consent  of  the  director  and  council  must  be  first  ob- 
tained. In  civil  matters,  an  appeal  was  to  be  allowed  only 
in  cases  exceeding  one  hundred  pounds  Flemish ;  and  new 
settlers  were  to  be  admitted  only  with  the  consent  of  the 
local  magistrates,  and  upon  their  swearing  allegiance  to 
the  provincial  government.  But  fresh  elements  of  discoid 
had  by  this  time  sprung  up  between  Connecticut  and  New 
iiffeni  noc  Ncthcrland ;  and  it  does  not  appear  that  the  Puritans, 
"^'^  '  ¥^0,  instead  of  being  "obstructed  by  the  then  ruling 
Dutch,"  had  been  granted  all  they  could  fairly  ask,  ever 
availed  themselves  of  the  liberal  concessions  of  the  pro- 
vincial government.* 

*  Alb.  Rm.,  ir.,  415,  416 ;  zxi.,  981-SS7 ;  DmUm*t  N.  Y. ;  Bancroft,  ii.,  317 :  CC^L* 


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PEim  STUTYESANT,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  906 

Rejoioing  in  their  newly-aoquired  patent,  the  General  chap.  im. 
Court  at  Hartford  had  lost  no  time  in  extending  their  ju- 
risdiction  over  the  adjoining  territory.     New  Haven,  how-  connS^ 
ever,  feeling  wronged,  bore  testimony  *^  against  the  great  3*^^^^ 
sin  of  Connecticat  in  aoting  so  contrary  to  righteousness,  ""*" 
amity,  and  peaoe,'^  and  poured  out  her  griefs  in  a  long  let-  j%  May. 
ter  to  the  Hartford  court.     While  New  Haven  protested, 
the  inhabitants  of  West  Chester  were  placed  in  an  embar- 
rassing dilemma.    Stuyvesant,  observing  that  they  had  not  o  May. 
made  their  usual  annual  nomination  of  officers,  dispatched 
Waldron  to  inquire  into  the  cause  and  summon  the  magis- 
trates to  New  Amsterdam.     On  reaching  the  capital,  the  is  May. 
West  Chester  magistrates  were  interrogated;  and,  upont«r«abiiiita 
acknowledging  their  error,  they  were  discharged,  and  sentDouii. 
back  with  a  letter  forbidding  the  people  to  send  delegates  to 
Hartford,  and  directing  them  to  submit  their  nominations 
for  officers.     Mills,  the  ringleader,  was,  however,  detained 
in  prison ;  and  the  next  week  the  West  Chester  settlers  sent 
in  their  nominations,  out  of  which  three  persons  were  se-  S4  m^. 
looted  and  confirmed  as  magistrates.    Upon  this,  Mills  was 
discharged.     The  Connecticut  council,  presently  appointed 
Captain  John  Talcott  to  go  down  to  West  Chester,  and  ad-  90  j«iy. 
minister  the  oath  of  a  constable  <^  unto  him  whom  the  inhab- 
itants shall  desire  and  choose  to  that  service,  if  he  approves 
of  the  person."    Repairing  thither,  with  sixteen  or  eighteen  JnnadiA. 
armed  men,  Talcott  declared  that  the  inhabitants  were  ab-  necueutta. 
solved  ftom  their  allegiance  to  the  Dutch  government ;  sum- 
marily dismissed  the  old  magistrates,  and  appointed  others 
in  their  places.    Thus  Connecticut  enforced  her  claim  to 
West  Chester,  and,  at  the  point  of  the  sword,  affected  '^to 
lead  the  inhabitants  to  the  choice  of  their  officers.""*^ 

Early  this  year,  a  severe  shock  of  an  earthquake  was  Eartu^ 
felt  throughout  New  Netherland,  New  England,  Acadia, ' 
and  Canada.     This  was  followed  by  a  great  freshet,  which 
inundated  the  country  and  destroyed  the  harvests  around 

il.,  448, 449 ;  Wbitehead*8  East  Jersey,  3S,  40, 181-163 ;  ante,  p.  088, 090.    It  would  seen, 

bowerer,  that  some  of  these  persons  afterward  foairded  EUsabethiown,  in  New  Jersey. 

*  Alb.  Ree.,  xxi.,  80,  91-00,  lOS,  141, 143 ;  Attsema,  )▼.,  112 ;  Col.  Roc.  Conn.,  408, 40ft, 

400  i  Tmmbnll,!.,  354-907,  ftl7-aS0;  CCaU.,  U.,  400 ;  Bolloo*tWeatClisster,iL,  104-100. 


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no  mSTQRT  OF  THB  STATE  OF  NEW  YQK&. 

(kuF.  xK.  Fort  Orange.    The  small^x  also  broke  out,  and  spread 

"j"^~with  fiital  rapidity  among  Eun^ana  and  savages.    At 

smS!^  Beverwyok,  twelve  of  its  slender  population  died  in  one 

^^^''  week ;  and  a  thousand  victims  perished  among  the  five  Iro- 

qnoifl  tribes.     The  court  at  Hartford,  ^'  understanding  that 

21  March,  the  hand  of  Q-od  is  gone  out  against  the  pec^le  at  New 

^ure^  reg.  Netherland  by  pestilential  infections,"  prohibited  all  per- 

c^nn Jni?  sons,  coming  from  any  places  where  the  disease  raged,  bom 

entering  die  colony ;  and  masters  of  vessels  arriving  from 

infected  places  were  forbidden  to  land  any  persons  or  goods 

in  any  harbor  of  Connecticut.     This  order,  however,  was 

24  May.     repealed  about  two  months  afterward."**" 

Three  years  had  now  passed  away  since  peace  had  been 
Affairs  at   Covenanted  at  Esopus,  '^  under  the  blue  sky  of  heaven," 
or  Wild-    between  the  Dutch  and  the  savages.     Industry  had  grad- 
ually repaired  the  losses  of  war,  and  numerous  settlers,  at- 
tracted by  its  feasant  situation,  had  flocked  to  Wiltwyck 
or  WUdwyck.     Domine  Blom  had  continued  his  ministra- 
tions with  success,  and  the  church  had  increased  from  six- 
teen to  sixty  members,  ^'  so  that  this  newly-rising  oomr 
munity  began  to  grow*  and  to  bloom  right  worthily."    A 
New  vii-    new  village  was  laid  out  in  the  "  Great  Plot"  for  the  rap- 
idly augmenting  population.     Most  of  the  soldiers  who  had 
garrisoned  the  first  settlement  had  been  withdrawn,  and 
"ito»d^»'only  a  sergeant's  guard  was  maintained  at  the  "Ronduit" 
or  Redoubt,  which  had  been  erected  a  few  miles  ofT,  on  the 
Kill,  near  its  mouth.     Yet  the  red  men,  who  remembered 
their  brethren  whom  Stuyvesant  had  exiled  to  Cura^oa, 
liked  not  the  ''new  fort,"  which  marked  the  progress  of  the 
whites ;  and  muttered  threats  foreboded  a  new  outbreak 
of  the  Indians,  who,  in  spite  of  all  proclamations,  were  now 
supplied  more  freely  than  ever  before  with  the  "  fire-water" 
and  tiie  fire-arms  of  their  European  neighbors.     The  tem- 
per of  the  savages  had  been  reported  to  Stuyvesant,  who 
i  jme.      sent  w(»rd  tiiat  he  would  soon  visit  Esopus,     The  sachems 
replied,  that  if  he  ceune  to  renew  the  peace,  he  should  come 

*  lib.  Rao.,  rl.j  409, 496;  RelaUon,  10e»-a,  6-18 ;  1004-5,  9i;  dMriaroix,  U  Ui-M9; 
I.  MSS. ;  COoU.,  ti.,  48S ;  Col.  Bae.  CoilB.»  808, 40i. 


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PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  711 

unarmed,  and  '^sit  with  them  in  the  open  field  oatside  the  chaf.xx. 
gate,  according  to  their  custom."  taao 

In  fancied  security  most  of  the  villagers  went  forth  to 
work  in  their  fields.     About  noon-tide,  bands  of  savages,  7  jane. 
entering  all  the  gates,  scattered  themselves  about,  and,  <^  un-  and  th^ 
der  the  guise  of  firiendship,"  offered  corn  and  beans  for  ^e  «urpri»ed. 
at  the  quiet  cottage  doors.     In  a  few  minutes  mounted 
horsemen  dashed  through  '^  the  mill-gate,"  announcing  that 
the  Indians  had  destroyed  the  new  village.     The  work  of 
death  went  on ;  houses  were  plundered  and  fired;  women 
and  children  were  hurried  as  prisoners  outside ihe  gates; 
and  the  alarmed  husbandmen,  rushing  toward  their  blaz- 
ing dwellings,  were  shot  down  by  foes  concealed  within 
their  own  doors.      Rallied  at  last  by  Swartwout,  their  The  »ev. 
schout.  Captain  Chambers,  and  Domine  Blom,  the  few  men  puised. 
at  home  secured  the  gates,  cleared  the  gun,  and  drove  the 
savages  out  of  the  village.     By  evening  all  was  still  again ; 
sixty-nine  efficient  men  were  mustered ;  the  palisades  were 
replaced ;  and  during  the  night  the  bereaved  inhabitants 
kept  moumM  watch.     "The  burned  bodies  were  most 
frightful  to  behold."     Twenty-one  lives  were  lost;  nine 
were  wounded ;  and  forty-five,  chiefly  women  and  children, 
were  carried  off  captives.     Twelve  houses  were  burned  in 
Wiltwyck,  and  the  new  village  was  almost  annihilated.* 

Intelligence  of  the  calamity  was  quickly  sent  fit)m  Ron-  lo  Junt. 
duit  to  New  Amsterdam ;  and  Stuyvesant  dispatched  Coun- 
selor De  Decker  to  Fort  Orange,  to  raise  a  loan,  engage  vol- 
unteers, and  enlist  ihe  Mohawks  and  Senecas.     The  lat- 
ter, however,  were  already  at  war  with  the  Minquas ;  and  i«  jone. 
when  the  news  firom  WUtwyok  reached  Beverwyck,  theflSJcr-"' 
whole  neighborhood  was  seized  with  panic.     The  farmers  "^^  ' 
fled  to  the  patroon's  new  fort  "Cralo,"  at  Greenbush;  theFoncnao 
plank  fence  which  inclosed  Beverwyck,  and  the  three  guns 
mounted  on  the  church,  were  put  in  order ;  and  Fort  Or- 
ange, with  its  nine  pieces  of  artillery,  was  prepared  against 
an  attack. 

*  Alb.  Rec.,  xYi.,  H8-199;  zrui.,  193;  xx.,  11»-120,  353;  xxi.,  87  ;  Doc  Hist  N.  T., 
iUn  M9 ;  lY.,  31M4 ;  tmU,  p.  76,  678,  690 ;  note  H,  Appendix. 


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712  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

CHAP.  XX.     A  re-Mifbroement  of  forty-two  men,  under  the  oommand 
"~~"  of  Ensign  Christiaen  Niessen,  was  immediately  sent  from 
gi^I^L  ^^^  Amsterdam  to  Wiltwyok ;  and  the  inhabitants  of  the 
JJ^'^^w'  metropolis  and  of  the  surrounding  villages  were  offered 
^J^'     large  rewards  if  they  would  enlist.     The  ohief  men  in  the 
19  June.     English  settlements  on  Long  Island  discouraged  the  rais- 
ing of  volunteers,  and  few  were  obtained  there ;  but  a  con- 
siderable fiwroe  was  collected  in  New  Amsterdam,  and  for- 
ty-six "  Marseping"  savages  fix)m  Fort  Neck  were  engaged 
MJnne.     as  auxiliaries.     The  command  in  ohief  was  intrusted  to 
mqwdiUMi.  Burgomastor  Martin  Kregier  as  captain  lieutenant,  under 
whom  were  Schepen  Van  Couwenhoven,  Lieutenant  Nich- 
olas Stillwell,  and  Sergeant  Pieter  Ebel. 
4  Joiy.  The  expedition,  sailing  in  two  yachts,  sooq  landed  at  the 

Rottduit,  and  marched  up  to  Wiltwyok.     Guarded  wagons 
conveyed  abundant  supplies  to  the  village,  where  a  ^'coun- 
cil of  war"  was  established ;  and  scouting  parties  were  sent 
up  the  river  to  surprise  some  of  the  savages  who  lurked  be- 
1ft  July,     hind  Magdalen  Island.     In  a  few  days  De  Decker  arrived 
from  Fort  Orange  with  five  Mohawks,  by  whose  mediation 
some  of  the  Dutch  captives  were  recovered.     The  Esopus 
savages,  however,  would  not  release  the  rest  of  their  pris- 
oners, unless  ^^Oorlaer  and  Rensselaer"  should  bring  them 
FMt  at     presents,  and  make  a  peace  within  ten  days,  at  their  fort 
fwdL*^    upon  the  Shawangunk  Kill,  in  the  present  town  of  Shaw- 
angunk,  about  thirty  miles  southwest  of  Wiltwyok.     It 
fltjoiy.     was,  therefore,  determined  to  attack  them;  and  Kregier 
tilt  Bw»|Mi0  set  oat  with  a  force  of  two  hundred  and  ten  men,  two  pieces 
of  cannon,  and  two  wagons,  guided  by  Rachel  la  Montagne, 
wife  of  Surgeon  Gysbert  van  Imbroeck,  who  had  been  tak- 
en prisoner  on  the  seventh  of  June,  and  had  escaped.    Aft- 
er hauling  ihe  wagons  and  cannon  over  many  hills,  and 
crossing  many  streams  upon  bridges  made  of  trees  which 
87  July,     they  cut  down,  the  expedition  arrived  near  the  fort,  which 
Couwenhoven,  with  one  hundred  and  sixteen  men,  was 
sent  forward  to  surprise.     Coming  up  with  his  party,  Kre- 
gier found  his  friends  in  possession,  as  the  savages,  two 
days  before,  had  fled  with  Uieir  prisoners  to  the  mountains. 


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PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  713 

l%e  fort  oontained  £«veral  strongly-built  houses,  and  was  chap.  xx. 
inclosed  by  three  rows  of  palisades.     Here  the  expedition 
remained  overnight.     At  dawn  of  the  next  morning,  Cou-^jgjy  ' 
wenhoven  was  dispatched  with  one  hundred  and  forty  men, 
and  a  captured  squaw  as  a  guide,  to  a  high  mountain  sev- 
eral miles  off;  but  no  Indiana  were  there.     As  it  was  use- 
less to  continue  the  pursuit  of  their  subtile  enemies,  the 
expedition  destroyed  the  com  of  the  savages,  burned  their  si  jaiy. 
fort  and  houses,  and,  after  a  long  day's  march,  returned  in  destroyed, 
safety  to  Wiltwyck. 

Unsuccessful  efforts  were  made,  through  the  mediation  unmcoesiH 
of  the  Wappingers,  to  obtain  the  release  of  the  Christian  tion  ortue 
captives;  and  the  Esopus  savages  having  built  a  new  fort  gen. 
<<  about  four  hours"  further  off,  another  expedition  was  or-so  Avfiuit. 
dered.     Heavy  rains  delayed  the  forces  several  days ;  but 
at  length,  Kregier  set  out  with  fifty-five  men,  guided  by  a  s  sept. 
young  Wappinger.     After  a  toilsome  march  of  two  days, 
they  reached  the  new  fort,  about  thirty-six  miles  souths  Sept. 
southwest  of  Wiltwyck,  and  probably  in  the  present  town 
of  Hamakating,  in  the  county  of  Sullivan.     Taken  by  sur-  New  Em- 
prise,  the  savages  retreated  across  the  Shawangunk  Kill ;  S^priaed. 
and  the  Dutch  having  slain  Papequanaehen  their  chief,  and 
fourteen  warriors,  besides  several  women  and  children,  re- 
mained conquerors,  with  the  loss  of  three  killed  and  six 
wounded.     Thirteen  prisoners  were  taken,  and  twenty- 
three  Christian  captives  recovered.     Spoil  enough  "well  to 
fill  a  sloop"  was  destroyed ;  several  guns  and  a  quantity 
of  ammunition  were  seized ;  and  the  victorious  expedition 
returned  to  Wiltwyck  with  the  rescued  captives  and  HiCTStpL 
Indian  prisoners,  one  of  whom,  refusing  to  proceed,  was 
dispatched  on  the  way. 

The  enemy  was  now  nearly  crushed ;  yet  detachments 
were  prudently  ordered  to  guard  the  Dutch  reapers  in  their 
fields.  Even  the  peaceful  Katskill  savages  were  suspect- 
ed ;  and  a  party  was  sent  about  nine  miles  from  the  fort,  t4  sept. 
to  a  maize  plantation  on  the  "  Sager's  Kill."  No  Indians,  to  the  ^. 
however,  were  found ;  but  some  com  was  secured,  and  the 
party  reported  that "  it  is  a  beautiful  maize  land,  suitable 


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714  fflSTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

CH4P.  XX.  for  a  nrnnber  of  boaweiies."     This  report  is  confirmed  at 
Ae  present  day  by  the  flourishing  farmers  of  UJster.* 
The  oonnoil  of  war  now  resolved  to  dispatch  a  third  ex- 
1  October,  pedition  against  the  Esopos  savages ;  and  one  hundred  and 
i>cdiuo?'   fifty-four  soldiers  and  Long  Island  Indians  marched  from 
e' opas  In-  Wiltwyck.     The  next  afternoon  they  came  to  the  scene 
'  '*"'"       of  their  recent  victory,  where  all  was  now  desolaticm.    Sev- 
eral pits  had  been  filled  with  dead  Indians ;  the  unburied 
corpses  of  others  lay  abound.     Parties  were  sent  into  the 
neighboring  woods,  but  no  savages  were  seen.     They  had 
fled  southward  among  the  Minnisincks.     The  fort  and 

4  October,  wigwams  werc  burned;  the  maize  was  destroyed ;  and  the 

5  October,  expedition  returned  in  safety,  after  a  fatiguing  march 

through  an  incessant  rain. 

Tranquillity  being  restored,  Couwenhoven  was  sent  back 
to  New  Amsterdam,  with  several  of  the  soldiers  and  the 
V  October.  Loug  Island  auxiliaries ;  and  Wiltwyck,  which  now  con- 
paiiMded   tained  thirty-four  occupied  lots,  was  palisaded  anew,  ^^  from 
the  water-gate,  along  the  curtains,  unto  the  lot  of  Arent 
Pietersen  Tack."    After  making  arrangements  with  a  Wap- 
pinger  sachem  for  an  exchange  of  prisoners,  Kregier,  leav- 
ing the  post  in  charge  of  Ensign  Niessen,  with  a  garrison 
17  Not.     of  sixty  soldiers,  paid  a  short  visit  to  the  capitaL     On  his 
32  Dec.     return,  he  found  that  some  of  the  captives  had  been  re- 
stored, and  the  release  of  the  remainder  been  promised. 
24  Dec.      Swartwout's  conduct,  however,  having  displeased  Stuyve- 
discharged,  saut,  hc  was  discharged  from  his  office  of  schout  of  Wilt- 
wyck ;  and  Matthys  Capito,  the  secretary  of  the  village 
court,  was  installed,  provisionedly,  in  his  place.t 
8  Feb.  Negotiations  had  meanwhile  been  going  on  between  the 

( ompany*  Wcst  India  directors  and  the  burgomasters  of  Amsterdam, 
somh  Riv-  which  resulted  in  the  surrender  to  the  city  of  all  the  oom- 
city  or  Am-  pany's  territory  on  the  South  River,  upon  condition  that  the 
rights  of  the  colonists  should  be  respected ;  sufficient  garri- 

*  The  ^  Sagttr*B  Kill*'  la  aow  kaown  as  the  Eaopua  Craak,  whieh,  ntanlBC  northeaalir 
ly  flroiB  KingaioB,  empties  into  the  river  at  Saogertlea.  The  "  Sager*8  Kllle^,**  or  Littto 
Kill,  crosaea  the  road,  and  emptiea  into  the  rlrer  aboat  a  mile  north  of  Saogerties. 

f  Alb.  Rec^  n,  866, 41A ;  jUt,  «1 ;  »▼!.,  171-870 ;  xrlii.,  M8 ;  xx^  818, 856 ;  xxi.,  1»- 
181, 2O3-208, 849, 861, 804, 318 ;  New  Anwt.  Rec.,  v.,  S4ft-a57 ;  Hoi.  Doc^  xil.,  347 ;  Renaa. 
MSS. ;  0»CaU.,  ii.,  473-482 ;  Doc  Hiat.  N.  Y.,  ill.,  064 ;  tr.,  41-98. 


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PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  715 

sons  be  maintained ;  the  spaoe  of  a  mile  be  <deared  and  set-  ciup.  xx. 
tied,  and  four  hundred  emigrants  be  sent  out  every  year; 
and  that  the  city  should  never  sell  or  dispose  of  any  part, 
upon  pain  of  forfeiting  the  whole  of  their  privileges.     The 
commissaries  of  the  oity  colony  in  an  able  report  set  forth  lo  March. 
the  commercial  advantages  which  New  Netherland  would  the  city^s 
enjoy  if  sufficiently  peopled.     Its  trade  with  the  West  In-  nes. 
dies  and  the  neighboring  English  colonies  now  employed 
two  hundred  vessels  annually.   The  English  near  the  South 
River  had  shown  themselves  well  disposed ;  and  even  if 
their  own  government  should  enforce  the  Navigation  Act, 
they  would  still  "open  a  small  door"  by  which  the  Dutch 
might  trade  with  them  overland.     To  foster  the  colony  on 
the  South  River  would  be  the  wisest  expenditure  of  the 
city's  funds.     Holland  was  crowded  with  refugee  Hugue- 
nots, Waldenses,  Norwegians,  and  G-ermans;  and  many  of 
a  better  class  from  Roohelle  were  desirous  to  emigrate  to 
New  Netherland  at  their  own  expense.     All  that  these  col- 
onists desired  was  to  be  protected  from  the  savages  for  a 
few  years  in  their  new  home.     This  report  was  received 
with  fiftvor  by  the  burgomasters  of  Amsterdam,  and  large  le  March. 
sums  were  appropriated  for  the  vigorous  prosecution  of  the 
work  of  colonization. 

These  views  were  warmly  supported  by  Hinoyossa,  who  25  June. 
arrived  not  long  afterward.     He  represented  the  Maryland  aa'^rep^- 
authorities,  with  whom  he  had  communicated,  as  anxious 
to  promote  intercolonial  commerce ;  that  the  Swedes,  Finns, 
and  others  had  already  one  hundred  and  ten  plantations, 
and  thousands  of  cattle  and  swine,  besides  horses  and 
sheep ;  that  the  city  had  already  two  or  three  breweries, 
and  more  were  wanted  to  supply  the  English  with  beer, 
who,  in  return,  could  furnish  a  thousand  tubs  of  tobacco  a 
year ;  and  that  ten  thousand  frirs  and  other  articles  could 
be  annually  procured  fi^m  the  Indians  and  exported  from 
the  colony.     These  representations  had  their  effect.     The  14  Juiy. 
next  month,  Hinoyossa  set  sail  for  the  South  River,  vrith  Hmoyosat. 
about  one  hundred  and  fifty  colonists,  and  arrangements 
were  made  to  dispatch  another  ship. 


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716  fflSTORY  OP  THE  STATO  OP  NEW  TORK. 

CKAP.  XX.     The  direotors,  on  their  part,  informed  Stnyvesant  of  their 
proceedings,  wad  ordered  him  to  transfer  to  the  city's  agent 
II  ^      all  the  company's  possessions  on  the- South  River,  as  stip- 
^f*5J®[    ulated  in  the  articles  of  agreement.     In  a  subsequent  dis- 
iisi^^'  pfi^tch  they  explained  in  detail  Uiat,  by  this  step,  they  hoped 
SiStons'  ^  secure  the  South  River  more  effectually  "  from  the  en- 
lini  °^*'  croachments  of  our  English  neighbors  at  the  South,  of  whom 
nothing  more  favorable  can  be  expected  than  from  those 
of  the  North,  who,  notwithstanding  the  alliance  between 
the  crown  of  England  and  this  republic,  are  continuing 
their  usurpations."     "  It  appears,  too,  tiiat  thb  city  is  will- 
ing to  fulfill  her  engagements ;  while  she,  since  that  event, 
not  only  with  more  zeal,  but  with  more  vigor,  exerts  her- 
self  in  watching  her  own  interests  in  that  distance,  having 
resolved  to  transport  to  that  country  annually  four  hundred 
colonists  and  other  usefril  husbandmen,  if  a  larger  number 
is  not  obtained,  which  must  contribute  to  our  security 
against  the  English  North.     We  may  expect,  besides  this, 
a  more  powerful  intercession  of  this  city  with  our  govern- 
ment, to  obtain  from  the  crown  of  England  the  final  set- 
tlement of  the  long-desired  boundaries,  for  which  we  shall 
leave  nothing  undone,  and  communicate  the  result.    Mean- 
while, we  renew  our  recommendation  to  maintain  yourself 
in  possession  of  the  territory  which  has  been  allotted  to  us 
by  the  provisional  treaty,  and  to  resist  all  new  encroach- 
16  October,  mcuts  of  our  English  neighbors."     Rumors  soon  afterward 
tkmt  '     reaching  Holland  that  the  Swedish  government  was  equip- 
swcSea.  *ping  two  frigatcs  to  retake  New  Sweden,  Stuyresant  was 
admonished  to  be  on  his  guard,  and  directed  not  to  remove 
the  company's  artillery  from  Fort  Altona.* 
May.  In  the  mean  time,  the  war  between  the  Senecas  and  the 

t^biMon  Hinquas  had  produced  great  alarm  at  New  Amstel.     A 
Rirer.       body  of  eight  hundred  Senecas  attacked  the  Minqua  fort, 
but  they  were  put  to  flight  and  pursued  northward  for  two 
days.     This  only  produced  fresh  rumors  of  war,  and  the 
Hohawks  were  reported  to  be  preparing  to  assist  the  Sen- 

♦  Alb.  Rac.,  It..  415,  4SI,  437.  444,  447  ;  viil.,  S5»-S«t ;  rrii.,  8(»-311 ;  Hoi  Doc.  vr^ 
M-67,  81-65.  01-106;  ante,  p.  700. 


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PETER  STUYVE8ANT,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  717 

eoas ;  while  the  Bsopos  Indians,  after  the  destraotion  of  chap.  xx. 
their  fort  at  Shawangunk,  were  said  to  have  enoamped  'TT^T 
among  their  friends,  the  Minnisinoks,  at  the  head  of  the 
South  River.     News  now  came  that  the  heir  of  Lord  Bal- 
timore was  abont  to  visit  Altona ;  and  Beeckman,  finding  dijoiy. 
that  "  here  on  the  river  not  a  single  draught  of  French  wine 
is  obtainable,"  requested  Stuyvesant  to  send  him  some 
from  Manhattan, ''  to  treat  the  nobleman  with."     The  next  0  Aagum. 
month,  Lord  Baltimore's  son,  Charles  Calvert,  came  to  New  its  New 
Amstel  and  Altona  with  a  suit  of  twenty-six  or  twenty-sev-  Aiiona. 
en  persons.     Beeokman  entertained  him,  not  as  a  proprie- 
tary, but  as  a  guest ;  and  their  intercourse  was  pleasant 
and  harmonious.    In  conjunction  with  Van  Sweringen,  the  it  AofwL 
sohout  of  New  Amstel,  Calvert  renewed  the  treaty  with 
the  savages ;  but  when  it  was  proposed  to  define  the  lim- 
its of  the  two  colonies,  he  repli^  that  he  would  communi- 
cate with  Lord  Baltimore.     The  young  nobleman  took 
leave  of  his  Dutch  hosts  in  all  good  feeling ;  and  propos- 
ing to  visit  Boston  the  next  spring,  by  way  of  Manhattan, 
he  desired  Beeckman  to  convey  his  thanks  to  Stuyvesant 
for  his  "  offer  of  convoy  and  horses." 

Not  long  afterward,  Hinoyossa  arrived  from  Holland ;  3  pee. 
and  Beeckman,  in  obedience  to  the  company's  orders,  im-  relSST*' 
mediately  recognized  him  as  chief  of  the  Dutch  on  the  land. 
South  River.     In  a  few  days,  Stuyvesant  executed  a  form- 
al act,  ceding  to  Hinoyossa,  as  the  representative  of  the  n  dm. 
burgomasters  of  Amsterdam,  ^^  the  South  River  from  the  sanendlra 
sea  upward  so  far  as  that  river  extends  itself,  toward  the  River  to 
country  on  the  east  side,  three  miles  from  the  borders  of 
the  river,  and  toward  the  west  side  so  far  as  the  country 
extends,  until  it  reaches  the  English  colonies."    The  city's 
director  organized  his  government;  made  arrangements 
for  the  superintendence  of  the  fur  trade  at  New  Amstel, 
Passayunk,  and  the  Horekill ;  and  chose,  for  his  own  res- 
idence, a  spot  on  the  Apoquinimy  Creek,  just  below  New 
Amstel,  where  he  proposed  to  build  the  metropolis,  and 
promote  commerce  with  the  English  in  Maryland  and 
Virginia.     And  Beeckman,  now  shorn  of  authority,  ap- 


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718 


HISTORY  OP  THE  SfTATB  OP  NEW  YORK. 


CHAT.  XX.  pealed  to  Stuy vesant  for  some  official  employmeiit  under 
— ir~^®  Provincial  government,  on  the  North  River.* 
IbbS.       Meanwhile,  the  West  India  directors,  mistrusting  Win- 
throp,  wiih  whom  they  had  conversed  at  Amsterdam,  had 
instructed  Stuyvesant  to  ^'  explore  his  mind,"  and  effect,  if 
6  Sept.      possible,  a  definitive  settlement  with  Connecticut.    The  di- 
vi?it?^'  rector  accordingly  visited  Boston,  to  meet  the  commission- 
ers of  the  United  Colonies.     Appearing  before  th^n,  he 
19  Sept.     complained  of  the  non-observance  of  the  Hartford  treaty, 
t^^SniiVh   particularly  with  respect  to  West  Chester,  and  demanded 
(^mmi^'    whether  they  considered  it  still  in  force.     Winthrop  and 
"  °"*^'     Talcott,  the  commissioners  for  Connecticut,  asked  a  respite 
of  the  question  until  the  next  year.    The  other  commission- 
ers declared  that,  saving,  their  allegiance  to  the  king,  and 
his  majesty's  claim,  and  the  ri^ts  of  Connecticut  under 
her  late  charter,  they  held  the  Hartford  treaty  binding,  and 
would  not  countenance  its  violation.     At  the  same  time, 
they  advised  that  the  case  should  be  fiilly  heard  at  the  next 
annual  meeting ;  and  that,  in  the  mean  time,  '^all  things 
may  remain  and  be  acocMnding  to  the  true  intent  and  mean- 
ing of  the  aforesaid  articles  of  agreement."     This  evasive 
reply,  which  praxstically  gave  Connecticut  all  that  she  re- 
quired, a  year's  delay,  was  a  severe  mortification  to  the 
Dutch  director.     He  replied  that  the  postponement  asked 
was  "  frivolous ;"  yet,  holding  the  Hartford  treaty  binding, 
he  offered  to  submit  all  questions  in  dispute  to  "  any  im- 
partial committee  not  concerned  in  either  right."    But  the 
ccmimissioners  were  inexorable ;  and  Stuyresant,  finding 
their  '^  demands  so  great  and  heavy,"  proposed  to  refer  '^  the 
matters  unsettled  to  both  superiors ;"  and  that,  in  the  mean 
time,  there  shc»ild  be  a  free  intercdonial  trade  in  the  prod- 
ucts of  the  colonies,  and  a  '^  nei^borly  confederacy  and 
union  against  so  great  multitude  of  barbarous  Indians  as 
the  Christian  people  of  both  nations  are  dispersed  among." 
S5  Sept.     The  ccmimissioners  rejoined  that  they  would  willingly  see 

♦  Alb.  Rec,  xvll.,  27»-aQ8,  S09-311,  317,  S18;  xxi.,  443-445 ;  xxiv.,a86;  Acrclliw,  413- 
4U;  ChBlmen,  361,  634;  SinitliHi  N.T.,  i.,  13;  Banoroft,  U.,  30»;  0>CdL,  it,  <7IM7I; 
S.  Hazard,  Ann .  Penn. ,  343-356.  Hudde,  the  former  conunisecry  on  the  Sooth  Hirer,  dM 
at  Apoqvlnlmy,  on  his  way  to  Maryland,  on  the  4th  ofNorember,  1663. 


SI  Sept. 


SSSepC 


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PETER  8TUY^^ESANT,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  719 

a  '^  correspondency  in  traffic,''  not  contrary  to  the  late  Act  cvur.  xx 
of  Parliament,  and  would  submit  to  their  respective  gov- 
ernments  the  proposition  for  a  general  union  against  the  untatisfac 
savages.*     Thus  ended  the  last  conference  between  Stuy-  o7ltS^>"e-^ 
vesant  and  the  commissioners  of  the  United  Colonies.        ~nt'8  visit. 

On  his  return  to  New  Amsterdam,  the  baffled  director 
found  that  fresh  difficulties  had  occurred.    After  executing  Diflwmiti.*^ 
his  eommission  in  West  Chester,  Talcott  had  crossed  over  i»iand**^ 
to  Long  Island,  and  through  his  agent,  James  Christie,  had 
announced  to  the  people  of  G-ravesend,  Heemstede,  Flush- 
ing,  and  Jamaica,  tiiat  they  were  now  under  Connecticut, 
and  no  longer  subject  to  New  Netherland.     Christie,  how-  33  sopt. 
ever,  was  promptly  arrested  by  Stillwell,  the  sheriff  of  n£^  it* 
Gh-avesend,  and  sent  a  prisoner  to  New  Amsterdam.    This 
exasperated  tiie  villagers,  and  a  mob  searched  the  dwelling 
of  the  obnoxious  officer.     Finding  that  he  had  escaped  to 
New  Amsterdam,  they  wrote  to  the  council  accusing  himMSept. 
of  having  caused  the  hubbub ;  and  the  people  of  Middel- 
burgh,  still  more  excited,  tiireatened  retaliaticm  unless 
Christie  should  be  discharged.     But  the  council,  approv-  s?  sepi. 
ing  Stillwell's  conduct,  (Mrdered  all  the  English  villages  to 
arrest  and  send  to  New  Amsterdam  any  seditious  emissa- 
ries.    The  representations  of  the  Connecticut  agent,  how- 
ever, produced  their  effect.     Several  English  inhabitants  ao  sept. 
of  Jamaica,  Middelburgh,  and  Heemstede  signed  a  petition  pe^on  of 
to  the  General  Court  at  Hartford,  complaining  of  their  iJJ«J^n» 
"  present  bondage,"  and  praying  that  Connecticut  would  {J.ul""*^' 
cast  over  them  "the  skirts  of  its  government  and  protec- 
tion."    This  petition  was  dispatched  to  Hartford  by  a 
**  trusty  messenger,"  Sergeant  Hubbard,  whom  Stuyvesant 
had  released  firom  imprisonment  in  1656,  upon  his  promise 
of  good  behavior.     Besides  submitting  the  petition,  Hub- 
bard demanded  that  the  General  Coiort  should  take  steps 
to  reduce,  under  their  authority,  the  adjoining  Dutch  vil- 
lages on  Long  Island.     And  to  prepare  the  way  for  thisMMwoot 
ohange,  an  armed  English  party,  headed  by  Richard  Pan- 

*  Alb.  ReeMiT.,  383,  409,414;  zli^S39;  XTUi.,tM;  ULl^i87-S90;  Htau^,  ii.,  479- 
483  ;  anUj  p.  700. 


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720  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  XX.  ton,  threatened  the  people  of  Midwout  with  iiie  pillage  of 
~~        their  prc^rty  if  they  should  refuse  to  take  up  arms  against 
the  Dutch  provincial  government. 

Stuy vesant  now  appointed  Secretary  Van  Ruyven,  Bur- 
is  October.  gomastcT  Van  Cortlandt,  and  John  Lawrence,  a  burgher 
misaion^re  of  Ncw  Amsterdam,  commissioners  to  the  government  of 
Hartfttrd.    Connccticut.     At  the  same  time,  he  drew  upon  the  com- 
pany for  four  thousand  guilders,  to  meet  the  pressing  ne- 
cessities of  his  government.     But  the  public  credit  had 
fallen  so  low,  that  the  director  could  find  no  one  to  cash 
his  bill  until  he  pledged  four  of  the  brass  guns  of  Fort  Am- 
sterdam as  security  for  the  repayment  of  the  advance.* 
15  October.      The  Dutch  commissioners,  setting  sail  from  Manhattan, 
in  two  days  landed  at  Hilford.     Procuring  horses  with 
some  difficulty,  they  rode  on  to  New  Haven,  where  they 

18  October,  lodged.     The  next  day  they  reached  Hartford,  and  found 
uonwMi   the  General  Assembly  in  session,  rejoicing  in  the  recent 
A*»embiy.  retuTU  of  "Wiuthrop,  their  successful  agent.     The  Assem- 
bly appointed  Allen,  Talcott,  and  Clarke  as  a  committee  of 
conference,  and  a  long  negotiation  followed.     The  Dutch 

19  October,  agents  urged  the  Hartford  treaty,  and  the  recent  advice  of 

the  commissioners,  of  the  other  three  New  England  colo- 
nies ;  the  Connecticut  committee  declined  to  yield  to  that 
advice,  and  sheltered  themselves  behind  the  royal  patent 

ai  October.  In  vaiu  did  Winthrop  himself  expressly  declare  **that  the 
intent  of  the  patent  was  by  no  means  to  claim  any  right 
to  New  Netherland,  but  that  it  only  comprehended  a  tract 

ts  October. of  land  in  New  England."  The  committee  replied,  ^*the 
governor  is  but  a  man  alone,"  and  '^  our  patent  not  only 
takes  in  that,  but  extends  northward  to  the  Boston  line, 
and  westward  to  the  sea."  <^  In  case  there  was  another 
royal  patent,  between  where  would  New  Netherland  then 
lie  ?"  demanded  the  Dutch  agents ;  and  the  Connecticut 
committee,  without  hesitation,  answered,  "  We  know  of  no 

"No  New  New  Netherland,  unlesis  you  can  show  a  patent  for  it  from 

imnd."       his  majesty."     This  reply  was  nearly  that  of  Calvert  to 

*  Alb.  Rec.,  xxi.,  303-341 ;  Letters  in  StayTeMnt*a  time ;  Aitsema,  ir.,  1121 ;  Hutted 
Rec.,  i.,  13, 18;  ii.,6;  Col.  Rec  Conn.,  410;  0*CftU.,  U.,  48^487 ;  Riker*t  Newtown,  dft; 
ante,  p.  610. 


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PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  721 

Heennans  and  Waldron  four  years  before.     The  Dutch  chap.  xx. 
agents  appealed  to  the  charter  of  the  West  India  Com-  — ~ — 
pany,  and  the  approbation  of  the  Hartford  treaty  by  the   ^""^• 
States  General.     "  They  answered,"  is  the  record  of  the 
embassy,  "that  the  charter  is  only  a  charter  of  commerce,* 
and  the  said  settlement  of  the  limits  was  only  conditional : 
if  you  can  not  show  a  special  patent  for  the  land,  it  must 
fall  to  us.     We  said  that  the  right  of  their  High  Mighti- 
nesses was  indisputable,  as  appears  by  the  first  discovery, 
the  purchase  from  the  natives,  the  oldest  possession,  &c. 
They  answered  that  they  would  let  us  keep  as  much  as 
was  actually  possessed  and  occupied  by  our  nation,  but 
that  we  could  not  hinder  them  from  possessing  that  which 
was  not  occupied  by  our  nation." 

The  fruitless  negotiation  ended  with  a  proposition  of  the  E^emands 
Hartford  committee  that  West  Chester  and  all  the  territo-  ucit*""*"" 
ry  eastward  should  belong,  "till  it  be  otherwise  issued,"  to 
Connecticut,  which  would  abstain  from  exercising  author- 
ity over  "  Heemstede,  Jamaica,  &o.,"  provided  the  Dutch 
would  likewise  forbear  to  coerce  "  any  of  the  English  plant- 
ations upon  Long  Island."    This  the  Dutch  agents  deemed 
"wholly  unreasonable;"  but,  by  way  of  concession,  they 
proposed  that  West  Chester  should,  for  the  present,  "  abide  Proposi. 
under  Connecticut,"  while  the  disaffected  towns  on  LongSSJch?*^'*** 
Island  should  remain  under  New  Netherland.     Even  this 
was  not  enough ;  several  of  the  Hartford  men  declared  that 
"  they  knew  of  no  New  Netiierland  province,  but  of  a  Dutch 
governor  over  the  Dutch  plantation  on  the  Manhattans,  that 
Long  Island  was  included  in  their  patent,  and  that  they 
would  also  possess  and  maintain  it"     In  the  evening,  the  sa  October, 
secretary  handed  a  letter  from  the  Assembly,  addressed  to 
Stuyvesant  merely  as  "  Director  General  at  the  Mana-  Remm  or 
dos,"  to  the  mortified  Dutch  agents,  who,  leaving  Hart-  IJImJJ.'*^^ 
ford  the  next  morning,  after  three  days'  travelling  reached  »  ootober. 
New  Amsterdam. 

More  cleeurly  to  define  their  position,  the  General  Assem- 

*  The  charter  of  the  West  India  Company  was  certainly  nrach  more  ample  than  the 
English  elected  to  consider  it,  fbr  it  bound  the  directors  to  ^'adrance  the  peopling  of 
those  fimitfhl  and  unsettled  parts  ;**  see  ante,  p.  1S5, 198,  066. 

Zz 


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722  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK 

i.^AP.  XX.  bly  declared  that  West  Chester  and  Stamford  belonged  to 

Connecticut ;  and  resolved  that  for  the  present  they  would 

Aci  ofcon- "  fort^ar  to  put  fiwrth  any  authority  over  the  English  plant- 
»*^^°'""ations  on  the  westerly  end  of  Long  Island,  provided  the 
tcrTndtST  ^^^^  forbear  to  exercise  any  coercive  power  toward  them. 
iiJduJwis.-^^  this  court  shall  cease  from  further  attendance  unto 
the  premises,  until  there  be  a  seasonable  return  from  the 
Greneral  Stuyvesant  to  those  propositions  that  his  messen- 
gers carried  with  them,  or  until  there  be  an  issue  of  the 
differences  between  them  and  us."* 

While  Stuyvesant  was  thus  endeavoring  to  stay  the  prog- 
ress of  Connecticut  encroachment,  the  internal  condition 
of  the  Dutch  province  was  becoming  more  and  more  alarm- 
ing. Her  treasury  was  exhausted,  Long  Island  in  revolt, 
and  the  Esopus  war  not  yet  ended.  But  if  New  Nether- 
land  was  too  feeble  successfully  to  resist,  unaided,  her  En- 
glish neighbors,  as  well  as  the  savages^  it  was  not  because 
^Hhe  province  had  no  popular  freedom,  and  therefore  had 
no  public  spirit."  The  hour  of  trial  again  suggested  an 
appeal  to  the  people ;  and  the  municipal  government  of 
» October.  New  Amsterdam  called  upon  Stuyvesant  to  sunmion  a 
tion^i!Sied  ''  Landt's  Yergaderinge,"  to  deliberate  on  the  affairs  of  the 
AiMter-  country.  Letters  were  accordingly  sent  to  the  neighboring 
villages,  enjoining  each  to  depute  two  delegates  to  a  con- 
vention at  New  Amsterdam.  It  was  too  late  in  the  year  to 
secure  the  attendance  of  deputies  from  Rensselaerswyck, 
Fort  Orange,  or  Esopus.     But  Breuckelen,  Midwont,  Am- 

1  Nov.      ersfoort,  New  Utrecht,  Boswyck,  Bergen,  Haerlem,  and  New 

Amsterdam  were  all  represented.     The  convention  adcyt- 

2  Nov.  ed  an  earnest  remonstrance  to  the  Amsterdam  Chamber, 
str^Mto  in  which  the  disastrous  situation  of  the  province  was  main- 
dt^cham-  ly  attributed  to  the  mismanagement  and  supineness  of  the 
^*  authorities  in  Holland.     The  people  of  Connecticut  were 

enforcing  their  unlimited  patent  '^  according  to  their  own 
interpretation,"  and  the  total  loss  of  New  Netherland  was 
threatened.     '^  The  English,  to  cloak  their  plans,  now  ob- 

•  Alb.  R«j.,xvl.,«»-315;  UaMtd,  ii.,62»-W3;  Aitzema,  v.»  M ;  Col.  Rec  C4»nn.,4ir 
411,  415,  416 ;  Trumbull,  I.,  860;  0*Cill.,  ii.,  487-490;  Baocroft,  iU,  310 ;  BolUtt«  ii.,  1«. 


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PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  723 

ject  that  there  is  no  proof,  no  legal  commission  or  patent  chap.  xx. 
from  their  High  Mightinesses  to  substantiate  and  justify 
our  rights  and  claims  to  the  property  of  this  province,  and 
insinuate  that,  through  the  backwardness  of  their  High 
Mightinesses  to  grant  such  a  patent,  you  apparently  in- 
tended to  place  the  people  here  on  slippery  ice,  giving  them 
lands  to  which  your  honors  had  no  right  whatever ;  that 
this,  too,  is  the  real  cause  of  our  being  continually  kept  in  a 
labyrinth,  and  of  the  well-intentioned  English  settled  under 
your  government  being  at  a  loss  how  to  acquit  themselves 
of  their  oaths."  Stuy vesant  himself  dispatched  this  re-  lo  Nov. 
monstrance  to  the  Amsterdam  Chamber,  and  at  the  same  annva  dia- 
time  urged  that  the  boundary  question  should  be  settled ;^^  ' 
that  the  States  General  should  send  letters  to  the  English 
villages  on  Long  Island,  commanding  them  to  return  to 
their  allegiance,  and  to  the  Dutch  villages,  exhorting  them 
to  remain  loyal ;  and,  that  the  objections  of  Connecticut 
might  be  met,  the  original  charter  of  the  West  India  Com- 
pany should  be  solemnly  confirmed  by  a  public  act  of  their 
High  Mightinesses  under  their  great  seal — "which  an  En- 
glishman commonly  dotes  upon  like  an  idol."* 

At  this  very  moment  a  revolution  was  in  progress  on 
Long  Island.    News  soon  reached  the  capital  that  Anthony  o  Nov. 
Waters,  of  Heemstede,  and  John  Coe,  of  Middelburgh,  with  the  English 
a  force  of  seventy  or  eighty  men,  had  visited  the  English  Long  isi- 
settlements,  changed  the  names  of  several,  proclaimed  the  changed, 
king,  appointed  new  magistrates,  and  threatened  the  Dutch 
villages.     Gravesend  and  Heemstede  retained  their  old 
names;  but  Flushing  was  called  "Newarke;"  Middel- 
burgh, "  Hastings ;"  Jamaica, "  Crafford ;"  and  Oyster  Bay, 
'*  Folestone."     Stuyvesant,  now  thoroughly  alarmed,  dis- 
patched Fiscal  De  Sille  with  some  soldiers  to  protect  the 
Dutch  villages.     He  also  wrote  to  the  authorities  at  Hart-  is  Nov. 
ford,  accepting  their  proposition  respecting  a  mutual  for- rorrelSSS' 
bearance  of  jurisdiction,  which  the  Dutch  agents  had  de-  wwtSie*. 
clined.     By  this  step  the  director  virtually  surrendered  to 

*  New  AmBi.  Rcc.,  v.,  333-353 ;  Alb.  Rec,  xxl.,  351-376 ;  Hoi.  Doc.,  xU.,  391, 346,  363 ; 
O'Call.,  ii.,  49(M94 ;  Bancroft,  ii.,  311. 


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724        HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  XX.  Conneotiout  West  Chester  and  the  English  villages  on 

'      Long  Island.     These  villages  had  grown  rapidly ;  and  at 

Meetinf^'  Jamaica  a  "  meeting-house,"  twenty-six  feet  square,  was 

jamTicV.    b^ilt  *his  year,  in  which  Zachariah  Walker,  who  had  been 

educated  in  the  college  at  Cambridge,  but  had  not  been 

ordained,  preached  for  some  time. 

The  next  month,  some  twenty  Englbhmen  from  Graves- 
end,  Flushing,  and  Jamaica,  went  secretly  in  a  sloop  to  the 
English     Raritan  River,  for  the  purpose  of  buying  land  from  the  Nev- 
STaman.  ^csiucks  and  Rcuritans.     As  the  Dutch  had  already  made 
6  Dee.       large   purchases   there,  Stuyvesant  dispatched   Kregier, 
Loockermans,  and  Cortelyou,  with  some  soldiers,  through 
the  "  Kil  van  Kol,"  to  prevent  the  proceedings  of  the  En- 
8  Dec.       glish.    Finding  that  they  had  gone  up  the  Raritan, "  Hans 
the  Indian"  was  sent  to  warn  the  sachems,  and  arrived  just 
10  Dec.      in  time  to  stop  the  sale.     The  English  now  went  down  the 
bay,  "  between  Rensselaer's  Hoeck  and  the  Sandy  Hoeok," 
The  pr^  whither  they  were  followed  by  Kregier,  urtio  forbade  their 
*  **    *    purchasing  any  land  from  the  savages,  as  the  largest  part 
of  it  already  belonged  to  the  Dutch.     "Ye  are  a  party  of 
traitors,  as  ye  act  against  the  government  of  the  state,"  said 
Loockermans ;  and  the  English  replied,  "  The  king's  pat- 
ent is  quite  of  another  cast."     The  Dutch  sloc^  now  re- 
ja  Dee.      turned  to  New  Amsterdam ;  and  the  next  day,  some  In- 
S^Ne*!?.*  dian  sachems  came  to  the  capital  to  sell  to  the  Dutch  the 
unds.       remainder  of  the  Nevesinck  lands.    A  provisional  agree- 
ment was  soon  made  ;  and  Stuyvesant,  to  ratify  it  on  his 
part,  gave  the  savages  presents  of  blankets  and  frieze  "for 
their  great  chief  Passachynon."* 
i4Jane.         In  the  mean  time,  the  English  Privy  Council  had  ad- 
in*tnic.     dressed  a  circular  letter  to  the  governors  of  the  American 
P^T?ry*^^^  colonies,  warning  them  against  any  frirther  contempt  of 
mfyr^Se  the  law,  which  the  statesmen  of  England  generally  esteem- 
uw  iSliw  ed  "  essential  to  its  powOT,"  by  trading  "  into  foreign  parts, 
uwi^      fix)m  Virginia,  Maryland,  and  other  plantations,  both  by  sea 
and  land,  as  well  into  the  Monadoes,  and  other  plantations 

*  Alb.  Rec.,  It.,  444 ;  zrUi.,  S38,  240 ;  xxl.,  38»-385,  418, 481-435;  Hoi.  Doc,  xiL,  109, 
Hurtfbrd  Rec.  Col.  Bound.,  U.,  8 ;  Wliitehead*t  East  Jersey,  Si,  177-179 ;  G'CMl.,  U^  4«5, 
4M ;  Thompson*!  L.  I.,  ii.,  97-101 ;  Riker*e  Newtown,  50 ;  ante,  p.  31S,  637. 


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PETER  aXinrVESANT,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  725 

of  the  Hollanders,  as  into  Spain,  Venioe,  and  Holland."  The  csap.  xx. 
possession  of  New  Netherland  by  the  Dutch  was,  in  truth,  — ~ 
the  main  obstacle  to  the  enforcement  of  the  restrictive  co-  •'■'^'^^• 
lonial  policy  of  England ;  and  the  attention  of  the  Plant- 
ation Board  was  accordingly  directed  to  the  situation  of 
the  obnoxious  province. 

The  tidings  of  the  Restoration  had  attracted  over  from 
America  several  prominent  colonists,  among  whom  were 
G-eorge  Baxter  and  John  Scott,  who  had  both  been  con- 
cerned in  the  troubles  in  1654.     Recommending  himself 
as  a  zealous  Royalist,  Scott  petitioned  the  king  to  bestow 
upon  him  the  government  of  Long  Island,  of  which  he 
claimed  to  have ''  purchased  near  one  third  part,"  or  to  grant 
the  inhabitants  liberty  to  choose  a  governor  and  assistants 
yearly.     This  petition  was  referred  to  the  Council  for  For-  acjuna. 
eign  Plantations,  which  had  already  been  ordered  to  con-*^^- 
sider  Lord  Stirling's  opposing  claim.    Upon  hearing  Scott's  scott*s 
complaint,  "  that  the  Dutch  have  of  late  years  unjustly  in-  to TA"*^ 
traded  upon  and  possessed  themselves  of  certain  places  on  Board, 
the  main  land  of  New  England  and  some  islands  adjacent, 
as,  in  particular,  on  the  Manahatoes  and  Long  Island,  being 
the  trae  and  undoubted  inheritance  of  his  majesty,"  the 
council,  suspecting  ''that  the  good  intention  of  the  late  Act 
of  Navigation  is  in  great  part  frustrated  by  their  practices," 
ordered  Scott,  together  with  Maverick  of  Boston,  and  Bax- 10  juiy. 
ter,  to  prepare  a  statement  of  the  English  title ;  of  the  required 
"Dutch  intrusion;"  of  their  "deportment  since,  and  man-Marciick/ 
agement  of  that  possession,  and  of  their  strength,  trade,  and 
government  there ;"  and,  lastly,  "  of  the  means  to  make 
tiiem  acknowledge  and  submit  to  his  majesty's  government, 
or  by  force  to  compel  them  thereunto  or  expulse  them."* 

Returning  to  America,  Scott  brought  out  with  him  the  seou  re- 
council's  instractions  regarding  the  Navigation  Laws,  and  New'^ 
royal  letters  recommending  him  to  the  New  England  gov- 
ernments.    New  Haven  received  him  with  favor,  and  en- 
deavored to  engage  his  assistance  in  procuring  a  patent  for 

«Lond.Doc,i.,110-lt9;  N.  Y.  CoL  MSS.,  Ut.,  41-46 ;  Alb.  Bm.,  xtIU.,  168 ;  Chalmtn, 
94S,  t60-M3 ;  Hutch.  CoU.,  880,  381 ;  antet  p.  671. 


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726  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  XX.  the  lands  they  ooveted  upon  iAie  Delaware,  declaring  that 
in  England  he  had  been  a  good  friend  of  that  colony.  But 
*  Scott's  chief  object  now  was  to  prcmiote  his  private  inter- 
est, in  securing  the  ascendency  of  the  English  over  Long 
Island.     He  accordingly  offered  his  services  to  the  govern- 

scott  a      ment  of  Connecticut,  which  appointed  him  a  commissioner 


commis- 


Moner  at    at  Sctaukct  or  Ashford,  with  the  powers  of  a  magistrate 
throughout  the  island,  in  conjunction  with  Talcott,  Young, 
and  Woodhull.     The  oath  of  office  was  administered  by 
Winthrop ;  and  Scott  earnestly  set  about  the  work  of  free- 
II  Dec.     ing  those  whom  he  described  to  Under-secretary  William- 
son as  "  inslaved  by  the  Dutch,  their  cruel  and  rapacious 
neighbors."    His  first  business  W€t8  to  arrange  the  difficul- 
ties in  the  English  villages,  which,  by  Stuyvesant's  accept- 
ance of  the  terms  offered  at  Hartford,  were  no  longer  under 
the  jurisdiction  of  New  Netherland.    These  villagers,  how- 
ever, were  not  unanimous.     Those  in  favor  of  annexation 
complained  that  they  received  nothing  but  ^^  if-so-be's  and 
doubtings"  from  Connecticut,  while  the  Baptists,  Mennon- 
ists,  and  (Quakers  dreaded  a  Puritan  government.     They, 
^1  Dec.     therefore,  invited  Scott  to  "  come  and  settie"  their  troubles. 
1664.       Upon  visiting  them,  Scott  annoimced  that  the  king  had 
Engirsh^Tii.  granted  Long  Isknd  to  the  Duke  of  York,  who  would  90on 
lages.       make  his  intentions  manifest.     Heemstede,  Gravesend, 
4  Jan.       Flushing  or  Newarke,  Middelburgh  or  Hastings,  Jamaica 
lion"  form-  or  Crafford,  and  Oyster  Bay  or  Folestone,  therefore  formed 
s<i)ti elect-  a  "combination"  to  govern  themselves  independently  of 
.lent.        Connecticut,  and  empowered  Scott  "to  act  as  their  Presi- 
dent until  his  Royal  Highness  the  Duke  of  York  or  His 
ujan.      Majesty  should  establish  a  government  among  them."   Aft- 
er proclaiming  the  king,  the  new  president,  at  the  head  of 
one  hundred  and  seventy  men,  set  out  to  reduce  the  neigh- 
soott»t  con- boring  Dutch  villages.     Coming  to  Breuokelen,  he  fruit- 
Dutch  vu-  lessly  attempted  to  withdraw  the  inhabitants  from  their 
allegiance,  and  avenged  himself  by  striking  Captain  Kre- 
gier's  little  son,  who  refrised  to  take  off  his  hat  to  the  royal 
flag.     Advancing  to  Midwout,  Scott  harangued  the  people 
"like  a  quacksalver,"  but  could  not  shake  their  fidelity. 


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PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  72/ 

Amersfoort  was  equally  loyal ;  and  New  Utrecht  refused  chap.  xx. 
to  recognize  the  king,  though  the  English  forces  took  pos- 
session  of  the  block-house,  and  fired  a  royal  salute.  loo4. 

The  director  immediately  sent  Secretary  Van  Ruy  ven, 
with  Van  Cortlandt,  Kregier,  and  some  others,  to  Jamaica, 
where  a  conditional  arrangement  was  made  with  Scott,  h  Jan. 
who,  announcing  that  he  would  return  in  the  spring,  warned  ai  muf*^- 
the  Dutch  delegates  that  the  Duke  of  York  was  determined  maica. 
to  possess  himself  not  only  of  Long  Island,  but  of  the  whole 
of  New  Netherlands     Disorders,  however,  still  continued ; 
several  Dutch  families  were  obliged  to  abandon  their  dwell- 
ings; and  the  schout  and  magistrates  of  the  ^'Five  Dutch  s7F«b. 
Towns,"  meeting  at  Midwout,  drew  up  a  spirited  remon-  »irance  of 
strance  to  the  Amsterdam  Chamber.*  towna. 

Stuyvesant  now  demanded  the  advice  of  the  council  and 
the  municipal  authorities  of  New  Amsterdam.     The  bur-  8  Feb. 
gomasters  and  schepens  recommended  that  the  capital,  mendationd 
which  ^'is  adorned  with  so  many  noble  buildings,  at  theAmater- 
expense  of  the  good  and  faithful  inhabitants,  principally 
Netherlanders,  that  it  nearly  excels  any  other  place  in 
North  America,"  should  be  completely  fortified,  and  its 
military  force  be  increased,  so  as  to  ^^  instill  fear  into  any 
envious  neighbors,"  and  protect  the  province,  which  would 
soon  become  "  an  emporium  to  Fatherland."    For  this  pur- 
pose, the  municipal  government  offered  to  appropriate  all 
its  revenue,  and  also  raise  a  loan,  if  the  excise  should  be 
given  up  to  the  city.     This  the  director  and  council  agreed 
to,  upon  condition  that  New  Amsterdam  should  enlist  two 
hundred  militia-men,  and  also  maintain  one  hundred  and 
sixty  regular  soldiers.     In  a  few  days,  a  loan  of  nearly » Feb. 
thirty  thousand  euilders  was  subscribed,  at  an  interest  of  raiaed  ibr 

.  .  1.1  1     1  1    XX  1        tortWying 

ten  per  centum ;  to  secure  which  sealed  letters  surrender-  tbe  capital 
ing  the  excise  were  handed  to  the  burgomasters.    While 
the  city  authorities  thus  took  prompt  measures  for  the  safe- 
ty of  the  metropolis,  they  held  that  the  West  India  Com- 

*  Lond.  Doc.,  i.,  139;  N.  T.  Col.  MSS.,  iii.,  48 ;  Hazard,  li.,  406;  Col.  Rec.  Conn., 
Towna  and  Landa.  I.,  SI,  35,  80 ;  Alb.  Rec.,  xviii.,  937, 949 ;  xx.,  874 ;  xxii.,  08,  09  ;  Hoi. 
Doc.,  xi.,  953-45B ;  xii.,  803-397 ;  xHi.,  83 ;  Bnabwiek  Rec,  85-39 ;  O'Call.,  II.,  498-509 ; 
Thompaon's  L.  I., «.,  391 ;  RIker'a  Newtown,  60-09. 


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728        HISTORY  or  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  XX.  pany,  whioh,  instead  of  applying  its  revenue  from  New 
Netherland  to  the  defense  of  the  province,  expended  it  in 
'  Holland,  was  ohiefly  responsible  for  the  disorders  on  Long 
Island. 

Opinions,  however,  differed  respecting  the  oonrse  to  be 
pursued  respecting  "  the  usurper,"  John  Scott.  At  length, 
Stuyvesant,  believing  it  best  to  ratify  the  conditional  ar- 
rangement whioh  had  been  made  in  January,  went  with  a 
military  escort  to  Heemstede,  where  he  met  the  president 
H  March,  and  dcputics  of  the  English  towns.  Burgomaster  Van  Cort- 
beiween  land,  with  Jacob  Backer  and  John  Lawrence,  were  appoint- 
und  Scott,  ed  commissioners  on  the  Dutch  side,  and  Captam  Under- 
bill, with  Daniel  Denton  and  Adam  Mott  on  the  English, 
and  a  formal  agreement  was  concluded.  The  English 
towns  on  Long  Island  were  to  remain,  without  molestatioD, 
under  the  King  of  England  (or  twelve  months,  and  until 
his  majesty  sind  the  States  Q-eneral  should  settle  '^  Ae  whole 
difference  about  the  said  island  and  the  places  adjacent;'* 
the  Dutch  towns  were  to  remain  for  the  same  term  under 
the  States  General, ''  his  majestie's  royalties  excepted ;"  and 
the  English  were  to  have  '^  free  egress  and  regress"  to  and 
from  New  Amsterdam  and  all  the  Dutch  towns,  aoooiding 
to  the  arrangement  in  January,  while  the  Dutch  were  to 
enjoy  similar  freedom  in  the  English  towns,  '^  according  to 
the  laws  of  England."* 

New  Netherland  now  appeared  to  be  in  such  jeopardy, 
that  the  schout,  burgomasters,  and  schepens  of  the  metrop- 

18  MarciL  olis  requested  the  director  to  summon  another  ^'  Landtdag," 

to  consider  the  state  of  the  province;  and  Stuyvesant 

19  Mareh.  promptly  assenting,  sent  letters  to  the  several  Dutch  set- 
p^o^^indai  tlements,  requiring  each  to  depute  two  representatives  to  a 
^SSr"'^  General  Provincial  Assembly  at  New  Amsterdam  on  the 

tenth  of  April.     Elections  were  immediately  held ;  and,  at 
lOApHi.    the  appointed  day,  the  delegates  met  at  the  City  HalL 
New  Amsterdam  was  represented  by  Burgomaster  Cornelia 


Delegates 
meet  at 

•terdam.'  Steeuwyck  and  Schepen  Jacob  Backer ;  Rensselaerswyck 


*  Alb.  Rec.,  zTlki.,  348 ;  xxU.,  138 ;  StnyTesant's  Letters ;  Hoi.  Doe^  ziL,  fSO ;  New 
Anut.  Rec.,  ▼.,  410-439 ;  O'Call.,  U.,  908^604, 978 ;  SmitH^s  N.  7.,  i.,  S6. 


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PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIREOTOR  GENERAL.  729 

by  Jeremias  van  Rensselaer,  its  director,  and  Dirck  van  chap.  xx. 
Sohelluyne,  its  secretary ;  Fort  Orange  by  Jan  Verbeok  and 
Gerrit  van  Slechtenhorst ;  Bretiokelen  by  William  Breden-  ^'^"^• 
bent  and  Albert  Comelis  Wantenaar ;  Midwout  by  Jan 
Stryoker  and  William  Guilliams ;  Amersfoort  by  Elbert 
Elbertsen  and  Coert  Stevensen ;  New  Utrecht  by  David 
Joohemsen  and  Comelis  Beeckman ;  Boswyck  by  Jan  van 
Cleef  and  Grysbert  Teunissen ;  New  Haerlem  by  Daniel 
Terneur  and  Johannes  Verveeler ;  Wiltwyok  by  Thomas 
Chambers  and  Gysbert  van  Imbroeck ;  Bergen  by  Engel- 
bert  Steenhuysen  and  Hermanns  Smeeman ;  and  Staten 
Island  by  David  de  Marest  and  Pierre  Billon.     As  the  me- 
tropolis, New  Amsterdam  claimed  the  honor  of  presiding ;  presidency 
but  Rensselaerswyck  being  the  oldest  ^^oolonie,"  the  chair 
was  awarded  to  Van  Rensselaer,  "under  protest." 

The  Landtdasf  at  once  called  upon  the  provincial  govern-  The  a»- 

°  *^  "^  °  Benibly*8 

ment  to  protect  the  inhabitants  against  the  savages  anddemande. 
the  "  malignant  English."  Stuyvesant  replied  that  the  di-  n  ApriL 
rector  and  council  had  even  exceeded  their  powers  in  en-  eant'eprop. 

oeitions* 

listing  and  maintaining  soldiers,  and  asked  the  delegates 
to  furnish  supplies  for  a  regular  force,  or  else  call  out  every 
third  man,  "as  had  more  than  once  been  done  in  the  Fa- 
therland." The  Assembly  now  inquired  whether  it  should  w  Apru. 
address  the  company  or  the  States  General.  The  director 
insisted  that  the  people  of  New  Netherland  had  not  con- 
tributed to  its  support  and  defense ;  that  the  company  had 
expended  on  the  province  twelve  hundred  thousand  guild- 
ers more  than  it  had  received ;  and  required  the  advice  of 
the  delegates  in  regard  to  hostilities  with  the  Indians  and 
the  English,  the  enrollment  of  two  hundred  militia,  and  the 
raising  of  means  by  taxation.  The  Assembly,  however,  de-  w  April, 
dining  to  vote  supplies,  adjourned  its  session  for  a  week.*  ment. 

In  the  mean  time,  the  West  India  directors,  upon  receiv- 
ing the  dispatches  of  November  from  New  Netherland,  had 
united  with  the  burgomasters  of  Amsterdam  in  demanding 
of  the  States  General  aid  against  Connecticut ;  an  act  un-  si  Jan. 

*  New  Anut.  Ree.,  ▼.,  «MMS1,  490 ;  Alb.  Reo.,  xtUI.,  937 ;  xxli.,  78-4X),  109, 100, 149- 
162 ;  Renss.  MSS. ;  Kingston  Rec. ;  O'Call.,  U.,  905-908 ;  Baneraft,  ii.,  31S. 


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730  fflSTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  XX.  der  the  Great  Seal,  confinning  the  oharter  of  the  company ; 
mandatory  letters  to  the  several  towns  on  Long  Island ;  and 
'  a  prompt  intervention  with  the  King  of  England.     The 
23  Jan.      Statos  General  now  took  those  steps  which,  if  earlier  adopt- 
the  states  cd,  might  havc  prevented  mcmy  unnecessary  doubts,  and 
have  permanently  secured  New  Netherland.     The  ambas- 
sadors at  London  were  instructed  to  insist  upon  the  ratifi- 
cation by  the  British  government  of  the  Hartford  articles 
t  •harter  of  of  1650.    Au  act  was  also  passed  under  the  Great  Seal,  de- 
compiny.  clariug  that  the  charter  of  the  West  Lidia  Company  au- 
thorized it  to  plant  colonies  in  any  imoccupied  parts  of 
America,  from  Newfoundland  to  the  Straits  of  Magellan, 
and  particularly  in  New  Netherland,  the  boundaries  of 
which  were  defined  to  be  those  agreed  upcm  at  Hartford. 
Letters  to  Letters,  signed  by  the  greffier  of  the  States  General,  were 
'  likewise  addressed  to  Oostdorp,  Gravesend,  Heemstede, 
Ylissingen,  Middelburgh,  Rustdorp,  Amersfoort,  Midwout, 
New  Utrecht,  Breuckelen,  and  Boswyck,  charging  them  to 
remain  in  allegiance  until  the  boundary  question  should 
be  settled  with  the  King  of  Great  Britain.     Hoping  much 
from  the  <^  peaceable  inclinations  of  Governor  Winthrop," 
1  Feb.       the  directors  sent  these  documents  to  Stuyvesant  by  Abra- 
ham Wilmerdonck,  one  of  their  colleagues,  €md  ordered  six- 
ty additional  soldiers  to  New  Amsterdam.     The  provincial 
government  was  instructed  to  exterminate  the  Esopus  In- 
dians ;  to  check  the  English,  and  reduce  the  revolted  vil- 
lages to  allegiance;  and  to  receive  with  favor  a  number  of 
**  Frenchmen  of  the  Reformed  Church  at  Rochelle,"  who 
Return  of  uow  sought  homes  in  New  Netherland.     Domine  Samuel 
Samuel  Me- Megapolensis,  having  taken  his  university  degrees,  at  the 
gapo  ens  .  ^^^^  ^^^  retumcd  to  New  Amsterdam,  on  terms  similar 

to  those  agreed  upon  with  Blom  and  Selyns.* 
22  April.        These  dispatches  were  communicated  to  the  Landtdag 

(Opinion  of       -,.,,.  a /*  i    i-i  •  i  i 

the  Assem-  whcu  it  met  agam.     After  deliberatmg,  the  members  con- 
sidered it  impossible  to  execute  the  company's  orders  re- 

♦  Alb.  Rec.,  iv.,  449-465 ;  ▼iU.,  380 ;  xvlit.,  893 ;  xxli.,  182 ;  Hoi.  Doc.,  ix.,  309 ;  x..  1- 
21  ;  Groot  Placaatboeck,  ii.,  3153 ;  Aitzema,  v.,  04,  65 ;  Holl.  Merc.,  1664,  10,  15 ;  Hart. 
Roc.  Col.  Bound.,  li.,  11 ;  O'Call.,  U.,  508, 500, 579, 580 ;  Ebeling,  iii.,  31 ;  Selyns  to  ( 
9tb  June,  1664 ;  ante,  p.  643,  680, 723.  . 


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PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  731 

speoting  the  English  rebels,  who  were  ^^  as  six  to  one,  and,  chaf.  xx. 

with  aid  from  Hartford,  would  easily  overcome  and  mas- 

sacre  the  few  Dutch  soldiers  that  could  be  brought  against  ■*^^'** 
them."  As  the  Esopus  Indians  were  now  completely  hum- 
bled, and  all  the  Christian  captives,  except  three,  recovered ; 
and  as  the  Minquas,  Mohawks,  and  river  tribes  were  all 
urging  peace,  a  general  treaty  was  now  thought  advisable, 
especially  as  the  Connecticut  people  had  been  discovered 
tampering  with  the  Wappinger  savages. 

In  a  few  days,  chiefs  from  Esopus,  the  Wappingers,  and 
other  river  tribes,  and  from  Hackinsack,  Staten  Island,  and 
Long  Island,  met  Stuy vesant,  who  was  assisted  by  Wilmer-  w  May. 
donck  and  several  of  the  most  prominent  citizens,  in  the 
council  chamber  of  Fort  Amsterdam.     Sarah,  the  daughter  sarah  xicr- 
of  Annetje  Jansen  Bogardus,  and  wife  of  Surgeon  Hans  pretw. 
Kierstede,  acted  as  interpreter.     Calling  on  '<  Bachtamo," 
his  Q-od,  Sewackenamo,  chief  of  the  Esopus  Indians,  gave 
the  right  hand  of  friendship  to  the  director  general ;  and 
the  last  treaty  between  the  Hollanders  and  the  Indians  was  i»  May. 

Traatv  of 

signed  the  next  day,  under  a  salute  from  Fort  Amsterdam,  peace  wuh 
The  Esopus  country,  including  the  two  Shawangunk  forts,  Mvagee. 
now  "conquered  by  the  sword,"  was  ceded  to  the  Dutch. 
No  savages  were  in  future  to  approach  the  farms  of  the 
Christians ;  but  they  might  come  to  trade  at  the  Ronduit 
with  three  canoes  at  a  time.     Reciprocal  presents  were  an- 
nually to  ratify  this  treaty,  for  the  faithful  observance  of 
which  the  Hackinsack  and  Staten  Island  sachems  became 
bound.     Thus  ended  the  Esopus  war;  and  Stuy  vesant,  31  May. 
partaking  of  the  universal  satisfaction,  proclaimed  a  day  ing*" 
of  general  thanksgiving  to  the  Almighty.* 

Roelof  Swartwout,  the  discharged  schout  of  Wiltwyck,  m  Fab. 
had,  meanwhile,  been  reinstated,  upon  his  asking  pardon  of  reinstated 
the  director.     It  was,  however,  thought  prq)er  to  have  awyck. 
more  immediate  representative  of  the  West  India  Compa- 
ny's interests  there ;  and  Willem  Beeckman,  whose  employ- 

*  Alb.  Rec.,  XTili.,  93S-348,  950,  MS ;  xxU.,  119, 180,  814-2S7,  845,  875 ;  Hoi.  Doe.,  xii., 
834 ;  O'Call.,  it.,  509-611.  Merrouw  Kieratede,  haviog  often  acted  aa  Indian  interpreter, 
was  presented  with  a  large  tract  oriand,OD  the  west  side  of  the  North  RiTer,by  Or(t»*«" 
the  chief  of  Hackinsack  and  Tappan. 


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732        HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OP  NEW  YORK. 

cmap.  XX.  ment  at  the  Sontii  River  had  ceased,  was  appointed  oom- 
missary  at  Esopus  and  its  dependencies.     His  jurisdiction 
4  July.      extended  from  Katskill,  where  that  of  Fort  Orange  termin- 
^^^  ated,  to  the  Dans-Kamer,  just  above  the  Highlands,  which 
?JTeS"  '^^s  ^^  northern  limit  of  that  of  Fort  Amsterdam.     The 
^^'         local  court  of  "Wiltwyok  was  to  be  in  subordination  to  Beeck- 
man,  who,  as  commissary,  had  the  right  to  summon  and 
preside  at  its  meetings.* 
setueroent      The  provincial  government  having,  in  the  spring  of  1662, 
hechttede.  Confirmed  Van  Curier's  purchase  of  Sohonowe,  upon  condi- 
tion that  the  frontier  settlement  of  New  Netherland  should 
be  wholly  agricultural,  a  "concentration"  soon  arose  at 
"  Schaenhechstede."     The  "West  India  directors,  however, 
were  desirous  to  obtain  a  cession  of  the  Mohawks'  lands, 
"  by  which  our  English  neighbors  would  be  prevented  from 
dispossessing  the  company  of  that  immense  beaver  trade 
which  our  nation  is  in  possession  of  by  the  Seneca  Indians." 
Stuyvesant  accordingly  refused  to  allow  Cortelyou,  the  sur- 
veyor, to  lay  out  the  lands  at  Schaenhechstede,  unless  the 
inhabitants  would  promise  to  devote  themselves  to  agricul- 
Trada  with  turc,  and  abstain  from  any  traffic  with  the  savages.  Against 
TtMrSS^  this  invidious  system  Vcm  Curler  remonstrated  in  vain.  The 
fur  trade  must  be  retained  at  Beverwyck ;  and  the  Indians 
must  not  be  tempted  to  repeat  their  attacks  upon  the  wag- 
ons conveying  merchandise  across  the  plain.     The  schout 
of  Fort  Orange,  of  which  the  new  settlement  was  a  de- 
pendency, was  directed  to  enforce  these  orders,  and  the  sur- 
Maj;;^    vey  of  Schaenhechstede  was  not  permitted  until  the  spring 
of  this  year.t 

Notwithstanding  the  accommodation  which  Stuyvesant 
uoauiitiM  had  arranged  in  1662,  the  Mohawks  had  continued  hostile 
the  Mo?  to  the  Abenaquis,  and  had  provoked  the  enmity  of  the  So- 
Eaateni  quatucks,  at  the  head  of  the  Connecticut  River,  within  the 
present  State  of  New  Hampshire.  Upon  the  complaint  of 
Colonel  Temple,  the  authorities  at  Fort  Orange  held  inter- 
19  May.     views  with  the  Mohawks,  and  afterward  dispatched  Jan 

*  Alb.  Roe.,  xxU.,  55,  56,  §65-989;  Aerelhw,  4S5 ;  mU,  p.  lOS,  714,  716;  App.,  Note  R. 
t  Alb.  Roc,  It.,  416 ;  xxi.,  185-139 ;  xxU.,  109,  S34 ;  Schonoc  Pq>en,  te  Albuiy  Clctk'o 
Office :  O'CttU.,  IL,  44(M4S ;  mU^  p.  691. 


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PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  733 

Davits  and  Jaoob  Loookermans  across  the  '^  Winterberg"  giuf.  xx. 
or  Green  Mountains,  to  arrange  a  peace.     At  Narrington, 
an  English  settlement,  they  met  delegates  from  the  East- ^he  Dutch 
ern  tribes,  with  whom  a  treaty  was  concluded.     The  next  ^JJJf®  ■ 
month,  the  Mohawk  ambassadors,  who  came  to  "  Fort  Pa-  si  May. 
oonthetuck"  with  presents  to  confirm  the  peace,  were  mur-  21  June, 
dered  by  some  Abenaquis,  who  are  said  to  have  been  in- 
stigated by  the  English.    War  now  broke  out  again.    The 
Mahicans  attacked  the  Mohawks^  destroyed  cattle  at  G-reen- 
bush,  burned  the  house  of  Abraham  Staats  at  Claverack,  n  juiy. 
and  ravaged  the  whole  country  on  the  east  side  of  the  North  thJUSi^ 
River.    Alarmed  for  their  own  safety,  the  officers  and  peo-  **""' 
pie  at  Fort  Orange  entreated  Stuyvesant  to  come  up  to  m  Joiy. 
them  at  once.* 

In  the  mean  time,  the  Hartford  authOTities,  having  sent 
Allen,  their  secretary,  to  confer  with  the  delegates  of  the 
English  towns  at  Heemstede,  accepted  them  under  the  gov- 
ernment of  Connecticut ;  caused  Scott  to  be  imprisoned ; 
and  declared  "  that  they  claim  Long  Island  for  one  of  those  ss  May. 
adjoining  islands  expressed  in  the  charter,  except  a  pre-  cu"daima 
cedent  right  doth  appear,  approved  by  his  majesty."    They  and.* 
also  authorized  Pell  to  buy  all  the  land  "between  "Westw««che». 
Chester  and  Hudson's  River  (that  makes  Manhattoes  an 
island),  and  lay  it  to  West  Chester."     When  the  Dutch 
messengers  came  with  the  letters  of  the  States  General, 
and  an  address  from  Stuyvesant,  the  English  either  refused 
to  receive  them  or  sent  them  to  Hartford.     There  they  Treatment 
"  caused  not  the  smallest  effect ;"  for  the  Connecticut  men,  tei^  oc^ 
finding  them  unanswerable,  pretended  that  they  had  beeneSf*^*"' 
forged,  either  by  the  company  in  Holland  or  by  its  officers 
at  New  Amsterdam.    Soon  afterward,  Winthrop  visited  the  June. 
Long  Island  towns,  removed  the  officers  appointed  by  Scott,  m^^^' 
and  installed  others.      Stuyvesant  immediately  went  toLSgTai- 
meet  the  Connecticut  governor,  and  urged  the  Dutch  title 
by  discovery,  purchase,  and  possession,  as  well  as  the  obli- 
gations of  the  Hartford  treaty.     But  all  was  unavailing. 

*  Alb.  Rec.,  tU.,  394-404, 48S-431 ;  Hoi.  Doc.,  xl.,  336-141 ;  Renst.  MSS. ;  RcIaUon, 
1M3-4,  163, 103;  O'Call.,  ii.,  518,  919;  antey  p.  704. 


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734        HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  XX.  Winthrop,  throwing  off  any  appearance  of  friend^ip,  daim- 
ed  the  country  as  his  king's,  and  insisted  that  the  English 
•  title  was  unquestionable,  "  according  to  the  proverb,"  wrote 
Stuyvesant,  "  Sic  volo,  sic  jubeo,  stat  pro  ratione  voluntas."* 
De  Decker,  who  had  been  for  some  months  in  Virginia 
endeavoring  to  obtain  the  release  of  a  Dutch  ship  with  a 
cargo  of  slaves  from  Cruinea,  which  had  been  captured  by 
an  English  privateer  and  carried  into  the  Chesapeake,  now 

Virginia    scut  intelligence  of  the  threatening  attitude  of  Virginia  and 

iwid.  ^'  Maryland.  Clouds  seemed  to  gather  all  around  New  Neth- 
erland.  Yet  Stuyvesant  was  not  discouraged.  Agricul- 
ture had  improved ;  the  prospect  of  the  harvest  was  good ; 
and  the  French  Huguenots  from  Eochelle,  who  had  just 
come  over  from  Amsterdam,  were  delighted  with  their  new 

10  Jane,     homc  ou  Statcu  Island.     ^'  It  would,  indeed,  be  highly  de- 

StavveMnt  tj      •>' 

hopeiw.  sirable,"  wrote  he  to  the  West  India  directors,  "  that  the 
yet  waste  lands,  which  might  feed  a  hundred  thousand  in- 
habitants, should  be  settled  and  cultivated  by  the  oppress- 
ed ;  on  the  one  side,  by  the  Roman  Cathdics  in  France, 
Savoy,  Piedmont,  and  elsewhere,  and  on  the  other,  by  the 
Turks  in  Hungary  and  upon  the  confines  of  Germany." 

Population.  The  population  of  the  province  was  now  "  full  ten  thou- 
sand," while  New  Amsterdam  contained  fifteen  hundred^ 
and  wore  an  air  of  great  prosperity.  Domine  Wamerus 
Hadson,  whom  the  Classis  of  Amsterdam  had  sent  to  the 
South  River,  died  on  his  voyage  out;  and  the  Dutch  colo- 
nists there,  whose  children  had  not  been  baptized  since  the 
death  of  Welius,  and  who  held  the  Lutheran  clergyman 
Lokenius  in  little  esteem,  anxiously  desired  another  min- 
ister.    The  arrival  of  Domine  Samuel  Megapolensis,  how- 

17  July,     ever,  was  joyfully  hailed  at  New  Amsterdam ;  and  Selyns, 

DoT^o^    whose  place  was  supplied  by  the  young  graduate,  received 
^""'     permission  to  revisit  the  Fatherland.t 

English  jealousy  had,  meanwhile,  grown  with  the  in- 

*  Jorenal  wrote  this  line  "  Hoc  toIo,  sic  jnbeo,  sit  pro  ratione  volimtas.*'— Sat.  vi^  SSS. 

t  Alb.  Ree.,  zTiil.,  356-S80,  395 ;  xxli.,  S90 ;  New  Amst.  Rec.,  ▼.,  568 ;  Col.  Ree.  Coon.^ 
418-431 ;  Tnunboll,  i.,  961 ;  Thompson,  i.,  118;  ii.,  331,  339 ;  O'CaH.,  ii.,  511-514;  Bol- 
ton, li.,  30,  169,  170 ;  Riker,  63 ;  Selyns  to  Classis,  9th  June,  Drlsios,  5th  Aof .,  1664 ; 
antej  p.  670,  674.  Domine  Selyns  retomed  to  New  York  in  1683,  as  minister  of  the  Col- 
legiate Church,  and  died  here  hi  1701. 


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PETER  STUYVESANT,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  735 

tn'easing  oommeroe  of  Holland,  and  a  rupture  with  the  chap.  xx. 
Dutch  appeared  to  be  near  at  hand.     The  East  India  di- 
rectors  complained  of  their  formidable  Batavian  rivals.  England 
The  African  Company,  of  which  the  king's  brother,  James,  {2,^^®*' 
Duke  of  York,  was  the  governor,  denounced  the  Dutch  West 
India  Company,  which  had  striven  to  secure  its  territory 
on  the  G-old  Coast  from  English  intruders.     James,  who 
had  been  libelled  in  Holland,  became  the  advocate  of  his 
Africcm  Company  with  the  king  and  with  Parliament;  and 
Downing,  the  British  ambassador  at  the  Hague,  having  a 
personal  interest,  with  menacing  language  pressed  exorbi- 
tant demands  for  damages  upon  the  States.    An  expedition,  February. 
under  Sir  Robert  Holmes,  was  secretly  dispatched  against  Afrtoan 
the  Dutch  possessions  in  Africa;  and  aggressions,  which**** 
Clarendon  described  as  "without  any  shadow  of  justice," 
were  committed  in  the  midst  of  a  covenanted  peace. 

A  still  more  iniquitous  measure  was  soon  arranged.   The  compiainta 
farmers  of  the  revenue  had  complained  that  traders  to  Vir-  era  of  the 
ginia.  New  England,  Maryland,  and  Long  Island  were  con-  "'''°"*' 
stantly  conveying  great  quantities  of  tobacco  to  the  neigh- 
boring Dutch  plantations,  the  customs  on  which  "would 
amount  to  ten  thousand  pounds  per  annum  or  upward ;" 
and  the  Plantation  Board  had  taken  measures  to  put  the  yV  f«^* 
British  Acts  of  Navigation  and  Trade  "carefully  in  execu- 
tion."  The  brother  of  Governor  Berkeley,  too,  coveted  New 
Jersey.     To  accomplish  all  objects  at  one  blow,  England 
now  determined  boldly  to  rob  Holland  of  her  American 
province.     The  king  accordingly  sealed  a  patent  granting  u  March. 
to  the  Duke  of  York  and  Albany  a  large  territory  in  Amer-  en?ii  fhJ' 
ica,  comprehending  Long  Island  and  the  islands  in  its  neigh-  yohk.^^ 
borhood — ^his  title  to  which  Lord  Stirling  had  released — 
and  all  the  lands  and  rivers  from  the  west  side  of  the  Con- 
necticut River  to  the  east  side  of  Delaware  Bay.     This 
sweeping  grant  included  the  whole  of  New  Netherland,  and 
a  part  of  the  territory  of  Connecticut,  which,  two  years  be- 
fore, Charles  had  confirmed  to  Winthrop  and  his  associates. 
The  Duke  of  York  lost  no  time  in  giving  effect  to  his 
)atent.     As  Lord  High  Admiral,  he  directed  the  fleet 


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736        HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

CH4P.  XX.  Four  ships,  the  Guinea,  of  thirty^six  guns ;  tiie  Blias,  of 
thirty ;  the  Martin,  of  sixteen ;  and  the  William  and  Nieh- 
sqoadTOQ   ^^*^>  ^f  ^^y  were  detached  for  service  against  New  Neth- 
mSSw*^    erland,  and  about  four  hundred  and  fifty  regular  soldieni, 
^Jnd!"*'  ^i*-^  ^^^^  oflioers,  were  embarked.     The  command  of  the 
expedition  was  intrusted  to  Colonel  Richard  Nicolls,  a 
faithftd  Royalist,  who  had  served  under  Turenne  with 
1^  Atirii.    James,  and  had  been  made  one  of  the  gentlemen  of  his 
pornied*^^  bed-chamber.     Nicolls  was  also  appointed  to  be  the  duke's 
«roor?^***^' deputy  governor,  after  the  Dutch  possessions  should  have 
been  reduced.     With  Nicolls  were  associated  Sir  Robert 
85  April.    Carr,  Colonel  Q-eorge  Cartwright,  and  Samuel  Maverick,  as 
R^S'oom.  royal  commissioners  to  visit  the  several  colonies  in  New 
mtMtoaera.  England.     These  commissioners  were  furnished  with  de- 
tailed instructions;  and  the  New  England  governments 
were  required  by  royal  letters  to  ''join  and  assist  them  vig- 
orously" in  reducing  the  Dutch  to  subjecti<m.     A  month 
after  the  departure  of  the  squadron,  the  Duke  of  York 
34  June,     convcyed  to  Lord  Berkeley  and  Sir  George  Carteret  all  the 
•aria  or     territory  between  the  Hudson  and  Delaware  Rivers,  from 

New  Jersey  ^  ^Z.  li.  i  ii»- 

conveyedto  Capc  May  uorth  to  forty-one  degrees  and  forty  mmutes  of 
and  Cart*,  latitude,  and  thence  to  the  Hudson,  in  forty-one  degrees  of 
latitude,  ^'hereafter  to  be  called  by  the  name  or  ncLmes  of 
Nova  CsBsarea  ot  New  Jersey.* 
Intelligence  from  Boston  that  an  English  expeditioD 
wmit      agaiiw*  New  Netherland  had  sailed  from  Portsmouth  was 
wwTis^     soon  ccxnmunicated  to  Stuyvesant  by  Captain  Thomas 
eant.        Willctt;  and  the  burgomasters  and  schepens  of  New  Am- 
sterdam were  summoned  to  assist  the  council  with  their 
advice.    The  capital  was  ordered  to  be  put  in  a  state  of  de- 
Prepara-    feusc ;  guards  to  be  maintained ;  and  schippers  to  be  warn* 
New  Am-  cd.     As  thcrc  was  very  little  powder  at  Fort  Amsterdam, 
a  supply  was  demanded  from  New  Amstel ;  and  a  loan  of 
five  or  six  thouscuid  guilders  was  asked  from  Rensselaers- 

*  Lond.  Doe.,  i.,  130-160 ;  tti.,  90 ;  xvl.,  953 ;  N.  T.  Col.  MSB.,  ill.,  47-«5, 105,  SS5 ;  Alb. 
Rec.,  xviii.,  S50 ;  Charter,  in  State  Library ;  Patents,  L,  100-lSl ;  Haxard,  li^  094-MO; 
Tnunboll,  I.,  5»^5S4 ;  Hatchinson,  i.,  450 ;  Smith,  L,  14-16 ;  0*CaU.,  U.,  517 ;  WhMbtmi, 
30-37 ;  Let.  d'Estradea,  U.,  43»-«74 ;  Liater'a  Clarendoa,  U.,  956,  SW ;  Ltngai^  xil^  lO- 
108 ;  Daviee,  iii.,  90, 91 ;  Doer's  Life  of  Stiriing,  37.  On  the  SOth  of  Jnly,  1074,  the  Dmke  if 
York  granted  an  annuity  of  jCSOO,  out  oTthe  rerenne  oThia  colony,  to  Henry,  Eari  orsurttag. 


aterdam. 


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PETER  STUYVBSANT,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  737 

wyok.     The  ships  about  to  sail  for  Ccura^oa  were  stop^)ed ;  ciap.  xx. 
agents  were  sent  to  purchase  provisions  at  New  Haven ;  'TZZT' 
and,  as  the  enemy  was  expected  to  approach  through  Long     ^^' 
Island  Sound,  spies  were  sent  to  obtain  intelligence  at  West 
Chester  and  Milford.     Bat  at  the  moment  when  no  precau- 
tion should  have  been  relaxed,  a  dispatch  from  the  West  Dispatch 
India  directors,  who  appear  to  have  been  misled  by  advices  i.  compiir 
from  London,  announced  that  no  danger  need  be  apprehend- 
ed from  the  English  expedition,  as  it  was  sent  out  by  the 
king  only  to  settle  the  affairs  of  his  colonies,  and  establish 
Episcopacy,  which  would  rather  benefit  the  company's  in- 
terests in  New  Netherland.     Willett  now  retracting  his 
previous  statements,  a  perilous  confidence  returned.     The 
Curaqoa  ships  were  allowed  to  sail ;  and  Stuy vesant,  yield-  0  Avgam, 
ing  to  the  solicitation  of  his  council,  went  up  the  river  to  so^toPof! 
look  after  afiairs  at  Fort  Orange.*  ""**' 

The  English  squ6ulron  had  been  ordered  to  assemble  atiuy. 
Gardiner's  Island.     But,  parting  company  in  a  fog,  the  J|  Jniy. 
Guinea,  with  NicoUs  and  Cartwright  on  board,  made  Cape 
Cod,  and  went  on  to  Boston,  while  the  other  ships  put  in 
at  Piscataway.     The  commissioners  immediately  demand-  a7Juiy. 
ed  the  assistance  of  Massachusetts ;  but  ttie  people  of  the  EniSSS** 
Bay,  who  feared,  perhaps,  that  the  king's  success  in  reduc-  JfolSSSTat 
ing  the  Dutch  would  enable  him  the  better  to  put  down  ******° 
his  enemies  in  New  England,  were  full  of  excuses.     Con- 
necticut, however,  showed  sufficient  alacrity ;   and  Win-  29Jaiy. 
throp  was  desired  to  meet  the  squadron  at  the  west  end  of  ®^"«*** 
Long  Island,  whither  it  would  sail  with  the  first  fair  wind. 

When  the  truth  of  Willett's  intelligence  became  confirm- 
ed, the  council  sent  an  express  to  recall  Stuyvesant  from 
Fort  Orange.     Hurrying  back  to  the  capital,  the  anxious  smyreMiii 
director  endeavored  to  redeem  the  time  which  had  been  New  Am- 
lost.     The  municipal  authorities  ordered  one  third  of  the  S5  Ai!«uif( 
inhabitants,  without  exception,  to  labor  every  third  day  at 

*  Alb.  Ree.,  zyIU.,  386,  298 ;  zx.,  377 ;  xzU.,  271-276;  Hoi.  Doc,  xi.,  210*230 ;  xii.,  0»- 
1 19 ;  New  Anwt.  Rec,  v.,  522-524 ;  Smith,  i.,  16 ;  0*Ciiil.,  ii.,517, 518 ;  Thompson,  i.,  121, 
130 ;  Let.  d'Bstradet,  U.,  459 ;  onTe,  p.  519.  WUloCt,  who  had  been  one  of  Stnyresant** 
airbitralora  at  Hartfbrd  in  1650,  afterward  became  the  flrat  Engliah  mayor  oT  New  York, 
snd  waa  the  ancestor  of  the  late  Colonel  Marinos  WUlett. 

A  A  A 


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738  HlSltHlY  OF  TK:  state  of  mew  YORK. 

ciLtp.  XX.  the  fortifioatioiis ;  ixrganized  a  peraianent  guaxd ;  forbade 

the  brewers  to  malt  any  grain ;  and  called  on  the  pro^in^ 

Arrant'  cial  government  fiiT  artillery  and  aHimQnitiQn.    Six  pieces, 

dTfensi!"  besides  the  fourteen  previously  allotted,  and  a  thousand 

36  August,  pounds  of  powder,  were  acoordingly  granted  to  the  city. 

The  colonists  around  Fort  Orange,  pleading  their  own  dan*- 

30  August,  ger  from  the  savages,  could  afford  no  help ;  but  the  soldierB 

caiied'i^  at  Esopus  wcTC  ordoTed  to  come  down,  after  leaving  a  amaM 

*****""■     garrison  at  the  Rondnit. 

English         In  the  mean  time,  the  English  squadron  had  anchofed 

?n  Nywk    just  below  the  Narrows,  in  Nyack  Bay,  between  New 

^'         Utrecht  and  Coney  Island.     The  mouth  of  the  river  wat 

shut  up;  communication  between  Long  Island  and  Han* 

hattan,  Bergen  and  Aditer  Gul,  interrupted ;  several  yachts, 

on  their  way  to  the  South  River,  captured ;  and  the  block* 

4g  August,  house  on  the  opposite  shore  of  Staten  Island  seized.    Stuy* 

Mmt's^aie*.  vcsaut  uow  dispatched  Counselor  Be  Decker,  Burgomaster 

**'*''        Van  der  Grist,  and  the  two  Domines  Megapolensis,  with 

a  letter  to  the  English  commanders,  inquiring  why  they  had 

come,  and  why  they  continued  at  Nyack  without  giving  no* 

tioe.    The  next  morning,  which  was  Saturday,  Nioolls  sent 

Colonel  Cartwright,  Captain  Needham,  Captain  Groves, 

1^  August,  and  Mr.  Thomas  Delavall  up  to  Fort  Amsterdam,  with  a 

si^!!£^  summons  for  the  surr^ider  of  ^<  the  town  situate  on  the  isl* 

tosurren-  ^^^  oommonly  known  by  the  name  of  Manhattoes,  with  all 

the  forts  thereunto  belonging."     This  summons  was  ac^ 

companied  by  a  proclamation  declaring  that  all  who  would 

Terms  of.   submit  to  his  majcsty's  government  should  be  protected 

Nieous.     <<in  his  majesty's  laws  and  justice,"  and  peaceably  enjoy 

their  property.     Stuyvesant  immediately  called  together 

ilae  council  and  the  burgomasters,  but  would  mit  allow  the 

terms  offered  by  NicoUs  to  be  communicated  to  the  pecqple» 

lest  they  might  insist  on  capitulating.     In  a  short  time, 

several  of  the  burghers  and  city  officers  assembled  at  the 

Stadt-Huys.    It  was  determined  to  prevent  the  enemy  from 

surprising  the  town ;  but,  as  opinion  was  generally  against 

protracted  resistance,  a  copy  of  the  English  communication 

1  Sfpi.      was  asked  from  the  direotor.     On  the  following  Monday, 


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PBTSR  SnnrVBSANT,  DOIEOTQR  QINBRAL.  7St 

the  bnrgomastors  explaiifced  to  n  meeting  of  the  oituens  omp.  xx . 
the  t^ms  offered  by  Nioolls.    But  this  wookl  not  suffice ;  'T^TT 
a  eopy  of  the  paper  itadif  must  be  exhibited.     Stayvesaat 
then  went  in  person  to  the  meeting.     '^  Sa<di  a  course/'  stnyrtms^ 
said  he,  '^  would  be  disaiqproved  of  in  the  Fatherland — it  to  with- 
would  discourage  the  people.^    AU  his  efforts,  however, 
were  vain ;  and  the  director,  protesting  that  he  should  not 
be  held  answerable  for  ''the  calamitous  consequences,'' 
was  obliged  to  yield  to  the  popular  will.*" 

Nioolls  now  addressed  a  letter  to  Winlhrop,  who  withsaj^,^ 
other  commission's  firom  New  England  had  joined  thetertowin. 
squadron^  authorizing  him  to  assure  Stuyvesant  that,  if 
Manhattan  should  be  delivered  up  to  the  king,  ^  any  people 
from  the  Netherlands  may  freely  come  and  plant  there,  or 
thereabouts;  and  such  vessels  of  their  own  country  may 
freely  come  thither,  and  any  of  them  may  as  freely  return 
home  in  vessels  of  their  own  country."     Yieiting  the  city 
under  a  flag  of  truce,  Winthrop  delivered  this  to  Stuyvesant  Haniad  ml 
outside  the  fort,  and  urged  him  to  surrender.     The  directcMr  sant. 
declined ;  and,  returning  to  the  fort,  he  opened  Nioolls'  let* 
ter  before  the  council  and  the  burgomast^s,  who  desired 
that  it  should  be  communicated,  as  ''  all  which  regarded 
the  public  welfiare  ought  to  be  made  public."    Against 
this  Stuyvesant  earnestly  remonstmted ;  and  finding  that 
the  burgomasters  continued  firm,  in  a  fit  of  passion  he  '^  tore  stayresu* 
the  letter  in  pieces."    The  citizens,  suddenly  ceasing  their  ouf  leuor. 
work  at  the  palisades,  hurried  to  the  8tadt-Huys,  and  sent 
three  of  their  number  to  the  fort  to  demand  the  letter.    In 
vain  the  direct(»'  hastened  to  pacify  the  burghers  and  urge 
them  to  go  on  with  the  fortifications.     "  Complaints  and 
curses"  were  uttered  on  all  sides  against  the  company's 
misgovemment;  resistance  was  declared  to  be  idle;  ''the 
letter!  the  letter!"  was  the  general  cry.     To  avoid  a  mu- 
tiny, Stuyvesant  yielded,  and  a  copy,  made  out  from  the 
collected  fragments,  was  handed  to  the  burgomasters.    In 

*  Uod.  Doc.,  i.,  181-167 ;  N.  Y.  CoL  1I8S.,  iU.,  6fr^ ;  N«w  AmM.  Hec,  v^  568^964 ; 
Alb.  Beo.,  xym.,  30S-8(>4,  Sl%^i ;  xsii.,  S07,  S8» ;  HoL  Doe.,  xi,,S4»-4M ;  xU.,  9S-10S, 
IS1,14»-159;  xiil.,94,60;  KtefatonBte.;  Oyster BsyBoe.;  SiBiy|,t.,17-S0^ 386;  CCoU., 
ii.,  590-523 ;  Bancroft,  U.,  314 ;  ThompMn,  ii.,  190. 


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740  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NBfW  YOBK. 

OKLT.  XX.  atxswer,  however,  to  Nioolts'  summons,  he  sabmitted  a  long 

justification  of  the  Dutch  title ;  yet,  while  protesting  against 

18^^  any  breach  of  the  peace  between  the  king  and  the  States 
gj^.***  General,  "  for  the  hinderance  and  prcTention  of  all  difler- 
ences  and  the  spilling  of  innocent  blood,  not  only  in  these 
parts,  but  also  in  Europe,"  he  offered  to  treat  "  Long 
Ltatdift-  Island  is  gone  and  lost;"  the  capital  ^'can  not  hold  oat 
Pouter-  long,"  was  the  last  dispatch  to  the  '^  Lords  Majors"  of  New 
"^  Netherland,  which  its  director  sent  off  that  night  **  in  si- 
lence through  Hell-gate." 

Observing  Stuy  vesant's  reluctance  to  surrender,  NiooUs 
directed  Captain  Hyde,  who  commanded  the  squadron,  to 
reduce  the  fort.     Two  of  the  ships  accordingly  landed  their 
troops  just  below  Breuckelen,  where  volunteers  firom  New 
England  and  the  Long  Island  villages  had  already  enoamp- 
BB«u«b     ed.    The  other  two,  coming  up  with  full  sail,  passed  in  front 
ottcPbSbre  of  Fort  Amsterdam,  and  anchored  between  it  and  Nutten 
Island.     Standing  on  one  of  the  angles  of  the  fortress — an 
artilleryman  with  a  lighted  match  at  his  side— the  direotor 
watched  their  approach.     At  this  moment,  the  two  Domi- 
nes  Megapolensis,  imploring  him  not  to  begin  hostilities,  led 
Stuyvesant  from  the  rampart,  who  then,  with  a  hundred  of 
the  garrison,  went  into  the  city  to  resist  the  landing  of  the 
t5Augq«t.  English.     Hoping  on  against  hope,  the  director  now  sent 
g^J^J^gant  Counselor  De  Decker,  Secretary  Van  Ruyven,  Borgomastsr 
SoTccSm-  Steenwyck,  and  Schepen  Cousseau,  with  a  letter  to  NiooUs, 
°**^*®"*  stating  that  though  he  felt  bound  "  to  stand  the  storm,"  he 
desired,  if  possible,  to  arrange  an  accommodation.    But  the 
English  commander  merely  declared,  ^^  To-morrow  I  wiU 
speak  with  you  at  Manhattan."     ^^  Friends,"  was  the  an- 
swer, "will  be  welcome,  if  they  ocwne  in  a  friendly  man- 
lujjyof    ner."     " I  shall  come  with  ships  and  soldiers,"  replied  Nio- 
oUs ;  <' raise  the  white  flag  of  peace  at  the  fort,  and  then 
something  may  be  considered."* 

When  this  imperious  message  became  known,  men, 

*  Alb.  Ree.,  xrili.,  809-304,  Sl»-S90 ;  xxii.,  SI4^18 ;  Gen.  BnlrlM,  i.,  It-« ;  HoL  Dm^ 
xil.,  95, 146-lOS ;  xlU.,  94,  56,  04  ;  New  Amst.  Reo.,  ▼  ,  507 ;  Drfsios  to  CiMsie,  ISA  ef 
Sepcember,  1064;  Smith,  I.,a0-t7;  Bueroft,  H., 314 ;  CCaU.,  U., 633-687 :  Thorny,!^ 
198,139. 


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PETER  STUTYESANT,  DIRECTOR  GENERAL.  741 

women,  and  children  flooked  to  the  director,  beseeching  him  chap,  xjl 
to  submit     His  only  answer  was,  "I  would  much  rather 
be  carried  out  dead."     The  next  day,  the  city  authorities,^  sept.  ' 
the  clergymen,  and  the  officers  of  tiie  burgher  guard,  as- ^t^Jj^^®^'^ 
sembling  at  the  Stadt-Huys,  at  the  suggestion  of  Domine  {JViuy^' 
Megapolensis  adopted  a  remonstrance  to  the  director,  ex-  "^^ 
hibiting  the  hopeless  situation  of  New  Amsterdam,  on  all 
sides  <'  encompassed  and  hemmed  in  by  enemies,"  and  pro- 
testing against  any  further  opposition  to  the  will  of  G-od. 
Besides  the  schout,  burgomasters,  and  sohepens,  the  remcMi- 
strance  was  signed  by  Wilmerdonck  and  eighty-five  of  the 
principal  inhabitants,  among  whom  was  Stuyvesant's  own 
son  Balthazar.     At  last  the  director  was  obliged  to  yield. 
Although  there  were  now  fifteen  hundred  souls  in  New  Am-  condidoa 
sterdam,  there  were  not  more  than  two  hundred  and  fifty  Anuter- 
men  able  to  bear  arms,  besides  the  one  hundred  and  fifty 
regular  soldiers.     The  people  had  at  lengtii  refused  to  be 
called  out,  and  the  regular  troops  were  already  heard  talk- 
ing of  "where  booty  is  to  be  found,  and  where  the  young 
women  live  who  wear  gold  chains."  The  city,  entirely  open 
along  both  rivers,  was  shut  on  the  northern  side  by  a  breast- 
work and  palisades,  which,  tiiough  sufficient  to  keep  out  the 
savages,  afforded  no  defense  against  a  military  siege.  There 
were  scarcely  six  hundred  pounds  of  serviceable  powder  in 
store.    A  council  of  war  had  reported  Fort  Amsterdam  un- 
tenable ;  for  though  it  mounted  twenty-four  guns,  its  single 
wall  of  earth,  not  more  than  ten  feet  high  and  four  thick, 
was  almost  touched  by  the  private  dwellings  clustered 
around,  and  was  commanded,  within  a  pistol-shot,  by  hills 
on  the  north,  over  which  ran  the  "  Heereweg"  or  Broadway. 
Upon  the  faith  of  Nicolls'  promise  to  deliver  back  the  city 
and  fort, "  in  case  the  diflference  of  the  limits  of  this  province 
be  agreed  upon  betwixt  his  majesty  of  England  and  the 
High  and  Mighty  States  General,"  Stuyvesant  now  commis-  s  sepc. 
sioned  Counselor  John  de  Decker,  Captain  Nicholas  Varlett,  1  ^^  **^ 


Doctor  Samuel  Megapolensis,  Burgomaster  Comelis  Steen- 
wyck,  old  Burgomaster  Olofi*  Stevenson  van  Cortlandt,  and 
old  Schepen  Jacques  Cousseau,  to  agree  upon  articles  with 


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743  lUSTOKT  OP  THE  ffTATB  OF  MEW  TORK. 

CHAP.  XX.  the  English  eommandar  or  Us  sepreecDtatives.    Nioottt^  cm 

his  part,  appamted  Sir  Robert  Oanr  and  Colonel  Oreofg^ 

Elgurt**  Oartwright,  John  Winthiq)  and  8amnel  Willys,  of  Cofmeo- 
tiout,  and  Thomas  Clarke  and  Jdin  Pyndion,  of  Massaehu- 
setts.    ^'  The  reason  why  those  of  Boston  and  Connectieat 
were  joined/'  afterward  explained  the  royal  ootmnander, 
<<  was  beoause  those  two  ooloBies  should  hold  themselves 
the  more  engaged  with  ns,  if  the  Datoh  had  been  over-ocn- 
tj  Auguat.  fident  of  their  strength.'^    At  eight  o^olodc  tiie  next  mom- 
ofXi«-   ^'  ^^^  ^^  Saturday,  the  oommissionBrs  on  both  sides 
to  ^^t^  m^  at  Stuyresant's  <<  bonwery,"  and  arranged  the  terms 
\^^.  of  capitulation.     The  only  differenoe  which  arose  was  re- 
specting the  Dutch  sokli^rs,  whom  the  Bnglidi  refused  to 
eonvey  back  to  Holland.    The  articles  of  capitnlation  prem- 
ised liie  Dutch  security  in  their  property,  customs  of  in- 
V       heritanoe,  liberty  of  eonseienoe,  and  church  discipline.   The 
municipal  officers  of  Manhattan  were  to  continue  for  the 
present  unchanged,  and  the  town  was  to  be  allowed  to 
choose  deputies,  with  '^free  Toioes  in  all  public  afisirs.'' 
Owners  of  property  in  Fort  Orange  mig^  if  they  [deaaed, 
<<  slight  the  fortifications  there,''  and  enjoy  their  booses  ^as 
peo]^  do  where  there  is  no  fort"     For  six  monihs  then 
was  to  be  free  interooorse  with  Hollands    Public  reeoids 
were  to  be  respected.     The  articles,  consented  to  by  Nie- 
oils,  were  to  be  ratified  by  Stuyvesant  the  next  Monday 
morning  at  eight  o'clock,  and  within  two  hours  afterward, 
the  ^  fort  and  town  called  New  Amsterdam,  upon  the  Isle 
of  Maidiatoes,"  were  to  be  delivered  iq),  and  the^military 
officers  and  sddiers  were  to  ^^march  out  with  their  arms, 
drums  beating,  and  colors  flying,  and  lighted  matches.^'* 
9  Sept.  On  the  following  Monday  morning  at  eight  o'clock,  Stuy- 

ofPofftAm-vesant,  at  the  head  of  the  garrison,  marched  out  of  Poii 
Amsterdam  with  all  the  honors  of  war,  and  led  his  soldien 
down  the  Beaver  Lane  to  the  water  side,  whence  they  were 
\  embarked  for  Holland.    An  BagHsh  oorporal's  guard  at  Ae 


wtb0  En- same  time  took  possession  of  the  fort;  and  Nioolls  and  Carr, 
witii  their  two  companies,  about  a  hundred  and  seventy 

*  See  aitielM  at  tonftli  tn  Appendix,  note  S. 


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RlOIiARD  NIOOLLS,  OOVBBNOR.  743 

atrong,  eatered  the  city,  while  Oart¥nright  took  poaiession  ciup.  xz. 
of  the  gates  and  the  Stadt-Huys.     The  New  England  and  ^^^ 
Long  Island  volunteers,  however,  were  prudently  kept  at 
the  Breuckelen  ferry,  '<  as  the  citizens  dreaded  most  being 
plundered  by  them."     The  English  flag  was  hoisted  on 
Fort  Amsterdam,  the  name  of  which  was  immediately  Fon  Am. 
changed  to  "Fort  James."     Nicolls  was  now  proclaimed caued Pon 
by  the  burgomasters  deputy  governor  for  the  Duke  of  York ; 
in  compliment  to  whom  he  directed  that  the  city  of  New 
Amsterdam  should  thenceforth  be  known  as  "  New  York."  cuy  of 
To  Nicolls'  European  eye  the  Dutch  metropolis,  with  its 
earthen  fort  inclosing  a  wind-mill  and  high  flag-staff,  a 
prison  and  a  governor's  house,  and  a  double-roofed  diuroh, 
above  which  loomed  a  square  tower,  its  gallows  and  whip- 
ping-post at  the  river's  side,  and  its  rows  of  houses  which 
hugged  the  citadel,  presented  but  a  mean  appearance. 
Yet,  before  long,  he  described  it  to  the  duke  as  "  the  bestNicou.' 

^  opinion  of 

of  all  his  majesty's  towns  in  America,"  and  assured  histbeetty. 
royal  highness  that,  with  proper  management,  ^'within  five 
years  the  staple  of  America  will  be  drawn  hither,  of  which 
the  brethren  of  Boston  are  very  sensible."* 

The  Dutch  frontier  posts  were  thought  of  next.    Colonel 
Cartwright,  with  Captains  Thomas  Willett,  John  Manning, 
Thomas  Breedon,  and  Daniel  Brodhead,  were  sent  to  FortlSsepc. 
Orange,  as  soon  as  possible,  with  a  letter  from  Nicolls  re- of  Fort  o^ 
quiring  La  Montague  and  the  magistrates  and  inhabitants '"'*' 
to  aid  in  prosecuting  his  majesty's  interest  against  all  who 
should  oppose  a  peaceable  surrender.     At  the  same  time. 
Van  Rensselaer  was  desired  to  bring  down  his  patent  and 
papers  to  the  new  governor,  and  likewise  to  observe  Cart- 
wright's  directions.     Counselor  De  Decker,  however,  trav- 
elling up  to  Fort  Orange  ahead  of  the  English  commission- 
ers, endeavored,  without  avail,  to  excite  the  inhabitants  to 
opposition ;  and  his  conduct  being  judged  contrary  to  the 

*  New  Amst.  Ree.,  t.,  M7-570 ;  Alb.  Rm.,  xiriU.,  8S1-04 ;  Hoi.  Doe.,  x^  lW-148 ;  xt.» 
164-274  :  xil..  57-04, 104-S90 ;  :xlU.,  i\,  ftS ;  Lond.  Doo.,  li.,  98,  M ;  N.  Y.  Col.  MSB.,  lit, 
103,  106 ;  Gen.  Entries,  i.,  1»-3i ;  Boaltwlek  Rm.  ;  Snltk,  1.,  97-8S ;  0*CftU.,  U.,  flfT-SM} 
Bancroft,  11.,  315 ;  Drisius  to  CImoIs,  15Uk  SeplonlMr,  1664 ;  Moolumt,  In  Doe.  Rial.  N. 
v.,  It.,  116  i  Heylin'8  Cosmogrtpby. 


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744  raSTORY  OP  the  state  op  new  YORK. 

cba?.  XX.  spirit  of  the  oapitalaticm  which  he  had  signed,  he  was  soon 
"~~"  afterward  ordered  out  of  Nicolls'  government.     The  garri- 
Fort^'  son  quietly  surrenderedy  and  the  name  of  Fort  Orange  was 
SISedFortCl"^^g®d  to  that  of  "Fort  Albany,"  after  the  second  title 
M  s?pt!     ^^  ^^^  Duke  of  York.     A  treaty  was  immediately  signed 
JJ^t^he    between  Cartwright  and  the  sachems  of  the  Iroquois,  who 
•avagcs.     ^^y^  promised  the  same  advantages  "as  heretofore  they 
had  from  the  Dutch ;"  and  the  alliance  which  was  thus 
renewed  continued  unbroken  until  the  beginning  of  the 
American  Revolution.* 
X  Sept.        It  only  remained  to  reduce  the  South  River ;  whither  Sir 
to  the**"*   Robert  Carr  was  sent  with  the  Guinea,  the  William  and 
South  HIT-  jjj^j^^jij^g^  j^jj  u^ll  the  soldiers  which  are  not  in  the  fort." 
To  the  Dutch  he  was  instructed  to  promise  all  their  privi- 
leges,  "only  that  they  change  their  masters."     To  the 
Swedes  he  was  to  "remonstrate  their  happy  return  under 
a  monarchical  government"     To  Lord  Baltimore's  officers 
in  Maryland  he  was  to  say,  that  their  pretended  rights  be- 
ing "a  doubtful  case,"  possession  would  be  kept  until  his 
•osept.     majesty  "  is  informed  and  satisfied  otherwise."     A  tedious 
iS)di«*ioKr'  voyage  brought  the  expedition  before  New  Amstel.     The 
^1^,^     burghers  and  planters,  "after  almost  three  days'  parley," 
agreed  to  Carr's  demands^  and  Ffob  Oothout,  with  five 
others,  signed  articles  of  capitulation  which  promised  large 
privileges.    But  the  governor  and  soldiery  revising  the  En- 
glish propositions,  the  fort  was  stormed  and  plundered,- 
three  of  the  Dutch  being  killed  and  ten  wounded.     In  vio- 
lation of  his  promises,  Carr  now  exhibited  the  most  dis- 
graceful rapacity ;  appropriated  farms  to  himself,  his  broth- 
er, and  Captains  Hycje  and  Morley ;  stripped  bare  the  in- 
habitants, 'and  sent  the  Dutch  soldiers  to  be  "  sold  as 
The  eoiony  slavcs  in  Virginia."     To  complete  the  work,  a  boat  was 
kui.    "*"  dispatched  to  the  city's  colony  at  the  Horekill«  which 

*  General  Entries,  i.,  35^3 :  Lond.  Doc.,  i.,  188 ;  ii.,  84 ;  N.  Y.  Col.  MSS.,  iU.,  07, 140; 
Rann.  MSS. ;  Smith,  i.,  33 ;  on/e,  p.  81.  Captain  Daniel  Brodhead,  one  of  the  wuneasea 
Co  this  treaty,  was  a  native  of  Yorkshire,  in  England,  and  accompanied  Nicolls'  expedl- 
Cion  to  Aroeriea.  Before  he  left  England,  he  was  married  to  Ann  Tye,  by  whom  he  had 
cbrao  sons,  Daniel,  Charles,  and  Rietaord.  On  the  14th  of  September,  1665,  Captain  Brod- 
head  was  appointed  by  GoYernor  Nioolts  to  command  the  soldiers  at  Esc^ns,  where  hs 
remained  until  his  death  in  1670.— Patents,  1.,  159, 167,  ITS. 


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RICHARD  NICOIXS.  GOVERNOR.  745 

was  seized  and  plundered  of  all  its  effects,  and  the  ma-  ciup.  zx. 
rauding  party  even  took  "what  belonged  to  the  Q,naking"~~" 
Society  of  Plookhoy,  to  a  very  naile." 

The  reduction  of  New  Netherland  was  now  accom- 
[Wished.  All  that  could  be  further  done  was  to  change  its 
name ;  and,  to  glorify  One  of  the  most  bigoted  princes  in 
English  history,  the  royal  province  was  ordered  to  be  called 
"New  York."  Ignorant  of  James'  grant  of  New  Jersey  to  New  York. 
Berkeley  and  Carteret,  Nicolls  gave  to  the  region  west  of 
the  Hudson  the  name  of  "Albania,"  and  to  Long  Island  Albania 
that  of  "Yorkshire,"  so  as  "to  comprehend  all  the  titles" swre. 
of  the  Duke  of  York.  The  flag  of  England  was  at  length 
triumphantly  displayed,  where,  for  half  a  century,  that  of 
Holland  had  rightfully  waved ;  and,  from  Virginia  to  Can- 
ada, the  King  of  Great  Britain  was  acknowledged  as  sov- 
ereign. Viewed  in  all  its  aspects,  the  event  which  gave 
to  the  whole  of  that  country  a  unity  in  allegiance,  and  to 
which  a  misgoverned  people  complacently  submitted,  was 
as  inevitable  as  it  was  momentous.  But,  whatever  may 
have  been  its  ultimate  consequences,  this  treacherous  and 
violent  seizure  of  the  territory  and  possessions  of  an  unsus- 
pecting ally  was  no  less  a  breach  of  private  justice  than 
of  public  faith.  It  may,  indeed,  be  affirmed  that,  among 
all  the  acts  of  selfish  perfidy  which  royal  ingratitude  con- 
ceived and  executed,  there  have  been  few  more  character- 
istic, and  none  more  base.* 

So  passed  away  the  Dutch  dominion  in  North  America. 
Step  by  step,  we  have  traced  the  circumstances  of  the  dis- 
covery and  occupation  of  the  Batavian  province ;  the  in- 
troduction of  the  religion,  jurisprudence,  and  customs  of 
the  Fatherland  ;  the  establishment  of  its  system  of  town- 
ships and  municipal  governments ;  the  transfer  of  local 
names  in  the  Old  World,  which  the  colonists  of  the  New 
always  remembered  with  affection ;  the  intermingling  of 
various  creeds  and  races ;  the  growth  of  foreign  commerce; 

*  General  Entriea,  i.,  58, 59 ;  Hoi.  Doe.,  zi.,  930,  tSl ;  Lond.  Doe.,  i ,  196-900 ;  U.,  1, 9t, 
01,  95 ;  iv.,  178-180;  N.  Y.  Col.  MSB.,  iii,  70-74,  83.  92,  105, 115,  345.  346  ;  O'CaU.,  il^ 
537,  538,  593.  594 ;  B.  F.  BuUer,  in  ii.,  N.  Y.  H.  S.  CoU.,  II.,  27 ;  anU,  p.  701,  730. 


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74«  raSTORY  OF  TUB  8TATD  OF  ICBW  YORK. 

c<ikp.  zx.  and  the  defvdopment  of  priaoiplet  of  oivil  liberty  under  try- 
ing  and  adverse  ciroamstanoes.  We  have  notioed  the  ori- 
1004.  gj^  ^£  ^^  feudal  relation  of  patroons  and  oolimists  or  ten- 
ants, and  the  predominanoe  of  the  better  olass  of  independ- 
ent freeholders.  We  have  seen  the  aboriginal  red  man 
made  a  friend  and  an  enemy;  and  we  have  observed  the 
progress  of  foreign  enoroaehment  ending  in  the  supremaey 
of  foreign  power. 

It  has  been  remarked  that  the  system  of  politioal  ad- 
ministration, which  at  first  oppressed  New  Nei^erland,  dif- 
fered widely  from  that  which  the  Dutch  colonists  enjoyed 
in  the  country  of  their  birth.  The  province  had  been  un- 
wisely intrusted  to  the  government  of  a  close  commercial 
corporation,  than  which  no  government  can  be  less  favor- 
able to  popular  liberty.  In  its  sch^iie  of  political  admin- 
istration, the  West  India  Company  exhibited  too  often  a 
mercantile  and  selfish  spirit ;  and,  in  encouraging  com- 
merce in  negro  slaves,  it  established  an  institution  whidi 
subsisted  many  generations  after  its  authority  had  ceased. 
Its  provincial  agents,  burdened  at  length  with  the  added 
care  of  Gura<;oa,  generally  displayed  more  devotion  to  the 
interests  of  the  directors  in  Holland  than  to  those  of  the 
community  over  which  they  were  placed.  Nevertheless* 
the  popular  voice,  coming  far  across  the  sea,  was  heard  and 
respected  in  the  palace  at  the  Hague;  and  the  grievances 
of  the  earnest  remonstrants  were,  from  time  to  time,  abated 
by  the  interference  of  the  States  G-enerat.  Against  all  the 
withering  influences  under  which  they  laid  the  broad  foun- 
dations of  a  mighty  state,  the  colonists  of  New  Netherland 
steadily  achieved  their  own  purposes,  and,  by  degrees,  woo 
for  tiiemselves  the  fiunchises  of  their  brethren  who  remain- 
ed at  home.  In  the  end,  happier  {Hinciples  of  government 
prevailed ;  and  the  unnatural  spirit  of  bigotry  and^  persecu- 
tion, which  for  a  time  blembhed  the  administration  of  the 
province,  yielded  to  the  maxims  of  toleration  and  magna- 
nimity which  distinguished  the  peq)le  of  the  Netherlands. 
Enjoying  an  admirable  geographical  positicm,  New  York 
possesses  annals  not  surpassed  by  those  of  any  other  state 


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CHARACTER  AND  INFLUENCE  OP  ITS  FOUNDERS.  747 

in  a^  American  Union  in  topics  of  varied  character,  ra>  c«a>.  xk. 
mantic  incident,  and  instmctive  lesaon.  Nor  does  her  ear-  TIIT" 
ly  history  relate  alone  to  those  confines  which  now  limit 
her  territory.  New  Jersey,  Delaware,  P^msylvania,  Con- 
ueoticut,  Rhode  Island,  and  Massachusetts,  either  wholly 
or  in  part,  were  comprehended  within  her  original  bound- 
aries, and  they  all  partake,  to  a  greater  or  less  degree,  in 
the  interest  of  her  peculiar  story. 

The  pioneers  of  New  York  left  their  impress  deep  upon 
the  state.     Far-reaching  commerce,  which  had  made  Old 
Amsterdam  the  Tyre  of  the  seventeenth  century,  early  pro- 
voked the  envy  of  the  colonial  neighbors  of  New  Amster- 
dam, and,  in  the  end,  made  her  the  emporium  of  the  West- 
em  World.     Long^  lines  of  barges  than  those  whidh  once 
crowded  the  Batavian  canals  are  now  drawn,  from  the 
great  lakes  to  the  ocean,  through  those  magnificent  chan- 
nels which  the  experience  of  Holland  suggested,  and  the 
enterprise  of  her  children  helped  to  construct.     Buildings, 
as  solid  and  as  quaint  as  ihx^e  which  grace  the  ^'  Heeren- 
Gracht,"  stood  as  monuments  of  the  olden  time,  until  ne- 
cessity, the  desire  of  gain,  or  a  distaste  for  what  is  venera- 
ble, doomed  them  to  destruction.     Cherished  holidays  yet 
recall  the  memory  of  the  genial  anniversaries  of  the  Fa- 
therland ;  and  year  by  year  the  people  are  invited  to  ren- 
der thanks  to  their  God,  as  their  forefathers  were  invited, 
long  before  Manhattan  was  known,  and  while  New  En- 
gland was  yet  a  desert.     Those  forefathers  humbly  wor- 
shiped the  King  of  kings,  while  they  fearlessly  rejected 
the  kings  of  men.     The  children  of  such  ancestors  were 
well  fitted  to  act  an  important  part  in  the  great  work  of 
opening  the  continent  of  America  to  the  civilization  of  Eu- 
rope.    They  added  no  ignoble  ingredient  to  the  Union's 
blended  masses. 

The  emigrants  who  first  expl(»red  the  coasts  and  reclaim- 
ed the  soil  of  New  Netherland,  and  bore  the  flag  of  Hol- 
land to  the  wigwams  of  the  Iroquois,  were  generally  bluff, 
plain-spoken,  earnest,  yet  unpresumptuous  men,  who  spon- 
taneously left  their  native  land  to  better  their  conditicm, 


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748  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Chap.  XX.  and  bind  another  province  to  the  United  Netherlands.  They 
"77IT"  brought  over  with  them  the  hberal  ideas,  anid  honest  max- 
ims, and  homely  virtues  of  their  country.  They  introduced 
their  church  and  their  schools,  their  Domines  and  their 
schoolmasters.  They  carried  along  with  them  their  huge 
clasped  Bibles,  and  left  them  heir-looms  in  their  families. 
They  gave  the  names  which  they  had  loved  in  their  Low- 
land homes  to  the  new  abodes  which  they  chose  among 
the  red  men  of  the  forest.  They  came  with  no  loud-sound- 
ing pretensions  to  grandeur  in  purpose,  eminence  in  holi- 
ness, or  superiority  in  character.  They  were  more  accus- 
tomed to  do  than  to  boast;  nor  have  their  descendants 
been  ambitious  to  invite  and  appropriate  excessive  praise 
for  the  services  their  ancestors  rendered  in  extending  the 
limits  of  Christendom,  and  in  stamping  upon  America  its 
distinguishing  features  of  freedom  in  religion  and  liberal- 
ity in  political  faiUi.  Born  in  a  land  where  the  first  les- 
sons of  childhoc^d  were  lessons  of  self-reliance  and  unceas- 
ing toil,  they  brought  into  the  wilderness  their  hereditary 
habits  of  industry  and  thrift,  that  they  might  win  and  en- 
joy the  rewards  of  active  labor.  Benevolent  and  social, 
they  desired  to  see  all  around  them  happy;  the  enfran- 
diised  African  might,  and  did  obtain  a  freehold ;  while  the 
negro  who  remained  under  an  institution  of  patriarchal 
simplicity,  scarcely  knowing  he  was  in  bondage,  danced 
merrily  as  the  best,  in  "kermis,"  at  Christmas  and  Pinck- 
ster.  Husbandmen  and  traders  they  chiefly  were.  Yet 
men  of  science  and  acquirement  were  not  wanting  among 
the  fathers  of  New  York.  Van  der  Donck,  Megapolensis, 
and  De  Vries  published  valuable  materials  for  our  early 
histc^ ;  while  the  correspondence  of  Stuyvesant,  Beeck- 
man,  and  Van  Rensselaer  sufficiently  attests  their  scholar- 
ship and  capacity.  The  clergymen  of  the  province  were 
all  men  of  thorough  education ;  Van  Dincklagen,  Van 
Sohelluyne,  and  De  Sille  were  learned  in  the  law ;  La 
Montague,  Staats,  Kierstede,  Van  Imbroeck,  Du  Parck, 
Curtius,  and  Megapolensis  were  eminent  as  physicians  and 
surgeons.    In  the  annals  of  no  other  state  are  there  names 


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CHARACTER  AND  INFLUENCE  OF  ITS  FOUNDERS.  749 

more  patriotic  and  honorable  than  those  of  Kuyter,  Melyn,  ciup.  xx. 
and  Van  Curler.  lOfiA 

Although  Hollanders  formed  the  chief  element  in  the  ^^' 
population  of  New  Netherland,  a  happy  intermixture  of 
other  races  contributed  to  insure  the  prosperity  of  the  state. 
Venerating  the  liberal  example  of  their  ancestral  land,  the 
first  occupants  of  the  province  looked  upon  commerce  as 
the  solvent  of  national  antipathies ;  and,  without  requir- 
ing uniformity  in  doctrine,  or  a  homogeneous  lineage,  they 
made  the  hearth-stone  the  test  of  citizenship,  and  demand- 
ed residence  and  loyalty  as  the  only  obligations  of  their 
multifarious  associates.  Thus  Walloons,  Waldenses,  Hu- 
guenots, Swedes,  Roman  Catholics,  German  Lutherans, 
Anabaptists,  and  English  (Quakers  all  planted  themselves 
beside  the  natives  of  Holland.  The  Dutch  province  always 
had  both  popular  freedom  and  public  spirit  enough  to  at- 
tract within  its  borders  voluntary  immigrants  from  the 
neighboring  British  colonies.  If  the  Fatherland  gave  an 
asylum  to  self-exiled  Puritans  of  England,  New  Nether- 
land as  liberally  sheltered  refugees  from  the  intolerant  gov- 
ernments on  her  eastern  frontier.  And  in  the  cordial  wel- 
come which  her  earliest  burghers  gave  to  all  who  sought 
permanent  homes  among  them,  may  be  traced  the  origin 
of  that  large  and  comprehensive  spirit  which  has  made  the 
island  of  Manhattan  the  attractive  metropolis  of  the  Co- 
lumbian World. 

Much  of  what  has  been  written  of  American  history  has 
been  written  by  those  who,  from  habit  or  prejudice,  have 
been  inclined  to  magnify  the  influence  and  extol  the  merit 
of  the  Anglo-Saxon  race,  at  the  expense  of  every  other  ele- 
ment which  has  assisted  to  form  the  national  greatness. 
In  no  particular  has  this  been  more  remarkable  than  in 
the  unjust  view  which  has  so  often  been  taken  of  the  found- 
ers of  New  York.  Holland  has  long  been  a  theme  for  the 
ridicule  of  British  writers ;  and,  even  in  this  country,  the 
character  and  manners  of  the  Dutch  have  been  made  the 
subjects  of  an  unworthy  depreciation,  caused  perhaps,  in 
some  instances,  by  too  ready  an  imitation  of  those  provin- 


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750  HISTORY  OF  THE  8TATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

CBtf .  XX.  oial  ohroniolers  who  ocmld  see  IHtie  good  in  their  ^*  noxioiu 
^^^    neighbors"  of  New  Netherland. 

Yet,  without  undervaluing  others,  it  may  confidently  be 
(daimed  Ihat  to  no  nation  in  the  world  is  the  RepuUio  of 
the  West  more  indebted  than  to  the  United  Provinoes,  for 
the  idea  of  the  confederation  of  sovereign  states;  for  nobl« 
principles  of  constitutional  freedom ;  for  magnanimous  sen- 
timents of  religious  toleration ;  for  characteristic  sympathy 
with  the  subjects  of  oppression ;  for  liberal  dootrines  in 
trade  and  commerce ;  for  illustrious  patterns  of  private  in- 
tegrity and  public  virtue ;  and  for  generous  and  timely  aid 
in  tiie  establishment  of  independence.  Nowhere  among 
the  people  of  the  United  States  can  men  be  found  excel- 
ling in  honesty,  industry,  courtesy,  or  aocompli&hment  the 
posterity  of  the  early  Dutch  settiers  in  New  Netherland. 
And,  when  the  providence  of  God  decreed  that  the  rights 
of  humanity  were  agedn  to  be  maintained  through  bng 
years  of  endurance  and  of  war,  the  descendants  of  H<d- 
landers  nobly  emulated  the  example  of  their  fc^refatheis ; 
nor  was  their  steadfast  patriotism  outdone  by  that  of  any 
of  the  heroes  in  the  strife  which  made  the  blood-stained 
soil  of  New  York  and  New  Jersey  tke  Nbthsrlakds  op 
America. 


Digiti 


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APPENDII. 


NoTi  A,  Chaptbb  L,  pa««  31-36. 
Thb  fbUowtng  aecoont  oftbe  flrst  arrlTtl  of  Europeans  in  New  York  is  taken  (torn  a  mamiBeript 
OMnmiinioated  by  the  Rererend  John  HeekeweMer  to  the  ReTerend  Doctor  Miller,  In  1601,  and  hy 
Urn  deposited  In  the  library  of  the  New  York  Historieai  Society.  Mr.  Heckewelder  was  a  Morarlan 
■ilssionary  among  the  PennsylTania  Indians ;  and  he  states  that  his  account "  is  rerbatim  as  it  was 
related  to  me  by  aged  and  respected  Delawares,  Monseys,  and  Mahicanni  (otherwise  called  Mohe- 
gans,  Mahicanders^  near  fbrty  years  ago,^  or  about  1760.  **  A  long  time  ago,  when  there  was  no 
saeh  thing  known  to  the  Indians  as  people  with  a  wkiit  tkin  (their  expression),  some  Indians  who 
had  been  out  a  fishing,  and  wherc^  the  sea  widens,  espied  at  a  great  distance  something  remarkably 
large  swimming  or  floating  on  the  water,  and  such  as  they  had  never  seen  befbre.  They  tmmediotdy , 
returning  to  the  shore,  apprised  their  countrymen  ofwhat  tbey  had  seen,  and  pressed  them  to  go  out 
with  them  and  discover  what  it  might  be.  These  together  hurried  out,  and  saw,  to  their  great  sur- 
prise, the  phenomenon,  but  could  not  agree  whitt  it  might  be ;  some  concluding  it  either  to  be  an 
uncommon  large  fish  or  other  animal,  while  others  were  of  opinion  It  must  be  some  very  large 
house.  It  was  at  length  agreed  among  Uiose  who  were  spectators  that,  as  this  phenomenon  moved 
toward  the  land,  whether  or  not  it  was  an  anioMl,  or  any  thing  that  had  li(b  in  it,  it  would  be  well 
to  inftrnn  all  the  Indians  on  the  inhabited  islands  of  what  they  had  seen,  and  put  them  on  their 
guard.  Accordingly,  they  sent  runners  and  watermen  off  to  carry  tiw  news  to  their  scattered  ehiefli, 
that  these  might  send  off  in  every  direction  ft>r  the  warriors  to  come  in.  These  arriving  in  numbers, 
and  themselves  viewing  the  strange  appearance,  and  that  it  was  actually  moving  toward  them  (the 
entrance  of  the  river  or  bay),  concluded  it  to  be  a  large  canoe  or  house,  in  which  the  great  Ithntitto 
(Great  or  Supreme  Being)  himself  was,  and  that  he  probably  was  coming  to  visit  them.  By  thi* 
time  the  chiefb  of  the  different  tribes  were  assembled  on  York  Island,  and  were  counseling  or  deliber- 
ating on  the  manner  they  should  receive  their  Manitto  on  his  arrival.  Every  step  had  been  taken 
to  be  well  provided  with  a  plenty  of  meat  for  a  sacrifice ;  the  women  intare  accosted  to  prepare  the 
beat  of  victuals;  Idols  or  images  were  examined  and  put  in  order ;  and  a  grand  dance  was  suppo9ed 
not  only  to  be  an  agreeable  enteruinment  fvr  the  ManHto,  but  It  might,  with  the  addition  of  a  sacrt- 
flce,  contribute  toward  appeasing  him,  in  case  he  was  angry  with  them.  The  conjurors  were  also 
set  to  work  to  determine  what  the  meaning  of  this  phenomenon  was,  and  what  the  result  would  be. 
Both  to  these,  and  to  the  chiefli  and  vrise  men  of  the  uation,  men,  wooien,  and  children  were  look* 
ing  up  for  advice  and  protection.  Between  hope  and  fear,  and  In  concision,  a  dance  comoMDoed. 
While  in  this  situation,  flreah  runners  arrive,  declaring  it  to  be  a  house  of  various  eolors,  aiii 
crowded  with  living  creatures.  It  now  appears  to  be  certain  that  it  is  the  great  Manitto,  brtnginp 
them  some  kind  of  game  such  as  they  had  not  belbre.  But  other  runners  soon  after  arriving,  de- 
clare it  a  large  house  of  various  colors,  AiU  of  people,  yet  of  quite  a  diflbrent  color  than  they  (the 
Indians)  are  of;  that  they  were  also  dressed  in  a  diflbrent  manner  l>om  them ;  and  that  one,  bi  par> 
Uoular,  appeared  altogether  red,  which  roust  be  the  Manitto  himself.  They  are  soon  haUed  from 
the  vessel,  though  in  a  language  they  do  not  understand,  yet  they  shout  (or  yeU)  in  their  way. 
Many  are  for  running  off  to  the  woods,  but  are  pressed  by  others  lo  stay,ln  order  not  to  give  oflfenw 
to  their  visitor,  who  could  find  them  out,  and  might  destroy  them.  The  house  (or  large  canoe,  an 
some  will  have  it)  stops,  and  a  smaller  canoe  oomes  ashore  with  the  red  man  and  some  others  In  it 
Some  stay  by  this  canoe  to  guard  it.  The  ehiels  and  wise  men  (or  counselors)  had  composed  a 
large  circle  into  which  the  red-clothed  man  with  two  others  a^iroach.  He  salutes  them  with  ftiend- 
ly  countenance,  and  they  return  the  salute  after  their  manner.  They  are  lost  in  admiration  both  a« 
to  the  color  of  the  skin  of  these  whites,  as  also  to  their  manner  of  dress ;  yet  most  as  to  the  hoMt 
of  him  who  wore  the  red  clothes,  which  shone  with  soowthlng  [laoe  ?]  they  could  not  oeeount  fer. 
He  must  be  the  great  Manitto  (Supreme  Being),  they  think ;  but  why  should  he  have  a  whits  skin  T 
A  large,  elegant  hock  hack  (a  gourd  or  decanter)  is  hnrngf^  AirwanI  by  one  of  the  suppoasi  UarnH^ 
to's  servants,  and  (torn  this  a  substanoe  is  poured  out  into  a  small  cup  or  glass,  and  1 


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752  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

Manltto.  The  (expected)  Manitto  drinks,  has  the  glam  filled  again,  and  hands  it  to  the  chief  next  to 
hinn  to  drhnk.  The  chief  receives  the  glass,  but  only  smells  at  it,  and  passes  it  on  to  the  next  chief; 
who  does  the  same.  The  glass  thus  passes  through  the  circle  without  the  contents  being  tasted  by 
any  one ;  and  is  on  the  point  of  being  returned  again  to  the  red-clothed  man,  when  one  of  their  num- 
ber, a  spirited  man  and  great  warrior,  jumps  up,  haran^es  the  assembly  on  the  impropriety  of  re- 
turning the  glass  with  the  contents  in  it ;  that  the  same  was  handed  them  by  the  Manitto  in  order 
that  they  should  drink  it,  as  he  himself  had  done  before  them  ;  that  this  would  please  biro ;  but  to 
return  what  he  had  given  to  them  might  provoke  him,  and  be  the  cause  of  their  being  destroyed  by 
him.  And  that  since  he  believed  it  for  the  good  of  the  nation  that  the  contents  offered  them  should 
be  drank,  and  as  no  one  was  willing  to  drink  it,  he  would,  let  the  consequence  be  what  it  would ; 
and  that  it  was  better  for  one  man  to  die  than  for  a  whole  nation  to  be  destroyed.  He  then  took  the 
glass,  and,  bidding  the  assembly  a  farewell,-drank  it  off.  Every  eye  was  fixed  on  their  resolute  eom- 
panicm,  to  nee  what  an  effect  this  would  have  upon  him ;  and  he  soon  beginning  to  stagger  about,  and^ 
at  last  dropping  to  the  ground,  they  bemoan  him.  He  fklls  into  a  sleep,  and  they  view  him  as  expir- 
ing. He  awakes  again,  jumps  up,  and  declares  that  he  never  before  felt  himself  so  happy  as  after  ht 
had  drank  the  cup.  He  wishes  for  more.  His  wish  is  granted ;  and  the  wb(4e  assembly  soon  jota 
him,  and  become  intoxicated.  After  this  general  intoxication  had  ceased  (daring  which  time  the 
whites  had  confined  themselves  to  their  vessel),  the  man  with  the  red  clothes  returned  again  to  then, 
and  distributed  presents  among  them,  to  wit,  beads,  axes,  hoes,  stockings,  dkc.  They  say  that  thay 
had  become  familiar  to  each  other,  and  were  made  to  understand  by  signs  that  they  now  would  retnni 
home,  but  would  visit  them  next  year  again,  when  they  would  bring  them  more  presents,  and  stay 
with  them  awhile ;  but  that,  as  they  could  not  live  without  eating,  they  should  then  want  a  little  land 
of  them,  to  sow  some  seeds,  in  order  to  raise  herbs  to  put  in  their  broth.*^ — ^Heekewelder,  in  ii.,N.T. 
H.  S.  Coll.,  i.,  71-73 ;  and  in  Moulton,  25S-3M.  Thus  Indian  tradition  confirms  and  amplifies  the 
authentic  accounts  of  the  revel  on  board  the  Half  Moon  as  she  was  exploring  the  Hudson  River.  The 
tradition,  however,  while  it  preserves  and  embellishes  the  main  Ihet,  erroneously  fixes  the  scene  of 
the  event  at  Manhattan  Island.  Mr.  H^ckewelder  adds,  that  the  Delawares  derire  the  name  of  the 
Island  from  the  **  general  intoxication"  which,  according  to  their  tradition,  occurred  there.  But  the 
Albany  Records  (xviii.,  348)  authoritatively  declare  that  it  was  to  called  "  after  the  ancient  name  of 
the  tribe  of  savages  among  whom  the  Dutch  first  settled  themstives."  Besides,  it  ^ipears  very  clear- 
ly flrom  Juot's  journal  of  Hudson's  voyage,  that  the  scene  of  the  revelry  was  m  the  eabm  «tf  the  Ho^ 
Jfoon,  while  she  was  at  anchor  near  Albany.  See  also  Sobooleraft,  in  N.  Y.  H.  S.  Proc,  1844,  Ap- 
pendix, 96,  and  North  American  Review,  ix.,  163-166. 

NOTC  B,  ChaPTBB  I.,  PAOB  86. 

*'  The  country  of  which  we  propose  to  speak  was  first  discovered.  In  the  year  of  our  Lwd  I60O,  by 
the  ship  Half  Moon,  of  which  Henry  Hudson  was  master  and  supercargo,  at  the  expense  of  the  ehsr 
lerad  East  India  Company,  though  in  search  of  a  diflfbrent  olijject  [a  northwest  passage  to  China].  II 
was  subsequently  called  New  Netherland  by  our  people,  and  very  justly,  as  it  was  first  discovered 
and  possessed  by  Netherlandere,  and  at  their  com  ;  so  that  even  tH  the  present  day,  those  natives  sf 
the  country  who  are  so  old  as  to  recollect  when  the  Dutch  ships  first  came  here,  declare  thtt  when 
they  saw  them  they  did  not  know  what  to  make  of  them,  and  could  not  compr^end  whether  they 
same  down  from  heaven  or  were  of  the  devil.  Some  of  them,  when  the  first  one  arrived,  even  imag- 
ined it  to  be  a  fish,  or  some  monster  of  the  sea,  and  accordingly  a  strange  report  of  it  spread  over  the 
whole  land.  We  have  also  heard  the  Indians  frequently  say  that  they  knew  nothing  of  any  other 
part  of  the  worid,  or  any  other  peq>le  than  their  own,  before  the  arrival  of  the  Nethertand^s.  For 
these  reasons,  therefore,  and  on  aocount  of  the  similarity  of  climate,  situation,  and  fertility,  this  plaoe 
is  rightly  called  New  Netherland.**— Holland  Documents,  volume  iv.,  page  71 ;  Van  der  Donck*s  **  Ver- 
toogh  van  Nieuw  Nederiandt,**  translated  by  Mr.  Murphy,  in  ii.,  N.  Y.  H.  S.  CoU.,  ii.,  S61,  SOS ;  snfe, 
p.  61S.  « 

"  That  this  country  was  first  discovered  by  the  Netherlandere  is  evident  and  dear  fVom  the  ftel 
that  the  Indians  or  nstives  of  the  land,  many  of  whom  are  still  living,  and  with  whom  I  have  <«■• 
versed,  declare  freely  that  they  are  old  enough  to  remember  distinctly  that  befbre  the  arrival  of  oar 
Netharland's  ship  the  Half  Moon,  in  the  year  1609.  they,  the  natives,  did  not  know  that  there  were 
any  other  people  in  the  world  than  those  who  were  like  their  neighbors  round  about  them,  much  less 
any  people  who  differed  fh>m  them  so  much  In  raee  and  fhshion  as  we  did.  Their  men  were  bare  oo 
the  breast  and  about  tl-e  mouth,  and  their  women,  like  ours,  very  haii^ ;  they  were  Unclothed,  and  al- 
most naked,  especially  in  summer,  and  we  were  all  the  time  clad  and  covered.  When  some  of  then 
fine  saw  our  ship  approaching  afhr  off,  they  did  not  know  what  to  think  about  her,  but  stood  la  de^ 


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APPENDIX.  753 

ud  soldmo  ncmum&at,  woaderinf  wlMUier  It  wm  « tpook  or  tpparition,  and  whether  it  came  fh)m 
heaven  or  firom  bell.  Others  ofthemmppoeed  that  It  might  he  a  atrangeflsh  or  aea  monster.  They 
mppoaed  these  on  hoard  to  be  rather  derils  than  human  beings.  Thus  they  diAsred  among  each 
other  in  oplnkm.  A  strange  report  soon  spread  through  their  country  about  our  rlsit,  and  created 
great  talk  and  comment  among  all  the  Indians.  This  we  hsTe  heard  sereral  Indians  testify ;  wliich 
we  hold  to  be  a  eerlain  proof  that  the  Dutch  were  the  first  discorerers  and  settlers  of  New  Nether- 
land.  For  there  are  Indians  in  the  country  who  remember  over  one  hundred  years ;  and  so,  if  there 
had  been  any  other  people  there  befbre  us,  they  would  hare  known  something  of  them ;  and  if  they 
had  not  seen  them  themsetres,  they  woidd  at  least  hare  heard  of  them  fttmi  their  forefkthers.**— Van 
der  Donck*s  Deseripdon  of  New  Netherlands  page  S,  the  first  edition  of  which  was  published  at  Am- 
sterdam in  r«M ;  snls,  p.  501,  note.    An  imperfect  translation  is  tn  ii.,  N.  T.  R.  S.  CoU.,  i.,  137. 


NOTB  C,  ChaPTBE  n.,  PAOB  44. 

Heckewelder,  in  continuing  his  traditionary  account,  as  given  in  note  A,  says :  **Ths  vesssl  ar- 
rlred  the  season  fbUowing  [1610],  and  they  were  much  rejoiced  at  seeing  each  other.  But  the  whttes 
laughed  at  them  (the  natives),  seeing  they  knew  not  the  use  of  the  axes,  hoes,  fte.,  they  had  glvsA 
them,  they  having  had  these  hanging  to  their  breasts  as  ornaments,  and  the  stockings  they  had  madrr 
use  of  as  tobacco  pouches.  The  whites  now  put  handles  or  helves  in  the  Aunner,  and  out  trees  down 
before  their  eyes,  and  dug  the  ground,  and  showed  them  the  use  of  the  stoekings.  Here,  they  say,  a 
general  laughter'ensued  among  the  Indians,  that  they  had  remained  flv  so  long  a  tins  ignorant  of  the 
use  of  so  valuable  implements,  and  had  borne  with  the  weight  of  such  heavy  metal  hanging  to  thsir 
necks  for  such  a  length  of  time.  They  took  every  white  man  they  saw  for  a  Mamtto,  yet  inferior  and  . 
attendant  to  the  tuprenu  ManUtOt  to  wit,  to  the  one  which  wore  the  red  and  laced  clothes.'' 

"  Familiarity  daily  increasing  between  them  and  the  whites,  the  latter  now  proposed  to  stay  with 
them,  asking  them  only  for  so  much  land  as  the  hide  of  a  bullock  would  cover  or  eneompass,  which 
hide  was  brought  forward  and  sjH'ead  on  the  ground  before  them.  That  they  readily  granted  this 
request ;  whereupon  the  whites  took  a  knifo,  and,  beginning  at  one  place  on  this  hide,  eut  it  iq>  into 
a  rope  not  thicker  than  the  finger  of  a  little  child,  so  that  by  the  time  this  hide  was  cut  up,  there  was 
a  great  heap.  That  this  rope  was  drawn  out  to  a  great  distance,  and  then  brought  round  again,  ao 
that  both  ends  might  meet.  That  they  carefhlly  avoided  its  breaking,  and  that  upon  the  whole  it 
sacompassed  a  large  piece  of  ground.  That  they  (the  Indians)  were  surprised  at  the  superior  wit 
of  the  whites,  but  did  not  wish  to  contend  with  them  about  a  little  land,  as  they  had  enough.  Thai 
they  and  the  whites  lived  for  a  long  time  contentedly  together  {  •ithAugh  these  asked,  ft«m  time  to 
time,  more  land  of  them ;  and,  proceeding  higher  up  the  Mahieanittnk  [the  plaos  of  ths  i>f«ii*«iM,  or 
the  Hudson  River],  they  believed  they  would  soon  want  all  their  country."— Heokewelder,  in  ii.,N. 
Y.  H.  S.  Coll.,  i.,  73, 74 ;  Moulton,  394, 2A5.  Mr.  Heckewelder  adds,  with  reference  to  this  part  oC 
the  tradition,  that  the  Dutch  turned  their  classical  knowledge  of  Queen  Dido  to  a  profitaUe  accoont; 
and  the  legend  of  the  Delawares  has  ftimlshed  material  for  much  mirthAd  remark.  It  appears,  how- 
ever, from  the  Holland  Documents,  i.,  155,  that,  in  the  summer  of  1036,  Director  Peter  Btinuit  pur^ 
chased  the  whole  of  Manhattan  Island  flrom  its  aboriginal  owners  for  sixty  guilders,  or  about  t 
ty«four  dollars  of  our  present  currency.— See  antet  page  164. 


NOTB  D,  CHAPTBI  IL,  PAOB  51  ;  CHAPTJUI  Vm.,  PAOI  SS7. 

Almost  every  writer  on  American  history  that  I  have  met  with  appears  to  have  taken  pains  to  per- 
petuate the  stereotype  error  that  **  Lord  Dslawarr  tonchsd  at  this  bay  in  his  passage  to  Virginia  in 
1610.**  The  earliest  authority  who  seems  to  slllrm  this  thsory  is  Sir  John  Harvey,  the  governor  of 
Virginia,  who  told  De  Vries,  in  16S3,  that  Lord  Delawarr,  **  several  years  before,"  had  been  driven 
in  there  by  foul  weather,  and  had  found  it  innavigable  by  reason  of  its  being  "  Aill  of  banka.**— jinfo, 
page  837.  But  Harvey  does  not  mention  ths  partiouiar  year ;  and  very  probably  he  confounded  Del- 
awarr with  Hudson,  whose  mate's  Journal,  printed  by  Pvehas  tai  1615,  states  it  to  be  *«ftill  of 
ahoals."  On  the  other  hand.  Lord  Delawarr  himself,  in  bis  letter  of  the  7th  of  July,  1610,  gMng  an 
account  of  his  voyage  to  Virginia,  not  only  makes  no  msntion  of  that  bay,  or  of  his  spproaohing  it, 
but  expressly  speaks  of  his  first  reaching  the  American  coast  on  *'ths  6Ch  of  June,  at  what  time  wa 
made  land  to  the  Mmikward  of  our  karior,  the  Cheai<qiioek  Bay."— Mus.  Brit.  Har.  MS8.,  7000,  p.  56 : 
alao  recently  published  in  the  IntrodueUon  to  Straohey's  Virginia  Britannia,  p.  xxlv.  The  first  Bu- 
rt>pean  who  is  really  known  to  have  entered  the  bay,  aifter  Hudson,  was  Captain  Saarasl  Argall,  who, 
aAer  losing  Sir  George  SoiBsni  hi  a  fog,  on  the  ttth  of  July,1610,  whUs  on  his  way  to  Beramda,  ran 

Bbb 


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754  HISTOKT  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

lowwd  Cape  Cod,  wbenco  lie  aailiid  wjutherly^  umil,  ou  iha  evemBg  aC  Uwj  Sfltta  or^B««M,  lie  found 
illEDwLf  twtlT*  JuB^tiH  JV^Dft  ItJft  Jarwy  coial.  *'  Thfl  wjtoD-iujd-iwtiHieih  by  day,  in  1h»  nwrniof  ;* 
sag^*  Ajj*11  In  his  juorna;^  *'  I  w»*  fajre  abeBud  tbe  fborei  uid  bjf  nine  of  iUo  ckodkc  I  CKoe  to  an  in* 
obof  La  nine  finhoma^  wi  a  vay  gnal  *a|f,  wharo  I  found  ftraai  tUire  of  i^ewplo,  wlii*li  were  rery  kiudf 
imd  promlac4  mo  thBt  1I15  neit  day  in  ibe  morning  Hioy  woukt  trlng  nia  greai  sLoti}  of  tome,  Biiti 
aiioat  Jiins  of  the  clocl^  i^at  mglit,  tlie  wirul  abine^  t^om  Houihwaai  to  caul  ooitbeaM,  Ho  1 1^  eiglie4 
prtHsntb  f  and  4tiap«d  tny  courso  to  Cmpo  CUark'a,  TWe  buy  lytih  in  weaturiy  ibirly  la^mt^  Aim* 
ibc  aflulbpm  cape  ai  It  lyetli  S.s.E,  jind  N.N.W.*  and  in  thirik-fiigbt  doKrq«  twentie  iaLDUi«a  of 
nonberly  latitude,  Tb»  elgbt-andrtweailtili  day,  abum  four  of  tUe  ctocJse  iti  lljft  attomognT  I  fW 
ant^g  a  (rtat  many  of  aUoala  aboul  twelTo  k4|{U«a  to  tbe  soutbwiird  of  Cape  Lff  Wmr.  *  *  *  Th* 
iMi^and4birtL«tli«  at>out  eflvna  ef  lb*  elocke  at  night,  1  came  W  qh  aai^bor  uader  Cap*  Cbarlea*"— 
Affail'if  JournnI,  in  J*urcbaa,  iv.,  p,  17e^1  Sirachey,  In  bJa  **  Virgloka  BrUmunJw^"  p,  *3,  aJate*  i&at 
Argall,  '*  in  the  lolltudo  of  ihlrty-ninc,  discovered  anatlw  gf>adly  bay^  into  wliicli  fell  many  taylM  «l" 
n^e  ADd  large  nvera,  mid  wliicb  nilahl  miiko  proriii«  of  somu  weaUffly  paaaafitr ;  tli«  Cape  wbsiMf, 
Id  IblTty  eight  an  J  a  baif,  he  caUcd  Cape  Lb  Wnrf."  Tble  la  nearly  ih«  latitude  of  Cipc  Hialopen, 
Ac  ArgaU  TOmaiiiEd  at  anchor  during  ihe  Blngio  day  he  wa*  at  ijie  Cb|i«^  he  proliaMy  d«HT*d  hla  tit- 
fo(ruati«n  aiiont  tli^  largp  rivera  wbtch  emptied  law  tbe  hay  fVom  the  Indian*  wlt»  vjatied  bint  IT 
Lofd  Pelawarr  bad  hefti  there  two  montba  before,  Ar|fall  would  no  dooht  haTO  ao  etati^  iU 

The  name  ofL^^rd  Delnwarf,  howrfefT  Beem#  lo  have  he^Jil  given  to  the  bay  aocrn  oilcfwant  bj  ih€ 
%lPflnlan(i.  ArgoJl,  m  Ms  Irtter  t*  Nlcholne  I! awe*,  of  Juno,  lflJ3,  tn  Purcha*.  1^,^  iT64j  apeais  Of 
bitplng  to  And  "  a  cut  out  of  th*;  bottom  of  our  hay  Ithe  ChosttpeakeJ  Into  Ihe  Delawiirc  Bay  .'^  Lord 
DaUwarr  th«tn  certainly  did  not  hinwelf  enier  the  hay  '^  on  hla  p&Baage  to  Virginia^  la  I^IO  f  a]id  it 
vronld  avotn  that  he  ncYer  dld^  althfir  on  bin  rctujrt  to  England  in  llMI,  or  oit  bla  ae^ond  Toyagf  in 
l^\B*  ItL  "  Royal  ^d  Noble  Aothorar  11]  1^,  quoted  by  Bancrolt,  i.,  i^%  Lord  Delawair  ia  v&id  to 
have  died  ^t  Wherw«li,  iti  HampHbiTo,  Jane  7th,  10 IS.  On  the  other  hand,  he  is  atatM  lo  ba^e  stUled 
a  BHond  time  rt-om  Bxigland  in  April,  ](S18,  In  a  Hhip  of  two  bundrt'd  BTid  fifVy  tonsj  for  Virginia.  Al 
S  atnt  M  tc  ha  ol '«  hft  was  **  bono  r ahl  y  ffea  atcd."  **  Departing  from  the]  1 1- 1^  th-^y  w«ro  long  troubled  wtth 
contrary  wliids^  m  ir**cA  fifli*  mtmyJtU  xi^k,  thtrti^  died,  &me  tff  u-hkk  ti:iu  Litat  ^lOftffraW*  lord  0/  nobU 
jiift«*ry.  The  roat  rt finish od  thonnelvei  on  that  coaat  of  New  England  with  Ash,  ftiwl,  wood,  and 
water ;  and^  after  aiiteen  weeks  apenl  at  »ea,  arrlTed  In  Virginia,*'— Purchaa,  It,,  lT7i ;  Smithy ii,,  M. 

NoTS  E,  CJiAPTBa  IL,  Piea  54  3  Chai-tji  V,,  paoe  140 ;  Chapter  XIY,,  tads  4SS. 

FLontagonet'a  New  Albion^  Hejiln'a  Cosraoj^phy,  and  SiUh^a  11111(017  Of  Vlrgiaia*  an;  ib*  aTMhor- 
Ltie«  Off  ttUa  Hto^  of  ArgaU'a  vialt  to  Manhattan.  Flsntagenet,  after  stating  Argall^a  eipeditloa 
agaitiat  ihv  Pronrh  nt  Nova  Scotiat  adtln  that,  on  tbolr  retarn,  Ihey  ''landed  at  Manbatu  Uk,  m 
MmlBon'A  Klver,  wlicfe  tbny  found  (War  hoQHoa  built,  ftn'3  a  protended  Dutf-h  governor  nnder  tbc^  We»t 
India  Company  of  AmHtflTdain,  Phare  or  part,  who  kept  trading  bnala,  and  irQC^lng  wiUi  Uli?  Indian*  i 
Isnt  thfl  aaid  tJalghts  ttild  htm  iheir  coqimlmloii  wo,*  to  espol  him  and  all  alSen  intradera  on  his  maj- 
«ry'a  dotiilnliti^  atid  terrlioTiea— this  being  part  of  Virginia,  and  tlda  riT*T  an  Engt.^  di««Tny  of 
Ifndton.  an  Engiinhtnan,  The  TJutchman  contented  I  hem  fbr  tbeir  cborge  and  voyafft,  audj  by  hia 
fetter  mnt  to  Virjinla  and  recordedt  HObmitted  hlniiteir,  compaajf,  and  {Jantatlonj  to  lila  mjyiBB*j  a^id 
to  the  govem&r  and  goyemm«nt  of  Virginia;*— In  li.,  N,  Y.  H.  i.  Collocl.t  1 1  JS+,  Mr.  Jolwsm  *e«M 
natiailcd  of  the  t^th  of  tbe  story  ^  while,  in  11.^  N.  Y.  U.  S,  Coll,^  iL^  3S6,  Mr.  Marphy  aaaerta  tbal  H 
IB  ^*  a  puri)  fieiion,  unMUtained  hy  any  good  author liy— though  aome  WTiterii  bava  heaped  op  e)t»- 
tlona  oil  ihi}  aubjer-i— 4j)dlM  aa  ftilJy  ausceptlble  of  diflproisf  b»  any  statement  of  that  eharaeler  at  that 
^iaily  period  cita  b^/* 

Singularly  cii£4Jgh,  the  only  authoritioa  wbich  afllnn  tbe  Ch^i  of  Ai|CairB  Tiaft  to  Maiibattaa  are 
printed  EuglUh  work  a,  Tba  oarlkst  ofthewi— ftom  whlcb  the  ei  tract  given  than  im  taken— is  the 
**  New  Albitm"  of"  Beauchamp  Plmatagenetf  Eai^r.,*'  pabllahed  in  Jt^bf^  This  imp<vltig  pjieadoityni 
waa  ttBiUined— pfobahly  by  JSu  Bdmimd  Plowden^  who,  a«  grvnt^e  of  the  Iriati  pwtetn  Ibr  "  PJdW  At* 
bion"  in  L&34rbadaa  obvloua  interest  adverse  to  the  Dmeh  title  to  New  N«Mh<:riaiiid:;  tmtr^^,  :f^i. 
AUnoat  tttf  whole  of  MantBgenei^a  work,  in  fact,  la  now  generally  held  to  he  a  mas?  tif  absurd  and 
inconaUtent  error*-  Hey  110,10  hi  a  **  CoamographyT'*  which  waji  publl^bnd  in  I  $84,  aecma  ofuHy  to 
have  fldoptod  and  etabellifihed  Fianiagenet'a  faocjftil  accounl.  StStU'a  lllJitary  of  YlxgiJila  waa  litip- 
inolly  published  at  WiUiamabnrg,  In  1747.  Thta  author  la  aald  by  Mr.  Jelf&raon  to  haro  had  aeeeaa 
to  the  carLy  n^ojwda  of  Virginia^  which  wen  burned  at  Wllllamsburgr  Sttth  alao  deri-red  astlitaaev 
f^om  the  MS£,  of  Sir  John  Rdndolpht  and  ft-om  the  papera  of  the  Lofidoti  Oompany,  w!it<;b  wrrt  jmt 
Into  bin  liandA  by  Colond  Will  lam  Byrd^  the  prenident  of  th«  courrelL  Tbeae  papera,  tiowever.  aa 
Stith  mcntloni  in  hla  preface,  comfi>en£«  with  i(?19.    If,  lntt«ad  of  eopytng  tfei^nu,  av  he  does  xJnposi 


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APPfiNBIX.  755 


wort  tmim^mUk^m^rMMmiliSbt  wiblwioa  of  tfce  Dmeh  at  Mmlwttap,  latd  to  hare  been 
*^iHM  t»  ViiiMft  iMd  MeonM,»  be  iftMld  tave  Mltted  the  ^eedoD. 

b  io  •stnonUavy  Ihei  ao  EosUiAi  or  DiMli  8lMe  Paper  eorroboratea  the  stoiy.  Smith,  who 
•peaks  of  Jffallfa  iMiy  agatnettiM  Fwauh  i»  Aeadia,  4oee  not  aUode  to  his  entertiif  our  harbor. 
PinaW|iihoeaa>e<l»cUyfh)mViiitelalolla^attantoM»(anle,p.93),^  not  allude  to  any 
I  vlatt  of  Aifallr  whe^  aaeteofet,  was  not  knighted  VBtO  lOlt.  In  the  applleatiotf  made  to 
iL,l»Mtl,tk»Daiehara  stated  tahsvo  entered  there ''the  year  past,"  that  i«,m  lOSO 
(asii^  p-MO).  As  AifBll  WBSoneorihe  parties  to  this  appUeation,  had  he  (bond  the  Dutch  seated  at 
Ifartiatiin  In  IMS,  and  had  be  eaitrbed  ^elr  stAmisslon,  he  wooid  no  donbc  hare  stated  thoee  fhets 
in  IL  Ovlate  Mm  Maso^ln  his  Iscter  to  81r  iota  Coke,  of  the  11th  of  April,  103S  (ante,  p.  915), 
stales  that  Aifall  wns  ^prqwrlsf  to  gs  and  alt  down  In  his  let  of  land  upon  the  eaid  Manahana 
River  at  Ihs  saaM  thne  when  Ihe  Dutch  intnided,  whieh  cansed  a  demur  In  their  proeeedlsg,**  and 
ladaoedlhePriTyComMlPBinstraeMonstoCaiMottlnietl;  butMaaon  aeems  to  avoid  atatlng  that 
AfgaU  was  ever  Mtaally  at  Mhnhattan^  N.  7.  OoL  MBS.,  lU.,  17.  Bradlbrd,  In  hia  correapondence 
in  1097,  tlHiigh  hsaltndasts  AtgalPa  sarprtse  oTthe  Preach  eetHements  In  16IS,  aaya  nothing  about 
hioalleisdTialtlolfanhatt«i(SNte,p.  170).  Neither  does  Hanrey  reftr  to  the  aul^t,  in  hia  con- 
Tonatlansia  IdH  with  Do  Vrtes  at  Jhweeiewn,  ^iiere  the  submission  of  the  Dutch  is  aaid  to  have 
been**reeotded*(«ile,p.9Sr>.  neeOenoeoCaBtheeeauihdrltlea  upon  thla  point  ia  Tory  aigniflcant, 
aady  ts  me,  esndnalvs  against  the  inlh  of  the  story. 

In  Ihet,  Dennv  sppeais  to  hvrs  been  the  Ibm  Bngtiahman  that  erer  rtalted  Manhattan  (anu,  p. 
M);  and  ttwsold  seem  tint  PkattageBetmaanfhetnred  his  statement  of  ArgalTaTiait  out  of  Dermer*a 
authentte  aeeoania  The  original  anihoarlty,  whldi  other  writers  hare  fbUowed,  la  thus  very  suapi- 
ckma }  and  the  absenes  of  oOelal  doeunwntary  eridenoe  increases  dlatruat  to  such  a  degree,  that  I 
can  not  help  retfectlng  the  whole  atory  of  ArgaH'a  proceedings  at  Manhattan  as  (hbuloua. 

Hot*  P,  CKArran  U.,  paoi  5f. 

Beytlift  Coamogra|<hy,  book  Ir.,  part  11.,  Is  the  authority  upon  whieh  Moulton,  844,  and  (VCalla- 
ghsa,  I.,  77,  make  ttds  atatenient.  BeyUn,  howerer,  seema  merely  to  have  taken  and  embelliahed  hia 
aeesant  ftom  the  ftbulona  **  Beanchamp  nantagenet,**  whose  wonh  as  an  authority  haa  been  con- 
sideredinnstsB.  Bancroft,  lL,f7!l,  la  teryeautioua  In  Ida  text,  but  la  leas  guarded  in  his  note,  that 
"the  records  prove  there  was  no  Ibrt  at  Albany  till  1015.**  Pather  laaae  Jogucs,  who  waa  at  Man- 
hattan In  lOtt  (sate,  p.  IM),  says.  In  his  letter  of  the  M  of  August,  1040,  that  '*  the  fbrt  was  begun 
in  the  year  1015.*^— Doe.  Hlat.  N.  T.,  ir.,  18.  It  would  seem,  however,  that  there  waa  no  fort  or  re- 
doubt on  Manhattaa  Mand  ante  after  Dermei^  vMt  in  1010,  or,  peitiaps,  until  after  Director  Min- 
uit*8  arrival  In  lOlO.  If  there  had  been,  Dermer  .would  no  doubt  have  etated  the  Ihet,  which  he  does 
not.  Neither  Do  Laet  nor  Waaaenaar,  who  apeak  of  a  fbrt  up  the  river,  aay  any  thing  about  a  Ibrt 
er  redoubt  on  Manhattan  umB  1010.— Doc.  Hiat.  N.  T.,  Ui.,  17, 85, 41.  There  la  no  fbrt  marked  there 
apaathe««PlcarathrsMai>»ori«4,whlebgtveathedlneMlonsofPortNaaaauon  CasUe  Island; 
nor  upon  tie  papwanp  of  lOlO^— 100801000  and  I.  Btuyvssant,  in  hia  letter  to  the  goTemment  of 
Maiiehnsrtts.  of  the  10th  of  Apifl,  1000  (Alb.  Racw,  xxtv.,  107;  osTtf,  p.  078),  while  epeaking  of  the 
banding  efthe  fbtt  (Naassn)  on  Castle  laland  la  1014  (urieaesaaly  atatod  to  have  been  in  1019),  aaya 
notMnt  of  any  other  iirtlieallon  until  after  the  West  India  Company  took  possession  of  New  Neth- 
erlandhiian.  InhlslataHrtsCoieBelNieolls,of  the  Id  of  September,  1004  (Smith's  New  Toit,!., 
1ft  I  m^  p.  740),  hs  speaka  only  of  *«  s  mUt^ri,*  which  the  Dutch  built  <«  up  the  North  River,  near 
Pert  Oraafe.** 

Oatiw  ott«  haadyla  a  awwrlal  of  the  Weot  India  Company  to  the  Statea  General,  on  the  15th  of 
Oeieber,  MM  <fleL  Doo.,  U^  186),  it  Is  aflrmed  that,  '^before  the  year  1014,  one  or  two  small  Ibru 
were  baUt**  on  the  North  or  Maorltlas  Rtver.  In  another  ofidal  report  of  the  company,  on  the  I5th 
of  Deeember,  1044  (EoL  Doe.,  M.,  808),  It  Is  ststed  tftat,  »^bre  the  11th  of  October,  1014,  "two  smaU 
flnita  were  ttsowaap  there,  on  tkf  Seatk  sad  JWnik  JttMTt,  against  the  roaming  Indiana.**  Both  of 
theae  iiiteawiafa  are  careleaBf  vagus,  aad  contradictory.  The  first  does  not  mention  that  either  of 
the  "oassrtws**lbrtssa  the  North  River  was  at  Manhattan;  the  second  refbre  the  position  of  one 
of  theai  ts  the  Sm/tk  Mrm  That  rt«rer,  however,  waa  not  ezirfored  by  the  Dutch  until  1010;  and 
there  does  not  appsar  to  hata  bsaa  any  fiMTt  fhere  untH  1018. 

Non  O^  GttAPm  IL,  PAsas  00,  00;  OsAFiva  m.,  pasi  78. 

A  Swatarilt  of  this  paMihawat  map.  Which  I  fbund  In  the  arehlvee  at  the  Hague  in  1841,  la  In  the 
SoeNiaryofStaie*ssiles  at  Albany.    It  is  the  most  ancient  map  extant  of  the  State  of  New  Tork« 


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756  fflSTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

«nd  the  naigliborinf  tecritory  to  tlM  BDtth  sad  eMt,  aad  to  pvobiMy  Iht  omio  wlikkD*  LMt  (JUL, 
cap.  rUi.)  refers  ss  the  "  chart  of  this  qtiaXer,  nukde  some  yssrs  sines.**  Tlw  sss  eofcsts  bstwssi 
Ssndy  Hook  snd  Penobscot  sre  exhibited  with  grest  esvs  and  detail;  and  the  portion  nettta  sad  east 
of  Cape  Cod  will  compare  rery  fhvorably,  ia  point  of  aconraoy,  with  Smith's  Map  of  New  Englaad, 
first  pablished  in  1610.  Plymouth  harbor  is  deseribsd  by  Ittoek  as  '*  Crane  Bay,**  and  Boston  har- 
bor as  "  Fox  Haren.*'  Salem  Bay,  north  of  MarUehssd,  is  laid  down  as  **  Connt  Hsndrleh's  Bay." 
Westward  of  the  *' Vlacke  Hoeok**  or  Caps  Malebanrs,  the  coast  is  delineafsd  as  sxplorwi  by  Blosk, 
and  afterward  desorib«l  by  De  Last.  Nantucket  is  esUed  *«  VUslaad,"  and  Bfaitha's  Yineyvd  **  Tta- 
d,**  between  which  and  the  main-land  lies  the  "Znydsr  Zes."  Sontli  of  Iks  Tszsl  Is  "^Hsadriek 
Christiaensen's  Island,**  now  called  "  No  llan*s  Iiand."  The  wsstem  entianwi  to  Nimfansstt  Bay 
It  marked  as  <'  Sloup  Bay,**  and  Point  Judith  as  ths  <*  Wspsnoos  Point.**  To  the  sonthwafd  are  *<  Ad- 
riaen  Block's  Island**  and  the  "  Yisschsr's  Hook,*?  or  Montsnk  Point,  ths  sasten  sztisaiity  of  Long 
Island.  The  coasU  and  rirers  of  Connecticut  ax^  dsUneated  with  eomparatiTs  aoourasy.  Mienhat* 
tan  is  represented  ss  an  islsnd  witkout  tmgfmi;  but  at  the  uppsrpart  of  ths  **  River  of  tbs  Prines 
Maurice**  Fort  Nassau  is  described  and  marked  as^iwn  an  island.  Aeoording  to  tks  npoits  of  ths 
Maquaas  or  Mohawks,  the  French  ^n  rq;Mresented  as  eominf  with  shsUopn  to  ths  upper  psrt  of  their 
country  "to  trade  with  thenL"  WUh  regard  to  ths  parts  south  of"  Ssnd  Point**  or  Ssndy  Book,  snd 
the  "  Round  Hills**  or  Highlands  of  Neresinck,  ths  msp  is  Tsry  imperfect.  Tim  Delaware  is  repre- 
sented as  a  smsll  riTcr  running  due  west  into  the  land,  a4  latitude  N°  SiK;  and  netthw  Cape  May  nor 
Cape  Hinlopen  are  named.  That  rirer  was,  in  (hot,  first  axplorsd  in  1616,  by  Coraelis  Hsndrickssn, 
who  seems  to  hsTe  presented  to  the  States  Oensrsl,  ths  same  year,aaother  mnp,  which  is  < 
in  note  I.  At  latitude  S70, "  Cape  Charles'*  and  "  Cape  Hrary**  are  laid  down  on  the  | 
aa  defining  "  the  Inlet  of  Chesspeske  ;**  and  "  New  Netherland**  is  represented  as  extandlBg  fhn  Ylr^ 
ginia  to  the  PencdMCot,  east  of  which  liss  "  a  part  of  New  France.** 

.The  original  parchment  msp,  which  is  executed  in  a  very  beantiAil  style  of  srt,  was  found  in  ths 
archives  at  the  Hague,  annexed  to  a  memorial  to  the  States  General  by  the  "  Directors  of  New  Neth- 
erland,** on  the  18th  of  August,  1616.  I  think*  however,  thst  it  was  actually  prepared  two  years  bs> 
fere,  fttMn  the  data  Aimished  by  Block  immediately  after  his  return  to  HoUsnd,  and  that  it  \ 
ited  to  their  High  Mightinesses  /or  the  first  time  on  the  11th  of  October,  1614.  The  c 
on  that  day  to  the  directors  of  New  Netheriand  expressly  refers  to  a  "  Figurative  nu^  prepared  (gs- 
transflgeert)  by  them,**  which  detcribed  the  aea-coaste  behoeen  the  fortieth  emd  tkefortg^^  degrtee 
qf  latitude.  This  the  parchment  map  dearly  does.  It,  moreorer,  defines  New  Netherisnd  aa  lying 
between  New  France  and  Virginia,  according  to  the  description  in  the  charter.  Ths  map  was  pnb- 
ably  presented  a  second  time  on  the  18th  of  August,  1616,  when  the  directors  of  New  Netheriand  ex- 
hibited their  memorial  ft>r  a  ftirther  charter,  to  which  it  was  found  attached ;  see  note  L 

NOTX  H,  ChAPTXR  III.,  PAGB  76 ;  CHjLPTIB  XX.,  PAOI  710. 

According  to  HoUand  Document,  xi.,  86,  the  States  General,  on  the  7th  of  Fehraary,  166S,  dsdand 
that,  "fer  more  than  fifty  years,"  the  Dutch  had  "had  possession  of  Foits  Orsnge  and  Bsopm." 
From  this  it  would  seem  that  there  was  a  Dutch  fert  at  Ssopus  ss  eariy  as  16U.  Moulton,  p.  S47,re- 
marks  thst,  about  1617,  some  Hollanders  sre  said  to  have"  ssttled  among  the  Bsopna  Indians."  Ds 
Tries,  however,  who  sailed  up  the  river  in  1640,  was  at  Esopns  twice,  but  he  does  not  apeak  of  any 
Dutch  settlers,  or  of  sny  Dutch  fint  having  been  there,  which  he  would  aearoely  hatrs  omitted  to  slais 
if  the  feet  had  been  so  (oste,  p.  SOS,  806).  No  flirt  or  ssttlement  is  rcprsssnted  there  la  VisseiMr^ 
map  of  1655,  or  Van  der  Donck's  of  1656.  In  feet,  no  Europeans  seem  to  have  been  settled  at  **  At^ 
karkarton,*'or  Esopus,  untU  165S ;  and  it  was  not  nntU  1656  that  a  villsge  wss  pslisadsd  and  a  brtdgs 
thrown  over  the  Esopus  Creek,  at  what  is  now  Kingston  (sale,  p.  636, 640).  Ths  vfliags  was  inoor- 
porated  and  named  "  WUtwyck**  or  WUdwyck  in  1661 ;  and  soon  afterward  a  "  Ronditt**  sr  Rsdonbt 
was  built  upon  the  bank  of  another  creek  a  few  miles  ofi;  nesr  its  oonlnenee  with  the  river  (mie,  p. 
600, 710 ;  Doc.  Hist.  N.  Y.,  iv.,  41, 45, 60,  74, 87).  This  creek,  which  is  now  known  as  tte  •«Roa- 
dout,**  was  originally  called  the  "  Esopus  Kill.**  Upon  Visscher*s  and  Van  dsr  Doacfcfs  avps  it  is 
represented,  as  the  "  Great  Esopus  River,*'  communicating  with  the  iq^mt  watna  of  ths  Dslawsie, 
and  emptying  into  the  North  River  by  two  mouths,  ths  sonthemmost  at  Rondoat,  and  ths  nartheia- 
most  St  Saugerties.  This  error  would  scarcely  have  occurred  had  that  part  oT  the  oooatiy  beoa  thsa 
ooctq;>ied  by  Dutch  inhabitanta.  What  is  now  called  the  "  Esopus  Creek**  was  fiimMriy  known  as  the 
**  8ager*s  Kill**  (ante,  p.  714 ;  Doc.  Hist.  N.  Y.,  iv.,  48, 77, 81).  It  runs  sontheastoriy  from  nsar  Pfas 
HiU,  on  the  border  of  Delaware  county,  toward  Mart>lslown  in  Ulster  coaa^,  wImps  it  bonds  to  the 
north,  and,  flowing  past  Kingston  (st  which  point  it  spproaehss  the  Rondout  within  aboat  Ihios  wtSkmi 
throu^  a  picturesque  vaUey,  empties  into  the  river  at  Saugerties.    One  of  the  hiaaalMs  of  Ois  Boa- 


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APPENDIX.  757 

dovt  (wlkk^  tfMfW  ivlMM  tt  MMfres  file  WaOklll,  if  lOOMtiiDes  eaUed  the  Rowndale)  riM«  near  tbe 
border  of  Snniran  eonnty,  wlMnee  it  nma  aortheaiterly,  tliroo^  T7l8ter  county,  to  the  North  Rirer. 
The  Buhee'  Kill,  one  of  the  tribotariea  of  the  Neresin^  Rtrer,  rises  near  the  same  point,  and  flows 
southwesterly  toward  Port  Jenrls.  The  anelent  Indian  trail  Arom  the  Mlnnisincks  followed  the 
eonrse  of  these  two  streams ;  and,  in  selecting  the  rente  of  the  Delaware  and  Hndson  Canal,  the 
white  man's  seienee  bnt  arailed  itsdf  of  the  red  man*s  sagacity. 

Non  I,  Ckaptib  m.,  pacss  73,  78,  and  80. 
Besides  the  map  on  parchment,  mentioned  in  note  G,  I  fbnnd  in  the  archives  at  the  Hague  a  map 
on  peper,  a  (he  simile  of  which  is  also  deposited  in  the  ofllce  of  the  Secretary  of  State.  For  varions 
reasons,  some  of  which  are  giren  In  N.  Y.  H.  S.  Proceedings  fi>r  1645, 18S-199, 1  think  that  this  par 
per  map  was  first  presented  to  the  States  General  when  Captain  Hendricksen  appeared  before  them, 
on  the  l8lh  and  19th  of  August,  1618,  to  solicit  a  new  grant  of  trading  privileges  for  his  employers, 
the  '^-directors  of  New  Nethertand."  The  map  is  about  three  foet  long  and  one  foot  wide.  It  com- 
prehends the  sea-coast  from  the  southern  point  of  the  Delaware  Bay  (neither  of  the  capes  of  which 
are  named),  at  latitude  thirty-eight  degrees,  to  the  coast  of  Long  Island,  in  latitude  40°  3A'.  **  Eyer 
Haven,"  or  Egg  Harbor,  is  distinctly  marked,  and  **  Sand  Hoeck**  is  laid  down  as  in  40°  30^ ;  its  act- 
ual latitude  l>eing  now  ascertained  to  be  40°  28^.  Within  Sandy  Hook  the  ahorM  of  New  Jersey  are 
represented  as  inhabited  by  the  '*  Aquamachukes.'*  North  of  these,  about  Newark  Bay,  are  the  "  San- 
gicans,**  east  of  which,  about  Bergen  Point  and  Jersey  City,  are  the  "  Mechkentiwoom.''  Above  the 
"  Manhattes**  (where  there  is  no  indication  of  a  fort)  are  the  "  WikagyP  tribe,  opposite  to  which,  on 
the  west  side,  are  the  '*  Tappans.**  The  country  inland,  to  the  northwest,  is  represented  as  "  een  ef- 
fbn  velt,"  or  a  level  Add.  Then  comes  a  "  rack**  or  reach  in  the  river,  marked  "  Haverstro,"  or  Oat 
Straw,  north  of  which  is  the  "Seyl- maker's  Rack."  The  bend  at  CaldweU's  is  marked  as  the 
"  Cock's  Rack,"  and  that  at  West  Point  as  the  "  Hoogh  Rack."  Next  sbove  is  the  "  Yosse  Rack," 
which  extends  to  **  KUnkersberg,"  or  Butter  Hill,  the  northernmost  of  the  Highlands,  on  ths  west 
side  of  the  river,  opposite  PoilepeTs  Island.  Then  follows  the  "  Yisscher's  Rack,"  and  on  the  east 
side  of  the  river,  about  Fishkill,  is  marked  the  tribe  of*'  Pachami."  Above  what  is  now  Hyde  Park, 
an  island  is  laid  down  in  the  middle  of  the  river,  answering  to  the  present "  Baopus  Island."  On  the 
west  sMs  of  the  river,  aboctt  the  present  eoonties  of  Ulster  and  Orange,  is  the  tribe  of'*  Waronawan- 
ka,"  and  on  the  opposite  shore  of  Dutehess,  which  is  marked  *'  Esopus,"  that  of  the  *'  Woranecks." 
Beyond  Upper  Red  Hook  is  the  *<  Baeker  Rack,"  and  near  C^atskill  "  Jan  Plesier's  Rack."  The  flats 
and  shsllows  in  the  river  are  distinctly  marked.  About  Hudson  is  the  **  Klsver  Rack"  or  Clover 
Reach,  north  of  which  is  the  **  Ooster  Hook."  Then  follow  the  "  Hinne  Hook,"  the  "  Herten  Rack," 
and  "  Kinder  Hook,"  or  Children's  Hook.  The  river  above  appears  fhll  of  small  islands  as  flu*  as  ths 
*<  Steur  Hook,"  or  Sturgeon  Hook,  about  Yan  Wies*  Point.  North  of  this  is  an  island,  marked  *'  Nas- 
sou,"  meaning  Fort  Nasseu,  on  Castle  Island.  The  names  of  these  reaches  and  points  on  the  river 
seem  to  have  been  given  after  the  building  of  Fort  Nassau  in  1814,  as  none  of  them  are  marked  upon 
the  parchment  map.  On  the  east  side  of  the  river  are  the  **  Mahicans ;"  inland  on  the  west  side,  and 
on  the  banks  of  the  Mohawk  River,  are  the  wigwams  of  the  "  Maqnaas."  South  of  the  Maqnaas  are 
the  "  Canoomskers,"  represented  as  inhabiting  the  shores  of  a  **  Yerseh  Water"  or  lake,  from  which 
a  river  appears  to  flow  southerly,  until  it  empties  into  the  Delsware  Bay,  near  its  southern  cape.  Along 
the  banks  of  this  river  are  represented  the  several  tribes  of  Senecas,  Gachoos,  Capitannasses,  Jotte- 
ess,  and  Minquas.  Upon  ths  map  is  a  memorandum  to  the  following  eflbet :  **  Of  what  Kleynties 
and  his  oomrades  have  communicated  to  me  respecting  the  loeslity  of  the  rivers  and  the  places  of  the 
tribes  which  they  found  ta  their  expedition  flrom  the  Maqnaas  into  the  interior,  and  along  the  New 
River  downward  to  the  Ogehage  (to  wit,  the  enemies  of  the  aforesaid  Northern  tribes),  I  can  not  at 
present  find  any  thing  at  hand,  except  two  rough  drafts  of  maps  relating  thereto,  aecurauly  drawn 
in  parts.  And  in  deliberating  how  I  can  best  reconcile  this  mm  with  the  rough  drafts  of  the  inform- 
ations, I  find  thst  the  places  of  the  tribes  of  Senecas,  Gachoos,  Capitinasses,  and  Jotteeas  should  be 
marked  down  considerably  fymher  west  into  the  cmutry."  The  Delaware  River  appears  to  have 
been  explored  as  for  north  as  the  Schuylkill,  which  is  represented  as  flowing  in  ttom  the  west.  On 
the  Jersey  shore,  above  the  month  of  the  river,  Is  the  "  Sauwanew**  tribe ;  above,  and  on  both  sides 
of  the  river,  are  the  "  Stankekans  ,*"  and  inland,  north  of  the  Schuylkill,  are  the  *<  Minquas." 

Upon  a  eomparison  of  this  map  with  De  Last's  desoHptlon  of  the  reaehes  of  the  North  River,  in 
chapter  ix.,  there  appears  to  be  a  remarkable  harmony  between  them.  De  Laet's  is  a  little  more  de- 
tailed respecting  the  iq>per  part  of  the  river ;  but  I  think  that— besides  the  parchment  map— he  must 
have  had  this  or  one  taken  fttm  it  beflnre  him  when  he  wrote,  as  he  follows  its  error  in  representing 
Esopus  on  ths  sast  side»  among  ths  Waoranaefcs.   Ths  portion  inland  from  Fort  Nassau  is  of  course 


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7^8  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 

represented  very  inaceonitely.  Wbo  wu  tbe  isllior  oCUm  BMBonnteM  «ioi«d  ib«v«  («Ueii  to 
written  in  the  coort  hand  of  tbe  time),  tnd  who  "Slejnties  and  hia  ooBuradaa"  ware,  linre  are  no 
present  means  of  ascertaining.  Probably,  however,  the  latter  were  the  three  traders  sTthe  eoaipaiiy, 
who  are  stated,  in  Hoi.  Doo^  i.,  61,  to  have  left  their  empk^riMnt  aaoog  tlM  llohawks  od  MuhtwiM 
at  Fort  Nassau,  and  set  out  thence  on  an  "  expedition  into  the  interifor,  and  akNig  the  Ntm  Mpmt, 
downward  to  the  Ogehage,''  or  the  Minquaa,  hy  whom  they  were  taken  priaenen.  Theas  three  per- 
sons, Hendricksen  states  in  his  report,  he  ranaomed  fVom  the  Minqnas,  "giving  Aw  them  kettles, 
beads,  and  merchandise.'' 

It  seems  to  me  that  this  paper  map  waa  BMsat  t#  lllwcrala  Hendil^aan'a  exploratioB  of  the  Sooth 
or  "  New  River,**  Arom  its  mouth  up  to  the  Minq;aaa*  country,  where  he  ransomed  the  thras  eaptire 
aervants  of  the  company,  of  whom  he  speaka.  When  found  in  the  archives  at  the  Hagua,  lihe  BMp  had 
upon  it  no  mark  by  which  its  date  could  be  aaoertained.  A  part  of  the  upfet  comer  was  ton  eC 
Appended  to  the  memorial,  which  Hendricksen  presented  on  the  18th  of  August,  1616,  was  tanad  the 
parchment  map,  which,  as  explsfned  in  note  O,  waa  probably  first  preaented  by  Block  and  his  employ- 
ers on  the  11th  of  October,  1614.  That  map  ejdiibited  tlie  extent  of  the  Dutch  disooverlaa  ^  to  thai 
time,  and  repreaented  New  Netherland  as  extending  (torn  the  fortieth  to  the  forty-flfth  degree  oflaticnda. 
After  having  aerved  its  purpooe  in  explaining  the  original  bounda  of  New  Nethertand,  and  in  aidii^ 
the  passage  of  the  grant  of  the  11th  of  October,  it  was  probably  taken  back  to  Amsterdam  by  the  a» 
sociated  merchanta  who  had  caused  it  to  be  prepared.  When  Hendrickaen  arrived,  in  the  smwer 
of  1616,  with  intelligence  of  his  new  discoveries  on  the  South  River,  his  employers  probsUy  aBBSXed 
this  parchment  map  to  their  memorial  of  the  18th  of  August,  so  aa  to  exhibit  the  extent  ef  Now  Neth- 
erland at  that  time.  It  thua  became  a  record  of  the  Statea  General.  The  con^tany,  howevor,  wished 
to  obtain  another  grant  for  the  "  lands,  bay,  and  three  rivers,"  which  Hendriokson  had  Jut  aiplorad, 
"  situated  at  the  latitude  of  firom  thirty-eight  to  forty  degreea  ;**  and  the  paper  map  seems  to  asliibit 
these  additional  disooveriea. 


NoTx  K»  Chaptib  v.,  rAOXs  150,  152,  aro  153. 

Much  embarraasment  has  been  canaed  by  eonfoanding  the  Tiauaoer  KlIi,or  Tinker  Orsek,  with  the 
Cooper's  Creek,  in  the  translation  of  De  Yriea,  in  i.,  N.  T.  H.  8.  CoU.»  L,  SftS.  I  am  ittdSMad  to  lEr. 
Edward  Armstrong,  the  secretary  of  the  Pennqrlvania  Historieal  Society,  for  tho  iii— lanli  ■lisn  of 
some  recent  investigations  made  on  the  spot,  the  result  of  which  appeara  to  leave  littlo  room  to  doabt 
that  Fort  Nassau  waa  built  upon  the  point  of  land  at  the  Junction  of  the  Blf  and  JLittla  TiMher  Creeha, 
In  Gloucester  county,  New  Jersey.  As  Mr.  Armstrong  wni  probably  (hvor  the  iNihlie  with  arpaper  on 
the  subject,  I  abstain  firom  any  Amher  remark. 

The  statement  of  Wassenaar,  on  page  153  of  the  text,  respecting  Fort  WUheUans, "  ^lon  the  Prineeni 
Island,  formerly  called  the  Murderer's  Island,**  ia  ceitainly  very  obaoore.  Not  having  been  able  to 
find  any  other  mention  of  Prince's  Island,  or  Muderar's  Island,  in  the  North  River,  I  thougiit  it 
might,  perhaps,  be  what  ia  now  called  Esopus  Uand,  about  three  milea  above  Jiydo  Park  landing,  b 
the  autumn  of  1851, 1  accordingly  viailed  that  island  with  aome  firionda,  to  aae  if  wo  eoold  Had  any 
indicationa  of  a  fort,  aaid  to  have  been  "  garrisoned  by  sixteen  nnen  for  the  dafonoa  of  tha  fiver  be- 
low.** We  spent  some  very  pleaaant  houra  among  iu  aolitary  rocka,  but  fond  no  oitlafoelary  orl- 
dence  that  a  fort  had  ever  been  there,  although  we  all  agreed  that  it  would  be  an  adnlrabte  poattton 
for  a  work  to  command  both  chaanela  of  the  river.  It  haa  siaco  oeeofTod  lo  bm,  that  what  la  now 
called  Pollepel'a  laland,  }«st  sbove  the  Highlands,  might  havo  been  the  apel.  1  do  not  know  Ihtt  It 
waa  ever  called  **  the  Murderer*a  laland  ;**  but  aa  the  "  Murderer*a  Oraek^  snqiiias  iaio  tte  river  at 
Cornwall,  in  Orange  county,  nearly  oppoaite,  it  a^j  be  that  that  nansa  was  tioo  aiipUad  to  ^Maptf 


NOTI  L,  CHAPTSn  Vm.,  PAOB  968. 

In  this  and  in  preceding  ehaptera,  I  havo  traeed  tins  ndnutaty  the  circcmncaneea  of  the  earty  aet- 
tlement  of  Connecticut  by  the  Sagltoh,  because  it  is  due  to  historical  truth  Chat  the  qneotion  of  orig- 
inal Dutch  title  ahoold  be  ikiiiy  stated.  U  haa  ao  happened  that  most  orthehistorieo  which  refor  to 
thia  subject  have  been  written  by  New  AnglaBd  people,  who  aaem  to  havo  been  too  anch  Influenced 
by  their  Eaatem  preiudicea.  Parhapa  one  of  the  moot  nmaiftabte  examples  ooenrs  In  the  Reverend 
Doctor  Trumbull's  History  of  Conneetieut,  in  which  that  venerable  anthor  aaeerta  that  *^fhe  Dutch 
were  always  mare  intruders.**  A  candid  reviewer,  ia  the  year  1818,  has  so  ably  conaldorod  this  point, 
that  I  make  no  spology  for  quoting  a  fow  senlonoeo.  **Tho  confllctteg  elataM  of  the  two  colonies 
were  Uie  occasion  of  a  bitter  controversy  hstwoan  then  for  the  apace  of  thirty  years,  andnntfl  New 


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APPENIHX.  ^69 

Netherland  was  leduoad  to  rabjeetlon  to  tte  British  crown.  Baoh  pwty  atMrted  its  rig bts  with  ob- 
stiDEcy ;  and  both  raflbred  aeTerdy  fh>m  the  quarrel.  It  is  not  easy  to  discover  on  what  ground  the 
Dntch  were  regarded  by  the  first  tettlers  of  Conneetieat,  or  by  their  historian  CTrumbull]  at  this  day, 
as '  mere  intruders.*  They  had  made  the  first  diseovery  of  Hudson's  Rirer,  and  had  estabUshed  them- 
selves  npon  its  banks.  They  had  obtatned  a  patent  ftom  their  goremment,  who  had  as  good  a  right 
to  grant  lands  ^isoevteed  by  their  snbjeets  as  any  other  state.  This  patent  included  the  lands  on 
Connecticut  Rtrer,  and  this  rirer  was  dlseorered  by  them  beftnre  it  was  known  by  the  English  to  ex- 
ist, and  befbre  the  gram  of  the  New  England  patent.  After  trading  with  the  Indians  Ibr  sereral 
years,  they  pnrebased  sT  them  a  trad  of  land,  and  boilt  upon  it  a  fbrt  and  trading-house  befbre  the 
country  had  been  taken  possession  of  by  the  English ;  and  the  people  from  the  Plymouth  and  Massa- 
chusetts colonies,  when  they  attempted  to  drire  them  fhmi  it,  came  without  a  shadow  of  title  flrom 
the  Plymouth  Company,  under  whom  they  prolbssed  to  claim."— North  American  Reriew,  vol.  Till., 
page  85. 

NoTfe  M,  OBArm  IX.,  paob  175. 

That  the  predeeessors  of  Kieft  had  offlcial  minutes  of  their  proceedings  is  erident  flrom  the  allu* 
siotts  in  Albany  Records,  ti.,  50,  and  lU.,  Ml,  to  "  the  records  kept  in  Director  Van  Twiner's  time," 
With  the  exception,  howerer,  of  one  rolume  of  land  patents,  the  earliest  entry  in  which  is  dated 
ISth  July,  I5S0,  these  records  hare  disappeared.  The  colonial  and  provincial  records  f^om  the  time 
of  Kieft,  in  1638,  were  originally  kept  at  New  Amsterdam,  or  New  York,  whence  they  were  remored 
to  the  offlce  of  tiie  Secretary  of  State  at  Albany.  Moat  of  those  which  relate  to  the  Dutch  period^ 
down  to  1604— w«re  translated  in  1818,  and  compose  a  series  of  twenty-lbur  volumes,  quoted  as  the 
**  Albany  Records.**  A  great  number  ot  Dutch  and  English  records,  however,  extending  from  1630  to 
the  Revolution,  remained,  until  a  year  or  two  ago,  without  having  been  catalogued  or  assorted  Ibr 
consultation,  and  almost  inaccessible,  in  one  of  the  store-rooms  of  the  State  Hall.  These  are  now 
arranged  and  bound,  and  they  fbrm  more  than  one  hundred  large  volumes. 

On  the  Sd  of  May,  1880,  at  the  suggestion  of  the  New  York  Historical  Society,  the  Legislature 
passed  an  act  A»r  the  appointment  of  an  Agent  to  procure,  tn  England,  Holland,  and  France,  the  orig- 
inals or  copies  "  of  all  such  documenU  and  papers  in  the  archives  and  offices  of  those  governments, 
relating  to,  or  in  any  way  aflbcting  the  colonial  or  other  history  of  this  state,  as  he  may  deem  im- 
portant to  illustrate  that  history.**  Having  resided  some  time  in  Holland,  I  was  unexpectedly  hon- 
ored with  «  commissioB  as  Agent  under  that  aet.  To  avoid,  as  fbr  as  possible,  the  Inconvenience  of 
obtaining  doplieates,  I  then  spent  several  wedu  in  as  thorough  and  careftil  a  re-examination  as  there 
was  opportnnlty  to  make,  of  the  principal  Dutch  and  English  records  in  the  Secntary's  offlce.  Three 
years  were  snbssqasntly  occupied  at  the  Hague,  Amsterdam,  London,  and  Paris,  in  searching  their 
rolnminotts  rsoords ;  and  early  in  1845,  eighty  manuscript  volumes,  containing  nearly  five  thousand 
•eparau  doenmsats,  and  oompriaing  the  oflleiai  correspondence  of  our  colonial  governors  and  offl- 
eers,  were  added  to  the  archives  of  the  state  at  Albany.  Of  these  volumes  there  are  three  series. 
SUteen,  obtained  la  Holland,  which  relate  to  events  between  1603  and  1078,  are  called  "  Holland 
Documents  f  fbsty-ssven,  procured  in  En^and,  beginning  with  1614  and  ending  with  1789,  are  called 
**  London  Dociments  ;**  and  seventeen,  copied  at  Paris,  refbrring  to  occurrences  between  1031  and 
1768,  are  called  "  Paria  Documents.**  Catalogues  of  all  these  documents  were  appended  to  the  Final 
Report  of  the  Agent,  and  printed  as  Senate  Document,  Number  47,  on  the  96th  of  February,  1845. 
Among  the  Documents  of  the  Agency  are  many  of  acknowledged  Importance,  which  were  never  be- 
fbre known  to  ths  historian.  As  the  law,  however,  required  the  Agent  to  procure  all  papers  in  his 
judgment  **  relating  ta,  sr  in  any  way  aflbettng  the  oblonial  or  other  history  of  this  state,**  several 
were  obtained,  whkh,  at  first  sight,  soma  mighft  pronounce  to  be  superfluous.  The  chief  object  of 
the  agency— to  render  the  archives  of  ths  state  aa  complete  and  comprehensive  as  possible— was  al- 
ways kept  in  view ;  what  waa  deemed  to  be  a  sound  and  wise  discretion  was  exercised ;  and  in 
many  cases  where  doubts  arose  whether  similar  papers  might  not  already  exist  at  Albany,  either 
in  whole  or  in  part,  it  waa  thought  beat  to  secure  copies,  even  at  the  riak  of  apparent  redundancy. 
Under  an  act  paaaed  on  ths  86th  of  March,  1846,  aU  the  documents  procured  in  Europe  are  now  in 
progress  of  pnbUeation,  and  wiU  Ibrm  ten  quarto  voIubms,  entitled  **  New  York  Colonial  Manu- 
scripts.'* Several  of  theae  documenU  have  aleo  been  included  in  the  miscellany  called  **  Document- 
ary History  of  New  York,**  four  vtriumes  of  which  have  been  compiled  and  iaaued  under  the  direction 
of  the  Secretary  of  State.  It  la  greatly  to  be  regretted  that,  in  theae  volumes,  proper  refbrenees  have 
not  been  made  to  the  book  and  page,  or  to  the  particular  place  where  the  original  of  each  document 
may  be  foond,  and  that  a  chronological  order,  ao  deairable  in  the  arrangement  of  materiala  for  his- 
tory, has  not  been  obaerred. 


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76i0  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  TORE. 

NoTB  N,  Chaptek  TS..,  paoi  800. 

The  transoripta  of  FarreU**  releaM  to  Howe  on  the  19th  of  June,  aad  of  Lord  Stiriing'A  conflnnsp 
tlon  on  the  30th  of  Aognet,  in  London  Docomenu,  L,  00-S9,  and  in  N.  Y.  Colonial  MSS.,  iU.»  SI,  SS, 
are  both  dated  in  1639.  It  i«  dllDcult  to  aocount  for  these  palpaUe  anaehroBiams.  The  consideration 
stated  in  Farren's  releaae  to  Howe  and  his  associates,  "  their  being  drove  off  by  the  Dotch,**  coold 
only  refer  to  the  oTenta  at  Schont*s  Bay,  whioh  the  Albany  Reeords  fix,  beyond  dlqmte,  as  baTing 
hi^pened  in  1640.  Winthrop,  ii.,  page  i,  also  refors  to  the  occnrrence,  nnder  date  of  fimith  montb 
[June],  1640.  It  should  be  remembered,  however,  that  neither  Farrett*s  nor  Lord  Stirling's  instm- 
ments,  as  they  appear  in  the  "  London  Doomnents,"  were  transcribed  fitun  origmaU,  but  from  oep- 
te«  among  the  Board  of  Trade  Papers  in  the  State  Paper  Offloe  in  London.  The  originals  (if;  indeed, 
they  exist)  were  not  exhibited. 

Thompson,  in  his  History  of  Long  Island,  ii.,  53,  has  misapprehended  the  purport  of  Farrett's  pro- 
test of  theSSth  of  September,  1641,  which  is  quoted  at  length  from  Savage's  note  to  Winthrop,  ii., 
page  5.  That  protest  was  not  made  to  express  Farrett*s  **  disapprobation^  of  Howe*s  proceedings  as 
Sehout's  Bay,  which  he  had  himself  formally  authorized,  but  to  save  Lord  Stirling's  ri^bts  against 
Tomlins,  Xnowles,  and  other  English  "  intruders"  upon  Long  Island,  who  had  gone  there  witbou 
his  permission.  In  vol.  ii.,  page  58,  Thompson  states  that  Tomlins  and  Knowleo  were  "principal 
men  in  the  expedition'*  with  Howe.  These  persons,  liowever,  seem  to  have  had  nothing  to  do  at 
any  time  with  Howe  or  his  associates ;  the|r  names  do  not  even  appear  in  the  list  of  persons  who 
afterward  settled  themselves  at  Southampton,  as  given  in  vol.  i.,  p.  327,  328. 

William  Alexander,  earl  of  Stirling,  was  born  in  Scotland  about  the  year  1580,  and  soon  becanfS 
distinguished  as  a  poet  and  dramatist.  He  was  a  Ihvorite  with  James  I.,  who  knighted  him  in  1614, 
and  in  1631  granted  him  the  territory  of  Nova  Scotia.  In  1635,  Sir  William  published  a  pamphlet, 
entitled  "  An  Encouragement  to  Colonies,"  of  which  an  improved  edition  was  issued  in  1630,  under 
the  title  of  '*  The  Map  and  Delineation  of  New  England,"  Ac.  He  was  appointed  by  Charles  I.,  in 
1626,  to  be  Secretary  of  State  for  Scotland;  and  was  created  Earl  of  Stirling  in  1633.  Lord  StirUng 
is  generally  stated  to  have  died  on  the  13th  of  February,  1640 ;  but,  as  the  OU  S^2«  was  then  need  in 
Great  Britain,  this  means  1641  according  to  the  present  system  of  reckoning  the  year. 

Non  O,  Chaptsx  XII ,  paos  418. 
The  following  extract  gives  a  ourious  picture  of  eeelesiastical  aJIkirs  at  Manhattan  abont  the 
dose  of  Kieft's  administration.  "  What  religion  could  men  expect  to  find  in  a  person  CKieft]  who, 
from  the  8d  of  January,  1644,  to  the  11th  of  May,  1647,  would  never  hear  God's  word,  nor  partake 
of  the  Christian  sacramenU,  doing  all  he  could  to  estrange  from  the  Chureh  all  those  who  depend- 
ed upon  him.  His  ungodly  example  was  followed,  in  like  manner,  by  his  flseal,  Cornelia  van  der 
Hoyckeni ;  his  counselor,  Jan  de  la  Montaigne,  who  was  formerly  an  elder ;  the  ensign,  Oysbert  d» 
Leeuw ;  his  secretary,  Cornelia  van  Tienhoven ;  Oloff  Stevenson,  deacon,  and  Gysbrecht  van  Dyek ; 
besides  various  inferior  officers  and  servants  of  the  oompany,  to  the  soldiers  inctaafve,  who  all  net 
only  no  longer  frequented  the  administration  of  the  communion,  but  also  the  oongregatloB  to  hear 
God's  word.  During  the  sermon  he  allowed  the  offloegrs  and  soldiers  to  pracUee  all  kinds  of  noisy 
amusements  near  and  about  the  church,  suQh  as  ninei>ins,  bowls,  dancing,  singing,  leaping,  and  all 
other  profhne  exercises ;  yea,  even  to  such  an  extent  that  the  eommunleants,  who  came  into  the  tbtt 
to  celebrate  the  Lord's  Supper,  were  seofibd  at  by  these  blackguards.  *  *  *  During  the  preparatory 
service  (proef-pedicatie),  the  Director  Kieft  several  times  allowed  the  dmm  to  be  be^  The  clergy- 
man, Bogardus,  having  therefore  requested  that  the  dram  might  be  beaten  ssmewhat  Airther  off,  so 
as  not  to  disturb  the  hearers,  was  answered  that  the  drummer  must  ksep  on  there,  as  the  director 
had  given  him  orders.  The  cannon  was  discharged  sevwal  times  during  the  serrlce,  as  if  he  had 
ordered  it  out  a-Maying ;  so  that,  for  the  purpose  of  intamqiting  the  andienoe,  a  wretched  villainy 
happened  against  God's  church*  In  the  new  church,  which  was  built  in  the  year  I64S,  by  ooUeetioas 
from  the  congregation,  and  the  roof  made  tight  in  the  year  1643,  preaohing  was  allowed  dming  his 
time  until  the  year  1647,  when  the  Director  Stnyvesant  came."— Breeden  Raedt,  p.  SI.  The  probaUe 
authorship  of  this  work  Is  suggested  in  an  article  in  the  fntematlonal  Magaaine  for  Deeembsr,  18U, 
page  597,  and  in  a  note,  ante,  page  600. 

NoTX  P,  Chaptib  Xin.,  PAOI  446. 

The  Dutch  Declaration  of  Independence,  on  the  S6th  of  July,  1581— the  grandest  State  Paper  of  that 

age— abundantly  establishes  the  title  of  Holland  to  be  called  **  the  mother  of  froe  statss.**    The  orif- 


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APPENDIX.  761 

inal  la  gtren  at  teoftli  in  Um  Gioot  PUeaatbook,  L,  i6;  and  In  Van  MeCaran,  x.,  MO;  Bor.,  U.,  177; 
and  ocber  Datob  hiicoriea.  NaCbartBgnMC  witli  an  BngUaliTanion  ofthia  rranarkable  pqier,and 
oanaldertBf  tta  gnat  tepoftanea  in  daraloplnf  tka  progwaaoflnanan  liberty,  I  Tantare  to  tranalata 
anaztraot 

''Tra  Statm  GiindUL  of  tha  Unitad  Prorineaa  of  the  NetlMrianda  to  all  who  ahall  aae  or  read 
theae  preaenta,  Oreetiaf :  WHism&a,  It  ia  notorkma  to  erery  one  that  the  priace  of  a  country  ia  aa- 
tabliahed  by  Ood  aa  a  aararelcn  ehiefof  hia  rabjeeta,  to  delbnd  and  preserve  than  flmn  all  li^|nriaa, 
oppreaaiona,  and  violeneea,  aa  a  ahepherd  ia  ordained  fbr  the  defbnae  and  proteetion  ofhia  flock ;  and 
that  avbjeeu  are  not  created  by  Ood  fbr  tha  aake  of  the  prince,  to  be  obedient  to  him  in  all  that  he 
■—■ lanila.  whether  it  be  piona  or  impioqa,  jost  or  nnjnat,  and  to  aerre  him  aa  hia  alarea,  bot  that 
the  prince  ia  made  fbr  the  anbjecta  wtthont  whom  he  can  not  be  prince— in  order  to  govern  them 
•eeording  to  right  and  reaaon,  and  maintain  and  love  them  aa  a  fbther  hia  children,  or  a  ahepherd  hia 
flock,  who  riaka  hia  peraon  and  lifb  (o  delbnd  and  protect  them:  Amp  when  he  doee  not  do  this,  bnt 
inatead  of  dalbadlng  hia  ivbjecta,  aeeka  to  oppreaa  tham  and  deprive  them  of  their  privilegea  and  an- 
cient cnatoma,  and  command  them  and  uae  them  aa  alavea,  he  ought  not  to  be  deemed  a  prince,  but, 
« tyrant ;  and,  aa  auch,  hia  anbjecta,  aocerding  to  right  and  reaaoa,  can  no  longer  recognise  him  aa 
their  prince,  eapeoially  whaa  thia  la  done  with  deUberaUon  and  by  iha  authority  of  the  atatea  of  the 
country,  but  they  can  abandon  him,  and,  without  any  impropriety,  chooee  another  in  hia  place  aa 
ehkf  and  lord  to  daftnd  them."  [The  Declaration  then  reeitea  the  eenditicoa  upon  which  the  Dutch 
had  remained  in  allegianee,  and  tha  grievanoee  they  had  auflbred  firom  the  Spaniah  government.] 
**  Wi,  TBKBSPORi,  make  it  known  that,  fh>m  the  foregoing  eonaiderationa,  and  proaaed  by  extreme 
naeeaatty,  aa  we  have  aaid,  we  have,  with  one  accord,  deliberation,  and  cooaent.  Declared,  and  do 
Declare  the  King  of  Spain  depoaed,  tpMJiire,  flrom  hia  aovereignty,  right,  and  heritage  in  theae  coun- 
iriea,  and  that  we  have  no  longer  any  intention  of  recognising  him  in  any  thing  touching  the  prince, 
or  hia  aovereignty,  juriadiction,  or  domaina  in  theae  Low  Conntriea,  and  that  we  ahaU  no  longer  uae 
hia  name  aa  sovereign,  nor  ahall  we  permit  any  one  thua  to  make  uae  of  it.**  *  *  *  *<  For  vra  have 
.  firand  thia  to  be  expedient  fbr  the  good  of  the  country.  And  to  do  thia,  and  aU  that  may  reault,  we 
give  to  all  thoee  whom  it  may  concern  fbll  power,  authority,  and  special  command.  In  witneaa 
whereof  we  have  hereto  aet  our  aeal.  Given  at  the  Hague,  in  our  Aaaembly,  the  96th  day  of  July,  1981.** 

NoTB  Q,  Caimn  XIV.,  paai  407,  488;  Chaptse  XTL,  paoi  549. 
Tha  laeorda  of  tha  dty  of  New  Amatardam,  whkh  were  kept  in  the  Dutch  language,  have  reowtty 
been  tranalated,  by  order  of  tha  eoiporation  of  tha  dty  of  New  Yoriu  They  fbrm  Ave  mannaeripc 
volnmea,  which  are  referred  to  aa  **  New  Amatardam  Records,**  and  conaiat  chiefly  of  minutea  of  the 
legialative  and  judicial  proceedinga  of  the  burgomaatere  and  acbepena.  Sxtracta  flrom  them  have 
been  published  by  Mr.  David  T.  Valentine,  the  preeent  excellent  Clerk  of  the  Board  of  Aldennen,  in 
the  aeveral  annual  volumea  which  ha  haa  prepared,  under  the  title  of"  Manual  of  the  Corporation  of 
the  City  of  New  Tork."  Theae  intereating  records  have  been  a  great  aid  in  the  preparation  of  thia 
volume.  It  ia  obvioua,  however,  that  in  a  general  hiatory  of  the  atate,  many  pointa  of  local  intereat 
mnat  of  neceaaity  be  rather  glanced  at  than  exhibited  at  length.  A  wcU-written  history  of  the  city 
ia  much  deaired ;  and  it  ia  to  be  Ikoped  that  aome  competent  hand  will  tmdertake  the  gratefU  duty 
or  giving  tt  to  the  public 

NoTB  R,  Chaptbi  XX,  pa«b  7S1 
WiUmn  Pueduman  waa  bon  at  Haaaatt  In  Overyaael,  in  Mtl,  and  la  aaid  to  have  come  to  New 
Netherland  in  the  aame  ehip  with  Stuyveaant  in  1M7.  He  had  aix  children  by  hia  wifb  Catharine 
da  Bough,  one  of  whom  married  Nkhdaa  William  Stuyvaaant,  a  aan  of  the  director.  Hiadeaeend- 
anto  have,  at  varioua  ttoea,  held  reaponaible  publie  traata  in  tUa  atata,  of  which  they  now  fbrm  one 
of  the  moat  reapectable  Ihmiliea.  Beeckman  ranuined  at  Saopua  aa  aharilT  untU  1878.  When  the 
provinee  waa  leeoveaed  by  the  Dutch  in  187S,  he  returned  to  the  dty  of  New  Tork,  or  "New  Or- 
ange,*' of  whkh  he  waa  choaen  a  aehepen  and  burgouuatar.  In  1879  he  waa  made  alderman,  in 
which  poat  he  remained  until  tha  diviaioo  of  tha  dty  into  aix  warda,  in  1683 ;  after  which  he  waa 
dected  several  timee,untU  1686,  when  he  retired.  He  died  in  1707,in  the  d^ty-flfkh  year  of  hia  age. 
**  WiUlam**  and  **  Beekmsn**  Stieela,  In  tha  dty  of  New  York,  atill  prsasrve  the  aaaM  of  one  of  ita 
earUeotandBseatflUthAilmailaliatea(anli,p.948).  Hia  original  eouMnisaionaavice-director  on  the 
South  River  (eate,  p.  668)  ia  now  in  the  posaisslon  oT  hia  deaoendant,  James  W.  Beekman ;  and  hia 
topiohna  10  Stuyveaant,  targe  nmnbera  of  which  are  in  the  Secretary  of  Stale's  OfBoe,  exhibit  him 
aa  a  man  of  probity  and  liberal  viewa,  and  a  true  maud  of  raligton  and  adnratioo. 


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762  HISTORY  OF  THE  STATE  OF  NEW  YORK. 


N«TB  S,  COAPTSB  XJL,  P4M  711 

**T%om  ta^Mm  fallowing  w«n  eonseoted  to  by  tbe  psnoM  honuder  lOlbMribod,  at  cke  iov«c< 
or's  bouwery,  August  the  97th,  Old  Style  [September  6th],  1064. 

*'  L  We  eoasent  that  the  States  Oeoeral,  or  the  Weat  bAa  Coriipaay,  ihall  fireely  Injay  «U  Aans 
and  hoosea  (except  aoeii  aa  ara  in  the  Ibita),  and  that  within  -alx  maiilha  tlMj  ahall  ham  ft«t  tibetty 
to  traooport  aU  soch  ama  and  aaonMBitkm  aa  new  doea  betong  to  tbem,  ar  else  ttey  ahaH  ba  paid 
Ibrthem. 

**  n.  All  pnbUqoe  hooaea  ahall  coBtlnoe  fbr  the  naea  whleh  ihay  an  fhr. 

<«  m.  All  people  ahaU  atUl  continue  free  deateeas,  and  ahaH  tajay  their  landa,  howea,  goeda,  WlMB- 
aoerer  they  are  within  thia  eovntry,  and  dispose  oTtben  as  they  please. 

**IV.  If  any  inhabitant  ha;ra  a  mind  to  remore  hlaMeir,  he  ahaU  have  a  year  and  alx  woska  ftam 
this  diy  to  remore  htmseir,  wilb,  chUdrea,  aetranta,  gooda,  and  to  dlapoae  ofhia  landa  hen. 

**V.  If  any  oAcerofatata,  or  pnhUqne  minister  of  atate,  ban  a  Bind  to  go  fbrBngland,  they  ahall 
be  tranaported  fraught  free,  In  hia  mi^eaty'a  ftigotta,  when  then  frigotts  ahall  return  thither. 

«<  VL  It  is  consented  to  that  any  people  may  freely  cone  from  tiie  Netherlanda,  and  plant  fa  this 
eolMiy,  and  that  Dutch  Tcaaela  may  Ikaely  come  htther,  and  any  of  the  Doteh  may  freely  ratnm  heme, 
or  aend  any  aort  of  merehandiM  home,  in  raeaela  of  their  own  country. 

**yrL  All  ahlpa  ftmn  the  Netherlanda,  or  any  other  plaee,  and  gooda  tberehi,  ShsU  be  reoeind  here, 
and  sent  hence,  after  the  manner  which  fbrmerly  they  wen  beAm  our  coming  hither,  Ibr  ate  aneMha 


<*  vm.  The  Dat^  hen  ahaH  Injoy  the  liberty  of  Oeir  conadeaoea  la  tfrfne  worAlp  and  ^hoeh 
discipline. 

**  UL  No  Dutchman  here,  or  Dutch  ahip  hem,  shaH,upon  any  oecaalon,  be  pressed  to  aerre  in  war 
agaiaaf  any  nation  whataoenr. 

**X.  That  the  townsmen  ofthe  Manhattans  lAiaU  not  hanany  aeldlen  quartered  upon  them  wilh- 
mil  being  satMtod  and  paid  for  (hem  by  their  oAcen,  and  that,  at  this  present.  If  the  Ibrt  be  not  capa- 
Me  of  lodging  all  the  sohUen,  then  the  burgomasters,  by  their  oflloen,  shall  appoint  aome  housea  ca- 
pable to  receive  them. 

"  XI.  The  Dutch  hen  shall  inJoy  their  own  customs  conoemlng  their  Inheritances. 

"  XII.  All  pnblique  writings  and  records,  which  concern  the  inheritances  of  any  people,  or  the  reg- 
lement  of  the  church  or  poor,  or  orphans,  shall  be  careAilly  kept  by  those  in  whose  hands  now  they 
an,  and  such  wrltinga  as  particularly  concern  the  States  QeMrtd  may  at  any  Ume  be  asat  totheaa. 

**ZII1.  No  Judgment  that  haa  paaoed  any  JndlcatUn  hen  ahtf  be  called  hi  fueatica ;  b«t  If  any 
eoncetre  that  he  hath  not  had  justice  done  him,  if  he  apply  himself  to  the  States  General,  iha  otter 
party  shall  be  bound  to  answer  Ibr  the  supposed  li^fury. 

"  XTV.  If  any  Dutch  liylog  hen  shall  at  any  time  desln  to  traTslle  or  trafflqoe  info  En^and,  or 
any  place  or  plantation,  in  obedience  to  his  majesty  9t  England,  or  with  the  Indiana,  he  ahall  han 
(upon  his  request  to  the  gonrnor)  a  certificate  that  he  la  a  free  denlsen  of  this  place,  and  liberty  tods  ao. 

**XV.  If  it  do  appean  that  then  ia  a  pubHque  engagement  of  debt  by  the  town  of  tfie  Manhatoes, 
and  a  way  agreed  on  (br  the  satiafying  of  that  engagement,  it  is  agreed  that  the  aame  way  prepeaid 
snaH  go  on,  and  that  the  engagement  shall  be  satisfied. 

**  XVL  All  Inlbrlor  cirU  oflloera  and  magistratea  ahall  continue  as  now  they  an  (If  ihay  plsaae) 
till  the  customary  time  of  new  dectiona,  and  then  new  ones  to  be  chosen  by  themselres,  prorldsd 
that  such  new  choeen  magistrates  shall  take  the  oath  of  allegiance  to  hia  nu^jeaty  of  England  betoe 
they  enter  upon  their  office. 

<*xvn.  AlldiflbnoeeaofcaMraalaandbargatnamadebelbnthlBday,byaiiylathlaao«Mry,tfiaIl 
be  determined  aeeording  to  the  manner  ofthe  Dutch. 

**  XVni.  If  it  do  appean  ttnt  the  West  India  Company  af  Amntertsm  io  naBy  owa  any  amaa  of 
money  to  any  peraona  hen,  ft  Is  agreed  that  ncegnltlon,  and  aiher  dutlea  paytfUet^  sUpa  going  frr 
the  Netheriands,  bs  eontlnned  iir  sbc  months  longer. 

*'  xnc.  The  oflken  military,  and  aoldlera,  ahall  manh  out  with  tMr  anm,  dimna  hnailiig.aad 
couloun  dying,  and  ll|hted  matcbea ;  and  If  any  of  them  will  plaat,  they  ahall  have  fifty  acna  of  liM 
aet  om  Ibr  them;  If  any  of  them  will  asm  as  aarrania,  thay  ahall  eoottnos  with  all  aafrcy,  and  be- 
come free  denisena  afterwards. 

»XX.  Ifatany  thMehenaftartheXingorOnatBrttainaMltfisttatasoftheNedNrtaaddoi«ree 
that  thia  plaoe  and  eouatry  be  rsdettrend  into  the  hands  of  the  aald«iaisa,WhattaBafisr  hia  m^^ssHs 
wiU  aend  hia  commanda  la  redeUnr  it.  It  ahaU  Inmiedlaiely  be  dona. 

«<XXI.  That  the  town  of  Manhattana  shall  cbaoaa  dapntyea,  and  tlMaa  depotyaa  ahaU  han  free 
Toyces  in  all  pnblique  alRilm  as  much  aa  any  other  depmyea. 


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APPENDDL  763 

"  XXn.  ThoM  wbo  have  any  property  in  uy  hooMt  in  the  fbrt  of  Aurania  shall  (if  they  pleaee) 
•light  the  Ibrtifleaaona  there,  and  then  Injoy  all  their  honaes  as  all  people  do  where  there  is  no  fort. 

**  XXHL  If  there  he  any  soldiers  that  wiU  go  into  Holland,  and  if  the  Company  of  West  India  in 
Amsterdam,  or  any  private  persons  here,  will  transport  them  into  Holland,  then  they  shall  hare  a  saft 
passport  from  Colonel  Richard  NleoUs,  deputy  goremor  nnder  his  royal  highness,  and  the  other  eom- 
missioners,  to  de(tad  the  ships  that  shall  transport  soch  soldiers,  and  all  the  goods  in  them,  ftvm  any 
MrprissI  or  sets  of  hostility  to  he  done  by  any  of  his  mi^)estie*s  ships  or  snbjeets.  That  the  copies 
of  the  king's  grsnt  to  his  royal  highnees,  and  the  copy  of  his  royal  highness's  commission  to  Colonel 
Richard  NicoUs,  testified  by  two  commissioners  more  and  Mr.  Winthrop,  to  be  tme  copies,  shall  be 
deUrered  to  the  Hononrable  Mr.  Stnyresant,  the  present  goremor,  on  Monday  next,  by  eight  of  the 
elock  in  the  morning,  at  the  Old  Miln,  and  these  articles  consented  to  and  signed  by  Colonel  Richard 
NicoUs,  deputy  governor  to  his  royal  highness,  and  that  within  two  hours  after,  the  fort  and  town 
ealled  New  Amsterdam,  npon  the  isle  of  Manhatoes,  shall  be  delivered  into  the  hands  of  the  said 
Colonel  Richard  Nloolls,  by  the  service  of  snch  as  shall  be  by  him  thereunto  deputed  by  his  hand 
and  seal. 

"John  ni  Dickir,  Robir¥  Camr, 

Nicholas  Yarlstt,  Giorgb  Cabtwbioht, 

SaMVXL  MiGAPOLBNStS,  JOHlf  WlIfTHlOP, 

CoursLis  Stkbnwtck,  Samubl  Willys, 

Jacqubs  Coussbau,  John  Ptnchon, 

Oloft  S.  vaic  Cortlakdt,     Thomas  Clabkb. 

^l  do  consent  to  these  articles, 

"RicBABO  Nicolu.** 


Digiti 


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Digiti 


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GENERAL    INDEI. 


Ibenaqnit,  •tUdwd  by  the  Moh«wln,  704,  73S, 
788. 

Aetdemy  eontemplated  «t  New  Amsterdam,  510, 
588 ;  Mked  for  by  the  people,  640,  Ml ;  estab- 
liebed  at  New  Amaterdam ;  Cartlas  rector  of, 
055 ;  Luyck  rector  of,  5M ;  ita  high  reputation, 
5M ;  children  aent  to  It  tnm  Fort  Oraiife,  South 
Itiver,  and  Virginia,  5M. 

Achter  Cnl,  or  Achter  Kol,  818 ;  aae  Hackinaaek. 

Admiralty,  the  Dutch,  450. 

Adqoidnecke,  83S ;  aee  Rhode  leland. 

Adriaenaen,  Maryn,  at  Renaselaerswyck,  S44, 848 ; 
one  of  the  Twelve  Men,  817 ;  eoonaela  Kieft  to 
attack  the  earages,  850 ;  attache  aaTagea  at 
Corlaer'a  Hook,  851,  851 ;  qnarrela  with  Kieft, 
and  is  aent  to  Holland,  857 ;  retoms  and  eettlea 
at  Weehaken,  357.  s 

Aftica,  eolonlaU  allowed  to  trade  to,  540,  056. 

Agents,  aent  by  the  New  En^and  ComnUaaioners 
to  Manhattan,  551 ;  their  conduct  there,  65S, 
554 ;  on  Long  Island,  555. 

Agency,  New  Tork  Historical,  759. 

Agheroenae,  Indian  interpreter  at  Fort  Orange, 
406. 

Agriculture,  beginning  oi,  by  eoloniata  in  New 
Netherland,  150, 151. 

Ahaaimus,  or  Horaimna,  purchase  of,  90S ;  land 
near  sold  to  Planck,  S79. 

AiUeboust,  Governor  of  Canada,  imprisons  In>> 
quois,  645 ;  allows  the  Dutch  commercial  priv- 
ileges, 646. 

Albania,  New  Jersey  so  named,  745. 

Albany,  second  UUe  of  Duke  of  York,  735 ;  Fort 
Orange  named,  744 ;  the  Half  Moon  near  aite 
of,  81 ;  Treaty  at,  81,  744. 

Albany  Records,  750. 

Albert  "  the  Trumpeter,"  aent  to  West  Chester, 
599. 

Alckmaer,  siege  of,  44S. 

Alferd.  WiUiam,  his  depoaiUon  about  Stayve- 
sant^s  dedarationa,  555. 

Allegiance,  oath  of,  required,  291 ;  of  eolonisto  at 
Renaselaerswyck,  581. 

AUerton,  Isaac,  at  New  Plymouth,  180 ;  comes  to 
Manhauan,  365 ;  chosen  one  of  the  Eight  Men, 
365 ;  sent  to  aak  assistanee  fttmi  New  Haven, 
870 ;  hia  house  in  New  Amsterdam,  517 ;  in> 
forma  Stuyveaant  of  Cromwell's  ezpedltioa, 
083 ;  complains  of  JaequeC,  688. 


Alrioha,  Jaeob,  Dtraetor  of  New  Amstel,  081 
wrecked  near  Fire  Ialand,089 ;  at  New  Amstel, 
033 ;  Elder  of  church  at,  088 ;  reacuea  ahip- 
wrecked  Englishmen,  651 ;  death  of  wifo  of,  001 
insists  upon  conditions,  OOS ;  complains  of  Stay 
vesant,  003 ;  interview  with  Utie,  004,  005 
death  of,  070. 

Altona,  Fort  Christina  ao  naaMd,  081 ;  Hudde 
eommandant  at,  083 ;  Stuyveaant  at,  051 ; 
Beeokman  at,  008 ;  Maryland  Commiaaioners 
at,  097 ;  condUiOB  of,  009 ;  aurrendered  to  the 
City  of  Amsterdam,  710 ;  Chariea  Calvert  at, 
717 ;  tranaforred  to  Hinoyoaaa,  717 ;  surrender 
of,  744. 

Amboy,  or  Ompoge,  purchaae  of,  537. 

America,  name  d,  8,  note. 

AmerafooR,  oar  Flatlanda,  flrat  purehaaes  at,  865 ; 
represented  in  the  Nine  Men,  474;  Flatbuah 
near,  580 ;  its  incorporation  propoaed,  500  i 
sends  delegates  to  Convention,  571 ;  delegates 
forbidden  to  appear  again,  575 ;  loyalty  of,  579 ; 
mnnieipal  government  of,  580 ;  ehurch  service 
at,  581,  015 ;  Hegeman  achout  of,  093 ;  repre- 
sented In  Convention,  7S8 ;  loyalty  of;  7S7 ;  rep- 
resented in  General  Aaaeoihly,  7S9  ;  letter  of 
States  General  to,  780. 

Amldas,  Philip,  in  North  CaioUna,  5. 

Amaterdam,  City  of,  SO ;  Hudson  saila  from,  S5 ; 
Trading  Company  formsd  at,  00 ;  inhabiunts 
of,  103 ;  Chamber  of  West  India  Company  at, 
135 ;  oosmopolitan,  147 ;  daaaia  of,  S73 ;  burgh- 
erahlp  in,  19S,  458 ;  Stadt  Huya  of,  457 ;  bank 
of,  408 ;  orphan-house  of,  518 ;  sides  with  West 
India  Cooqwny,  539 ;  New  Amsterdam  to  re- 
semble, 540,  541 ;  colony  of  on  South  River, 
0S9-O83 ;  children  lh>m  orphan-houae  of,  053 ; 
altera  oonditlons,  001 ;  deairea  to  retranafor 
New  Amatel,  070,  OSS ;  appolnta  Hinoyoaaa  di- 
rector, OSS ;  modules  its  conditions,  007 ;  en- 
courafaa  a  Mennonist  colony  at  ths  Horeklll, 
096,  099 ;  obtalna  eeaaton  of  the  whole  of  the 
South  River,  714, 715 ;  fovemment  eatablished 
there,  717 ;  its  colonists  ledneed  by  the  En- 
glish, 744. 

Amsterdam,  Chamber  of  Weat  India  Company, 
New  Netherland  assigned  to  its  care,  148 ;  aee 
West  India  Company. 

Amaterdam  Fort,  begun  on  Manhattan,  105, 106 ; 
aee  Fort  Amaterdam. 


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INDEX. 


Amftardam  Trading  Comptny  fonn«d|  60 ;  chtu^ 
ter  to  (Vom  the  States  General,  6S,  08 ;  applies 
for  Airtiier  eharter,  80 ,  diaeolved,  80. 

Anchor  Bay,  67. 

Andiataroct^,  Indian  name  of  Lake  George  or 
Saint  Sacrement,  43S ;  see  Saint  Saerement. 

Annie's  Hoeck,  334 ;  settlement  at,  destroyed,  866. 

Anthony,  Allard,  schepen  of  |7etr  Amstevdam, 
548 ;  signs  letter  to  Ne«r  England  agents,  553 ; 
sent  as  agent  to  Holland,  550 ;  a  burgomaster 
of  New  Amsterdam,  507 ;  sent  as  conimiissloiier 
to  English  villages,  507. 

Apokeepslng,  aboriginal  name  of  I^keepsie,  75. 

Apoqninimy  Creek,  treaty  at,  607 ;  chosen  by 
Hinoyossa  as  the  site  fbr  capital,  717. 

Appeal,  right  of,  denied  by  Kieft,  41 1 ,  417 ;  by  Stvy- 
resant,  47S;  granted  by  States  General,  509. 

Ar^pelage,  56, 996. 

ArchlTes  of  Holland,  England,  and  Prance,  docfQ- 
ments  obtained  flrom,  759. 

Aressiok,  pnvhase  of,  SOS. 

Argan,  Cq>tain  Sanniel,  17, 51 ;  tn  Acadia,  5S,  58 ; 
his  alle^Ml  Tisit  to  Manhattan,  54, 754, 755 ;  his 
eomplaint  against  the  Dnteh,  140 ;  his  designs 
on  the  SoQth  Hirer,  MO. 

Argenson,  Goremor  of  Canada,  execvtes  Mo- 
hawks, 650. 

Annenperal,  on  the  Sprain  River,  8S0. 

ArmenTemis  purchased  by  Corssen,  S9t;  pur- 
chase eonflrmed,  485. 

Arratnians,  or  Renonstmnts,  104-111. 

Arminttis,  104-106. 

Artists,  eminent,  hi  Hollaad,  «tk 

Ashlbrd,  on  Long  Island,  971,  T63,  796 ;  see  Se- 
tanket. 

Aspect  of  Holland,  456,  457. 

Assembly,  General  Provincial,  meets  at  New  Am- 
sterdam, 7S8 ;  its  proceedings,  790-781. 

Assyreonl  and  Charistooni,  the  Dntdi  so  called 
by  tiM  Mohawks,  876. 

Atkaikarton,  name  of  Bsoptia,  596. 

Atonement,  Indian,  (br  Mood,  816, 848. 

Atottfho,  chief  of  the  B-ecjaois  conibderatloo^  84. 

Atrocities  against  Indian  prisoners,  880. 

BMs,  meaning  of  (he  Patch  phrtfse,  961,  nMe. 

Baehtamo,  god  oTBsDpns  savages,  781. 

Baeker,  Joost  Tevnissen  de,  his  oa«e,  400, 511. 

Backer,  Schepen  Jacob,  a  comiolsstoner  at  Heem- 
scede,  798 ;  a  delegate  fhmi  New  Amsterdam  to 
General  Assembly,  796. 

Baokeras,  Domine  Jehannes,  suoeeeds  Bogardns, 
408;  writes  to  Aigitif«s  at  New  Raven,  488; 
asks  his  disirisslon,  494 ;  forbidden  to  read  pa- 
pers ftom  pulpit,  004 ;  sails  for  HoHand,  597. 
508,519. 

Bakers,  regulations  for,  517. 

Baltimore,  Ceellins  Lord,  his  grant  of  Maryland, 
259 ;  sends  colonists  to«  958 ;  his  anthority  ab- 
rogated, 509 ;  designs  of,  on  the  South  River, 


668 ;  his  Utie  discussed,  606-600 ;  his  dem&ids 
Arom  the  West  India  Company,  685 ;  obtains  a 
eonflrmation  of  his  patent,  697;  appeals  to 
Charles  H.,  701 ;  his  son  Charles  visits  New 
Amstel  and  Altona,  717 ;  NicoUs*  opinion  of  bis 
right  to  South  River,  744. 

Baltimore,  George  Lord,  visits  Virginia,  951. 

Baliy,  N(r.,  at  Oos(-don,  0f$. 

Bank  of  Amsterdam,  463. 

Baptism,  number  of  children  for,  508 ;  difficulty  re> 
specting  form  of,  in  Liturgy,  64S,  643, 656, 661. 

Baptists  persecuted  at  Flushiog,  026. 

Bartow,  Arthur,  in  North  Carolina,  5. 

Barende-gat,  or  Bamegat,  De  Tries  at,  SS& 

Barent,  Covert,  armorer  at  Fort  Amsterdam,  400. 

Barentsen,  Peter,  superintendent  of  Indian  trade, 
159;  treats  with  Sequin  chief.  168;  returns  to 
Holland,  100. 

Bameveldt,  John  van  Olden,  advocate  of  Holland, 
94,  30,  61,  105;  takes  part  with  the  Remon- 
strants, 107 ;  his  death.  III. 

Bassett,  Robert,  at  Cost-dorp,  697. 

Battery,  the,  commanding  situation  of,  165, 106 , 
treaty  at  the,  400. 

Baxter,  George,  appointed  Sngllsh  secretary,  337, 
goes  with  expedition  to  SCaten  Idand,  386 ;  to 
West  Chester,  387;  one  of  the  patentees  of 
Gravesend,  411 ;  sent  with  letter  to  Eaton,  498; 
continued  as  English  secretary  by  Stuyvesant, 
466 ;  influences  English  at  Gravesend  to  side 
with  Stuyvesant,  500, 518 ;  one  of  Stuyvesant** 
aititrators  at  Hartford,  510,  591 ;  arrests  Van 
Dincklagen,  596;  opposes  Stuyvesant,  566;  a 
delegate  at  New  Amsterdam,  560, 571 ;  draws  up 
Remonstrance  of  Convention,  571-578 ;  aigns 
letter  to  Amsterdam,  566 ;  removed  firom  magis- 
tracy at  Gravesend,  506 ;  hoists  British  flag  at, 
597 ;  is  arrested  and  imprtsonied  at  New  Am- 
sterdam, 598;  escapes,  690;  his  ft«udu!ent  con- 
duct at  Gravesend,  690 ;  goes  to  New  England, 
690 ;  in  London,  795. 

Baxter,  Thomas,  contracts  fotr  palisades  for  New 
Amsterdam,  550 ;  turns  pirate,  and  is  arrested 
in  New  England,  565. 

Bayard,  Anna,  procures  Hodgson*s  release,  687. 

Bayard,  Judith,  Stuyvesant  married  to,  489. 

Bayard,  Nicholas,  clerk,  sent  to  Rustdorp,  080 : 
marries  Judith  Yarlett,  703. 

Beaver  Lane,  near  Fbrt  Amsterdam,  889 ;  garrt 
son  marches  down,  749. 

Beeck,  Paulus  van  der,  a  ddegate  from  Brencke 
len  to  the  Convention  at  New  Amsterdam,  571 

leeckman,  Cornells,  a  delegate  to  General  Assem 
My,  799. 

Beeckman,  WiUem,  schepen  of  New  Amsterdam, 
948 ;  signs  letter  to  New  Kngland  agenu,  558 : 
a  delegate  from  Breuckelen  to  the  Convemlon, 
571 ;  a  schepen  of  New  Amsterdam,  613 ;  ap- 
pointed Vice-director  on  South  River,  659 ;  pur- 
chases the  Rorekins,  663 ;  his  interview  witb 


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iNrax 


767 


yoMa, 68S;  nMt^PW  IfaitlMd ooaniiMlonon, 
697 ;  his  disagreemenu  with  HiwiyoMa,  6W{ 
entertains  Charie*  Calreit,  717 ;  Mka  finr  emp 
ployment  on  tbt  Nortii  BiTar,  716  $  la  appoint 
oommiaaary  at  Baopaa, Til;  aotiM af,  761. 

Beer,  exeiae  on,  eniMreed  ky  KiaO,  IM,  166. 

Beeran  laland,  Da  Viiea  at,  S6S ;  V^OEft  bittt  at,  400* 

Benerolenee  of  the  DMeli,  46Sk 

Bennett,  Rlctavd,  Goraxwr  of  Vll«tal%  Dnick 
agentaaentto,  661k 

Bentyn,  Jaeqaea,  eaawaeMmy  W ;  ana  of  iJto 
Twelve  Men,  317. 

Bergen,  pnrebaaad  by  Ptftaaaai,  MA }  diartar 
of,  601 ;  eliaiicli at, 609;  aepaaaantad  In  CoaveB- 
tlon,7n;  rapreaentedto  Oaaeral  Aiaawbly,  760. 

Berkeley,  Lord,  grant  of  New  Jaraay  to«  TI6, 745^ 

Berkelay,  Sir  Wiman,  eofamar  of  Virginia,  660, 
683 ;  agreea  to  a  treaty*  and  aanda  Moody  to 
New  Amsterdam,  683 ;  hia  correapondenoo  witk 
Stuyreaant,  684 ;  aeat  aa  agaat  to  BnglaBd,  701 ; 
hla  111  sneeeaa  tbara,  701;  kla  Inrotlier  eoTeta 
and  obtains  New  Jaraay,  736, 736. 

Bermuda,  Oatea  and  ftomaia  ai,  60;  Udiaa  pria- 
onera  aaot  to  ganreimor  oC;  306. 

BeTerarade,  Fort, 486;  aae  FWt  Bavaiafada. 

Bererawyck,  or  Befwwyak,  «»  tfM  Fayek,  M4 ; 
prograsa  of,  966 ;  etanreli  pfaDOMd  at,  343 ;  papib 
lation  and  ebwdi  at,  874 ;  trtfan  at,  376, 377; 
dispnte  aboot  Ita  joriadietloD,  401-404 ;  eooa- 
pany'a  ordara  lei^eatiBg  It,  6tt ;  llrat  selKtolr 
Biaater  at,  698 ;  boaeb-loopeM  at,  696 ;  ookNOflta 
at,  take  o•tl^  631 ;  ADther  trotibtao  at,  688, 684 ; 
dedarad  toba  indapaftdant  of  Renaaataarawyek, 
and  annexed  to  Fort  Onmg»,  686;  Ita  a0bira 
eonsldared  to  Holland,  689, 668;  Fatbar  Ponaat 
relieved  at,  664;  t6zea  at,  680,  601 ;  exeiae  of, 
fkrmed,  610 ;  Fatbet  L»  Moyaa  at,  611 ;  Mo- 
bawka  at,  611,  61t;  axaiaa  enlln«ad  at,  693; 
Upaiara  floed,  884;  new  ebareb  bailt  at,  684, 
606 ;  qneatlon  of  axsioe  aattlad  at,  640 ;  dala- 
gatea  fhwa,  at  Caagbnawaga,  660,  660;  baacbr 
looperaat,670;  grawtb  of  efaanh  at,  681 ;  oo- 
aaalonal  dearth  at, 601;  aaBallfpoitat,710;  plank 
fence  at,  711 ;  reyaaaated  in  Qmumi  Aaaembly, 
790;  Air  trade  at,  739;  aamader  af,  to  the  Bo- 
gllsb,  744 ;  aee  Fovt  Oraofa. 

^gotry  and  intolannea  la  New  Natbariand,  561, 
589,  617,  606,  834-680,  643,  666,  6«1,  706;  re- 
buked by  tba  Coaqpany,  and  ended,  707. 

Bikker,  Oerrit,  Ma  paalUaaiaiiiy  at  Fait  Caalntir, 
60S;  iarepactedloHoilfBid,6M;  ofdvaofWeat 
India  Company  reapaeting,  601. 

Bill  ofexebange,  Kleft'a,  diaboaend  by  Weat  la- 
dia  Company,  385, 383;  gtayraaani'a,  aeeavlTy 
required  for,  790. 

BlUou,  Pierre,  a  delegate  to  General  Aaaambly,  790. 

BUt,  Simon  van  der,  kiUed  at  Paalw'  Hook,  600. 

BiBBanbor,tbe,61,lll,440. 

Blanck,  Jnriaen,  acbipper,  380, 494. 


Blaawatt,  Captaiai  of  pitvatear  La  Garee,  303. 

of  tbe  Bay,  Wintbrop's  bark,  at  Manhat> 


Bloeckcr,  Jan  Janaen,  of  Meppel,  695,  note. 

Bleeuw,  Francois  le,  sent  as  agent  to  Holland. 
576 ;  bis  odsaion  diaapproved  of  tbeie,  567, 590 

Bloek,  Adriaan,  aaila  to  BCanhatian,  46 ;  his  ship 
burned,  48 ;  builds  yacht  Restless,  55 ;  explores 
Long  Island  Sound,  Ac,  56-58 ;  discovers  the 
Connecticut  River,  57 ;  at  Block  Island,  57 ;  at 
Rhode  Island  and  Maaaacbusetts,  58 ;  reiorns 
to  Holland,  50;  In  tbe  Arctic  Ocean,  65. 

Blom,  Domina  Hermanns,  657 ;  settled  at  Esopus. 
660;  bis  suceess  there,  710;  courageous  con- 
duet  of;  711. 

Blommaert^  Samuel,  a  member  of  the  Amsterdam 
Chamber,  148 ;  befHenda  De  Rasieres,  164, 167 ; 
buya  on  tba  South  River  with  Qodyn,  300 ;  a 
proprietor  in  Renaselaerswyck,  204. 

Boata  on  North  River  attacked  by  Indians,  364. 

Bogaerdt,  Herman  Mynderts  van  de,  commissary 
at  Fort  Orange,  410 ;  aucoeedcd  by  Van  Brugge, 
401. 

Bogaerdt,  Jooat  de,  on  tke  South  River,  320. 

Bogtrdua,  Domine  Everardua,  first  clergyman  in 
New  Netherland,  933,  243;  repriraanda  Van 
Twiller,  345;  marrlea  Anaetje  Bogardus,  266; 
aaaiplained  of  In  Holland,  273;  reUined  by 
Kleft,  878;  bia  daughter  married,  336;  warns 
Kleft  agaiaat  hia  rashness,  350 ;  denounces  the 
director,  417 ;  quarrels  with  Kieft,  418,  760 ;  ia 
sosceaded  by  Domine  Backerus,  468 ;  sails  for 
Enropa  and  ia  drowned,  472, 473. 

Books,  publication  of,  in  Holland,  459. 

BooBBiye'a  Ho(ric,  or  Bombay  Hook,  lands  near, 
purehaaed,  529 ;  conveyed  to  city  of  Amsterdam, 
600 ;  oallad  Caaaieaae,  632 ;  lands  near,  order- 
ed to  be  pnrchaaady  659 ;  purchase  made,  663  ; 
traaafiirrad  to  city  of  Amsterdam,  716, 717. 

Boscb-loopers,  or  runners  ia  the  woods,  at  Rens- 
aslaorawyck,  877,  523;  irregularities  of,  679; 
see  BevervTyek  and  Fort  Orange. 

Boaton  Harbor,  or  Fox  Haven,  visited  by  Block, 
58 :  Engliah  settlement  at  Shawmut,  or  Boston, 
908;  Conneeticut  sachem  at,  210;  Stuyvesant 
at,  718 ;  see  Massachnaetta. 

BovwisU,  Sir  Willian,  Engliah  miniater  at  tbe 
Hague,  hla  advice  to  the  Connecticut  people,  324. 

Boawyck,  or  Buahvrick,  incorporated,  693 ;  popu- 
lation 0^  603 1  repreaented  in  Convention,  722 ; 
represented  in  General  Aaaembly,  729 ;  letter 
of  Ststea  General  to,  730. 

Boundary  Una,  aettled  at  Hartford,  519,  520 ;  ob- 
jected to  in  Holland,  530 ;  negotiationa  reapect- 
lag,  544, 545, 601 ;  conllrmad  by  the  States  Gen- 
eral, 6A1 ;  denied  by  Maaaacbusetts,  654,  672 ; 
Amber  negotiationa  respecting,  685 ;  r^udiated 
by  Caaneoticut,  790, 730 ;  action  of  Statea  Gen 
era!  respecting,  780. 

Bout,  Jan  Evertaea,  at  Pavonia,  351 ;  one  of  the 


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768 


WDESL 


Eight  Men  in  place  of  Dam,  166 ;  one  of  tlw 
Nine  Men,  476 ;  eigne  memorial  to  the  8Catee 
General,  505 ;  appointed  a  delegate  to  HoOand, 
507;  at  the  Hague,  511,  91S;  retarne  to  New 
Neiherland,  516. 

Boawery,  Stuyresant'e,  at  Manhattan,  504 ;  Dom- 
ine  Selyns  at,  681 ;  capitvlatlon  agreed  to  at, 
742,  762. 

Bowne,  John,  a  ftrmer  at  Flashing,  fltrora  the 
Quakera,  705 ;  ie  arrested  and  banished,  706 ; 
retoms  under  favor,  707. 

Bradford,  Governor  William,  of  New  Plymouth, 
171 ;  his  correspondence  with  the  Butch  at  Man- 
hattan, 173-181 ;  entertains  De  Rasieres,  178 ; 
contrasted  with  Governor  Harvey  of  Virginia, 
227 ;  visits  Boston,  288 ;  in  old  age,  490. 

Brandy  first  given  to  savages,  SI ;  sale  of,  regu- 
lated, 9T7 ;  use  of,  general,  907 ;  distillery  for, 
on  Staten  Island,  SI  3 ;  Indian  chleft  opposed  to 
sale  of,  348 ;  sale  of,  prohibited,  466, 488 ;  regu- 
lations about,  disobeyed,  657, 650. 

Brazil  conquered  by  West  India  Conqtany,  185 ; 
trade  to,  406,  629. 

Bread,  weight  of,  regulated,  517. 

Bredenbent,  William,  a  delegate  to  General  Aft- 
sembly,  729. 

Breeden  Raedt,  48, 419,  509,  700. 

Breedon,  Captain  Thomas,  Governor  of  Nora 
Scotia,  at  Fort  Orange,  704 ;  accompanies  Cart- 
wright  to  Fort  Orange,  749 ;  at  treaty  with  the 
Iroquois,  744. 

Bressani,  Father  Joseph,  ransomed  flrom  the  Mo- 
hawks, 402 ;  relieved  by  the  Dutch  and  sent 
bacli  to  Europe,  402. 

Breuclielen,  Walloons  settle  near,  194 ;  Thomas 
Belcher  settles  at,  292 ;  Indians  near,  sttatAed, 
359, 954 ;  obtains  a  municipal  govenunent,  421 ; 
is  represented  in  the  Nine  Men,  474 ;  Is  rep- 
resented in  Convention  at  New  Amsterdam, 
571 ;  delegates  forbidden  to  appear  again,  575 ; 
ferry  to,  action  about,  of  municipal  govemmeot 
of  New  Amsterdam,  575 ;  loyalty  of,  579 ;  muni- 
cipal government  of,  580;  ehureh  servloe  at, 
581.  615;  measures  against  seetarianism  at, 
699;  Tonneman,  schout  of,  transftrred  to  New 
Amsterdam,  674;  Domine  Selyns  settled  at, 
680 ;  population  of,  680 ;  Hegeman,  ■ehovt  of, 
699 ;  represented  in  Convention,  722 ;  SeoCt's 
violence  at,  726 ;  represented  in  General  Assem- 
bly, 729 ;  letter  of  States  Geiteral  to,  790 ;  New 
England  volnnteera  at,  749. 

Brewen  revise  to  pay  arbitrary  excise,  396. 

Brewster,  Elder  William,  115;  emigrates  with 
the  Pilgrims,  127. 

Brodhead,  Captain  Daniel,  aeoompanies  Cart- 
wright  to  Fort  Orange,  749 ;  at  treaty  with  the 
Iroquois,  744,  note. 

Broen,  Thomas,  injured  by  the  Swedes.  485 ;  op- 
posed by  Prints,  51 L 

Broer,  Cornells,  906 ;  see  Van  Slydt. 


Bronek,  Jmum,  bvjt  KaMqss,  la  West  Chtisf , 
166,  296;  treaty  with  the  W96ktaMm§t6kM  m 
his  house,  330. 

Bronx  River,  168 ;  treaty  at,  830. 

Brooklyn,  name  o<;  154,  note ;  see  Breuekalen. 

Brouwer,  Jan  Jansien,  oouMsUor,  164, 201. 

Brugge,  Carl  Tan,  succeeds  Vaa  de  Bogaerdt  as 
eomoilssary  at  Fbrt  Oraiiis»401 ;  his  diAcuttks 
with  Sleehtenhorst,  491^194;  is  succeeied  by 
Labbatie,  613 ;  appotaMed  provlMtel  secretary, 
532 ;  superseded  by  appolnfmiwr  of  Van  Buy* 
▼en,  661 ;  tent  to  anraage  aflhln  at  Oostt-deip, 
626,627. 

Buren,  Cemells  Miasisn  tub,  144. 

Burgher  govemmsBts,  rise  of,  in  Holland,  191, 
316;  desired  by  eeiamonahy  la  New  Nether- 
land,  327,  316;  form  oi,  in  HoUand,  453,  494; 
demanded  for  New  NstherlMd,  905;  pnipoMd 
In  HoUand,  914:  eoneaded,  949;  etabiished, 
948,949. 

Burgher  guard  of  New  Aaistariam,  917. 

Burgher  right,  great  and  smaU,  at  New  Amslflr 
dam,  627-629 ;  OMdlfied,  639, 694. 

Burgomasters  in  HdUand,  493. 

Burgomastera  and  sdtqwns  ef  New  A  mstnriism, 
948 ;  prepare  the  city  for  defoase,  949, 960 ;  dis- 
agreement with  Stuyvesant,  960;  obtain  een- 
oessioas,  560 ;  aeod  detogales  to  ConveAtion, 
960 ;  demand  a  Landtdag,  970 ;  agree  to  a  r^ 
monstrance,  971-073 ;  letters  of,  to  West  India 
Company,  demanding  refoims,  979,  576 ;  nsw 
membere  of  Board,  978 ;  patriotic  oondnet  cC 
984 ;  Letter  of  West  India  Company  to,  987 . 
Reply  of,  968 ;  fresh  diffleulties  with  Stuyve- 
sant, 989,  990;  reeeire  dty  seal  and  eoat  of 
arms,  596 ;  new  uMmbers,  907 ;  appoint  SAd 
luyne  high  constable,  907;  Letter  of  West  India 
Company  to,  601 ;  demand  right  to  name  their 
successors,  613 ;  ask  for  a  burgher  schout,  60 ; 
demand  burgher  privileges,  018;  obtain  right  ef 
nomination,  639,  640;  ask  for  a  Latin  scheel- 
maater  from  Holland,  641;  arrangements  of,  for 
the-Latin  school,  656 ;  cause  mtp  of  New  Am- 
sterdam to  be  sent  to  Heiland,  674;  aak  for  a 
mint,  694 ;  reeemSMnd  fortlfleation  of  the  dty, 
737 ;  raise  a  loan  and  receive  exeiss,  727 ;  re- 
quest a  Landtdag,  718;  preparatloM  of,  for  da- 
fonse,  736, 738 ;  require  oomaaniestion  of  Nte- 
oUs*  terms,  739 ;  oppose  resistanee,  741 ;  pro- 
claim NicoUs  governor  of  New  Yctk,  743. 
Bushwiek  incorporated,  693;  see  Boawyck. 
Buzxard*s  Bay,  Ooendd  at,  7;  Btoek  at,  98; 
Dutch  tradera  at  Maiionet,la,  149, 171 ;  tndlnf- 
house  at,  177, 180. 
Byvelt,  Peter,  counaelor,  164. 

Cabot's  voyage,  1. 
Cahohatatea,  or  North  Rivera  72. 
Calvert,  Charlee,  visits  New  Arostel  and  AltoM, 
717. 


Digiti 


ized  by  Google 


INDEX. 


769 


Calvert,  Leonard,  in  Maryland,  253 ;  see  Balti- 
timore. 

Calvert,  Philip,  secretary  of  Maryland,  663 ;  In- 
tenrlew  of  Dutch  agents  with,  666 ;  made  gov- 
ernor in  place  of  Fendall,  697 ;  makes  a  treaty 
with  the  Indians  and  an  agreement  with  the 
Dutch,  697. 

Calvinism  prevails  in  Holland,  100-119;  of  the 
established  clergy  in  New  Netherland,  374, 614. 

Campaniufl,  the  Reverend  John,  accompanies 
Prinu  to  the  South  River,  379 ;  visits  Hudde, 
434 ;  returns  to  Sweden  and  translates  Luther's 
Catechism,  484. 

Canada,  3, 3, 16-16, 403, 646, 705 ;  see  French  and 
Jesuits. 

Canadian  govemn^mt,  its  gratitude  fbr  the  kind- 
ness of  the  Dutch,  403. 

Canals  in  UoUand,  457,  747. 

Cape  Bevechier,  Cape  Cod  so  named  by  Block,  58. 

Cape  Charles  named,  13 ;  Argall  at,  754. 

Cape  Cod  discovered  by  Gosnold,  7 ;  Hudson  at, 
36;  called  New  HoUand,  36;  Block  at,  58; 
named  Cape  Bevechier,  58 ;  Pilgrims  at,  130 ; 
boundary  of  New  Netherland,  144,  479,  497. 

Cape  Cornelius,  79. 

Cape  Henry  named,  13 ;  Lord  Delawarr  at,  50, 753. 

Cape  Hinlopen,  79. 

Cape  Inloopen,  meaning  of  name  of,  79. 

Cape  Malebarre,  17 ;  boundary  of  New  Netherland, 
35,  note ;  or  Vlacke  Hoeck,  Block  at,  58, 756 ;  the 
Mayflower  at,  1 30 ;  Dutch  name  for  Cape  Cod,  497. 

Cape  May,  65,  97. 

Capellen,  Baron  Hendrick  van  de,  sends  colonists 
to  Staten  Island,  534 ;  lands  purchased  for,  535 ; 
his  purchase  at  Nevesinck  declared  void,  536 ; 
opposes  Van  Werckboven's  "purchases,  537 ;  his 
colonie  laid  waste,  607 ;  sends  out  firesh  colo- 
nists, 641 ;  death  of,  and  purchase  of  his  estate 
on  Staten  Island,  692. 

Capito,  Matthys,  provisional  schout  of  Withvyck, 
714. 

Capitulation  of  Swedes  on  South  River,  605 ;  of 
New  Netherland,  742 ;  articles  of,  762. 

Capsey  Hoeck,  hand-board  for  vessels  at,  467, 490, 
500. 

Carleton,  Sir  Dudley,  English  ambassador  at  the 
Hague,  108  ;  his  memorial  respecting  New 
Netherland,  140,  148 ;  applied  to  by  Walloons 
in  Holland,  147. 

Carr,  Sir  Robert,  a  royal  commissioner,  730 ;  at 
Nyack  Bay,  738 ;  a  commissioner  on  the  English 
side,  743 ;  enters  New  Amsterdam,  743 ;  re- 
duces the  Dutch  on  the  South  River,  744 ;  his 
rapacious  conduct,  744. 

Carteret,  Sir  George,  grant  of  New  Jersey  to,  736, 
745. 

Cartier  in  Canada,  3. 

Cartwright,  Colonel  George,  a  royal  eommisslon- 
ar,  786 ;  at  Boston,  737 ;  sent  by  Nleolls  to  Fort 
Amsterdam,  738 ;  a  commlstioner  on  the  En- 

C  CO 


glish  side,  743 ;  enters  New  Amsterdam,  748 : 
reduces  Fort  Orange  and  makes  treaty  with  the 
Iroquois,  743,  744. 

Caslmir,  Fort,  529 ;  see  Fort  Caslmlr. 

Castateeuw,  on  Long  Island,  365. 

Castle  Island,  Fort  Nassau  built  on,  55 ;  fbrt  de- 
stroyed, 81. 

Catechism,  the  Heidelberg,  103, 105, 106, 110, 463. 

Catholics,  Roman,  in  Holland,  102,  458,  459 ;  in 
Maryland,  853 ;  in  New  Netherland,  345,  374, 
408,  645,  749. 

Catskill,  Hudson  at,  39,  33 ;  see  KatskiU. 

Cattle,  first,  sent  to  New  Netherland,  158 ;  landed 
at  Nutten  Island,  159 ;  at  Manhattan,  167, 184. 

Caughnawaga,  Father  Jogues  at,  433 ;  Mohawk 
castle  at,  659 ;  conibrence  at,  659,  660. 

Cayugas,  83 ;  desire  religious  instruction,  044. 

Chalmers,  George,  his  Political  Annals,  42,  63. 

Chambers,  Thomas,  settles  at  Esopus,  536 ;  aban- 
dons it,  607 ;  returns  to  it,  647 ;  his  imprudent 
conduct,  657 ;  his  courageous  behavior,  711 ;  a 
delegate  to  the  General  Provincial  Assembly, 
739. 

Champlain,  Samuel,  in  Canada,  16,  17;  founds 
Quebec,  18 ;  discovers  Lake  Champlain,  18,  35 ; 
at  Onondaga,  68-71 ;  Ids  death,  344. 

Characteristics  of  the  Dutch,  461-464,  747-750. 

Charles  I.,  his  accession,  161 ;  his  reply  about 
New  Netherland,  314 ;  grants  charter  tor  Mary- 
land, 353 ;  establishes  plantation  board,  357 ; 
sets  up  his  standard,  341 ;  death  of,  498. 

Charles  II.  in  Holland,  498 ;  restoration  of,  684  ; 
establishes  eonncil  tor  foreign  plantations,  686 ; 
effect  of  restoration,  687 ;  confirms  Lord  Balti- 
more's patent,  697 ;  sends  Downing  to  Holland, 
700 ;  appealed  to  by  Lord  Baltimore  and  Lord 
Stirling,  701 ;  forms  alliance  with  the  Dutch, 
701 ;  grants  a  charter  to  Connecticut,  703 ;  pa^ 
ent  ftt>m,  to  the  Duke  of  York,  735 ;  his  author- 
ity established,  745. 

Charlestown,  settlement  at,  189. 

Chaumonot,  Father  Joseph,  at  Onondaga,  012 ;  his 
knowledge  of  the  Iroquois  language,  644. 

Children,  Indian,  to  be  instructed,  675. 

Christiaenson,  Hendrick,  voyage  to  the  West  In- 
dies and  Manhattan,  45 ;  brings  out  domestic  an- 
imals, 47  ;  builds  Fort  Nassau,  55 ;  his  death,  66 

Christie,  James,  arrested  at  Gravosend,  719. 

Christina,  Fort,  384 ;  see  Fort  Christina. 

Church,  established,  of  Holland,  100-111 ;  of  En- 
gland, 113-119. 

Church,  first,  at  Manhattan,  165 ;  at  New  Plym- 
outh, 179 ;  at  Manhattan,  343 ;  out  of  repair. 
876;  new  one  built,  835-337;  at  Beverwyck, 
843,  374,  375 ;  at  Manhattan,  unfinished,  410, 
418,  760 ;  repaired  by  Stuyvesant,  467 ;  services 
regulated,  488 ;  Nine  Men*s  pew  in,  518 ;  main- 
tenanee  of,  568 ;  churches  in  New  Netherland, 
615,  616 ;  new,  at  Beverwyck,  634,  OSS :  organ- 
iaed  at  New  Amstel,  688 ;  at  Eaqtiw,  647,  697. 


Digitized  by  VjOOQ IC 


770 


INDEX. 


•80 ;  at  Brenckelen,  680 ;  at  Bergen,  60S ;  aerr- 
ice  at  Staten  Island,  693 ;  tenrioe  suapended  on 
South  River,  700 ;  at  Eaopus,  710 ;  at  Jamaica, 
784 ;  at  Breackelfln  and  on  Sooth  River,  734. 

City  Hall,  at  New  Amsterdam,  asked  for  by  bur- 
gomasters and  schepens,  575 ;  granted,  58B ;  or- 
dered  to  be  repaired,  507. 

Civil  war,  beginning  of,  in  England,  341. 

Clarke,  Thomas,  a  eommissioner  on  the  English 
side,  742,  763. 

Classes  and  synods  in  Holland,  104-lia 

Classis  of  Amsterdam,  273 ;  appealed  to,  978 ;  ap- 
proves Domine  Megapolensis'  call,  343 ;  endeav- 
ors to  send  out  clergymen,  418 ;  jurisdiction  of, 
468, 404,  507,  508 ;  warns  church  of  New  Am- 
sterdam, 516 ;  declines  to  recommend  Domine 
Grasmeer,  537 ;  illiberality  of,  583 ;  its  authority 
over  New  Netherland,  614;  action  of,  respect- 
ing conventicles,  634,  635 ;  report  of  clergy  to, 
643;  West  India  Company  in  opposition  to, 
656, 681 ;  instructions  respecting  the  formulary 
of  baptism,  680;  sends  clergymen  to  the  South 
River,  734. 

Clavwack  pnrdiased  by  Van  Rensselaer,  510; 
purchase  declared  void,  536;  attacked  by  the 
savages,  733 ;  meaning  of  name,  757. 

Claybome,  WilUam,  his  explorations,  350 ;  at 
Kent  Island,  350, 353 :  sent  to  England,  354, 668. 

Cleef,  Jan  van,  a  delegate  to  General  Assembly, 
720. 

Qergymen  in  New  Netherland,  283, 881, 848,468, 
516,  537,  561,  615,  616 ;  more  required  for,  681. 

Clothing,  troops  supplied  with,  flrom  Van  Rens- 
selaer's ship,  300. 

Cock,  Sergeant,  at  Staten  Island,  386 ;  at  West 
Chester,  387. 

Coe,  John,  of  Middelburgh,  proceedings  of,  783. 

(Joe,  Robert,  magistrate  at  Middelburgh,  555 ;  a 
delegate  flrom,  at  Convention,  560, 571. 

Coentie's  (or  Conrad's)  Slip,  335. 

Cogswell,  Robert,  goes  (torn  New  Haven  to  the 
South  River,  331,  338;  breaks  his  promise  to 
Kieft,  337. 

Cohooes,  ftils  of,  306. 

Coins,  first  Dutch,  20, 430. 

Coke,  Sir  Edward,  on  the  New  England  patent, 
130. 

Coke,  Sir  John,  secretary  of  state,  315, 317. 

ColendoDck,  or  Yonkers,  acquired  by  Van  der 
Donck,  481. 

Colman,  John,  death  and  burial  of,  88. 

Colman's  Point,  88. 

Colonists,  under  patroons,  105, 190 ;  new  daas  of, 
established,  311,  313;  to  be  armed,  406, 415. 

Colonization  more  onbarrassed  in  New  Nether- 
land than  in  New  England,  198. 

Combination  of  EngQsb  towns  on  Long  Island, 
786. 

Commeree  of  HoUand,  19-94, 38, 60,  98, 134, 184, 
457,458. 


Commerce  of  New  Netherland,  67,  80,  97, 90, 138| 
146, 155,  150, 168, 171,  183 ;  opened  with  New 
Plymouth,  180;  on  South  River,  170, 183 ;  with 
New  England,  869;  regulations  about,  877, 888, 
318,  314,  328 ;  new  arrangements  (br,  400,  416 ; 
Amher  regulations,  489,  490 ;  to  make  Manhat- 
tan prosperous,  547 ;  regulation  of,  628,  689 ; 
0))ened  with  Canada,  646 ;  fbreign,  656, 714. 

Commissioners  of  New  England,  361  (see  United 
Ck>lonies) ;  royal,  to  New  England,  736. 

Commonalty,  the,  sununoned  by  Ki^  317 ;  choose 
Twelve  Men,  317 ;  demand  refbrms,  396-388; 
summoned  again,  and  choose  Eight  Men,  364 : 
choose  Nine  Men,  474 ;  propose  a  delegation  to 
HoUand,  405 ;  memorial  and  remonstrance  of. 
504-507,518. 

Communipa,  settlement  at,  648 ;  (Quakers  at,  643 ; 
Esopos  sachem  at,  676 ;  village  fiirmed  back  of, 
691  (  see  Bergen. 

Conditions,  new,  offered  by  West  India  Company, 
688,  707,  708. 

COney  Island,  derivation  of  name  of;  418,  note ; 
aalt-works  on,  694w 

Conibder&tion,  the  Dutch,  19,  38,  445 ;  the  Iro- 
quois, 83-87 ;  of  New  England,  361,  388. 

Connecticut  River  explored  by  Block,  56,  57; 
Dutch  traders  at,  145;  Edkens  imprisons  a 
chief  at,  146 ;  Dutch  fort  projected  at,  153;  Ba- 
rentaen  at,  168 ;  no  Dutch  o^imies  eotahlisbed 
at,  307;  visited  by  Window,  810 ;  Lord  War- 
wick's grant  of,  811 ;  called  Omnittecock,  838 ; 
no  Dutch  colonists  on,  833 ;  sachem  rMtm  Bos- 
ton, 810, 833 ;  Dutch  Ibrt  (3ood  Hope,  buUt  on, 
835 ;  Winthrop's  bark  at  mouth  •(,  839;  W&h- 
ersfield  and  Hartford  settled,  857 ;  John  Win- 
throp  governor  ot,  860 ;  exterminates  the  Pe- 
quods,  370-873 ;  progress  of  English  secdemeats 
in,  393-895,  328-S94,  S39-HI ;  commissioners 
of,  361 ;  complaints  of,  163 ;  temper  <^  370 ; 
correspondence  of,  with  Kieft,  4SIM30 ;  with 
Stuyvesant,  478-483,  496,  497,  499,  500;  treaty 
at  Hartford,  519, 680 ;  expeditloa  ftom,  to  South 
River,  537 ;  feelinga  of,  against  the  Dutch,  549, 
55(^555,  558,  559,  565,  566;  seqneMers  Fort 
OcoA  Hope,  583 ;  raises  forces,  585 ;  unllrieDd- 
liness  of,  685 ;  Quakers  persecuted  in,  635 ;  an- 
nexes Long  Island  towns,  670, 671 ;  encroach- 
ments of,  674 ;  Winthrop  agent  ot,  696 ;  obtains 
a  royal  charter,  708 ;  asseru  its  authority  over 
part  of  New  Netherland,  703 ;  enforces  it  at 
West  Chester,  700 ;  non-intercourse  regulationa 
of,  710 ;  Dutch  commissioners  at,  790,  781 ;  ap- 
points commissioners  on  Long  Island,  786 ;  dis- 
regards letters  of  States  General,  733 ;  part  of, 
granted  to  Duke  of  York,  735 ;  alacrity  oC,  to 
assist  against  New  Netherland,  737 ;  commis- 
sioners fhnn,  743 ;  volunteers  ikom,  at  Brenck- 
elen forry,  743 ;  see  Hartford  and  New  Haven. 

Conscience,  freedom  of,  allowed,  101,  456,  668; 
enjoined,  707. 


Digitized  by  VjOOQ IC 


INDEX. 


771 


Contiftory,  in  HolUnd,  104 ;  at  Manhatttn,  i7S, 
336,  407,  MO. 

Conventicles,  prodaination  against,  nnanthor- 
ixed,  017 ;  executed,  010,  035 ;  new  proclama- 
tion, 037 ;  opposition  of  Rustdorp  to,  060,  705 ; 
further  proclaanation  against,  700;  restraints 
disapproTed  of  in  Hidland,  707. 

Convention  demanded  and  called,  970 ;  proceed- 
ings  of,  570^4 ;  dissolved,  575 ;  disapproved 
of  in  Holland,  567 ;  another  caBed,  7St ;  remon- 
strance of,  to  Company,  781, 789 ;  General  Pro- 
Tinciai,  meets  at  New  Amsterdam,  788;  pro- 
ceedings of,  789,  730, 731 ;  see  Landtdag. 

Copper  mine  at  Minnisinck,  008 ;  see  Minerals. 

Corlaer  **  the  Trumpeter,''  804. 

Corlaer's  Hook,  870 ;  Roduiway  and  Weckq[uaes- 
geek  savages  at,  840 ;  attacked  by  Adriaensen, 
351,858. 

Corlaer,  Jacob,  teacher  at  New  Amsterdam,  040. 

Comellssen,  Jan,  seho<rim8Ster  at  New  Amster- 
dam, 510. 

Comelissen,  Jan,  magistrate  of  Boswyck,  008. 

Corssen,  Arendt,  commissary  on  the  South  River, 
839 ;  succeeded  by  Jansen,  970 ;  sails  (tit  Hol- 
land with  speelmens  of  minerals,  418 ;  is  lost 
at  sea,  413. 

Cortelyeu,  Jacques,  declines  to  be  sehouc  of  New 
Amsterdam,  588 ;  surveys  the  eity,  074 ;  at  New 
Utrecht,  003 ;  sent  to  the  Raritan,  784 ;  lays  out 
Schaenhechstede,  738. 

Cortlandt,  Oloff  Stevenson  van,  commissary,  808 ; 
chosen  one  of  the  Nine  Men,  405,  note ;  signs 
memorial  to  States  Oeneral,  505;  appointed 
sohepen  of  New  Amsterdam,  578 ;  burgomaster, 
sent  on  embassy  to  Hartfbrd,  790,  781 ;  meets 
Scott  at  Jamaica,  797 ;  accompanies  Stvyvesant 
to  Hemstede,  798 ;  a  commissioner  on  the  Dutch 
side,  741,  703. 

Coster,  Lawrence,  inventor  of  printing,  401. 

Council  of  State,  the  Dutch,  450. 

Council  at  Plymouth,  05, 00 ;  complains  sf  Dnte^ 
in  New  Netherland,  140;  dissolved,  890. 

Council,  Provincial,  of  New  Netherland,  Mlnuit's, 
163, 104 ;  Tan  Twiner's,  883 ;  Kleft's,  879, 970 ; 
its  organixadon  complained  of  by  the  people,  887, 
400 ;  reorganization  proposed,  405 ;  new  instmo- 
tions  (br,  414,  415 ;  Stuyvesant's,  400 ;  Great 
Council  called,  509 ;  modification  of,  proposed, 
514 ;  government  aflhlrs  left  in  charge  of,  507. 

Courts  and  Jurisprudence,  163 ;  see  Tribunals. 

Cousseau,  Schepen  Jacques,  sent  with  letter  to 
Nicfrfls,  741 ;  a  commissioner  on  the  Dutdi  side, 
741,  703. 

Coussen,  Pieter,  magistrate  of  New  Haerlem,  074. 
Couwenhoven,  Jacob  van,  993 ;  one  of  the  Nine 
Men,  475 ;  signs  memorisl  to  States  General, 
505 ;  appointed  a  delegate  to  Holland,  507 ;  at 
the  Hague,  511,  519;  returns  to  New  Nether- 
land, 510. 
Conwenhoven,  Pieter  Wolfertsen  van,  sdiepen  of 


New  Amsterdam.  548  signs  letter  to  New  En- 
gland agents,  353 ;  a  delegate  (Vom  Amersfbort  to 
Convention  at  New  Amsterdam,  571 ;  serves  in 
Bsopus  expedition,  719-714. 

Coxackie,  or  Kuxakee,  70. 

Crom  Elbow,  or  Krom  Elleboog,  75,  note 

Cromwell,  Oliver,  408 ;  his  jealousy  of  the  Dutch, 
409 ;  letters  flrom  New  Haven  to,  506 ;  protector 
of  England,  589 ;  sends  expedition  against  New 
Netherland,  589,  583 ;  makes  a  treaty  with  the 
Dutch  and  countermands  hostilities,  580;  his 
letter  to  Long  Island  towns,  034 ;  death  of,  053. 

CromwelPs  Bay,  on  Long  Island,  071. 

Croton,  or  Kltohawan,  74. 

Cura^oa,  supplies  sent  to,  fVom  New  Netherland, 
870;  Stuyvesant,  director  of,  sends  soldiers 
flrom,  395 ;  plaeed  under  director  of  New  Neth- 
erland, 410,  489,  517 ;  Indian  prisoners  at  Bso- 
pus sent  to,  070, 710. 

Curler,  Arendt  van,  commissary  of  Rensselaers- 
wyck,  944,  900;  his  Jurisdiction,  804-800;  ar- 
ranges a  church  and  kerck-buurte,  348 ;  visits 
the  Mohawk  country,  345,  340 ;  prohibits  illicit 
trading,  377 ;  opposed  by  Van  der  Donck,  377 ; 
advises  the  patroon  to  act  with  a  higher  hand, 
400;  quarrels  with  Van  der  Donck,  410;  goes  to 
Holland,  480 :  revisits  the  Mohawks  at  Caugh- 
nawaga,  090,  000 :  at  Esopus,  078 ;  purchases 
great  fiat  of  Schonowe,  091 ;  remonstrates 
against  Stuyvesant's  policy  there,  738. 

Curler,  Commissary  Jacob  van,  purchases  lands 
on  the  Fresh  or  Connecticut  Rtver,  834;  com 
pletes  Fort  Good  Hope,  935;  protests  against 
Holmes,  941 ;  punishes  assassins  of  Stone,  949 ; 
buys  lands  on  Long  Island,  905 ;  appointed  to- 
bacco inspector,  909 ;  sent  to  Schoof  s  Bay,  800. 

Currency,  Sewan  the  provincial.  178, 180, 314, 487, 
004 ;  reformed,  814,  888,  880,  517. 

Curtius,  Alexander  Carolus,  Latin  schoolmaster 
at  New  Amsterdam,  050 ;  succeeded  by  Lnyck, 
004. 

Dablon,  Fadier  Claude,  at  Onondaga,  019 ;  returns 
to  Canada,  043 ;  revisits  Onondaga,  044 ;  abhn- 
dons  it,  040. 

Dam,  Jan  Janssen,  844 ;  one  of  the  Twelve  Men, 
317 ;  a  church-master,  330 ;  urges  Kieft  to  at> 
tack  the  savages,  840,  350 ;  chosen  one  of  the 
Eight  Men  and  expelled,  305 ;  church-master 
with  Stuyvesant,  407 ;  chosen  one  of  the  Nine 
Men,  475 ;  required  to  come  to  the  Hague,  514 ; 
fiither-in-law  of  Van  Tienhoven,  594. 

Dans-kamer,  De  Vries  at  the,  309,  300 ;  southern 
limit  of  Jurisdiction  of  Esopus,  789. 

Davenport,  John,  of  Rotterdam,  901 ;  settles  at 
New  Haven,  903,  904. 

Davis,  William,  sent  as  agent  to  New  Amster* 
dam,  551-695. 

Davits,  Jan,  visits  Narrington,  788. 

Decker,  Johannes  de,  appointed  to  siceeed  Dyek- 


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INDEX. 


man  ai  Tice-director  at  Fort  Orange,  609 ;  an- 
tertalna  Father  Le  Moyne,  611 ;  pobUahea  proc- 
lamation  against  conTentlcies,  617  ;  eonfirmed 
as  commissary,  622 ;  arrests  tapsters,  623 ;  re- 
turns  to  Holland,  625 ;  counselor  of  New  Netti- 
eriand,  Tisits  Fort  Orange,  711 ;  at  Esopus,  712 ; 
at  Virginia,  734 ;  sent  with  message  to  NicoUs, 
738 ;  sent  a  second  time,  740 ;  a  commissioner 
on  the  Dutch  side,  741 ;  signs  capitulation,  742, 
763 ;  his  conduct  at  Fort  Orange,  743 ;  is  ban- 
Uhed  by  Nicolls,  744. 
Declaration  of  Independence,  the  Dutch,  446, 761. 
Delavall,  Thomas,  sent  by  Nieolls  to  Fort  Amster- 
dam, 738. 
Delaware  Bay  discorered  by  'Hudson,  96 ;  Axgall 
at,  51 ,  764 ;  explored  by  Hendricksen,  70 ;  called 
New  Port  Ma/,  97 ;  Godyn's  Bay,  207 ;  taken 
possession  of  by  the  Dutch,  150, 163 ;  see  Fort 
Nassau,  South  River,  Swaanendael,  New  Swe- 
den, Ifaryland. 
Delawanr,  Lord,  40, 60 ;  not  at  Delaware  Bay,  51 ; 

his  death,  754. 
Democracy,  Holland  a  school  of,  452. 
Denton^  Daniel,  town  clerk  of  Rustdorp,  619 ; 
draws  up  pledge  against  Quaker  oonventioles, 
680;  a  commissioner  at  Heemstede,  728. 
Denton,  Nathaniel,  informs  ag«>Mt  Quakers  at 

Rustdorp,  680. 
Denton,  Richard,  clergyman  at  Heemstede,  615, 

610,  636. 
Dermer,  Captain  Thomas,  sails  through  Long  Isl- 
and Sound,  02 ;  at  Manhattan,  93 ;  his  letter  to 
Gorges,  94>  183. 
Deutel  Bay,  origin  of  the  name,  292 ;  a  Dutchman 

murdered  near,  316. 
Dincklagen,  Lubbertus  van,  appointed  to  succeed 
Notelman  as  schout-flscal  of  New  Netherland, 
S47 ;  sent  back  to  Holland  by  Van  Twillor,  266 ; 
ooraplaints  of  and  against.  In  Holland,  278 ;  ap- 
pointed, provisionally,  to  succeed  Klefl,  404; 
appointed  vice-director  under  Stuyvesant,  414 ; 
commissioned  and  sworn,  432;  a  eounsdor, 
466 ;  presiding  Judge,  467 ;  at  the  South  River, 
485 ;  opposes  Stuyveeant's  treatment  of  Van  der 
Donck,  502 ;  acknowledges  his  error  in  Melyn's 
case,  503 ;  writes  to  Holland  in  Ihvor  of  the  Nine 
Men,  507 ;  protests  against  Stuyveeant's  man- 
agement, 517 ;  is  slighted  by  the  Director,  521 ; 
buys  Raritan  lands  for  Van  de  Capellen,  j^ ;  is 
expelled  from  the  council,  525 ;  retires  to  Staten 
Island  and  writes  to  Hc^and,  526 ;  repurchases 
lands  for  Van  de  CapeUen,  641 ;  purchase  de- 
clared void,  642;  death  of,  642,  note. 
Dircksen,  Barent,  one  of  the  Eight  Men,  365 ;  pro- 
tests against  Kiefl,  397. 
Dircksen,  Gerrit,  one  of  the  Twelve  Men,  317. 
Director  of  New  Netherland,  powers  and  duties 
of,  154, 159, 168, 197,  222.  275, 812,  327, 399, 414, 
482,  474,  604,  506. 
Distillery  established  on  Suten  Island,  813. 


Documentary  history  of  New  York,  759. 

Domlne,  meaning  of  the  term,  in  Holland,  943. 

Donck,  Adriaen  van  der,  appointed  schont-llscal 
ofRensselaerswyck,341 ;  his  instructions,  342: 
opposes  Van  Curler,  377 ;  is  prevented  from  ac 
quiring  Katakill,  378;  asaisu  Kieft  at  Fort 
Orange,  406;  nmrries  daughter  of  Doughty, 
419 ;  quarrels  with  Van  Curler,  419 ;  goes  down 
to  Manhattan,  420;  purchases  Cotondonck  or 
Yonkers,  421 ;  chosen  one  of  the  Nine  Men,  495, 
note ;  urges  a  delegutioa  to  Holland,  501 ;  his 
Journal  seised  by  Stuyvesant,  and  harsh  pro- 
oeedings  againstt,  502 ;  signa  meiBorial  to  the 
States  General,  504, 505 ;  draws  np  **  Yertoogh,'' 
and  is  appointed  a  delegate  to  HoUand,  507 ;  at 
the  Hague,  511,  512 ;  arranges  to  more  emi- 

I  grants,  613;  opposes  Van  TIenhovea  at  the 
Hague,  593 ;  procures  his  arrest,  594 ;  hia  fiOth- 
Ihlness  In  Holland,  697 ;  censares  Stnyvesant's 
conduct  again,  639 ;  fkvored  by  the  States  Gen- 
eral, 541 ;  statement  of  his  wifo  respecting  the 
Mohawks,  555 ;  made  a  doctor  of  lavrs  at  Ley- 
den  University,  560;  retuma  to  New  Nether- 
land, 661 ;  publieaUon  of  his  **  Description  of 
New  Netherland,**  561,  note. 

Dordrecht,  Synod  oC  100, 110 ;  coafiinBity  to,  re- 
quired, 812,  849, 609,  617. 

Doughty,  Francis,  comes  to  Manhatun,  833 ;  ob- 
tains patent  for  Mespatb,  333;  his  settlement 
destroyed  by  the  savages,  867 ;  preaches  at  Man- 
hattan, 868;  his  troubles  at  Mespath,  411 ;  is 
fined  by  Kiefl,  411 ;  removes  to  Flushing,  411 : 
his  daughter  married  to  Van  der  Donck,  419; 
his  treatment  by  Stuyvesant,  479;  his  state- 
ments to  the  New  England  agents  at  Fluahing, 
655 ;  goes  to  Virginia,  615 ;  in  Maryland,  606. 

Downing,  Sir  George,  British  ambassador  at  the 
Hague,  700 ;  his  menacing  language,  785 

Drisius,  Domine  Samuel,  becomes  a  eoUeague  of 
Megapolen9ie  ut  New  Amsterdam,  637 ;  sent  on 
a  mission  to  Virginia,  561 ;  preaches  at  Staten 
laland,  615;  Jealous  of  the  Lutherans,  616; 
eomplains  of  conventicles,  617 ;  of  Goetwater 
and  the  Lutherans,  635 ;  recommends  a  Latla 
school  at  New  Amsterdam,  640 ;  explanatloDs 
respecting  religious  afihirs,  643 ;  instructed  by 
the  Company  to  be  more  moderate,  656;  success 
of  his  ministry,  681 ;  baptizes  at  Rustdorp,  6S9 : 
preaches  at  Staten  Island,  692. 

Dupuys,  Sieur,  at  Onondaga,  644 ;  abandons  it,  646. 

Dutch,  the,  name  of,  19;  maritime  destiny,  90; 
early  voyages,  91 ;  in  North  America,  85 ;  their 
independence,  88-12, 434-447 ;  their  established 
church,  99-111,  812,  842,  614  ;  their  naval  suc- 
cesses, 39, 184,  447,  545 ;  their  political  system. 
191-193,  447-459 ;  characteristics  of,  460-464, 
747-750. 

Dutch  ship,  English  subjects  forbidden  to  go  la, 
"to  the  Hollandsrs*  Plantalion  in  Hudson's 
River,"  959. 


Digitized  by  VjOOQ IC 


INDEX. 


773 


Dutchman's  Island,  near  tbe  Pequod  or  Thames 
River,  S06 ;  post  at,  970,  271. 

Dntles,  high,  at  Manhattan,  319,  478,  480,  405, 
497;  reduced,  »40. 

Duyckingk,  Evert,  wounded  at  Fort  Good  Hope, 
305. 

Duyster,  Dirck  Comellssen,  under  commissary  at 
Fort  Orange,  170. 

Dyck,  Gysbert  op,  oommissary  at  Fort  Good  Hope, 
295 ;  obtains  patent  for  Coney  Island,  41S,  note. 

Dyck,  Ensign  Hendriek  van,  commands  expedi- 
tion against  the  Weekiinaeageeks,  StO,  330 ; 
wounded  at  Manhattan,  809 ;  sent  to  Heem- 
stede,  389;  against  ConneoUout  Indians,  890, 
391 ;  appointed  fiscal  in  plaee  of  Van  der  Huy- 
gens,  414 ;  embarks  for  New  Netherland,  482 ; 
his  treatment  by  Stuyresant  On  the  voyage, 
433 ;  in  the  couneil,  406 ;  Is  slighted  by  the  di- 
rector, 521 ;  joins  in  a  protest  against,  625 ;  is 
superseded  by  Stuyvesant,  and  Van  Tienboven 
appointed  in  his  place,  632;  appeals  to  the 
States  General,  533 ;  kills  a  squaw,  000 ;  Is  shot 
by  an  Indian,  007. 

Dyekman,  Johannes,  appointed  to  be  vice-director 
at  Fort  Orange  In  plaee  of  Labbatie,  530 ;  his 
difficulties  with  the  patroon's  officers,  583, 534 ; 
endeavors  to  levy  excises,  501 ;  becomes  insane, 
508 ;  is  succeeded  by  De  Decker,  599. 

Dyer,  William,  eommlssioned  by  Rhode  Island  to 
act  with  Underhill  against  the  Duteh,  567. 

Earthquake  and  freshet  at  Fort  Orange,  709. 

Easthampton  annexed  to  Connecticut,  070. 

Baton,  Theophilus,  293 ;  first  governor  of  New 
Haven,  294 ;  reflises  to  assist  New  Netherland, 
370 ;  his  correspondence  with  Kleft,  42S-481 ; 
protests  against  Stuyvesant,  479 ;  writes  htm  a 
sharp  letter,  480 ;  proposes  prohibition  of  trade 
with  the  Dutch,  4<io ;  proposes  a  eonforenee  at 
Boston,  400 ;  vramed  by  Stuyvesant,  528 ;  in- 
stigates Underhill,  555,  556 ;  urges  a  wwr  with 
the  Dutch,  550. 

Ebel,  Sergeant  Pleter,  sent  to  Esopns,  712. 

Economy  of  the  Duteh,  461, 402. 

Education,  state  of,  616 ;  see  Academy,  Schools. 

Eelkens,  Jacob,  at  Fort  Nassau,  55, 67 ;  imprisons 
the  Sequin  chief,  146 ;  dismissed  by  the  Com- 
pany, 152 ;  returns  in  the  English  ship  William, 
239  ;  damages  the  Dutch  trade.  231,  246. 

Eendragt,  ship,  201 ;  arrested  at  Plymouth,  214; 
released,  217. 

''  Eendragt  maakt  magt,"  motto  of  the  Dutch  rs- 
publie,  445. 

Egyptians,  Dutch  eolonisU  called,  by  Poritans,  205. 

Eight  Men  in  Holland,  453. 

Eight  Men  chosen  by  the  commonalty,  864 ;  au- 
thorize hostilities,  365 ;  recommendations  of,  to 
Kielt,  370 ;  letter  of,  to  West  India  Company, 
371-873 ;  oppose  an  excise,  393,  394 ;  represent 
the  popular  sentiment.  896 :  their  memorial  to 


the  West  India  Company,  397-400;  demand 
Kleft's  recall,  400 ;  members  of,  reftise  to  thank 
Kieil,  466;  their  memorial  pronounced  false 
by  Kiefl,  470,  471 ;  succeeded  by  Nine  Men, 
474. 

Elbertsen,  Elbert,  one  of  the  Nine  Men,  signs  me- 
morial to  the  States  General,  505 ;  a  delegate 
firom  MldwoUt,  571 ;  a  delegate  to  General  As- 
sembly, 729. 

Elisabeth,  Queen,  lays  down  the  English  law 
respecting  colonial  possessions,  4;  Virginia 
named  aAer,  5 ;  her  doctrine  respecting  posses- 
sions confirmed  by  Parliament,  148. 

Elsland,  Class  van,  marshal,  sent  to  West  Ches- 
ter, 598. 

Elswyck,  Hendriek  van,  Swedish  ftctor,  504 ;  his 
ease,  596,  602,  605. 

Emigrants,  conditions  oflbred  to,  104,  288,  291, 
312,  832,  388,  514, 630,  688,  696,  708. 

Emigrations,  large,  fhnn  English  colonies  to  New 
Netherland,  200, 201, 332,  334, 335, 366, 874, 488, 
574, 505. 

Endicott,  John,  a  patentee  of  Massachusetts.  188 ; 
at  Salem,  189, 190 ;  complains  against  irregular 
traders,  209;  leads  expedition  against  Block 
Island,  270 ;  asks  Stuyvesant  to  deliver  up  regi- 
cides, 695. 

Bngland,  Church  of,  112-119. 

English  clergymen  at  Synod  of  Dort,  100, 117. 

English  claim  to  New  Netherland,  5, 11,  h,  96, 
138,  141,  156,  214,  257,  334,  840,  582,  621,  683, 
725. 785 ;  subjects  Aurbidden  to  go  in  Duteh  ship 
to  the  Hollanders'  Plantation,  259 ;  jealonsy  of 
the  Duteh,  140,  156,  543,  583,  685,  687,  701,  734. 

English  at  Manhattan,  201, 832;  Baxter  appointed 
secretary  for,  937 ;  enrollment  of,  366 ;  defection 
of,  495 ;  threaten  mutiny,  578. 

Engravers,  eminent,  In  Holland,  460. 

Episcopacy  in  Holland,  118. 

Episcopal  Church,  Protestant,  its  sympathy  with 
the  Reformed  Duteh  Church,  119. 

Erasmus,  99, 100. 

Esopus,  76, 145, 151 ;  De  Vries  at,  802, 806 ;  called 
Atkarkarton,  Chambers  settles  at,  586;  aban- 
doned, 607 ;  religious  service  at,  616 ;  return 
of  settlers  to,  647 ;  redoubt  ordered  to  be  built  at, 
647 ;  Stuyvesant  at,  647 ;  village  formed  at,  648, 
649 ;  garrison  at,  651 ;  Domine  Blom  called  to, 
657 ;  attacked  by  the  savag«n.  658 ;  expedition 
sent  to,  060 ;  mediation  of  Mohawks  at,  661 ; 
garrison  destroys  Indian  fort  of  Wiltmeet,  675 ; 
Swartwont  commissioned  as  schout  of,  677; 
treaty  with  savages  at,  678,  679 ;  Domine  Blom 
settled  at,  680 ;  charter  for  Wiltwyck  at,  090 ; 
new  village  and  ronduit  at,  710 ;  outbreak  of 
savages  at,  711;  savages  defoated,  712-714, 
savages  encamp  among  the  Minnlsincks,  717 ; 
treaty  of  peace  vrith  savages,  731 ;  Beeckman 
commissary  at,  739 1  soldiers  ordered  down 
from.  786  ;  Sager'a,  or  Esopus  Kill,  753. 


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Everett,  Richard,  inlbnos  againit  Qu^kAn  at 
Rustdorp,  680. 

Excise  leried  tt  New  Amsterdam,  304, 4ffl  \  dis- 
agreement  about,  fi60,  567 ;  conditionally  sor- 
rendered  to  tbe  city,  568 ;  resumed  by  Stnyre- 
sant,  500 ;  at  Fort  Orange,  501 ;  forming  of»610 ; 
qnestlon  of,  at  Beverwyck  settled,  640 ;  surren- 
dered to  New  Amsterdam,  727. 

Byer  Haven,  or  Egg  Harbor,  De  Vries  at,  S98. 

Fairfield  blockaded  by  tbe  Dntch,  666. 

Fairs  established  at  llaabattan,  314, 480. 

Farrect,  Jamas,  agent  for  Lord  Stirlioff,  907 }  dis- 
poses of  lands  on  Long  Island,  907-100,  760 ; 
arrested  at  Maotaattan,  906. 

Farrington,  Edward,  of  Flushing,  ease  of,  687. 

Fasting  and  prayer,  day  of,  proelaiOMd,  856, 680. 

Fatherland,  the,  in  Holland,  464. 

Feake,  Robert,  settles  at  Gremwieh,  90C;  required 
to  submit  to  the  Dutch,  906,  880. 

Feake,  Tobias,  a  delegate  flrom  Flushing,  560, 571 ; 
schoot  of,  687 ;  fined  and  banished,  686. 

Fenee  ordered  to  be  bviltat  Manhatun,  809 ;  see 
New  Amsterdam. 

Fendall,  Josias,  Ooremor  of  Maryland,  668 ;  let- 
ter of,  to  Alriohs,  664;  his  negotiations  with 
Heermans  and  Waldron,  666-660 ;  succeeded  \j 
Philip  Catrert  as  governor,  607. 

Fenn  and  Treat,  of  New  Haven,  visit  New  Am- 
sterdam, 606 ;  oonditions  deiMnded  and  offered 
to,  as  colonists,  606:  concessions  to,  xejected, 

7oa 

Ferry  to  Brenckelen,  493, 575 ;  regulation  of,  680 ; 
fttmi  New  Haerlem  to  Long  Island,  641. 

Feudal  system  in  Holland,  101-104 ;  transferred 
to  New  Netheriand,  108, 966,  805,911, 531,  746. 

Fire  and  light,  traders  required  to  keep,  480, 698. 

Fire  department  in  New  Amsterdam,  487, 640. 

Fire  Island,  shipwreck  near,  639. 

Firmness  of  the  Dutch>  464. 

Five  Dutch  towns,  the,  560,  603 ;  remonatranoe 
of,  at  BCidwoiit,  797. 

Five  Nations  of  Iroquois,  89-87 ;  see  Iroquois. 

Flag,  origin  of  the  Dutch,  10 ;  stafi'on  Staten  Isl- 
and, 314 ;  for  burghers  of  New  Amsterdam,  516, 
517. 

Flatbush,  settlement  at,  536 ;  see  Midwout. 

Flatlands,  965 ;  see  Amersfoort 

Flushing,  patent  for,  410 ;  Doughty  removes  to, 
411 ;  Forrester  at,  477 ;  New  England  agents  at, 
555 ;  sedition  at,  566 ;  delegates  flrom  Oravesend, 
Heemstede,  and  Middeiburgh  at,  560;  sends 
delegates  to  New  Amsterdam,  560 ;  represented 
in  Convention,  571 ;  Baptists  at,  pwsecvtsd, 
696 ;  remonstrates  against  persecution  of  Quak- 
ers, 637 ;  chajter  of,  modified,  688 ;  orders  of 
Connecticut  to,  708;  magistrates  of,  inform 
against  Quakers,  705 ;  case  of  John  Bowne,  706, 
707;  Taloott  and  Christie  at,  710;  name  of, 
changed,  793 ;  party  flrom,  at  the  Raritan,  794 ; 


forms  combination,  796 ;  Letter  of  States  Gen- 
eral to,  780,  788. 

Fordham,  Robert,  at  Heemstede,  888 ;  trnprtsens 
savages,  880. 

Foreign  residents  at  New  Amsterdam,  901,  885, 
374,480,578,698,640. 

Foreigners  attracted  to  Holland,  109, 490. 

Forrester,  Andrew,  Lady  SlMlng's  agott,  arrest 
ed,  477, 480. 

Fort  Albany,  Fort  Orange  so  named,  744. 

Fort  Amsterdam  oonuMiieed,  166;  HQrdM>  daring 
its  progress,  166 ;  eompleled,  188 ;  rBp«lied,948 , 
oonditioB  of,  860, 873 ;  Indian  ptisooen  in,  880 , 
Indian  parties  anmnd,  807 ;  Klsft  eeaataolty 
within,  800 ;  propoasd  to  be  repstred,  605;  gen- 
eral Indian  tre^  at,  400;  preposUIOBS  for  re- 
pair of;  478, 476 ;  no  goats  to  hs  pastured  near, 
488;  qosslton  abooc  its  repair,  MO,  668;  eosdi- 
tkm  of,  741 ;  surrendered  to  the  Bnglisii  and 
called  Fort  James,  748 ;  see  Maahattamand  New 


Fort  Auranea,  the  English  way  of  spelling  Fort 
Orange,  583,  note. 

Fort  Beversrede  built  on  the  SefanylkiU,  488; 
Swedes  oiqpose  the  Dutch  at,  486, 487. 

Fort  Caaianir  built  on  the  Sooth  River,  589;  its 
building  disi^proved  of  by  the  Amsterdam 
directors,  538;  embarrasses  the  Swedes,  576; 
captored  by  Rising,  and  oallsd  '*  Fevt  Trinity,^ 
608 ;  orders  for  recovery  of,  601 ;  recaptured  by 
Stuyvesant,  604 ;  made  sset  of  the  Dutch  gov- 
ernment, 600 ;  religious  serviee  at,  616 ;  Swed- 
ish ship  at,  690;  transferred  to  the  city  of  Am- 
sterdaoB,  630-039;  named  New  Amstel,  639, 
see  New  AmsteL 

Fofft  Christina  buiU  by  Minuit,  964 ;  attoation  of 
Swedes  at,  810;  relieved,  890;  Prints  at,  379 ; 
lands  around  purchased  by  the  Dntdi,  690 ;  sur- 
rendered to  the  Dutch,  605 ;  named  Altona,  681. 
638 ;  see  Altona. 

Fort  Cralo,  at  Greenbush,  711. 

Fort  Elslnghurg,  Dutch  vessel  stopped  at,  880; 
in  ruins  and  deserted  by  the  Swedes,  604. 

Fort  Good  Hope  projected,  158,  934;  b«im  985; 
Op  Dyck  commissary  at,  906 ;  Rosses  eonmis- 
sary  at,  906;  vezatisus  oooduet  of  Hartford 
people  at,  899,  898;  Sieft  oArs  to  Isase  land 
around,  830 ;  Proveost  conmdssary  at,  490 ;  con- 
firmed to  tiie  Dutch  by  tbe  Hartford  treaty,  590 ; 
seized  by  Underbill,  556 ;  sequestrated  by  Hart- 
ford, 568 ;  see  Hartford  and  CoMMCticot. 

Fort  James,  Fort  Amsterdam  so  aamsd,  748. 

Fort  Nassau  buUt  on  Maurltins  Rivar,  65;  de- 
stroyed, 61. 

Fort  Nsssau  built  on  Sooth  River,  153 ;  position 
e(;  758;  its  garrison  withdrawn,  176, 183;  De 
Vries  a^  996, 996;  sefxed by  a  Y irgiaiaa  party. 
964 ;  Jansen  commissary  at,  970, 887 ;  revisited 
by  De  Vries,  880 ;  Hudde  oommisaary  at,  4M, 
469 ;    Dutch  commissioners  at,  485 ;   lands 


Digitized  by  VjOOQ IC 


INDEX. 


775 


around  pnreliased  by  Uie  DQteh,610|fill ;  Stvy- 
vesam  at,  53ft ;  demolished  by  StvyYeaant,  ftS9. 

Fort  New  Gottenborg,  3T9 ;  see  New  Gottenbwf . 

Port  Orange  projeeted  and  built  on  North  Rlrer, 
140,  Iftl ;  Indiana  at,  153;  attkin  at,  108;  ool- 
onista  remored  (him,  170, 18S ;  colonie  of  Rena- 
aelaerswyek  established  around,  301 ;  trade  at, 
31S ;  Belkena  returns  to,  with  EngUah  ship, 
339,  330;  visited  by  De  Vriea,  308-306;  condi- 
tion of,  described  by  Father  Jogues,  874 ;  Kieft*s 
treaty  with  Indians  at,  408 ;  Stnyresant's  claim 
of  Jurisdiction  at,  491-4M;  trade  at,  to  be  (yee, 
531 ;  Labbatie  oommlssary  at,  583 ;  Dyckman 
Tlce-director  at,  630;  Bererwyck  annexed  to, 
535 ;  Tlews  of  Company  respecting,  568,  563 ; 
trading-house  abore,  proposed,  563;  Father 
Ponoet  at,  564;  Cromwell's  designs  against, 
583 ;  excises  at,  500,  591 ;  De  Decker  rioe-di- 
rector  at,  500 ;  Mohawks  at,  611,  613 ;  new  offi- 
cers at,  condition  of,  625;  Mohawks  at,  650; 
English  party  at,  655 ;  deserters  from,  murdered, 
657;  Mohawks  again  at,  658;  Stuyresant  at, 
676 ;  eonibrence  with  Senecas  at,  679 ;  Stuyre- 
sant  again  at,  688 ;  frontier  post,  690;  Captain 
Breedon  at,  704 ;  Canadian  refhgees  at,  705 ;  ar- 
tillery at,  711 ;  represented  in  General  Assem* 
bly,  739 ;  limit  of  ito  jurisdiction,  738 ;  alarm 
at,  733 ;  Stuyresant  at,  737 ;  De  Decker  at,  743 ; 
surrender  of,  744 ;  name  of,  changed  to  Fort  Al* 
bany,  744 ;  treaty  of  English  with  Iroquois  at, 
744 :  see  Bererwyck. 

Fort  Pac<mthetuek,  Mohawks  murdered  at,  733. 

Fort  Trinity,  Fort  Casimir  so  named  by  Rising, 
503 ;  recaptured  by  Stuyresant,  604. 

Fort  WUhelmus,  158, 758. 

Fox,  George,  disciples  of,  called  Quakers,  635. 

Fox  Haven,  or  Boston  Harbor,  visited  by  Block, 
58,  756. 

Franchises,  people  demand,  336, 400, 505,  573. 

Franeker,  High  School  at,  413, 463. 

Frankness  of  the  Dutch,  461. 

Frederick  Henry,  Prince  of  Orange,  succeeds 
Maurice.  160 ;  death  of,  434. 

Frederycke,  Kr^n,  engineer  of  Fort  Amsterdam, 
165. 

Free  schools  established  in  Holland,  463. 

Free  spirit  of  colonisU  at  Manhattan,  335,  336, 
400,  505,  573,  749. 

Freedom  of  conscience  in  Holland,  101, 108, 103, 
458,  614, 707. 

Freedom  of  trade  in  Holland,  98,  456,  456;  why 
not  extended  to  colonies,  544, 545 ;  ooncessioiis 
of,  to  New  Netheriand,  540,  656, 684. 

French,  their  discoveries  in  North  America,  9, 8, 
16-18, 67-73 ;  ship  at  North  and  South  Rivers, 
150,  153;  their  progress  in  Canada,  344-346; 
their  gratitude  toward  the  Dutch,  403 ;  dissover 
Lake  Saint  Sacrament,  488 ;  call  upon  New  En- 
gland for  aid,  564 ;  among  the  Onoadagas,  501, 
613;  new,  vieeroy  of  Canada,  TOO. 


Frenchmen  enroUed,  607 ;  settle  at  Boswyok,  603 ; 

from  Rochelle,  on  Staten  Island,  698,  780,  734. 
Fresh  River  discovered  by  Block,  56;  seeConnee- 

tioutRtvsr. 
Fresh  Water,  167  (  see  Kolok. 
Freshet  destroys  Fort  Nassau,  80, 81 ;  inundafes 

Fort  Orange,  808,  808 ;  damages  Beverwyek, 

480,709;  at  KatskUl,  581. 
Flies,  Captain  Jan  de,  arrives  from  Curafoa,  895 ; 

dispatehed  oa  expedition  to  the  North,  897. 
Froblsher's  voyages,  4. 
Frontenac,  Count,  69 ;  Strset's  poem  of,  87. 
FrugaUty  of  the  Dutch,  461, 463. 
Fur  trade,  44,  67,  99, 155,  159, 171, 183, 194,  318, 

384,  831, 386, 848;  reguUted  by  Kieft,  877 ;  on 

the  South  River,  884,  879;  regulated  by  Stay- 

vesant,467. 

Oamoenepa,  (hrmers  at,  648 ;  see  Commimipa. 
Gardiner,  Lion,  builds  fort  at  Saybvook,  861 ;  at- 

taoked  by  the  Pequods,  870 ;  settles  at  Gardin- 
er's kland,  398. 
Gardiner's  Island,  or  Manchonaek,  897, 737. 
Gates,  Sir  Thomas,  11, 4»-58. 
Gecommiteerde  Raden,  or  eounoilmen  of  Holland, 

458. 
Genentaha  Lake,  in  Onradaga,  Jesuit  chapel  at, 

613 ;  Saint  Mary's  of,  644 ;  abandoMd,  640. 
Gerrilsen,  Martin,  oounselor,  888, 844 ;  Bvy  named 

sAer,  390,  888 ;  see  Hesmstede. 
Gerritsen,  Wolfert,  overseer  at  Rensselaerswyok, 

801, 344 :  on  Long  Island,  385. 
Oheel,  Maximilian  van,  one  of  the  first  sehepens 

of  New  Amsterdam,  548. 
Ghent,  meeting  of  States  General  at,  437 ;  paeU- 

eaUon  of,  444. 
Gilbert,  Sir  Humphrey,  his  patent,  4;  at  New- 
foundland, 5. 
Glen,  Alexander,  arrested  at  Fort  Orange,  584. 
Goats  sent  to  Manhattan  from  Holland,  47 ;  from 

Virginia,  888. 
Oodyn,  Samuel,  59, 148;  buys  land  on  the  South 

River,  800 ;  obtains  share  in  Rensselaerswyek, 

804 ;  dies,  849 ;  his  heirs  surrender  Swaaaen- 

dael  to  the  oonpany,  849. 
Ooedenhuysen,  ease  of,  479, 480 ;  see  Westerhoose. 
Ooetwater,  John  Emestns,  Lutheran  deigyman, 

684 ;  at  New  Amsterdam,  ordered  to  return,  635 ; 

views  of  W.  L  Company  respecting  case  of,  648. 
Gold  mine,  supposed,  near  Fort  Orange,  408, 418. 
Golden  Fleeee,  the  motto  of  the,  191. 
Gomarists,  er  Coatra-Remonatrants,  105-109. 
Gomarus,  of  Leyden,  104-107. 
Gonwarrowe,  chief  of  the  Mattlnnsoocks,  891 
Good  Hope,  Fort,  885 ;  see  Fort  Good  Hope. 
Goodyear,  deputy  governor  of  New  Haven,  Stuy- 

vesant's  letter  to,  481. 
Gorges,  Sir  Ferdinando,  9, 10, 90, 94-40, 140. 
Gosnold,  Bartholmnew,  his  v(qrage,  6 ;  at  C^ie 

Cod,  7. 


Digitized  by  VjOOQ IC 


7»6 


INDEX. 


Goyernor's  Uand,  S67 ;  aM  Notten  Itlaad. 

Gowanns,  or  Gajanes,  Domino  Selyns  at,  661. 

Graameer,  Doinlne  WUhelmiia,  saila  Arom  Hoi- 
land,  516;  is  aospended,  523;  aecompaniea 
Stuy  vesant  to  the  South  RiTor,  938 ;  returns  to 
HoUand,  537. 

Graresend,  or  Graresande,  Anthony  Jansen  at, 
398;  settlement  at,  attacked  by  the  ssTagea, 
367 ;  p^nt  ftnr,  411 ;  letter  from,  to  the  West  In- 
dia Company  In  fevor  of  Stnyvesant,  509 ;  a  sec- 
ond letter  from,  518 ;  third  letter,  526 ;  Stnyve- 
sant*s  confidence  in,  554 ;  disafibction  of  En- 
glish at,  568 ;  delegates  from,  at  Flashing,  568; 
sends  delegates  to  New  Amsterdam,  569 ;  rq>- 
resented  in  Convention,  571 ;  letter  frt>m,  to 
Holland,  575, 576 ;  disaffiBCtion  at,  579 ;  sedition 
at,  585 ;  Stuyresant  at,  596 ;  Fresh  troubles 
at,  597;  Baxter  and  Hubbard  arrested,  598; 
tranquillity  restored  at,  099 ;  attacked  by  sava- 
ges, 607;  Mennonists  at,  616;  memorial  of,  to 
Cromwell,  690 ;  Grover  arrested  at,  634 ;  Quak- 
ers at,  638;  arrested  at,  689  ;  orders  of  Connec- 
ticut to,  703 ;  persecutira  of  Quakers  at,  706 ; 
Talcott  and  Christie  at,  719 ;  surrendered  to 
Conneaicnt,  723 ;  party  frorn^  at  the  Raritan, 
724 ;  forms  combination,  726 ;  letter  of  States 
General  to,  780, 783. 

Great  Charter  of  HoUand,  437, 448. 

Great  Council  called  by  Stnyvesant,  502. 

Great  Falls  at  Trenton,  Hudde  prevented  from 
visiting,  435. 

Green  Mountains,  called  "  Winterberg,"  733. 

Oreenbush,  colonists  at,  343 ;  alarm  at,  711 ;  cat- 
tle destroyed  at,  733. 

Greenwich,  EngUsh  settle  at,  394 ;  required  to 
submit  to  the  Dutch,  396 ;  submission  of,  831 ; 
Dutch  expedition  sent  to,  386 ;  murder  of  Cap- 
tain Patrick  of,  387 ;  how  affected  by  Hartford 
treaty,  519, 690 ;  claimed  by  commissioners  of 
the  United  Colonies,  696 ;  declared  annexed  to 
Connecticut,  703. 

Grievance,  the  New  England  patent  a,  139 ;  Kieft's 
oounoil  a,  337 ;  the  govemmaat  of  New  Nether- 

.  land  a,  506. 

Grist,  Paulus  Leendertsen  van  der,  equipage  mas- 
ter, 466;  Bchepen  of  New  Amsterdam,  546; 
signs  letter  to  New  England  agents,  553;  adele- 
gate  to  the  Convention,  560,  571 ;  assaulted  by 
a  savage,  607;  burgomaster,  sent  with  mes- 
sage to  NiooUs,  738. 

Grotius,  24,  107, 193, 198,  443, 452, 548. 

Grover,  James,  hoists  British  flag  at  Gravesend, 
597 ;  Ukes  memorlsl  from,  to  London,  630 ;  is 
arrested  at  Gravesend,  633,  634. 

Groves,  Captain,  sent  by  Nicolls  to  Fort  Amster- 
dam, 788. 

Guard  of  halberdiers,  Stuyvesant's,  525, 607. 

Guenx,  origin  of  the,  440 ;  capture  the  Brietle, 
443. 

Guilds  in  Holland,  453 


GuilUams,  WUliaiB,  8  delegats  to  Generali 

Uy,  730. 
Gujanes,  or  Gowanus,  Domine  Selyns  at,  681. 
Guns,  trade  in,  89, 144, 169, 175, 188, 309, 313, 306, 

349 ;  regulated,  877,  393,  308,  376,  415,  478,  490, 

493,  504,  563,  659,  680,  710. 
Gustavus  Adolphus  Ihvors  a  Swedish  West  India 

Company,  380. 

Hackinsack,  or  Achter  Cul,  cdonie  at,  313 ;  Van 
Voorst  murdered  at,  347,  348 ;  Oritany,  sachem, 
at,  359 ;  attacked  and  rained  by  the  savages, 
368 ;  new  purchases  near,  537 ;  block-house  pro- 
posed to  be  built  at,  610 ;  court  at  Hospating, 
near.  643. 

Hackingsacks,  or  Hackinsacks,  position  of  the, 
73 ;  their  village,  313 ;  chiefis  of,  visit  De  Vries, 
347;  Kieft,  348;  strength  of,  349;  reAigees 
among,  349 ;  enraged  against  the  Dutch,  354 ; 
Oritany,  chief  of,  359 ;  attack  Achter  Cul,  368  ; 
make  a  peace,  409 ;  again  at  war,  606 ;  Dutch 
priaoners  among  the,  608,  610 ;  their  rights  to 
Stalen  Island  purchased,  641 ;  new  treaty  with, 
675 ;  mediation  of,  676, 678 ;  assist  at  last  treaty 
at  Fort  Amsterdam,  731. 

Hadson,  Domine  Warnerus,  734. 

Haerlem,  siege  of,  443. 

Haerlem,  New,  641 ;  see  New  Haerlem. 

Hague,  the,  origin  of  ItH  name,  61. 

Hakluyt,  Richard,  8, 10, 11. 

Half  Moon  sails  from  Holland,  35 ;  returns  and  is 
lost,  43. 

Hall,  Dean  and  Bishop,  at  Synod  of  Dort,  109, 117. 

Hall,  Thomas,  354 ;  at  New  Amersfoort,  265 ;  at 
Deutel  Bay,  on  Manhattan,  292;  one  of  the 
Bight  Men,  365 ;  insulted  by  KieA,  394 ;  protests 
against  him,  397 ;  one  of  the  Nine  Men,  476 ;  a 
flre-warden  at  New  Amsterdam,  487 ;  Infonns 
against  Van  der  Donck,  503 ;  signs  memorial  to 
the  States  General,  505 ;  his  land  on  Manhattan, 
517. 

Hallett,  William,  sheriff  of  Flushing,  fined  and  re- 
moved from  ofllce  for  holding  conventicles,  626. 

Hamel,  Hendriok,  148 ;  becomes  a  pairoon,  303. 

Hamel's  Hooftden,  or  the  Narrows,  203. 

Hand-board  at  Capsey  Hook,  467,  490;  blown 
down,  500. 

Hardenburg,  Arnoldus  van,  denied  right  of  appeal 
by  Kieft,  417;  threatened  by  Stnyvesant,  473; 
one  of  the  Nine  Men,  475 ;  signs  memorial  and 
remonstrance  to  States  General,  505,  507. 

Harmenssen,  Reynert,  counselor,  164. 

Hart,  Edward,  town  clerk  of  Flushing,  637. 

Hartford,  settlement  at,  257 ;  expedition  against 
the  Pequods,  271 ;  people  of,  commit  aggressions 
around  the  Dutch  fort,  295 ;  continue  to  annoy 
the  Dutch,  323;  reproved  by  Massachusetts, 
322 ;  Hopkins  and  Haynes  endeavor  to  arrange 
the  differences  with  the  Dutch,  323 ;  commis- 
sions Peters  to  nsgotiato  in  HoUand,  324 ;  ad- 


Digitized  by  VjOOQ IC 


INDEX. 


7^7 


▼ice  of  Sir  William  Bosweil  to,  324 ;  Intercoorae 
with,  forbidden  by  Kieft,  838 ;  eendi  ai^ents  to 
Manhattan,  839 ;  accedes  to  confederation,  801 ; 
Miantonomoh  in  jail  at,  363 ;  complains  of  the 
Dutch,  429 ;  treaty  at,  with  the  Datch,  519, 520 ; 
Fort  Good  Hope  at,  seized,  958 ;  urges  Massa- 
chusetts to  make  war,  559 ;  Ibeling  at,  against 
the  Dutch,  565;  sequesters  Fort  Good  Hope, 
588 ;  zeal  of,  for  war,  585 ;  exploring  party  sails 
fh>m,  655;  petitions  fbr  a  royal  charter,  and 
commissions  Winthrc^  as  agent,  095 ;  obtains  a 
charter,  702 ;  proceedings  of  General  Court  at, 
703,  709 ;  Dutch  commissioners  at,  720,  721 ; 
see  Connecticut. 

Hartford  treaty  negotiated,  519,  520 ;  ratified  by 
the  States  General,  021 ;  its  ratification  by  En- 
gland required,  730. 

Hartgers,  Joost,  his  Besehryringe  van  Nieuw 
Nederlandt,  527. 

Hanrey,  Sir  John,  Governor  of  Virginia,  his  flricnd- 
ly  treatment  of  De  Tries,  220,  227 ;  sends  goats 
to  Manhattan,  228;  commissions  Claybome, 
250 ;  is  deposed  and  sent  to  England,  254 ;  re- 
turns to  Virginia,  279, 260 ;  declines  to  allow  the 
Swedes  a  flree  trade,  282. 

Haitem,  Arendt  van,  a  patentee  of  Flatbush  or 
Bfidwout,  536 ;  burgomaster  of  New  Amsterdam, 
948 ;  sent  toVirglnla,  959 ;  to  the  Convention,  97L 

Haverstraw,  or  Kumochenack,  29,  75,  802,  757. 

Haynes,  John,  Governor  of  Connecticut,  295 ;  his 
commission  to  Peters,  323 ;  confers  with  New 
Haven  about  hostilities  against  the  Dutch,  559. 

Hazard,  Thomas,  a  delegate  A-om  Middelburgh, 
569,571. 

Heckewelder,  bis  account  of  the  first  arrival  of 
Europeans  at  New  York,  751,  752,  753. 

neemstede,  Kleft^s  patent  fbr,  388  ;  expedition 
sent  to,  389;  Forrester  at,  477;  John  Moore 
preacher  at,  527 ;  letter  fh>m,  to  the  West  India 
Company,  527 ;  disaffection  at,  552 ;  depositions 
against  the  Dutch  procured  at,  555 ;  sedition  at, 
556 ;  Thomas  Baxter  seizes  vessel  in  harbor  of, 
565 ;  delegates  fVom,  at  Flushing,  568 ;  sends 
delegates  to  New  Amsterdam,  569  ;  represented 
in  Convention,  571 ;  sedition  at,  585 ;  Richard 
Denton,  clergyman  at,  615 ;  petition  ftt)m,  for  a 
new  village  near,  619 ;  Hodgson  arrested  at, 
636 ;  orders  of  Connecticut  to,  703 ;  Talcott  and 
Christie  at,  719;  petitions  Connecticut,  719; 
surrendered  to  Connecticut,  723  ;  forms  combi- 
nation, 726 ;  letter  of  States  General  to,  730, 733. 

Heermans,  Augustine,  one  of  the  Nine  Men,  475 ; 
.signs  memorial  to  States  General,  505 ;  case  of, 
511 ;  prosecuted  by  Stuyvesant,  526  ;  purchases 
Raritan  lands  for  Van  Werckhoven,  537  ;  sent 
by  Stuyvesant  to  Boston,  554  ;  draws  view  of 
New  Amsterdam,  561,  674 ;  on  embassy  to 
Maryland,  666-668 ;  goes  to  Virginia,  669 ;  his 
influence  there,  683. 

Hegeman,  Adriaen,  succeeds  Tonneman  as  schout 


of  Breuckelen,  580, 674, 693 ;  schout  of  the  **  Five 
Dutch  Towns,"  693. 

Heidelberg  Catechism,  103, 105, 106, 110,342,463. 

HeUekers,  Jacob,  magistrate  of  New  Utrecht,  693. 

Hell-gate,  named  by  the  Dutch,  56, 168, 231. 

Hendricksen,  Cornells,  59 ;  explores  the  "  New'* 
or  Delaware  River,  79 ;  returns  to  Holland,  80 

Hesse,  Jacob  Jansen,  counselor,  223. 

Heyes,  Pieter,  sails  to  South  River,  205 ;  estab- 
lishes cdony  at  Swaanendael,  206 ;  buys  Cape 
May  fbr  Godyn  and  Blommaert,  207. 

Heyn,  Peter  Petersen,  captures  the  Spanish  silver 
fleet,  184 ;  his  magnanimity,  184, 464 ;  his  death 
and  his  monument,  185. 

Hicks,  John,  a  delegate  flrom  Flushing,  569,  571. 

High  School  at  Franeker,  413,  463 ;  at  New  Am- 
sterdam, 656 ;  reputation  of,  694 ;  scholars  fVom 
Virginia  sent  to  it,  694. 

Hinlopen,  Thymen  Jacobsen,  59 ;  cape  probably 
named  after,  79.  ' 

Hinlopen,  Cape,  probable  origin  of  name  of,  79 ; 
the  southern  boundary  of  New  Netherland,  479; 
lands  near,  ordered  to  be  purchased,  652 ;  pur- 
chase near,  663 ;  ceded  to  city  of  Amsterdam, 
715-717. 

Hinoyossa,  Alexander  de,  lieutenant  of  New  Am- 
stel,  631 ;  wrecked  near  Fire  Island,  632 ;  assists 
fieeckman  in  purchasing  the  Horekills,  663; 
succeeds  Alrichs,  670 ;  his  insolent  demeanor, 
682 ;  meets  Governor  Calvert  of  Maryland,  697 ; 
his  disagreements  with  Beeckman,  699 ;  visits 
Holland,  700 ;  his  representations  there,  715 ; 
returns  to  South  River  and  organizes  govern* 
ment,  717 ;  opposes  the  English  forces,  744. 

Hobokan-Hacking  purchased  by  Pauw,  202 ;  laid 
waste  by  the  savages,  607. 

Hoboken,  Harman  van,  schoolmaster  at  New  j^m- 
sterdam,  623. 

Hodenosaunee,  or  Iroquois,  82. 

Hodgson,  Robert,  at  Heemstede,  636 ;  imprisoned 
at  Fort  Amsterdam,  636 ;  discharged,  637. 

Hoeks  and  Kabbeljaus  in  Holland,  461. 

Holland,  flag  of,  19 ;  first,  on  the  North  River,  36 ; 
provincial  states  of,  451 ;  aspect  of,  457 ;  docu- 
ments procured  in,  759 ;  see  Dutch. 

Hollsndare,  Peter,  on  the  South  River,  320,  321. 

Holmes,  George,  seizes  Fort  Nassau,  254 ;  taken 
prisoner,  and  sent  back  to  Virginia,  255 ;  at 
Deutel  Bay,  on  Manhattan,  292. 

Holmes,  Lieutenant  William,  at  Windsor,  240, 241 

Honesty  of  the  Dutch,  464. 

Hoogos,  Anthonie  de,  secretary  of  Rensselaers- 
wyck,  420. 

Hoogh  Moogende  Hoeren,  the  title  of  the  Staten 
General,  450. 

Hoorn,  Cape,  name  of,  47 ;  discovered  by  Schou- 
ten,  80,  note. 

Hopkins,  Edwar^i,  203  ;  governor  of  Connecticut. 
295 ;  goes  to  England,  324  ;  returns  with  leUer 
fVom  Boswell,  339. 


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INDEX. 


HorekfH,  Swaanendael  On  the,  SOO,  S19, 2S8 ;  pur- 
chased by  the  Dutch,  663 ;  Dutch  soldiers  at, 
663,  670 ;  Mennonist  colony  at,  698,  699 ;  plun- 
dered by  the  English,  744. 

Horikans,  the,  56,  77. 

Horst,  Myndert  ran  der,  sstablishes  a  colonie  at 
Achter  Cul,  313 ;  thlnlui  of  the  South  River,  319 ; 
one  of  his  colonists  at  Haoklnsack  murdered, 
347 ;  his  colonie  attacked  and  ruined  by  the  sav- 
ages, 368;  written  to  by  Melyn,  397. 

Hospating,  near  Hackinsack,  court  at,  64S. 

Hospitality  of  the  Dutch,  463. 

Hossett,  Gillis,  purchases  lands  for  Van  Rens- 
selaer, 801  ;  at  Swaanendael,  906 ;  killed  by  tlw 
savages,  23a 

Hotel  at  Manhattan  (br  strangers,  335, 549. 

Houten,  Hans  Jorissen,  succeeds  Krol  at  Fort 
Orange,  233 ;  opposes  Eelkens,  330 ;  is  succeed- 
ed by  Van  de  Bogaerdt,  419. 

Houiman,  Cknrnelius,  in  the  East  Indies,  33. 

Howe,  Daniel,  on  Long  Island,  998,  300, 760. 

Howell,  Edward,  on  Long  Island,  398,  300. 

Hubbard,  Sergeant  James,  a  patentee  of  Graves- 
end,  411 ;  opposes  Stuyvesant,  568;  a  delegate 
at  New  Amsterdam,  569, 571 ;  removed  from  the 
magistracy,  596 ;  hoists  British  flag  at  Graves- 
eud,  597 ;  is  arrested,  508 ;  released,  619 ;  car- 
ries petition  of  English  villages  to  Hartford, 
719. 

Hudde,  Andries,  counselor,  293 ;  buys  land  on 
Long  Island,  365 ;  near  Corlaer's  Hook,  379 ; 
draws  up  memorial  to  West  India  Company, 
398 ;  succeeds  Jansen  as  commissary  on  South 
River,  4S<  ;  protests  against  Prints,  494 ;  is  pre- 
vented flrom  visiting  the  **  Great  FaOs"  at  Tren- 
ton, 435 ;  purchases  site  of  Philadelphia,  496 ; 
replies  to  Prlntz's  protest,  437 ;  is  confirmed  as 
conunissary  at  the  South  River,  483;  builds 
Fort  Beversrede,  483;  proposes  fhither  land 
purchases  around  Fmrt  Nassau,  510, 511 ;  sec 
tary  and  surveyor  on  (he  South  River,  609; 
commandant  at  Altona,  633 ;  death  o(;  718,  note. 

Hudden,  Hendrick,  koopman  of  cargoes,  264. 

Hudson,  Henry,  in  the  Arctic  Ocean,  94 ;  sails  in 
the  Half  Moon  fWmi  Holland,  95 ;  at  Cape  Cod 
and  Delaware  Bay,  26 ;  at  Sandy  Hook,  27 ;  dis- 
covers the  North  River,  97-34 ;  sails  Arom  En- 
gland, 49;  his  death,  43. 

Hudson's  River,  93, 130,  297 ;  see  North  River. 

Huguenots  in  Holland,  459,  715,  730 ;  on  Staten 
Island,  693,  734,  749. 

HttUt,  Peter  Evertsen,  148;  sends  colonists  to 
New  Netherland,  158. 

Huntington,  on  Long  Island,  settled,  671 ;  ah- 
nexed  to  Connecticut,  703. 

Hutchinson,  Anne,  banished  (torn  Massachusetts, 
833 ;  at  Annie's  Hoeck,  in  West  Chester,  334 ; 
her  settlement  destroyed  by  the  savages,  366 ; 
her  captive  grand-daughter  recovered  and  re- 
stored by  the  Dnteh,  409, 419. 


Huyck,  Jan,  Krank-besoeeker  at  Manhattan,  165. 

Huygens,  Cornells  van  der,  appointed  sehout-Os- 
cal,  893 ;  enjoined  to  diligence,  386 ;  protests 
against  Koom,  401 ;  succeeded  by  Van  Dyck, 
414, 466 ;  sails  for  Holland  and  is  drowned,  479, 
473. 

Huygens,  Hendrick,  Swedish  commissary  on 
South  River.  494, 496 ;  at  Fort  Beversrede,  483. 

Hyde,  Captain,  commands  English  squadron,  740 ; 
his  form  on  the  South  River,  744. 

Iconoclasts  in  Holland,  100, 440, 441. 

Ihpetonga,  or  Brooklyn  Heights,  73. 

Illustrious  men  of  Holland,  460. 

Inibroeck,  Surgeon  Gysben  van,  his  wifo  guides 
expedition  against  Esopus  savages,  713 ;  a  dele- 
gate to  General  Assembly  at  New  Amsterdam, 
799. 

Independence,  Dutch  declaration  of,  446, 761. 

Indians,  employment  of,  as  servants,  307, 488 ;  en- 
slaved in  New  England,  489 ;  see  Savages. 

Industry  of  the  Dutch,  448, 458, 469. 

Inloopen,  C«pe,  meaning  of  name,  79. 

Intoxication  of  savages  on  board  of  tke  Half  Moon, 
31,759. 

Iroquois,  the,  derivation  of  their  name,  67,  89; 
their  empire,  87 ;  first  treaty  of  the  Dutch  with, 
88;  supplied  with  fire-arms,  89,  169,  308;  at 
vrar  with  the  French,  345,  563,  647 ;  Kieft's 
treaty  with,  408, 409 ;  Stuyvesant  with  the,  499 ; 
first  treaty  of  English  with,  81,  744;  see  Mo- 
hawks, Onondagas,  Stuyvesant. 

Jaoobsen,  Jan,  of  Winngen,  sent  to  New  Plym- 
outh, 175. 

Jaoobsen,  Rutger,  signs  letter  to  New  England 
agents,  553 ;  lays  corner-stone  of  church  at 
Beverwyck,  094 ;  his  descendants,  635,  noce. 

Jacquet,  John  Paul,  vice-director  on  South  River, 
609 ;  ordered  to  prevent  landing  of  Swedes,  690 ; 
delivers  Fort  Casimir  to  Alrichs,  633 ;  succeed 
ed  by  Hudde,  633. 

Jamaica  incorporated,  619 ;  see  Rustdorp. 

James  I.,  his  accession,  7 ;  grants  Virginia  pa- 
tent, 11, 15 ;  dislikes  the  Dutch,  38, 39 ;  granu 
New  England  patent,  95,  96 ;  his  bigotry,  106, 
109,  115;  his  claim  to  New  Netherland,  140- 
144 :  his  death,  156, 161. 

Jamestown  founded,  13 ;  May  at,  97 ;  De  Vries  at, 
936. 

Jan  deWitt*s  Island,  54. 

Jansen,  Andries,  schoolmaster  at  Beverwyck,  591 

Jansen,  Annetjo,  her  form  on  Manhattan  Island, 
966 ;  marries  Domine  Bogardus,  366,  473 ;  her 
daughter  Sarah,  731. 

Jansen,  Anthony,  obtains  land  near  Coney  bland. 
991. 

Jansen,  Hendrick,  one  of  the  Twelve  Men,  317. 

Jansen,  Jan,  of  Dpendam,  commissary  on  the 
South  River,979;  prMests  against  Bfinuit,983; 


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779 


breaks  op  New  Haven  wtUeinenla,  338 ;  com- 
plainu  of  English  af  tlnst,  383,  note ;  forbids 
Boston  adTenturers  to  trade  with  the  Indians, 
384  i  superseded  by  Hudde's  appointment  and 
•ent  to  HoBand,  4S4.  ' 

Janaen,  Michael,  one  of  the  Nine  Men,  470 ;  in- 
forms Stnyresant  of  Van  der  DoncVs  Joomal, 
59S ;  signs  roemorisl  to  States  General,  505;  a 
magistrate  of  Bergen,  091. 

Jansen,  Roelof,  944 ;  his  fkrm  at  Manhattan,  MO ; 
his  widow  marries  Domine  Bogardns,  900, 479. 

Jesnlts  in  Acadia,  99, 53, 07  ;  in  Canada,  344-340; 
in  New  Netherland,  373,  374, 409,  499,  493 ;  at 
Onondaga,  504, 591,  599,  019,  044, 704. 

Jews  In  Holland,  109, 459;  in  N.  Netherland,  004. 

Joaehimi,  Albert,  Dutch  ambassador  at  London, 
914;  action  of,  in  the  case  of  the  "Winiam,** 
145,  940 ;  Lord  Say's  letter  to,  340 ;  dispatches 
to  the  State*  General,  341 ;  ordered  to  leare  Lon- 
don,  490. 

Jochemsen,  DATid,  a  delegate  to  General  Assam- 
bly.  799. 

Jognes,  Father  Isaae,  captured  by  the  Mohawks, 
345 ;  Tisited  by  the  Dutch,  340 ;  eecapes  and 
Tisiu  Manhattan,  373;  embarks  for  Earope, 
374;  discorers  Lake  Saint  Sacrement,  499 ;  at 
Fort  Orange.  «tt ;  at  Cangfanawaga,  493 ;  Us 
death,  493 ;  his  missal,  Ac,  recorered,  045. 

Joosten,  Rntger,  magistrate  of  New  Utrecht,  091 

Joris,  Adriaen,  accompanies  May,  150;  at  Fort 
Orange,  151, 159 ;  reCiima,  155,  109, 189. 

Jurisdiction  of  patroons,  194-199,  987,  904-300, 
311, 319;  see  Bererwyek,  Patroons. 

Kabbeljaus  and  Hoeks  in  Holland,  401. 

Kaghnawag6,  Mohawk  eastle  at,  059 ;  aee  Cangh- 
nawaga. 

Kallebacker,  Indian,  with  a  gnn,  300. 

Katsklll,  or  Catsklll,  deriration  of  name  of,  70 ; 
De  Vries  at,  309;  Van  der  Donek's  Ttews  re- 
specting, 377 ;  Van  Ransotiaer**,  378 ;  granted 
to  Van  Siyck,  491 ;  pnrehaaed  for  Van  Renssel- 
aer, 510 ;  his  claim  to,  denied  by  the  company, 
599;  formers  at,  531 ;  purchases  at,  declared 
Toid,  530 ;  savages  at,  suspected,  713. 

Katsklll  MonntalBs,  why  so  named,  70 ;  proposed 
exploration  of,  581. 

Kattenberg,  031 ;  see  New  Gottenbnrg. 

Kekesick,  pnrehase  of,  190;  see  Yonkers. 

Kermis,  or  Fair,  at  Manhattan,  314, 480, 748. 

Keyser,  Adriaen,  commissary,  439 ;  one  of  Stny- 
Tesant's  eonneil,  400 ;  a  fire-warden,  487. 

Kien,  William,  appointed  director  general,  974 ; 
arriTes  at  Manhattan  and  organixeo  his  council, 
975,  270;  his  new  proclamations  and  regula- 
tions, 977,  978 ;  protests  against  Minult  on  the 
South  River,  983 ;  prohibits  contraband  trade, 
993 ;  resolvea  to  demand  trlbme  from  the  sar- 
ages,  993 ;  protesU  against  English  at  Hartford, 
995 ;  purchases  lands  in  West  Chester,  and  re- 


quires Greenwich  to  submit,  990 ;  secures  In- 
dian title  to  lands  on  Long  Idandy  997 ;  arrests 
Farrett,  998;  dislodges  intrudera  at  SchotU's 
Bay,  and  writes  to  Boston,  999 ;  exacts  tribute 
ftom  the  Indians,  309;  attacks  the  Raritana, 
310 ;  establishes  a  distillery  and  buckskin  manu- 
foctory  on  Staten  Island,  313 ;  reforms  the  cur- 
rency and  establishes  ftira,  314 ;  outlaws  the 
Raritans,  315;  demands  the  Weokquaesgeek 
assassin,  310 ;  summons  a  meeting  of  the  com- 
monalty, 317 ;  stops  New  Haven  expedition  to 
South  River,  391 ;  ordera  force  to  Fort  Good 
Hope,  399;  convokes  the  Twelve  Men,  395; 
makes  ccmoessions,  898 ;  dissolves  the  Twelve 
Men,  399 ;  sends  expedition  against  the  Week- 
quaesgeeks,  399 ;  bnlld»a  stone  hotel  and  a  new 
chureh  at  Manhattan,  335-337 ;  breaks  up  New 
Haven  settiements  on  the  South  River,  337, 
338 ;  ftnrbids  intercourse  with  Hartford,  338 ;  of^ 
fora  to  lease  the  land  at  Hartford,  339 ;  leceives 
present  flrom  Van  Rensselaer,  343 ;  demands  the 
murderer  of  Van  Voorst,  348 ;  resolves  to  attack 
the  savages,  350;  sends  expeditions  against 
them,  351, 359 ;  congratulates  the  troops,  353 ; 
public  clamor  against,  350 ;  his  deposition  pro- 
posed, 390;  proclaims  fost-day,  350;  attacked 
by  Adriaensen,  357 ;  makes  peace  with  Long  Isl- 
and and  River  savages,  399 ;  attempts  to  bribe 
a  chief,  300 ;  opena  correspondence  with  New 
England  commissionen,  309,  303 ;  draws  bill 
on  West  India  Company,  385 ;  sends  expeditions 
to  Suten  Island  and  Greenwich,  380;  to  West 
Chester,387;  grants  patent  for  Heemstede,  388 ; 
witnesses  atrocities  against  Indian  prisonera  at 
Manhattan,  389 ;  seixes  Van  Rensselaer's  ship, 
390 ;  prodaima  day  of  thankagivlng,  391 ;  makes 
peace  with  Eastern  and  Long  Isltnd  savages, 
399 ;  his  bill  of  exchange  dishonored,  393 ;  pro- 
poses an  excise  on  liquora  and  beaver,  393 ;  Im- 
poses excise  on  beer,  394 ;  enforces  it,  and  pun- 
ishes the  reAractory  bnwen,  395,  390 ;  his  con- 
duct reviewed  by  the  Eight  Men,  898, 399 ;  his 
recall  demanded,  400 ;  relieves  Father  Bressani 
and  sends  him  to  Europe,  409 ;  the  West  India 
Company  rescrtve  to  recall  him,  404;  makes 
treaty  with  Long  Island  tribes,  407 ;  with  Iro- 
quois and  Mahicans  at  Foil  Orange,  406 ;  gen- 
eral treaty  at  Fovt  Amsterdam,  400 ;  buys  lands 
on  Long  Island,  410 ;  grants  patent  to  Flushing, 
410;  fines  Doughty,  411;  grants  patent  for 
Gravesend,  411 ;  threatened  by  the  people,  410 ; 
denounced  for  his  tyranny,  417 ;  quarrels  with 
Domine  Bogardns,  417, 418, 700 ;  restores  Anne 
Hutchinson's  grand-daughter,  419 ;  grants  pat- 
ents for  Colendonck,  491 ;  for  KatskiU,  491 ;  in- 
corporates Breuekelen,  491,  499;  grants  lands 
on  South  River,  493 ;  directs  purehase  of  the 
site  of  Philadelphia,  490 ;  protesU  against  the 
New  Haven  trading-house  at  Paugussett,  498 ; 
against  the  Hartford  people  and  the  commission- 


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era  at  New  Haven,  499,  4S0 ;  instructed  by  the 
West  India  Company,  431 ;  is  sacceeded  by 
StuyresaAt,  433, 465 ;  the  people  refuse  to  thank 
him,  4M;  his  controversy  with  Kuyter  and 
Melyn,  409-471 ;  embarks  for  Holland  in  the 
Princess  and  is  drowned,  472. 

Kierstede,  Surgeon  Hans,  408,  731,  748. 

Kierstede,  Sarah,  acts  as  Indian  interpreter,  731. 

Kierit's  Hook  purchased  by  the  Dutch,  234 ;  arms 
at,  torn  down,  260 ;  see  Saybrook. 

Kills,  the,  27, 28;  origin  of  name  of,  313,  note. 

Kinte-Kaeye,  Indian  dance,  389. 

Kip,  Hendrick,  wishes  to  depose  Kieft,  350,  409 ; 
opposes  treaty  at  Fort  Amsterdam,  409 ;  one  of 
the  Nine  Men,  475 ;  signs  memorial  to  States 
General,  505 ;  one  of  the  sebepens  of  New  Am- 
sterdam, 613;  Kip's  Bay,  166. 

Kip,  Jacob,  secretary  of  burgomasters  and  sche- 
pens  of  New  Amsterdam,  548 ;  his  salary,  578. 

Kit  Davit's  Kill,  savages  attacked  at,  670. 

Klein,  Elmerhuysen,  counselor,  on  the  South 
River,  600. 

Kling,  Mounoe,  damages  Dutch  post  on  the  Schuyl- 
kill, 484. 

Kolck,  or  Fresh  Water,  the,  166,  167,  315. 

Koorn,  Nicholas,  atRensseUerswyck,  378 ;  wacht> 
meester  at  Beeren  Island,  400 ;  attempts  to  stop 
Loockermans,  401 ;  protests  against  provincial 
government,  401, 402 ;  succeeds  Van  der  Donck 
as  schout,  419. 

Koninck,  Frederick  de,  captain  of  flag-ship,  603 ; 
sent  to  West  Chester,  018 ;  surveys  New  Am- 
sterdam, 623. 

Konoshioni,  or  Iroquois,  67,  82. 

Korte  Verhael,  publication  of  the,  699. 

Kregier,  Martin,  a  fire-warden  at  New  Amster- 
dam, 487 ;  captain  lieutenant  of  the  city,  527  ; 
burgomaster,  548 ;  signs  letter  to  New  England 
agenU,  553 ;  a  delegate  to  the  Convention,  569, 
571 ;  signs  letter  to  Amsterdam,  576 ;  visiu  New 
Haven,  579 ;  seal  of  New  Amsterdam  delivered 
to,  596 ;  appointed  captain,  631 ;  wrecked  near 
Fire  Island,  632 ;  sent  with  re-enforcemenU  to 
the  South  River,  665 ;  blamed  by  Alrichs,  670 ; 
commands  Esopus  expedition,  712-714 ;  sent  to 
the  Raritan,  724 ;  his  son  insuUed  by  Scott  at 
Breuckelen,  726 ;  meets  Scott  at  Jamaica,  727. 

Krieckebeeck,  Daniel  van,  commandant  at  Fort 
Orange,  152 ;  is  slain  by  the  Mohawks,  169. 

Krol,  Sebastian  Jansen,  Krank-besoecker  at  Man- 
hattan, 165 ;  commissary  at  Fort  Orange,  169, 
163 ;  buys  land  for  Van  Rensselaer,  201 ;  vice- 
director,  212 ;  succeeded  by  Houten,  223. 

Kuyt«r,  Jochem  Pietersen,  comes  to  New  Nether- 
land,  289 ;  chosen  one  of  the  Twelve  Men,  317 ; 
appointed  a  church-master,  336 ;  chosen  one  of 
the  Eight  Men,  365 ;  captain,  sent  to  Staten  Isl- 
and, 380 ;  at  Heemstede,  389 ;  insulted  by  Kieft, 
894 :  reAises  to  thank  him,  400 ;  complains 
of  his  administration,  408,  469;  proceedings 


against,  470 ;  is  convicted  and  banished,  471 ; 
sails  in  the  **  Princess,"  472 ;  escapes  from  her 
shipwreck,  473  (see  Melyn) ;  appointed  schepea 
of  New  Amsterdam,  578 ;  appointed  schout  of 
New  Amsterdam,  587 ;  murder  of;  588. 

Labbatie,  Jan,  244 ;  visits  the  Mohawk  country, 
345,  346 ;  succeeds  Van  Brugge  as  conunissary 
at  Fort  Orange,  493,  523 ;  succeeded  by  Dyck- 
man,  530. 

Laet,  John  de,  148 ;  his  history,  157 ;  becomes  In- 
terested in  Rensselaerswyck,  204 ;  and  Swaan- 
endael,  205 ;  proposes  ney  articles  for  the  gov- 
ernment of  New  Netherland,  286. 

Lake  Champlain,  discovery  of,  18, 72 ;  called  Lake 
of  the  Iroquois,  77 ;  Caniaderi-Guarunt^,  Indian 
name  of,  see  Map. 

Lake  Genentaha,  Jesuit  chapel  at,  612,  044 ;  see 
Lake  Onondaga. 

Lake  George,  why  so  called,  77,  note ;  Andiata- 
roct£,  Indian  name  of;  422 ;  named  Saint  Sacra- 
ment by  Father  Jogues,  422. 

Lake  Lyconaia,  Boston  expedition  sent  to,  383. 

Lake  Oneida,  Champlain  at,  69. 

Lake  Onondaga,  Champlain  at,  69,  72 ;  Le  Moyne 
at,  692 ;  Jesuit  chapel  at,  612,  644,  640. 

Lake  Ontario,  Champlain  on,  68, 71 ;  Father  Pon- 
cet  on,  564 ;  Father  Le  Moyne  on,  591,  592. 

Lake  Saint  Sacrement,  named  by  Jogues,  422. 

Lamberton,  George,  sends  expedition  from  New 
Haven  to  South  River,  321,  322 ;  arrested  at 
Manhatun,  338 ;  his  treatment  by  Printa,  382 ; 
complaints  to  the  commissioners,  383 ;  case  of, 
519,  551. 

Lampo,  Jan,  schout,  164 ;  superseded,  213. 

Landtdag,  or  Convention,  at  New  Amsterdam, 
570-575 ;  another,  722 ;  a  third,  728-731. 

Latin  School  at  New  Amsterdam,  656,  694 ;  chil- 
dren sent  to  it  from  Virginia,  dtc.,  694;  see 
Academy. 

Laud,  Archbishop,  his  intoleranee,  257,  258 ;  his 
fall,  323;  joy  because  of  it  in  Massachusetts, 
331. 

Laurensen,  Sergeant  Andries,  sent  to  enlist  sol- 
diers on  the  South  Riv«r,  675. 

Lawrence,  John,  one  of  the  Dutch  commissioners 
at  Hartford,  790,  721 ;  at  Heemstede,  728L 

Lenapees,  73, 67,  88. 

Leverldge,  WilUam,  settles  at  Oyster  Bay,  505. 

LevereU,  Captain  John,  sent  as  agent  to  New  Am- 
sterdam, 551-655. 

Leyden,  siege  of,  443 ;  university  of,  founded,  4-13 

Libel  against  the  Dutch,  publieation  of,  in  Lou 
don,  566. 

Liberality  of  Dutch  government  toward  stranger*, 
291,  382,  335,  374,  388,  469,  573,  640,  686,  606, 
749. 

Licenses,  patroon's  trading,  at  Rensselaerswyrk, 
376,377;  disregarded  by  fr«s  traders,  400 ;  abol- 
ished, 6S8. 


Digitized  by  VjOOQ IC 


INDEX. 


781 


Light  and  fire,  the  keeping  o€,  a  ooodiUoB  of 
borglieTBkiP)  480, 688,  G94. 

Lindstrom,  I^ter,  Swedlih  eoginMr  on  South  Riv- 
er* 577 ;  reboUds  Fort  C«aimir»  or  Trinity,  693. 

Litsclioe,  Sergeant,  at  Beverwyek,  5S5. 

Lokeniue,  Lawrenee  Ckailee,  Lutheran  dergynuui 
at  Sooth  RiTer,  577 ;  retained  there,  006 ;  con- 
ducts divine  service,  609 ;  leada  a  godless  life, 
616 ;  held  in  iitUe  esteem,  784. 

London  Company,  11 ;  doenmentst  750. 

Long  Island,  Metowacks,  or  Sewan-haoky,  its  in- 
sularity discovered  by  Block,  57,  94 ;  first  set- 
tlers on,  154;  chief  mannfhctory  of  wampum, 
173 ;  conveyed  to  Lord  Stirling,  850 ;  progress  of 
settlements  on,  864,  800,  891 ;  extent  of  Dutch 
Jurisdiction  orer,  807 ;  English  settlements  on, 
89&-301 ;  how  allbcted  by  Hartford  treaty,  519; 
first  Dutch  ehnroh  oo,  681 ;  named  "  Yorkshire^ 
by  NicoDs,  745. 

Loockermans,  Qamtj  883 ;  relbses  to  strike  his 
flag  at  Rensselaer's  Stein,  401 ;  one  of  the  Nine 
Men,  476 ;  ship  consigned  to,  seixed,  400 ;  signs 
memorial  to  States  General,  505 ;  prosecuted  by 
Stnyvesant,  586 ;  proposed  ae  a  commissioner, 
558 ;  accompanies  Stnyvesant  to  Esopus,  647 ; 
sent  to  the  Raritan,  784. 

Loockermans,  Jacob,  visits  Narrington,  733. 

Lord,  John,  a  magistrate  of  Oost-dorp,  610. 

Lords  Majors,  Amsterdam  directors  so  called,  408, 
498,740. 

Lots,  vacant,  in  New  Amsterdam  to  be  improved, 
4d8. 

Lobbertaen,  Frederick^Jtne  of  the  Twelve  Men, 
817 ;  a  delegate  from  Breuekelen  to  the  Conven- 
tion,  571. 

Lupoid,  tnrich,  appointed  schont-fiscal,  866 ;  con- 
tinued by  Kieft,  876 ;  succeeded  by  Van  der 
Huygens,  803. 

Lutherans  at  New  Amsterdam,  581 ;  illiberal  treat- 
ment oCf  583 ;  proclamation  against  conventicles 
of,  617 ;  stiU  oppressed,  686 ;  Goetwater  sent  as 
clergyman  to,  634 ;  chief  reason  of  their  discon- 
tent, 648 ;  moderation  toward,  enjoined,  656 ; 
number  of,  at  Fort  Orange,  681. 

Luyck,  .figidius,  succeeds  Curtius  as  rector  of 
Latin  School  at  New  Amsterdam,  604. 

Lynn,  In  Massachusetts,  intruders  i^om,  at 
Schont's  Bay,  808 ;  liberal  conditions  oflfored  to 
emigranta  flrom,  833. 

Mackarel,  Yacht,  at  the  North  Riyer,  140, 15a 

Magdalen  Island,  in  North  River,  54, 438, 718. 

Mahicans,  54 ;  or  Mohegans,  78 ;  treaty  with,  88; 
at  Fort  Orange,  158 ;  oyercome  by  the  Mohawks, 
183,  213 ;  in  the  valley  of  the  Connecticut,  888 ; 
sachem  of,  Yisits  Boston,  810, 333 ;  Uncaa,  chief 
of,  271,  363;  treaty  at  Fort  Orange  with,  408; 
sacbems  of,  at  Fort  Amsterdam,  676 ;  attack  the 
Mohawks,  783. 

Mamaranack,  chief  of  the  CroCon  saTages,  801 


Manchonack,  or  Gardiner's  Island,  897. 
Manhatun,  origin  of  name,  34, 73, 74,  note ;  sec- 

'  ond  ship  sent  to,  44 ;  Christiaensen  and  Block 
at,  45, 46 ;  condition  of  the  island,  47 ;  first  cab- 

I  ins  at,  48 ;  aUeged  Tisit  of  Argall  to,  54,  754 
first  vessel  buUt  at,  55,  65 ;  name  of,  74,  753 
Dermer  at,  93 ;  no  fort  there,  55,  94,  note,  755 
West  India  Company  takes  possession  of,  151 
purchase  of,  from  savages,  164 ;  condition  of. 
165-168 ;  Fort  Amsterdam,  buUt  at,  165,  163 
prosperity  of,  183 ;  the  emporium  of  New  Neth- 
erland,  194 ;  great  ship  New  Netherland  built 
at,  818, 319, 886 ;  goats  sent  to,  888 ;  Winthrop's 
bark  at,  830;  condition  of,  843;  invested  with 
"  Staple  right,**  348 ;  condition  of,  on  Kieft's  ar- 
rival, 876  ;  mnltilhrions  population,  878 ;  cherry 
and  peach  trees  at,  800;  foreigners  at,  301 : 
municipal  regulations  at,  808 ;  De  Vries*  planu- 
tion  at,  301 ;  masU  for  shipwrights  at,  whence 
procured,  808 ;  residents  ordered  to  be  armed, 
800 ;  commercial  regulations,  313 ;  Manhattan's 
sewan,  314;  &ir  established  at,  314;  murder 
at,  316 ;  reforms  demanded  at,  837 ;  strangers 
at,  885 ;  church  at,  837 ;  savages  atucked  at, 
840, 353 ;  ravaged  by  the  Indians,  360 ;  described 
by  Father  Jogues,  373,  374 ;  military  forces  at, 
885, 3^ ;  atrocities  against  Indian  prisoners  at, 
380 ;  condition  of,  described  by  the  Eight  Men, 
398 ;  Father  Bressani  at,  408 ;  measures  pro- 
posed in  Holland  respecting,  40^-406;  general 
treaty  with  Indians  at,  409 ;  depopulation  of, 
410, 465 ;  municipal  regulations  by  Stuyvesant, 
467  ;  represented  in  the  Nine  Men,  474 ;  muni- 
cipal afiairs  at,  487,  488 ;  burgher  government 
demanded  for,  505 ;  proposed  in  Holland,  514 ; 
burgher  guard  at,  517 ;  political  troubles  at,  531, 
585,  533 ;  school  at,  537,  538 ;  concession  of 
burgher  government  to,  540, 541 ;  its  maritime 
superiority  predicted,  547;  its  population  in 
1653,  548 ;  organization  of  a  municipal  govern- 
ment in,  549 ;  see  New  Amsterdam. 

Manna-hata,  Hudson  at,  84. 

Manning,  Captain  John,  trades  between  New 
Haven  and  Manhattan,  579 ;  accompanies  Cart 
Wright  to  Fort  Orange,  743 ;  at  treaty  with  Iro- 
quois, 744. 

Manomet,  Dutch  traders  at,  145;  trading-house 
at,  176 ;  trafilc  at,  179, 180. 

Mantes,  or  Red  Hook,  on  the  South  River,  385 ; 
lands  purchased  at,  511. 

Bfannfoctures  inHoUand,  147, 198,459 ;  forbidden 
in  New  Netherland,  196 ;  prohibition  of,  abolish- 
ed, 318 ;  on  Staten  Island,  313 ;  on  Coney  Isl- 
and, 604. 

Manuscripts,  New  Yodt  Colonial,  750. 

Maps  found  in  archives  at  the  Hague,  755, 757. 

Maqnaas,  54,  77 ;  see  Mohawks. 

Marechkawleck,  808 ;  see  Breuekelen. 

Mareehkawiecks,  near  Breuekelen,  attacked,  3&S, 
854. 


Digitized  by  VjOOQ IC 


782 


INDEX. 


Mareet,  DftTid  da,  a  delegmte  to  General  Aseem- 
bly,  789. 

Marriages,  ordloance  retpectiof ,  in  New  Nether- 
land,  089. 

Martin  Oerritsen'e  Bay,  or  BfartinnelKNick,  t90, 
888 ;  aee  Hoemstede. 

Martin,  Henry,  aceompaniea  MofeAwks  to  Canada 
and  Is  lost,  650. 

Maryland,  royal  charter  ftiir,  951 ;  colonists  sent 
to,  by  Lord  Baltimore,  193 ;  commerce  with  the 
Dutch  encouraged  by  Calvert,  880 ;  side  of,  on 
Delaware  Bay,  884 ;  Lord  Baltimore's  authority 
abrogated  in,  599 ;  designs  of,  against  the  Dotch 
on  Sooth  Rirer,  603 ;  Dutch  agents  at,  discuss 
tiUe  of  Lord  Baltimore  to,  666-660 ;  Stuyresant 
ordered  to  oppose  encroachments  of,  688 ;  trade 
of,  with  Dutch  on  South  River,  697 ;  new  treaty 
with  the  savages,  717 ;  navigation  law  evaded 
in,  794;  threatening  attttude  of,  784;  tobacco 
trade  in,  785 ;  Lord  Baltimore's  rights  in,  oon> 
sidered  doubtfU  by  Nicolls,  744. 

Mason,  Captain  John,  eomplalns  of  Dutch  in  New 
Netherland,  140;  his  letter  to  Sir  John  Coke, 
149,  148,  915,  755. 

Mason,  Captain  John,  commander^in*chief  against 
the  Pequods,  971, 978 ;  his  proposed  removal  to 
the  South  River  opposed  by  Connecticut,  580. 

Massachusetts  Bay  visited  by  Block,  58^  59,  756 ; 
by  Smith,  91 ;  English  grant  of  land  on,  188 ; 
royal  charter  fbr,  189 ;  intolerance  in,  190 ;  iu 
religious  government,  808;  emigrations  from, 
to  Connecticut,  838, 855-897 ;  fueling  of,  toward 
Maryland  colonists,  858,  note ;  raligious  intoler- 
anoe  of,  and  emigrations  fh>m,  831-835;  com- 
missionera  of,  361 ;  sends  exploring  expedition 
to  the  South  River,  883 ;  bond  slavery  in,  489, 
note ;  correspondence  of  Stuyvesant  with,  478 ; 
advises  New  Haven,  480 ;  Mohawks  a  terror  to 
savages  in,  496 ;  death  of  Winthrop  of,  499 ;  as- 
sents to  Hartfbrd  treaty,  519 ;  at  variance  with 
the  eommissionera,  557 ;  prevents  a  war  with 
New  Netherland,  598, 559 ;  maintains  her  posi- 
tion, 564,  969 ;  lukewarmness  of,  against  the 
Dutch,  989 ;  persecution  of  Quakera  in,  689 ; 
territorial  claims  of,  694 ;  an  exploring  party 
IW>m,  at  Fort  Orange,  699 ;  complains  to  com- 
missioners, 671 ;  claims  of,  678 ;  asks  Stuyve- 
sant to  deliver  up  regicides,  699 ;  reluctance  of, 
to  assist  royal  eommissionera,  787 ;  couunis- 
sionera  flrom,  at  New  Amsterdam,  748. 

Massasoit,  sachem  of  the  Narragansetts,  171. 

Maets  for  ships,  where  procured,  803. 

Matouwacks,  or  Metowacks,  on  Long  Island,  97, 
78,87. 

Matteawan,  99, 79. 

Maurice,  John,  sheriff  of  Gravesend,  996. 

Maurice,  Prince,  of  Nassau,  89,  49, 107-111 ;  be- 
comes Prince  of  Orange,  109, 184-196, 183, 160, 
434, 446 ;  see  Orange,  Prince  of. 

Mauritius  River, 49, 914, 999, 756 ;  see  North  River. 


Maverick,  Samuel,  of  Boston,  In  Londoa,  799;  a 
reyal  eotufolssloner,  790. 

May,  Cornells  Jacobsen,  47 ;  at  Martha's  Vineyard, 
94 ;  at  the  South  River  and  Virginia,  97 ;  retnms 
to  Holland,  97 ;  returns  to  New  Netherland, 
190 ;  first  director  of  the  provinee,  194 ;  sne- 
ceeded  by  William  Verhnlst,  199. 

May-day  sports  in  New  NeChevtand  prsUbiied, 
611. 

Mayano,  chief  of  the  StamiNrd  Indians,  886. 

Mayflower,  198;  at  Cape  Cod,  19»-1S3. 

Mayo,  Samuel,  settles  at  Oyster  Bay,  999. 

Measures  and  weights  of  Amsterdam  required  to 
be  used  in  New  Netheriand,  406, 419, 489. 

Meeutinay  wins  the  Fresh  River,  993. 

Megapolensis,  Domine  Johannes,  his  agreement 
with  Van  Rensselaer,  349 ;  arrives  at  Rens- 
selaerswyck,  UM;  his  tnfluenee  there,  344; 
shows  kindness  to  Father  Jogoes,  373 ;  his 
zeal  as  a  missionary,  879,  376 ;  writes  tract  on 
Mohawk  Indians,  306, 376 ;  asks  permission  to 
return  to  Holland,  494 ;  sneceeds  BaclBBrus  at 
New  AmstOTdam,  906 ;  a  patentee  of  Flatbosh, 
936 ;  assists  to  organise  a  ehuroh  at  Mldwout, 
980, 961 ;  iUiberality  toward  the  Lntherans,  969 ; 
accompanies  Stuyvesant  to  the  Sooth  River, 
604 ;  preaches  to  the  troops,  009 ;  thinks  t 
allowed  the  Swedes  **too  easy,"  006 ;  i 
ary  spirit  of,  619 ;  Jealous  of  the  Lutherans, 
616 ;  eomplalns  of  oonventieles,  617 ;  eomplaiBS 
of  Goetwater  and  the  Lutherans,  639 ;  explana- 
tions respecting  rdigious  alihirs,  643 ;  his  inti- 
macy with  Father  Le  Moyne,  649 ;  enjoined  by 
the  company  to  be  more  moderate,  696 ;  success 
of  his  ministry,  661 ;  sent  to  meet  NicoUs,  738 ; 
leads  Stuyvesant  from  rampart  of  Fort  Amstei^ 
dam,  740;  advises  surtendar,  741. 

Megapolensis,  Samuel,  goes  to  Holland,  649 ;  re> 
turns  to  New  Netherland,  730;  takes  Sdyns* 
plaoe,  734 ;  sent  to  meet  NieoUs,  ^36 ;  leads 
Stuyvesant  frtHn  rampart  of  Fort  Amsterdam, 
740;  a  commissioner  en  the  Dnteh  side,  741, 
763. 

Melyn,  Cometis,  comes  to  New  Netherland,  969 , 
a  patroon  on  Staten  Island,  819,  814;  ehosen 
one  of  the  Eight  Men,  369 ;  president  of  the 
Eight  Men,  871 ;  insuHed  by  Kieft,  394 ;  writes 
to  die  States  General,  997 ;  refhses  to  thank 
Kieft,  466 ;  complains  of  Kieft's  administration, 
468,  469 ;  proceedings  against,  470 ;  is  oonvict- 
ed  and  sentenced  to  banishment,  471 ;  sails  in 
the  **  Princess,"  479;  escapes  from  the  ship- 
wreck, 478 ;  obtains  letten  in  HoUand,  90S ;  re- 
turns to  Manhattan  and  is  revised  redress, 909; 
goes  back  to  Holland,  006 ;  his  efbrts  there,  919 , 
returns  to  Staten  Island,  999 ;  accused  of  in- 
citing tiie  savages,  999;  goes  to  New  Haven, 
641 ;  surrendera  Staten  Island  and  returns  to 
New  Amsterdam,  699. 

Mennonists,  Anabaptists  so  eaUed,  374, 610. 749. 


Digitized  by  VjOOQ IC 


INDEX. 


783 


Mennonltt  eolony  at  the  HoreklU,  slngultr  aiti- 
elM  of  association  ft>r»  008, 009 ;  plundered  by 
the  EngUsh,  745. 

M ercier,  Father  Le,  at  Onondaga,  644. 

Merry  Monnt,  or  Mount  WoUaston,  188. 

Mespath  purchased  by  Kleft,  297 ;  patent  fbr,  83S ; 
destroyed  by  the  savages,  307 ;  sarages  sur- 
prised at,  889;  Doughty's  troubles  at,  411 ;  new 
settlement  near,  596 ;  see  BUddelburgh  or  New- 
town. 

Mespath  KiD,  ftmily  murdered  at,  057. 

Messenger,  Andrew,  magistrate  of  Rustdoip,  089. 

Mey,  Peter,  assistant  commissary  on  South  RIt- 
er,  f79,  t83. 

Miantonomoh  assists  the  EngUsh  against  the  Pe> 
quods,  371 ;  accused  by  Uncas,  8S0 ;  Tisits  the 
neighborhood  of  Greenwich,  S47 ;  inTsdes  the 
Mahicans,  90S ;  is  put  to  dsath,  904. 

Middelburgh,  or  Newtown,  settlement  at,  580; 
depositions  against  the  Dutch  taken  at,  555 ; 
delegates  fh>m,  at  Flushing,  508;  sends  dele- 
gates to  New  Amsterdam,  509 ;  represented  In 
Conrention,  571 ;  sedition  at,  585 ;  John  Moore 
the  preacher  at,  015 ;  asks  Ibr  minister  in  place 
of,  090 ;  orders  of  Connecticut  to,  708 ;  petition 
(h>m,  to  Connecticut,  719 ;  name  of,  changed, 
793 ;  ftvms  combinatioq,  7S0 ;  letter  of  States 
General  to,  790, 799. 

Midwottt,  or  Flatbnsh,  settlement  at,  590 ;  repre- 
sented in  ConTention  at  New  Amsterdam,  571 ; 
delegates  (him,  forbidden  to  appear  again,  575 ; 
loyalty  of,  979 ;  municipal  goremment  of,  580 ; 
church  at,  581,  015 ;  Hegeman  schout  of,  098 ; 
represented  in  ConTention,  718 ;  Scott  at,  780; 
remonscranee  of  FiTe  Dutch  towns  at,  787;  rsp- 
resented  In  General  Assembly,  799 ;  letter  of 
States  General  to,  790. 

MiliUa,  918, 987,  988,  951, 905, 459 ;  to  be  armed, 
400, 415 ;  enroDment  of,  in  Dutch  Tillages,  579. 

Military  ftnroe  asked  ibr  tnm  Holland,  181 ;  seat, 
883. 

mils,  Richard,  of  West  Chester,  imprisoned,  709. 

Minerals,  99,  94 ;  near  Fort  Orange,  406 ;  near 
NeTesinck,  418;  explorations  Ibr,  encouraged, 
481 ;  Ibund  at  Minnlsinck,  0«L 

Minnahonnonek  IsUmd,  In  HeU-gate  RiTer,  807. 

Minnewit's  Island,  Teasel  to  be  stationed  at,  579. 

Minnisinac,  minerala  fbund  at,  008. 

MInntsincks,  70 ;  Esopus  saTages  among  the,  714, 
717;  traUofthe,757. 

Min4iuas,  78,  78,  880, 898,  484,  488, 080,  710,  757. 

Minquas*  KiU,  Mtnult  at,  888 ;  named  Christina 
Cre^,  884 ;  within  New  Sweden,  878 ;  eaUed 
Settoensoene,  589 ;  and  Suspenoough,  099. 

Mint,  contemplated,  at  New  Amsterdam,  004. 

Mittult,  Peter,  appointed  director  general  of  New 
Netherland,  108;  arrtres  at  Manhattan,  109 
purchases  the  island  tnm  the  Indians,  104 ;  his 
eorrespondence  with  Bradftml,  179-181 ;  aaks 
soldtors  Cron  Holland,  181 ;  is  recaUed,  819 ;  at 


Plymouth,  919 ;  goes  to  Sweden  and  conducta 
expedition  to  South  RiTer,  981 ;  at  Jamestown, 
889 ;  arriTes  with  Swedes  at  South  Rlrer,  and 
purchases  land,  889, 099 ;  Kieft's  protest  against, 
983 ;  builds  Fort  Christina,  984 ;  death  of,  321 

Minute-nten  enrolled  in  Dutch  Tillages,  579. 

Mission  of  the  Martyrs,  499. 

Missionary  seal  of  Megapolensis,  375. 

Moderation,  religious,  ei\}oined,  049, 043. 

Mohawk  RiTer,  83 ;  beautiAil  land  on,  340. 

Mohawks,  54,  77 ;  called  Kayingehaga,  89 ;  their 
pre-eminence,  80;  treaty  with,  88;  at  Fort 
Orange,  159 ;  subdue  the  Mahicans,  183,  919, 
939 ;  De  Vrles  among  the,  300 ;  supplied  with 
lire-arms,  308;  capture  Father  Jogues,  345; 
Tisited  by  Dutch  ttom  BeTsrwyek,  840 ;  attack 
the  RiTer  Indians,  349;  preached  to  by  Mega- 
polensis, 875;  capture  Father  Bressani,  409  ( 
treaty  with,  at  Fort  Orange,  408 ;  at  Fort  Am- 
sterdam, 409 ;  murder  Jogues,  493 ;  "  Wooden 
Leg,**  493 ;  a  <*  terror^  to  the  New  England  In- 
dians, 490 ;  allianoe  with,  renewed,  599,  593 ; 
trading-house  among,  prqxMed  by  the  Dutch, 
503 ;  again  at  war  with  the  French,  504 ;  cap- 
ture Father  Poneet,  504 ;  jealous  of  the  Onon* 
dagas,  599 ;  Father  Le  Moyne  among, Oil ;  new 
alliance  with  the  Dutch,  Oil,  019;  unfHendly 
to  the  French,  044 ;  Tlalt  Fort  Orange,  050 ;  de- 
sire a  Dutch  interpreter  to  go  with  them  to  Can- 
ada, 050 ;  again  at  Fort  Orange,  056 ;  Tisited  by 
delegates  fh>m  BeTerwyck,  059;  promise  as- 
sistance against  Esopus  saTages,  000 ;  media- 
tion of,  001 ;  employment  of,  oiqwsed  by  Stuy- 
Tesant,  077 ;  at  Esopus  treaty,  078 ;  cooq>laln 
of  bosch-loopers,  079 ;  hostile  to  the  Kennebeck 
saTages,  089;  seU  Schenectady  flats,  091 ;  attack 
English  on  the  Kennebeck,  704 ;  threaten  Mon- 
treal, 705 ;  obuln  release  of  Dutch  captiTes  at 
Esopus,  719 ;  complained  of  by  Temple,  739 ; 
attacked'  by  the  Mahicans,  788 ;  first  treaty  of 
EngUsh  with,  744. 

Mohegans,  78 ;  see  Mahicana. 

Moleroaecker,  Fraafois,  at  Manhattan,  105. 

Molenaar,  Abram,  one  of  the  Twrive  Men,  317. 

Monemina  Castle,  at  mouth  of  the  Mohawk,  801. 

Montague,  Johannes  la,  physician  and  counselor, 
875 ;  his  (krm  on  Manhattan  870 ;  ordered  to 
Fort  Good  Hope,  389 ;  warns  Kieft  against  his 
raahness,  350,  351 ;  commands  expedition  to 
StaUn  Island,  380 ;  sent  to  Heemstede,  380 ;  ar- 
gues in  IhTor  of  Kieft,  899 ;  goes  with  Kielt  to 
Fort  Orange,  408 ;  analyxea  minerals  there,  408, 
note ;  retained  as  counselor  by  StuyTesant,  400 ; 
Tisits  the  South  RiTer,  485 ;  appointed  school- 
master, 538 ;  a  delegate  at  New  Amsterdam, 
500 ;  appointed  Tice-director  at  Fort  Orange, 
085 ;  writes  to  La  Potherie,  050 ;  entertains  sx- 
ploring  party  flrom  Massachusetu,  055 ;  arrasts 
bosch-loopers,  079 ;  attests  purchase  of  Scheneo> 
Udy  flats,  091 ;  his  daaghter  Rachel,  wIOb  of 


Digitized  by  VjOOQ IC 


784 


INDEX. 


Surgeon  Gysbert  van  Imbroeck,  712 ;  required 
by  NicoIIs  to  surrender  to  Cartwright,  743, 

Montagne,  Rachel  la^  guides  expedition,  713. 

Montauk  Point,  or  Visscher's  Hoeck,  Block  at,  97. 

Monts,  tbe  Sieur  de,his  patent,  16 ;  at  Saint  Croix, 
17 ;  at  Port  Royal,  17. 

Moody,  Lady  Deborah,  settles  at  Graresend  and 
is  attacked  by  the  savages,  367 ;  obtains  a  pat- 
ent, 411 ;  Stuyvesant  a  guest  of,  596;  allowed 
to  nominate  magistrates,  590 ;  her  house  again 
attacked,  607. 

Moody,  Sir  Henry,  a  patentee  of  Gravesend,  411 ; 
fkvors  disaffeclion  there,  579 ;  procures  release 
of  Hubbard,  619 ;  visits  New  Amsterdam  as  am- 
bassador IVom  Virginia,  683,  684. 

Moore,  John,  English  preacher  at  Heemstede,  537 ; 
at  Middelburgh,  615 ;  death  of,  600. 

Morley,  Captain,  obtains  a  fkrm  on  the  South  Riv- 
er, 744. 

Morton,  Nathaniel,  bis  calumny  respecting  the 
Dutch,  139, 130. 

Moct,  Adam,  a  commissioner  at  Heemstede,  738. 

Moticheron,  Balthazar,  fovors  voyages  to  North, 
S3 ;  opposes  Hudson,  34. 

Mountains,  River  of  the,  35,  44. 

Moyne,  father  Simon  le,  visits  the  Onondaga 
country,  591 ;  discovers  salt  springs  at,  593 ; 
visits  Beverwyck,  611 ;  among  the  Mohawks, 
611,  645  ;  visits  New  Amsterdam,  645  ;  his  in- 
timacy with  Megapolensis,  645 ;  obtains  com- 
mercial favors  ft>r  the  Dutch  (torn  the  Governor 
of  Canada,  646 ;  revisits  the  Iroquois,  704. 

Municipal  governments  promised,  313. 

Municipal  system  of  Holland  desired  (br  New 
Neth^rland,  336-338;  demanded  by  the  colo- 
nists, 400 ;  effects  of,  in  Holland,  453-456 ;  again 
demanded,  505 ;  conceded,  540,  548. 

Monster,  treaty  of,  435. 

Murderer's  Island,  153,  758. 

Nalnde  Nummerus,  chief  of  the  Rockaways,  349. 

Narragansett  Bay,  Block  in,  57, 56 ;  Dutch  traders 
in,  145,  171, 174  ;  island  of  Quotenis,  in,  bought 
by  the  Dutch,  868 ;  boundary  of  New  Nether- 
land,  209,  479,  497. 

Narratikon,  or  Raccoon  Creek,  lands  bought  at, 
911 ;  lands  near,  purchased,  530 

Narrington,  treaty  at,  733. 

Narrows,  the,  in  N.  York  harbor,  3, 16, 38, 35, 803. 

Nassau  Bay,  Narragansett  Bay  so  called,  57. 

Nassau,  Fort,  55,  81, 153 ;  see  Fort  Nassau. 

Nations,  law  of,  respecting  title  to  unowned  ter- 
ritory, 143. 

Naval  war  between  Dutch  and  English,  545,  586. 

Navigation,  English  Act  of,  543 ;  revised  and  ex- 
tended, 685 ;  its  efibcts^  687,  701 ;  unpopular  in 
Virginia,  701,  703^,  olMbrved  in  New  England, 
719;  enforcement  of,  enjoined,  734,  735,  735. 

Neale,  Captain  James,  Lord  Baltimore's  agent,  de- 
I  surrender  of  the  South  River,  685. 


Needham,  Captain,  sent  by  Nicolls  to  Fort  Am- 
sterdam, 738. 

Negroes,  colonists  promised  to  be  supplied  with, 
196,  197,  313 ;  on  Staten  Island,  309 ;  further 
arrangements  respecting,  406, 415 ;  more,  asked 
for  by  Gravesend,  536 ;  colonists  allowed  to  pro- 
cure, (torn  Aflrica,  540,  656 ;  trade  in,  697  ;  con- 
dition of,  in  New  Netherland,  746,  748. 

Netherlands,  United  Provinces  of  the,  19,  42, 445. 

Nevesincks,  or  Navisindu,  73 ;  attack  the  Dutch, 
366;  minerals  found  in  country  of  the,  413; 
lands  purchased  by  the  Dutch,  734. 

Nevius,  Johannes,  schepen  of  New  Amsterdam, 
607. 

New  Albion,  patent  for,  381 ;  see  Plowden. 

New  Amersfoort  founded,  365 ;  see  Amersfoort. 

New  Amstel,  colony  of  the  city  of  Amsterdam,  on 
the  South  River,  630 ;  Fort  Casimir  so  named, 
633 ;  church  at,  633 ;  prosperity  of,  651 ;  smug- 
gling at,  651 ;  sickness  and  scardty  at,  653 ; 
population  of,  653 ;  distress  at,  661 ;  desertions 
from,  668;  alarm  at,  about  designs  of  Maryland, 
663 ;  Utie  at,  664,  665 ;  disastrous  condition  of; 
670 ;  troubles  at,  663 ;  Charles  Calvert  at,  717 ; 
powder  demanded  from,  for  New  Amsterdam, 
736 ;  surrendered  to  the  English,  744. 

New  Amsterdam,  Manhattan  so  called,  467, 488 ; 
municipal  regulations  of,  467, 487, 488 ;  popular 
discontent  at,  495 ;  burgher  government  de- 
manded, 505 ;  public  school,  506 ;  burgher  gov- 
ernment proposed  for,  in  Holland,  514,  515; 
burgher  guard,  517 ;  concessions  of  Amsterdam 
Chamber  to,  540,  541 ;  population  of;  548;  or- 
ganitation  of  municipal  government  of,  518, 5M ; 
preparatl|bis  for  defense  of,  549;  first  public 
debt  of,  550 ;  New  England  agents  at,  552  ;  mu- 
nicipal affairs  of,  559, 560, 567, 568 ;  repreaented 
in  Convention,  500,  571 ;  sgrees  to  a  remon- 
strance, 571-573 ;  more  power  asked  for,  575, 
576 ;  affairs  of,  578 ;  military  preparations  in, 
579 ;  Lutherans  at,  581,  688 ;  CromwsU's  do- 
signs  against,  583 ;  put  in  a  state  of  defonse, 
584 ;  Euyter  appointed  schout  of,  587 ;  City  Han 
and  seal  of,  588 ;  ferry  regulated,  589 ;  exciso 
resumed  by  Stuyvesant,  590 ;  city  seal  and  coat 
of  arms,  596,  597 ;  new  burgomaster  and  ache- 
pen,  597 ;  City  Hall  ordered  to  be  repaired,  507 ; 
invaded  by  savages,  607 ;  measures  for  its  ds- 
fonse,  608 ;  contribution  assessed,  608 ;  excise 
of,  fhrmed,  610 ;  alihirs  of,  613 ;  survey  and  pop- 
ulation of,  623 ;  great  and  small  burgher  ri^  in, 
638,  639 ;  its  privUeges  enlarged,  640 ;  munici- 
pal afikirs  at,  640,  641 ;  Father  Le  Moyne  at, 
645 ;  conunerce  opened  with  Canada,  646 ;  fb^> 
eign  trade  of,  656 ;  Latin  schoolmaster  at,  056; 
volunteers  at,  for  Esopus  expedition,  000 ;  Ton- 
neman  schout  of,  674 ;  burgher  right  extended, 
674;  second  survey  and  map  of,  074;  treaty 
with  savages  at,  675 ;  prosperity  of  church  at, 
681  i  ambassador  from  Virginia  at,  083 ;  burgher 


Digitized  by  VjOOQ IC 


INDBX. 


785 


light,  stone  wall,  mint,  ind  Lattn  •etaool,  In, 
604 ;  Wintbrop  at,  995 ;  New  HaTen  agente  at, 
090;  Canadian  reftigeea  at,  705;  Bowne  Im- 
priaoned  at,  700;  expedition  (Voni,  to  Beopoa, 
719;  Convention  at, 711;  loan  raiaed at,  Ibrde- 
(toaea,  7S7 ;  exeiae  at,  aonendered  by  Stnyre- 
aant,  797 ;  General  Prorinelal  Aaoembly  at,  79^ 
731 ;  popolation  of,  784 ;  preparatlona  ibr  de- 
fenae  of,  730;  fVutlier  preparatlona,  798;  anm- 
moned  to  anrrender,  738 ;  diaeontent  of  elttiena, 
730, 740 ;  condition  of,  741 ;  anrrender  of,  749 ; 
named  New  York,  743 ;  NieoUa*  opinion  of,  749 ; 
aee  BnrgoflBaatara  and  aebepena. 

New  Amaterdam  reeorda,  407,  468,  540,  701. 

New  England,  Bkiek  in,  98, 50, 750 ;  Smltb  in,  04, 
01 ;  named,  01 ;  patent  Ibr,  05,  00,  188;  com- 
plained of  in  Parliament,  180 ;  piogreaa  of  col- 
onitation  of,  168 ;  arrival  of  Wintbrop,  907 ;  en- 
croacbmenta  of,  on  New  Netberlaad,  905-909 ; 
patent  anrrendered,  990 ;  acarcHy  in,  900 ;  tbe 
Peqinoda  in,  97(^978 ;  enigratlona  from,  to  New 
Netherland,  901 ;  eneroaebmenu  of,  903-300 ; 
dedgna  of,  on  Sontb  Rirer,  391 ;  agenta  aent  to 
England,  393 ;  adrioe  of  Boawell  to,  384 ;  relig- 
iooa  intolerance  in,  331-334 ;  emigrationa  fttmi, 
to  New  Netherland,  334, 335 ;  tamper  of  IHends 
of,  in  England,  340 ;  eoloniea  in,  form  a  union, 
801, 809 ;  aee  United  Coloniea. 

New  Gottenborg,  (brt  boot  by  Prints  at  Tinieom, 
870  i  De  Vriea  at,  380 ;  deatroyed  by  Are,  493, 
494;  Prints'a  conduct  at,  497;  called  Katten- 
berg  by  the  Dutch,  031.  ^ 

New  Haerlem,  Tillage  Ibrmod  i^fl ;  incorpora- 
ted, 074 ;  repreaented  in  Conation,  799;  rep- 
reaented  in  General  Aaaenbly,^. 

New  HaTen  fbunded,  904 ;  obtains  Yennecock,  on 
Long  laland,  300 ;  attempta  a  plantation  on  the 
Delaware,  391 ;  protesta  againat  Kieft'a  pro- 
oeedinga,  388;  commlaoloners  of,  801;  com- 
plains of  the  Dutch  and  Swedes  on  South  KIt- 
er,  80S ;  refbsests  aaslstNew  Netherland,  870 ; 
builds  trading^honae  at  Pangussett,  498 ;  llcst 
meeting  of  commissieMrs  at,  430 ;  ahip  aeiaed 
at,  by  StnyTosant,  470 ;  correspondence  of  Stny- 
Teaant  with,  480, 481, 490, 500, 510 ;  another  ex. 
pedition  of,  to  Sooth  Kirer  ddbated  by  Stuyre- 
aant,  597 ;  complaina  to  the  commissioners,  590 ; 
agent  of,  sent  to  New  Amaterdam,  551 ;  urgsa  a 
war,  550;  Ibeling  at,  againat  tbe  Dutch,  505, 
500 ;  seal  of,  againat  the  Dutch,  586 ;  colonists 
from,  at  West  Chester,  590 ;  persoeutlon  of 
Qnakera  in,  630 ;  Melyn  in,  041 ;  regicidea  ahel- 
tered  at,  005;  mi«lstrales  of,  Tisit  New  Am- 
stsrdam,000 ;  eondltioM  rei|nired  by,  ^oibr- 
ed  to,  Bs  colonists,  090 ;  protests  against  Con- 
necticut, 700 ;  sBdeaTors  to  engage  Soott,  799. 

New  Holland,  Cape  Cod  so  namedbyHudaon,96 ; 
Bloekat,58. 

New  Jersey,  grant  oi;  to  Berkeley  and  Caitsrat, 
730;  named  AUwhta  by  NieoOa, 745. 

Ddd 


New  Netherland  named  by  the  Statea  General.  09, 
08,  01 ;  included  within  charter  of  Weat  India 
Company,  180 ;  Engliah  complain  of  Dutch  pes* 
aeasion  of,  140 ;  Dutch  tiUe  to,  144 ;  made  a 
Dutch  proTinee,  146 ;  taken  possession  of  by 
the  West  India  Cinnpany,  149 ;  cost  of,  180 ; 
commissaries  of,  167;  charter  for  patroona  in, 
167;  proTlalona  of  ita  charter,  104-106;  en- 
eroaohmenta  of  Engliah,  950-909 ;  of  Swedes. 
989^984 ;  tbe  Weat  India  Company  deelinea  to 
anrrender  it  to  the  Statea  General,  985 ;  trade 
in,  made  more  ft^ee,  986 ;  prosperity  of,  990 ; 
frnrtber  encroachmeata  of  the  Engliah,  298-301 ; 
new  charter  ftnr  patroona  in,  811 ;  Reformed 
Dutch  Church  estaMMied  In,  819 ;  Swedes  in, 
310,  390 ;  English  Tiews  respeeUng,  393,  894 ; 
political  aflbirs  of,  397 ;  emigrationa  from  New 
England  to,  981-335 ;  Jeauita  in,  340,  974, 409 ; 
raTaged  by  the  Indians,  354,  304-379,  307-400; 
its  aflkira  considered  In  Holland,  408 ;  coat  of, 
409 ;  condition  of,  at  end  of  Kieft*a  war,  410; 
new  arrangementa  for,  agreed  upon,  41>^10 ; 
"*  Mission  of  the  Martyra"  in,  493 ;  condition  of, 
on  StuyTeaam*8  arrlTal,  405 ;  ita  dairaa  defond- 
ed  by  Stuyreaant,  470,  407 ;  memorial  and  re- 
monatrance  of  commonalty  of,  504-'507 ;  proTi- 
aional  order  for  gOTemment  of,  513-910 ;  treaty 
of,  with  New  England,  510 ;  maritime  auperior- 
iiy  of,  predicted,  547 ;  critical  condition  of,  597, 
576,  969-969 ;  hostllitlea  against,  rellnqnished, 
980 ;  religious  aflkira  In,  014-018 ;  Engliah  clabn 
of  tide  to,  088,  034 ;  foreign  trade  of,  090;  ne- 
gotiationa  of,  with  Maryland,  000-000;  with 
Maasachusetts,  073 ;  treaty  of,  with  Virginia, 
063 ;  new  conditiona  oflbred  to  emigrants  to, 
088, 000 ;  part  of  ita  territory  included  in  Con- 
neetieut  charter,  709;  action  of  Conneeticttt  re- 
apeeting,  703 ;  peraecntion  ceasss  In,  707 ;  trads 
and  commerce  of,  719 ;  Dutch  title  to,  denied  by 
Connecticut,  790 ;  eouArmed  and  aaaerted  by 
the  States  General,  730;  letter  of  States  General 
to  towns  in,  780 ;  population  of,  734 ;  granted 
by  Charlea  n.  to  the  Duke  of  York,  739 ;  capitu- 
lation of,  749 ;  re-named  by  NleoUa,  749 ;  arti- 
cles of  capitulation,  709. 

New  Netherland,  ahip,  150, 153 ;  gnat  ahip,  bulH 
at  Manhattan,  919, 915,  919 ;  its  cost  coanplaln- 
edof;986. 

New  Plymouth,  ar  Crane  Bay,  Block  at,  56,  50. 
750 ;  Smith  and  Dermer  at,  183 ;  landing  of  Pil- 
grims at,  133;  pregreaa  of,  145,  171;  eorre- 
apondence  of;  with  New  Netherland,  173-161 ; 
De  Raaieres  at,  177;  deaerlptlon  of,  178 ;  patent 
flxr,  906,  999 ;  eemmsness  a  settlement  on  the 
Connecticut,  998,940,941;  troubled  by  Msssa- 
chusstts  emigrsats,  900 ;  assists  Oenneetlont. 
971;  caUed  the  *< Old  Colony,"  130,  801,  530; 
eoBBmlaalonera  of,  301 ;  asssnts  to  ths  Hartford 
treaty,  910;  declines  to  aaalat  New  Hatsn 
againat  the  Dutch,  530 ;  < 


Digitized  by  VjOOQ IC 


786 


INPEX. 


uid  WiUeti to  Mt  agaiatt  Utam, Mfti  peneoa* 
ttoo  of  Qmaken  iB»  63ft. 

New  Fort  May,  97. 

New  atyle  iDlrodmced  into  HoUand,  443,  note ;  nan 
of,  wUoined  in  Now  NreUiarkuid,  41S. 

New  Sweden,  oolony  oC,  oatabUabed  on  Sontli 
RlTor,  261-381  {  progreaa  oT,  819-331 ;  new  ar- 
ranfamenta  for  goTerameat  of,  37^-380 ;  »h^ 
fhtm,  arrested  in  HoUand,  38ft ;  progreaa  ctf, 
4S4-4S8;  oflloera o<; oppoae  the  Duteb,  4a»-487, 
610, 611  i  Tiaited  by  Stttyreaant,  638-430 ;  new 
anrangemenu  for  govarnBMat  ot,  677;  hoatUe 
prooeedinga  of  olBeera  ot,  603,  604;  ordered  to 
be  redaoed  under  tlie  much,  001  i  eipedltion 
flrom  New  Amsterdam  againat,  003, 604 ;  reduc- 
tton  oi;  606,  006 )  Dntoh  UOe  to,  maintained, 

ou,6as* 

New  Utraebt,  iaiula  pnrcbaaed  at,  637 }  one  of  the 
Five  Dutch  Towna,  680,  note ;  settlement  of, 
691 ;  charter  for,  693 ;  repreaented  In  CoBTen- 
tlon,  739 ;  Seott  at,  717 ;  repreaented  in  General 
i^Moinbly,  789 ;  letter  of  Statea  General  to,  780 ; 
EagUah  aquadron  at,  738. 

New  Year,  qNNta  at,  prohibited,  611. 

New  York  harbor  rialted  by  Veraisano,  3 ;  city 
of,  named,  7a ;  NiooUa'  opinion  ot,  743. 

New  York  oolonial  manuaeripu,  769. 

New  York,  Prorinoe  ot,  named,  746. 

New  World,  papal  donation  of  the,  to  Spain,  1. 

Newark  Bay  Tiaited  by  Colman,  36 ;  called  Ach- 
ter  Col,  313 ;  aee  Haokinaack. 

Newfoondland  dlacoTered  by  Cabot,  8 ;  Tiaited  by 
GUber^  6. 

Newman.  Fraocia,  aent  aa  ageat  to  New  Amater- 
dam,  661-666. 

Newman,  Thomaa,  a  oiagiatrate  of  Ooat-dorp,  019. 

Newton,  Captain  Bryan,  oneorStuyreaaQi's  eonn- 
aelorB,466i  arreata  Van DincUagen, 686 ;  eigne 
letter  to  New  Knglaod  agenta,  668 ;  aent  to 
Weat  Cheater,  616 ;  aoM  lo  Ooat-dorp,  686, 636 
goea  to  Virginia  awl  nagtttatea  a  treaty  of  trade, 
668. 

Newtown,  897,  333,  367,  369, 4U,  686;  aee  Maa- 
path  and  MlddeH>«rgh. 

Nieolla,  Colonel  Richard,  appointed  deputy  gov- 
emor  for  the  Duke  of  York,  736;  a  ragral  caafe 
niiaaioBer,736;  at Boatoo, 737 ;  atNyaekBay, 
788 ;  aommona  Blanhattan  to  aorreiider,  788 
terma  oflbred  by,  789;  reply  ot,  to  Daich  mea- 
eengera,  740;  appelnta 
.agreea  to  artielea,  748 ;  eniara  New 
and  iaproelaiaaed  g)0Teraor,748 ;  hia  opinion  of 
ihe  eity,  7a ;  re-namea  New  Netheriand,  746. 

Nieaaen,  Eaaiga  Chriaiiaen,  aeat  to  WUtwyek, 
718 ;  left  la  ohavfe  oTganiaoa  at,  714. 

Nine  Men  in  HoUaad,  468;  ehooen  in  New  Naih- 
erland,474 ;  their  dMea  and  term  of  oake,474, 
476;  ilrat  meeting  and  aetioa  of,  476;  pvopeae 
meaaorea  of  reform,  466, 489;  suggest  a  dele- 
gatioB  to  Holland,  496;  new  election  oi;  496 ; 


eonanlt  the  commonalty,  601;  their  memorial  to 
the  States  General,  604 ;  reA>rma  demanded  bj, 
606 ;  *^  Vertoogh**  or  reanQaatraaee  o<;  606, 607 ; 
prooeedii^  in  HoOand  reepeeting,  614,  516; 
wriM  again  to  HoUand,  618;  complain  again, 
681 ;  not  conaotted  on  Taa  Dyck*s  aaperaedure, 
688. 

Nineteen,  College  of  tl»e,  in  tte  Weal  India  Com- 
pany, 136, 414. 

Ninigret,  his  acooant  of  Stpyreaant'e  treatmsnt 
of  him,  661 ;  St«yTeaaQt*a  aiatament  abofot,  664. 

NoWe,  William,  of  Flnahing,  caae  of,  437. 

Noblemen,  the  Doteh,  198, 103, 439,  440»  461, 464, 
466, 461. 

Nonnan*a  Kill,  near  Albany,  er%Ln  of  naxae  of 
the,  81 ;  on  I^ong  Inland*  608^ 

North  RlTor,  Veraaaano  at  the  month  of;  3;  ea- 
proration  of,  by  Hudson,  87-M ;  called  BlTcr  of 
the  Monntaina,  36;  Mawitiaa  tUfot,  45,  389; 
Cahohatatea  and  ShflMmw,  78;  celled  North 
Rifer,  79;  De  Yriee'  ofinkm  d;  807)  declared 
to  be  free,  631 ;  SngUah  raAiaed  the  right  of  free 
naTigatlon  of,  666, 673 ;  reaehaa  or  raeka  in,  767. 

Northern  Company,  the  Dutch,  69, 66. 

Northern  paaaage,  attempta  of  the  Dotoh  to  ex- 
plore, 88, 84, 46. 

Norwalk,  aettlement  at,  894, 896. 

Notelman,  Conrad,  appointed  achont,  813;  hie 
ooodnct,  836 ;  enooeeded  by  Yen  Dincklagea, 
847. 

Nntten,  or  OoTemor's  Island,  cattle  landed  at, 
169;  purchased  by  Van  TwiUer,  8t7;  saTegee 
at,  607 ;  Enll^etinadron  at,  740. 

Nyack,  near  GiMbend,  landa  pwvhaeed  at,  687  ■ 
Engliah  aq;aadron  anehofa  aft  bay  of;  78& 

Ogden,  John,  boilda  ehnreh  at  Manhattan,  336;  a 
patentee  of  Heematede,  387,  KS. 

Ogden,  Richard,  buildB  chnrch  at  Manhattan,  336. 

Ogehate,  or  Minqoaa,  78, 78, 767. 

Ologn6,  Indian  name  for  the  MauttiBM  RiTvr,  488. 

Old  Coloay  of  New  Snglsiid,  New  Plymoolh  catt- 
ed the,  180, 180, 861, 68ft. 

Old  Dominion,  VirginU  the,  of  United  Statea,  18. 

Okdham,  John,  goea  flroai  Boaton  orailand  to  the 
Oonnacticit,  889;  la  mai^wed  by  the  Peqnods, 
869. 

Olfbitean,  Jacob,  anaoaipsniea  Da  Vjiaa  to  Rock- 
away,  8661 

Ompega,  or  Amboy,  parehaae  of;  6S7. 

Oneldaa,69,88;  deatie  rriigloita  ia8ttiiotioo,644 . 


Oneogtoart,  or  Canghnawaga,  Father  Jogoee  at. 
488;  4^  Canghnawaga. 

Oaondagaa,  Chaovlaln  — lang,  09-91 ;  Atotarhe, 
ehlef  of,  68,  84;  friendly  laaaard.  the  French, 
691;  Tiaited  by  Father  Le  Meyne,  698;  sail 
Bprlngs  diacorered,  698 ;  ChattmoBot  and  Da 
blonam6ng^6l8:  mlaalon  at,  «48-«a ;  abaa- 
doned,  640{  reriaited  by  FaUHr  Le  Moyne,  701. 


Digitized  by  VjOOQ IC 


INDEX. 


787 


Ontario,  Lake^  Glun^aia  on,  08,71 ;  Father  Pon- 
cet  on,  564 ;  Fatber  Le  Moyne  on,  691 ;  Chanmo* 
not  and  Dablon  on,  612, 644,  646. 

t)ost-dorp  iBCOtporatiMl,  619 ;  aflUra  at,  626, 627 ; 
declared  to  be  annexed  to  Conneeticot,  703 ;  an- 
thorlty  of  Conneotleot  enforced,  700 ;  ancrender- 
«d  by  Stnyreaaat,  723,  724 ;  letter  of  States 
General  to,  7S0, 733 ;  see  Weat  Chester. 

Oothont,  Ffob,  signs  capitolation  of  New  Amstel 
to  the  Sncliata,  744. 

Orange,  William  I.,  Prince  of  Nassau  and,  19, 101, 
440, 442, 444, 445 ;  assassination  of;  446 ;  monu- 
ment to,  186 ;  PhUip,  Prince  of,  100 ;  Maurice, 
Prince  of,  39,  107-111,  446;  memorial  of  Puri- 
tans to,  124-126»  133 ;  death  of,  160, 484 ;  Fred- 
erick Henry,  Prince  of,  stadtholder,  160 ;  death 
of,  434 ;  William  IL,  Prince  of,  434 ;  brother-in- 
law  of  Charles  U.,  498 ;  death  of,  642;  WUIiam 
III.,  Prince  of,  643 ;  King  of  England,  446. 

Orange,  Fort,  built,  149, 161 ;  see  Fort  Orange. 

<  )range  Tree,  ship,  148 ;  arrested  at  Plymouth,  166. 

Ordinance,  general,  for  the  encouragement  of 
Dutch  discorery,  60. 

oritany,  chief  of  the  Hackinsacks,  360,  608;  me- 
diates with  the  Esopus  Indians,  677 ;  gives  laud 
to  Mevrouw  Kierstede,  731,  note. 

Orson  and  Valentine,  46,  66. 

Oswego  RiTer,  or  Osh-wah-kee,  83,  564. 

Oxenstiema,  Axel,  Count  of,  publishes  charter  of 
Swedish  West  India  Company,  284 ;  signs  com- 
missions for  New  Sweden,  319 ;  death  of,  622. 

Oyster  Bay,  on  Long  Island,  limit  of  Dutch  set- 
tlements, 297 ;  declared  to  be  theboundary,  619 ; 
English  settlement  at,  695 ;  pnAst  of  the  Dutch 
against,  598;  fort  ordered  to  be  built  at,  622; 
annexed  to  Conneeticut,  703 ;  name  of,  changed, 
723 ;  in  combination  with  English  Tillages,  726. 

Paanpaack,  or  Troy,  purchase  of,  634. 

Pacham,  chief  of  the  HaTsrstraws,  at  Manhattan, 
316 ;  required  to  surrender  the  murderer  of  Van 
Voorst,  348 ;  incites  the  RiTer  Indians  against 
the  Dutch,  364 ;  his  surrender  demanded,  392. 

Pachami,  tribe  of,  74,  767. 

Paconthetuek,  Fort,  Mohawks  murdered  at,  733. 

Painters,  eminent,  in  Holland,  460. 

Panhoosic,  purchase  of,  534. 

Panton,  Richard,  threatena  Midwout,  719, 720. 

Papal  donaUon  of  New  World  to  Spain,  1, 4, 240. 

Papequanaehen,  Esopus  chief,  killed,  713. 

Paper,  manufsrtnre  of,  in  Holland,  469. 

Papirinemin,  or  Spyt  den  DuyTcl,  421. 

Pappegoya,  John,  temporary  commander  of  New 
Sweden,  577 ;  reliered  by  Rising,  593 ;  his  con- 
duct on  the  South  RiTer,  620. 

Parchment  flguratlTe  map,  765, 756. 

Paris  documents,  759. 

Passachynon,  great  chief  of  the  NeTesincks,  724. 

Passayunk  sachems  inrlte  the  Dutch,  482. 

Patrick,  Captain  Daniel,  assists  in  the  Pequod 


war,  272 ;  settles  at  Greenwich,  294 ;  required 
to  submit  to  the  Dutch,  296 ;  submits,  331 ;  de- 
mands protection  against  the  sarages,  386 ;  is 
murdered  by  a  Dutch  soldier,  387. 

Patriotism  of  the  Dutch,  464. 

Patroons,  charter  of  priTileges  (br,  187, 194-199 ; 
buy  lands  in  New  Netherland,  200-205 ;  at  Tarl- 
ance  with  the  directors,  213 ;  their  "  claim  and 
demand,**  247 ;  South  RiTer,  surrender  Swaan- 
endael,  249;  Pauw  surrenders  PaTonla  and 
Staten  Island,  268;  consequences  of  patroons* 
charter,  286 ;  demand  new  priTileges,  287 ;  Juris- 
diction of,  304,  805 ;  new  charter  (br,  811,  312 ; 
consequences  of,  313 ;  orders  of,  (br  Rensselaer»> 
wyck,  341 ;  mercantile  policy  of,  376,  377,  390 ; 
daim  staple  right,  400-402,  419;  quarrels  be- 
tween officer*  of,  and  proTlncial  goTemment, 
491-494,  510,  522,  628,  531 ;  ftirther  disagree- 
ments,  533-636 ;  complaints  of,  to  the  States 
General,  562 ;  grant  licenses  to  sail  to  Florida, 
^.,563;  Airther  disagreements,  623,  624;  ar- 
rangement of  difficulty,  649 ;  the  company  tired 
of,  692 ;  see  BeTerwyck,  Fort  Orange,  Renssel- 
aerswyck. 

Paugussett,  New  HaTen  trading-house  at,  428, 
480. 

Paulusen,  Michael,  commissary  at  PaTonIa,  228, 
236. 

Paulus*  Hook,  203, 223 ;  conveyed  to  the  company, 
268 ;  Planck  buys  land  at,  279 ;  Van  der  Bilt 
killed  at,  509 ;  see  Pavonia. 

Pauw,  Bfichael,  148 ;  buys  Pavonia  and  Suten 
Island,  202,  203 ;  Paulusen  his  commissary  at 
PaTonia,  223,  236 ;  sends  out  Van  Voorst,  263 ; 
conveys  his  rights  to  Staten  Island  and  Pavonia 
to  the  company,  268. 

Pavonia  purchased  by  Pauw,  203 ;  officers  at,  228, 
236, 263 ;  conveyed  to  the  company,  268 ;  Planck 
at,  379 ;  Bout  at,  351 ;  massacre  of  saTages  at, 
852,  353 ;  aurprised  by  the  saTages,  368;  repre- 
sented in  the  Nine  Men,  474 ;  laid  waste  by  the 
saTages,  607. 

Peddlers,  or  Scotch  merchants,  489, 628. 

Peelan,  Brandt,  244 ;  large  crops  raised  on  his  isl- 
and, 302,  341. 

Pelagius,  opposes  Saint  Augustine,  99. 

Pellr  Thomas,  at  West  Chester,  696, 618 ;  his  dis- 
agreement with  the  saTages,  627 ;  authorized 
by  Connecticut  to  buy  land,  733. 

Pels,  ETert,  magistrate  of  Wiltwyck,  690. 

Pemmenatta,  chief  on  the  South  RiTer,  629. 

Penobscot,  8,  IS ;  Hudson  at,  26 ;  Mohawks  at, 
and  on  the  Kennebeck,  87,  704, 738. 

PenslMiary,  Grand,  of  HoUand,  449, 451, 452. 

Pequods  couTey  land  to  the  Dutch,  236;  treaty 
with  Massachusetts,  242, 256 ;  exasperated,  at- 
tack Saybrook  and  Wethersfleld,  270 ;  attacked 
and  exterminated  by  the  Engliah,  271,  272. 

Persecution,  religious,  614,  617, 626,  636-639, 689, 
705;  eeases,  707. 


Digiti 


ized  by  Google 


788 


INDEX. 


Peters,  Hugh,  of  Rotterdam,  at  Boston,  S60,  961 ; 
goes  to  England,  323 ;  commissioned  to  negoti- 
ate with  Dntch  West  India  Cpmpany,  394,  840 ; 
executed,  709. 

Petnqoapaea,  906 ;  see  Greenwich. 

PhUadelpbia,  site  of,  occupied  by  the  Dutch,  496 ; 
difficulties  with  the  Swedes  in  consequence, 
497, 498. 

Philip,  Prince  of  Orange,  100;  see  Spain. 

Pietersen,  Abraham,  one  of  the  Eight  Men,  365. 

Pietersen,  Evert,  Ziecken-trooster  at  New  Am- 
stel,  631 ;  deacon  of  church  at,  633. 

Pietersen,  Jan,  magistrate  of  New  Haerlem,  675. 

Pilgrims,  the,  sail  flrom  Plymouth,  198 ;  their  des- 
tination, 199;  at  Cape  Cod,  130;  compact  on 
board  the  Mayflower,  131,  139 ;  land  at  New 
Plymouth,  133 ;  see  Puritans. 

Pirates,  English,  In  Long  Island  Sound,  565,  578 ; 
measures  against,  579. 

Plancinm  Peter,  of  Amsterdam,  23, 45, 138. 

Planck,  or  Verplanck,  Abram,  buys  land  at  Pa- 
TOQla,  979 ;  one  of  the  Twelve  Men,  317 ;  signs 
petition  to  Kieft  urging  war,  350 ;  buys  land  on 
South  River,  495 ;  to  be  sent  to  the  Hague,  514. 

Planck,  Jacob  Albertsen,  schout  of  Rensselaers- 
wyck,944. 

Plantagenet's  "New  Albion,''  140,  389, 485,  754. 

Plantations,  council  for,  at  London,  957, 686 ;  in- 
structions of,  respecting  colonial  trade,  709; 
views  of,  respecting  the  Dutch  province,  725 ; 
directs  enforcement  of  Navigation  Law,  735. 

Plockhoy,  Pieter  Cornells,  leader  of  the  Mennon- 
Ist  colony  on  the  HorekiU,  698,  699 ;  colony  of, 
plundered  by  the  English,  745. 

Plowden,  Sir  Edmund,  his  patent  for  New  Albion, 
381 ;  visits  the  South  River  and  Manhattan,  381, 
389 ;  again  at  Manhattan,  484 ;  publication  of 
Plantagenet's  "  Now  Albion,"  485,  754. 

Plymouth  Company,  11-15,  91 ;  New,  95,  96, 127, 
138,  140, 188,  908,  911 ;  dissolved,  259. 

Point  Judith,  or  Wq»noos'  Point,  Block  at,  58, 
756 ;  caned  Cape  Cod  by  Stuyvesant,  497. 

Pokeepsie,  origin  of  its  name,  75. 

Polhcmus,  Domine  Johannes  TheodorUs,  at  Mld- 
wout,  Breuckelen,  and  Amersfoort,  581,  615; 
succeeded  at  Breuckelen  by  Selyns,  681. 

Police  regulations,  Kieft's,  977,  978,  292,  314,  S35, 
386,  392;  Stnyvesant's,  466,  487-490,  517,  548; 
see  New  Amsterdam. 

PoUepel's  Island,  75,  758. 

Poncet,  Father  Joseph,  captured  by  the  Mohawks, 
and  relieved  by  the  Dutch,  564 ;  at  Onondaga, 
564. 

Pont  Gravd  In  Canada,  16 ;  at  Port  Royal,  17. 

Popham,  Chief  Justice,  10, 12;  his  death,  14. 

Popham,  George,  at  Sagadahoc,  13 ;  his  death,  14. 

Popular  spirit  of  the  Twelve  Men,  326 ;  of  the 
Eight  Men,  396 ;  of  the  Nine  Men,  501,  506 ;  of 
the  conventions,  573,  575, 729, 729. 

PopolaUon  of  HoUand,  19, 456, 457. 


Population  of  Manhattan,  160, 151,  ISO,  171, 183; 
of  New  Plymouth,  908;  of  Maoliattaa,  973 ;  of 
Beverwyek,  374 ;  of  New  England,  40? ;  of  Man- 
hattan, 410 ;  of  New  NetlieTlaiid,  469 ;  «r  New 
Amsterdam,  548, 023;  of  Staten  Island,  007 ;  of 
New  Amstel,  653 ;  orBrefaokeleB,680 ;  of  States 
Island,  692 ;  of  Boswyck,  003 ;  of  New  Amsler- 
dam,  734 ;  of  New  NeCheriand,  734. 

Pory,  John,  his  explorations,  249. 

Pos,  Adriaen,  superintendent  at  Staten  Island, 
525 ;  captured  and  rdeased,  607, 006. 

Pos,  Simon  Dircksen,  eounselor,  164. 

Possession,  actual,  the  English  doctrine,  4, 5, 141, 
143, 144. 

Poutrincourt  at  Port  Royal,  16, 17. 

Powelson,  Jacob,  at  the  South  River,  819, 320. 

President  of  Long  Island  towns,  John  Sooct  ^oa- 
en,  726. 

Press,  liberty  of  the,  in  Holland,  499. 

Preummaker,  Esopus  chief,  killed,  07V. 

Princess,  loss  of  the  ship,  472, 471. 

Pring,  Martin,  on  coasts  of  Maine,  8. 

Printing,  Invention  of,  in  Holland,  461. 

Prints,  John,  appointed  governor  of  New  Sweden, 
378 ;  arrives  at  Fort  Christina,  379 ;  entertains 
De  Vries,  380 ;  his  treatment  of  Plowden,  381 ; 
of  Lamberton,  382,  383 ;  of  the  English  adven- 
turers flrom  Boston,  384;  his  good  manage- 
ment of  the  fhr  trade,  423;  his  negotiations 
with  Hudde,  494  ;  endeavors  to  set  the  In- 
dians against  the  Dutch,  425 ;  protests  against 
Hudde's  purchase  of  the  site  of  Fhiladdpbia, 
426 ;  his  brut^  conduct,  497 ;  continues  to  an- 
noy the  Dutch,  482^487 ;  (^poses  their  purchases 
of  lands,  510, 512 ;  Is  visited  by  Stuyvesant,  998 ; 
intrigues  with  the  savages,  529 ;  procasts  against 
building  of  Fort  Castmlr,  529 ;  returns  to  Swe- 
den, 576,  577. 

Prisoners,  Indian,  endaved  In  New  England,  272 ; 
taken  by  the  Dutch,  387 ;  atrocities  against,  389 ; 
sent  to  Bermuda,  396 ;  Dutch,  taken  by  the  sav- 
ages, at  Staten  Island,  607,  606;  at  Esopus, 
658;  release  of  some  of,  061;  taken  by  the 
Dutch  at  Esopus,  675;  sent  to  Cvn^oa,  677; 
remembered  by  their  brethren,  710 ;  Dutch  taken 
by  Esopus  savages,  711 ;  recovered,  713,  714, 
731. 

PrivHeges,  charter  of,  194,  311 ;  see  Patroona. 

Privy  CouncU,  letter  of,  to  Carieton,  140, 141, 216 ; 
arrests  Dutch  ship,  156 ;  committees  oi;  for 
foreign  plantations,  257,  259,  686, 702, 729, 79S. 

Proclamations,  translation  of,  into  French  and 
English,  640. 

Prosperity  of  the  Dutch,  456. 

Protestant  Episcopal  Church  in  America,  119 

Protestant  Reformed  Dutch  Church  in  America, 
119,  312,  874,  585,  009,  614,  617, 706, 748. 

Provisional  order  for  the  government  of  New 
Netheriand  proposed,  513,  514 ;  qn>osed  by  the 
Amsterdam  Chaniber,  919 ;  dlar^gardsdby  Stay- 


Digitized  by  VjOOQ IC 


INDEX. 


789 


▼6Miit,  517 ;  coBtiBsed  oppoaltioii  to,  of  Am- 
sterdam Chamber,  639;  aasented  to,  MO. 

ProTooet,  Darid,  tobacco  Inqteetor  at  Manhattan, 
MS ;  commissary  at  Fort  Good  Hope,  SOS ;  his 
coBdoet  at,  complained  of  by  the  commissioners 
of  New  England,  4S0 ;  defended  by  Kieft,  430 ; 
proposed  as  a  commissioner  with  stents,  553 ; 
Brst  schout  of  Brenckelen,  560;  succeeded  by 
Tonneman,  580,  note. 

ProToost,  Johannes,  secretary  at  Fort  Orange,  025. 

Pnrehas,  Samnel,  his  "Pilgrims,"  157. 

Puritans,  English,  n»-114;  in  Holland,  115, 110; 
dissatisfied  there,  190 ;  resolTe  to  emigrate,  ISl ; 
their  patent  firom  the  Virginia  Company,  ISS ; 
propose  to  go  to  New  NetherlaBd,  ItS,  194 ;  ap- 
plication to  Dutch  goremment,  195, 190;  leare 
Leyden,  197;  saU  from  Plymouth,  198;  their 
destination,  190;  at  Cape  Cod,  ISO;  compact 
on  board  the  Blayflower,  ISl,  199 ;  land  at  New 
Plymouth,  188;  ssttlers  at,  145;  first  Inter- 
course of,  with  the  Dutch,  171-181 ;  at  Satan, 
188-100;  at  Boiton.  908 ;  in  Connecticut,  941 ; 
at  New  Haren,  904 ;  in  New  Netherland,  834, 
388, 411,  505,  553,  573,  505, 015, 097 ;  conditions 
oOtoed  to,  068,  000,  708;  see  New  Plymouth, 
Massachusetts,  Connecticut,  Hartford,  New 
HaTcn. 

Pynchon,  John,  a  commissioner  on  the  English 
side,  749,  703. 

Pynchon,  WiUiam,  settles  at  Springfield,  901, 909 ; 
his  opinion  of  the  Mohawks,  400. 

Pye  Bay,  or  Nahant  Bay,  the  northern  limit  of 
New  Netherland,  58, 50. 

Quakers,  people  called,  in  England,  035 ;  perse- 
cuted in  New  England,  035 ;  come  to  Nejr  Am- 
sterdam, 030;  proclamation  against,  037;  on 
Long  Island,  037,  080;  at  Communipa,  043; 
persecuted  again,  080;  progress  of,  on  Long 
Island,  705 ;  persecution  of,  ceases,  707. 

Quarantine  regulations  of  Connecticut,  710. 

Quebec  founded,  18 ;  missionary  college  at,  344. 

Quillipeage  Rirer,  903 ;  see  New  Haven. 

Quotenis,  Island,  in  Narragansett  Bay,  908. 

Raccoon  Creek,  lands  near,  purchased,  511, 590. 

Racks,  or  reaches,  in  North  Rirer,  750. 

Raleigh,  Sir  Walter,  his  patent,  5 ;  his  execuUon, 
0 ;  his  obserraUons  on  the  Dutch,  08, 458. 

Raleigh,  city  of,  founded,  0. 

Rancocus  Creek,  lands  purchased  at,  511. 

Rapelje,  Jorts,  or  George,  at  the  Waal-bogt,  154, 
907,  908 ;  one  of  the  Twelve  Men,  317. 

Rapelje,  Sarah,  first  child  born  In  New  Nether- 
land, 154, 908. 

Raritan,  Bkinerals  found  at  the,  419,  431 ;  great 
meadows  bought,  537 ;  proposed  Puritan  colony 
at  the,  000, 707,  708 ;  English  party  at  the,  794. 

Raritan  savages,  73 ;  hostile  to  the  Dutch,  9a; 
accused  of  ezeesses,  300 ;  expedition  agilnsc, 


810 ;  attMk  Staien  laUBd,  316 ; 
for  heads  of,  315 ;  at  war  with  the  Dutch,  854 ; 
minerals  found  near,  419,  481 ;  lands  bought 
from,  for  Van  deCapelleB,  595;  by  VanWercc^ 
hoven,  587 ;  murder  a  Ikmily  at  Mespath  Kill, 
067 ;  colony  near,  proposed,  707. 

Rasieres,  Isaac  de,  provincial  secretary,  104; 
writes  to  Bradford,  178 ;  visits  New  Plymouth, 
170-180 ;  returns  to  Holland  and  writes  letter 
to  Btommaert,  180, 900. 

Rattle  watch  at  New  Amsterdam,  040. 

Reaches,  or  racks,  in  the  North  River,  760. 

Records,  Albany  colonial,  975, 750. 

Records  of  New  Amsterdsm,  488, 540, 701. 

Red  Mount,  or  New  Haven,  first  meeting  of  com- 
missioners at,  430. 

Reformation,  the,  in  Holland  and  England,  00-110. 

Reformed  Protesunt  Dutch  Church,  100-110; 
established  in  New  Netheriand,  319,  874,  535, 
000,014,017,700,748. 

Regicides,  Stuyvesant  asked  to  deUver  them  up, 
005. 

Reintsen,  Jacob,  his  case,  400. 

Rekenkamer,  the  Dutch  National,  450. 

Rekenkamer,  or  Bureau  of  Accounts,  report  of  the 
West  India  Company's,  on  New  Netherland  af- 
foirs,  404-406. 

Religions  and  languages,  diversity  of,  in  New 
Netherland,  374,  740. 

Remonstrance,  or  Vertoogh,  of  New  Netherland, 
500,  507,  512. 

Remuad,  Jan  van,  succeeds  De  Rasieres  as  pro- 
vincial secretary,  919,  923,  930 ;  succeeded  by 
Van  Tienhoven,  970. 

Rensselaer,  Jeremias  van,  director  of  Rensselaers- 
wyck,  040 ;  a  delegate  to  the  General  Provincial 
Assembly,  790 ;  required  by  Nicolls  to  produce 
his  papers  and  obey  Cartwright,  743. 

Rensselaer,  Johannes  van,  patroon,  490, 401 ;  ac- 
quires Katskill  and  aaverack,  610 ;  his  daUns 
denied  by  the  company,  591 ;  trading  licenses 
of,  583 ;  more  land  purchased  for,  534 ;  commis- 
sions Swart  as  schout,  535. 

Rensselaer,  John  Baptist  van,  takes  burgher** 
oath  St  Beverwyek,  531 ;  succeeds  Van  Slech- 
tenhorst  as  dbeetor,  585 ;  signs  letter  to  New 
England  agents,  568 ;  opposes  Stuyvesant,  601 ; 
protests  against  Stuyvesant's  conduct,  028 ;  is 
fined,  094 ;  succeeded  by  his  brother  Jeremias, 
040. 

Rensselaer,  Killaen  van,  148 ;  obtains  land  at  Fort 
Orange,  901 ;  shares  his  estate  with  other  di- 
rectors, 904 ;  buys  more  land,  987 ;  commissions 
Van  der  Donck,  341 ;  agrees  with  Megapolensis, 
349 ;  sends  present  to  Kieft,  348 ;  his  mercan- 
tile system,  370,  377  ;  anxious  to  acq[uire  Kats- 
kill, 378;  his  ship  seised  at  Manhattan  by  KleA, 
300 ;  claims  sUple  right  for  Rensselaer's  Stein, 
400 ;  his  claim  denied,  401 ;  death  if,  490 ;  sue- 
eeedtd  by  his  son  Johannes,  490. 


Digiti 


ized  by  Google 


790 


INDEX. 


Reouelaer's  8t*in,  400 ;  tiiiBit»f  HCple  riglil  de- 
nied to,  401,  408,  910, 531. 

ReneseUenwyck,  flrM  cokmietti  sent  to,  901 ;  ite 
extent,  SOS ;  estate  dlrlded,  SOi ;  progreee  of, 
C6d ;  addition  to,  967 ;  alow  pn>gr»aa  of,  S79 ; 
abondanoe  in,  303;  goyemment  and  jnriapra- 
dence  of,  804,  305  {  colonlsta  supply  Moliawka 
with  fire-anns,  388 ;  church  planned  at,  843 ; 
built,  374 ;  patroona  trading  licensee,  376,  877 ; 
ahip  for,  eeized,  300 ;  trw  traders  at,  400 ;  sta- 
ple right  claimed  fbr,  and  denied,  401,  40S; 
escapes  the  effbots  of  war,  410 ;  new  patroon  of, 
480 ;  trade  in  flre-amis  at,  491 ;  dispute  about 
jurisdiction  of,  409-404 ;  pretensions  of  patroona 
rebuked  by  West  India  Company,  531,  939 ; 
BeTerwyck  declared  independent  of,  535 ;  John 
Baptist  Tan  Rensselaer  director,  and  Oerrit 
Swart  acbout,  535;  Reformed  religion  to  be 
maintained  in,  535 ;  represented  at  Manhattan, 
559,  553 ;  aflkirs  of,  considered  in  Holland,  562, 
508;  excises  at,  591,  610,  693,  694;  Jeremlas 
van  Rensselaer  director  of,  649 ;  jurisdiction  of 
West  India  Company  orer,  679 ;  delegates  firom, 
at  General  Assembly,  799 ;  surrender  of,  743, 
744  ;  see  Fort  Orange  and  BeTerwyck. 

Jlepresentation,  principle  of,  139,  396,  473, 474. 

Republic,  the  Dutch,  435-447 ;  its  system  of  ad- 
ministration, 448-455  ;  results  of  system,  455- 
464,750. 

Requesens  introduces  the  new  style  in  Holland, 
443. 

Residence  required  ftt)m  citizens,  489, 638, 604, 749. 

Restless,  yacht,  built  at  Manhattan,  55 ;  explores 
Long  Island  Sound,  50-59 ;  in  the  Delaware, 
78,79,758. 

Revenue  of  New  Netherland,  186,  918,  994,  931 ; 
regulations  respecting,  196,  913,  918,  936,  977, 
388,  393,  319 ;  not  equal  to  expenditures,  405, 
685,  799 ;  new  regulations,  406,  416,  466,  467, 
479, 490,  540,  656,  694. 

Rhode  laland,  the  Dutch  at,  58 ;  their  trade  at, 
145, 171, 174,  909 ;  Dutch  post  at,  968 ;  (bunded 
by  Roger  Williams,  339 ;  Anne  Hutchinson  re- 
mores  fttmi,  384 ;  not  included  in  New  England 
oonlbderation,  861 ;  claimed  as  part  of  New 
Nethertand,  479,  497 ;  Underbill  at,  556 ;  com- 
missions Dyer  and  Underhill  to  act  against  the 
Dutch,  557 ;  refases  to  persecute  Quakers,  636. 

Rising,  John,  appointed  dq>uty  goremor  of  New 
Sweden,  577 ;  at  the  South  River,  593 ;  citptures 
Fort  Casimir,  593;  declines  to  visit  Stuyve- 
sant  at  New  Amsterdam,  594 ;  surrenders  Fort 
Christina,  605 ;  at  New  Amsterdam,  608 ;  re- 
turns to  Europe,  609. 

River  of  the  Mountains,  85,  37,  44. 

River  Indians,  the,  79-^77 ;  offended  at  the  Dutch, 
308,309;  reftise  to  pay  tribute  to,  810;  attack- 
ed by  the  Mohawks,  340 ;  by  the  Dutch,  859  ; 
aroused  to  vengeance,  854 ;  attack  Dutch  boats, 
864;  continued  hostility  of,  303;  peace  with, 


406,409;  taTsdaNbwAmaterdam, 606-610;  sw 
Esopus. 

Robema  in  Canada,  8. 

Rcri>inson,  John,  115 ;  his  appUcatton  to  the  Dmeh, 
195 ;  remains  at  Leyden,  197. 

Roehelle,  Frenchmen  from,  come  to  New  Nether- 
land,  780 ;  settle  on  Staten  Island,  734. 

Rockaway,  or  Reehqua-alde,  savages  from,  on 
Manhattan,  849 ;  De  Vries  and  Olfbrtsen  at,  358 : 
treaty  with  savages  of,  859,  407,  408. 

Rodolf,  Sergeant,  ordered  to  attack  savages  at 
Pavonia,  861 ;  exeeutea  hie  orders,  359. 

Roelaadsen,  Adam,  first  schoolmaster,  9B8. 

Roelof  Jansen's  Kill,  77,  966,  note. 

Boesen,  Jan  Han^eksen,  eommissary  at  Fort 
Good  Hope,  fl96. 

Roman  CathoUos  in  Holland,  101, 109,  458;  mo- 
tives fbr  Cheir  emigration  fttnn  England,  951 ; 
in  Maryland,  958 ;  in  New  Netheriaad,  845, 874, 
409, 498,  564, 599,  619,  616, 644-647, 740. 

Rondout,  or  Ronduit,  76,  809,  806,  647, 710,  756 ; 
arrangement  Ibr  trade  at,  781 ;  garrison  left  at, 
738. 

Roodenberg,  56,  904 ;  see  New  Haven. 

Roose,  Elbert  Heymans,  magistrate  of  WUtwyck, 
090. 

Root,  Simon,  at  Mast-maker'a  Point,  486 ;  at  Ran- 
oocus,  511. 

Royal  commiasioners  to  New  England,  730. 

Royalista,  iatoleranoe  oft  st  restoration,  687. 

Russia,  trade  of  the  Dutch  with,  43,  99. 

Rttstderp,  or  Jamaica,  incorporated,  619 ;  Quak- 
ers at,  637,  638,^689 ;  new  magistrates  Ibr,  689; 
DiHuine  Drisius  at,  6^ ;  orders  of  Connecticnt 
to,  70S;  TSIeott  and  Christie  at,  719 ;  pettttona 
Connecticut,  719 ;  name  of,  changed,  7S8 ;  me«ip 
ing-house  at,  794 ;  party  ftvra,  at  the  Raritan, 
794;  fbrais  combination,  796;  conditional  ar- 
rangement at,  797 ;  letter  of  States  General  to, 
730,  788. 

Ruyter,  Admiral  Michael  de,  546. 

Rnyter,  Kloes  de,  about  a  copper  mine  at  Mlnai- 
sinck,  069 ;  Indian  interpreter,  677. 

Ruytergeld,  or  mllida  rate  in  HoUaad,  486. 

Ruyven,  Comelis  van,  appointed  provincial  aec- 
retary,  561 ;  sent  to  arrange  sSUn  at  Oost- 
dorp,  696, 697 ;  on  the  South  River,  666 ;  Named 
by  Alrichs,  670 ;  sent  on  embassy  to  Hartfi»rd, 
790,791;  meets  Soott  at  ^midea,  790 ;  sent  with 
letter  to  Nicolls,  740. 

Sabbath  breaking  forbidden,  466. 

Sachem's  Head,  origin  of  name  of,  979. 

Sagadahoc,  or  Kennebeck,  Weymouth  at  the,  9 . 
colony  at,  12;  vessel  built  at,  14;  abandoned, 
15, 64,  90, 144 ;  Mohawka  at,  689,  704. 

8ager*B  Kill,  756 ;  party  sent  to,  718,  714. 

Saint  Augustine,  99. 

Saint  Beninio,  seixure  of  ship,  478,  479,  496.  500. 
I     519. 


Digitized  by  VjOOQ IC 


OfDEX. 


791 


17.1 


Saint  Lawrence  diaeevefed  and  named  by  Car- 
tier,  3 ;  French  on  the,  18, 345, 750 ;  reaael  from 
New  Araaterdam  wreeked  in  tbe,  046. 

Saint  Mary'a  ofGeaentaha,  044. 

Saint  Mary'a,  in  Maryland,  S5S. 

Saint  Saerement,  Lae  dn,  18,  77 ;  named  by  Fa- 
ther Jognea,  49S. 

Salem  ftmnded,  188, 160;  Intoleranoe  at,  190. 

Salt  eprinf  a  at  Oaondaffa  diaeoTered  by  Father 
Le  Moyne,  509,  OlS,  044,  045. 

Salt  worka  on  Coney  Ua&d,  OM. 

Sandy  Hook,  Hndaon  at,  S7;  caUed  Cohnan'a 
Point,  28 ;  plmn-treea  on,  SI7,  note. 

Sanhikana,  or  Sangieana,  74, 757. 

Sankikana,  or  Stenkekana,  73,  rs,  4fi5, 757. 

Santiokan,  or  Sankikan,  88S,  878, 4S5. 

Sasaacue,  hia  aea^»  aeat  to  Boaum,  87S. 

Savagee,  tribea  of,  in  New  Netherland,  79-78,  81- 
88 ;  intereonrae  with,  108,  100,  170,  232,  807 ; 
supplied  with  flre-arma,  800, 308, 845, 340 ;  gen- 
eral riaing  of,  agalnat  the  Dutch  near  Manhat- 
tan, 354,  300 ;  nnmber  of,  killed,  400 ;  no  fire- 
arms to  be  aold  to,  103,  400,  415,  400,  409;  nor 
liquors,  400, 488 ;  to  be  aparlngly  supplied  with 
arms,  503,  509 ;  employment  of,  snggeated,  547, 
655,  077 ;  InTade  New  Amsterdam,  007 ;  lay 
waste  Dutch  aettlementa,  007, 008 ;  Long  Island, 
profess  friendship,  010 ;  outrages  of,  at  Bsopus, 
047  ;  of  the  Dutch  againat,  058;  agree  that  the 
Dutch  ahoQld  instruct  their  children,  075 ;  pris- 
oners taken  at  Ssopos  sent  to  Curafoa,  070 ; 
see  Esopua,  M(^wka. 

Say  and  Seal,  Lord,  a  grantee  of  Connecticut,  911, 
250, 201 ;  hia  letter  to  Joachiml,  840 ;  on  Planta- 
tion Committee,  060. 

Saybrook,  (brt  built  at,  901 ;  attacked  by  the  Fe- 
quods,  970 ;  fort  completed,  904 ;  Lion  Gardiner 
remoYcs  from,  907. 

Sayre,  Job,  908,  900,  800. 

Sciiaats,  Domine  Gideon,  clergyman  at  Rensael- 
aerswyck,  538,  015 ;  new  church  built  (br,  094, 
625 ;  annoyed  by  Lutheisans,  081. 

Schaenhechstede,  or  Schenectady,  purchase  of, 
691 ;  surveyed,  789. 

SctiaIcl(,-^olonel  Van,  hia  expedition  to  Onondaga, 
69,  note. 

Schelluyne,  Dirck  van,  notary  public,  510 ;  op- 
pressed by  Stnyresant,  520 ;  appointed  high 
conauble  of  New  Amsterdam,  597 ;  secretary 
of  Renaselaerswyok,  790 ;  a  delegate  to  General 
Assembly  at  New  Amsterdam,  790. 

Scbepens  in  Holland,  397,  453;  deaired  far  New 
Netherland,  897,  400,  005;  granted,  514,  540, 
541,  548  ;  aee  Burgomaatera. 

Scherroerhom,  Jacob,  hia  case,  400. 

Scbeyichbi,  Indian  name  for  New  Jeraey,  80. 

Schonowe,  great  flat  of,  000, 001. 

Schools,  pnbUe,  esUbUshed  in  HoUand,  409,  463 ; 
in  New  Netherland,  100, 293, 318,  470,  500,  506, 
514,  510,  538, 010,  039,  040,  041,  050,  004,  748. 


Sehont  in  HoUand,  453, 464. 

Schout  m  New  Netherland,  108, 918, 980, 900, 909, 
414,  589,  541,  029. 

Schout  of  New  Amsterdam,  instmetiona  for,  541 
Tan  Tienboren  appointed  aa,  548 ;  burghers  d» 
mand  right  to  choose,  507 ;  Knyter  appointed 
687 ;  Van  TlenhoTen  continued  aa,  568 ;  De  Sille 
appointed  aa,  098 ;  coatinned  as,  040 ;  TMine- 
man  appointed,  074. 

Sohout's  Bay,  or  Cow  Bay,  lands  near,  puiehaaed, 
900 ;  emigrants  from  Lynn  at,  908, 990 ;  expedi- 
tion sent  to,  880 ;  sachem  of,  at  Manhattan,  309. 

Schute,  Swen,  conduct  of,  at  the  Schuylkill,  480 ; 
Swediah  comnwindant  at  Fort  Trinity,  508 ;  sur- 
renders to  Stnyresant,  004. 

Schuyler,  Philip  Pieteraen,  threatened  by  Dyck- 
man  at  Bererwyok,  688. 

Schuylkill,  Hendriekaen  at  the,  76, 767 ;  Armen- 
Teruia,  on,  purchased  by  Dutch,  989, 486 ;  Bn- 
gliah  setttomeat  at,899 ;  broken  up,  888 ;  frirther 
purchaae  at,  420 ;  the  Dutch  invited  to,  482 ; 
Fort  Beverarede  buiU  at,  488,  485,  487 ;  Mast- 
maker's  Point,  on  the,  480. 

Scotch  merchants,  or  peddlers,  at  New  Amater- 
dam,  480,  028. 

Scott,  John,  arrested  and  eotamlned,  670 ;  his  con- 
duet  on  Long  Island,  071 ;  at  London,  796 ;  re- 
turns to  Long  Island,  790 ;  preaident  of  com- 
bined towna,  790 ;  m^ea  conditional  arrange- 
ment at  Jamaica,  797 ;  hia  agreeroem  at  Heem- 
atede  with  Stuyreaant,  728;  impriaoned  by 
Connecticut,  783. 

Scott,  Joaeph,  of  Heematede,  case  of;  080. 

Seal,  provincial,  of  New  Netherland,  148;  and 
coat  of  arma  of  New  Amaterdam,  500,  507. 

Sectarianiam  dreaded  by  Dutch  clergy,  048 ;  new 
proclamation  againat,  700 ;  rebuked,  707. 

Stif-govemment,  principle  of,  in  HoUand,  192, 
820,  447-450. 

Selyna,  Domine  Henrleua,  instaUed  at  Breuekelen, 
080 ;  at  the  diractor's  bouwory,  081 ;  revisits 
HoUand,  784 ;  letuna  to  N.  York,  784, 110,  note. 

Senecas,  tribe  of  the,  82,  88 ;  Chaumonot  among 
the,  644 ;  conference  of,  with  Stuyvesant,  070. 
080 ;  beaver  trade  of  the  Dutch  with,  722. 

Sentences  of  provincial  courta  not  to  be  executed 
in  Holland,  478. 

Sequeen,  chief  of  Pyquaug,  or  Wetherslleld,  238 ; 
aaaenta  to  sale  of  land  to  the  Dutch,  230. 

Seqoina  viaited  by  Bk>ck,  60 ,  chief  of  the,  im- 
priaoned by  Eelkena,  140, 158, 106. 

Secanket,  on  Long  Island,  aettled,  071 ;  annexed 
to  Connectiont,  708 ;  Scott  a  commissioner  at, 
79(1 

Sewackenamo,  chief  of  Bsopus  savagee,  731. 

Sewan,  or  wampum,  179, 180 ;  ita  value  fixed  and 
regulated,  314,  398,  890, 617. 

Sewan-hacky,  78, 179 ;  aee  Long  laland. 

Shackamaxon,  Peim's  treaty  at,  104. 

Sbatemuc,  Mahican  name  ibr  North  River, 79, note. 


Digitized  by  VjOOQ IC 


792 


INDEX. 


nil  (leMtroyedt  71^,  7  n  j  rt^dud  :a  ili?  Dutcl!,  731 . 

Ship,  gr«ftt,  built  al  M^riatum,  St'Jt  Sl^r  319,  £86. 
SEtfkltsW'luckyt  or  Firu  l^iland  Bay,  PW;   anip- 
Wf  srk  at»  533. 

New  N(!Lbi;Tloii(l«  &fl1  ;  KutMrtiateiidK  «!jti.>«liM0ii 
for  tliu  Suuth  HivcTt  dilS  ;  ac^^otinitKiueii  Stuyre- 
■aut  tbltbern  Wi :  appointed  ac^iatii-ttacBl  in 
pLareof  Van  TfenliOT^n,  0^ ;  madi!  i^tty  iclioulit 
A93 ;  cDbttnuod  feA,  A40  l  atiC'CvudeiJ  by  TDnne- 
marij  074  ;  a  praprtetkry  of  New  Utrechi,  {tU3  : 
Mat  to  jttfAvct  the  Dutch  vLU&g«4i,  7^3. 

i»llv«r  fliKt,  Spnnlah,  taken  by  lleyii,  1B4, 

SiitvT  miria  siippcmei)  to  }w  at  HabaXeiff  14,  S(Ma ; 
In  Kalskill  Mounmhia,  bT^i. 

Sfnt'Sin^A,  74  i  treaty  wltti,  400. 

^kanfektad^t  ot  Aib^iif,  i). 

SJpvery  in  New  NEstherland,  106,  197*  313,  390, 
4LJ0,  4J5t  540,  d&fi,  fl67f  740,  743?  In  New  En* 
^Iftfld,  Virgin  ift,  and  MBrylandt  STa.  Ifla,  4^. 

SlechtvnhDrBt,  Dratidt  vem,  appofnted  fuimmlHtnTy 
of  Rcnuaelaera^  yek,,  4ffl)  j:  Biubbornneu  or,  491 , 
1l1«  (liCncultLeB  Willi  £lu>"ve0jini,  4^1-i^,  oc- 
q[alrea  KatikUl  and  Cla^VDracli  t^r  bJs  patmon* 
110  ;  eiplolDH,  &Sa  I  \m  imatvil  and  dcl«ln«d  at 
Hew  AdiBterdam,  5S^ ;  eBcapea^  631  ^  niendB  to 
e^pldru  KaiaklU  MotmtBifUi,  031  ;  pujfrjis£4fq 
Pftanpaack  and  FaoboDaic,  All  ^  i^  tni^iMwlad 
by  Jobii  BapLiHt  Tan  Eenwvelfior,  ^%b, 

SlefhUM^borBlT  Gerrii  van,  bi<  adveptureB  at  Kuia- 
Klll,  A3)  ;  la  aavaiilied  tt  Bererwyckt  ^i ;  a  dp|(^ 
pitB  ta  Gencrml  ABaembly,  72ft- 

^Jo^bt,  C^irneUfl  Bare  amen,  [fiAiiitnit*  of  Wilt- 
wyek,  neO. 

Sjeup  Bay,  tbe  WDatem  cntrattr^  of  Narr&gBiiseK, 
oi  Naa.Hia  Ba^',  57  ^  Magarilinne,  rblt-f  of,  333 ; 
M^antDnomob,  griflat  sachem  of»  347 ^ 

SJuya,  Hana  den,  pure Iibbpb  the  Klevit'';&  Hook  ^r 
lUo  Butch  ^  334. 

Slyck,  Ciiriieiiti  Anloniaiion  van^  306 ;  Dbtaisa  pai- 
atit  ttir  KaUikUl,  1^1. 

Smnli'pQX  at  Bfeverwyck^  710. 

Smecfnab,  Uertnaniia,  majrlitnte  of  Berpn,  &&}  i 
a  delegate  in  G^ntiral  AaBeitibly,  790. 

Smld'a,  or  SnUrB  Aleyc,  ahipa  r^pslred  nl,  3(53  j 
band'boBTd  Cor  tdbseIb  ai,  \00. 

Smlt^  Bnalpi  Dirck,  sumrriDDii  Ewcd^s  to  cur- 
render,  ftM,  left  in  conimand  on  Satitb  RlYfiFt 
004 ;  BPnt  af«in  witb  re-enr<inrfniem,  B^l ;  lu 
coitimBiid  of  |i;uiTlaan  at  Etopus,  dril ;  bia  au- 
thority diBTegardad^  0&B;  capiufeu  Indian  Fori 
WilUnceLf  675,  dere^tB  aavitj[e4i  at  KH  Davit'ii 
Kil^  G7a. 

Smith,  RlchAtd,  an  aaacdatA  witb  Doughty  at 
nf  cspnthr  333  ;  conipLalnfi  ^r  hmi.  41 1  > 

Smliii,  CapUiin  John,  in  VirginlBj  IS,  44;  rctitnui 
lo  Epfland,  49  i  in  N^w  Sngland.  M^Ql;  bin 
bodk  and  map,  ftt. 


SmitA,  Claen  (the  wh^l- wrijfht},  murdrmJ  el  Dcs- 

Id  Bay,  31fi. 
Si^nedekor,  Jan,  a  patonifte  at  FJotboalt,  &30, 
SoldJera  naked  for  (tom  lloiluidi  1^1  i  Anl  veM  t» 

New  Neiberlaud,  Wl, 
S^me-ra,  JoUnr  a  dnIegBiA  fV^m  i]0eii>*ie4e,  ^fl . 
iiaqnaliickB,  at  tbe  head  ofilie  Conneeiitut,  7SS, 
Souih,  or  boljtwaru  Bay,  tludttoa  »i,  M ;  Aipdi 

at,  M,  7H[  llendrickaen  al,  79;  Mcy  u.  97; 

calJfid  Now  Port  May,  97* 
SoTitli  Rivftr  explored  by  HendriclEwn,  7a»  757, 

7^  :  May  at,  97  ;  Dutch  pijIodIsl*  Bent  to^  |Ji3  ; 

mode  «r  comiDunleation  with,  l7Qi  ral«atMl 

r«ttiaved  lyom^  170, 163;  Itnda  booj^tii  oti>9Qe; 

Swaanendavl  esiabllBbed,  SOU,  307 ;  D*  Vriv  it, 

All/  L  whAlft-flafaet)'  at,  SSA ;  Corafeii  cfiiniiuscmTy 

on,  £3^;  Vlri^jDiBii  party  at,  1S4 ;  J&tiBeq  tam- 

misBBj'y  on,  270  i  Swedta  oa^  319,  tSI ;  m*  Fon 

Nasaau,  Fort  Chriatina,  New  Sweden,  Fcii 

CB«lmtrt  Nflw  Aniat«l,  AHanin 
SoDthmnptiKi,  tmty  of,  101  ;  !.(■  pfV¥lai«ii«  ci- 

ttind«d,  l&L 
SoDtbsiuptofi,  on  Long  InUiid,  «teitleai««t  aitliOO. 

aufifisfd  to  ConntcticnL,  070;  Seoa  at,  £71  r 
i^ouUiii^ld,  iKttletnent  at,  3W),  ^M  ;  Joim  ¥«»f 

cboften  dtjpuly  (Viim,  fa  flartford,  TO!, 
Stivoraiffnly  in  the  people  of  IJoliand,  tS^ 
Spfiin,  pApaL  doiietiofi  of  J»*#w  WorJd  to,  1  s  revoJi 

Qf  tlie  liniiLHl  I^Tincea  (hJin,  31,  38-44,  l^J. 

43fl-448,  '(>}  n  rQeofnlte*  tbe  indeptMidmn  and 

aoT«retfniy  of^ba  Diitcb,  W,  4?,  U9^ 
£pj«r,  MiF^ajei,  a  qnakar  DfCraTe^^ml,  bij]i*h«i). 

7iW. 
ilpicart  Samuel,  of  ftravfrsand,  oma  oft  &^ ,  or- 
dered to  leiTij  ibe  provunpflt  70*- 
Spieer,  Thwnaa,  n  d^l^f &£e  from  Midwrnit  to  C«ii> 

veniioa,  OTL 
Spring  Held,  John  OJdhftin  In  Cieiihb<irhAod  of,  33$; 

bettlaniiiint  at,  b^^  Pystobtm^aGl,  tQ'i  ;  eommands 

the  Conne^^lrut  trade,  4SQ :  Mohawka  a  i^rrer 

to  aaTBff}£  near,  494, 
Spyt  den  Duyteii,  or  Papirtneinln,  «l 
Starts,  Ahrabam,  at  South  RiTer,  SAO^  ikW*i  bia 

bonae  at  ClmverQek  d«4tioyed^  73S, 
Sfadt  Huy*  «f  eily  of  AiOBtifdain,  4^7, 
StAdl  fluya,fir  Ciiy  Bajt,  of  N^jw  AmafirdaiD,  tic 

City  I^Tem  so  oilled,  54^  :  delenat^  meet  al, 

fififl,  571  ;  aahed  for,  675  {  Enanitd,  SM  ;  ordrffd 

to  be  Fupajrcjd,  5^. 
StadtLvtder,  powem  and  dlllie«  of,  430  ;  WmiMH 

L,  Frliiff)  of  Naasaii  and  OnntflVr  eh««D  t«  b<^. 

19 f  1^9,  413 :  Maurice,  39,  ]G0,  440  l  rrt^frlfk 

Honry.  leM},  434  ;  Williun  ff.,  4S4t  49f,  643 . 

WilEiemi  1]].,  iifi,  4^),  Mt, 
SianiroM,  Eeifil'Bb  lieltteJbeiii  ai,  *l9i ;  I>ttleb  Vi'- 

pediUon  ajtainot  Indiana  near,  tOO,  391. 
Siaridiab,  Captain  Mites,  appoinledby  Ntw  Ptimt' 

oath  to  coDimand  ftm^B  af  aJD«t  the  rNLtt-b,  E^, 
StankokftPa^  or  SaokJkana^  73,  £05,  T^  44$,  75? 
Stapk  rtshi  established  ait  H&nJt«lfth,  143 ;  tlg^m^ 


Digitized  by  VjOOQIC 


INDEX. 


783 


ed  Ibr  BMMMlMNiwyek,  400 ;  ^Mltd,  401»  610» 

Simt«  Rifhtfl,  doetriM  of,  to  HoUand  and  in  Naw 
England,  S02,  466. 

Stalan  laland,  oalled  M onadukoag ,  or  Egbquaoos, 
73 ;  pnrehaaed  by  Pauw,  90S ;  De  Viiea  enters 
land  on,  M5;  annenderad  by  Panw,  S08;  Da 
Vriaa*  oolonla  at,  180,  Ml ;  Raritana  charged 
with  miaeondaet  at,  900;  diatUlery  and  bnek- 
■kin  mannftctory  on,  SIS;  redoubt  and  flag* 
atair  at,  814;  attaeked  by  the  aaTagea,  S15; 
miaea  on,  4S1 ;  colonlata  aent  to,  by  Van  de  Ca- 
pellen,  5M;  Melyn  at,  aS5;  Tan  Dincklagen  at, 
SM;  laid  waale  by  tha  aaragea,  007, 006 :  freab 
eoloniataaentu>,G41;  repnrchased  by  the  Weat 
India  Ckuqpany,  OOS;  Waldenaea  and  Hngoe- 
nou  at,  OOS ;  Tillage  at,  where  Domine  Driaina 
preaehes,  OOS ;  ia  repreaented  in  General  A»* 
aembly,  799 ;  HagnenoU  fVom  RoeheUe  at,  730, 
734 ;  block-hoaaa  at,  aeiaed  by  the  Engliah,  738. 

Stataa  General,  the,  ita  character  and  Ainctiona, 
437, 440, 454 ;  Ineorporatea  the  Eaat  India  Com- 
pany, SS ;  poatponea  incorporating  a  Weat  India 
Company,  94 ;  proelaima  a  (kat-day,  41 ;  ordi- 
nance of;  ft»r  enconragement  of  diacoveriea,  00 ; 
iu  palace  of  the  Binnenhof;  01,  111,  440;  granta 
New  Netherland  charter,  03-06, 60,  01 ;  reAiaea 
application  (br  the  Porttant,  195, 196 ;  chartera 
the  Weat  India  Company,  134-137 ;  knows  little 
about  New  Netherland,  149 ;  interferes  Ibr  De 
Vriea,  155 ;  makea  treaty  with  Charies  I.,  101 ; 
maintaina  rl|^  of  the  Weat  India  Company  in 
New  Netherland,  910 ;  action  of,  respecting  En« 
gllah  complainta  in  caae  of  the  WiUiam,  945, 
940;  reapecting  the  patroona,  947,  948;  com- 
miaaiona  Kiefl,  974 ;  inquires  into  condition  of 
New  Netherland,  985 ;  instructs  ita  deputies  to 
arrange  the  company'a  diAcultiea,  311 ;  action 
of,  respecting  Joachimi'a  diapatchea,  341 ;  letter 
of  the  Bight  Men  to,  379 ;  complained  to,  by  the 
Swedish  minister,  385 ;  again  appealed  to  from 
New  Netherland,  307 ;  approYea  Stuyreaani'a 
commission,  439;  receiTes  Spanish  ambaaaa- 
dor,  435;  revises  audience  to  parliamentary 
miniater,  408 ;  auapenda  Stnyreaant's  sentence 
againat  Melyn,  503 ;  memorial  and  remonatranee 
of  New  Netherland  to,  504-507 ;  action  ot,  on 
Vertoogh,  511, 015 ;  orders  Van  Tienhoren  and 
Dam  to  coma  to  the  Hague,  593,  594 ;  requirea 
opinion  of  the  company  on  the  proTiaional  or- 
der, 539 ;  recalla  Stuyreaant,  541 ;  rerokea  hla 
recaU,  549 ;  negotiationa  of,  with  England,  549- 
544  ;  inatructs  company  to  delbnd  New  Nether- 
land, 547 ;  poatponea  boundary  queatlon,  507 ; 
makea  treaty  of  peace  with  England,  580 ;  ne- 
gotiatea  respecting  the  boundary,  000, 001 ;  rati- 
flea  Hartlbrd  treaty,  091 ;  entertains  Charlea  n., 
084 ;  action  of,  reapecting  settlement  of  bound- 
ary, 080 ;  approres  new  conditions  oflbred  by 
West  India  Company,  688 ;  makea  a  conTention 


with  BagUad,  701;  ea■iraMawiazpUiBaeha^ 
tar  of  Weat  India  Conqmny,  790;  addreaaea  let- 
tera  to  towna  in  New  Netherland,  730. 

Staen,  Corporal  Hana,  aent  to  PaTonla,  850. 

Staenhuyaen,  Engelbert,  a  delegate  to  General 
Aaaembiy  at  New  Amaterdam,  799. 

Steenary  ck.  Burgomaster  Cornelia,  a  delegate  from 
New  Amsterdam  to  General  Aaaembiy,  796; 
aent  with  letter  to  NicoUa,  740 ;  a  cmnmlaaioner 
on  the  Dutch  aide,  741, 703. 

Sterenaen,  Coert,  a  delegate  to  General  Aaaembiy, 
799. 

Steynmeta,  Caaparua,  a  magiatrate  of  Bergen,  001. 

StillweU,  Lieutenant  Nicholaa,  aent  to  Eaopua, 
719;  arreata  Christie  at  Grareaend,  710. 

Stirling,  Henry,  Earl  of,  petitiona  Charlea  H.,  701 ; 
part  of  hia  claimed  territory  included  in  Con- 
necticut, 709 ;  hia  claim  refbrred  to  Plantation 
Board,  795 ;  raleaaea  hia  tiUe  to  the  Duke  of 
York,  735,  730. 

Stirling,  WiUUm  Alexander,  Earl  of,  950, 959, 700 ; 
Long  laland  conveyed  to,  959 ;  givea  power  of 
attorney  to  Jamea  Farrett,  997 ;  his  claims  dis- 
regarded by  the  Dutch,  906-300;  death  of,  760. 

Stirling,  Dowager  Counteaa  of,  her  agent  Andrew 
Forreater  arrested  and  banished,  477,  480. 

Stoq>,  or  steps,  in  fl^nt  of  houses,  533. 

Stoflblsen,  Jacob,  of  PaTonia,  one  of  the  Twelve 
Men,  317 ;  marriea  widow  of  Cornelia  Van 
Voorat  of  Pavonia,  366 ;  hia  house  attacked, 
368. 

Stol,  Jacob  Jansen,  of  Esopus,  church  held  at  hia 
house,  647 ;  attacks  the  savagea,  658. 

Stone,  Captain,  at  Manhattan,  937 ;  murdered  by 
the  Pequoda,  949. 

Stone  wall  proposed  at  New  Amsterdam,  604. 

Stoughton,  Captain,  at  Saybrook,  279 ;  praises  the 
superiority  of  Connecticut,  903. 

Straatmaker,  Dirck,  killed  at  Pavonia,  353. 

Strangera  attracted  to  New  Netherland,  280 ;  obli- 
gationa  required  from,  991 ;  liberality  of  Dutch 
toward,  339, 335 ;  hotel  for,  built  at  Manhattan, 
335 ;  numbera  of,  at  New  Amaterdam,  374,  468, 
480,  570,  098,  640,  699,  734,  749. 

Stratfbrd,  aettlement  of,  904. 

Street,  A.  B.,  hia  poem  of  Frontenac,  87. 

Strickland'a  Plain,  inaccurate  accounts  of  battle 
on,  301,  note. 

Strycker,  Jan,  a  delegate  from  Amerslbort  to  Con- 
vention at  New  Amaterdam,  571 ;  to  General 
Aaaembiy,  799. 

Stnyveaant,  Peter,  director  at  Cura^oa,  S95 ;  re- 
toma  to  Holland,  413;  hia  early  life,  418;  ap- 
pointed director  of  New  Netherland,  414 ;  hla 
departure  delayed,  416 ;  hla  inatructiona  and 
commiaaion  approved  by  the  Statea  General, 
439;  aails  fr^m  the  Texel,  439;  incidents  on 
his  voyage,  433 ;  arrivea  at  Manhattan,  433 ;  aa- 
sumes  the  government,  465;  his  haughtineaa, 
465 :  occurrences  at  hia  inauguration,  466 ;  or- 


Digitized  by  VjOOQ IC 


794 


INDEX. 


fitilses  h\E  ffottndl,  4fffl ;  re^ntts  Ibe  court  of 
Joatlce  luid  tlie  Churcli,  A&T ;  sides  witti  Klcn* 
40$  J  hit  BftT^ft  profwdiogs  against  Kuytf r  mid 
HbIth,  470-473  ;  d*nl«s3  the  rigtil  of  aispoal,  *T2  ; 
DT^ftnlxi's  board  of  NLtio  Mea,  174^76 1  DrrcatB 
Forreaturt  lady  Slirtlns*s  agetit,  177;  corre- 
Bpondfitce  wStti  Wiinhropt  478 1  aebtefl  abl])  it 
New  Havcnt  470  ^  JnHLfles  fala  oandtin,  4@D ;  t(n 
tatratcfft  4^4  r«TO^«  hla  proclaitiatlnii,  463; 
ncj|otlat«8  wiUi  Priuli,  485 ;  regtilatc*  mtinitl- 
paJ  aiTkirs  at  New  ArnateTdBm^  4ST"490i  *ni- 
deaTora  lo  ffipree)»  coiitrabftud  tfad&j  400 ;  t|*its 
FonOniiig*,  491  ;  Mil  [UflieiiHleJ  wUh  Slwhtan- 
hotWr,  49!-liH ;  Palled  "  Woi>deii  Leg"  by  tbo 
MojjawkH,  493 ;  asks  Ibr  another  clergf man  ftom 
Hollatiil)  4f4 ;  ht»  coiTPap&miBnM  with  Nuw 
Englandt  40<^i  explanarion  of  ibo  Ilnt<?h  claims, 
497 ;  prc]pQ8e$  a  iJonrBfaiico  wfctb  ilie  commis- 
sioner and  witb  E^on,  499^>0 ;  oppoflea  the 
Nine  MeUt  fiOl ;  rails  *  f^'^at  council,  and  op- 
[irvaBea  Vaa  der  Bonckj  SCS ;  aetton  In  Mdyn^a 
ca*e,  ^03 ;  In  ofljilr  of  Vaatrick,  503 ;  bi»  "  Boti  w- 
Brj-,"4tH ;  rorbiiln  DomJoe  Dlicltcnia  in  read  pa- 
per a  rVorn  ih£  pulpU,  504  ;  aakii  Tor  a  school- 
ina«Lerf  506;  BcndaVanTlenhovtJii  to  rRpTosoal 
bitn  ill  Holland,  &09 ;  df  unjganlfl  ite  "  Prorltfofi' 
al  Ordeff"  517 1  di^prive*  lUe  Nine  Moti  of  tbeir 
pow  in  the  cjiurcb,  51  & :  gpe»  lo  Eanfbrd  and 
mt^tktss  a  u-eaty,  519,  ^0  ;  omits  to  aetid  pa- 
pcn  tfl  Holland,  fitKl ;  pmbibita  »eU!<rmenli  at 
Ealskill  nndQ:r  piktrooti,  932  ;  bis  body-guiurdt 
^i  arrc^^flla  Van  Dlucklagen,  5^;  defkatf  an- 
Otbuf  tiXpedlUon  tu  tho  Sotitb  River  ftom  Kew 
Haven,  53T  ^  erreata  Van  Slcchtonhnrat,  5SS ; 
Tiaaa  Soutb  KivcXj  52^  i  buya  niorc  tcirUory, 
b^i{  d(-moli0he4  Fcm  Naeaau  iiid  bull  da  Foit 
CaBimlr,  5S0 ;  appcilaLii  DyckDiau  Ticc- director 
at  Fort  Orange,  530  ;  revSaita  Fdit  Orange,  and 
aniLCJL«B  Beverwyck  lo  lui  JurlsdiciJon,  535 ;  de- 
clares void  aalea  4t  Kaljikill  And  elsewhere,  530 ; 
grtuits  paleiiLji  rorMlddelburgh  or  Newtown,  and 
Midwout  nr  natbuah,  530 ;  poatpoaca  ktklf  tba 
public  paj  meiitat  530 ;  rneaUed  by  Iho  Statea 
Geaeml.Ml ;  hift  recall  ruTciliod,  5-13 ;  organ  Izci 
munlnipal  gOTLTumenl  of  Now  Amsterdam,  548 ; 
write*  to  New  England  and  Virginia^  540  i  dt- 
nic»  chafgfiB  of  tbe  Now  Englf^nd  commi^a  lon- 
ers, 551  ;  bift  ovcrtttr^a  to  tbe  New  Ebj,'1oLTj(l 
^eam,  553  ;  an«wom  ihe  Kcw  England  d.«cl3- 
raUoUt  554  i  bla  dedaratLona  about  employing 
Indian  St  5^5 ;  banlsbea  UnderhLlI,  550 ;  sandft 
agcnti^  to  Virginia,  550 ;  dlaig]tM>:incnt  wlib  bur- 
gumastLTuorNuw  Aowtejdiunt^OO ;  HcndaDom- 
ina  Di-I»]ii9  ta  Virglnta^  54^1 ;  blockadta  Onk«- 
wayt  or  FnlrlSeld^  S6^ ;  makca  concestloni  to 
Kew  AmatcrJ&in,  507,  568 ;  cObdttct  toward 
dfiltfgitci  at  New  Amaterdam,  509  ^  ealla  Laadt- 
das,  ^^  Convention,  570;  bli  anawej-  lo  [fa  re- 
mnnstTsnce,  ST3,  571 ;  wrderi  U  to  di<Jperac,  575 ; 
racetr^R  D^ertnres  firoin  ibe  Swede*,  57(5 ;  gives 


a  letter  t<>  Vtimx  wi  lri»  TfiTOHi  f?7 ;  *pprttiti 
now  dty  otflcefai  578 ;  take«  moasofM  s^alK^t 
piratea^  STO  ;  iDCorparatei  TJotcb  viilajiw  m 
Long  lalatid,  5S0;  eniMJimgat  a  ebttreb  ai  Mi^- 
wontf  ftSI  ;  bia  ilUberal  lT«atilinK  ofibc  Lufber- 
aaa,5@l ,  preeagtioDA  against  lite  GagUaht  &Si  . 
procialnistbanliBglTlngrbr  peaffl^SiST;  r*pn»ifed 
by  tbo  company,  5^  t  olferm  to  moke  Con^5  t«i 
"dtj  acbont,  5S8 :  repulatea  TvfTj  al  NflW  Ani- 
aterdun,  580 ;  dilBeultlea  wltb  ranmclpal  tn- 
tborllies,  589;  reatwnpa  «iciae,  500;  at  Fort 
Orange,  590,  501 ;  repona  tire  eaplnre  of  Fon 
Cftsimlr,  501;  selzo*  Sii^dlali  ahip,  59*:  pro- 
teatB  ngmtnatEngllablntrudejw  at  VVeirt  Ckwier 
and  Oyster  Bay,  5^5 ;  -rlsjta  OraT«end«  596  - 
aaila  for  tlto  West  Indies*  5*7;  Tettttna  to  New 
Am»tei-dam*  0O3  ;  CDintn&Tida  e^spcdliioo  UfalDSi 
Sotith  Eiver,  fl04  ;  captures  Fort  CaEimir  lad 
Fort  CtLrJstlDS^  004,  005;  eaetabtlibcs  tbe  Dntcb 
power  on  tbe  Smith  Elver,,  fi#0;  rAviin  U?  Ifirw 
Amigterdam  and  tnkca  meaSltmr  ftir  Uw  dafBOSE, 
008 ;  ranaomA  prisoners,  006 :  orfaalfiM  gorcrth 
meat  on  Soutb  Rlv^jrt  009 ;  prtjpowa  on  incrwuw 
of  tftiCB^OlO ;  problbtta  New  Year  and  May-day 
spDrta^  Oil ;  pTOnlam alien  te  fbrm  Tlllagea,  613: 
sppolntu;  new  arbepana,  013  ;  hia  pTocIamatian 
against  conTcntideSj  «17 ;  rebuked  hy  tfm  com- 
pany ^  618 ;  reduws  lh«  Eogliab  at  Wert  Chca- 
ter,  fllQ ;  intorporatea  Ooal-dorp  and  Kafftdorp, 
610;  aecures  Swedish  ve.swl  on  Sottib  Hiver, 
A3D,  031;  appolnta  De  Sille  city  sfham,  033 ; 
finea  Van  RensaeUer,  034  ;  ccTre«p<mdEaee  irf, 
with  commiaMioners,  025 ;  «(nJbTC*9  ordinance 
against  cnnvcnticies,  030:  rt^atc«  tfl^ira  at 
OoHt-tlarp,  Ot7j  »titblla11<«  great  and  vmall 
burgberablpa  ui  New  Amstcrdaoi,  6SS^  039 ; 
traciaf^ra  Fort  Coa^mlrto  AJrfcba,  fi33  ;  appoinu 
llndde  comrnacidant  at  Allona,  633 ;  sen  da  Cfom- 
welFa  lelter  to  We«  India  Company*  034  ;  or- 
dora  Goot water  baek  ta  Holland,  035 ;  bis  ae- 
verity  toward  KodgsoDf  036 ;  l«daea  prch^Iaina- 
tlon  ag:Llnst  Quakdrs*  637;  ptralsbeii  nasbldg 
fnagiatraiea,  03B ;  proelalma  ^(-day  ob  accaQQi 
of  QnaXeFSt  039 ;  allows  nomifialLnn  of  uaKfis- 
(i^tcs  to  J»fiw  Ainsi;er(liin,  640;  imrebasM  Ber- 
gon,  042 ;  rcfbtra  to  aend  (^tiiikara  to  New  En- 
gland, 043 ;  nefOLlatea  wttb  French  tn  Cat^ada, 
04  fit  M6 ;  Tialta  Esopus»  047;  emflefealK  Witb 
tbe  aavngea^  048 ;  [ays  out  tlt!afe  iE  E«lipns. 
049;  eatsbtiabea  garriaon  at,  650;  rrflefts  tl^ 
South  Illver,  051 ;  Q|ipcil7ii9  DeKkjiun  TieenJi- 
reetpr  on  the  South  EtTer,  00;  Ttftitet  Maftci- 
cbu3«tt5  penziisaion  to  pSTigaCa  the  North  Rvrctj 
055  ;  proposes  a  Dutch  »cttlefn*ni  at  the  Wap- 
pingei's  K^liL  655 ;  rorislta  Esopiis^  060 :  ask» 
fe-eDlbrcemeata  IVotn  Holland^  061 ;  etmnplalni 
of  Alttrha*  conduet,  603 ;  aendf  rsNenEbreemliti 
to  tbe  S&uth  River,  M9 ;  repvns  lis  altnttlMi, 
609f  070  ;  Bgain  refBa^a  to  alJow  MsaiiarlniBittft 
people  to  navigate  tbe  North  Kiver,  OTV  :  re^ias 


Digit! 


ized  by  Google 


INDEX. 


795 


to  lfanaehiiMtts*clalin,  07S;  warns  WMt  In- 
dia Company  against  New  England,  073,  074 ; 
requires  Indian  children  to  be  educated,  075 ; 
declares  war  against  the  Esopos  savages,  070 ; 
Bends  Indian  prisoners  to  the  West  Indies,  070 ; 
reftxaes  to  organize  court  at  Esopus,  077 ;  op- 
poses employment  of  the  Mohawks,  077 ;  makes 
treaty  at  Esopus,  OIB ;  confers  with  the  Senecas 
at  Fort  Orange,  079, 060;  contributes  to  church 
at  bis  bouwery,  081 ;  urges  the  Mohawks  to  be 
at  peace  with  the  English  savages,  08S ;  nego- 
tiates a  treaty  with  Virginia,  083 ;  correspond- 
ence with  Governor  Berkeley,  084 ;  revives  per- 
secution against  Quakers,  089;  incorporates 
Wiltwyck,  and  Installs  Swartwout,  090 ;  incoi^ 
porates  Bergen,  091 ;  New  Utrecht  and  Bos- 
wyck,  093 ;  is  asked  to  deliver  up  regicides,  095 ; 
oflbrs  of,  to  Puritan  colonists,  090 ;  his  dispatch 
to  Holland  about  Maryland,  097 ;  about  Gov- 
ernor Berkeley,  709 ;  his  letter  to  Connecticut, 
703 ;  goes  with  Breedon  to  Fort  Orange,  and 
negotiates  with  the  Mohawks,  704 ;  arrests  and 
banishes  John  Bowne,  700 ;  is  rebuked  by  the 
West  India  Company,  707 ;  (Virther  concessions 
of,  to  Puritan  colonists,  708 ;  fbrbids  West  Ches- 
ter to  obey  Connecticut,  709 ;  sends  re-en(brce- 
ments  to  Esopus,  711, 71S ;  surrenders  the  South 
River  to  Hinoyossa,  717 ;  negotiates  with  com- 
missioners at  Boston,  718 ;  sends  commission- 
ers to  Hartfbrd,  730 ;  security  required  fbr  his 
bill  on  the  company,  720 ;  summons  a  Conven- 
tion at  New  Amsterdam,  7S2 ;  his  dispatch  to 
the  company,  7S3;  surrenders  West  Chester 
and  Long  Island  towns,  734 ;  purchases  Nevo- 
sinck  lands,  794;  makes  conditional  arrange- 
ment with  Scott,  787 ;  ratifies  it,  738 ;  calls  Gen- 
eral Provincial  Assembly,  738 ;  propositions  of, 
to,  799 ;  makes  treaty  with  Esopus  savages,  731 ; 
reinstates  Swartwout,  and  appoints  Beeckman 
conomlssary  at  Esopus,  731, 733 ;  his  action  re- 
specting Schaenhechstede,  739 ;  his  interview 
with  Winthrop  on  Long  Island,  733,  734 ;  hope- 
(hl  about  New  Netheriand,  734 ;  is  warned  of 
designs  of  the  English,  730 ;  deceived  by  dis- 
patch of  West  India  Company,  737 ;  visits  Fort 
Orange,  787 ;  hurries  back  to  New  Amsterdam, 
737 ;  sends  message  to  NicoUs,  738 ;  endeavors 
to  withhold  summons  to  surrender  fVom  the 
people,  739 ;  tears  NleoIIs'  letter,  739 ;  last  dis- 
patch to  Amsterdam,  740 ;  appoints  commission- 
ers to  agree  to  articles,  741 ;  surrenders,  743. 

Stuyvesant,  Balthazar,  urges  surrender  of  New 
Netheriand,  741. 

Survey  and  population  of  New  Amsterdam,  033 ; 
second  survey  and  map  of,  074. 

Swaanendael,  colony  planted  at,  900 ;  destroyed 
by  the  savages,  319-391 ;  deserted  by  the  Dutch, 
398 ;  surrendered  to  West  India  Company,  349. 

Swannekens,  Dutch  so  called  by  the  Indians,  315,. 
347,  353,  358,  300. 


Swart,  Garrit,  schout  of  Rensselaerswyck,  535. 

Swartwout,  Roelof,  commissioned  as  schout  ol 
Esopus,  077 ;  installed  in  office,  090 ;  courageous 
behavior  of,  711 ;  discharged  from  office,  714  : 
reinstated,  731. 

Swartwout,  Thomas,  a  delegate  ftom  Amersfbon 
to  Convention  at  New  Amsterdam,  571. 

Swedish  West  India  Company,  380  j  colony  estab- 
lished on  the  South  River,  361-384 ;  ship  seized 
in  Holland,  384 ;  progress  of  colony  on  South 
River,  319-331 ;  colonists  assist  the  Dutch 
against  the  English,  338, 383-384 ;  ships  arrest- 
ed in  Holland,  385 ;  officers  on  South  River  in- 
sult the  Dutch,  434-428;  oppose  them  Ibrther, 
483-487,  510,  511 ;  visited  by  Stuyvesant,  538- 
530 ;  new  amngements  fbr,  577 ;  officers,  hos- 
tile proceedings  of,  593, 594 ;  ship  seized  at  Man- 
hattan, 594 ;  orders  of  company  (br  reduction 
of,  001 ;  expedition  against,  003,  004 ;  reduction 
of,  undbr  the  Dutch,  005, 000;  ship  Mercury  ar- 
rested, 030;  Dutch  title  maintained  against, 
031, 033 ;  residents  not  to  be  appointed  to  office, 
003 ;  residents  able  to  bear  arms,  number  of, 
075 ;  arguments  of  English  with,  744 ;  see  New 
Sweden,  New  Aflostel,  Altona. 

Sweringen,  Gerrit  van,  supercargo  of  New  Am- 
stel  expedition,  033 ;  blames  Alricbs,  070 ;  at 
Amsterdam,  097 ;  shoots  a  soldier  and  Is  pro- 
tected by  Hinoyossa,  099 ;  renews  treaty  with 
tbe  savages,  717. 

Synod  of  Dordrecht,  109,  110,  117,  343,009,  017. 

Synods  and  classes  in  Holland,  104,  note,  118,014. 

Tachkanic,  or  Taconick,  Mountains,  75;  Dutch 
soldiers  murdered  near  the,  057. 

Tack,  Arent  Pietersen,  of  Wiltwyck,  714. 

Talcott,  Captain  John,  enforces  submission  of 
West  Chester  to  Connecticut,  709;  opposes 
Stuyvesant  at  Boston,  718;  on  Long  Idand, 
719;  confbrs  with  Dutch  agents  at  Haritbrd, 
71^,731 ;  commissioners  of  Connecticut  on  Long 
Island,  730. 

Talpahockln,  vale  of,  89. 

Tankitekes,  or  Haverstraws,  315,  348,  304,  393. 

Tappan,  derivation  of  name,  74,  note,  757 ;  De 
Vries  at,  301,  307 ;  savages  at,  refuse  to  pay 
tribute,  310,  311 ;  De  Vries'  plantation  at,  313: 
savages  attacked  by  the  Mohawks,  349 ;  massa- 
cred at  Pavonia,  353 ;  attack  the  Dutch,  355, 
308 ;  peace  with,  409 ;  farther  treaties  with,  075, 
731 ;  stone  procured  flpom,  fbr  wall  at  New  Am- 
sterdam, 094. 

Tawasentha,  post  at,  81 ;  treaty  of,  88. 

Taxation  only  by  consent,  the  principle  in  Holland, 
193,  430,  437,  440,  443 ;  heavy,  in  HoUand,  458, 
403 ;  action  respecting,  in  New  Netheriand,  473- 
470,  505,  550,  572,  575,  797 ;  views  of  the  West 
India  Company,  588,  009,  740. 

Temple,  Colonel,  complains  of  the  Mohawks. 
733. 


Digitized  by  VjOOQ IC 


796 


IIJDEX. 


TcmpLti,  SIT  WiUJftnit  en  tlic  DulcJit  4£&t  461  ^  4^ 

TeokCKU  lETlADd,  307. 

Ttfrneuf,  DutilfL,  ft  m^gistnXi  of  Mew  Hicrliipi^ 

S7i ;  il«L<^at«  to  Gfioenl  AuetnbJyr  739^ 
TeQniHent  Com^LlJ^  a44. 
Tefnitsstriif  Geiril,  344. 
Tetmisien,  Gystwrc,  k  d«le|CiftC«  lo  Genets  ik«iem- 

bty,  730, 
T«uiiiKE«ti,  JiLn^  flrtt  BCtiout  of  BrcucXerenf  41^- 
Tcxel^  Vljelaiid,  and  Ztiyder  Zee,  nftmed  by  iht 

Dutcl),  5EJ,  141,  TAfi. 
ThankttgLvjfif  sad  feut-dAyA  in  tlie  Netberlitid*, 

41 1  443,  747  ^  in  New  Neitwrland,  41,  iioi«,  ^SG^ 

aaj,  409,  401,  &S7,  605,  G30,  73J,  747. 
TbaroQliyJigbD^  the  iml  of  Uit'  IroqiK^lH^  ^, 
Ttie  Hiigiifli  origin  of  tm  nixn^,  4!L 
Tha  Killff,  nj-  Kill  vao  Calf  ?7t  3S>  313,  note. 
Tlie  acfornied,  flnil  so  r^lliHl  In  UoUimd,  100. 
ThomttB^  CapL«in    Jelnjsjr,  soconipuiioe  Slayre- 

TAragniortont  Jobn,  al  Thr«g'M  Neckf  333 ;  Mrttlf!- 
mt'nt  c«U«d  yr«dfrlaiidt  334 ;  hit  aeittcment  tlts 
Huayud  by  ihc  laTRfcit,  SWi. 

Tburiop,  Secretary*  5S3  i  ba  coUectlon  pT papers, 
£§6  i  hcgioliatu  with  Nk'upoit,  CC^L 

TiejiboT^nf  Mriaen  yao,  clcrlE  of  court  od  Soutb 
River,  460  ^  Infijrma  StDjffetajit  ti^  canAaci  qT 
SfrmloHf  437 ;  appointed  reuf iv^r  getieml,  532 ; 
II  nirreBder  of  Fon  Canimirf  £vU3  j  djim]HHil 
from  tlia  public  senrlce,  533  t  leuve^  New  PfeLh- 
erfaodi  633h 

Ttenboytn,  Cornallavan,  boDk-kceper  fit  Fort  Am- 
sterdairrT  223 ;  io^d«  proTtncial  Bccrctnry  uid 
ACliout-dBcali  97^;  pqrchBflea  lar^dd  in  W**t 
CbwHteTt  20fi ,  breaks  up  KMlontent  at  SclKiut'i 
Bityt  Wi ;  lead*  expedition  apiatnHt  ihe  llAii' 
ttiiHf  310  i  mnhea  tbe  treaty  hi  Iht  Bronx  Rtvar, 
330 ;  iir^es  KicH  to  attack  ibe  savaf  u«t  349 ;  Bi^ni 
to  recf^nnoitre  at  Pavonla,  350;  reiAtJied  &■  pro- 
Tindial  iecretitry  liy  StuyTOnant,  46G ;  visits 
New  Haven  ajid  dlacov^ra  a  Dutch  venittl  (bjcrc^ 
47§i,  47Q  \  aeUrt  to  HollDiLd  aa  Stu)"9'CAarLt'B  rep- 
reaent Alive,  SG9  ^  at  the  Ba^c,  Ml,  ^iS;  pre- 
|mres  papeK  abotit  Nevf  NetheMeiid  aiT^ra, 
A13  -y  prepBrei  reply  to  tbe  Vertoogh,  533  ;  Bon- 
ift'law  df  Dafo,  &Mi  ri^tuma  to  Now  NeLbcr- 
tatid,  334  ^  appointed  adbom-Htica]  in  plmc  of 
Van  Byckj  i22 ;  cbarged  wjtb  ploLtjn^,  by  Vn* 
derblU,  S50  ^  aent  to  t)e§rcjtiiite  wHli  Virginia, 
A5d;  aeiit  tu  New  Hav«n,  57^;  cominued  aa 
piiy  Bcboiit,  589  If  aeat  to  -warn  intruders  at 
W«at  Cheater^  505  ;  st  GrareRonU,  597  ;  euper- 
Intendn  Suulb  River  expedition,  603;  io  fa^t qt 
oTa  wsii  agil^B^  ^be  aava^ea^  ClO  ;  #cnL  to  West 
Cbeftur  ^IB  :  dlsmini}^  rromthb  public  at^rvicef 
633  ;  icarea  New  NetherlMid,  053, 

TUje,  JuQ,  mAgiBtrate  of  Boawyckt  dflS. 

TlltonH  John,  iowrs  clerk  of  arnveacnd,  596  ;  per- 
»ciitAd  aa  I  Quaker,  636,  fi&5 ;  ordereil  to  leavu 
tbe  pnoYlnw,  7M. 


I     on,  157,  75e. 

I  Tinicuxa,  Fort  New  Gottanbur^  buill  on,  379. 

I  Title,  Dulcli  atid  £a£li«li,to  New  KttbftHsnd.  35, 

90, 129,  Ht,  143 ;  Batcb  ufffed  to  clear  tlwir,  1»  i 
I     la  Contiecti^iit,  ^11 ,  quffltioneil  and  ieftnded, 
',     314^17,  S3g,  340;  *f>e  VV«t  tiifiuL  Company. 
Tfibae«w  attbjocted  to  eicwe,  tH  \  Virginian  im- 

provefueiils  Lu  cnltiTatibf  ^  WQ ;  inmpttsjpn  of, 
I     393;  export  duty  (aketi  q%  MO  j  trmda  m,  C^, 


715,  735. 
Toleration  In  HoUandf  1«M0S,  V6,  4S9,  707;  in 


New  Nethp^lond,  33a,  374,  581,  «14, 70T,  749. 

TomtAa^,  Jan,  magiaLrale  or  New  Utrecbt,  CSX 

Tonncman^  flclei,  Bcbout  of  B[rieuck«len,  54^0 ; 
vuniinoTiA  Non-conn>nniA4,  039^ ;  a^ compiTiJa 
StayYeaain  to  Soutli  RItqt,  651  ^  appointed 
scbisui  of  New  AmatenluD,  S?4 ;  aiteceeded  by 
liegeman,  093, 

TorkUlua,  Keonis,  ftrst  Lutlieran  clerfymtn  oiv 
the  South  RlTcr,  iSl ;  deatb  of,  379,  DOte. 
',  I'otema,  or  tymbola,  oftbA  Iroqnoift,  Mt  ^- 

Towna,  rise  of  Duteli,  193;  437,  44^,  453 ;  in  Sew 
Nctherlaud,  313,  333, 3S§,  415,  540,  571. 7t^  73^ ; 
eonibltiAiloa  of,  du  Long  Idand,  "7^, 

Town^^nd,  Henry,  of  Ravidorp,  prooeedliigp 
ngftlnat,  037,  03fi,  669. 

Towntend,  John,  of  ADatdotp,  caae  of,  637*  060- 

Trocy,  Marquia  do,  irieeitiiy  of  Canada,  Tt)0. 

Trade,  freedom  of,  in  IloUand,  96,  415,  4^,  4^ 
543  i  realrtlned  In  New  Netbertand,  I3i5,  155, 
iOO^  197  ^  ni^ulaied,  377  i  made  more  free^  3^^ 
eonBeqtii.^nc£a,  SB9,  307,  30^;  «caln  rciulat^ 
993,  313,  377,  490,  4pe,  415,  41«,  406,  169,  4^5, 
rree^dom  of,  demanded,  500,  507  ;  conivsaioai 
roApcctlng,  S-IO .  to  make  SlCajiliatiaj}  ilanriBJ), 
547;  condncid  to  rejridenu,  &St,  £39;  npentiJ 
with  CAJiada,  640  ;  Forejgn,  4i5,  050  ;  wiiH  Vir^ 
gini&,  6H4 ;  wltb  Maryland,  09T  ;  on  Soutli  RjfT* 
t^r^  7|A;  in  tobacco,  735  -.  lAee  Coinmvri^ 

TraderB,  jttncrvnt,  at  New  Amsterdam.  461 ;  ftp 
ulaied,  (22S. 

Traltora  not  fouad  in  Hollands  464^ 

Tr«atyoftheTR^Baentba,fi|,6El;  at  Fortar4T]e«. 
153 :  of  SoDtbampton,  161  ^  at  Mafil)AiUn>  IH , 
at  Swaanendacl,  33] ;  at  Fort  AmgtcrdiR).  Ji59: 
at  Fort  Orange,  406 ;  ^tiera]^  u  Fort  Amstei^ 
dam,  409 ;  of  Weatphalia,  435 :  at  Ilftrtford,  513, 
530,  SS9;  on  Suutli  Ettver,  529;  of  the  Duleb 
With  CrornwtU,  5^;  at  New  Amateriiiai,  6T5. 
at  Ea!>pt|fl,  67!^;  wUli  Virfinia,  G&^y  £44 ,  of  tb* 
I3utcli  with  Cbarios  11.,  70) ;  at  F^rt  AmfrUr- 
dam,  731  j  at  Fort  Albany,  744. 

Trlbunela,  or  «ourta  of  jtiaiice.  In  Now  Nt^ff* 
land,  135,  154,  16$,  195,  197,  376,  38^,  304.  2th 
337, 405,  414,  467,  599 ;  «e  Coiuicir,  Tatrciona. 

Tribntc,  ttttmpted  exai^tlon  of,  fiwm  Kiveff  fn- 
dIaQ«^399;  payment  of  rcfuaed,  310,  350. 

Trinity  CLurebt  llrai  reetor  of,  In  Now  Vofl;,  lift, 
note ;  estate  of,  %U, 


Digitized  byVjOOQlC 


INDEX. 


797 


Tromp,  Adlninl  Marten  Harpertien,  545 ;  tuI-  ; 
gar  error  In  calling  him  Von  Tromp,  545,  note ;  | 
•weeps  the  ehannel  dear  of  English  ships,  545. 

Troy,  or  Paanpaaek,  porehase  of,  534. 

Turkeys,  large  wild,  S90, 808. 

Turtle  Bay,  S09 ;  see  Dentel  Bay. 

Toscaroras,  88,  84. 

Tweenhnysen,  Lambreeht  ran,  46, 47, 50, 05. 

Twelre  Men  chosen,  817 ;  oppose  a  war,  818, 319 ; 
assent  to  hostilities,  SS5 ;  demand  refbrms,  8S0- 
338 ;  are  dissolved  by  Kieft,  390. 

Twlller,  Wooter  van,  appointed  director  general, 
tS9 ;  arrlTes  at  Manhattan,  S93 ;  character  of 
his  administration,  S94,  St5 ;  conduct  respect- 
ing English  ship  William,  ^,  t30 ;  toward  De 
Vries,  231 ;  replies  to  Wlnthrop,  S40 ;  nnder- 
takes  costly  works,  943, 144 ;  reprimanded  by 
Domine  Bogardns,  945;  attempu  to  dislodge 
English  from  the  Kisrit's  Hook,  961 ;  visits  Pa- 
▼onia,  963;  irregnlarities  in  his  goremment, 
965 ;  sends  Van  Dincklagen  back  to  Holland, 
966 ;  porchasss  lands,  965,  967 ;  rescues  two 
WethersfleM  prisoners,  971 ;  complained  of  in 
Holland,  978 ;  superseded  by  the  appointment 
of  Kieft,  974 ;  his  large  estate,  976 ;  an  executor 
of  Knian  ran  Rensselaer,  490 ;  sides  with  Mdyn 
and  Van  der  Donck  in  HoUand,  519 ;  disliked  by 
the  West  India  Company,  591. 

Uncas,  chief  of  the  Mahlcans,  assists  the  English, 
971 ;  accnses  Mtantonomoh,  830 ;  puts  him  to 
death,  364 ;  spreads  reports  against  Stuyre- 
sant,550. 

Underbill,  Captain  John,  sent  to  Saybrook,  970 ; 
attacks  the  Peqnod  village,  971,  979 ;  proposes 
to  setUe  In  New  NeCherland,  901 ;  at  Stamford, 
866 :  taken  into  the  service  of  the  Dutch,  366 ; 
sent  to  ask  assistance  from  New  Haven,  370 ; 
Patrick  murdered  at  his  house  at  Stamfl>rd,  387 ; 
is  sent  to  Heemstede,  880 ;  commands  expedi- 
tion against  Indians  near  Stamford,  300,  801 ; 
arranges  a  peace,  809, 807 ;  his  seditious  con- 
duct on  Long  Island,  U9, 555 ;  is  banished,  556 ; 
commissioned  by  Rhode  Island,  557 ;  seixes  Port 
Good  Hope,  558;  at  Setauket,  on  Long  Island, 
671 ;  a  conmisstoner  at  Heemstede,  798. 

Union  of  Utrecht,  the,  10, 88, 189,  869, 445, 750. 

United  Colonies  of  New  England,  commissioners 
of  the,  861,  969;  Kleft*s  eorrespondenoe  with, 
869,  863 ;  mssC  at  New  Haven,  490;  claim  In- 
dian captives  as  slaves,  490 ;  reply  to  Kisft's 
protest,  480;  conplatn  of  kl^  duties  at  Man- 
hattan, 478;  eonespondsnce  of,  vrith  Stuyve- 
sant,  406,  407;  ftuMd  fbrelgners  to  trade  vrilh 
New  En^and  savages,  500,  501 ;  Stuyvesanf  s 
interview  with,  518 ;  treaty  wHh  the  Dutch  ne- 
gotiated at  Bartfbrd,  510, 596;  protest  against 
Stuyvssaat's  bosUUty  to  New  Ravsn  adven- 
tursrs,  580;  tosplcious  of  Ms  plotting  with  the 
savages  against  thSBi,  506 ;  thslr  dselaration  of 


complaints  against  the  Dutch,  551 ;  send  a 
to  New  Amsterdam,  551-554 ;  at  variance  with 
Massachusetu,  557,  568;  decline  to  aid  the 
French  in  Canada,  564 ;  express  sympathy  Ibr 
the  Dutch,  608 ;  correspondence  with  Stuyve* 
sent,  695 ;  support  claim  of  Massachusstts,  671 ; 
Stuyvesant^s  answer,  678 ;  measures  of,  against 
the  Mohawks,  704 ;  negotiate  with  Stuyvesant 
at  Boston,  71^  710. 

Upland,  the  Swedes  at,  483. 

Usselincx,  William,  proposes  Dutch  West  India 
Company,  91, 98, 134 ;  plans  Swedish  Wsst  In- 
dia Company,  980. 

Utie,  Colonel  Nathaniel,  agent  of  Maryland  at  the 
South  River,  664;  his  conduct  toward  the 
Dutch  oflleers,  665;  reproved  by  Heermans, 
667 ;  his  conduct  Justified  by  Maryland,  660. 

Valentine  and  Orson,  46, 66. 

Valentine's  Manual  of  ths  Corporation,  761. 

Vareken*s  Kill,  or  Saleoi,  in  New  Jeney,  Engliah 
8ettlementat,899;  broken up,888;  FortElsing- 
burg  built  near,  880. 

Varlett,  Judith,  cass  of,  at  Hartford,  703,  note. 

Variett,  Nicholas,  goss  to  Virginia  and  negotiates 
a  treaty,  663 ;  at  Hartford,  703 ;  a  eommissioner 
on  the  Dutch  side,  741,  763. 

Vastriek,  Gerrit,  case  of;  503,  504. 

Verazxano  at  New  York  harbor,  9, 16, 85 ;  at  Block 
laland,  57,  note. 

Verbeck,  Jan,  a  delegate  to  General  Assembly,  790. 

Verdrietlg  Hook,  90, 74. 

Verhulst,  William,  suooseds  May  as  director,  150 ; 
succeeded  by  Peter  Minuit,  169. 

Verhulsten  Island,  near  the  foils  of  the  South  Riv- 
er, 150 ;  colonists  at,  160 ;  deserted,  170, 188. 

Verplanck,  or  Planck,  Abram,  buys  land  at  Pa- 
vonia,  970 ;  one  of  the  Twelve  Men,  317 ;  sse 
Planck. 

Vertoogh,  or  Remonstrance,  of  New  Netheiland, 
506,  507 ;  presented  to  the  Sutes  General,  511 ; 
printed  and  droulated  in  Holland,  511 

Verveeler,  Johannes,  a  delegate  to  General  As- 
sembly, 790. 

Vestens,  William,  Siecken-trooster  and  sehool- 
master  at  Manhattan,  516. 

Virginia  named,  5 ;  oolonixation  of,  attempted  by 
Raleigh,  6;  new  charter  for,  11;  the  **01d 
Dominion"  of  the  United  Statea,  19 ;  Jamestown 
founded  in,  19 ;  second  charter  for,  15 ;  proposi- 
tion of  the  Dutch  to  join  in  colony  of,  44, 45 ; 
progress  of,  40-58 ;  visited  by  Dermer,  03 ;  by 
May,  07 ;  patent  ftv  the  Puritans  to  settle  in, 
199, 198, 190 ;  English  tiUe  to,  admitted  by  the 
Dutch,  148, 915 ;  Walloons  desirs  to  go  to,  147 ; 
De  Vries  at,  996 ;  Governor  Harvey's  friendly 
bearing,  997;  ship  fttMn,  at  Manhattan,  987; 
explorations  by  authority  of,  949,  950;  Jsalous 
of  Maryland,  953 ;  party  fWMn,  at  Fort  Naasan, 
994;  dislodged  and  ssnt back,  906 ;scaittty  In, 


Digitized  by  VjOOQ IC 


789 


INDSX. 


960  i  Harrey  letonis  to,  S70 ;  Minuit  at,  28S ; 
emigrants  from,  to  New  Netberland,  SOO,  SOS ; 
EDKUBb  in,  considered  Egyptians  by  the  Hart- 
ford people,  S09;  ftigitlTes  from*  335;  inter- 
course with,  335 ;  De  Vries  in,  381 ;  Plowden 
at,  363 ;  Dutch  oommeroe  with,  415,  466,  470 ; 
Cromwell  not  Avored  in,  400 ;  the  Dutch  pro- 
pose free  trade  with,  544 ;  trade  of  Bfanhattan 
with,  to  be  encouraged,  547;  Stnyresant  pro- 
poses commercial  friendship  with,  549 ;  Dutch 
send  agents  to  negotiate  with,  550;  Domine 
Drlsius  sent  to,  561 ;  Dou^y  goes  from  Flush- 
ing to,  615,  666 ;  apprehended  intrusion  of,  at 
Cape  Hinlopen«  651 ;  letters  from,  to  Swedes  oa 
South  River,  668 ;  Heermans  in,  660, 683 ;  pro- 
posed enlistment  of  soldiers  for  the  Dutch  in, 
675;  treaty  of  commerce  with,  683,  684 ;  chil- 
dren sent  from,  to  Latin  school  at  New  Amster- 
dam, 604 ;  Berkeley  agent  of,  in  England,  701, 
70S ;  Navigation  Law  evaded  In,  734 ;  threat- 
ening attitude  of}  734 ;  ordered  to  enforce  Navi- 
gation Law,  735. 

Vlsscher,  Schipper,  ordered  to  be  ready  for  de- 
fense of  New  Amsterdam,  540. 

Visscher's  Hook,  or  Montauk  Poi^t,  54 ;  Block  at, 
67, 756. 

Vleeek,  Tielman  van,  magistrate  of  Bergen,  601. 

Vlie-boat,  or  Fly-boat,  origin  of  name  oC,  35,  note. 

Vlissingen,  patent  for,  410 ;  see  Flushing, 

Vdckertsen,  Captain  Thys,  46. 

Voorst,  Cornells  van,  Pauw's  commander  at  P»- 
vonia,  363,  817,  note,  368. 

Voorst,  Gerrit  Jansen  van,  murdeied  at  Hackin^ 
sack,  347,  348, 350. 

Voyages  of  David  Pietersen  de  Vries,  156, 381. 

Vries,  David  Pietersen  de,  his  ship  arrested  at 
Hoom,  155 ;  becomes  a  patrooa,  305 ;  sails  to 
Swaanendad,  810 ;  makes  peace  with  the  sav- 
ages, SSI ;  visits  Fort  Nassau,  S85 ;  goes  to 
Virginia,  SS6 ;  his  pleasant  interview  with  Gov- 
exnotr  Barvey,  3S7 ;  arrives  at  Manhattan,  338 ; 
his  advice  to  Van  Twiller,  330 ;  returns  to  Hol- 
land, 337,  ^7 ;  revisiu  Manhattan  and  Virginia^ 
S55;  repiiirs  his  ship  at  the  Smld's  VIeye,  863 ; 
arranges  for  colonic  on  Staten  Island,  and  sails 
for  Holland,  365 ;  returns  with  colonists  to  New 
Netherlands  380;  visiU  Connecticut,  S04;  his 
plantations  on  Staten  Island  and  Manhattan, 
301 ;  buys  at  Tappan,  301 ;  at  Esopus  and  Cas- 
tle Island,  303-306 ;  his  opinion  of  the  North 
River,  307;  his  plantation  on  Staten  Island 
plundered  and  destroyed*  800, 315;  establishes 
colonie  at  Vriesendael,  813;  chosen  one  of  the 
Twelve  Men,  317 ;  opposes  hostilities,  318;  pro- 
poses the  building  of  a  new  church,  335 ;  visits 
Hackinsack,  347 ;  visits  Kieft  at  Fort  Amster- 
dam, 348,  340 ;  warns  Kieft  against  aUacking 
the  savages,  351 ;  spends  night  of  anxiety  ^t 
Fort  Amsterdam,  353 ;  besieged  at  Vriesendael, 
355 ;  interview  with  Indians  at  Rockaway,  358 ; 


procuses  release  of  son  of  Van  Voorst,  368;  his 
parting  prophesy  to  Kieft,  871 ;  on  the  South 
River,  880 ;  returns  to  Holland,  381 ;  publiahes 
his  voyages,  156,  381,  nota. 

Vriesendael,  De  Vries'  colonie  tt,  313 ;  its  distance 
fttmi  HacUnsack,  847 ;  savages  seek  reftige  at, 
840 ;  besieged  by  the  savages,  355 ;  visited  by 
friendly  sashem,  360 ;  abandoned  by  De  Vries, 
370. 

Vroedschap  in  Holland,  458. 

Waal-bogt,  Walloons  settled  at,  153,  154 ;  UrM 
child  born  at,  368 ;  Domine  Selyns  at,  061. 

Waerkimin's-Conuie,  court  at,  643. 

Wahamanessing,  or  Wapptnger's  Kill,  75. 

Waldenses  at  Amst^am,  630, 631,  715 ;  emigra- 
tion of,  to  New  Netherland,  633, 603, 740. 

Waldron,  Resolved,  under  schout  of  New  Amster- 
dam, sent  en  embassy  to  Maryland,  666-660; 
sent  to  Rustdorp,  680 ;  at  West  Cheater,  709. 

Walker,  Zachariah,  preacher  at  Jamaica,  734. 

WaU  Street,  fence  built  on  site  ot;  393, 549, 741. 

Walloons  in  Holland,  146 ;  desire  to  go  to  Vlrginis, 
147;  ftivored  by  the  States,  148;  emigrate  to 
New  Netherland,  150;  at  the  Waal-bogt,  153, 
154, 749;  on  South  River,  160, 170, 183. 

Walvls,  ship,  at  South  River,  305-307 ;  island, 
near  the  Cohooes,  430,  note. 

Wampum,  173;  Sunday  contributions  made  in, 
314;  see  Sewan. 

Wantenaar,  Albert  Cornelia,  a  delegate  to  Gen- 
eral Assembly,  739. 

Wappang-xewan  presents  lands  on  South  River 
to  the  Dutch,  539. 

Wappingers,  tribe  of,  74 ;  attack  the  Dutch,  364 ; 
among  the  Stamford  Indians,  391 ;  peace  with, 
409;  settlements  among,  proposed!,  655,  673; 
mediate  for  the  Esopus  savages,  675, 676 ;  friend- 
ly to  the  Dutch,  713 ;  tampered  with  by  Con- 
necticut people,  731. 

Wappinger's  Kill,  or  Wahamanessing,  74«  75; 
proposed  Dutch  settlement  at,  655;  approved 
by  the  company,  673, 681. 

War,  end  of  Kieft's  Indian,  407;  see  Esopus. 

Waranowankongs,  75, 757. 

Washburn,  William,  a  delegate  from  Heemstede, 
571. 

Wassenaar,  Historische  Verbal  46, 157. 

Waters,  Anthony,  of  Heemstede,  praeeediogs  of, 
733. 

Wau^,  Dorothy,  imprlsonsd  for  preaching  in 
streets  at  New  Amsterdam,  636. 

Wayandanck,  sachsm  of  Montauk,  670, 67L 

Weckquaesgeeks,  trfoe  of,  74;  marder  of  one  of, 
at  the  Kolek,  166 ;  Kieft  pnrchassa  lands  ot,  896 ; 
De  Vries  at  country  d;  301 ;  masts  proeorad 
from,  303;  one  oi;. aardsrs  Claas  Smits,  316; 
refuse  to  surrender  mrardepr,  816 ;  sjrpsditlwi 
against,  proposed,  818,  819 ;  authorised,  3S5 , 
dispatched,  339;  treaty  with,  880;  Mohawks 


Digi 


*ed  by  Google 


INDEX. 


799 


damtnd  irltaM  tk«ai,M9;  attMkfiat  CoilMr'ft 
Hook,  S»;  1«7  waMo  WoM  CHeottf,  866^98^ ;  ex- 
pedition against,  387 ;  priaoners  aa  Fort  Amalar- 
dam,  380 ;  paaaa  with,  MS,  4M ;  Van  dor  Donok 
pnrchaaea  land  (hmi,  4S1 ;  EngUah  boy  land 
from,  6M,  6M}  afain  prorokad,  606;  Dvtoh 
priaoneia  amoof ,  610 ;  trenty  witk,  676. 

Weeks,  nraaele,  ofHeemetede,  oaMoi;  610. 

Wetghu  and  meaaiirea  oTAaMterdaai  reqnirad  to 
be  used  In  New  NetlMrind,  466, 41fl,  480. 

Wetlns,  Dcnlne  Bf«rardao,at  New  Imalal,  663 ; 
deatk  of,  676. 

WerokkoTsn,  Conifllls  ?■%  kta  pmrnhasaa  en 
Long  Mend  and  In  New  JmttftUlt;  algns  let- 
ter to  New  England  ageiu,  663 ;  a  delegale  at 
New  Amsterdans  660{  doMli  ot,  637,  603;  Me 
New  Utreoht. 

Werk-baae,  meanlag  of  the  phnee,  t61,  wMe. 

Weet  Cheeter,  BngUah  aetHe  at,  OOftf  prolsal  ef 
the  Dnteh  against,  606 ;  Furtian  Indepesdents 
at,  616;  Dnteh  expedMon  against,  616;  Oost- 
dorp  ineorporated,  610 ;  aflUrs  at,  616, 687 ;  de- 
clared to  be  annexed  to  Conneetient,  703 ;  an- 
thority  of  Conneetloot  enteeed,  700;  negotia- 
tions at  Boston  reepecttng,  718 ;  at  Hartlbrd, 
731 ;  aet  of  Conneetient  reepeettng,  7tl;  sur- 
rendered by  Stnyreeant,  713,  7M;  letter  of 
States  General  to,  786, 738 :  spies  sent  toobutn 
intelllgenoe  at,  787 ;  see  Weckqnaesgeeks. 

West  India  Company,  Dnteh,  proposed,  S4,  07, 
135 ;  chartered  by  the  Statea  General,  134;  iu 
powers  and  duties,  136-137;  organisation  of, 
148 ;  assigns  New  Nelhertand  to  eare  of  Am- 
sterdam Chamber,  148 ;  takes  possession  of  New 
Netherland,  140;  arrests  De  Trfee*  ship  at 
Hoom,  165 ;  ita  eonqnests,  186 ;  Its  eharter  Ibr 
patroons,  187,  104-100;  Jealonsftee  among  Ita 
directors,  903 ;  at  varianee  with  the  patrooas, 
313;  defbnds  he  title  to  New Nethsrland,  SI69 
Its  policy  respecting  New  Netherluid,  «tt,  ttl ; 
answer  of,  in  the  ease  of  (he  ship  WIIliaai,H6; 
to  the  *' dalnf  and  demand*  of  the  patroona,  648 ; 
declines  to  surrender  New  Netherland  to  the 
States  General,  386 ;  Its  nnsneesaam  manage 
ment,286;  proclaims  a  freer  trade,  188 ;  kaaew 
charter  fbr  patroons,  311, 313;  eathbUsbss  the 
Reformed  Dutch  Chnreh  In  New  Nethsvtaiid, 
813;  Hugh  Peters  commiaaloned  te  negotiate 
with,  393 ;  asserts  right  to  approve  eatls  of  vte- 
Isters,  943,  843 ;  letter  of  the  Eight  Men  tov  971- 
878 ;  eeiaes  Swedish  sMpo  fhMn  the  Sonflk  Riv- 
er, 385 ;  Kieft  draws  a  biU  on,  387 ;  bankroptey 
of,  909 ;  memorial  of  Bight  MMi  to,  397*466; 
asks  assistance  from  the  States  General,  409 ; 
considers  measnres  for  the  rsUsf  ef  N^w  NedK 
erland,  404-^06 ;  oommiasloiis  aeweOans,  414- 
416, 439 ;  wUUng  to  pfonote  edtttation,  fIV ;  ar> 
ders  criminala  to  be  pnniahed  in  New  Nsihst- 
land,  478 ;  allows  ammnnitlon  to  sarages,  903 ; 
reprofes  ■myrsscnt's  IndlssMilott,  664{  MMsr 


ftnm  Qrafseend  to,  600;  avoided  by  Van  der 
Donok,  611 ;  letter  of,  to  Stnyresant,  519 ;  en- 
eonragea  emigndon  619 ;  Amaterdam  Chamber 
oppoees  proTlsional  order,  516, 616 ;  another  let- 
ter from  Oavesend  to,  618 ;  rebukes  pretenatona 
of  pairoona  of  Renasslaewwynk,  931,  6fll;  de* 
Clares  the  North  River  to  be  free,  669;  Instmc- 
tlons  of,  about  South  RIvsr,  688 ;  disapproveft 
of  Stii7Teaant»a  eondast  there,  638, 630 ;  it*  ac- 
tion on  the  provisional  order,  530, 540 ;  reeom- 
mendations  of,  to  Statea  General,  646;  inatn^ 
tlons oC, to Smyvsaani, 646, 547 ;  aetioniespec^ 
log  Van  der  Donokfa  application  to  aee  xeeorda, 
560, 561 ;  answers  complaints  of  patroons,  663, 
563 ;  propoesa  a  trading*hottae  abere  Fait  Of- 
•■ge,663«  eendn  an  Engiiah  libel  to Stnyveeant, 
6664  appliea  to  Statea  General  to  arrange  the 
bewidavy,  667 ;  condaoc  ct,  toward  the  Lmher- 
ana,  669;  inatractiona  of,  567 ;  orders  Stuyve- 
annt  to  avoid  env8oylng  foreigners,  600;  ma3y 
mits  boundary  papers  to  States  General,  600; 
ordera  the  recovery  of  Fort  Caalmir,  601 ;  di* 
reou  taxation  tn  be  enforeed,  609 ;  rebukea  SCnyo 
veaant's  bigotry,  617, 018 ;  procurea  ratitteatton 
of  Bartitrd  treaty  by  the  Staiee  General,  631 ; 
ordera  fort  to  be  built  at  Oyster  Bay,  638;  ap- 
provea  Sooth  River  expedition,  693;  dlamissea 
Van  TienhoTen,  689 ;  lossis  of,  in  Braxil  and 
Guinea,  680 ;  eonveya  teiritory  on  South  River 
to  eity  ef  Amatetdam,  680-633 ;  oqjoins  religious 
madsration,  649,  648;  Inamieta  Stnyveeant  to 
beoohiagiiardagain8ttheJeauU8,644;  orders 
redoubt  to  be  built  at  Baopua,  647 ;  inatmeta 
Stnyveeant  rea|»eotlng  the  Sooth  River,  698 ; 
gmnta  a  foreign  trade  to  New  Netherland,  and 
aaoda  a  Latin  siiinniiassBiii ,  666 ;  eojolnamore 
liberality  In  religion,  656 ;  instructs  Stuyveaant 
»ot  toempiay  Snftdsa,  663;  deciinea  to  taksi 
back  New  Amstel,  670 ;  approves  of  a  ssCtleaMBt 
oa  Wapplnger^  KiB,  and  ordera  Scayveaant  ta 
oppoee  English  intruders,  673 ;  appolnta  Toane- 
iMn  aehout  of  New  AmaterdaaH  674;  orders 
amjfwssnr  to  erect  a  eoun  at  Baopoi,  677 ;  to 
(^ypoee  eneroaohmenta  of  Maryland,  683 ;  ap- 
prorea  Owe  trade  with  Virginia,  684;  aMwer 
of,  to  Lord  Baltimore*s  daima,  686;  memorial 
oi;  Id  the  Staaea  Geaerai,  686, 686 ;  new  eoadi* 
tleaa  ofltoei  by,  686 ;  rebukes  Stayveaaat'a  blg- 
oiry  and  eafoiaa  toleration,  707 ;  eoaesaalosa 
of,  to  Puritana  propoaing  to  aettle  on  theRart- 
tan,  767, 708;  oedea  the  whole  South  River  to 
the  0lty  of  Amaleidam,  714 ,  iastiaats  Oimna- 
anat  en  Oie  8ilU4et,  716;  auspieieua  of  Wim- 
thfop,  7I8(  sesuxtly  reqaM  for  StuyfesanUa 
hoi  oa,  7I0|  sharter  oi;  denied  by  OoaaeetiOQt, 
781 1  lemonaaanee  ef  Convenalsa  and  Stayve- 
sanrs  dispatch  to,  733 ;  held  responsible  Mr 
dtoorders  on  Leaf  Islaad,  738;  expeaditare  oi; 
for  New  Netherland,  730 ;  charter  of,  siqplatBad 
17  the  Statea  Geaerai,  TlOr  inauaotioBa  «f,  ta 


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ized  by  Google 


800 


INDEX. 


Stuyvesant,  710;  dosfiM  a  caarton  oTMobawk 
landa,  731 ;  laat  diapateh  of,  to  Stnyreaaiit,  797 ; 
laat  (Uapateh  of  IBtayraaant  to^  740 ;  gaaeral 
acopa  of  ita  poUey,  746. 

WeatorliOQae,  caae  of;  479, 480, 406,  600, 610. 

Wea^lialia,  general  treaty  of,  436 ;  proelataned  in 
New  Netbnrland,  617. 

Wetherafleld,  aetUement  aft,  S67 ;  attaekad  by  Pe- 
^uoda,  t70 ;  eapcirea  fhMB,  raaooadliy  tha  Dntah, 
t71. 

Wathoodera  tai  HoUaad,  463. 

Weynwoili,  George,  at  tha  Sagadalioe,  9. 

Wtkato-flahflry  at  Swaaneadaal,  S06,  907,  SI6, 
938. 

Whalea  np  the  North  RlTer,  490,  naia. 

Wliaaler,  Tbomaa,  oppoaea  Dutch  at  Weat  (^Ma> 
ter,  618 ;  airt)mita,  and  ia  made  magiatrate,  610. 

Whiting,  Wtmam,  aont  from  Hartlbrd  to  Manhat- 
tan, 330;  hia  enmity  to  the  Dvtoh,  431,  note. 

Whitenaywan,  aachem  of  tha  Moekgonaeooka,  407, 
408. 

Wiekendam,  William,  peraecnted  at  Flaahing,  696. 

WleliaelLan,  poreliaae  near,  by  Stayraaant,  649 ; 
aee  Bergen. 

**WiUielmna  van  Naaaauwen,"  origlii  of  the 
Doteh  national  aong,  449,  note. 

Willdna,  William,  commiaaary  of  OraTeagnd,  606. 

Willett,  Captain  Thomaa,  appointed  an  arbitrator 
at  Haitfbrd,  610;  porehaaea  a  eonflaeated  ahip 
at  Manhattan,  936 ;  appointed  by  New  Plym- 
outh to  act  againat  the  Dutch,  686;  waraa 
Stuyveaant  of  Bngliah  expedition,  736 ;  retracta, 
737 ;  aoeompaniea  Cartwright  to  Fort  Orange, 
743 ;  at  treaty  with  the  Iroquola,  744. 

William  I.,  Prince  of  Orange,  10, 101,  186,  440, 
449-446;  WiUiam  n.,  434,  408,  649;  William 
m.,  446,  643. 

WUUam,  Engliah  ahip,  at  Manhattan,  990-931, 
946,946. 

WiUiama,  Jean,  elder  of  ehureh  at  New  Araatal, 
833. 

WilUama,  Roger,  exiled  from  Maaaachnaatta,  331 ; 
(bunda  Rhode  lalaad,  339 ;  aaila  from  Manhat- 
tan, 364,  366,  390. 

WiBya,  Samuel,  a  oommJaatoner  on  tha  Bngliah 
aide,  749, 763. 

Wilmerdonck,  Abraham,  of  Amatardam,  viaita 
New  Natherland,  730 ;  aaalata  at  Indian  treaty, 
731 ;  ugea  aurrender  of  New  Netharland,  741. 
Wiltmeet,  Indian  finrt  of,  076. 
Wiltwyck,  charter  of;  600 ;  Roelof  Swartwout  In- 
ataUad  aa  aehont  of, 600 ;  new  TiUage  at,  710; 
attacked  by  the  aaTagaa,  711 ;  ra-eotwoemaata 
8eatto,713;paliBadadanew,714;  iaiapreaent- 
ed  in  General  Aaaambly,  790 ;  Swaitwout  rein- 
atatad4M  aebaot  at,  731 ;  aoldiara  ordeiad  from, 
738. 
Windaor,  New  Plymouth  aettlement  at,  941, 9«9, 

187,960. 
Winalow,  Sdwardi  aant  to  uMi  DHah  tt  Nam- 


Bay,  171;  vMta  00MaetiMI,9ie,  933; 
atBoaton,938;  impriaoiied  in  London,  957, 998; 
again  in  London,  630. 
Wintarberg,  Dutch  nana  Ibr  the  Green  Mount 

aina,733. 
Wtatlurop,  John,  a  patantaa  ofMaaaachuaeCta,  188, 
189;  flmndaBaalon,908;  riaited  by  a  Connec- 
ticut aaeham,  910,933;  by  Winalow and  Brad- 
ftord,  938;  wtitea  to  Van  Twillar  and  clainw 
Conneetient  Ibr  the  EagUah,  930;  reply  of  Van 
Twillar  to,  940;  Stonghtoa'a  letter  to,  abool 
Connecticut,  903 ;  anthoriiea  Peten  to  nogmlala 
with  Weat  India  Gan^any,  393,  394;  prealdeat 
of  the  New  England  Commiaajomnra,  969;  cor- 
raapondenee  wtdi  Kleft,  363 ;  with  SmyreaaaC, 
478 ;  hia  **  Indiana,"  490,  nou ;  death  of,  400. 
Winthrop,  John  (the  younger),  Gorernor  of  Con- 
nectieat,  960;  retama  to  England,  393;  gtwm 
paaaport  to  Ninigret,  661,  864 ;  drawa  up  ad- 
dreaa  to  Chaiiea  IL,  606;  eoBBmiaaioeed  aa 
agent  of  Connecticut,  606 ;  embarka  ttom  New 
Amaterdam,609;  hla  auceeaa  in  England,  708 ; 
at  Amaterdam  la  auapected  by  the  Weat  India 
Company,  718 ;  oppoaea  Stuyreaant  at  Boaton, 
718 ;  adminiatera  oath  to  Long  laland  eommia- 
aionera,  796 ;  Tiaita  Long  laland  towna,  733 ;  in- 
terview with  Stuyveaant— inalaU  on  Engliah 
title,  734 ;  deaired  to  meet  royal  coaEunlaaionara, 
737;  takaa  letter  from  NicoUa  to  Stuyveaant, 
780;  a  oommiaaioner  on  the  Engliah  ^da,  749, 
763. 

Winwood,  Sir  Ralph,  41, 45, 106, 108. 

Wiaainck,  Jacob  Elbertaen,  counaelar,  164. 

Witherhead,  Mary,  impriaoned  for  preaching  ia 
atreeta  oTNew  Amatwdam,  636. 

Witaen,  Oarrit  Jacobean,  46, 63, 138,  note. 

Wlu,  Captain  John  de,  on  the  Mauritius  River, 
46,64. 

Witt,  John  da,  grand  penaionary  of  Holland,  667 ; 
nagotiatea  treaty  with  Cromwell,  686 ;  hia  ob- 
aarrationa  on  tha  Dutch,  103, 467, 466. 

Witt,  Plater  Janaen  da,  magiatrate  of  Boawyek, 
60S. 

WaU;  Dirok  de,  eatabUahea  aak-worka  on  Conay 
laland,  604. 

Wolfertaea,  Gerrit,  one  of  the  Eight  Men,  366. 

Women,  influence  of  the  Duteh,  463. 

"  Wooden  Lagi**  Stuyveaant  called  the,  by  the  Ma- 
hawka,403. 

WoodhuQ,  Richard,  at  Huntington,  on  Long  Inl- 
and, 971, 70S ;  a  magtatnte  under  Conaeetkvt, 
796. 

Woolaey,  Geoiga,  a  fire-wardan  at  New  Amatar- 
dam,487. 

WriUnffi  to  be  aMaaled,  977, 604. 

Wright,  Anthony,  aatUea  at  Oyater  Bay,  506. 

Wynkoop,  Pater,  aaiperoaigo  of  Van.  Ranaaalaai^ 


Digitized  by  VjOOQ IC 


INDEX. 


801 


Yonkera,  or  KekAtiek,  parehamd  by  Kieft,  S90 ; 
ftcqoired  by  Van  der  Doack,  uid  ealM  Colon- 
donekf  4S1. 

York  and  Albany,  Jamoa,  Doko  of,  In  Holland, 
486 ;  grant  of  Charlea  IL  to,  710, 7S5 ;  appolnta 
Colonal  Rlehard  NtooUa  hia  dqnity  govomor, 
736;  granta  New  Jaraey  to  Barkdey  and  Car- 
teret, 7)6 ;  New  Netherland  re-named  after  titlea 
of,  74S,  745. 

Yorkaliiie,  Long  laland  ao  named  by  Nlcolla,  745* 

Yonng,  Captain  John,  of  Sonthold,  oommlaalonera 
complain  of  Stuyreaant'a  treatment  of,  6tt,  696 ; 
a  depnty  Ihun  SoatlMdd  to  Connectlent  Goort, 


709  ;  a  eommissloner  of  Connectlent  on  Long 
laland,  7S6. 
Yoonga,  John,  at  Sonthold,  300. 

Zealand,  Provinee  of— legend  on  ita  early  coin, 
SO,  note,  430,  note ;  expedttiona  aent  from,  to  ex- 
plore paaaage  to  China,  SS ;  Baat  India  Cham* 
ber  at,  oppoaea  Hndaon*a  propoaittona,  94; 
Chamber  of  Weat  India  company  in,  135 ;  meet- 
ing of  the  Nineteen  at,  415 ;  Chamber  at,  oppoaea 
Amaterdam  Chamber,  530, 540. 

Znyder  Zee,  watera  north  of  Nantneket  ao  called. 
58,141,756. 


%*  On  page  164,  line  1,  Ibr  "  Proenrator,'*  read  Proaecutor.    On  page  S90,  line  96,  for  **  Cow  Bay," 
read  M artinnehonck.    On  page  450,  line  31,  fbr  "  they,**  read  were. 


THE    END. 


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